Amcp 706-242 26sep1966

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AMC PAMPILET
A.CP 71-242
ENGINEERING DESIGN
HANDBOOK
DESIGN FOR CONTROL OF

PROJECTILE FLIGHT
CHARACTERISTICS
'C
KAIUIAIT[ES, I.$.
31y IMUEIEL CINNlAI
Reproduced From
Best Available Copy
SEPTENUIS
INS
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HEADQUARTERS
UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMAN4D
CASHINGTON, D. C. 20315
AMC
PAMPtHLET
26 September 1966
NUIBER 706-242*
AMCP 706-242, Design for Control of Projectile Flight Characteristics,

formi., part of the Army Materiel Command Engineering Design Handbook Series,
is pub1ised for the information and guiddnce of alT concerned.
(ANCRD)
FOR THE COWS9ANER:
SELWYN D. SMITH, JR.
Major General, USA

Chief of Staff
OFFICIAL:
Colonel,
Chief.. Aknistratlve Office
DISTRIBUTION:
Special
*This piphlet saupereedee 0OR 206246. Nay 1957. rtdeetdsatd AUU 706.266.
AMOP 70(44~
PREFACE
Tke Ka&UP-ertfh~ DOW~ H&Amdbook Of th~e

A*my Mateieal Commanad a a wwdinate aenm
and
emutsuiAg home informi
d1 bAuW"b&
fundesmeatai data aeful a the deignmigsd developam, of kAuMY Wntmniel and uveman The Randbee" awe 'ixetoritati". fefemeae books of practica
WhIDSWrAti SWd JuntiASIv facts helpful in tb,
desgn wid druslvantew of materiel, that viii meet
W fthe Armedi F'orms.
ftbs han-dbok va f a seie onsWnca,
pwi
a noma suvyo__praiabtr
ofir:11tie &igbt of pometihm, and dinnihee the

metAMIn ceenMOOjy nedfoprdciga on
fteaing thie digh.t peroiwaaee.
6 eetrna bo em
1W eome~stowhilk
ebd
naW
hic
forment w moet
TheMI
odm.
g bh
eent.oamaisi
danaasicforead, momhosf
required to intelligently doeign ewry type of ewn

,entiomal propectale. The aut~er waw ebowa ba.
raIih tformatuft-, CoS.~Ucting a digint of Sts4
tion, or directing the designer to tte usuree perti.
net to hs problem, togetker ,i'kh enough beakground materwa to make it pow"b~ for his to wes
the d"t IS the onigirai reMWI The asecond apiftAuo has been chomea in thY. keeaosk; the VAUeW~prometed is intended to pione the denguS
i & peatAn to an ew information asit is ps.dueed by the varjoa reneereb facilities. ,
This text was pepared by X.Lo.Kender,'msed
by i). Viaben, both of the staff of The SWd
Compny. Muck Of the matenia aOW many helpful
omment. were supplied by the U.S. Army B&Wstk~
Ramarb Lehbratoaie and by the Pieatinny and
PrafOed Arsenals. Punal editing and arranging
Dumke
OM
Hadbo Arm
f b th Zsien
tiests applicablie to a projectile baving, a .Ie
rk
Re
abtaorothAm
Pi
sv1
descibed,
ane
beatisa
graviy
of
mater,
and
ando-aram
and the menfiienta of a number at ppajodfitsea
Of the U.S. Army Moersiel Command
31MND
Proectilesi~po ane gives,
hain aned tr handbooks may submit requidtim
The am of arrodyseae oceflimaim
qmota directly to the Pubieetiom and
or.sen k w~l
stailtysneMksma rm is
SOPrdUStasa AgeacY. Ltaterbemny Army Depek
rjectieam an eni
diets Of am ost
ueuelostheras
reqoiai 1701
CWbgenVbwg ait nch
of graity loestin as rowg. amiursy mad lethality
-MM
wre disermod. Seome material an prototype tWAMg

OWd the seta%#( raundto-reand vanitvoen a
t hi
rs.f
shoul =bitMuh Raww
C*ammt and vagmustime an th" handbook ane
production lota is promeated.

It i4soa longer pow", if it ever yen, to crmu
h"t a lw hundred P"Ws all Of the WWiROSIOos
weloom end aboid, be addromad to Army ReMeek Oss-Darba

Ban CM Dubs Stotir,,
Darmam, Nor5th Catalina 2rMlS
AMCP m0"U
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PUlK &CR ............................................

L11T OF 1LLITETRATItONS .........................
LIST OF TABLES ..................................
LIST OF APP'ENDIXI .4 ............................
LIST OF RYMBOI
... ....................
i:
viii.
ix
X
.. xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1-1.
1-.
1-&.
mer. ........... ................................

)Lemain e Peofoma.nee ..............
laxstiad Ciidiemtiao
.......................
...
1-4
.1
CHAPTER 2
TRADEDOFPS
2-L
2-2.
2-121
242
2-13
2-&.
Gemsd ..
...........................
hmgd 3asmpvi W
Ybmd
Vsde ...............
lftiU d, badW Pmed Afmmi Uqd Is
,m fw at
4amp ......................
t'bys
ot fStm
Pim*, Awsd paul I
Ufsy for 8duda4vi
....................
cm .ofim Rdoalb oe UtMy no
ta Ie
1
d
=
Bqwkto uVai .........................
?abmbl. .o PeiM.bir a
......... .............
$-1
.1
3.1
3
3
CHAPTI'3
-1.
3-1.1
NTS
482-Ta
&-t.8
.... .
..
.1
A ' ,dym . .................................. 3.1
Cesslul-e.S'im .............
..................
. S4
Y
.....................................
8.
CI "em
.e.. ..............
....... 3.3
S-2
a.8..
mJ...
md D
3-&.
AERODYNAMIC COOEFIC
emel ...........................
bats
...
.v...................
...
oeooeee
8.1
3os
h.MCP 706.142
TABLE OF CONTNTS (cemtd)
:.
3 3.4
.'-3.5
3-3.6
3-4.
"3-4.1
:1-42
"3-42.1
3-422
" 2-42.3
3--4.L.4
3-42.5
3-43
3-5.1
3-5.2
3-.
3-.31
3-5,.32
3-5.4
1-5.5
%4a
3.6.
Ma
" .... ....... . .................
tat Moment
.................................
I)smpiag
at .................................
Maim- Moment ..................................
Rai.7Danping Moment
Voee and Moment CBept,4
.".
"
....
."
3.2
.
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
Aero4yumie Po
oe.en ....-...............
3.3
Moment Coefieients ad Moment ..................
3.4
Moment Coef
ti ...........................
n
3.4
X Mument About Hlorizntal Azis ............
N,
3.4
X-. Moment About Vertical Axis ................
34
X., Moment About Longitudinal Axis .......... 3.4
Relstiombip Between Ballistic and Aumodynsmce
Syatem of Coeffiients ...... .............
3.4
Complez Yaw
.
..........................
3-5
.MagI Momaent Sign Conentiou .........
...... "
SMoods Of leamuring
the Coaeieten ....
..t........ 3. 5
Gemmil
.2"
Medt
of M eKmue ................ "....... .
3.5
Fators To Be Cuamdved i SeloeMti of Method ...... 34
Free Flight (Balliic PAtar) .................. 3-6
Wand T'nel ...............................
.6U
Data RmIting from iallisti- Rane Toats .......... 3.6
Data Imulting fron Winl Tunnel Tets ............. 3.7
Tes Pseilities ...................................
3.7
Methods of Estimating the Copffeit ..................
8
CHAPTER 4
TRAJECTORY CALCMATIONS
4-L
.
4-LI
4-".
443
4.4
44.
"4-I
4-4.12
4-41.
4-6.
4-7.
4-7.1
4-.2
4-1.3
-,.J.
4t
4-4.8
4-i
a a
.............................................
aI C,,bmsr
si l,,,e
I
...........
4.
4.1
Simple Pa.T-ahne..u,
y ,..........
. ...
..
4-1
8b4ip~4hgu..f-ess Psatiele Tssjmiay.........4.
Ezampw of Dimp Particle T=*uy F
(FORTAN
m ..........................
3
D
Compater Metled fe Tra*4ory Calse
....... 44
MXethod of Calculating Divweti. of Tengses to Tnsjetaey.43
S-W oetfPimreetie Ma.s a. Trjee.....................
44
V1ih
eesttal T...e..t...............................
44
Tim of
.....
t .
T
m aVduty.
..
......
Crvd Tsa e , Antiaiv ft is
P
.. ........
fset ofDn smT
seuy.......................
..
sse
......................................
Aia
....................................
31srtA N.har
........................
3i
as 1ka,
0<
<30.
...............
Tsiil
I
sA a: < < LI.*.........4
"3
depWA I2elblq
I = < X S..............
nypreai
>flag
I ........... ......
44
4.7
4.7
4.7
47
44
44
44
*1
TANM. OF CONITEMr
(agatha)
PwwrvaA
4-7.4
4-7.5
4-7.5.1
4-7.5.2
4- 75.&S'
4-7.5&4
4-7.6
4-7.
4-7.6.2
4-7.7
4-7.7.1
4-7.72
4-7.7.3
4-7.8
4-7.8.1
4-7.82
4-7.8S
4-7.9
4-7.10
4-7.10.1
4-7.102
4-7.10.3
4-7-1M4
4-711
4-T411.1
4-7.11.2
4-7.12
pape
Effect of Reynolda Number on Drag (ceffititut ......
Submonic Dr ....................................
Sudaae Roughtwa and Irregalauti ...........
t
Blunt Nose .............................
Boatt iling ..
Fin-Stabiliued Proect
.l.
s.
Tranoic Drag ..................................
SpinStabilied Projecti ......................
Vln8tahilized Projeetil ......................
supaimmaic D
.a
.
.
Derea of C,, with N& NuINme ............
Blect of Now Sk
am CN ..................
Mect f B,ttaili3C an C, .
..........
Dual low ...........................
......
Spike-Nosed Pro.;e-tiie .....................
Unde-cut Projectile ..........................
Hemixpieal or Sbhply Ceniad Bwm PrQo)etilm
Drag VarSatiom with Yaw ..........
Muzzl Blaes ......................
Yca~.i- Velocity Due t Tiurera Vihatiom at
Muade ....................................
T.aratnrism Presure Gradim ...............
FIw.&Wijed Projectile ian Remd V
......
OMuraiion .............................
Cromwiad .................................
Wind Sersitivit y.............................4.1.
Lateral Dtetion ............................
Values of CN' va ba Number ..................
4-8
4.9,
4
44'
4..
44
49
410
4.10
4-10
4.10
4,40
4.10
4.10
412
4-12
4..12
4.12
412
4-2
4.13
13
4.]3
4.13
4.1
CHAPTER 5
CHOICE OF METHOD OF STABILIZATION

-..
-Li
1-1.
S-1AS
....................
......................
ms
..........................................
Sae and
MSMlY ....................
noun To Be Coasdevrd in Cwile d Fin-
54
5.1
Mabiastiogj...................v...................5.1
S-1.I
3A
i........................
..............
.1
.-..5-.1GpiuaeMssdProecStailes...........................5..
......................................
.
?. ...
.
51.3.2
Y Pw
5.1
54.2.1
Ob~pi. ......
.......................
5-L2..OsdtoseVae
5.2.2
of e
5-.1
1-2.2
S5-2.3
5-224
6 -2.2.
5-10
644........
6 442
.........
ofakfe snbilty ...........

.......................... .3
,mw.....................................
54
Pe d fo An
eletRepoe..................54
?Maine ................................
3
PreJe~ls Anymmarhes..........
5-8
Mathod of Comptatslm o Preqaail Spin
Djramle &aU
ffb
mfe
st No w VetM.................
=...
DIMu~i Ohabily Page,. as................5
.0
AMCP 7-M4
TaBIL
OF CONTENTS (mtwd)
5I ....................
Ntbility for I
5-4
Stability for I = 0 ........................
Further Discumion of Magnitude of Modal Vectors
5-2.4.3
.... 5.9
and Stability
jec .... 5&
i-2.5
Aerodynamic Jump of Spin-wd
5,4
General ......................................
5-2.5.1
Aerodynamic Jum-(-.6r ........... 64
"5-262
Magnitude of Az.. a, t-e .amp ............... 54
5-2.5.3
Orientation cf Aeoyvr*'w Jump .............. 5-U
5-2.5.4
Distribution 4 A ,rr.uv., c Jump ............. 5-.U
5-2.5.5
Relationship Bvceiw. Aeroc amic Jump and QX. 5-11
5-2.5.6
... 5-11
.. ..................
5-2.5.6.1
Vertical '
5&12
.....................
Hoeizontal Ccx.ponm
5-2.5.62
5.12
Pin-Stabilied Projeetikf .............................
5-4
5-12
5-4.1
General .......................................
5-12
C.P.-C.G.
5.2
5-3.3
Flu Type Separation ............................
"5-Il
.
5.4"1
P d PiTp
...................
.
.......
5-1l
SFold
Ping ...............
-13
&-13
3-&.2
Foldrieng Fiat... ................................
51
5-.34
Obtnfttioa
5-13
) Projetl.............
5-Aow
(u
5-13
3-3.5.1
(keeral .....................................
.............. 5-13
. ........................
7p-3.5
.5-14
3-&5.3
Aerelstiity ................................
5-3.6
Dynauie Stability of Fin.Stabilised Projectiles ...... 5-14
5-14
General ......................................
5-3.61
5.14
5-36.2
Zeo Spin ...................................
5.14
e ....
Eutilibrium Rol a....................
$-3.3
5-.&6..
Bqubrium Spin.....................5-14
5.15
u............................
.....
5&&.6 2e.
Computation of Equilibrium Roll Rate ...... 5-15
5--4.63
5-12
Sampie Calulation ...................
5-&.&&4
5-15
m ts
d Dynane Stabi i ............
5-36.4
515
..................................
5-3.6.4.1
164
5-3.6.4.2
Siamlk*C-aleulation .......................
5-46.4.3
Magusm Moment C.eeients............... 5.14
.-. 1
itesoma
Instability ............................
5-&37
5--.7.1
Vauiati. o Magnitude of Yaw wish Asymsiy 5-16
5.17
Remamnee Roll Rate, p, ........................
5--.7.2
6.-17
5-3.721
Computation .............................
5.17
Sample Calculation ....................
5-&7.2
5-.7.3
Ratio of p./p. to Avoid Rmmamo Instability 5&17
&127
5-"
Rol Laek-in ......................................
5-&9
Aerodynamic Jump of Fiii-Stabilizsd Projectiles ...... 5.18
5-18
5-.10
YUi EEeevenema at Supersonic Speeds ............
5-2.4.11
"5-.4=2.2
CHAPTER 6
ROCKT-ASSISTED PROJETILS
6-1.
if 3
-41
VI
Gmena ............................................. 6.1

Mo st. Limited Situation .......................... .1
Variatlam oR
Km al w , Chaim
Mad pris
t with weit of projaoeil ..........
.1

.
- .
- -.
APLCP 7M6242
TAMLR OF COX-TUNTS (cont'd)
Paversmph
6-2.2
6-2.3
Pg"
Variation of Meback Aeceipatio ..................
a
6-2
,Ifeet of Rocket Additionx on Projeetil&
Design Parameters................ 6.2
Efeet of oekpt Additions on Aeeura y ............. 6-2
6-.44
CHAPTER 7
LIQUID-FILLED PROJECTILES
7-1.
7-2.
7-S.
7-&l
7--.
General ...................
Mleet of 8shi!W of Liquid Filler .
.
.
Computation of Design Parameters ....................
Gyrm.eopie Stability Factor ........................
Dynamic StaLility Factor ..........................
1-4.
Spin aze ........................................ 7-2

R*M Body T'aoi .................................. 7.2
7.1
7.1
7-1
7.1
7-2
CHAPTER 8
RANGE TESTING OF PROTOTYPE PROJECTILES
$L
8-2
8.4.
&-W.1
Gal ..............................................
Pit-Fire Data ......................................
Toting ..............................................
8-&2
8.31
-&Z1.1
8-3.2.1.2
S1.IA
9-322
8-42I
9l22
11.122."
8w ...................................... #4
Flight Toting ...................................
84
Satie Te
Vertieal argto"Aeenmey ...................

MKesurvent of Accuraey .................
Temperature Range .......................
Data Recorded ...........................
R p (Distanee) Aeeursey ....................
Memuaremet of Ae-umey ...............
Data Reeorded ...........................
lum umentatio
....................
"2
84
8.2
88.8-3
8.3
83
CHAPTER 9
MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
S-1
0-.-u
-ciao,
88..1
Dbm=-mi
Cbamp .............
...........
Pr
.. .................................
..........................................
.- 1
-1
AMC? 704.42
TADsLI0 cosTnsTs (mse)

S-1
.9-..
3-1
I'redic-ted PrWobable Rang Error .......................
Dynamie Stability of 175-mm Projectile, M4,7 ............ 9-2
0OLOSSARY ..........................................
1
APPNDIX38 .....................................
.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
S-1
4-1
4-2
5-1
5-2
.......
Coidinate System
Diagr of Gravity Forep on Projeti
.. ...............
.....................
3-1
48
Plow Patterns on Varying Length, Coadat ,CAib .33

Diameter Spike Nam. at Supenmoie Vebiti ............... 4-11
54
Abbmetated (raph f Il/. w 8d .
............ M
oe
G bahof1s, b ...............
.-
AMCP 70644
LIST OF TABLIS
3-1
342
3-3
3-4
3-6
4-1
ratimated Accuracy of Aerodynamic C=Mdzffia Obtained by

3-7
Ballistic Range and wine Tunnel Tests ................
Cmndienta of Typical Projectiles Measured in Fres PIS&t
sod Estimated....................................
.84
Partial list of Ballistic Tnit Ranges iv North Anneie* ........ 3-9
Partial List of W-nd Tunnels in North Ameries,.............. 3.
List of Reports Containing Methods of Zatimating Coefficientsa.. tk~rv
Typical Output of FORTRAN Simple Partiele Ts.tr
4.
PIom ..........................
(5.ineh Samsple Praiectile)............................

4.6
Sample Tra~jeetory for Spin.BtabilisMd 54sch
Projeft at Q.I. =31..........................
..... &7
542 Sample Trajectory for Spin-litabilized 54In&
Projectile at qzE. . 700.............................
.58
$4i Probable Variabilt of Rorket.Assicfled Projeetile Charactensates
and Sensitivity Factors Which Affee. Range ...... ....... 9.2
9--2Sa1mph Trajoetory for 17&m~m Spln.Stabiliasd Projeetle,
MW3, at QJL= 46...............................9.3
94 Astedynanie Data Shee for ITS...s ProjeetiK K(437 ......... 9.4
5-4 Dyumie Stability Ustimate of 115-mm Projpetie 1(427..
9...
5-1
*I
AMCP ?0&.242
LIST OF. APPENDIXES
Appenixds
I
I!
III
No.
Pape
Sample Spin-Stabilized Projectile...............

A-1
Calculation of C.G. and Radius of yrio................
A-2
Gyroscopic Stability Estimates
A. Spin-Stabilized Projectile WVitha
Boattail................. A-3
B. Spin-Stabilized Projectile Without Boattail (Filan ) ... A-5
IV
Comparison of Estimates of Ballistic Parameters
By Various Methods................................
A-6
V
Dynamic Stability Estimate ............
i................ A-S
VI Static Stability Estimate of a 5-inch Fin-Stab~iied Projwetle.A-9
VII Projectile C-eometry ...................................
A-10
VIII Aerodynamic Data Sheets
A-il.
A. 90-mm HEI Projectile, T630610 ......................
B. U0mm HEX Projetile T282E1......................
A.;12
C. Drag vs Truncation:.Conical Heads.............** **.....&-Is
... :....... A-14
D. 2.75-inch Rocket, T1;1..................
E. 90-mm HE Projectile, M71 ..................
........ A-i5
F. iGS-nam HE Prujeetile, Mi (Modified) .................
;1
A-17
G. 4-9-caliber Projectile at Transonic Speeds ...............
H. 90-mm HE Projectile, T91................
..... A-18
L Effecft of Heaid Shape Variation..........
' *****....
:**:'
...- 9
J. 120-mm RE Projectile, 3(73-----------------------:::A-3D
K. Cose CY~er..
.. -------.............. ;-......A-R
I& Effect of Batiigo
o................A2
M. Eiffect of Boattailing onCo at M = 2.44 ................
AMS
N. 90-mm Model of 1?5-.m Projectile, T203 ................
A.5
0. 7.2-inch Spinner Rocket, T99..........................
A-R
P. 5-caliber A-N Spinner Rocket ........................
A-8
Q. i-caliber A-N Spinner Rocket ........................
A-29
R. 7-caliber A-N Spinner Rocket and 9-caliber
A-N Spinner 9"icket............................. A-30
S. 10-caliber Coi e Cylinder ...................... A-32
T. 106-mm HEAT Projectile, T171 (Modified) .............
A-33
U. 60-mm Mortar Projectile, T24 ........................
A-34
V. 106-mm Mortar Projectile, T53........................
A45
W. 57-mm HEAT Projectile, T1IS
......................- A-3D
X. 90mm HEAT Projectile, T108.........................
A-37
Y. 90mm HEAT Projectile, TIO8S-------------------... -3A 8
&. 10-caliber Arrow Projectile ..........................
A-39
IX Trajectory Program in FORTRAN language ................
A-40
AMCF 706442
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A oneetant decribing the kind and
Dreg, lb
MAximum body diameter, ft
I
Bore area, fts
ft/sett/.~ 2
~
~ seedertio,
Setbac
Bow of nawral loaItln
04-
c.p.
CD
eel
CO.Dg
CooYzw4d
wee o
ymmetry of a projectile,
fps
Feet per seoned
Constant in Q function
Fin span, tipo.4$, ft
Acceleration of gravity, ft/meO

Altitude above ma !evel ft
Coiuat in Qfunction
Fin ant inftQ
C~ost~t
Qfunction
I.
Axial moment of inertia, lug4t'
I,
Tmavem
ft'
Center Of gravity
Center of premu
Dreg coefficient
Caliber
coefficient at tero yaw
/'-" "memex
i
r
K,
k.
,
coefficient, per red'
CL.
Lift oeffictient, per radian
C.
inter
Nfrmal forme ooefflcitt, prraan
moment of inertUi
by
notation indicatm
0"
Modal vector, radiam

Axial radius of rat on, calibers
Tranverse radius of gration,
Lift, lb
ix
Mf
Naturau lawithl
Mach number
Mas, Sug
Barne travel, ft
cxp*
(Cv. - C,.. + Vp for aal. yaw)

Mangum form coefficient, per rad/sec,
per radian
Cm.
Static moment coeficient. per mdia
Noimal form, lb
Cu,.
agnusm moment coeedent, per rad/

.me, per rad
moment coefficient, per
Damping
rad/see
r ad/me
moment coefficient,
RcUnqdampipng
pe
n
N,
Twist of riffin. cal/turn

Magnum foare, lb
p.
Chme presure, lb/ft'
P
.dw
Ranl rafte, rad/tec

Equilibrim MUl rate, rod/see
Roll moment coefficient due to

cant (at o son), perradian
FAn-+
-
Cm, + C*i
C.,
C '
slug-
r -6+UK
...
LIUT OF SYMBOLS (e~ased)

i~~~ynamic prrufr, Ih,'ltki
(f - WI)I
Anvaiar veloaty of a nourolling
t
.imile-fixed coordiuste rvu~m aboutPO
3
rad/ sec.I&
a boriawta &*&Ia,
-upnmomcrt expinocw)
A
Radiams
Frontal uam Wfai
i
?Awl4 of praiectile, caubur
r.4
S
a
Dyammic otability factor
oiM to nutatMo V~it
=t
rvmineco
AlymmrY Ve4Wo
P*VLai= tOD
Mmilifon Value
Stalocffid Value
Dummy iodez: to be replasd by' a
Sequence of apeci iadiow whoa
qurity is* di
the. in~ip
Icmai
Dynammic Aasbility !actor for

Gyroscooe stability factor~rami
jm
m e
Temmr~t.
U
WAY
Velocty or akvnsd, 40pm
vakwui of Projectile (ineld&
lommisdary layer own the boa#"i,.
ii pmwrAm) 1t
v
vb
x
S
SVaimal
D
*
v
*vWa
Waa, b
xap
Di~min. slow tramectory, ftiv
waom~at of yaw, rod
3semad emmpoaf yaw, red
fw
Ray
RmM
Daiv
atc
a
B
b
av~sa
Aagh o fa maI
ik DSy
Aaotwtk(V. sed ofmoud)

B61Y
Eam
EqflhibmIs
re
ago" biew. "bf/Nrm
dWeo*
of
ew"
pi mowbwowc) v- pdfv
a bhmisomWIN
.b.Lwomm
-is amidthstaapw to tbs trspe
iii
tos~~eydsite ~ofthe projsal
At* sof re
wM respect to aus& of
Deiaive
spi
to q
TwIlia
ivsauv with romsui to
mawlod
*'
vs
d/ r
*AMCW
7660240
IXTRODUCTION
1--L GRXIRAL This haudboku umn, e wtah

doe domW of pm..jatii frd trig gum The pmt
Jse~1 m- d I ar of gnew -immd weight
than am usmorno
be fired fram a hwAndtul
weePs., sad they awe ame eqvipped with gidnxbm
ejetm=
It vwi be minwd that thy an bodim
of melastiem, smetimes uiFppe With one. and
yi the ginml dirwetiom of th* lspmgtdiia axis
1--L. MRASvUz OF PZFRX

The puiweipal memm of the pueforaswme at
a pumjet&l an.
a. Ron"
k Iathlity
~ Asno
~e.
dL Time of Sigh;
The valuui taken an by the.. mnm
whim a
roud.orpmW of
-A is AW mvdetam
imed
by
pbm
IN
smodisam, muldi velity. gum
"
dpwgW mWbo*
sod b bgkAmesautm
The Pri17YSi4htIO
s. Dreg
stovistim %tio*
h
b. Ai~d1~.skiemp"
bet beft On&~ whirb hebevy ageet vmpg Snd tift

aftlbnwvq Aeomaedbye amusar of pmpeitiue
6Am~s-Is ob *bid& soWWso0 memW7Tbabv
-I-d
sem*
&.s -yaw dmu esouidms

bL Tsw~drag usokent
e. Suetd=Wa denity
". st ese~t
e.Stbmity
t Aqmymtry daeto
g. Wrod mmmtiit
h. Nook Wa~n~tmdity
The lift and drag euiM,
ane fmrtigmm of
projaeil AhaOWeml aips. Stbiity isprimarily
a fnctonof
b& aisped.ai dmimty, and uin
ofmmsa
the
rawe. and of the mnassa in whilteb
pmtjSwb a dietnbted. Munk. blost mndtibty
depm& an sawatially thmueparametoeas
stability. W~ind amundtiy depsm&s on the lift and
sgbitity, and in tbe am of
dreg
w ointo
ngekt-mmad pmojuetle.manhW ratio of thrw
to &w.~ Proctimly all projectile badlm (and
As.) so dmgn~ig
With retatimmal ynametr; thei
soynmemy amme in die Wasmfastoraff puaeft
ram.be"ew ow
an fy awmatrie =*mmw;S
tke ommwtsof gviwt7 ofdotwotmidw 2 be Is
.
ary Ift a
na theOefore h primm
mb.
a moee rmp;. wamn fm mend ver~eism wine

owing to smafmeaunng esemd
to sb
be
4e6y. sit damit, sod wind peftm
in Umwle wi
masubfartuuiig Wolberanor
m bc ftl.
Pa by the damiger it ths asmure imsroom~t
obteined sam juafy the insuind smo of ss
tfatue.
-4. L40GUMTCAL COESWZ3VATI2
aarm ony e a
m
no-~
m
nmwbwt
-"~~~C
.
-,-.
Z, S
4., ..
...
,..
-, -, ,
.,,
-.-
,,,..
.. ,?
"''
="
''."
r-n
'
c
AMCPI 7...2.
mind the elemeuts of es, storability, and tramportability. He should avckL where pouable. the
me of materials likely to bt in short supply during
wartime. He will often be limited by the aieilitas
for londing the projectile into the cun, and by the
dtoiga of the gun chamber. Most of these earnsideration are beyond the acope of this particular
handbook, but am coreral in oter dr-ign haad,.
bookx of th" serim
having
j
It is s difficult to design a
houg range, a relativo4y uort time of flight, and
A Small rourd-o-mesid disporia.
However, the
proctile might, and prshldy would, have wmeea
mall Jeonsetive cale, or lethality, that it wftk
be 'uaisem & a wespo THE PRIXE FUNCTION
OF THE PROJE"TILE DESIGNER. 18 TO
FIND THAT COMPRO3ISE AMONG RANGE,
AccIRACY AND LETHALITY WHICH WILL
BEST S'PPORTI HE MISSION OF THE
WEALM
SY
8STEM
UNDER CO.XSDERA-
TION.
Par exampe
54
I
4-
__________ I-
andimatieoef m esati
pe.M
*ectile by inermaing the lekngh of its agive, wh&ie

pren'ing the overall length cf the projfetilek
hodld decrease its drag coedient and, therefore,
inerease its range. Howevcr, the stability of the
round will be altered, withsome efeet on seeurey;
the volume of the projectile will be deereased, with
resulting decrease in lethality (or other mean"r of
uoefulneux as in the eme of smoke or illuminating
projectiles). These trade-os ane dicsumed in detail in the body of this handbook.
.In mot of the diwamsions in this handbook it
will, be tacity assumed that the desiguier in gie
the poeci
dkanetr and the eharterismies of
the gun from whiich it is to be And, ie., upper
baits. on chamber prsnure, umie, euery aad
*ussie momentm have bee estbised by the
gan designer. Oasiomally. but aft often, the pro.
jeetile designer may be able to speeiy the twist of
the rung. If the designer U equipped to make
eorrect degn deciiosm for any oe caliber, he will
be able to cope with the problem of ehoeifg sa
optimum ealiber for a gives mnm, abarnd that
problem arie.
UPP
S4
CHAPTUM 2
'iRADE.-OFFS
3-i
GENIRAL
If the solzbo of a trade-of ,.o'. is ex.

prme in rnumbenm an intelligent eompeorew be.
twevre coaiietiag guak am ealy be remeked whbenl
of f&UWCa obrt .1 eAc Pa) MR be e2the OMoo
pro ine numbeeke
Furthermore, thee penaty
swhroem maf be w the same Wosya, Le~, they
must, be eapabl of being added or multiplied toptbe, to giv a uigaULkant number.
Oine amul'esweept, boroed
is ttof
"atility** uxpressed as a uawser which
Has. between uro, stsadv4z for uuelms, and unity,
at-ading for maium. upefulam.; attaaable in the
given situatiorn If the utilty of seak ereent aa
situation eaon be compated, Whutility od the am
all situation earn het found by multiplying. or.
he tiltie of he kwats.
in
adia&
sw aess
theuitae f the eMLomn
beo
Memunsk adivdedby
tho mttrn
aot.
inot
ei)-~~
~
~
In airder ts o~i
~Mte
eawswhc enpo'm
t1w utiltie of the "iw
ho
m e
of Proleltih
perfeeumnee, the -eiwmus ebtain fpsm the
A *hfor d&hwa the Militeiry oqale.ap my I
MIA, stalemsmat abec * ythealam valum .o swa.
heads o daksonu veleem for the IwpIasd
at
thu smom, pho't- fies mwwm *c the pme
*Utle&Shell W~m~ am he obblead 860101
awfulnesmo01 Ieoo
wa
o680 dopo tim
Whbiethetato
ffigt~aadmpsolaos"eeuac.
mWAeteoabime ma be Meai* 9"A1*ta, mob o
unirty ifnh
*the
utility aune. The duiper ooul'! dusem the

Utility eurves with the eausowev Meoire promsedmgihted~a
m l*tSo
og
result. zainpte of tbadeikel
Wtk*
ob-tv
oil we gven holea..
3--
INCIRZASR RANGP V3 WARIMAD

om
3reom
-41 Utfty ad Stendooi Pre~etile Ammi
zew to sof Sw 862iud Ramp.
pea
th
apw "9a ubls stt
pre:Jooige to he ire
ft bomised4
re
frss&aer-tn ga Row is iornessed by the
At fued; bowe75 * the overall lmcth
adits Iof,of the pe**Utal is limited by otability. wr handling
csdevatiom, se that as the amount of rocket fWe
Am
ofdsg
a
The desug.. -o
SonoiftrIethality, is Aenm-od-.
sop
oh
She trade-e ws
cum . of Pw g
wechod
volume, sod ft tbae ue with a uimple a~pbrai
"prow"e pe maplow the cmM might hea
sho b,
1t
**t
to~~~Wt~abemwidoWesmeb
of rmange imefulneus approseehi

approsehes tho upper limit.
He, Zg&ma" ire" repeamt the imw mmd

warbead volume, imspeetivuly. of the standard pmo
*tatl hind from. the gives gum. The Jigni puob.
le a ato imrerew the imace alsoe. I.. withd"
"meijg"too meek" umarbed volume. Tip
equeMio fore the eurie. abem would he:
wro as the me
usI-(I-M
x-xpdS
vwplaing the fmotim by qrmbols:

0
s41
0.5
1-2
-1.0
&meweo knw th*uia
lbh ""dsima
"this .
wean we ina
ia asewm ern-
~pam that &a eomainn of the aw's

PIMsaem
IbeW ,
s &d
on the omaptisa dwe the Mtilty of the OwmPro.

iae "aslutis pffpsetieoeJ to the Produgt f the
e, lasws
atilitiva of nw~ sad warheed Vo
mel only MW
migh t kthe ear"i
1.
I.
~
1.0
ah"Wke4 the two utilitavems
shWM
beiss
UMR- U&
:1..
Tat
__________________
12
I-
0.5U.
a.-0
(1 -8)'
wapusuhihmi I
i a
=bdw
1.5 ,A
"adsoUU
bat
my he vm
1A IU
lbs
PaPhMI or miwVlea no**&. Note
tlnUIVi*nd
dwiAS
X =1
Ib
"otr
0
0.5
1.0
R
l
a.~n at emisywihdmg
toIiet d
Mse
- mblem 1O., Ua Ml
"SbMuhegrn's
OR
may map b
MWM
dsakuat.
ad
the uba
-.
VUtm
of 6~afad Pm
8
Awls
I k sbwM be thws mare walode fo give

the eamiasVin
e a
6s~~
dUtadqo one.
thiseomew
AMCP 706-242
irUs
1-0)
2-1. TANW'ATION OF POS8IBLZ TRADE.
am
Design rebangem wlkior inermmrse eumny sme* times deeteee mage; ramp. said accursey smight
botb be inpmed by inmermig the eas of amae.
*
facturing theound. Th trade-otael

- ho
mtlined above ean be umdu is thin aod uimilar mitu&.
Many different trade-ol uituationa an. amumtiosied in the C~iecinoin in t"i handbook. Por ez
0.5
1.0
1.5
ma-i the bat oampeoumie lifs at B = 0.60. whwI

V= 1.58&,x
ad I- 1.67 WuThe "Mamtat utility
of the stAndad -proje,-ile being 1.0 by tha cyi
tetion, we hawe an eatzmte of the imer"W in viarfulam gained by going to the roehet-asuddtd pro.
a. Cow~puiag time to- aSoummey of mulatie.

in trajectory eleuahwie-.
Zers, and Utilty XqUal to Vuk

In car examplem it don es maske mnoh dif.
b. Warhead volume for abort tine04fight by

me ofa simbealiber projectile.
e. RAWg or timmed-flight for emacuray wimea
imaproved stability may be obtained by moplaying a high drag "emfgaratios
d. Warhead v.1~mm for range or time-of-flight
by boattailing. or by magtihming the ogivs.
IUfoetnnatel*. iacr
rmag usalely di.
ferouce which criterion we umrnhowever, this will

n*A always be the eame. in general. it emn bo maid
esinimbes the vaefulnme of even an undiinin*w'

warhea" by ..I - -m-' the dimperides
joetik, via., 58%.
-24JCmphe
kf
ipe
of Smalls faroft
StIIIaid t
thtthe we of the additive criteriou pWe. tOe

optimusm at the point bhe e the smme the dsopes
ate utility euro is mers. 1. the multipfiestive,
metho seek dlope is meitpli by *ae pedj of
the Mier utifitime beahm being smedm to moa.
After hecating the am of Optimum molutiome the
"ial molutie wiln be piapente only by onedwatiam'sf ammuruy, tim"-f4liKt said Isgftiem.
(in meter) 8 the target

a. Drag for smonafaceruing oa"in Q
theooime ad
"l peolke
LImhp or timme-f-flgh ;. radmnd damp
amd boinding, sqie in the nme of a "patamd
Iound
g. imapiesty for warhead velmmme by minag f.M.
u
AV(P 70940~
CRAPTER 3
AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS
3-1. G~rRRAL
A lag purt of this handbook n concerned with
the interactions between a projectile and the air
through which it Rim. Freqluent use is made of the
faet that msany aspecft of this interaction are indepesident of which of the two, projectile or sir, is
actually .orang; theri relative Velocity is the
significant quantity. The bauie chiracteristin of
the flow of a SAid. maeb asair, around a body ar*
by
described in housd~eas of Aerodynowne
Kurt e and Schetser, and in Pkpisiel Principles
momenta sacting on a proJectilie has its origi at the

eenter of gravity (e~g.) of the projaectle~, its X-axi
pointing in the direction of the tangent to the
trajectory (note that this directien changes as the
ptaictilc moves along the trajectory) and its Yand -zwes in a plane normal -a the X-oams The
Y4Lzis is horizontal; the Y-rosi is nonmal to the
other two.
of Mlechanics and Acoustics by Pohl, which present msany interesting drawings and pbetogransh
of the Saow of Asuide, using dye or relieeting -Atielm to mak* the matoth visible. The Bibliography
at the end of this handbook lifts thus and other
booksman aeodynowittheory.
Projectile axis
3-2. 3ODY AIZODYNANICS

A projeetile dying through the &:, cenates
wutrbies, turbulemse Mod, if its speA is ucifently

groat, shock waves in the air. Both the air and Oth
pro.;xctile awe bested. The enrgy eoutent of theme
meot (hs is supplie In- the kinetic enera of the
projovdtie. and this tinuefr of energy implies &
force, or force systems, between the air and the7
projectile. This faore system msay be analysed into
aemponents which produce cheages in the linear
and angular velocities awossoited with esch of the
three orthogonal anes which may be chosen as a
etninewt myuies for the diucriptimn of the motion
of the peojeemie.
*
J.-" Ceuedieft s smia

The soaedhW*ipa ~sw mployed in tbhi bandhuh. F~gur 3-. Lwr du Ibg he bragsn ad
-- <Taetr
nr,34
atm
o
sSp
many di~hrmnt Gods"*lt sglum ane uparud
by writers Get projeetilie asedyamsaim, the **eise
of a Mowte being influenued by ses of devulopment of the Mathematics icrnlws& However, Worty
e'-.Cae
anl of thesesystem "Me in baring the eciimi at

the e*ate@ of grafit of 6he PRO3atl Ase ofe
m
metlem at a boy en giwp be rse
AX(cr 71X442
trasaelation cf. wasil rotation abouit. itif enter or
1inear" prujejrtile bh-lavior ine which 11W yaw
gravity.
iielelom e'xecerd 10". 4hie litierjwm't of gpod ie'eeige is

teekeel) the yaw well below this figure: not gret'aer
3--.U Yaw
than 5'. However. the center af pressure of the
The aerodynomnic forces are functions of th

attitud~e of the projectile with respect to the direetion of motion of the eg. relatie-e to the Mr
rounding air. If there in no wind. thes direction of
reolatire motion is along the tangent to the trajeetor. (Since wind velocities are small compared
with projectile veloe-ities, wind effects arc usually
introduced as cor-eetioits.) Yaw in defined as the
angler between the tangent to the trajetory and
the direction of the longitudinal axis of the projeetile. This ang& varies continuouisly throughout
,the flight, rapidily at finit, but, in a well behaved
prujeetlp. lees rapidly astime goes on; Vapiskabiliurd projertile. should qulet down to a nearly
toosant yaw, called the yaw of repose, while
the yaw of fin-stahilized projcztfiles shouldl damp
to wry small v'aluma In mathematical analyses, the
position of the projecile a&.m is usually pojected
onto the Y, Z-plane. gtiving a horizontal and a
"vertical" component of yaw. These components
arn related to the yaw by the cosine and minie of the
yaw orientation angle, anid are usally heandl.4
mothematiceally by the am ofemplex unuhberm
magnuii forets can move an appreciable disance

when the yaw angle ehanges as nuch an 10'. and
some attempt to deseribe the effects of thia c.p.
mvment will be made.
RDNMC
MOMORCESS
34..li General
The (resultant) forces and moments whielh are
msa-niflaeasi for peojertile. deseign are:
a. Noma fame
b. Lift
r. Drag
d. )la~tus force
V..Stti moment
f.Dmigoen
W.Nansmmn
It. Roil damping moment
3-U Lilt and Duag

The resultant of the promure fore.. on a symmet-kesl nonupmoning projsectile lies in the plane
esaISmtaining the tangent to the tajoeetr and the
of
.olu
3_
~longitudinal sax of the projectille, oiedW the "yaw
/
The ami'dy'namie forem an a proeale anre-~ plan."; the point an the Projectile axis through
tiermaisod by the premee ditiuishc
exst
which thin resultant peon in called the enoter of
over the whole extinei emefcev. but in order to
preemure efi the lift or normal fomes, since the resimplify the mee i en
s t ad mahmta out
sutn may be Pwrpwsd either into lift and drag
wipulatisa of !hew fern-eu. we oh-al only with a
eemntponentse or into normal force and axial drag.
orfaireds
wthemefl rsultants oav

a ma
ngnitude
an i
forr
r~ltanx
The hve ao~nindeawl
direeina, WWd
alio a point of appliratioa eM the
body, iLe., a point through which the resulteut od.
This point, callfed the center of premarv (e~p.) of
thse
thr forrce in 42m ion, is am a to li
tudbWa ano of the projectile. bet Me. padtioi
user.
2hqp Xa
awmdm
man IMany. mmetitie f the Aepokoos of the

7W
fSthin hbanbt tim osuto of Pboine. of tht
Nabw Ies,outtened to Wbao ipoomle ad yow
am
;thin Is mNde Pona by u ui gmly
AIL
lft in parallel to-the Y. 7.plane, drag in parallel

to the Xa*xea; normal fore. in perpendicular to,
ad axial drag is in line with, he60
axis of the
poeticokt&nbe ai femocet is
pfrourectine
tahpeihe
yw plairow.psotis
inthaywilae
of
When a penjintle is opemain
about ift leagi.
tuilisal axis. the promare distrbutisa ~e ia our~~far~le inmd a thtthe resltzatfotamsolowqe

lift in the plan of yaw. 7W aaatdnmne towhs
owaof " othisdm by WntrissAgk a fore Soem
posun sma mtboteyaw Plaits, tolethew With bl
AMCP 7064242
associated moment. This force, called the" magnus
forc", is also perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of the projectile, and pawne through its own
center of pressure. Vector subtraction of the
maignum force from the total force on the projectile
leaves a force in the yaw plane, which ran he rewilved into lift and dragc.
3-3.4 Static hinet
The static moment is the product of the normas I
force and the distanc between its e.p. and the e~g.
of the projectile, which is conuidered positive when
the c-p. is forward of the e~g. an it practically &Iways is for spin-stabilized projectiles. The axis of
this moment is a Uwasve--se axis through the e.g.,
normal to the yaw plaoe. Fin-stabilized projectiles
have the e~p. aft of the ecg., so tat the "ttie
moment opposes an increase in yaw (in normal
tight), and an he called a "restoring moment".
tweern projectile and air. Fins produce large roll

damping momenta owing to. the angle of attack
induced by spin
3-4b
FORCE AID KOKEZNT CONFVICIXNTS
It has been found that the aerodynamic browe

and the sitatic moment are proportional to the
dimensions of the projectile to the dynamic pressure of the air, and to the yaw of the projectile.
h thre momets arisag from rotatiosm are atlso
proportional to their appropriate angular vedo&i
ties. The factora of proportionality are known as
"waeroynamic coeffeicns' TheY ame not constant,
for a given projectile, but we themselves funetiems
of Nub number, ReYnolds number, spin fuel sad
-aw A brief discussion of the fetes and mammat
coeffcients follows. For a mate complete dimenssign, of the aerodynamic forcas and momenas -m
Murphy, rho Pres Plih& mobhos of EpSYMISOWe
Mimile. ef.C 12
3-U. Damping Momeont
Wilen the yaw of the projectile is changin.

the swinging of the projectile about its e-g. ehanget
the Pressur distribution so an to produce a couple
about&a Axisthrough theceg. normal to the plane

of the yawina velocity (which is not necessarily the
plane of yaw). This couple, called the "damping
maoment", usualy oppoes. the yawing velocity,
3-Al Aere.4.ainc Yeom Cssfielents

The most signifisant of the aerodynamic fores
coeffiients are defined asfollows; where
ine
th
The Magnus forte produces a moment about an
CL
L
j3
This magnRUm moment changes the yawing velocity

in away which depends on the location of tbe center
Of prOMero Of the BMWgn= force, sad on its direec-o
tion. The magnas force and momect ane a result of
spinning te projectile, and ane absent on a no.
rotating ProJectile; however, eve ln-tabilized
CP
Dis
projecils may have spn

3-4.7 RA De~mpbg Moen
Tb. rOl dampingmseu is a eonphs about the
hegitudbwe axis of the pojoectils; th" momnt
eaon winig
ma
body isrolasie to 00efristo. h
Estefrtl
ame of the praojetle and a is the yaw in radions:
Nose
"ais through the eg.g parallel to the normal force.
'~4
C,
3__
% 7
P=air dessiy, slug/fts

V"P speed at prejest~l relp ative fins air, m/
= molaximu bodydiam =te ofxmu brodysdetis
= normal totes, lb
N,
li=t, lb
98 /P
D = dreg, lb
My
N,. = magnum force
Al of As -n.,'m- mr etpoetad to be fune..
C
tion of the yaw aidgle, IL For email angles (a <

0.1? radian), afl, espt Ca.m ho
e mussd to vary
lnearlY With Yaw; this leambtodosM of the dspe
yaw eaglea 0
of the oume of eselsisa uo
moen essveming deseiptium at & sheebvash
of the Projectile. Using the subscript 96 to dsemb
a derivtive Wlth ep totawesea VAN:
AMCP 70-M2I
do
- CH..
velocity about the hoerianttl a* is q
"Lq~e
efefient fors
dc
. q aim
from tho eurvatue of the trajectory. Therefore, in
.dc
L -co
ia zero; Le., the total angulsa
about that au,
! &%ity
.
C
Cap, 98
+ cM
+ CK(O /A] )
r
Drang varies with the aqluare of the Yaw, "e we

write
D - (Co. + C&A 9q
wbere Co. is the drag cooeican at tero yaw and
C,,,sithe rate of ebhngs of Co with
CSN.5+
Cat
M.m ivy, d
The tAnt term of the expasim is the statie moment,

the next two are the damping momenta, and the
moment. (Note the eaeh
lat term is the mqp.g
term insid e beeta must be multiplied by
% pV'ad
to obtain the momeut.)
j-4.2 Mmant ComSes, 2a1 MOU$2
The momets prodmeed by the aerodynmic

fee an referred to the emter of grsvity of the
3-4U K, Se.
About Vet--Ul Am
M., the asandynamie moment about the "verti.
projeetile, nn otberwas stated. The momeat

,eftients, in the terminology ot this handbook,
e deriaties wi Mpeet to yaw, or with .-'eot
to appropriate anulor veloities.
481"azi
3--4.L. Mnmt Cmaisaft

Thmes eoeea-ts an deined mafollows:
dJC
CEO = Static moment eoefcient
S -=
tbn40thee4ris
a and , auitutin
g
e
for , and r tor q, wbere r + is the angular ve.
locity about the a-rn
3-42.4 K,, Kassa About Longituital Axis
The sody3amie mammt about the longitudinal
axi of the projeetile in, in the mmes of a spinindeng torque see se might be provided by
am
Imte +
dmpi
mpl
C, IN
N. On
momt mee
sad C, is W
__
3-2U Ur Mamma Aunt
edhmea'
Azl
th
whus
a aeIsdm
mith.b heeimtul
-
.e
+D
Sath.
aki 9
Aetm
oma
*ftomm awn" em
m3 o CMDS4M
m of
The earbin wok in this am mmaa
ooeients withi- ,m ,owiak, the pb, at the
SK
tn
he angular Volsely
hWm
an@f"t
daming
atio p /V whiph aOo
badmd
3-42.
dyasepnd
acm /VAally
oSu
rl
The total moment about a bwisma am&

bym
throuh the e.r. in
a
, -
am
by&Silar
ts
odinWmthe plase of
omret. It was the system wed in ANOP 706.

sglmw Desin Handbo, Anmmitio
Series. Bu"ies 3, Duig for Cesiru of
mVub
Im
N
h#
eWu in the InI

i
1 ah salnraje
Sfie e of "ineftnihmafe
use
an weed
lite
AKCP 706-242
a large amaount of wind tunnel ,laut obltai"I
by
magnaus forr
downwarl whets A in pfwtive.' It the
-rnmlynamieitx..
eeuter -if preasure of thin magutto forre i aft of the
The balliatie notation will Ie arounl for a lung

tila., no it in ,cw..aey io kiaw that euflleirient
in the ballistie system (which are usually denoted
ran e
by the capital letter K with a aulsor-ipt)
aerodynaniti
converted into the corresponding
coeffiient slopet. (or directly into thome roe feientx
which arm not functions of yaw) by multiplying the
e.g. of the proijectile. tLhs-the Wannuss aimnict is

pawitive sillre it adds to the statie monwint produced
by positive a and Va.. Is the study of the effect
of e.g. position on the aerodynamic propetie of th
ballistic syaym coefficient by 8/s, e.g., CA
K9,.
exmpleCOEFFICIENITS
For
For e
N = C04 ~V1 d-)
&(V
A-N spinner (ReM. 49). it will be seen that Clp&

inereesm ait e.g. moves forward.
3-& METHODS OF IMASURING TILM
-l
C,. - _ Kx by cancelation.
s beCa
noted
that for Ca,
be
Ih ahould
and Cir. the multiplier is _ S_ (Some authors
When sina- a,
5
use - -1.as a multiplier, since they me 2V as the
denominator of their spin terms, eg, pd/2V in.
stead of 1 d/V.)
1-4.3 Cemplmn Yaw
In the foregoing diaeuesion, for the sake of
simplicity, the symbol .s *ss uaed for yaw angle.
In the notation of Ref. 12s, a is the component of
"theyawangleinthe"vertical"direction;thecoss,; and the
eoriscstal
direction
in the
pmmt
3--.1Geazl
of In order to be able to predict the performance

a propowd design, a rood bit most be known
about the probable pattern of the air floSw over the.
projectile in flight. This air flow is mathematically
described bi the aerodynamic coefficients, as theme
must be measured or estimated. Estimation, bh
methods referred to below, is adsqnate in the preliminary design stages; however, if the coeirient
are not well eotablihed before prototype ronds
are manuf.tured, the designer runs a great risk
of a totally unacceptable performancs when the
first test firinga are made. Furthermore, the proem
of maimizng One desirable ehreteriac, aneh
lethality, which involves reducing other performane hraceristics, such as stability, to their
val
aesn not be ntclgent.y
if the principal aeoyai esacet

carridunoutacceptable
ane not known to aelem asroximstium.
total yaw angle, 3, is given by

where the orentation of the yaw is tan
The aerodynamic acoefficient slop.n, or "aeroSvnamic de6vative", can be defined in term of a
beaem of the rotatiomal symmetry of a projectile;
their value ean be derived from messurementa
made am a model which is given a yaw in one plane,
identiled as the a-plane. (See MeShane, Kelly and
r BJlaliirs, Ref. 7.)
Reo, Zxter
,-44isgam Kenna sip
U ift
viswd f
r ojectile
the frontP
upward.
is pooite to the right and a is ptie
A projeetlt with rigthanl spin (eountar-eloek
Wis y'bn bkding from the bort) espereoes a
..
ehd
34
fNirnm
Two methods are in common use for tho mm-emeat of coefficients, both of which yield values
which are adequate to permit comldent deong"
eompromises That is, they yield net only sufiently accurate values of the aoeficients of the design
being tested, but also good atimats of the change
in thes coeffiames which would result from smal
changes in the design. The two methods e:
a. Delli imngtenting
I
The methad ehmen in a partiula ea may

depend on the technical consideeatiost li@W he-
',
ANUP7114e.242
low; it not. it depends on factors of time and codt.
Major eonsiderstions are the availability of the
range or the tunnel, and the speed with which the
X. Dlata reluction is simple.

h. Models usually reduced in usie.
i. Reynolds numober can be varied by varying
nneesay data reduction can be performed at the
turinel pressure (it may not be possible to test
widely diffeWAL
Estimated accuracy of aerodynamic coeffcients
obtine bybalistc
mce nd indtunnel tesw
is shown in Table 3-4.
3-.U Factors ta obsCSudeIS ia Selection Of
mod"
The cnditions can objectives of the test should
be thoroughly discussed with persoane! of the
facility ehosen before any work is started on test
models or prototypes. However, to m=ist the designer in the preliminary discussion, significant
dafereoee between the two asethods of testing an
described below.
.
3-4i.1 Free Figtk (W3 atli Rearg)

a. Good control of NMIc number, veoiy
teprtue mid presres.
L. Little control of modil attituie.
e. Model most be statically or gyoscopically
Stable.the
d&Ne strut to interfere with hase flow,
a. 0On test somes a rang of Mach numbers.
photo
L. Data obtained from sbadowgrpbsp
grphspWand yaw eswdsK with the Possibility of
-. to*meern soome data.
e. Data reduction is eomplieatai.
L modlds numbell
ful
beevrik.
~
Lenld_
ubeoem
ayn
3-4U2 WIni Tuma

a.xczellent emutzol of Mach number, velocity, .
Prsoues.variation
60 ;ratre.sai
k. 131eln etral Of moe ttitude.
nsal
a
a. Can obtain data an both so
1 ., -jectile
d. MO =Maprit may inetrfere with bas Saw
10.Omkly one MaCh number Par to&
f. Data obtain"d from fore. and moment bal.
tope, sabebsren Oftesraphe at
OWWN
Ir~
dmkwg*&L
3-
Data Is ll freesm hPlldc, Range Teso
For a tast of this type a pwjoeetile is mans.

factured in accordance weth the preliminary desig
drawings; if length or diameter is too preat, a
geometrically scaled model with a pooper uses
dixtribulton may be made. The projectile is fired!
along is nearly flat trajeetory in a suitably instru.
mented building. Por a desription of such a rauge,
its instrumentation and method of operation, see
Ballistic Research Laboratories Raiport 1044 (Ref.
12)1. (The U.8 Army Ballistic Researceh Lehoratories at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, will
be hereinafter referred In by the initials BRL)
The designer should be fIamiWa with the capabilities of BilL as this installation can be of major
aesistance to him in any design problem.
As the projectile flies Alone the instrumented
range, a number of parameters of its moition are
very carefully measured at srasseinve stations along
range. They at
a. Velocity
b. Rol rats
e. Yaw angle
d. Yaw orientation
e. Swerving motion,
Prom the poito vomto (velocity) data
the deceleration of the projectile cam be inferred.
Knowing the mes sand diameter of the projeetile,
and having eheesedi the goarmnt values of bwer.
mtine pressure, temperture, and humidity; we me
able to einpote the drag and drag sedient, Co.
qa trins at !b sae voloelty amensve the
of C. with yaw angle (sajuareql), and soft
of firings at difmat emlot veleeitim wil gmv
the variationof CS with Macb number. If the pin.
tot firngs with reeket
is reckt4eiia
ignition will give I" thimi.
AU at te nlsisef livd abe. -n be do.
toriNdiO In & beswe mom, soopep
CAr
and CA,; are alway iso'mled as a am Tbe
ani- ftequan"l and the d ng m dear-
AXCP 706442
TABLE 3-1
ESTIMATED ACCURACY OF AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS

OBTAINED BY BALLISTIC RANGE AND WIND TUNNEL Tr6STS
kainiauz~ I araiim firror- in Parmal

Co
Drag
t&.5
CLift
z.Static
cmr+Cm!
CN.Magnus
.
momnt
Daming moment
momnent
2.
10.
10.
15.
10.
.
Roildamping moment1.
C5,
c~..~g
C.Magnus
t2.
Separation
force
25
.l1cal
0.1lcal
t1-3
*Mausmum Prror equals 3 xtd. deviations

mined early in the proceem of the reduction of the
data, and indeed the dynamic stability of the
projectile at various Macb numbers can be directly
observed. Dynamic instability may be catastrophically apparet; cbeervation of the projectile in a
free light eondition is one of the major advantages
of testing in a balistic range. If it in desired to
moma the effeta of varying initial roil rate, this
may be aeeomp~se if suitabl. gun tubes are
available. Usually, however, the designer does not
projectile's prelimin'ary design. The interior of the

model is hollow aaid contains suitable provisions for.
mounting the model on a sting or strut which in
turn is supported by a structure attached to a
stationary portion of the wind tunnel. If the
model is to spin, the internal provisions include
bearings and often a drive motor. Internsl *train
gage balances are generally wsed to measre the
aerodynamic forces and moments.
All of the .aerodynsmikcoeffecient previously
have roll rate at his disposal because even if the

projectile is not designed to fit an existing gun,
rotating band strength or tub- wear usually puts
a limit on the allowable spin rate.
-Coefficients of typical projectilea,'determined in
a bAllistic rangeM with estimates of their accuracy,
are given in Table 3-2, &and in the Aerodynamic
Data Sheets, Appendixes VIII.A through VIII.Z.
A list of the ballistic ranges in North Americ
which are usually used for projectile testing appears in Table 34.
discussed can be determined in wind tunnel tests.

Cm, and (',v
can be -determined separately if
desrd Very accurate determinations can be masde
;f the need for'such accuracy justifies the cost.
Coeftiient. of a typical projectile, determined
in a tunnel, with estimates of their aesursey, ane
given in Appendix VIII.Y.01
3-6.5 Data Uoumldg frems Wind Tunnel Teom

A teat of this type is usually maft an seale
me"ubohving the exterio configuration of the
3-4.6 Tat Faulides

A partial list of ballistia ranges and wind turnnesk in North America which are sotable fmr artilWer projectile model testig appears in. Table 343
and T"bl 3.4, respectively.
3.?
AMCP 106-242
TABLE 3-2
COEFIICIRNTS OF TYPICAL P.0JECTILES KRASUUID IN MI.E
zLIoHT AND ESTIMATED
4 1
. o
Jos-am ki
Co. (peak vaue)

CON&Mtas
in Q function
(BOe par. 4-7.7.1)

Rameat vaiidity
Ca,,, (avg)
0.40,.01
1.94
Cm.
SM.4Iiss
.41o.01
1.52
MVCa A-N Spdmww
0.46, .01
1.50
0.22
0.20
0.25
.2.70
1.1<MS2.5
2.I)
1.2:M-'a3.2
2.60
L.I&MS2.6
7.0.
8.0
2.60.1
2.70.1
1.65
2.730.46
2.6*0.15
5.40.1"
2.5
6.20.05
6.0
C.&jim,,L, aM - 1.8: determined by free dit me..zreimnt,

4.,
2.30.2
o.p. (,,L from ben)
3.450.2
e(g. (,,fromhn s
1.75
3.90.1
cz.
Ca, + CMr
.oO
-71"
0.5030.05
-9
-260.5
0.25
0.40:.Os
-0.19*-001
Codas at H - 1.8: aim&W by
immon-Wood
2.40
2.
a.p
(eL fr&w. bses)
Cm.
3-4.
3.10
3.25
JMTODS OF ZIINATf1r
TIM
COXIICIZNT
UlSms it is waateul to comtruet a projeetile or
ppseUeI mid for mup or wind tunnal towhie hm nhio
ohs. ot msee, and whish mw eve
3.*
methods
2.380
2.00
2.9.
2.65
5.40
4.90
deAto walls or imtrumentatiou at the bsde

rnue when lred, it. ascnwumy to maim pulibe.
nary asnimat. d the prhbeipe asrodynmis w.
e&Isto before -mn. The uethods of making
aneb eetimdt an gies in the Ed
Ie at po, Table
PARMAL
L
OF ALLUTI
Baamw 3emmk Labratorie

Abaerdm Proving Gromd
Maryiand
Naval Ombv Lisbomso"
NASA Amm Rmnkrc C~mw

mosect FINK Caldwrif
Canadia Agnomme Rarinh sad
TEST 2ANGES MNNORTZ AXUMCA
ad. 19
BELL Report 1048
W. armum
TWO IIIw.
Projecijia up to
incbe MA& diameter
NAVORD 406
Thite ragm, two
NAkwom=
Svral fara~
Cosdiam Aro-
ftW
TAXLE 3-4
PARTIAL LUS OF WiNfD TUNNELS MNNORT= AMEI.CAO
Arnold Emmum
Dsvalpmeng C~mw (PJMQX~
AaaaM AiPrn
Ym
mbain
TInrns
TOmuewIm
bIssummom
&4, *.
DOI~fe Ramrm Uh"W

Pmrn* Gamed, Mawyimd
TWO
NAMA Anna RoehCmo
nw Inmmmis VAN
Aboudo
MOMMd.uFd CAUstma
NAMA Lmg* Sommm (uw
LpO
Ownhpm
e
Mbk
ohpmd
iinb
S
4-1.0
0-2.2
Sbma lummb
04.6
MNMO timed
00*4.S
0-1.4
0-.49
1,1
OftWpm..
Sm
saw
12
1.254
0 7.5. 0.2
OM
M
wem.M
.
Ts"
NASA Imuri U3mre Cwwof

1kvhm
041-1.6
1.5.4
1.3-6
AMUT 7661M2
?AWLZ 3-5
LIST OF REPORTS CONTAXRNMG XZCT ODS OF 39STIUTING

CO~r"2ICIZNTS
Qmuw*
*
C.
cm.
CM*Keily
Comen
Siminm (Rd. 20)
Hi tchco~ck (Rd. 81)
Woo (Rd. 21)
(Rd.- 16)
Cale + Cm;,ltc
(Rd. 81)
'
Not readily &ailaba

inited ange df us~noem
Based an & mo; usd in Weihandbook
(See, Appim~ix 111-A)
CoamvetAaa dvi.4blhid Projectiles
Cie*+ CA;
Umi& 1.
(fairyododr 3 < L <56)

Dcamove (Rd. 15)
_____
CXa
9e
____
Reaprduced inMupym
____
hiti, (Rd. 40)

Kell-dy (Rd. 39)
am the Ap.
34L Bamse* volealwas ane do
poodizee.
Theme methods wre fundamentafly baand on an
maiturplatiem of data rem very may wind tunnel
sed bell ini range, toxim of a wide varity of
im US
a bw ao.
PesseeIin shapes Usamae
dynai theory to osestrcting fermales fcocrw
1
6lethe WatoPetm While these feamals
cheal of smme IMe be uVd hr abes which be
cik
(Rd. 40)
eaoRd4
Sao____Am___Rd.___4__
outside of the image of the data em which they ane

bued. it may be aceesmaxy to use them for uauma1
aapes when so ether method of asimmatit is
available Such shap.e should be Nted in a witUnne; most balbobe r&Wg operators would ref
to Are them.L.0
KLeiEWato
0dkceifAb Of typieal pnjeetike
shapos fore ompoirim with valus obtainied in
bellinie rm" slo an Iuuo ill Table $a.
AMCP 706.40
CHAPTER 4
TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS
4--L ONNIZAL
rhe Ppupm of a ealeaistioaf at a trjcoy
the eurv as wyf traced by the center of gravity
of the projectike is nasUy the prediction of the epmcted peow of inspect at the ptoejcik. when fred
at a give Mass eise t. sad qumad&=' eleyaties
aln with the prediction of seistsd quatities
such a towel fight, saflu of faL sad velseity at
impeet. Smwertim. the tng. n stated, a d th
petI~n 49 the umklmktie sato And thn ae~a.e
tog wael vueitmy asid/u quadrant elewetiwa; the
three. asdharal qmtantimsean96
stl
f searest. Or
tbe trajeesery may be a proaad-wwrb type. as
her as asbatieera pmojectile, for which maximumw
ahlttde, time se rsub a give. Altiture, sad asan iwmeetMa rmgis.
jestary MON=at
4-L. DDm.~ rA
CORNzm3331S Ol
82Ms 1VIA i FACTORS
43.. me. by veryan the impete is thetr4eny

sakelaa aw no
mm
am__abu,
_m
pol the
d
o is rpseed rangs, tim of ight wr
QUber ma
41tyi
~bLud, wd by amall teaeg
iseeat ispis Puomsfer. The pols-e Sheow in
4"aPut "enetity) ;medasid by a
rap (af
inM put Pemmserter mlias by mar
is AWN
toswket,. by others a
Whomu a "dismemlo
"-mhitiwisy faawng." The factate wie dZEseM far
tfhe
04wet
- r difreat,Mualnatwe
each dew.anu
welom of the wpe" um-aerers. wh"s a why they
mSU be desiwodel by melt perturbation sad the
pint*I WNe W. de massdybe fer bhid they me
at srsawwty
lawd MM he stout A m"katl
haim hr a Maeme
prejeusi fte" br
emmmrftp a *va in Tabl &-L
4--l DIGITAL CONPUTZX PROGRAMS FOR

TRAJZCTORY CALCULATIONS
Imasmernbi Ubakerty exlmulis~oa have beem
made, sand are Mill ben mins, for the peodusbas
of fiing tsbks. Up we the advat sad gmuam
adopt!-'i of the high speed diptal osmpater, thene
eskuistim weft performe by appriM= te mINh.
eds whibih inply si wers or destive walva of
the dree cmreaffue
The -Agsm wAhdxw
vean
Mause 6 their dA "Apo th Gave. Camainideu
Sias&:6 sac Maysmic smag Mb... Thin usteds
see Mil nowa for Sawi eadmnsafs of th em oabf
vsnetows in prejeetile shape, maids wIosit sad
qfedruat elevatiom an rage &adtime of light. Th.
asemary chUte sad tabisk with direetwaa for
their nit, see givess is AEC? 706-140 (Rsf. 97).
DqptWS empatsr proguram fall ints, t"a elams.
b-trp
- ras
pSwtrdh tsisimrs ad mix q~dw
hiU.
discse
is
a&im
j i
4-31 Simple Parihl ?ua*"
The welsiv*l aMple* Paluisl t,~jsdV Peek

gnum um that Whealy' lares an ohe pe.
P" are gravityda.
amSad, it peMtM lbrast
b
m vertical esselmbrtom dis
The heuilsad
thes teM, aft imputed at mum- poinst is
tiam. isad the reshling, berimmie eel vwtim

"Welty said Poidtion
em~pomu of tho p..ptl'
swem
spuasd for oath time pos It the dam !a.
wreal in melt omough. the "umeistis of the tre*INsaer be very coot. With a time isourval
of 0.5 wound. the time retsird to maboula a
trW4
typifil trejesisc60 aMO BM I35080W
ea
@6004ut
times the timw e aw ofhta
the peeeeinbe
biug diwalsi. Ita embaed isew ssuPW at
64
AIK'F 71&-242
similation better than 1%. assuming that the drag
esficient curve used averaged within 2% of the
trm* Ca at all Mach numbers traverned. If no computation of yaw is made, Co., the exile drag oseftient, is the coeffcient meed. Since projectile
velocity and altitude are known at each 6e poiat,
Mack number in always available for entering a
atored tale of Co. vs Mach number.
The particle trajectory is very useful in eomputing trade-.os of rawge. time of flight, and
lethality. partcularly in
of a rorket.miatwd
projectile. 3zteoa of the pmogram to compete munle velocity under the limitations on
Ma
ener aad unk
m
omentm, nd the tthe
maeimam
th
elmntion,
furth aproe-
rocket4axisted proeetilea, eitjaer spin- or inhtabilized. and singlektag rockets. The spin, yaw
of repose, and gyroecopic stability eomputatioms do
not a&low for the prevence of An cant or nowle
rant.
IThe limited Memory available made it neemery
to read the headings for the output (see Table 4.1
for a nsmple output) from card. .Appendix IX
lewrribe, the input carti forming the data deek;
the numbers oa the imput cards describe the projectile aud its launcing environment. Heading
4wr&a are a part of the -data dek and follow the
numeical data, enept that the Sit cad of the
data deek ideatilas the projefile heiun proemed.
An ezperienced programmer, or oe
having
4--.2 8s-Dpgree-e&Fl"m Partd. Tajoaey

"Wemieg
-rdom aqma n saldom
seem .to ,. computer having a larger memory, will

be able to make many inproveweuts in and extension to the program prestd here. For ei.
ample. this .prgrm i teolt linearly in imd-
emim far anything smaflle then the squivaiat of

- IBM 704. Thin program eiptes the poition
"sd ,elscity of the prjectie relative to all thr.re
as
-n of the coerdinste sestem(s) Ibeams,the pertinent angls sand angular veloeite.. AD of
the a edynami eescista san be msod talthbgo
gien
fY
sii i~jtr tables- u.evi ay
rCa.O
itC
in *
en
a i
data deek; it my * -ifllety to r
emnl am" data pointo
cuhm sdema, whale with
eTApater will print out
the
while
re
Fu!
yai
hn9 sls hnuiy
USAL
stability Must beuqMsd by band.
eed esodo terms arn usally left oat), and

sot
Or, h
Nmiltng s aaamakteft
tsh
eints aa auto
t w anrysmi. maw
amnv. don ms
mWan
Mates by-peoda
of tin qpum
be
Wind m
inArdeaud as a variable
if 1411l nat" fro a"d the wlaiffiiest of C&O with
predued by the program
given be.w is peeated is Table 4.1. Projectile
data an far the aomple pejeatir mad to Illtate.

ability
w m staa
the methods Of
(Appeadiams I-VII).
The ferm facto relating tb, drag of the ample

Preimlp to tam of the 64ine/34 Navy peejeetil
indm tkciemputrmemeey was "mated to be
be.
Neeb neudm weir Jmd ed m the p
jealprogram, tha eite pr
,
I t1.0 Must th only ,pulesnt di__sa is shape
ar the shortn~dmer
_oviv the 00pk preje
. The
tineseey eoeb the sylompie stability ot the~~mn
eain
relstaf the man mommen seallnt
" ofrepatfoorm
projsdi andColslawas
~
ndnami maa"Ue
s
the peU
faroer
of the sample peejestil. so the Cm. table staned in
mm'ea was estimatd to be 1.14%, basl an the
W"6d.mme
tmate at N -- 1.11.
The let Hia ofd the.

4--
Raisple at Dimple P
e Ttj$
Caed d (TOM " Nore)

The FPO3TU&M1
,etd
aw.,ewy oensa
pnmsw beleo on we hr aseI IDM
1m amp6W With SA 1a001 Of seMine. It Will am.
pow "Oajsser
d .f ...... an. ",d
eae Outpu Siat t6e
to" of 6gt ma mends, the rear
meneow
-a
the
eely at imp angle of k, ad the

ed
peei
ftbahail %saw~ 4460 Impet an"
Weti
at the sw Ii.
a th ef
((m kei) Is
thi eaaspk hot er deired te
elevation an
be d With the 4dL
301
AMOCP 70642
The fundameatal equiatioa undmrmg the competer p .. .rga

m .presiat below are:
It mybeof interest to diaeuthe equatmioused

in the ceomputer program for the calendltion of the
drmctom of the tancmt to the trajectory at the
%projectle.Mas
#--
Ao .
.X
AS
At
em.4f eauk time intervaL In a particle trajoetory,
(Vcom 0) At
(Vam)At
Averacibg tee
eura.y of tke
4-L METHOD OF CALCULATING

DIRECTION OF TANGENT TO
TRAJECTORY
-,iqu
are ued to mprmoe the ae"ulatieL
where lift and magmus force an neeectaed and

dnr
i, smumed to ast in line with the veloity
Z (etorV
t-0 only fame wise to champ the dirtioa of motion is the weight 4 the proi-ti&.
4--4. DESK COMTZR MZMOD FOR

TRAJECTORY CALCULATION
Referenee a made to Tabe 4-2 for the format
of the desk eompatabom. Note that the eemadtm,
&WPppear
b.
so
na2d d5intheOra
w.M artgw th eMiMntIl ct&adUtSIM we Now
poewith the cempeaim M glowsa:
a. Campuw t.he inezfo
mu m
ans
Am row.
b. P 1
to naMt row: locat Cp em the drap
creu of the projetile; ealeulate thi drag. Dp.
acceleratieo. D/m4 Where nis the Projectile
momm
is-v
..
CAIVUW
(1)
(
-r
Daa
06Dm0
-
1Z
d
dYWO by t mn
y
m timme interval
The ronit we AV. and AV, inte third row.
e. Compte V. ed Vr, a the ned ot the tim
imarvel (they appear in the fourth row)
and -m a wmp
Weft"Jts ever the Am time
interva to ompfte As mad At (third row)
md the nsa
med s (fourth raw).
f. C4mut the mow v how. 7
V
T rT
deuerminvO frem = ta -' V./V.; Sad oa
* md dio 0; mad eompiee the t
h tob.
ad"e 0/6 = vp 1--2 x lO-S rand V,1"16 - 0.f0e.
as abm for romni enresi
b t6'8
,tries
A
,ed
*--1. Vopw of Gvpmsur Fmem on Aioumd
The inertia orseo or esantiugal fome aramig from

the eureature of the trajectory, is given by =V1112.
where m is the projectile m and
so R is e lemal
raive. d curature ot the tiaj&teY. This in

balmed (Figure 4.1) by the ompe
tOn
peajeetile weight in the diroekim od the mdi of
d. Muliply
i
On ate derivatiem dV,/Wd
&.adv
eurvator. moe
, so we ma write
Ova
-
But V/B i the time rate of shamg of the direstios

of the radiv, aad is thefsoe d the timo rate t
chrg of the diretion of the trjects" tMoant,
me the tangmt a always aoma f the PM
vwe.Ar. Domodng the not of cmpof die s
by dS/dI, vs here
-
gd.O
r. a k appears Is the amputee pmprs
AM(!P 7"s Ul
TABLE 4-4
"TYPICAL OUTPUT
OF FORTRAN SIMPLE PARTICLE TRAJECTORY

PROGRAM
5-INCE SAMPLE PROJECTILE (SEE APPENDIX !)
RGA
Tym
"DFP FFK4
O FT
RGT
.381 1.030 .T150TWIST

1.142VO " 5.54s0
1.050
DTh
SIT
SPIS
wTO,
wTI
10
.6.06
.0
.1925.
"46.08
CTL
TEMP
4.0
59.
.4028.0045.000
CD02
OTE
CLP
6.00 -. 014
.350
.001189 1116.0
x
TIME
DRAG
04A DR
CD
MACU SPIN
YAW
1925.0' .331 3.59

197.4 .0n 1.72
"A0
.78
..
2;56
321o;
3109.
W49. 1S78.0
131.3
362
.001
!1
5.85
608.
9110; 1265.9
.396
84.1
.002
4.14
1.16
3.3
.004
.92
6 6188.
10.3
10713.
.29
17;72
1416
58 9235.
MMS
S,
1;"?
M1
;82
.311
1;43
3.03
;.914 1.43
.379
20596;
.
786.3 .168 4 .32

A1
11.3 .010-.73
25.72
;00
.40
26:12
-. 01
2208.
13269.
26412.
64.8
8.3
22361.
13267.
26686;
682;4 .169 4.20

.64
8.2 .016
A,.2
276310
12171.
320";
696.
32522;
9173.
37859.
,
3W
4370
42.11
69
- .40
WI
-,
0
*
AM~E hVM .
RI&S
168
4.20
.1
.168
4.28
.70
.176 4.42
866
:78
00
18~ :Wk:
11.7
.009
I2t-5
.0321
TMEA D SPIV1~1
-,,.
4.20
1.43
7.57
J6
8 .: :014
762.1
;43
2.11
12203.
1.43
1.119
1.2'.I61
164W0.
.1l0
44
DIST
THRUST
THETA
,654 1L43
.503 9.80
.671.
%7.5143'
5.73
;866 1.5.3
3.29
.35.
AMCP 706-242
%.4
C4
NV
Im
..
A
0
4 %
P0440
0,
-,,
oN
04%0
,-* .d*04
4
41
0
"9
0o
419
11
4040
,404
I.
4
P404
r4
0"4
vs
..,
W%
I4
%-I
4
iini
,4
0"
1
C4
t%
6M
0d94P4-
P44
vN
s.#
4,
"4 0
cc
00V
r4 @4
C4
r%
*~
C)"
P4, %
gi
.
0
....
4#
04
i'1
an0~
Nfl i-.4
-1
14VoA~
A- 4
Itm.
an-1
a,.
um
ww
0 PI"
R Z
V4 40
r.-.o
.' 0U.,0
P4
04
14 2
coo
,
In
eN met
N
P W %
.
a0
4 %
t.
% P4E
@ 0%.*Pok
04
.C
1(. a-
,4
.4
It.
oo
P~
"041,
04
=0
0
This yslatiohip is alssseed is deriving the *quaSfoe p/V wbich is presented in pwrpvb
5X.4
4-& EFFECT OF PRtOJECTMIE MASS ON
TRAJECTORY
Sinae ea,. does not vary greatly with increming
mgt to
Iiametr ratio, a long, and therefore heavy
seed wil ezperiemee a lower drag deeeration
dme a lighter round of the minme calie and

gea
spe. This is the emIon for the uI of
nbesliber or "arom" projectils fee antitak
er antiaireraf fire, where a sbort time of Bight
toanv baret .s of trea importance. The zkmoerain vhkh the m=a of the round ar-eta the
velmity, time of fight, range, and terminal velocity
is s-
which shows the importanee of a mail C and a

larg Ima. if &high veloity i to be maintained =
the rane, iun
plseai the frontal ae
(w/4)d' and m by W/g, whe hveSby
in most of the older publieatiom is written a

MiAd. using asna vmybol for weight.
4-4.1.2 Timm of INt

re
bn
Taine b f Bight to a ziven , V

aing Euatin
d
fi
arranin Zquatu 4-3
-
V. ' eirL"7 s"

.
dX]
2
Integrating
4--&1 mobaa Tmom

this eaae
Cz, is ammd to beo7is
a eomtant,
and
the In
gmwity
curvatureofthet
mmamo
tobe usbsible.
j. V,2
!
"
]+
.+ c
alp
and substituting intial aeoditio, sz
Oat
- 0
gives
ds
dv -J
-.
1 - W~d
(4-3)
The ratio W/d' is ealled "'ectional denaity", and
in the tresamt whiek follows.
Iim
C-
-v.
orivmePvrl
(4-4)
the
""- Sim
-a -
ireere'n giv;
in V m+C
sbmeL.
to.,r nor.'
I
3.
(4-1)
(44)
uvm Vr = tsmina vlcity, w vehelty am = r.

4..44 Vwo,
it we Ititute the iliea- eesditiom, rv =-
C- inbeegh
Id
V -r.mvp[
Ce
(4Om)
SaZlV..
sm r =
-nd r.. >

V,%tq
qmea
&
tjw peothemI of Equation " in iesifve ii- the

=01t of Bight to a givn target diemimi in pee.
prtim to the r*Wm iromm is the

ao
tta
rjd
Am/sm, prmWi~Ng that
V.
ime~a
i
Stprojeetile weight
However, when dIwsing a rmmd to ft en
dItn giI, numb velemity 4ipmdi in a ver
diewt Maw O P
Wg UIt.lisdtdired
A6
AMCP 106.242
moss m.,6 of the standard projectile -fired from
that gun, then 1'. will be I.w'. than the muzzle*
veloity. V.,.,. 6f the x'anuiaelaadrojectile. Thix is.
dBue to; the- nratee.ity of keepiing the muzlemoticniactuna. snail tljenreon' at-he' nsi on the rri'tt' sysitemi.
asttor below the rapacity 4a t.',evaytem. We can
write
in~*
~~f. a. .u
U
and substituting this in the Equation 4-4 for time

of flight we get
~ irc~...i
.vCS
empL~z
4
,27
an
an
Is
~frontal
11#S
area with increasing diameter (as = kl

approximately). the crow-over range generally inmresacs with projectile eslher; for a 105-mm projectile weighing 32Its. 2n/'(Ca,#8) wouldbe about
1000meters, on the assumption of a condatat Cip of
X
sVr
0.40.
. ?)
.4-U
Since the average velocity isausually not much difeloity or he lat

fom
feret
he trmial
trajectories of interest to the designer (and indeed
cannot be if the anumption of constant 'Co is to. be
be valid), we, ean coonclude that uincreasling the
projectile, weight in a momentum limited situation
wai usually increase the time of elight. if tW
Projectile mam hin d
than uoe. than V, is limited
by chamber premnt (a esestant energy constraint,

OV. = mwV.ws~u) and W/ a = 1/n (3r/2.ieiod
X/ r.). Hem dwre i- sw

timeof fht.
"
Nio 1**.ww decrease with increased projectile

weight for ranges whakh san shorter than 2m/
(V1,#$',
andi inecrease, for longer ranges. Pot a
typical 20-nan lrojectile weighisng 0.2 lb, Cp#B
WNW) = 4.1
might he (1.4 x AMU7) x r/4 1Qj
x 10 * and the rang.. beyond which inereoied
proj..etih. weight will give incrresood terminal velocjty will be about 1000 metem. At this rnge
VIV. will bea-, which makesthe aumw ption of
~conatant Co questionable. The accuray of the
estimate of the crom-ove range could be improved
by performing the calculation in steps. Since projectile weight generally increaaes faster than
of amwe
L34Teemisi Volbdty
Increased projectile weight can, however, m

Provo the terminal velocity. If we substitute V.
." n tequaon,4.%isredution
vlocty
aw
~decroasa
did t s~uaon~
Carved Trajctory. Azaiarcraft Fire
The analysis of antiarcraft f~e is complicated

by the ehanging air dciisity and the inability to
negle gravity and trajectory cuvature; it Will
not bie attempted herm
4-7 27FECT OF DRAG OX TRAJICTORY
-.
Gon
The drag of a projetile has a direct effect as

its range, time of eight, and wind sensitivity; and
eas directly affeets both static and dynamic stability. In order to obtain long range, short time
of flight, and. minimum lateral deflection due to ad
winds; the dag~ of the projectile ahogi he a smasll

ase possble. Sometimes stability sooasidsrtioas will
Lea tote etance of a high seen-yaw, drag. A
in yaw, obtained by improving sabbility
the yaw drag and may improve &nouw
by dinereasig aerodysamic jump.

The material on drag which Meoli
we PCt
V,
rc6"t
~~
.As
.V.
and
AbYer M.4 .0
to
C~a
(Coo
(e. 1'W
as
20I
isoained
a
to the drag of a projectile lying in line with the

Yaw.
A, MWO
tmett the trajctoy Of Its e4.g. LAt
The drag welkient at sere yaw, C4 ,, san in this
The
Lsset
siteaton be sailed the asiol drag
4. Cent
Inerses in drag with yaw, and Its
will be disassed h paragraph. 4411. For a weE
behavd pemjstdl the Jntal yaw dom; rapidl to
304.1
AMCP 7I1i-42
a small value, . that by far the greater eGmponent
the surfs" of the mod#l in a way which depends

,"1 itsashape.
of C is Ca.C. The minimization of C.

is, theefore. of primary importance in nearly all camrn.
The designer must seek a projectile shape which
will haw a small axial drag coeflient, CD., and
t tkve sufcient internal volume to carry the reqkj:red lethal charge. lie must also avoid, as far as
jsimible. surface irregularities such as &lots, depreioms or protrusions. The e&-et of general
4-7.3.1 Suiseak Region, 0<3 < U

0
The aeOdYnamic coefeients of a conventional

prujectile are fairly constant w!acn the projectile is
flying (or being tested in a wind tunwl) at Ma.h
Humvera lss thaI iome mtieel number, which is
surface roughns varies With the elocity reime
uwsualy in the v
y of Oq. This is the model or
with
tbe euet late
later.
"'fre stream" Math number at which
the flow
ofattheProjectile;vthies
the projectile; this 'will
be diee
m.eto.hemdlric.
=10
over lo
part of the moe - I P '- 1.0.
4-7.2 Lakl Drag
4-7.3.2 TranzNmuk Regs.,'
The axia drag at sero yaw may be divided into

three'eomponent: wave drag. frietio drag, &n
lime drag. The relative importance of the various
components depends strikinly om the Mach nt.
ber regime. For ezample, wave drag ia absent in
subsonic Rtight. F.or this rrmu the desiger winl
chooe different shapes for rounds which fBy pr.
At a free stream Mach number slightly above

the rritiral value, th& coe ents such as (!?. or
!,b. begin to increase rapidly and the projectile is
said to have pamed from tue subsonic to the
transonic regime.
4--3. Supmak igs 1& < M < 5
deminantly in dig~et regimes; however, many

artillery projectile Ry in a.1 three regimes and a
trajetory ealcuhaios of iose at must be made
if the optimum drag shape is to be found.
Wind tunnel testing with pressure surveys wil
Provide a division of Co. into dto components;
ballistic range testing gives only the overall value.
The deogner Is urged to refer to Booser,, Pudd.
sAbov
Diftook Doe (3sf. 27) in all matters relating to
At some free stream Mach number greater then

1.0 the wave system ebaracteristie of compremi:.e
flow is fully established, and the projectile is mid
to be in the supersonic regime.
4-7.L4 1yrocess
RIg iX > 5
.
= 5 tlight
.is
Mdhh
a
This regime will get be discussed as very to* eon.
drag
IM&L-
4-.i3 3Ee of Mwhd N nube

The implest way to dhen drag is from the
point of view of a pves obanevzig a Puojeetile
fted in a Wind tuOnnel with air Swisaegraound it,
The awspeed of the Projeetile is than cearly the
woblity of the tumnel
far
111111
upetstsm of
the model nwt to be sipMemmtly altered by the
peim of the mnd.L The speed of wend, rV,, in
the
Cooi
Numbor on Dr
In asI
smop(O<X<O8-t) we
would like to hbve a mnded, h ut &A nseemrily
pointed, ame sd mas
a bemsdlmte &aa
be soo
,od isview of the manny emsewuratlona
we"n Isammged to be soaka ems tha

A" Mk snmb
wab"
U
hoe peoindtofpsPe O
,
........
4-M. Sellsss Drag
41
.......
* ..
o Rap"
Drag eovikimts are als inficemeed by Royisuldo

nun-ber; o
uslt similar pnjatiles of dif.
ferrut calibers will have slightly differett Ca vs
Mach number wen.
elalt at the psin at wisklo the air Velocity,
--
WtinY pojetiis fly at sush high
4-7 4 Z
.Inmev
thenSiva tke mead numhbe., V/V
6, whisk the
is M"ing eemduetad. At pela in
tkhe lb
oo0 d of te
0d0 air veodt is
th
01141d he mugitudae an dAiletim but the speed
'-
a.-S
<N < 1.1 -,<
whisk
"jwti
n
u
enad voo aD
.'
"--
.....
..
dpe, seek em required in.

igegtol
Propeulsve seled,
. 7 .;
.'.'-.'
" -..
...
'
':
--
"-
',
AMCP 706-242
type of stabiliatitou, fuzing, etc. The effect of pro.
*je.leshape is diseumed below.
4-7.A. Surface Raughwae and Irregularities'
huarface youghnem rorresponding to ordinary
indusitrial practice wilt have little effect on the drag
C--eelcient. Surface irregularities, Such As siot,
shallow hole*, and protuberances may increase the'
drag very greatly, depending on their leestion and
orientation. F'uzea am often poorly designed in
this respect and consideration may be given to
covering them by a windshield,
4-7 2 Blunt iese
Blunting the ame of a projectile will, in the
subsonic regime, have 'little effect on overall drag.
The important effect of blunting (short of a completely flat face) is to iower the critical Mach number. Small fiat faces, iuch as appear at the no in
many point-detonating fuzes, have little effect o
drag. The integral of the dynamic piesure forces
over a properly shaped head will be close to zero.
and the forebody drag will accordingly be close to
sero The base drag is thus the result of a premure
deficiency over the base of the projectile; the
existenee of this sub-static (less than atmospheric)
pressure is evident
t~. ~ in
adueveryday
bondamlife in the wake of
4-75,3 Nea
4-7-5.4 Fin.Stllit-d. Projectile

The a.ro-yaw drug of nmu
is. or courw, related
to their shape and sue, but theme are dictated
primarily.by stability considerations. While it is
true that some fin profiles have tern drag than a
simple flat plate, time extra cost of manufacturing
the double wedge, or streamline profile fins must be
ighed.
4-.-4.f Tranmsic Drag
4-7.6.1 Spi-Stabilized Prjectile
The transition fram, the subsonic 'to the supersonic drag regimes is clearly illustrated, for'a typica low-drag spin stabilized projectile, in 3. D.
Boyer, Aerodyimmic Propor~e of til 90-m, HN
M71 Skell (Ref. 79). The ogive of this projectile ex.
tends over about half its length, the boattail is
half a caliber long and the boattail angle i 7.
its suhaonic Ca is 0.a5, even though the rotatis
i
sl
is 0.1mfeventhog
I5ni are has-f~u-efreusferetial
sos ots
ahaa iowraphs' at M = 0.8J,!
= 0.97, and
,= 1.05 show the initiation of the sho*k waves
lHdueing the diametor of the bae below that

of the eylindriee body, called "boettiling", is a
very elective way of reducing bae drag in the
subsonic regime. Bosttailing also reduce the lift
ceffcisat and changes the position of the center of
/presure of the normal force, moving it forward.
This reduees the stability of the projectile, piecing
another limit on the amount of boatailing that can
be tolerated.
The extent to which this can be done on a spin.
stabiised projectile is limited by the necessity of
applying a rotating band. which must be sapported
by a relatively thiek wall, and by the fact that the
prjeti walls aft of the rotating hand are ovdi.
n*
epmed ,to the full chamber preeure s that
te
alg
d be thick Thee eonsderatiom limit
the ksgk of the bewaal &M may a"io limit the
mout of reductin in bee aree. Use of a hollow
/'
(i
boattail avoids these limitations, but sacrifiees internal volume.

I*-, of a large boattai! angle (greater than about
160), without a rounded transition from the
eyindricalI body, can euse the air'flow to separate
at the junction, cancelling all of the drag reduction.
at the points of abrupt cheae in diameter and

their growth'to fully developed wave. ('af ris
from 0.15 to 0.39 in this Mach number interval,
as can be men from the drag aitve in Appendix
VIII-..
No shock wave appears over the ams of
the projectile before pbotgraph at M= 1.05,
when a separated bow wave is preent. So we can
say that for this projecle the transoi regme
covers the Mach number nes from
b
pproo.st*
O.8 to 1.06. Note this is only one rmple; the
numbers would be different for a diftrent pr
jectile. T1w development of the
ek Waves n
the bodf and ins of an arrow projetile is
by' the .hadowgraphs in BRL Report 934 (Ref.
89).
The greatestPrt of the increase in drag in the
tram. je regime can ha attributed to the presence
of the "hek mamve

and is cald "wave dieg".
The be drag peaks at about
= LO; the frii
on
.AMC? 706-242
amy
drag becomes relatively smali ax the, total rn,,

eremate.LIip
ue cm
aihtyblw htfaa
in.
only a ssmuiJ effect on C,,*, and indavd, if pot too

a eueC
lgtyblw&o o
ImintiUei
inow of the smae le.4gth.
The drat of tly itaS rin-mttabilis"l pruj.itil'is in.

way n% 4uiserilarnl abovr, ws may be ans trout tOw
4-7.73 Effectof Beattailing pa D1

joctiles an lowg &athe airfluw is able fA follow the
inontour of the body. For each projectile shape
there is a critical angle (generally about so) and
a critical boaftail laent (about 1 calber at the
critical "Sgit, longer for aMnller angles) beyond
w~ tb. flow will separte froM the prjojetile
forward of the bese~, roulting in & C,. which ia
greater than the minimum atainabis, and which
van" from round-to-round with consequent dog.
4-4.A.2 Fla.Stablllzed Projectile
drag curves prewented !it Appendixes VJII-T

through Vill-&. The designer should obtain and
And) a number of ahadowgfraphs or aeblieren
photographo of projectiles of- varying shapes in
conjunction with, their drag curvm
4-7.? Soupsmtle Drag
4-7.7.1 Decream of Coo
5 with Xach Numbe
radation of ae..aoy. OeetBRd& 25 and 20.
After the shock wave system is fully developed,

ocrs at a free stream Maeb ntumber
which umuaflyne
4-7. Dual Flow
betweeu 1.1 and 1A~ we Wa that C,.* decreases

wfth increasing Mach number.
As a general rue, we nuttin that projectiles

having the same shape and e4~. locatin will have
+Uf
_s. P
=NFC+
la eet
se weWn
asnfacteerpltin fome l a typC.ica e of +alues
can ntepoltio
forulaa tpicl sa ofvale
of the esustanta might be
1.6, b =&0Zc=2
ofNo"as"to
4-4T.2nec
o.coefficints.
4-4..2 m ~astof
~p onthese
TM. im of C * is the auperseetie regimP dePeoft largely aathe shap of the D
]BY the
YagU.Maeemil farmub (3.1.310) we haeIt
the same met of aerodynamic coefficiata when fired

at the same Mach nuatber (and Reynolds number),
ad that small differencee; in shape and surface

9Sniab will Produce only Stnall differen..s in the
The fow outstanding etceptions to
roles are dineumed below.
Ca
+ _WzJ .*
WbetC istheforboopresur drg (ave
stefabd
rn.da
wv
-
whr F.
and drag) eamponeat of Cp,, is half of the conw
&asg* in degrees, and Nf i Mach number.
While by thi formul the lowes drag shape

far the rose would he a easea, an ogival noes haying a large ogiwal r Tadu
will bae" slightly lowr
drag (and alaso afford a greater warhead rolume),
3. IL Dickinson (3sf. 24) found from ballistic
rng. firinge at M = 2.4 that the minimum drag
hand shapi of a caliber .50 projeetLtc (d = 0.0417
ft) wasa eat"ogres having a radus twice that
of tbe
awgot
ogfive of the mm.s length and mazim dwastor (ratios betwee L? and IS5 weo
Wat ogo)
7W 1.
padso a mall flat (or rounded) aw.
has at doe front of the now. eame the 841p4lasb
4-7.8.1 Spiko-Nesed Projectilesa

was found same time ago that replacing the
ogfivaJ head of a projactile by a aleader cylinder
protruding fromn the fat forward faee of the body
would moe SOe e-P. Of the normal force rearward,
reducing C.. and reducin the qspi m.@ requre
to stabilise a spin-stabffixed round, or reducin the
length Of the tai required on a fln-stabi~laed round.
Thsef spika-nosd projectiles had higher, &Waoon.

.&~ienta than the eornsponding projectile wit
ogival heads.
Alee, for some desigms, projectiles
from the sams lot, fire under the saeee condition.,

exhibited drag coeficients which fell in ome or the
other of two po
wthtoe
Me averesg of the two
groups amuch Wc
30% apart.
Examiatios of spark photographs showed tam
the low drag Meffelmnts wer aesociawe with
rounds on w"ic the airflow pseprted from the
spike at its tip, while on the high~drae rounds
the flow USepeate at a point about hal-way down
the spke Ths pbeei wneowas smle "dual
AMCP M04-242
'-La
M 1.73
M 2.75
M 3..80
Lz 1.0 CALIBER
L=I.0 CALIBER
Lu 1.0 CALIBER
1z.5 CALIBERS
Lu 1.5 CALIBERS
L=2.0 CALIBERS
Lu=2.0 CALIBERS
1.5 CALIBERS
L=2.0 CALIBERS
character of the Loew over a spike saw depeadas - Mask

the DRL sopersomie wind tusmnel, show that thve
The pictures, taken in

moe length. The Oovy separation is delayed. with eoosequent increase in drag, On the thone photographs at the
muwbert sand
lowse right boAd eora"V)*. Thirk" muikes showed delayed rPamration at shorter Wesgths (Net. 35b).
Ffgw 4-2. Nlow Psferim on Yrying Lenge, Coimftn COMW .33
ODameiw speNobes,a
at Suwuowc velocisse
4-21
33/
AMCP 706-242
flow"; itm eximutnn- wax a fimatinl
of tlhe gIeom.try
of the spike. In orler to avoid the wotilrreine of

dual flow. with ilx mariosx
IffmL,
Ion
areSnry.
amiient ,piki-tmmfl rilln an-r,funrisih4,l with a

mWWlI ring ,Ie~s the till of tile 114M.
whi,.h insure*
the early isearatitlu of the flow.
"
Figure' 4.2 shows the effs.et of Mleh number
a&W nro length on the flow patterto produeed hly a
apikenesdm projetlle.
I lowever, the tAbwrvdl coeW.fieut of variation of

dlrag with yaw wluami.,
' , is asmally about
twiie am large an Cm.
While thie induced Idrag may be redeietd mowr-
what by rhuning a bloy shau-. having a mall ex.,

dynami sbility 1"y be impaired so that the aet
effect on draw may be unfavorable.
Ibe above observations apply to fins a well ax
to bodies. It will be sm thit o 41abilizing a
finned projectile by means of a lag fin lift may
4--72 Undrerut Prajets
nresult in a C&penalty as well am incresed muascle
Another example of dual flow was found in

ballistic napg firing of projetiieso having the
eent.al part of the body deeply undercut; drag
and moment coefficients varied from round-to-round
by as much as 50%. The flow pattern, whether
high. or low.drag, was stab!e; i.e., once established,
it persisted throughout the observed flight of the
projectile. The pomibilitr of dual flow may sometimes be detected by windt4unukel tests when ballistie range firings do not reveal its existence.
blast sensitivity.
4-7-.3 Hemlspherical or Sharply Comical Base

PreoectiCe8
The point of separation of the airflow from
the base of a projeectle having a hemispherical
or sharply conical bae will also vary from roundtairound, but in a ectinuously distributed manner,
so that thiR behavior is not classified as "dual flow".
The hemispherical shape slhows the wall of the bose
to be thinner, so that more HE can be carried,
but extra care mint be taken to insure dynamic
stability (see Appendix VUIN-H).
4-7.9 Drag Variatim wt Yaw
The incresse in drag when the attitude of the
projeetile changes from zero yaw to a yawed poui.
tlion is cailed by some writers "induced drag,"
This term is borrowed from airplane terminology,
and is equivalient to "drag due to lift.'" For small
yaws the axial drag is very nearly unchanged from
its zeromyaw value, and its component parallel to
thO itajectory is alo very little changed, since eo I
-- I when 3 -0. The normal force is inclined
rearward at an angle 8,so it has a component in the
drag direction which is given by Cy. lPqg when
3--sin & The expremion for the drag coefficient
then becomes
CD
Cb + Cit. P
4-7.10 Munk Blaste

4-7.10.1 Yawing Velocity Due to Tranutieri
Vibration of Muzzle
Nearly all pro~eetiles emerge from a gun with
ementially zero yaw. Even morta projectiles,
which have large bore clearance to facilitate drop
flring, can lie in the tube no more than 0.30 out of
line with the tube axis. The possibility exint.
that transvers vibrations of the musle may mov.*
the ratr end of the projectile after the e.g. has
pained the muzle; thin action, as well as my overall motion of the gun tube, can impart yawing
velocityto the projectile", but no significant enit
yaw.
Equations for aerodynamic jump, w.ih is oue
of the two primary flight characteristics, will bre
presented later in this handbook. It is noted here
that jump is primarily a function of initial yawing
veloeity, and not of initial yaw.
4-7.10.2 Transvee Promure Gradiau
Trv.m promure padienta in the l.
blast einmpart some yawing velocity to the projeetile iftO e.g of the projectile does not cuincide
with the center of presure of the troAavM fame.
This effect is most prominent when firing with a
worn gun tube. Them transverse peaeure gradients
are probably related to the bore yaw of the pro.
je'tile. Good obturation reduces the premure differenees in the blast aud shortens the effective blast
zone, thus reducing initial yawing velocity, aerodynamic jump, and dispersion at the target An
improvement in accuracy of hot rounds over cold
b'o a theemgtiel sod
am
4.1
i,,
4-12
..
l.
a.srilmsa
.
e9euw
sudy ef theM
Od
ANCP 70626
ariar chiey from

time MW Wirject"
ofdsa
thgeir bet ir t its tO tubp, putty becawir Wetlaw is rediared and partly het-asme obturatiou .
improved.of
4-.410.3 Fixi2Sbiid PtZPCUMiUs 29
mafter
*a
*Many
NMUY takes tb*oMMad of

NiEW the caM.
Pictres per mmde the emmargeaM of the pmo
Jimehle tiame the smoke elousd can be, giber.ved and
the time spent in reveile Agow atinatud. The
dasta fams the photagraplig can be tcielteW with
thme diumerisa.on oisan thme target; them Mretatiess eeleagrly ahn time importaaee of obtisratima for
rg
b~asailim ~The
4.4.a
~time
p
xwtums. Of the amiatia

amen&
*WWf
FbW
Viu..taiiid prmyctileie are affeeted by themnebieat wiye4 anot her way. For a abort aime
rgegrevgv from the munss. the bhtz gags areftwugg forwiird over the fin surfaca. resulting in
a;&Wd'abdummig moeait Whitl can naps"t a
signtlcenst ravifts velocity even~ though the time
@f actions is Ait- It inof great importance that tbw
aprodysiemak
It gefiekt; of tbP fin is
wiedSo he kept as MU asiNOWl.
plmotoggphe off t1e smussir
Wafar
avaiglabl is GSnag tims .xpwea of the Development
and Priest Servaca. Aberidirs Priving Gmad
Howuev
have 1- a
and wind whelot3. The met drag force. (drag minus

rocket thrubt) will then have a component at right
angleft to the projectile. veloeity. lIn the saheenre
rocket thrusnt, or iOdrag exceedst thrusit, the Iwoajertile will ai.quirr a 41iwnswind lateral velocity and
dispiaivnent; if thrust -xrvt6e drag. the- isrrajmile,
%ill move Upwind.
4-7.112 Latera Dalebtims.
with so roeliet thruat, a cosntant crowst ind, and
Maa th UM
4MMU
$he prjcie
alipas itisef with the muktant air.atrtm me ansso
as it leaves the. 143nIC of the gigs, we can write
a very agijdoe erzpresston for the deiectutio of a
hr tajoectory by a crimwim d (wee U. P. Hitchcock, The Motioneof
Veri, Maebl 8&eU at 8Awrt
SU Report 1047, April 19M8 p. 19).
Bem
Y. (,r
Ww
Y kltral dedecttimsa at
impact, ft
To ereigasssd velocity. fpia
r= time of lughk w
X= ramp, ft
V*= munt.e Velocity. f ps
only variabe in tho abe ex.pression is time
at ighclinbatimbtutiNC 1W T tie eaivahat. a
head matecia mUs
exa- reat pimpebtk
speewa dwsra4qag rwwmSir die.

o ressis
scribem
dotspwimgemk 444.Them
adtat the khtl dePress th" equation we meAM

ee'is
0 WIN dserAW
wrgiSr .
wMO iacrOMd prajuetile
kiy t
ihin-
relations faaimbs Oe damigvgr with ad&i

toIsaesisaf 1Wc Wmang Sol- drag eMW high
W a sWm t
4-4J1. vim
wbega time traioesI asitatigme besmsmse

rocethimteo.
news asmpiss).
WWIe (8e PreJuStul dePWVV* OsnAM d* @MYthhog absud th wiad. be ra ru mawkgm abig
the "ndtlvier at los Poep I air to the dOl~ Of wiod.
I"4th
a "tipe prMPeti wiln Sa is", the w"nd.
0*0bihsum ;sa-as of the le"ANiuee aistofhe
pMJWeud. Neegtome raw of ""Noc Said trMW wel
4-4.1 Vdm of Cog, a ashi 11006K

Cony. at Cog, us Maeb atmber hi typica
SewS a i Asppwondla. VilL-A
peejevliaoc
theO V1114L Th asmftwusetela the. Pre.
am Mab Pqe is eid" to MMble
Oetlh be
ha Is
h bwI
do "M nm of PmeO"*l woloifpt

the
hed e
niup~e hwahma is,.
ED344
CHAPTFR 5
.'CHOICE OF METHOD OF
STABILIZATION
$--I. STADILIY
at thwe .p. (tis
5-12 stabt amd O7reacepic Stabilty

*Miestab~y i related to the posities of
of thense~
k
with
iqthetr
ofth emnw theof
*sendtef tem with
a
nofti fth
t g the pgi fepe
r ophke It tthe~c is
s~any
you of the peojeetsle peed.., a semomat about
th10 e4
- A ed om to Wrnt.' the asim of the
prejertil to the arm-yaw Pe"U"o. It the e.P. me
sheld of lhe e~g..
amal foewo peinate anm
nor
so miemosom twe"Aet
the raw ..
araii ro~l
Mom.-tvr. if the peert)dVipe
"enemA shout vrm our as.*, the yew Vall IN* grow
rapully but maimly thong. dirwitam; the pr~tj
is bWi to he gymmopserlly %'whit*"a thosgh
"wtatvlly om~aaiee
Iham the @p. of a ie/laadursl* body of rprod..
Warn is umolr aheta 01 usofeniroed. a typsal Poe.
J801161 obp is Salw xm
L 301
Ma of he petlAP
JP
io asneestrahed 4
At 111`106 OWd 40 10 0ore 1W &4. ahed
mrly a Pesetiest *aM..
b Fropectile as peoriced with a Asrizdg rear

end o with fIat surfaces (BAm)at the rear
tn.whhmo thepriad
5-1.1 clsr
Inaorder to heave a small is'taaeed drag, a pmo.
jortil mums, beslow.i P.. theyaw ofthe pruoeiijr
mnow damep to, a omn" equtlabrium imglrearly in
its fiaghl. If 1Wt tawzra~lt Stahl. now Agyr.p
rally atabl.. the Peojei-tde ;11 "Imrnener to fumble
as ;08 as it he'-.. thir muzzle of the gum; if not
dyuammirally mt&Wle the vow of the peojeetuIc will
grow coauamsnu* withe tume, 2b. that the projettile
will tumble or go ato Ima spin aule- thl*exprpetd
time of flight iseVC1 shor.
rrj-tt.n
6--
ae
Facter to be Comosi
wpal
tbeh
I h~s .1ic
hed
o
Slt
p
Fized Am. take tip length without adding to
the payload vruWWm Of the .PIVjeetil.. ftr*Pt Wo
the special cam at an armrw, or muhealiher. pro.
jertale
Ingmm
St. eithr add to the length o
ed.., the volwe bpepadudg " the diesk
a opte d b et m say -mo aMd
At
th emphaml of
thek eOf~tl
0 gaemzmu
ee theRinfMlem ofand u
tilof
d
radme
mmge mini popinlobd pee.o
alWduee andoe
rdo e .'rkme
om an am a
orst the
epnirgAstbiadpoetz hwgoql
up.
Ol
hmx taep-el byvi
peeptaleu ow
ooad oua.I.
o"o
r tbtWlb
frr
Pyol
r.ooms to th eomuary.
the"e are oaerWfd
5.-li 7W
hm at thwreso
t
toe
tArhmuing UostalAlume
le u
ta":s
a. A bmiloab.II~ pe.peelmo ona hepIoe~r I
Pepallitmm to *0 diameter (haveo agreater
Guumm Wain a them owe Wh"o a mpho.
64'
(vs
AMVP 7MUZ4
luiatatic" on
Ableiamd. If the kmgnJi
Iengt (Storing. handilne. koailWg into the
xv'aa are not eieeede. the Ain-astbiliwe projeet-ike may be long enoowh to 'tave an ictertal
volume gpester than that of th.. currespooding spi-stbi'e rond
bThe lethality or' other temia meua
of the roundl may bp isifaired by spin. An
ezample in this catepory a, the .4uaped charge
aiata nautasnt of inertia, aluig-ft-:

transwtur momsrut of inertia,
1,
4,
Vu-t
azial azagiar velocity, rad/fh.r

p
p=static moment factor. lb-ft/tradian
III,~ the aMaAMption that the static moment ariams
haky with yaw, the exprvumuas for the static
oywa
pi'ria
"round.
r. 7e minsson of th.. propectile way require
g
P~
i lns.,su/
p= maxir
da
body
hfttdaee,
mfiredddaetrf
C
= airsed
moet ea.W n
Ca
ttrnae
u~e
P
that it he fired as high quadrant elevations,

CusrestuMa 4ill-S~tabiltied MWenS SUffer
wvmderratitanm a arreuate when'a
As-aal'l&~eI
n'. mneb
ath inernaal ek-vation greter tk.atl mabou
be owrbithatthe wwattiber-ow di-namirally
.hle when Op".,OW
even MAh that .aranast he spun repidly entOVgh for gmOopeeM
stability hr the gum avail"l.
~.The Piojetii' may he designed to 1e ArId
frna a ammotb-bere gaim
Ckae attesstiou mium he paid to the units weid in

thm espre-agmmi as some of "ea are nu th eami
jts
rwAaamanly emplayed in reporting memwmerseubt
o.f the qunatiws.
ea 11leo.;edd
%fr
&-LL
Mstaaitabid
em*sb taeeawh Anda from
a rifted xvx withowt pwicngt sit emnoug spin
t* lose aefwram, This is dose b) the te of
an obtutator which eweas the rding hat
-iip en the- pnisjsrte.
If 0!g so <- I the propectile in unstabe and

will *tumble' with" a few bundrad ftet of the
Wun.
If a, is greater than or*. the projecile a atoswopiealy stable and we them artagasteW
its
dynamic stability, as described Watr. Siam s au
5-4.U~4A3Z1ZZ P~O3CTL3SewutOry p teeetiaral to the iseotr of the ar,
?l'i Arat reqWu~rom
we plem an a prepjr*Ae
renirette wbha ane stsh at. sandard able
is Wh hsestabl. ft a"t hst sally or 871W
Ihemi teaditwam may he suitable when Ared uner
arnpegUh ssabbr; it msaw shee dyarusuiealty stabl
arcts er ether numtandsrd amldiisaje of Wupmpes
MAMbr
isf ap~pe"
trajeuey is 'Ver *Mee Mhe
turp wed posmure. l%=44 enuirusammwnoamt be
atbahey -of OaMpinabulumd pfmrnpq!ubkw is trOWe in
Is"e inle aemsat in eampotiug a,; this 1S49
the paresrapbs whsh fallson.
'euplpd with the aerjtiei
the other farersu
rutpring into .,, has Wd sann suigner to st 1.3 as
a mwa limit so , is the preimiasr danmge tage,
S-as Gyo~ SI
using standard air desesty in the aemputation.
Wat
that at the mmmtle we can write
The Cr isremp
atb~by of a speadaiahltd
-map
by rampatung ti,, the
peujeetile ran he
evnrpif 04it
aIas
V
es.
C.(lF)'
whee VC, =m
hueh
plV = h/ad. whera a iwThe Swint of the uWing
the mumele, tn "14iMi per we... Iuethe
afnitiel stability of the peujertile dvpeade as the
edito twMe sad *aly kaiieduy am MOM
belesky.
If Shia "Mnso em,MLiof.
ne.
. A"@* W"t Ms
AMIOP 7SS.3M
diesel p
l4iug e-.aro". would l1eimapeaetiaea. The
indrect infievoce of muzzlP verIrity arieshfroma the
depe'ndemue of (.*
an 1*rh annaher. thin diepeissdenrc rn rakw iem'*abilii' at rturesd muzzle,
veewifrws.
Conseuticwal projermle.% k~e- airspeed murh
mo're rapilykl than they lea. spin. The value of x.
thuo- nearly always in~weeaxaes the projetile flie-a
Taau".
The stability factors of projectiles fired at high
qua&drant ,lervtiowi ran. unleus projetile velocity
nemsainaied hr rockri thrust, reach quite larirr
Voin" at the summit of the. trajemto-'y. omirs to
eoekerrsw% in. boh velseuty sand air density. Theme.
Weir valm-4 are Pat ele~trinawntal in thefwtmrem but
She rvwseliteus whirsk trdweu I"e-e.bring
a
bout
larg"ite.anrw
IW i the e44ifiklriulf Yaw Of thle Pen
pew i.'Rearrancinig
Thist "quatissow that

9
at the summit of a high
rim
1 auisd
austle trajectury. whees mui0
SidenbyleM than its sealevel valihw, i 'isra""
the yaw may be very large; it may even shift over'
to the Wet-haiid equilibrium anple with disastrous
resualts for the trajoetory prediction. Her Me. 66,
p. .3192
5-42.
An analysis of th Armt (anad amo unigainat)
term e.1the espremausa for yaw of vpow may -&'d
1
Vw
OhW
Mn..ne
light on the mochatimsm hy whisk a *pinniing
poetl.'tai'a
a oe lngisttt
the above setjatio" gum"
5-3.u yaw ad RaPM

IVI Sd CM.L
*5-42.M Guas"
The gravity runsratre of the twajeetory ivra

ris 6.
toan eagh of yaw lare enough to ereate a
pe9
m
eoMau"wic
will pemait th axlis of the
pejeile to falow tase tangent to the trjcoy
This #-.aiibriheiu reqirmento eawf the pitjetile
to peat to the, right of its Right path (otigthand
yaw of IePowe) when th spin of the projoectine
eloekwmr go Y vieweer the rrar. which is ther emn
with *early Al tI'WW hweas a ~rtley ammenitso.
The lift ferre inecmsd with thin angie raes a
drift to the right. and an anmate, of the magnitaile
of Shis *ift is gm. in tho Srnag mabb for th
peejertale. The dwnera As Ww14auism beepig
s~~hin
drift nwaR assi am,uaifoem. tree rond to
roundi, as Page
.
.Well
The yaw of mew is psopo in~ to P/Vs.
It it heem.. large. 'w projesetfle soy beecame

dy"amically Mahle with rmosking IM n range
MA mommy .
&-2.22 Wmunk he Asoofla
As Speomiatoexp sm
" is
head yaw of ree
Sa
IL6)
se
for tesad rit
et
On the left aide of the equation we have the statie

astodyawak moment. sothe right aukI we have
the axial angular manmentum, Ijg. multiplied by
the rate of change of diroctioa of the tangen to the
tm
, . em
6V (e paagap 4-6). The
product is a rate of change of angular inomnswam,
eaused by the arrodyamni swment; oovtraky.
th aeeyai
moetam
from th yw of
opepn as JO auwemt. is Answ the Sangular
Mmenoes of th eoel at the MWtreuired
for tbe azia of the projectile to rei
Map"a to
W trae.sa (in the Vertical pauth e F"ini
aW
a Plaw Nomafim.teAVUesjosetry Plane a"d The
stti mo-at is at riskt aimasi to Mhe vistatiom. or
*Prem
" o the peMjsueib a"k. w iski the
boo. gyr-os
hehar).
S-ZJ Preetbf eqmettl

Asymaestrigs of a pesjeesih. arim" tine the
swanuletanag pmeem wWl add (wuimially) a
m
s"13,.magn
seN yaw to the yaw of rePOe. I - n -1g
the posuibility of trembir at the e~smAi Aqasumesy
aba. intruinen a farrin fnt*ue whish Oft had
to eseneeee; the rosusaige Jew No he MWp he
Asad
tahilid per~eutus. and Or. ibjet mR be
1 &&h
dw"Mil fudghe is 1
AMCP 71N;-242
&-2.L5 Method f CmPsatiss Of Prejeci S3Pi
The gyroaopic stability factor ix calelulated at
the mumde lind in often calculated at the summit
of high angle trajectories as an indes of sammitsl
e(
(
(6M (
behavior. It is roeomeaded that the designer comthe muade and at impact. If his computer program does not include a running calculatium of spin
rate, be moat estinate as well an he ran what the
-*
J-
and compute the .. abitaty factor at
trajet
ep4opminn (in the. ahble
of
.014) + 0.365) WoMi

.-1.32
For the trujectory with Q.R. = 70". the rough

,stianatet of A and (Co obtained by taking simple'
uwans values would he .DORN for 0 as.l .65 for
e:.
V 0
l001186) (0.i15)
P1
Thw trajectory calculation ivs r/i, = .2,/..24

= 1.32, %athe approsimae formula is very good
for fiat Ae
raw of the proctile will be at summit am]
import, uuiag the

aMnet thbtt)
.9077 -a
repose at the summit of such
put, the yaw o
.9V)
..
PSk-C
008 U2(1
'
.)(~)
ceC-77.8') VIP (AWN) (0.12I=)

1.435
an7
.014) + OMS9) $4100}

(6.89(
.2113 i.
1.4.
"
-.
refer' to conditions at the

the submaripg
beginning of the interval over which the ehane in
distance measured
p/V is beig computed, xs
d /,. This e..
shag thp truajeto.ry and k. -:=
The trajectory calculation gives ar/p = .291,224

= 1.29, ao the approximation inmiy fair. The
use of valuea of C& weighted by the are dmtance
whic is not liWely. Aeage valut s of these

pagmtmi msu be amd, and it will be oen that
the approiatimo for p/V my be poor. Designen
bmmmnt.
ha.dised
pesto
at sphs
he approximation for P/P. very good.

The high angie trajectory is pneented prinaipally to show the magnitade reacbd by the yaw
The agtua yaw might be
of repine a the
"wbe
Piessim amms that P.Co, and C, are conants
am emuh
-thte
to be
thte p
h~k at i=st
les aetae
and to atcep whatever iW
Was on quadrand olew itas
esa ry imteat bievofthe

muaiairud
m
eie
alld.
S-jZ
the peeistille
as
aema
Convetioaul projetile attais their mauimum

U
& elevation ofe
u
d aq
n
]Pr o ket4mimd projeties the QZ. for
4.
to the sommit. On the deem iha lmb the

y angle i dessiss a-4
te
of the
wiP/e .D disthe o Nm obfos Vpa F"
odun"ig
ab.. f a
w hp. iste
ashesmim seek as a gaMed U contimues to do.
$
.
bow. is Tbl 5.1 end Tale 52 are -- ,epl
Us*6mm6e f
a typial limb projettile, witkh
bhlal andktom d
Use.
T'e tMajoe
ility, Qwing
e dynamie im
greater b
i-ata i
m
of the saeya
wesi
s ysaw& t this magmitudo.
Likely oeto
was found to be
Wil e,,
' i
t
t m p/7 ie
trvesed. in calculating the meam, would make
maximum range i greater than 46o, r,nning up to

roeNot wit)
WeWor 70 when mie a onghbaumsi
tal pei.
a high ratio of feel w**igtt
weight. tango cNto them the imaimemi may be
obtained by changing the Q-., reducing the efte.
tare roeket thrum or reducing the mualo 'velity.
eductin of the ma velocity is a swim ot aeMp
rlnig eMy is quadrant el,-
by redeuei
r wih Q. = 2
"am
le,,
Am
oppetaemly foe a smpl shock fm the (p/V)/

(p/V), 0oqoat pInw151d a0bVM. ..Va4ng av0r00e
uahm ot ap Co. wl hew. fo .p. r at Imept
the cbhee
of gau pgeeleat, is saUed
; each WAe of muwle
lseity is
a " u "a'.Md vwaistieftof few withinasuho

e obtained OW varyng the quad at 1sA posi
f6
nt
atlswbmea
1ie
I
demhsi
mde
A,
AMCP 706-42
1
pieceeinn damping exvelwciy variationi musit be stabl over a wide mapg
pwwant, per raliber
of Mlach namibern. whit-b will alin'it rertainly ina
travel of prvJertile, ealiberv
levrl air detantities.
elude tratumauir apeedi. at Mern
zgroftemdl
Sitte Cit.* u"wally Pralts in *he tratsmia*i rugi~w=phm
veetorsj 1.2)
and the jansraaupw stability faa-tor in invernely proE4Wlibru yaw
L
psesiammal to VAt. , sability may hr at a mini111"
in time t-answit regime. If 'Vm* Ja are not avail.
We art concerned heme with the magnitudes and
able for the full rang of spqeds. e"mates my be
xigma of 'it and Is. It will be meen that the magni.
madle by use of the bhab" of the Cv. va Nack
tude of a am"da vetor will inerme if its anmociated
amhor we.rf of projeedles aisiar to the one in
ILi positive; the larger the value of I~ the more
question. Use df an estimated Ci.* requires a
rapid is the increas in the maignitudle of the voctor.
greater margin at safety an the warsappie *ahbility
The tan $ik
^
of mskm "mPly a ainusoidal
faeto to .insurs that it does act becesme less than
Oscillation between +1 and -1, and between +4i
unity. However, if tnjectory eakiflationg show,
An -i If neither of the two modal vectoms X,
that the propectile will spend only a abort time in
or Jr. eta
in magnitude as the projeetile aima
the tranmiue regnime. it may be possible to accept

down range, the pro jeetile is said to be dynamsically
a certain moaunt of instability for that sheet time.
stabe Fr. dynamic stability, thorfore, both 14
The auewopie stability factoor Of a smvei
and I*sinst be equal to, or 3m than asms
tional spix4tabiiad projectile uManny ban itFrmRe.s
we have
amaflest value at the mumt. seeket-mused pro~
~
~
F
pectal. an the Other hand. arm amr likey to besom gyroneopic:il~y .ausa
as tba dmecending
%VR-l/4~
and Is differs only in having a + sign betwuga the
aaa
hbilt Of the t?5o~edo7by:t.Ti
terms inside the brackets.
biliy
cn b avodedby:two
a. Distributing the mas of the propectile s
tSAtA itsl e~g. is forward of the unual location in
AtIsue rved SAW

u ~iian Sw i n@fth e S M
t. Canting the reeket mmsks, Wepwriding inWoonl sman ad retating the *etnfau a sagha
DONAL
"
assa. ft"" d "b~tamy

_
-.
?(m
CsN4)
a Projertile of the given aerdynamkic shape.
r-
ON[c
11 "ae 8 is a funetism df Cit said (Wiadieetl)

ara
edynamie
d Ca, we in a"tllatthe maj
Ates*to i ter in" the deteelmintims ad the
IfI~.
demPnen Minesm
Dysamle stab~ty lasts,, ad
that instad
urphy (Me. 12u) remea
at simply requiring that the 1, he noipsmitive, We
should set an uppe limit an the grseate of the two
which mos act be aaeede if the peojestile is to
ift mmaos. This limit, repeesmated by am
hurlowpted k. may be greawe than Mers be-s -s growtb of inithia yaw may be tokubNe,
eepftsi in sheet NOWts
5-3&.
5-2..1. Np~suo
edalVoates
Thu Yaw Of &qmme10trie prjetile oute m by

a lMWearfes. d umemt system n given by
.401*
X. 4"f'
-46fullill
e at
K,= latInitial
antifism labst
ei proK., - kmd magmitad
1.
Masnada &OP"m
3W gnaew
Useapint
Mu* than iMtuedue
feste,.06 bw
tbe
611t
AMCP 706-40.
the curve. moving honaountally. and using the
foilowing relation:
2? + 2)1
H + 2
J/-
and by use of tlw ezprmion for Xw with the

te dntity1..-1 dH +2) >0.arri
at the identity
z&Qwhen <I
(Remmber that H eontaim th- faetor pv,2m.)
Na.tX
that H > 0 in one of the costraints aol W.
za the ).. eomputed by the above expremion is
peAitive, and one of the yaw veetor i undamped;
we can estimate the growth of this vector from
exp [I..o I where a is travel in calibers Similarl7,
when the inteseetio lihe below the curve, use at
the abovr expremio for 1.. will rmnt in a
negative value with Which the ratw - ieerese of
)&,w an be computed.
Returnin to the eprmoa fora. we note &tat
C&. is slump positive and ually much greater
The0ator
is nearly a7ways
.(2
_
Plotting this expremion am a curve with 1/Se and
Scoordinates we get
Stabi ity dmains are for
-0
UNSTABLE
S1
ltthnC
%.
positive. If it is ot, we should net smpute so. .

The muanrstu containo the magum ooraent eo-
8d
Conditions as to t
2.0
i I za. which i mually poitive for spinAabilimed projectiles at supermomie ,,ends but
5 AWte.
negative at trasoie and sohonie speeds.
se. is usually positive, and indeed the values of the
cefficients and radii of gyration (in calibers) are
ae that s. nearly always lie between 0 and 2;
if S,, is outide theme limits, the projctile eannot
he dabihaad bym n.J
In BRL Report 853 (Ref. 48), Murphy dierume8 the imiuese of
4 nti
on the
a functio o the
ty a
loestios of the point determined by the t".

*otim of I/#, with so (Fni"re 5-2). namely:
a. Imteraetion lies below curve: Projectile a
opi . S table aNd may be dynami.
eli- stab.e with
<.he,..
=.
liMSote curve: )
106lateMetiC HO
r. ItpNatio lio iM hbove curv: Prpetil
with X.. > )I and may
dyommiesily aable
be gyron
piesk unyawl.
S--2A22. Stability for) =

In fesrmeeds, X,i teny me equal ito m Them
i
AmVIP""
for tht d SMIC Stability bAW 1s
+ Awe C,,.!)
..
E.C -me
.islieu 3-1 i w dh Ism 0d PeOWs&
?be.
bhee I = 0. it the inteseion of 1/m with a
almr %by
no eqledlatIe
W eo
ano.
aovethe
Imb
u N"
euAe,
we
mBo
Asethe
uu
ee
nesuun La,, the cain u.
2?.
R
* ,.
Iosa
14
C. +
se bm id ca
this. sonadym
-
,A,
ft
o ,moms
assdelst.
lm
amgbebty of statieally unstabl projetiles.
lie mote that at superanie velocitie m y bodie

of revAdutis can" b& abilimed by Win if the e
a move than two calibers aft the entreid. The
"
,entrid im.af some. the pOn at whik * eg.

if the proetile were of uniform
Would be hed
dpmtityi iit i name the gometrimal ematrid of tf
iwueteto f te projectile. Is any em. therim, an
o",timam e.g. lecae which minimism tke spian
rate ruquired for stality, Ad this optim.,m lea.
inually war. and aft of, the oestz id.
ts kia from
i /*,
. The compleft graph of
i
i1g
6
m
u
Fi
s
lad.
Uappears
R
in
4~ ehafge
untveWjmarty
Ca.. ispremsve
in the
We mase
yaw lmtortnaxaely
AN&
mapu mamu t Iby
Witrtina to las than low We ae" ammmd thot we aIJ
e
hr shre ether
A hu& C&. &Wd k, will
AXCP 70&-242
TABLE S--I
SAXPLE TRAJECTORY FOR SPIN-STABILIZE
AT Q.E. = 3
(SZE APPENDIX I)
S-NCK PROJICTILE
FFO
Fr1
TYPE
RGA
RGT
0 FT
1.0.50 1.250
5.540 .JC1 1.030
.Also
3.0
0.
IS
wrTO
'o
SPIS
SST 0T
TWIST SE
46.0e
1925.
.0 .400 28.00 3.000
WTI
ZO
TEMP0T.
DTE
COD2 CLP
46.08
59.
4.0 .350 6.00 -. 014
.001189 1116.0,
TIME
THETA
X
Z
.00
.90
.03
.13
f.o4
.13
1.74
02
.14
2.94
-. 00
.15
4.09
-..17
02
5.15
0
.03
TIN[,S
5.85
..
1694.
75.
V
DRAG
CO
YAUl
1925.0
.
197.4
.05
.12
DIST
THUST
1695.
.
18,04.4
17S.9
.331
.000
3.93
1.72
1.000
.214
1.43
.3412
.000
4.01
1.61
.997
.234
1.43
1.46
1.36
34,76.3
1.60 ..36
.997 1:,2
.344 4.02
1930: 1787.5 .000
1937.
3156.
I1..
3158. 1704. 1
163.0
.351
.000
4.07.5
1.52
92d
1.43
1.57
5125.
137..
5127. 1574.8
14,4.6
.364
.001
4.16
1.41
.995
.259
1.43
1.72
6867.
113..
6870. 1465.8
129.8
.377
.001
4.23
1.31
.996
.273
1.43
1.88,
8375.
55.
8379. 1375.5
. 117.9
.388
.001
4. 38
1.23
.8
U6
1.43
1.99
RIAGE.K
28A).
V.FPS
1316.
THETADO SPIN
-3.3
.295
@5
*F
CMA DR MASS
HACH SPIN SG
SG
2.04
AMCP 7?6-2M2
TABLE 5-2
SAMPLE TRAJECTORY FOR SPIN-STABILIZE

AT Q.. = 70=
5.-nCO PROJECTILE
(S31 APPENDIX I)
0 FT
RGA RGT
Fm
FF3
TYPE
1.050 1.250 5.540 .381 1.030
.4150
WTO
VO
SPIS
SBT OTH TWIST QE
46.08
1925.
.
.0 .800 VL-.00 70.000
WTB
zo
TEMP
DTL OTE
COD2 CLP
46.08
59.
8.0 .350
6.00
-.0oA
.001189 1116.0
TIME,
DIST
THETA
THRUST
.60
1.22
.22
5.62
1.17
.35
15.86
7420.
1.02 16951.
.68
31.25 13%41.
.27 22.65.
CMADR
1.000
.224
1..3
1.3b
8749. 1260.0
78.2
.397
.002
4.53
1.16
.770
.313
1.43
3.00
739.1
8.6
.68
.013
4.69
.70
.,81 1.43
.i96 9.64
360.1.
3.0
.3o1.
.151
4.21
.35
.1.87 1.1.3
.971 ,,8.95
18531.
.
26588.
.
080
336.7
314.18
3.3 :1
.513 1.43
.757 27.51
.683 1.43
.390 4.95
31575.
.,,196
4.13
3.2
.069
.3
60.85 22170.
41728.
819.9
.168
4.79
234.13.
7931
".896.
.
911.0
22.8
.220
4.9
966.s
.253 5.06
.87
-1423
080
6565
-1.28
1189..
70.4
2,6
.. 0.1
7'5
24
.007
.,0...
.76
33.9 .003
3566.
TOW.S RAIGE
I
;
12.,
V FPS
90.
1.43
1.033 56.07
20,,1.
90.
.1.85
.32
17,W.
-..80
81
SG
1.93
1.72
344S115.27696.
.
22E:
0
6
4.85
MASS
MACH SPIN
.331
.000
.80
'".:,
CD
YAW
. 1525.0
.
197.4
.
.
31t4.
5166..
V
DRAG
THETA 0 SPIN SG
-77.3 .289 1.82
.7.75
1.43
.892
.307
1.43
340
3.19
2.23
S
1
AMCP 706-242
""duee the effect of changein Ci, i and a =all

and nearly constant yaw angle will reduce the use
of the change in magnus momenL We see imimediately the value of good obturation in keeping
the initial yaw small, and the value of high pro.
jectile velocity in keeping the equilibrium yaw
malL
$--2.4.3
urther Diecuisstof Kagnatdae af Moda

Vectors and Stsaty
The following paragraph is taken from Murphy

(Ref. 12s):
The requirement that the sponetial Coe~ienh be negative throughout the flight is much
stronger than necessary in a number of applie.
tion. This can be seen by the following eample.
"C"mider the case of a specific projectile whme ox.
"ponential coefficients an strongly negative for
N e 2.0 except for the Maeh number interval

x(0.9, 1.1) where both ezporwata are positive.
initial
met nunmrical integration showed that an for
the
degrees
four
of
maximum angle of attack
launch Mach number of mo will decay to a tenth
of a degree before the MNh number decreases to
.i. The dynamie inetability agnoeiated with the
traneonic velocities then will came the maximum
imparted to the projectile by the gun is negligible,

and conside how the designer may reduce the resource of insectracy, aerodynamic jump.
main
In the aboom of wind, gavity, ad drift a

eline drawn though the swerving, path of
av
the projectile, such that the projectile spends equa
tsmm 0sch side (or all 6ide) of the limnecan be
visualized as a straight line wkich intereeta the
truinuiszle of the gun. At the muale this me
.tory
lihte will mak an SO&
with the line do.
fining the direction of the bare of the gun; thin

aunge is caded the "aerodyanmic jump."
Kota that the plane of the aerodynamic jump
anle ean lie in any orientation; jump can be up,
down or sidewim. At a vertical target the effect df

jump appetnre, a a deviation from the theoretical
c which is computed from the hoe
point of
sPiht linepcotrctichtocomifteand ravity drop.
(In fiGt king wind Correcom are seldom made;

rounds m fred as rapidly asi practisal, ad the
wind aee is summed to be tht same for all
rounds).
anMl Zo gr6w to Approximately one degree asid then
decrease a second time when subsonic stility is
esabled. Tha the -dynamically ustable"

hes maintained
projectile
usotr. a small angle ef attack
W the entire
S-2S Asredynm
Jump of Sp1d
tsbaMlvsi
5-W Kagtpkad of Aerdynamic Jump

The sovedynmic jump ofattMmetria pw
Jectile in radians given ( a does appjesmn.
tie)
by
V. peoee
we
"Tbepath taken by a projectile after having the
=nube of the guns a determined princripally by
vselocty, fps
wind, gravity, drift aerodynamtic jump, and, of
=ywn Voaloelty,
meenram at
th ad of the
rnd/vsn
omume, by the dirsetion in whieb the gus is point.
mn
p = *pin rIue
the mmul.
iig When, th prj e'ik margin frovm
rad/rse
The designer c" reduee the snsitivty of the
=yw, rdims
projetil, to wind by reducing C,^ or baolning
dwr by rocke threa; be emn dem the mud4oand the bagiary multpe, 4 ahow "at thesdue to varying gravity drop by
ro
d'
iWWt
yaw to jump is at rightnag
tribuatin
goo obtueratio which roduia rounid4oround
Is the Idireh at the Yaw. AwymmarW al the
Drift cabsl nem
eartlaInm .vlocity.
peJeb ids
a NWe teo to th eapnia fhr
May mauhthm rnd to rnd if de projeetat
a
so a Wa we adeed m tn edo IAnid
kI pt maeL In th dierdvenui we wMi simply
FwOR?
o4 th awmme'; MMpby, cow
e dnt'
wid gravity "d df oqW to as,. s
"at
doha the tasnovemas oscpeeMasts the "Weety
Meab, ?voeons~ Jump%3d. in. ItUfhoa* m
Ibat
A MC P 706-242
...... ........
......
. . . ... . . .
. ......
.
....
..........
... ..........
.......
...........
.......
........
.. ....
......
..........
.........
...
..........
............
.......
..
.
................
. .....
......
..
.........
..........
...............
..............
444+44-W
.............
.. ..............
.....
......
----------.............
......... ...
...
....
....
....
...... ...
... .... .
...
....
......
..
..
... . .......
........
...
..
....
.
..........
..
........
............
CIL
AMOP 706-202
that projectile asymmetries be kept as mm~li a is
economically feasible.
.3. isusallyso small thattheasecond term in. the
jualh equetion in about an order of magnitude
smaller than the first. However, it *the bore Plearor if there in a strong erexnee iusuwtawally lgI&M%
may be. large and the
Yaw
the
gun,
the
at
wind
sm. nd term cannot be. negleed.
L varies from round to round. Mlod obtura-.
tion will, reduce its msgustude.aud the magnitude'
of the variation. For a low drag projectile.
Cz* /CL. is approxiimately equil to the distance, in
calibers, between the "~. of the projectile and th'r,
e~p. of the normal. force. lncresasng this distance
will reduce 01 for a given 3. but the design changes
which increms the e~p.-c~g. separastion, much as an,
increase in the length of the projectile, often also
increase V,. Bosttezlzng will decrease Cz0 and
----- n
Cm te ep~e
ncrasig
.ineess
ineraseC,,,inceasig te e~.-e& aeeraion
withot much change in Vg . Since drag is also
&decresed boettailing has a very beneficial effect
on performance unless the stability of the design
is impaired; thi must be checked (ace paragraph
5424.). This diacussion of aerodynamic JUMP
applies only to dynamieally stable projectiles.
5-2.5.4 Orieeataesm of Aeroolysnim
jump
The orientastion of the aerodynamic jump angle

also varies trams found to TOUnd, because i. in a
vector. %~isdirection of 3.depends in the pattern
fow in the nudle bast, which in turni
d *the G
depends an the bare Yaw of the projectile. Since
projectiles bonded in the gun in the -esmanner
probebl rid the land. of the rifting in the sam
mswaer (se let. 56), the orientation of the blast
Wld and therefore* of 16 is probably
in one pvriticular direction. Hence the distri.
bution of jump orientation angles, whem a group
fieAd, is probably sharply peaked in
of round.s
prmsure
fis
~biase
The dkbarlutm of impact paints on the target

really a circula (or elliptical) distribution about
paint at imapact of a&l the rounds,
Soe th~wesrtl
in gun dlreelen The. bies,
umaing uso
described in the preeeding paragraph produces a

hit pattern which appear. to be a reetangular distribution about a see point of impact which.i
the II mter of gravity " of the pattern. Artillery
t~argets are always analyzed as though this err
the true smatkatii, mince the seater of. impact sand
the vertical and horizontal probable erriors are~very
easy to amptaw from the Coondinates of the hits.
The location of the theoretical point of impact is
Yer diffiult to obtain froms the coordinates of the
hits and cannot be computed from the boresight line
with any cu~inty. -which makes the derivation
itiuio mrcia
o h re
Th hwdso tor design apeendbcaef
deacisions based on the
its implicatiosm
results of fiing tess Since the P.9., and P.1..
mtocmonyueinhorialynppshu lnobeased
thoescly on mapprl
maehodesgchangesy
o ebsdo mi
p~,d~ncagsaol
aemple, i.e. groups of fewer then 15 rounds..
Furthermore, muce most design changes are aimed
at reducing only the magnitude of 0, and not at
reducing its directional dispermion, tho statistically
indefnsbl prcdr of eliminating "maverick"
rounds from the error calculations may be Justifledi
by the eouvmtion that their paints of impact on
the target were the result of unumual orientation@
of the iump angle, not large changes in its magnitude.
Aeflam
etes
-A~~
S--&
Jm
e~ymejm
,impne
Vw*
In Sinig for range, the imupoertance of the verti.

Cal component of 0, depends on the quadrant
elevation of the gun. Differentiating the eipromian
for riap in a vawa gives an approximation of
the effect of dhange in angle of departure on rangs.
~ n2
ton I&
When L. 450. the change in reang is negligible.
At 0 = 15* the change In rAng, in mils., is ro'ut
f&U
ANOP 706.242
Us Unae as great as the change in departure a&ge
(in mifliradiana) due to aerodynamic jump, mo at
jow quadrant .elevations i-mp is an important
factor in rang accuracy.
=Postof
S-L6.2Morzosal
5-2..6. Cmpaeatthe
Nerzeaal
The horisontal component of Or producsa
horisontal deviation at the point of fall of the
projectile, whink is proportional to the arc length
of the &ctual trajectory. Since the deflection dispermo of rounds fired for range is usually reported in mila based on the mean range, the elfect
of a given horisontal jump is multiplied by the
ratio of the are length of the trajectory to its
howisaatal projection. Again we can estimate this
rati mte
vauu
1
odt, giving
Are 1
--
L,(
------
2&LwcsO
tan.@I
2"
-N
-min
AM__ -us, while at 0. = W,

x
Am
1.0. Hence, this factor can be significant
inastimting deoectwoll
in etimtin deleeionPX.'
frui eroynaic
jump, when 0. > 400.
S. = 5
adate
-
5-&. PEN-STABILIZRD PROJRCTILR
"5-.IGeneral
TMe ineonvenint fact that the center of promure
of the aerodynamic forcam an a projectile body is
slmost invariably forward of the e~g. of the body'
ear be couanteracted by placing lifting surfaces
(Ass) reaward of the e~.g. If, when the projectile
is yawed, the moment produced by the lift fore.s
an theAm isaapsatethan that produeod by the
fWoese = the body, the net mtoment, will oppose the
yaw a&Wthe projectil will be statically stable.
In Wokbolie uotaaa, we av
Car*
0".8,*+ CjrProblem,
*
C1- , Cue..
MX..
*~C.P~
4F4, (Xr
-.
Xe.#.)
Car*
C.P. Che
+mup,
+
where the subscript B refers to the body and the

subscript T refers to the tail. Unauheeripted
quantities apply to the whole projectile. The X's
are distances in calibers measured from the base
of the whole projectile, which is usually the base
and
the tail. The tagl comprises all of the Amn
(usually). cylindrical boom on which they are
Arrow or subealiber -projectiles have the
fins mountad directly on the body, so the base of
body, base of tail, and base of whole projectile
may coincide. Folding fins may require an arbitrary definition of their bose location, depending
on the design.
.mounted.
C.P..C.G. Separation
ilb oie nteaoeeutosta
X0z.P.
_Xco. is egtive, and Cit. will be negative
if the projectile is statically stable. C.P.-C.G. is
then also negative, but this quantity is often referred to simply as "ce~p.-.eg. separation, " in callbusa, and 6rcated as though it were unsigned.
The optimum magnitude of the c~p..c~g. separaI
defined.?i
For minimum, sensitivity
o muzleblat te' ailmoment coefficitnt,

Cz* (IV.,. -V.SI..)
should be small; to minimize the yaw angle

due to projectile asymmetries, the total static
moment coefident, Cz., should be large. The
writer believes that the design value of the
e p..e*g separation should be far enough above 0.5
caliber that insaccuraciesin estmation of Cm. and
Cm.*, including the offcqa of manufacturing variability, will not reduce the e~p.-e~g. separation; of
any round b3low 0.5 caliber. On the other hand,
C-p.4.g. separations greater than one caliber have
been found to be anmepeniad by increased disper.
$ion atthattarget.
&_..3J yk Type
The choice of fin type is obviously a trade-off
involving the Utilities of projectile volume,
accuracy and east. Establishing trade-elf
curves far aeah dasign, determining optimum points
for eack design and then comparing the optma
would be along pro.m It is doubtfu tWa the
caidse will ever be made czplicitly in th" wy, but
fl i iMMs narrwnag of cebmsea mot fallw
AMCP 706.22
Fixed fins of on calie span are suy to make,

and emsy to make uniformly; this promotes aceuracy. However, opace im required between the
leading edge of the ins and the locktion of the
in order to reduce fin-body
body diameter
full
intererence
and allow the fins to develop their
lethal fragments on emergence; this behavior may

be required for other weapon sAwtems. Obviously,
reo uing the obturstor in light increuaes the drag.
in.4abilized projectiles are often fired from
ril ge.as The obturator must te designed to fill
the roovT of the riding, but it must not impart
a high spin to the projectile. Friction between
obturtor and projectile will impart a slow spin
which as usually remarkably uniform from round
to round, and which can to omwe extent be con-
expected lift. This red cm the projectile volume-tolength ratio. If low drag is important, the long
bosua required further reduces the useful proeie volume.Arrow
trohed by the deiger by varying the material of

surace of cctt area of
the obtua tor and the
t
(Subtallber) Projectiles
5-3.3.2 Folding Fins

Folding fn which are bunched behind the
projectile when in the gun tube and fanned out to
more than one caliber span by some meehani
-after the projectile has left the muzzle blast can
prWodue large ep.-e-c. separation without lar
muzzle blast dffects. They are expensive and conducive to large projectile asymmetry. They need
not reduce the volume4o-lngth ratio of the projeetie as much Wdo fized fins.
Volding in which are wrapped around the
projectile near its bran when in the gun tube and
spring out after the projectile leaves the muzzle,
an produce the required stability with reauced
semtivity to muzzle blast and very little reduetion
in projeetile volum. They are not cheep; the
mymmusy they produce an be ffist by a lrse
C41.
u
5--3S
The large muzzle energy obtainable with large
caliber guns offers the possibility of launching a
light projectile at very high velocity. If the light
projectile is reduced in caliber, its weight per unit
deceleration due to drag would be *o great as to
moon reduce its velocity below that of a heavy projectile fired from the mine gun. But if the light
projectile is reduced in caliber its weight per unit
of frontal area (sectional dedsity) can be ineramed up to the point at which it beeomne a urnsful item for employmment against armor, oving to
its high striking velocity. Since theme subeelibes
projeetil" are Usually very long in proportion to
their di.metere, they mug be finsabilized; they
ar referred to a "arrow" projeetile.
theme lines. A brief diacumion of the tyocs of fins

folkme
p
ixd Fiz
5-3.3.1
N-5---A
Obtaratle
Good obturation is important for both spinand fln4tabilissd projectiles, especially so for the
Anetabilised rounds. It has. been achieved by the
me of rubber or plamie rings on or near the cylindrieal portionof the body, orby the umof a -` 4
of suitable material placed behind the projectile
(pusher obturator). The obturator is sometimes
given the added function of holdin folding fins in
the closed position; the obturator must then break
up m imrgenee from the muzdle, usually no probisa with rubber or plastie obturator, which am be
mt~ehd or, if mammary, segmemted. Obturtors ou
smetr projeetila mast break-up into wall mnn.
S-3.U sabot
The apaes between the subecailbw projectile
and the gun barrel is filled by an annular device
called a "mbe." The fis, attached to the body
ear its base, have a span equal to the gun caliber
so that tbey and the sabot, which ns usually placed
near the e.g. of the projectile, form two riding
surfaces which keep the bore yaw of the projeetile
MalL
If the projectile is propelled by a pusher
obturator, the sabot has only a caetering function
and am be relatively light aMd Ightly attached to
the projactile. However, the 3aet must often promost',of the
vide th obturation and trmit
aesbot
medeuating fores to to-the projectile sine
------.
..
....
*--l-
./,. .
Te umt
proecile
dag
then
arttkta
mLVWbtwen
end-latm
md
no& &W to mprede

Gmmo e saxim Fa "hh
tbaMina teythe am as the Intero ua ce ofthe.
femitue,
often emt-phiab
the Amamda
While
he
th dthdragns ptes ain theup of thoied wrow
thiedr~ug. thy bmte S-m w
thbea lift
of thefii
m j oh
doe am
C%
and Rombb
mad
aslin the
bboti rum
a&
w
bb- dw fort that Ms~way
*ubbeft
of tb
.
bsftbgey
bsoflaw dummw
iwm
a.7
of
so.Abmm ks
M, G*wtpyii
miob1wya
up5a
m46*t
sm sin artealay
avm
p-t"6
re ss
-L.
C,
CoC
*pe
rumeg
4a
i th tra
m
e d vco
el
and &. aatneses. he.
acthe@
Mee
yawett was
euey cm at cedayaw
the.
Lr
he
ai pdsmodb foraeu
y~
t il.re p
iwesmoy
ustus~wiyie
eeco tepee
weu~mc
the
a
fte ofe thes Amt
649
bi*7 of tw -. t
a,&4
1 asdn6b
tWi t raety
duin
C.mo
digit StC, ll stc
-vw
x.
suam
.1b the G backnwhe

Was 1the atw
inmet
the baodybs htmte
M%
nm ofabou
to
&M m th ue'sly
stesb
"
4 a"the
o agnt
rac1% ofthe raw f th
boo thhmme
in wbo
tmeh u ws 61 of k
WS of
yaial
qdaasatw)m
8a ad scre pr)Wj
fewd
addme
w :bo fewsor-m
suname by sm odwcaa4
-W
do
dy!enddmtic stawbir; h yaw. truk isepar,
-cus achr
M
ainntotthe
arm Am otaied is
.-
n 1y
gable;
finla the ,d prjeie
Oey~e
of the ~
Pemitig ammidwn is in mm
thSQW& e bagU
themof Sm.c
- Wu e
saotdomgaa
by
A~s the
as hed
Ust
ella.r
gb
ppro-lshvigu~ p
An d P m' (a Petr&md
prailmdppues
tui.
be iatoaW2
.C h.plte
drag
themoe
te mul#14p
mbst ding.of be sabo may strik the Ann, m
ptapte b-
do hrae Sifs integrtify.
if the
prpeeb
lev
momnubc
Th
dumtda (eratImie
the&Mofth)
te.Me.
t
Cmatafl
ifa-r on.e
to heproecilebyswa te.
th~ue
beay
and
In I
fteday
la.
bm
aisoa
as I-o
isL4aqv
W sin is
1-j
46ratdwIDmsma
h etowo h fp
WWW~N&
-ra
jtet
jat,
be.esd.0
a
AMC(P 70&=4
y ~in"the LAnoor. if Owe

gesml
projeekde is ree.edwtom
may be prmdawd by
eaai
O~eikt
3'EMOni
S-63A.4 Smph calculation

AW egnpe
a 64M
prjetl Tth me.
mM
Am (b =d) m~ight hse the falkpWiag
Tom"u
5-3A.
bytie"O
roed
mis
Wham the tarqu
boomiheg up
iLe.,
caniting.
by
or
bws
nmbering the
aportionofmebw is. tht spin torque a prouesditn
Wah sea. in opoit
6e
by the itC q~ans.
?b aw a whack the air Am ever tAs projectile
oftika the Gsm depeds as th span rA.; as the
ota
f the mated
*u TOM MWOM the asietea.1m
psr"om of the in dweei'
--W th s
oru
'
doe-amuntilitjut5baksomthedftdf5*n( w
by then Incus..
teeqaae
-2.0Oper radi~a
C"
am,m
. f
as O0O73 aadie.
V~.4
SM
IF -100fps
C1,
O0.
L6
5-A3 3. C~mepusiss of xEquaion Am3 mat.
Tbis 1 '46
rel roeist ugivesby
V
p.
Ca, V
= qilbiu
wbes6P.
C4,
C,.
ei
at, red/waewhh
IM 'WQYSI. C., /C,, MY be

a Wwi ftse
saimee fern the approxamaasmu.law oy for
Am SPIb & bp n.b at fr.. She,.mm
"*Man .m
31
C.
C
u C&s
Ofi
is the So hit "obest
La ~ ~ eeD ~ ph
(ad eas WMW

th
of
5.444 Com
s#b3yes 3h
-m Inmtiwe of the
-wM "paroes The
myth
by arise "she 8pi MWe UAm
-o
~
mwasea
Alm amsI
bep1119
bd
om
Ci
be
plsem
im
e'g
In PeeWvp
ofwth
bbsbhesi of drefiesi
This No*"e
64.4
at dia,
to spw.d
"1MFh
SHM
-.
Nbsw
to avoid see
~esbta
dymmieK
w
view
1413
CS.
f Co.C t
oft
ftsoh
-sw
be
m
e, bo 4&*
If the Am hoew sot
-he's ewipemS hr CA, A, mno Not givs a
-o t
glue)
eda. oft&a $vhe tan
~~~mi
Ca
qmahherimm oqeesc
I,
&, C
13rW./of
In
$-"4A.1 Gesecal
be"aa
It is iftopast Wn
l-
C,
O07 low\ (M=)
-21 Mv/se
Yb. OlsuhetiM a " amy mogtiw
neuasdbteepvm.
mnalet awfficvot der to In

= vIMO
Sam(atam sepin)
.3im
= Pol ospla oinmtei P,IMo
CEOIs fueetism of the permatoe of ina m

Tbis mw is hmlo; CO, is atwy sead.
a,
is
a"
pop_
NWf
e
vwft
ouoo
* AMCP 70&420
4 iK USa~iema MWV fM*
aigai
006P.
rA ll
* when of apma, a, appeeasas sm san
d l/1s, basown
a huge negatw anamber. Reame the panbality at
dynamic isatabillity ia wash who* the Spi is wal.
5-3A4.2 Sanple Ckualmkaa

our 6-inch mwemd So as xmaple in the
diammiae at spin due to in. ent in, precdise
paragraphs-might wee baew the fUoliwi
char.
ad~~:.
4L 010141ini.
.0 c 4 4t'dimod
* I~
al any cm,. the magum monunt aw#CWL-t

finetab~iiw proj"etlmv arek preditahk than
tbws Of' min~atebilized projeetimlrnwIm thin ,eson
it in Wwe to aHOW as great a margin of dynamic
Aabillty &4earn be weared without falling into
rmim kwalabift, wbieb is diennemd in the sne
While apls~ad d prejaw"h cam thaerv&

eail7 cqwperite esincduf Of spn and y"w b,&
ti phmsmstncam
nmmsh, ama bbedy
tO m
with hb4abibuas prejectile that it a
hame
Ca,,a-2J~m~aa&-"-I.
-qa"
*Tbon we have,
S41,V8dg
~ Ivhw.tat
i2.O) 001ll,) (I=)' (0396) (U.)(2)

(@35) (W5
*-(4)
-=.s
Dwia
Vauleda of Mocatee at yaw viah

Murphy (Bit. 122), in hig
ofmes.
the
angular motions 41 a eligtly unapmmeaui mimile.
A-"
the magni~tUde of the yaw due to Wasm.
alf6157i MUSHlY wel appceimaed by
A
Jr
T1
what
Murphy-* ""tiessinisfruae
so
-
0d thes the pesmihe of tibm mal ina

1j.
i fliy uat"e .i ft
hawIs1
-. 4 mod
+50 ttdWdintbed toMA *400a Ga.
+&
aloiie prop" wit a volue at 4.
byn
e.
5-*1Mag"
Fkis, Id
-cmoin
46, vneftothA" hiamaetift of
*A Inarad in by the body. whes a sloly Pa~mg
ad A
eaa
.n
whic
ftd60
1
bw
Sd6ealwomme"
It 60 uadm~iagqat
MleI hre.96 ft
~ft ow mod
buts this a poao

aw"aw - lo' ten fro.
000NOW Of the t"o meda VWet, Of yaw (2d.
lb). Be
~ it
efb the noutaiamal freqsa
or the
proesubah Yawed, M eafen as emosi awl$mu

iode
fueqame in nu~rk? Mim to the sph
haem wN isha
o~
a a map bm This'
fqaqma. tAs Masuee of the Yw doe to ~M.I
hook " a t s o=" wwt o With , -o he
way Sa ba
Very hWes The adoemriy fee a
a -w a tohee
lerkm and sun" fta
Wb40 qVA sa bjefted.o as tovemielaberNUM &loodal
agh
ofmomhls. U the60aft
wuilg hew ham he to the inate ems "in
4
a took
dbneesam Se loboa
and
mo
ad ate am, be& to a =@NW
it "mie""
among doew.
hemabd
a~
hr Pw wha
The hawass in ew, mums of
grew* of the Isomude d ft eed~ay lprqmn
01%Ies, an " soa swa bp Qww
damping to
-JK
doqpom ow by in bahawarity; *0
he
wa
ya al proes~o my ham.t hyp asovo to
""Is
5-4.72
~~
~OW
MT
'rmsi
I~+
at V 14000
15.2 YW/we fps at ans
76
he
S-"2W Cmupoda
one
use liky to eoinewd. viah the
Sousiamrqsq'wbiaisSim by
"me~~~~
Iwk
1+!it
* ~ ~
+V
~
~ mi 21 41
V .J
2r,
Pm
706-20
figuIuw" M
EiiU~pwso
so P. a~P ahew p.'. sume Lath P. San
ValIONI the tM.A.teefy do aft alter thoe p4~p, ntaie.
S-4323
o*09P
to Avoid Iumeme
mit
wilhe..Intrutu aps
thatasIn
is
aiaar dawky wA othakieAsw-or
12= as high qeudatot .hum MRldaiwsa the

. n of mosoes sfthkbwy Tburdara. iskbog
kern a Ided us
i, she ekmt, &noum be &e.
p
~.
and
domm t mll m , 0'. a id the LAm

ot am id
duid
for SI SA~ahfhea spin (AI.pdV
au the -u m te spi at muwg~mke no e
471
covstmond pnio~m firs *eau a mth.

mrs
-- spl
so und noeumteria
link
SWW
PramaLb
ph
b gu mae 1" an
*" he&thmmkde
fin an amnf am" to peede a
The roa lef It * pe~tb
vpeno AM #sap
p
OWONOh . iM gFUmwy p 4 Whed*
Ob0
a" he sq
Ow*
mumor,
esodly S&Mdafly
a" this
0m
1 i
n"s
the
US~ w~P'i
NVAmm.' il he aatwoplh
itws he ymin
sm,
-wia
GA"
d"
(vs. < 0)
we
Worn oll
the rma
leftm 6"he guim the p.p.uitetew V
aqha
ethmu
@km Ipsth
the v
admlofp
aSam.6
thelv
Ondloodumo"
6
w 68 yoviag 0am04
6"poulf V--X
bn___pa
thw
aa ousl
n
thme he.
__Mbnodofeeb
Vqw
*.ws
ad
be Ike adebbeheu at "am
&-UA ft ope akmh

No do4$Am
aa
mse
t lbm
gub b reprte
u i - n pm
d SM i Ghe min g to
am meftasm be
6
-otwudue
"MCP TI0&242
moaments not eonsidered in the diassions in this
handbook ean offset the in torque, causig the Spin
to roemai at the resonant frequency long enomg
for the yaw due to asrmmetry to grow c&AsastrPhiemsly. Giving the peOaectile, a Spin at emerge..mid as equilibrium-groster than P, is the metod"
resommemie4 in thin Imadbook fer avoiding rol
l1ch-sn.
jmp f Fa~kbil~odbeen
5__9 Arodnamc
5-4.
Aeodiamacjum
fjoectiles'where
Projctils
All of the natenal on the aerodynamic jimp of
NpWa4*&bilimd
projectiles (paragraph 5-2,S) ap-
plie without thawp to fisostahilizsd ammunition,

with th. eze~eptiom that the drift of a 11*44abiliued
projectle n kept meal bay felling the projeetile
slowly. However, it requires very good des ignad
mnufacture to keep, the aerodynamic jump (and
therefore the diepmeram) of Ou-etshiliasd rounds to
as law. a level as that of Shandard apiu-stabilissd
roumb Amrefrom the
gae
un. Thun how bens
ebserod many tdeunates Irinmn of Sniabilized
%Sek rmW45 where *asaiidrad
r
need as control me&n
The aerodynaumc jump sagle, 0,, is reduesi by
increasiagg the .p.-eg. separation, as is Won in the
equation in paseegrph 545L3. (c.P.44. -Cot./
0a. for Mal yaw). Unsewtunatey, it thin isoffa. is albieved by mermagu
*0Smaa
the
R~iskfthe Wt. seiby xroat! mnmakewoa
he=% them the fetwboeme of the Am in tw, ovt
Woun &w. examint
Ow bles Saw in Maand
with peasftag anrepow is iniial yaviw Ving'ity.
If tin erem in 8.ingpste than the vaere an
Pp.J44. separation. and It may will W, them the
ainm
e redused, by the
aneyemme jump is io
ebsalp
in f-P.44g MOPMPmsILn
The e.p. of the, merm forve Mnthe body alones

ens be amoed rearard by changing the shap* of
the body. this earn incease the e-p.-e-g. separation
at the whok projectile with lit"l or as cheap in
theallmemome*
If d6 b*
elu is made by
enheltatiag a
GNP die 68194, he dAIM in b-
-f
an aerodynamic jump is minimised if the reoultant

of the transvrse prooes
ase the projectile pon.
though the normal flight cep. of tQe roam&. However, since, little n kmxwu about the distrihuai. of
muzle blast pressure in either @pase or tiwt, tke
best way to reduce muzzle blast dect is to MOnc
the magnitude end turaties of the bloa peameres
on the projectile, by good obturation.
It will be noticed that aeredynamie jump has
diaeumed only for dynamically stabl* pme
initial Yawing velocity sad C.p--C4g
xparation are the quantities of interaLt ?in%.abilized projectiles whic arn statically stable art
alao dynamically stable- aukn
510FnEfc~ma
a
531
mEotvs
tSpenmeSed
(Rat 12'b)
With lo aspect ratio* fie of the order of LO
orlse b span to the predamant factor for
producing high normal foe s.meie~ts. HOowver,
when spaus are limited to no greate thean am full
body diameter, the optiuma chord keag* muo be
determuined. Foe a Azaed span there is a defaits
limit to the chord length that will giee th eg1
comination of normal fores and most ramasrd
CP Tme normal fores homed on body frontal
wv dfrn
with intronmag Maeh mumber far
a Comstan OWa and emonast eloed, and Jt deareems
=setrapidly as Ow obed is sherieaL Thinma
that as "aspet Mmte, uneemk6

thie,
ont
nm~~~Ie
spumabl.l
dmsMeti9000
huIke tht h Am
dof
h..,,js...~
~~
aetKob
a
"OsAsmr igrase
x
em t"
do soeemal term. Yb.
nw 1
is ,
kinob appeas is he I -o
alibre .70 and IA dependent on M"As Awmber.
?r larg er hod shenid be usad far the high.."
Mtark aumbera
The effect of leadinegedge aweepAs in MOW-gi
if om ~ant
be on far as normal fee.., insnre
ame land an"p rumatinohld. Prom the vang
theoY itheft within the tip MS ash n, is appeezi.
mately %,at the td
emlamo Thin in
mused by a pressure hahp wround the tips feom
*ASP=$ "Meb dead~ bod 0 00se~
msmo
OHL "s a aespw
A0664e r eso @sendme a
isah Most Osbivim
l am (Of a pk so 6)
Was"
V~mgb~m
vemderb4&*Jhwd
we
~~~~
Sotanlive
~
pi~ psal
~as ~ ihe teMs
~ Me~
-woe ~
Poomoni
110
they have an un-
%u.ualtyhog rol rate.
am
hsum
pm.. peaks"
WO le
.~.~
lo~sea
s edo
aobal
0m
(s"wee) hoon Masae.
G
ey
a" 800 aup=
n
enok
.om
Oka asnn
stM IFC#-
nwb
~
temsre
e op"
en
s
~ihse
In Was
~i~
s
-aed
E'-a--
AMcP 70"d
the Wm to the-upper oniates. If iner of the in
aufam is aftted by the tip Maeh come. the lover
the towa normal for~ will be and the furthr forward the C.P will mown.If by a~e smetho we
Psab Preven th" premeare &vkag, &Feam the
tipa. we *wAu!
be &Wl to twuibm~memmoaluw a
thevdimeaim ar
ufam. Lad plating the In., was
attmpted Bly thin mertbod it wa foand that thep
An mnoral farm. teM he increasued sm mavah as 40OA
IeIending upon the amount of in ares afemtd by
the end
aman he amouvet of end plato width.
The sad plate in amagains the plain Wai n the
This SArp bad restoring umomets 31% pester
anW meek imitter ammacy. The damping oee~iemta
wore alhnare
w
far the mnd-plated tasl11 On
eta
the plain tail, and thin eamd the awre stablmoed
to damp fa %~amplitude in fever CYCIN.
A emplet end -la width weald he elaAWe
as a shreaded or rung tail. Iperimsestal evidece
at low, Unac u~mat shoved that the shroud bed
a awe" temimny to eboke or Width the air Saw
sem the to Wamnke'. thv*ereymming pow &SV
sever Ohme mrnrnm This iin torn esmad pour
ifting romlb Howovor me the fligh woleltue.
Ism. hemi raisd to high Math Dambo,. the tmn,
damey for tefiew to choke betwee the Am and
olbused is eliinat4d and in mama! forme &Me

inevemad a&d C.P.'a m2d reuarward.
The aminuw of Am assagy for optimaum
iMmor"t lu
appear. to hena;x. Thooretissly six
Am.WW
acingindpeNdenYtly. each other. should give
1%StimmeWthefre of four Am. howowerer ezpenr.
mentally they Womaily prodnee only 20% to 20%
-*v drpeNdeIt upon UMat namsber. If marc thea
UK Ilam art employed the Am
interfer withef
amethwr so far a the dev W1.dare ouemrud, and
the neom! are. odrem
In order to obtain mazmma toi eofeetvtiok
MwoUldwn the tail to he is a uifor-a amw
reogi, ime..
abdis of nay body wake Indufte
Tkmk hover Usonly pinmbh who. umn foWing
Amwhom sweep angwe ane reheavoy "mall Por
sawd in eouigustioam (mompe in the urn of am.
pmejetilon) the insa seeperstng, amanly in, the
boduday loywr Am foma the body. Meson of giy.
ing the An the most efmetive Uiting saule.. ane to
mahe thes euPPortiag boAY Mma IS practical, ULa.
bfep the spa to suppot bod dimeter on lare ft
Possiblh an that a pester p 4orfomthe Amis
meut
"idof the b*d boundary layer and boattall the
main bedy a that smaoh, uniorm sow an pro.
mmt" 111
the inbaee.
AMCI 706-3t2
CHAPTER 6
'ROCKET-ASSISTED PROJECTILES
-A
6-1. GENERAL
The kineti energy which a gun can impart
to a projectile is linited by- the diamietur of the
bore, the kenoth of travel of the projectile in the
tube~, and by the cumv of chamber pressure va
travel. The umunce energy can be increased
by aming a bogwer. huager or thicker Can tue
thus isncreaing the am of the wes-on and*.,
important. decreasing its Mobility. But imageiaeul
lHmited by the hineti amea supplied to the projectile sinee sa" feto- of snmjeesoqy mabtuects
frome the kinesia tcrgny an amount equal in
Magnitude to the dreg farce
To increase rang, or to incresse the pay.
load carried to the sums reap, or to increase
~the vWearit at taret Impact, without deresasi
the mebility of the gun, the tAt step in to reduee
tde drag eedhis" of the projetile to 0me a
value as Weeepatihht with -the projeesila velne
rquired by the projectile's minm. ?1e amasnt
step is to add hiaeth energy is the pnjeshiIn
ftbL
by Werslsngthofthearb ofte es~ile
or by eacrilcing ses of the warhead valume,
a rocket motor can be included in the projeesike
The scehet thrust adds kineti seterg to the pmojOesije in flight. The resuating projectile is sailed
& " foektt4aeWWe Pftjeetk,"Or, OqUlvaleatlY,
a. "gun-boasted rocket." The burning of the rocke
fuel am be esatroiled, or 'proprammad," to be
law then the drag fom., aupozimately equal toJe.
dreg or Tery mso" greaser for a short period.
The additien el a wes"e wsow bvmenuAs
OW of the peajehil md nerseesp the storag
sqain required for a givea dutruetiv eapahility.
As wided beehetisn maMn k wme bnrgwnkted
by the maximum set-beck aceleration which the

propellant can tolerate without crushing, hutth
pr~sigiy high.
Writin aceuaion in
6-L. MOMENTUX WLMTED SITUATION
6-2- Vfkarme Of Muazda Nuer, Cben'b"Pes
mare
sonAM Propellant with weight ad PM.
HMOa"s of the met-bask acceleration limit,
uiket-naamstu pr**oetle ane usally made heavier
than the conventional ammunition Ared free the
name gun. The muzzle velocity is then lUnited by
the capacity of the reaoil system, and doecrea In
proportion to the increase in proeoecil weight.
If we use the subscript "aid" to identify the
syatboi relating to a projectile which is launchked
at the munke momontum limit, then
MV- M. V"
("alm a of )
squatng, rearrangmg and divilage bobh side
by two gives
(mumie e0er10
*aym
looma~
V1.0
'-.creases).
squating Mazdal umes

to the imtopal of the
work done as the projestile by pPrespurm in the
Poo gives
Af P.91
(j
)A fL P... A
b
P. sm chamber pre
A = bon sm
L x bare travel
Ir
AMG? 706-242
--
Assmning the pressure-trai'el curves have the amte

shape, P, = kP6. and P. = (*m/~) Pe,~ then
nuzzle energy and chamber pressure, and conmequently the weight of gun propellant, are inversely
proportional to the weight of the projectile, in a
.momentum limited situation.
projectilee as long as 8 calibers, or possibly longer*.

At 10 calibers, fin-stabilizatiaa is almost certainly
required.
6-
Effea of Rocket A~ddlat on Accaracy

Longt-burning rockets. smtime called,"ss
tuiaaer' rackets, with thrust approximatL~y equal

.14adrug, t-an have a proving prounid mccuSgy (no
6-2.2 Variation of Setback A~ccehratieS

given by
The setback arnrslrtion. a. La&
P.-A
-a-Ps
oA
A
ft
P..,
Vft,
Mj."
a th sebeekseelertionis nveselyproorsicao the setback aclatof h Sas iera eyw r r

basa
quae tothe~ever,
6 2.3 Mase d Racket Addition se Prejectile
I*~~Pamams~~~e
The roluctiont in weight n oue, ofgu
propellant allows mm.i of the extra length seenpied by the rocket motor to be inserted in the spc. I
previtadsy occ-pied by gune propellant. Whether,
and how. thin is dome depends on the characteristics
ofte m tube aind hoading system involved.
Lagre inreases is reaw sequire, it wbore
volumei asmt to be siweuly reduced, ainrsein
ProectlehooL BP@ieat
_______ba
hilleod projectiles eater than 6 calibers woolly

"reqire a "ig spin MW hr aresepi stabiity;
e
~
thnA the
in the @ abee of Is
r
slew dows st much as a high &a tr*
yo
tereuilibrium yw
Hoever. wbirs the projectile veoct isstvt
early to tesea"i ad
by a aeko" whish bu
th ejeeypntblaimmay be miad hor
wined) very little warw. than a conventional round

fiv fr' t the smae Kim. Thrust aialalignment,
which contributes heavily to the dispersion of fastburning rockets, is a minor factor in doe low-thrust
rodcet. Variation in rocket fuel spesie impuls
contributes to rocket dispersion and accounis for

the slightly inferior acuracy otf haghuring
rockets compared with conventional projectiles
when both are fired in the absence of win. Howa long-burning racket, is 1a affected by wind
than a conventional Projectile, so that combat wo
euracy of the rochet-mmstd round might wel be
better than the emanowoioa.
rj.
Aeeuracy analyses of rceeie
tales, both spin- and flnt4rabilized, are waentsd
its Bullock and Harrington, Summsry BepM' on
td*f the Gun-Boosted Btebke Byetoee, o.f $9.
These sualymsi, with supporting esperimental date,%
ore very Useful for design; an WIEtMi bihliog
Japhy is aWoo loaduded Wntial yawinq Vehe",
the
ulynali unablanee, and wind ane kkemdW asm
of spit4gahlised
meaj ous'aim of dispervisi
namketa; thrust .almligmneat, sea be rpsinlant
ep.Dyms
iner fhgtrutadso
'61010 is a"t sis..et for Samsm, but in
asYMMery and thrWs malalgMes can be if the
rnll rate is too low; wind is she a smajor somrest
dispersion bore. The romas for the rmoll windp1dstoe
fssanrreht r h ismd
be n~se4
6hmm
09 the e44110118ms
81010611
ns IMWa mmuba
fm
ON-t
10
AMCF 706442
CNAPTIR 7
LIQUID-FILLED PROJECTILES
?--L GUUAM L
jeceiwa having an uiw ~aviy wbb
partialy at completey 511. with liquid an, a
special. came of the elam of projectila'having a
aaagi jatemua structufe. The yawing motion
of a projetile bas mamlly suchb a low amer owteit that smi tranders of ewsw between the
ktamuda part& and the wal of the projectle caon
hIngrm the yaw aigmiiantly. Whem the am of
the izipd Put is lWg re ?*ito the sm
of the projectile, asmits in the jose of mum
liquidWied peniecalem th, yaw my Wmarn wy
rapidly.
The ietbdiliy of liquid-ed peejeedi asbw
bee. studed tihueeticaly ma ndezperimtmily,
~~by Karp"v. Smut, Mibbe, Stwarteem an athes'.[a
Soeme of this weuk is reported in Rate. 71 to I&.
mete
TMhaesfwuigmatss i ASet omplete; thebw
vrah mpva ourIUwftag
ammie in t~.hie
'foot (1564) seemeets MA .pmaion.
length may reduce the volumse of a Anne below

aceptable limita, or sm4tabilimlioa may be
demile for ten&Wdu ebets.
7-3 COMPUTATIOX OF DISON
PARAMURNS
"th diseucmf which Salwas apph"iammly fa
"WpiaWmHild
7-3.1 GyTUDl Swulky yaw

Tb y mp aW mtedr of a fiud41led
prjctl is gie (apoe
by
61&)i
I.,p
=z
nemt st lwtia
ammu
oa ~ wene vbnfes
= tri
,,eatuamw ofrg amtof
7-L. ZIWMC Of SLOSNING 01 LIQUID

FILLIR
Difesree is~ the thbermal aecteeints of a.-.
peamiesto peojectile body aad iq.d mak it mm,
potsito .empltuy All a projectil @SiTAY wit
liuid ebmisal dwvlgm fr samlwighe a* srit
0,lum to shange wit the chAmp ia liquid volume
med P&l of 96%
an peinhia but ama ummm
weo eani; - pmuojeeim my be fknd to 06%.
~~~It
ham bee had tha the elehiag aboes df
i . a566iebahsed projecIe den oft in
the
mmn th yaw. Soea On*l egulemi at the prob.
Smof liquid f is to mm hdbethmeaSde This
peJujele
*Mleimem
bu mt alm"s ~hum
pFojeetla
sdue-h
c
mtthe
a
=aacomtrslbAd
vesiity ol'the liqui;
fat, Waere, a = 0.8
mm
uw&
Iimeia of liquid parts,
elue its
=swaill inm at e,
The rigi part womab b"t mea" parb M

high apleehe; the trnUrns maut el isina
am empate aoUt the "W a&4of the Fqjwt0
m~d
abhlama
wmt tebU Nid Il l
AMCP 70&142
centric cylinder oAcu:,pying the full length of the
cavity.
velocity and on the shear, due to setback, at the

roots of the baffI.
7-,.2 Dyamik Sthii Factor

The dynamic stability factor--computed in the
Dmu,. way frm aerodynamic eqMeats, noept
and Miby
that A! ip Oiw by 1.1/(m^,)
(48+ d.l)i[(u. + end di -- muwt b,. ,ch that
the projertle would be dynamieally stzable over
7--4 RIGID BODY TKIORY

When all of the liquid ia rotaua with the mume
angular wloity a the pojeftile wall, the projtile i-, al to be rotating as a "rigid body."
If the litiid were wot all of the mue density, the
heaviest fraction wouki be clmosst to the projectile
its trajectory if ther were no interaction between

the liquid fill and the projectile wall
7--3 Spia Ra
Sth
fill is acquiring a spin rat equal to that of the
projectile wall, the tr fer ot a
i
tum
hfre wall to liquid will redufe the spin rat d the
waD Thenldeta
'
ia spin rate mway be vey rapid
if the liquid fil has a high ivbe ,ity
or if bsMn tied
to the projectile wall are placed in the liqui On the
theory of paraaph 7-3., sbove, that the angular
momentum of the liquid does not contribute to s.
th. projectile may become uistable. However, the
tranqeent period is tbe meabort that barn (or
is as far away fhom the projectile wall as parnibl

soundin the axis of te projectile ar ay solid
a b ter tbe, whih may be pasibsch
core,
oeneined with the iAewartoal'oPtheory
stability of liquid-filled projectile rotating as a
"rigid body." It was deived for eyliudrical eavi.
t completely or partially Mled with liquid o
uniform dnoty and low vihsooi; the behavior
of tet groups of rouno at varying goeerm
&Wd Peute of eunity Miod ha be. esemfully predicted by the ue of thi theory. Tbe proj+til. cavity need not be peechely eyllria
near its rads. The necesary formula. and table.
high Tvroxity) may actully improve the eight
for applying Stewartson's
11lA
arc enained in Karpov, Djms,,i .of Li9v4.PgiA

SAW. BRL Memernadum Report 1477 (etL 72).
""
l.
wall as a reult of the centrifugal field, which re.

.
t
The an, a gravittiona fd
mabe dlinigud simply on the bee of the

exerted m the liquid in 8-ng it sanglar
retiterie
of instabity
AXCP 706-242
CHAPTE
RANGE TESTING OF
PROTOTYPE PROJECTILES
3 --. GENERALVery few Projectiles are eoanpletekv SUtMsiatory as firt designed. metw parts famue is rare,
but the firs test Snaip ususAly show th#A either
range or accuracy is naot as good as was desired
or ezpected. In instances where the first group oif
ten or fifteen test roundai fired gave eliolent results,
a second group has often failed to confirm, the good
results of the first. Conclusions ane drawn from
thebehvioofthetatrouds;degn hanes rc
madebhvon
the
obasi
Pounth
s; docsioncange
.an~
preontoty erounds oftare
made
tsin
and
new
and change sequence may go on thtough many
eylsbefore an acceptable design is reached.
The difiulty that a designer may encounter in
tranilating a round from the drawing board into
a ume"u weapon is described in the following exseepot from the repost of IL 3L Dickinson, rk. ZI.
lads of Ansalar Bmwg ea" Grooms, and of B4d
L'ndwrcsts @n the Aerodyneami Properties of a
Cose.Cpkwiedr Projecl~e of X = 1.72 (Ref. 80):
Often, in a projectile's progress frmth o
signer's drafting board to the assembly line, there
are many changes made in the details of the pro.
jectile's contour. As a result, the actual aerody.
snkm performance of the projectile may differ
from that of the designer's prediction.irng
Almia* aH of th baedsindt on
tils concerns itsel with smooth contour and
simpe pomewtrie shapes. When practicelalonidsra
Mass eater the picture and fuses have to be at.
tasbed, reliesh hae" to be machined, rotating bands
hase to be added, a projectil, which x mayhv been.
originally, an e010121 cow, attest fills abort of OIL.
-uad
"Mhengineer, whM traselate
the belliod"'an
design data into a praetical piece of ammun"ition

should be cognizant of the differential corrections
that have to be made to the predicted behavior of
the projectile The purpose of this report (Ref. 80)
xi to show the effect, on drag, lit and pitching
moment, of depressons and protrusions on the
surface of a body of revolution Unfortunately,
teewere inasufficient data to determine etfects oj -.
the damping and magne moments and forees.
Obiul motntotsdegersth
Ovosyjprstt
h einri
h
soundness of the conclusions on which the design
changes are based. This soundnes is directly related to the care taken in prepauing for, firing,
adaayigtefrn et
PRIC-FIRE DATA
It is important that the designer know ezactly
what was fird and bow it wa fired. He must
know what equipment was umod fmr measuring the
tast parameters, such as velocity, time-of~fllght,
and target impact, in order to assm the accuracy
of the numbers presented to him. Each round fired
must be precisely identified so that its performance
can be tied to its physical characteristics as determined before firing.
For each round, the following physical chUrsteriatic must be determined and resordad before
S.-
firing
a. Individual weights and dimensions of all of
the significant Mespcsasts of the round.
b. Weight and center of pravity location @1 the
praied* inslading ift simulated Istha
h
a. Amount of aeectiefty of qpeee camps.
mate relastive to a ism eisrsa SZKs
--
AM(:l' 70114242
when souaembled into Iii- ;,umplete projectile.
d. Axial andl tramvenar moments of inertia.
(Moment of *.nertia data may be omitted if
the projectile is fln~etabilized and it is known
frozo a prer'oua test that dynamic stability
in not a probIam.)
e. Surface hi glarities which could cause di.
ruption of proper boundary layer fiow.
f. Round number or other identifieation, whc
should be permanently nuarked an the proSpeexperiences in the manufacture of proto-
~~pprojoetile indicates that there should be no

---W
meeting the following tolerances:
a. Projetile weight: 0O.6% design value

L. Center of gravity location: t OMC
inch
aEcetricity: :0tome inch
d. Momenta of inertia: t2.0% of deign value
Preeticgal methode, of mse rmremsnt od projecil
eharseteriatica are described in IL B. Dickinson,
Physical Meaauremecnie of Prjoehlta (Ref. 74).
TZTI
rjcietmf.
ofd
The primary
and unbiased test me
eltisto acqluire
malte. Engfineering
mnut mot be based on
emelmiu that ane
unsond; aeseordingly, tii t1WMKt ,m lnndt poie
It in the
daaLie a statisticala
~perio
respossibility of the tafing o~r
pletismi of thetled, as pkawnd,or to reeorany son.
ditim which w ~adoeepLetion impractceaL
The two typos of tests, dtats tasting and eight test.
ing, are described below,
-76).
&~-&I stada Teottog

*
Ubstie testing bs am intermiediate design tool,

which is particularly umelu in determination of the
following.
a. shap edhars. P"netrti.
(1) stand-e dissim
(2) Rimer demici: tehislinem, sne aunl~ck G.
(3) hihexlsvesap: type, Velme,
dum lmwaeps.
06L
(6) a"
d 1*
b. ls'mg~mentation studies
r. Smoke tests: chemical type, shape, valume,%'~density, etc.
d. Rocket motor performance
e. Propellant and high explosive ignition nyetells
M,n of ths sttctsIivov einf
Man of them sttctssivov
tin
buin and directly or indirmecty aftet elight

charaeteristics.
&...u nlight Tustdag
The mission of the projectile determinesn the
tp ffih et~utd
h w
on
moo tests are to determine vertical target aeenracy
and range (distance), each of which in diseemed
below.
"Z
Vat[W Tangt A=cuac
"-..LI Mesunremnt of Accuracy

For vertical1 targeti, the aseuracy in expressed
in trmus of two probable errors, PXN~ and P.Xv..
impee ote
aoth adisteriuon hof
Teertically,
vh
both horsasaf
butaeteriuo,
disere
S-1. Temperature Raspe
Test N(1ueol ganeraily specify temsperatur sam
ditioning of the test projectiles, for b $4-hour
prior to fixing. The three tempmnture
usal sipoed7 are:
a.Hot:
b. Standard: 70*1
a. Cold: -400F
S.-3.2.L Data Rueesde
IAvertical tUare accuracy to the projecties
are fired on a fist trajectory and the fosllowing data
ane ressded:
a. Projectomiedatilcastion; mumd idestileatis
I. OUR hisatifiestion and sanditle
L MUMw In gun elevT641 or NJ=*t (if
aNy) betee reund
d.Target dimbies from "un
4
aMW~,eleuis
AMCP 706-242
f. Coordinates of points of impact

g. Ground level meteorological conditions
h. Terminal velocity
( Not always
i. Time of ight
observed
j. Chamber priue
k. Early yaw
a.-%U~l Neamsessat of Accuracy
"22-32. Instrumentation
:Subsequent field tests may be uondueted u.lder
localized weather conditions, sueh as at the Arctic
When testing projectiles for distance, the accuracy a measured in these two ways:
a. Probable error of range; indicating the di.
tribution forward and aft of a calculated
mean range,
Instrumentation
Teat Branch, Big Delta, Alais
available for recording flight data are:
a. Photography: Pictures taken at mussle show
growth of smoke cloud which is related t,,
adequacy of obturation. Sequence ph*-*a
b. Probable error of deflection: indicatin dis.
record discarding abots or record spin ac-
tdltium to the right and left of the center o!

impt. Defectio P.. is eneUy egpr
in m ie, omnamthe es rang,
"e projetie aregeneraly tested throh a

rance df quadrant elevations and the following
data are recorded:
a. Gus and projectile identifications as in flat
ire
tivity.
b, Yaw Cards: The projectile a fird through
a sries of strategically located softeard.
panels to record the attitude of the
hecordedboard
projectile relative, to its line of ft
c. Radiosondes: A smal radio trnsmitter
built into the projectile is actuated upon
firing. An on-ground receiver, being amitive to the roll orientation of the tasmitr
antenn, is " e to rescrd the spin history
e
i gun
b. Quadrant elevation and asmuth
a. ude velocity
of the projeeiae.
d. Radar: RAdar tracking can pmid. position
6-3.L2 Rap (Diance) Accuracy
&-%U=
e. Meteorological data at ground levl aUd

aloft
f. Time of Right
Not always
g. Chamber pressure
observed
b. Early yaw
d. Oecdlaa di points of impest es bura
and w-.oeity daft througheat the fight.
__ __ _ _
.. ....
..
_.. L
..,.,.,,,,
-N
AMCP 706442
CHAPTER 9
MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
9-1. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES
on parts
Cost factors necesitate that tolerances
being produced in large qxantity be less stringent

than prototype manufacturing tolerances. Dimensional changes, to facilitate production, may be
made only when the flight results wiU not be we.
nificantly impaired by the change; this implies that
standards for high produ-.In runs can be established only after statistical analysis of prototype
firing test data. A brief example of the type oi
analysia considered is presented below. Reference
should be made to the Engineering Design Handbooks, Zzverimal Statistics, AMCP 706-110
through AMCP 706-114, for a thorongh treatment
of this important phase of data analysis.
9--L1 Preba
1%n misaligunent relative to the longitudinal
azis of the projectile is recorded during p.elight

inspection. The asmblies accepted P this time
must meet the requirements of prototype innu.
facturing. After test firing the accepted prom
jeetiles, the, impact dispersion at target is ecorded.
9-1.2 Asayiels
A simple regreon analysis of in misalignment
verms distance of hit from center of impact will
pmduce numhben indicating the afeet of misalignnsit. If the analysis indieste insignificant cov.
relation, the toleranmes ea the fin dimensions whih
4e0trol slignssment may be rokzd.
9--2. PREDICTED PROBABLE RANGE

Table 9.1 presents easmates of the probable
variability of those projeetile'eharacteristics which
m~ost sigpifeantly aftect ranw. These estimates
were gathered from ballisticians at Picatinny Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, and the Naval
Ordnance Test Station. The last column in the table
presents sensitivity factors for a particular rocket.
assixted projectile when fired for maximum range.
Thee sensitivity faetom, which represent the perent chie in range caused by a one percent
change in the asociated round variable, were ohtoined'by trajectory computation as described in
paragraph 4-2.
The predicted probable error in rangs, in peraent, due to each variable is therefore the product
of the probable error of the varWa and its as.
8soiate sensitivity factor. Under the and wsumption that the enor. arc independent of each
other, the resulting range probable erro of the
projectile, in percent, is the square root of the sum
of the squares of the individual products. Vector
sums of this type can be significantly reduced only
by reducing their large components. Obviously, a
significant improvement in the range dispersion of
-ecket-assisted projectiles could be obtained by
reducing the round-to-round variation in specific
impulse. In the absence of roetl thrust, variations
in drag coefficient 5ecome moa significant; aiapersion might be improved by closer control of the
external contour of the projectile.
The foregoing paragraphs apply to high angle
indirect fire. As the quadrant elevla on is decreased, the relative iteportance of the various
factors ehanges so that in direct fire the most im.
portant items are quadrant eemtion and aerody.
mini jump.
962
IADIX 9-4
PROBABLE VARIAZILMT OF ROCKRT-ASSISTED PROJZCTILI
C19AXACTIRISTICS AND SEXSITVIVTY FACTORS WEId
AfECT RANGE
Prou"~void"t
of N"o
Mase vlo
Tcity
71Wl Weight
Fie!el 8pde IMAWa
red Druning ago
Drag Ciodiisg
eNO"aw
A5.8
1
A5
AT
iA
Los
jo
AIq.I
Qusisty
~a sism
10
9iDYNA31iC STABIuL1Y OF IMSKM
momn d1 do =mH sum of t. law bmeL Asa Sm.
ud 09 46'
ekw3
16M v437
Am"&~ mod 30 fps mab voaqey vM ty at,
t I.s e the m, &II.
* ash
Ko sube d im
omhaiq limb of *e tujsprory. smorinaie I* tmA.
aeedMinis "at as Takle .4. we s thus a t
yagm at %,~ im
the oupse
39" masuh YIUMAin
A.
belm to U.0w, doe a -d hW~in ishoe e *0
moment "d dampig sao
~ '.e.
A
at
A.ee~
~ ~he*in
Tomtw
0 a* nqf
mu"ad&O
7m
fro
is-64 voif
fg~* u
dos
wop
is
see sif
W Aims m
*daim.1MOST
raw at DAL Ass* d" th
omi 11We Property VAt vermbeft of ~-.

fram tso snwm Mod to
The .zperimostal ulen, bog nelmeno cc t"
aaudes iwetAem Praima" ~imA.iu I%
(our ataMIsed devatmio
miet kt-6bwM
o he
moim"
Ages
16Mw
^A.o esporia defttw
e Imp
lems1d
to tob ~n shem
bmb
6u dome swodoo
mew, pmwbe.~ F."" i~shbl
qd* amis
hooi
01
f
*%0
AMOP "940
TABLE
"SAMSTItJUMCTORY
SPIN-STARILIZED PtOJCTILI,
101 IS-7.
47.Z,AT Q.EL = 45*
Ffo
FFM
TYPE
RGA
1.0co 1.000
.175 .369
wTO
Vo
SPIS
"147.50 3000.
WTI
Z'
TEMP
147.50
,
59.
.
RGT
D FT
1.297
o730
SBT OTM TWIST
OE
.300 20.00 11.noo
.0
DTL OTE
2.0 .350
C002
5.80
CLP
-. 015
.Uo1189 1116.0
TIME
THETA
I
Z
DIST
THRUST
.00
.78
V
DRAG
CD
CMA DR IWMss
YAW MACH SPIN SG
3000.0
562.1
203
.000
3.62
2.68
1.00n
.314
1.58
1.95
.06
3.16
-75
.07
7.92
.71
.10
U13.61
.64
.12
6895.
6709.
9621. 2577.8
.
366.5
.222
.CO1
3.73
2.36
.806
.342
4.58
2.80
14.749.
1315.
20213. 2198.8
. .29.5
.2Wo
.002
3.87
2.07
.6"2
.379
4.58
4.17
23745.
21066.
31770. 1858.3
.
140.3
.260
.003
4.04
1.80
.509
.428
4.58
6.38
21.01
.52
341,5. 11262. 1s52.6

27972.0
.
84.4
.279
.007
4..30
1.54
.4108
.1491
1.
9"
30.
.31
.23
43.01
4,5,0,.
3371T..
1282.1
50.1
.307
.015
1.61
1.3D
.322 11.58
.5n 15.55
60831.
72479. 1108.3
.332
4.99
.28
.30
r.8.01
76566.
9#.*332435.
88752.. 1092.1
42.0
.335
.019
5.08
1.10
.342
11.58
.627 16,.30
.326
.010
11.93
1.1
.116 11.50
.5s 8.93
.325
.OS
. 2
1.16
..
.16
.30
1058311. 1193.1s
01 90373.
73..78
2221..
69.4
.30
88:01 1017.8. 121,10. 1265.5
1-.02
7M.
124.12
.30
Tow 3~ RA~al
V FPS THTA
95.16 32331.
1247.
.-
PIN SG
.2S3.92.95
1.
4.
4..21
A.MCP 706-242
TAUS~ITS-=U P~jxCTTU.1 no
AZRMT3AU3C "aTA SE32T "a
16
DATE
IYP OF TUST
Fma t1fht
147.5.
16
wave,
WWO
~MIuzzleP4sOcWfps
W. ow/Cal 0.304
'wi/caali-
Din=,
N25
01.4
Mach No,
loamoom fmo hmm-6ue
LL.0.
LdAV4'20.
ke.I
....
as 0.86
4.75'a 0.2S
'Oft,
c1
P110
.2A
5.8 at all Nb
0.76 O.5
o,
1.250a7J
-1'10
C,
0.250.1
1609
'
2.Sa
k~ml
1.297
x a .6
1.8.
-0.7'a 0.2 -0.6' 0.5
"LE
swam
2.4'.2
-4
966 (ff.
W.b
3.0'.?
.04
0.1 a.4
0.23 .25
0.22 .IS
.92
3.400.)
3.1 0.1
1.3 00.1
1.061 0.46
CAM,
9P6
a.0.2
0'*."0146
.. IL.0.73
1.0 0 1.1
.1.3s p 4t
9.01
ins~a
m~t.E
1.0
.' f4
0.57 # .03
su~z
collw" frm baaa
0..76 *101.6.
0.90 '.0)
?MLI16
Ws lot
AMCP 70"U4
DYNAMIC STA3ILXTY N81KMAI OF 175-MM PROJECTILZ

Pvwjectii- TyPe:
O&OW U4437
3144sh
1.14
mbu:
Air denity:
p - "D~OW
AverWwapalum of aurodynuaai esoofido:
Cm.
cap*.
dukjftO at MXflO ft abon am kv

&0
-0.25
Cme + C11j w
AmsWn& =0.873s
of
A
m
nh
im of
tram
rad
oft
571fm = 0.3
)h
.1gwpsh
m
al
=L?.
DynooI gsahbily tautu. 16.
(i~
f& )
frok
Me/3
p+
Dymnodlybo"
44~7
AMCP 706-242
GLOSSARY
"MCmaq.y The apality of corectnm or freedo=
tallistic rangs. A suitably instrumented area or

from ermr-r U. prodisma.
encicar im which projeetil Uk~eeorim can be
accUraY Ote.m 7Ue
mtormen
of fire as judged
ekisely observed, as by park photography; amalby t~he distanc fU thtenmter of impact frm the
yam of the obsevainu= can yiedwW
atm
ceater a,# the target.
of the aerodynamic coefficients of the projectil.
stAstic TWkdy. Trw velio ty of sound warms or
blast ma. The ame of turbuenet air and prop&simular wa,*am6 in a given rAm a-um
For variatmo
Ias" pme through which a projectiale mit ft
with altitude, in air, 4-t Stanarwd Atamephere
an t lea
the mum at the gas. The blas
aieftaashc jump. The aveng deflectiem of the
now dods, where andi when the projectile eatem
trajoetory whic Ames from the aiterutin lift
%andisturbe air.
he,.
e a
wa
prjeil
Deiftk hc
beettail. The ham of a pmsfetile wheni "hpedRI*e
aame frem a nom-neft equslibriur am&.e in wc
the frustum of a caw (m.like a ussersed ogive).
f: SquAre %M
jump.
included in aero LDysmu
to .
~ bow& The central sftal or slowo to which the ho
ainspeed The &paed of a pwijeetile ""elai
a Laetdabiliaed poetaile anm attached.
nmwc.f
air i. whick it is
The interior of a gmn barrl w.tube.
bern.&U:
AMC (ebbr). Army Kmre r
ieseuary layer. A this layer of air ( or other
U i lh Of ele
MI
of jump. The &%tbt.%
lid) sent to a lowly, dimtimguishable fpom the
vai an
%b
. %w d At tr.
MW SW by Chbiatesostmi df ib ova, aetu
amoYaw. The angle rwi'igm t,- &.'utm 4f
by frionoe The laye withi whash the mejer
'W860 of a mi.jceee &nc 1-iq.-%Ak it i
d.S
efeet Of usarnty ane mesRaO
~ i0 the
ensInmspod"a aerrw
beeatniK The syhmisdreslmbrne of a projectile
i %med
Proem t indtk: w% a*
bWW
as whisk th pe jmeti beam wile is the bons
4 -i', VANl the
pesa m cfahedimsofZ wind
t me bourve4int l
Wasther
ofsti 049
theaw
'0
of the
em
the imdi f mtton
located J" aft of the wive and hoaa shghely
a
the em tm oftee:Mlvsasa
larger diam etr thea the make~ body. In m e
daet
a
t
t W
el TVf: emUim of
&to&in
am8xW
cam the b mekrdt eatmk&d the full lemgth at
* atwedyamac
etum
form ema. They amponen f oi
the eyia rieml b ody. In ow mndesigns a widd~le
fore.s as bod sa thebdy c ,. f I . O p
leaR~~bmn
yety
iseprow"
" ftrward of the rotating
AM Islems ethemm specde.dw
sheleatt~ inal
bead. In mm ether dagsa rear boutnletin
ass of symmetrypnwidd
bow"n the reteti bend, Manis Abbdb admm e.m A sumteriew aim,, at tk.
stabilimed dwarm a casned or md plae m thesb
ebdity at a praetawle fto qvee air rwata
Sm pfeside a m- beerehi.
Is is deahmt ape the sa
diamee *and
-mgg
Ig The minimu dimaeter of
owe b~ts, ad umwo dl med
"M troUjeeerM
pteossek The tured ame mWis
m the
fthuleta
bOO I the adea of the eldesewsa
ce.apetwius ad amedymmks aemois hued
dihlempw.w
dinw.
74164-,412
A*i'
GLOSSARY (cont'd)
hew wave. A shock wave caused by the compremion
of air ahead of a projectile ii flight. When this
ware touches the tip of the nose of the projectile.
it is called an "attacked bow wave" or "attached
hoeck."'
3MML (abbr). I.S. Army Ballistic Reearch Laborstories.
h rate
amuliag ratu. For muLl prulvellma- fN6.. the
of motion of the burning surface (normal to
itself).
hezuest. The termination of combustion in a rocket
motor,own to ehaustion of the propellant gap-
mtt.
Tie diameter of a peojefti;e or the di-
ceat~b.
amster of the bser of a gun. In ritied arma. the

ealiber is measra from the w.urfact of one land
ten (for large mapls).

deasity of air. The menu a a amit volume f air.
It Tarie with altitude, generally decreasing as
the altitude incremms,
ties rather than an ecast mesnurement.

may be mad an a unit of lngth; for
ezample. a 6-inch SO-ealibr gun (rI50) would

have a beer diameter in4her and & tube
manured from
we k-vrL li to,'#) -.o 32 X 10-* k.. the stanfleud denity of dry air at WV a=W 14.7 psi,
is 0.00"iTS slug/ft' (NACA 1M).
dwivatkm The rate chane of one variable with
respect to another. In projectile aerodynamica,
the rate of change of an aerodynamic wsoeiint
with respect to a chapg in the magnitude Of the

yaw anglP. e4g. the slope of the Ca ve a curve
gIav the amwte moment derivatie, CA..
to the toxse
the brsee hfa
anlate. 8": aipiLe
f ipeamct. CNewast
en
Celeahedn them& it
the diupermfs pterm
iffer
Mthe enter of paity
44a Voqtes- Of disevete ;aft asms plead at the

paint of is
wt~of the iwdividual rewh
of
thM
of a givrenstadt aredynamic
arahaltt
e
di
ed a ownt disaemv.
amv 9"eaily util I]* pIcsil
"b- de-
0 We
IV vpA, tho bw pumo
*3
m.
Lha.c
dpeinim patle. -The

of imart of a asc
ram hs
W4m
$ aade
--
being perhaps
vla isi
in
a
mi
sto
of
impct or burst
the datana him the Point
of thu ,A.t to the ester of impadt Or beatL
to a
par,
ir
the -mmI. In this bemdt* P. it idemAe

sutb the pm. aI1of at f"e buse of the pee
Jaile, aekbft
oear.
evfs though Grigmeesoiuom an kept "

faiat
as Possible. For priaeel purpom s the
esdered
diperio ms of a peatioular.bit ct
er
t my tm e s Finx os thMe
& -ninS of the peopellmut shar. This puure
etile am tr
su pilA-
. wThem teringoffvee
(orpspeof gum).disue
by she samegum
ehoa
aneemly vuir from sampbevi premie

whe
isn
Oak p M MP
ie:-
The alictaf spos ths elsaaft
the trajectaryde to variaim hfn. standardl
The punt 6& the as of aim

p. aua
,
Prejertile (Mr eo the ecad of a ib) tnrvab
Pn
run
hbi
ia ae
atiaof
dier
.mew a
mwhic
snce it varin with the
current temperature an barometric presue.

When h is altitude in feet (A < 30,000) above
Oft.. the caliber designtion is beed an a n

a cn
ppmaSdiameter ad fw
length of 50 calibers or 25 fe
eighth the greatest width of the disperion pat.
ite-
to the vsrim st the land &irnecty O
Cal
,,willer thiant I. after the projectile ha, acquired

a large fraction of its final velocity.
Ali of the eomponenta of am.
complete trtd.
munitiou nIetrmary to fire a given gun once.
centrol remands. Se: rehnase raeads.
dampiag epsapat. A numerical measure of the
rate of rhano of the amplitude of an umcitlatiuIr
Umion.
deflhcties probable error. The directional error,
rawmi by dispehrion, whiek will be exceeded an
number of rounds firol
a& suit, -ia lare Itit
often
oe
at
prx~ey*o
ti mapproizmatey
tig
iom gun serring.
a a 'i,,gt'
disenbetie s a the poiant

of abeft Abehe une
e"din m as idastin en pueible.

e . at of pr sjeth ahent a poinit.
Me
Io
' aim
"Ed
t
laes
Te a t val"
is mecauv@WI"shla
AMCP 706-S22
GLOSSARY (coat'd)
diverging yaw. In the flight of a projectile, if the
angle of yaw uerem-; fnrm the initial yaw, the-
yaw i* tsal to be diveri-trg.

drag. {nmpu'ssnt of air rriatasse its the dimer.tir.os apspite ti that of the motion of the renter
of Xrrvilyofa p jec ik.

drag cosdcimt. A snumslsr relating drtg fore
to the dynamic pressure of the air %tresm amd
d riai be Wmtion, an oiposed to a boeatta

%re. kmietjmw called "'squar bamn."
form factor.
whick
,'artor ittroduzed into the dentomi.
latur of trie ballistic eoeffleie|t

the, .Jupe of the Irojetifle.
(q.v.). bosed un
free strum. The flow of air or other fluid undia.
to the frontal area of the. projectile,

drift. The lateral dev-iati-n of the trajectory of
a spin-stabilized projectile, drse to the equilibnun yaw.
The pressure exerted by a fluid
dyamic promsu.
solely by virtue of its relative motion when it
strikes an object. Proportional to density and
the square of relative velocity fq = (t.-) p W 1.
it is obviotlly related to the kinetic esergy poosinmd by, or isaplrted to. the fluid. Sometimes
called veloeitky hbe '*
end Phils. A narrow rectangular plate intv.ral
with the tip of a An, forming a T when viewed
im the. ebordwaW direction. The other sarfaLof the plate is curved to conform to the radius*
of the gun bore, as the, end plate supplies a rkiing surface for the fin in the barrel, as well sa
incressing the lift of the tin by preventing the
Now of air around the fin tip fromt the lose to
the upper surfaf.
squallbu. ymw. The yaw sanrk to which the
furinal ky the prusener of a (relatively) moving

lody; specifically the relative flow of air ahaed of
asshock wave.
groove. A groove cut into a rotating bend
frni
to collect metal from the band while it travels
through the bore. Excom metal so eollected i
prevented from forming a fringe bAhind the
rotating band. Fring fornation has been a
cause of excess dispersion sad short range.
frontal ars. The aresa of the gretest cireular
vrowssection of the body of a proeetile
uthe reference 1aimin 4ased
= (z.!4)d]; u
fining the aerodynamic eoeffienmt.
gravity drop. In ballistie, the vertical drop due
to gravity; equal to one-half the acceleration due
to gravity multiplied by the square of the time
of Right.
HEAT (.abb). High explosive antitank. A term.
used to designate higk expieive ammunition
outaininin a shaped ehaTge.
hit. n impact on a target bya projeetile.
bit procdbility. The expected ratio of number of
hits to Lsumber of psjoeetilm fied at the target.
yaw of a dlysmise1" stable prowe* dees,

Pam of Mtism due to sovmmetry of the pro-
VAP (e"-). Hypereeity armoa-pirerein

hypseeni. Of or pertaining to the stped of ob.
of guraity.
jeetile, pea to the det
aem. 1. The difvme between as observed or
eaolulated value and the true value. X. In gunwery, the divergence of a point o0 impact tom
the center of impact.
flsmem ratio. Ratio of length to diameter (lid) of
a projectile,
pra.
jeets moving at Usac 6 or
tile at the
impact velocty. The velockity of a p
instant of impact on the target or tar4 ena.
Aso called "striking velocity."
Jmpubme teoal In roehtmy, the preduct of the arerap thrust (in pounds) developed by the moto,
times the bonming time (in msmuda).
bshiliad. Of a projectile, made statically stable

by the sesedyanic moment arsing from the
pimee of lifting surfaces afn of the e.g.
Tabl or ebart gi nag the data needed
gto
for f&iri a Vun oaeurste'y oe a tampt 'ANde
stadard esaditiom and aloe the to i toiou8 thot
wmot be rode for speia eeaditlose, susb sat
icremeLt. An atmunt at propellant added to, or

taken away frm. a propelling echage of semifined or epemrate leading ammunitiom to allow
for differenes in range.
t a target Wis
isdirest Aira Qunire deired a#
cannot be me frolm the Sunpemiion.
of pm
ebihife. A material epplied to esrfioa
of temperature.
W" or Mimi
ft bus Doorelipule of a projectile with. qa ii-
pllant Vralue to prevent burning as the sete

suraceS
AVVIg
WS-241-3
GLOSSARY (cont'd)
IMi Wobalifty. Pmbability (Pi) that, liven a hit.

a single projectile will kill (Le., destroy) the
target asinut which it is lred. The overall kill
probelality of a sinbil abot is the prolluet P.P 5 ,
wher Pa in the bit peroability. mammend to he
indepr4Jdta ofPir.
iuar tlew. A meaturbulent airflow.
he&d Omae of the ruined rialgs in the bore of a
rifled Vi barrel.
hMel deovhdo. Horiastal distance (nmaeal to
the line of ire) between the point of impact, of a
single round and the center of impact of the
roup.
lt. Them poset of the total aerodynamic fore
pepeoicular to the relative wind, Wdacting
in the plane of awu.
of th p.tio a
5-t p
ad
_m
it amv-the made; te direction of the prode u the mdo oflhe
at the it hw itimanw
jsi*
Sum, peoidin
me swerving nton&
U ph
userion of the bre
Mme of de.Ym
.
the boe
*bee the gf is ontoe
e huliin frou the, feet that

MaCh efect. As t-fr- rt
wvine at traimmic. or superfliw
Al obje'6 n"
xpeml ; a consprtnibility efeet. Mack efect may
he .wumlered in terms of (a) The ehansges in the
air brouhyt an by a abock wave, Le. chances in
premur., velocity, density and temperature and
(i) Changes in aerodynamic ooeiien, sech a
drag, lift, and moment eeeliomta
MaCh Use. A theoretical line repregenting the back*weep of a cone-shaped abaek wave made by an
the
asumed infiniely small particle movi
an
a
path
flight
same
the
same speed and along
actual body or peojectle. Thin line, M rp%,atedon any plane biaocnfng the shoek-wave
eone, forms an angle with the light path usually
mnuewbat more acute than the angle tormed by
the hork wave of the actual body, which depends
am-n other thing upou the shape of the body.
Mack aotmer. The ratio of the velocity of a body
to that of sound in the medim being osmid.
fted. Thus, at w level in the I.11 Sutamdard
Atnaphere, a body moving at a Mach number
of one (M = 1) would have a velocity of 1116.2
fpa (the speed of ounmd in air under those sos.
ditions).
eam Mas num.
Mack aumber, criticaL The fre
bee at which te relative speed of air and projectile atta,messie velocity at sowm point on the
i~ojeeti.
number erm.
Mabh numbw, bee otym. The MaK
puted an the basis of the velocity of the pro.tile rative to air which i undisturbed by
te p eno of
j
ImPtr , nsaraL DeWld by z = #" , o

r = V.M....
We
I. Quantity of Material, as unis of as
on a ruting
magam forem. The lateral thre
body when acted on by on eirstream having a
velocity eompoment ornmal to the body's "is
initial maI The mum of aitrW..i.aa-,Wgs pnjretile a;'. the dart of bunaissJc of the rrkelt propollnt.
idal yaw. The yaw of a projeetile as it leaves the
mnuxm blast mom
ini"l yawing velocity. The rate of chanp of
the yaw of a projectile as it leaves the muzzle
bls ine.
jump. 1. MonvMent of a gun tube when the gun is
fired. L Angle of jump (qv.). Se: aseodyamsic
jump.
at fofugtien
agms memest. The moment about the body eag.
manfactatured smiles idotica onedamo
a
. . .in a
s.a
b (ebb,). I.
MU. dI.aws a andadwd itam
ach 1838.1916, Ass.
for 3I
VOL (Nam
for mas
triels PhYmeat.) Prequently
lin.
Wmbr, wmhih
' , a ao fIue
oA the TJ e ao tm let,haI
ai te line of lht
0," 1w
dn iov'
peodueed by the msagas fore.

of propeutiomahty betas the
mow The estat
ea bmy ad the remiting askra&*&
fmed on
fse
Pife.
a w W/o. VaUe usaul, is pMvie
n.*
m"i uaetina wad as sym oun
with ". S."
bL Ia a rsriet
bId.
sam,, thbe thisp umad
Iin snow WeIaIie suppert epferdems, amhe

- -km MW Vebiske, eta.
W6PW
64
(RO
AKCP 706-242
GLOSSARY (coat'd)
an rangs. Aw-rage distance reached by a group
of shot&fired with the nsame firing data.
udplat.
agival
Smtimet
railed
The fiat woee formed by triunation of the

portiou of it projectile or point fuxe.
us the meplat in ronvel, andma
WAY 1W
a realotte.-
motuerological data. Parcts pertaining to the at.

masphere. especially wisud, temperatures anil air
density, whwhb are 'wwentm determinsing correctiaam to basic firingr dats. Often ,,hortenrd to
"metro data."
modal vecters. A pair of. rotating arms, called the'
preceewon vector and the nutation vector, which
when added together give the magnitude and
orientation of the variable part of the yaw of the
projectile at any instant. Adding the equilib.
rium yaw to the vsriable part gives the total
yaw. The precesion vector is often visualized
as originating on the tangent to the trajetory,
and rotating slowly. The outer cad of this precesion vector is taken as the origin of the nuta.
tion vector, which rotates more rapie~uy, and the
resulting epiyclie motion of the outer end of
the. notation vector reprreents the motion of th..
nows of the projertile (neglecting the equilib.
rium yaw).
seank blas. Haud"e gas prrmure exerted at the
muzaic of a weapo by the rush of hot, gaar andi
air as Srnug. Muzle blsast precede the emerXeme.. of the projectile, and forum a maw of turhaleat air, gas said wwok. through which the
projectile son fly. The length of the projectile 's
peth in the blast some varies from &heat20 feet
to 200 feet, depending on the same of the Wun
anid the amount of gas leakage peat the pro
jeetile while in the tore.
numbs irgy.
ma
Kinetic energ of the projectile
as -it etmerges from the msazk (plus a small
amount of energy picked up in the muzzle blast.
where for a uhort distance the muzzle gawes outrun the projectile). This is a mareof the
power of the wespom.
mmeul memuss. The momentum of the pvojeWie (iLe., produet of mam end velocity) as it
leaves the msusee. l"aited by the capaity oI the
resel sqte built into the Sum mamaS.
mswab
flj The projeetile vloseity at the
msoment that the projectile ceases to be r,- .u

upon by propelling fosees (other thaa'* thec thrust
of a rocket motor). It is obtaioe ~msarn
t he *velocity'over a distance forr .c/ of the gun,
ad correcting back to t,c ':YJnde for the Me
lurdatuon W tii t
NBS (abbe). National '.Uresa of 14tandaris.

NOL (abbe). Naval Jrdioance !sahoratory.
aermal forme Th,- component of the total aero.
dynamic fo.'.. perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of tW projectile, and acting in the plane of
yaw.
ROTS ,4bbr). Naval Ordnance Text Station.
autaion. The oscillation of the am'of a rotating

body such as; a spinning projectile. This ascii.
lation is superimposed. ou the alower motion. of
the projectile axis which is knownua rmlm
which see.
obturatian. The act of, or meam, for, preventing
the escape of gss
obturater. 1. A devise (umnaly aring or psd) im.
corporated in a projectile to make the tube or a
weapon gasl-tight. I. A dense incorporated in a
rocket motor to prevent nwanmted gas leakage.
egive. The turved or tapered frast of a projectile.
The fuse may or May M&t
be iWnclded a pa
prt
of the ogive
move, secanit. Als oxiec xenerated by an ane not
tangent to, but interseetime at a small an*le the

rylindrical surface of the body. A useant agivu
may have any radius of curvature greater them
that of a tangent agive fer the SU Projectile
up to an infinite radius at mnrature (iLe, a
straight, comical ogive); a radus twise that at
the tangent ogive is ecomom.
egive tangest. An agive gamersate by an are
tangent to the generator of the cylindrical swaface. Called "trea egive" by the British.
euheatatism, of yaw. The direction of the plans of
yaw (q.v.) relative to mass reference direction
wich as a vertical plane eontaining the tangunt
to the trajectory.
everterning vlmomat. Am aerodynamiceemement
tending to increas the yaw of the projectile.
paflial tmsjMtey. The trajectory determined by
gravity and satolft dra wb4, woWl be deo.
scribed by a prejestile whikb M tmailane
"M
AMU?' 706-242
* GLOSSARY (cont'd)
ani1te or yaw A..ummpful prtaws
to th..
trajin ory tor ait awtua l pnwjivil..
pieassmetric aedmaiocy. TI... rstio of db. work Alusie
INSthe. pruirelile by the proplilanlt galwa to the
work that multi. hve breu- doete if the waitypum
chamber pireiewrc IaM actrd ota the projectile
biam for the fuli travel in the bore; i.e.. the ratio
of average presture to peak pressure.
plame of yaw. The plane containing both the longitudinal axis of the projectile and* the tangent
to the trajectory-. zperformance
procession. A cir uir motioi of the axis of rotstion of a a tiiaing body which is brought about
by the application of a constant torque about an
"ais perpendicular, to the azis.of rotation. A
nonconatant torque produces a noncircujar preeemown.
preckiein. The property of having small dispersion
about the mean. Cfl: accuracy.
pressure front. See: shock frost.
prm rew-travel Curv. Curve sho'wing chamber
pressre plotted against the travel of the projeetike within the bore of t)'e weapon.
probable error. In general, a value that any given
error will as likely falt under as exceed. In gunawry, a measure of the dispersion pattern around
the center of impact; half of the observed impacts will Z..within a bond two probable arrors
Wide and centere o- the center of impact.
range probable error. 1. IMtror ini range that a gun

Sir Sillier we-almtsnotmy w.eexm ital lip exeoegI as
o.ft..n six not. ltnwp probhable error Iciven in the
fuiriig tablont rair a gins tiay he taken si an index
of theual-curary of the ptiece. I. In describing the
dipipem~ioaa pattern ofr a group of shotit, the probable rrror in the range direction.
ramge Wind. Horizontal component of true Wrind in
the dirretion of the line of fire.
reference rounds. Ammuntion rounds of known
which are fired during ballistic
tests of ammunition for comparative purposes.
Also called "control rounds."
relative velocity. The velocity of relative motion,
especially in respect to a projectile and the airstrea.
relative wind. The veloeity of the air with referenec to a body in it. Usually determined from
measurements mnade at much a distance from
the bodly that the disturbing effect of the body
upon the air is negligible. Bqual and opposite to
the relative velocity of a projectile.
restoring mousat A static moment (q.v.) which
is negative when the angle of attack is positive,
and vice versa.
reversed Saow. Flow of the airatresm frist the sase
toward the nose of the projectile, much an eximst
in the Mussls bleast where the bleat gass are moving faster than the projectile.
padhast eilovaties. Vertical angle between a

horizontal plane sad axtis of bore of gun, Just
prior to firing.
mtedis of Lyvatles. The distance from the axis of
rotation at whieb the total sum of a body might
he concentrated without chianging its momtent of
inertia about that axis. In that handbook radii
of yratioc are usualy expressed in calibers,
raW Perist Chang. of firing data necessry
to allow for deviatiomis in range due to weather
imaterial, or sammunition.
nap deviation. Distasse. by which a parjojetile
strikes beyond, or shert of, the target measurned
along a line parale to the gpa-target line.
im rer. Di~eroiso between the raome to the
poin of ispost of a particular projectile and
the rampe to the
-ete
of impact of tbe group
of Asia fired with the ais data.
RqoymW snumber. (Xitmo after Osborn Reysolds. 16424I1I, a British physicist and engi
meor.) An index of similarity wed in the analysis
of the fluid flow about scale modelm in wind tun.
nel tests to determtine the imulto to he expected
of the flow about full-seal. models. The Reynolds
number is expressed insa fraction, the numerator
consisting of the density of the fluid multplied
by its velocity and by a linear dimeension of the
body (as for esaimple its diameter), the do.
nominator consisting or the eosoeinat of vis.easityof the Amid (29 = Vl/j).
R13 error. 8opr: stmadard error
rechst meter. A nomairbweathing reseetle propul.
m1ien device that consie stseintially of a fue
ehambot(s) amd exhaust meades), MAn
that carrimsd own
ass soli eid r-tms esesbnatlos froms
which hot pas aft gesearate by sessahete and
AMUI' 706-42
GLOSSARY (cont'd)
expanded through a nozzle(s). (If the fuel is
liquid the device is called a "rocket engine.")
roll An angular displacement about the longitudinal axis of a projectile.
roll tate. The time rate of projectile rotation about
its longitudinal axis.
gins. Also called "separation point."
near its base. The rotating band centers the

projectile and makes it fit tightly in the bore,
thus preventing the escape of gas, azu by engaging the rifling gives the projectile its spin.
round (of ammaition). 1. Short for complete
round, which am- 2. A shot fired from a weapon.
An effect in fluid flow that results
scale deo.
from changing the scale but not the shape of a
body around which the flow pue... Re)nolds
number is useful in the assement of scale effect.
o.Jlersa. 1. Gradients or variations in gas density.
setback acceleration. The peak acceleration experienced by the projectile during launching.
IUsually expresed in terms of the aeoelerasion
due to gravity, e.g., "the setback acceleration
2
was 40000 g'6" or about 1,286,4CD ft/me .
at
wave,
shock
a
of
shock front. The outer side
which the pressure m from sero up to its peak
value. Also called a "presure front."
shock wave. 1. A boundary surface or line across
which a flow of air or other fluid, relative to a
txidy or projectile paining through the air or
fluid, changes discontinuously in premsure, veloeity, density, temperature and entropy within
an ininitesimal period of time. 2. Such a boundary surface or line that comes into being when an
object moves at transonie or supersonie speed%.
3. Such a surface or line produced by the expansion of Rases away from in explosion (or
through a nozzle).
shroud. A tubular section encircling the tips of the
fine, and sIually integral with the finA. The
shroud often form a ror riding surface for the
projectile in the bore of the gun.
from the German wont. 2. An optical system
dug. The engineering unit of mum, ecoem much
which either cuts off or pames a large ehange in,

light intensity, owing to the slight refraction of
the light pauing through the gas. This phenomenon is often usel to make turbulence antl
shock waves visible by photographic means:
hence, "seblieren phoiographs."
sectional desi". The ratio of the weight of a projeetile to the square of its diameter. A meosure
of the mma per unit of frontal area. and therefore of the deceleration due to drag.
msativity facte. The percent chang in range (or
deflectiou) produced by a one percent change ina
parameter aleeting rangm (or defeetiou), each
se muo d velesity or initial yawing velosity.
Aiu called "'differential oeimcint." Se: dif.
that a forre of one pound acting on a Unit ma.

will produee an aceelermtion of one foot per
secmd per s.eod. Since the weight of a body is
equal to the product of its mass and the aceeleration of gravity, the weight of a body having a
mass of one slug is 32.17 lbs (at sea level at 45"
latitude).
span. The maximum dimenaion of an airfoil (e.g.,
a coplan" pair of ins) hm tip to tip.
spark rnag A firing range in whleh projectile"
in free flight can bh photographed by the liot
from an eleetric spark whisk is triggered by
range.
pIma- of the projectile. 8u: bhlic
impele.. The total impule pronuesd by
$pescl
burning a pound of roe fuel. At eonast
pro.
tkWu and mm burning rate, the thst
ronl rate, sadimednsinaL The product of roll rate

and a reference iength, oz for example a di-=pd/V).
ameter, divided by the airspeed (
l'sually called "spin."
rolling momet. An aerodynamic moment about
the longitudinal axis of a projectile, tending to
change the roll rate.
roling velecity. Angular velocity; roll rate.
root amea aquare. The square root of the arithmetical mean of the squares of a set of numerical
Svalues.
rotating band. Soft metal band around a projectile
ingem
separation. '. The phenomenon-in which the boundary layer of the flow over a body placed in a mov.
ing stream of fluid (or moving through the fluid)
heparates from the surface of the body. 2. The
point on the body at wLieh the separation be-
esse'
N
.'
AMCP 706-242
GLOSSARY (coat'd)
duced per unit of mass burning rate. i.e., pounds

per lb/see.
specc weight. Weigh .per unit volume.
spike. A subej' e cylinder, often slightly tapered, whieiireplaees the ogive of a projectile.
increauing the drag but moving the center of
premure of the lift force nearer the Im of the
projectile.
spin. Nee: roll rate, aoadlmasimoaL
"sinrate. Bee: toll rate.
api. stabilation Method of atsbilixiiag a projertile during fight by cauing it to rotate about ita
own longitudinal ai
apettiag herge. A small charge such as black
powder. in a projectile under test, to show th
location of ;ts point of functioning (usually its
point of impact),
a projectiic with a
square hese.' Deseriptive of
cylindrical base section, a opposed to a beattail,
which we. Also called "'Ia bae."
stablility. A eharseteriatie of a projectile that
coumes it, if disturbed from its condition of
equilibrium, or stead-.- flight, to return-to that
condition.
stability factor, dynamic. A number related to the
yaw damping characteriatics of a projectile.
stity
factor, gyroscopic. A nmimber Peating the
agluar momentum of a proje'tile to the slope
of its arrodynan ie overturning moment. LAon
M'wa,,a sole criterion of projectile stability anl
raled simply the "tability factor," s. A wA's.
sary, but not sufflcient, condition for stability is
that this factor be greater than unity."or asp.
tivo.
stalift , stic. Stability in the absence of spin.
In genera, a mechanimn is ttieally stable if
any displacement from a rest position creates a
force or moment opposing the displacement.
Standard Atmiaphara. The standard atmosphere
for the United 8tateW Armed Servies in the
I7.8. 8tandard Atmosphere which is that of
the International Civil Aviation Orpanizaion
(ICAO). This standard atmosphere amume a
ground presits of ?60 -m of mercury (14.609
psi) and a groun tempetmure of 15*C (WI*).
The temperature throughout the trmpomphex
04
tendiug up to 11 kilometers (approx. 36,000 ft)

is given by:
T(oY) = 59 -- 0.#05,6k
where k in the heigh4. iove ass level memied
in feet. In the stratosrpere, emending from 11
kilom.terw to 25 kikmieters (approx. 82,000 ft)
the teainsprature in waumed to be a constnt
2I1.66"K (--9.70). Above the stratosphere
other laws%are Assuned. Temperature is signifi.
rant isceaw, the acoustie velocity in feet per
merolu i%given by
V. - 49.1 V460 + T
r"in *F
stard deviation In the field of teating, a meaxure of the deviation of the individual values of
a weriet from their mean value. The stardard
leriatiou
of a ample as expreed algebraiclly
the formlas.
by
aS 4
IZ(z,
e
wherp X
Meaux
N
the mm of N individual squared differenea, the
z, are the individual value, i is the meen
(i-s
.r,/N), and N is the number of individuals
in the uanple. The best estimate of g, the staun.
,lard d,,viation of :he lot from which the sample
wax drawn, iuobtainel by multiplying the ample
value, x, by VNI(N-I).
sta
r error. The square roe of the &vempag of
the squar" of all the errors. When Me is
identified an the diferemee between an oheorved
point and the means of the observations, eandaid
error becomm identical with the aemple standard
deviation. It mibt also he called the 'BM8
error."
standard muzal velecity. Velocity at which a given
projectile is supposed to leave the mussle of a
gun. The velocity is calculat on the basis of
the particular gun, the propelling ebM uareld,
and the type of projectile. Firing table are
besed on standard muzde velocity.
standard project98. That projeetile which a given
gun was prmariky designed to be.
meis.
An aemdyuam mof
related
only to aMn of yaw.
static Fmuwrs. The prrao wih ies
8 by
GLOSSARY (cont'd)
a fluid at reIt, or which would be indlierld fly
a pa placed in the stream anmL moving with
the xdreaun. It iNthe premour
the manse velocity &%
arising ronm the random motions of the mole
euleg of the fluid, rather than their organizi
motion in the direction of the tow.
steady state. The condition of a system which is
essentially constant Jter damping out initial
transients or fluctuations.
sting. A rod or type of mounting attached to, and
extending backward from, a model, for eonvenience of mounting when testing in a wind tunnel,
subsonic. Pertaining to relative motion between a
body and '.surrounding fluid at a speed Iea than
the speed of sound in the same fluid,
summit of tajectory. Highest point' that a proJectile reaches in its flight.
swerving motion. In flight, the motion of the eenter of gravity of a projectile perpendicular to it
trajectoryo
particle, or zero-lift,
orzer-lit,
partcle rajctoy.hard
reliability. The probability that a system
9,te
will perform its specified task under stated taeIca[ and environmental conditions. This wiU inelude accuracy.
In aerodynamic data, relaring to
(.,#Abeript).
7 tiao
naerodynamic datarltences
ci
tontail alone configuration,
terminal vled~ty.
!. The constact velocity of a
falling body attained when the resistance of air

or other ambient fluid has become equal to the
force of gravity acting on the body. Sometimes
called "limiting velocity." 2. Velority at end
of trajectory, Le., impact velocity.
te of fight. Elapsed time in seconds from the
instant a projectile leaves the gun until the
instant it strikes or bursts.
tolerance. The permissible difference betwecn the
two extremes in dimension, weight, strength or
other quality which will not cause rejection of
an item.
trajectory. The curve in space traced by the center
of gravity of the projectile.
traiten flem. A flow of fluid, about a body, that
is changing from laminar flow to turbuient flow.
tmaussak range. The range of speeds between the
speed at which one point on a body reaches supenomie speed (relative to the airflow in the
vik.iity of that point) and the speed at which the
shork wave mystem in fully developed.

transonic speed. A speed within the transonic
range..
transverse axis. IiI a projectile, any axis normal
to the longitudinal azis and passing through the
center of gravity.
trim. The equilibrium attitude of the longitudinal
axis of the projectile relative to the tangent to
the trajectory; equilibtium yaw.
turblant lmw. An unsteady flow charasterised by
the super-position of repidly varying velocities
on the main velocity of Bow, in contrast to the
mooth, steady lamina flow in whiek velocity
varies with distance but only slowly with time.
twist (of rifn). Inclination of the spiral groove
of the rifling to the ams of the bore of the
weapon. It is expremed n the number of calibers
of length in which the riling (and therefore the
complete turn. A right
projectile)
makes one
- to impart a right hand
tws isu
(clockwise) rotation to the projectile whean
projectile wht
the
)rot
cie
haed fot h
utility. A numerical scale for comparin prefer.
rfr
okfreman
ueia
uiiy
between alterative.. Usually defined on
the interval 0, 1 because of its relation to prob.
aiiy
aity.
vacuum trajectory. The path of a projectile sub.
ject only to gravity. A flist approximation to the
trjtory of an actual projectile.
vector. 1. An entity which has both magnitude and
direction, such as a force or velocity. 2. In conneetion with the yawing oscillations of projec.
tiles, the rotating arm which can be used to rp.
resent the components of the yaw are teraed
modal vectas, which me.
velocity. Speed, or rate of motion, in a given di.
rection and in a given frame of reference. In
many contexts no distinction in meaning is made
between speed and velocity, the symbol V often
being used in equations in which the magnitude
of the velocity, i.e., the speed, is the only attri.
bute of velocity which is being considered.
velocity head. 8": dyamk presmen
viineity, oteisiet t.L The ratio of the shearing
stmm to the veloity gradient in a boundary
.t4
@3
":
AMCP 706-242
GLOSSARY (coat'd)
layer. Depenadent on the fluid and on its tern.
perature.
A.,W at 59' F -=1712 X 10-1 lb.e/ftz"
wake The zone of turbulent flow behind the borne
of a projectile.
wua. The surge of disturbed air or other fluid
resulting from the passae of something through
the fluid. Includes the wake and bow and side
wavs,.
wave, expaniv. An oblique wave or zone me up.
in supersonic Bow when the chang
in diredtion
of the airdow is such that the air tenc, to leave

the new surface, such as Bow around the junetmu
of a cylinder and a cone (e.g., at the forward
end of a boattail). This eondition is called "Bow
arounda corner." The air after psin through
an expansive wave or none has a lower density,
static presure, and freetream temperature and
has higher velocity and Mach number. Visible
ca a darkened noae in selieren photographs,
thine waves are often ealled "expansion fans."
wave ImWb. 1. The distance traveled in one period
or cycle by a periodic disturbance. 2. Of yaw
of a projectile, the distance traveled by ths pro.
jeetile during One cyele of yaw.
.. t
yaw. I. The angle betweeu the direction of motion

of a projectile aud the direction of the lonitudinal axia of the projectil. I. The ojcillation
ar the direction of the longitudinal axis (as in
"waveleAnieth oa yaw"). .7. To aequire an angle
sr yaw. to uumt|date inayaw.
yaw of repo.s That part of the equilibrium yaw
whieh i clue to gravity.
yaw drag. Drag due to yaw.
yawing moment du. to yawing. Term .ometimes
use for the damping moment.
yawing velodty. Time rate of change of yaw; the

.hange may be a ehange in magntitude or dine.
t ion, or both.
zone charge. The number of increments of propel.
]ant in a propellant charge of semifixed rou ds,
teorresponding to the intended mone of As.
zo of fre. The range interval which can be eov.red by a round containing a given number of in.
rrementL of propellant, i.e., the eove.age obtain.
able by changing quadrant elevation at a constant
muzzle v:Ioeitkv.
zoned ammunition. Semifixed or separate losding
ammunition in which provision is nade for add.
ing or removing propellant incremets.
APPEMIX!I
SAMPLE SPI1I-STAB31LIZED PROJV.C11L
l---
-O
C
--
0-~
-is
to
AV41* 7O&2U
4PALCULATIOR OF C. &. AND RADIUS OF GYRATION

*ieet
Apprazimaat fweuuWa for higb espkeivo pro.

aem prtm&W. b7 Hilebteek in BIL Rehott
MAW"o
m%Appe~dix VI1) am
6=D 81).0.10 (Ref.
k3 =1.LOT
k.= 0_340
tk*:eAie
lb.
WbhM X, . 0 the dXam bVW thd bWK
ptopretdtoitaamr
of34grsl,
in askhea.u sad
o 0
am o the pe.mjo4s
0i aThe
By Hiat-bem
Ni.
8 Nfteallm wr uwim pt
GOrax t4In= 1.64

aL.Alitvwic Nc~tod:
Vor the mmipie pmjottk-ine
penamrtmf eakeulatd b7
V'. = 0340
Appadix k, th
ot. the ~Aborws
F,=AM+OO+M
(42?)s
1.2
A]IP 701-44:
APPENDIX III
GYROSCOPIC STABILITY ESTIMATES

A. SPIN.STAIILI=D PROJECTILE WIT]
Effective Bae Diamei:
BOATTAIL
or
Thefoa
ai
.ample
eskulafio
alin4-dablifed projeetile with boutted, iaw the
aethods of Wood (Ref. 21) and Siximue (Re.
2D, to etmat, the normal fore aad sm
ment eoecikuta. Tathgeometi.trisies ot the proymile an givenm i Appeadix I.
2
whem d - Rear body diem - 4.9" (0415 ft)
-- 4.U
d - Bae diam
21.7314 -- 4.16"
Eff-ee as 4m:
,& - .78,54 d
-
75(4.16A)P
17.0"6 Wn
Vratal A,:
d-
4.7&%
(4.08)' - 1
d oe A.,
a'W7.
SWaS Am Puigo: - O~ml
1-
S 17.054
layer
v4
V, -
i(smisdi
s1i2
beaM
bmabdary
(sm mWais below)
2.00
4.18
0satsians in calibers
1 Cal
4.
1(3.2)' + (300) (56)
+ (.36)2)
.S1 4 1S
Item Harverd TaM.. Cash~s.'e
3
4
1?84 (8,Mj) f4M)I=

Ufil (110) [(4.1U)j + (415) (4.66) + (466)')
tic
Obefam
Dsidae
boa6wy
11.W6
135740
1UUMf
46,133
Volumes 3OL5412
Alegmdla VII.
AS
ANCP 7O&WM
APPNDIX
-W
3.32?
CooinCo (C.P. -C.0.)

-
&~~
:.f,~LiU~adlu""l*is
+ A51(1.16%7)
S*
s6,aee (aboo
bow):I
Car.
2A
mmimm
1--.-.--
bow
prm
d - 0L415 ft
Ds -
CAD= dog/ft
1.1/1 - LW
270 md'
1
C* P
4fps
velodgy: I'd -I
a .ai~wme
s
Twist:
Bpar4: pi l~ps
d)v
Ai webmky:
+2
25
18)
27)
U"a body dim
lomma Fame Cketkina:
Moinrut
="is
EJ. -
)kaa~c WNWSI Cc~fimt.
Atsuapvmomc pid:
1 -amkrM
/ MR
VWZ-
j(IanM)
2
*JmIg
C. 14iudu
I"-I
:.
I'4
f.:-352-
6(; vap Appoadis IV)
c,..
.-
ULJ.S412V
(10.47K) (4.211)
lmm.f.
(efted)
(Cmwecd (rmv~ity_(liii Appmuel 0):
Mrs" Veuewm~ k-ale..
V,
KU
o-
VCe
AN41P 10640
APPSNDXX 1U (int'd)
GYROSCOPIC STABILITY ESTIMATES
3.SPIN-STA BIL ZED PROJECTLLE

WflEOUJT BOA. TAIL (FLAT 3483)
uunispk
Amew only ceb&W from pmriewem
se volum aad C. G. locationNew volune: V = 3%.5412 ia.*
Mes Finemen Ratio:
306.5412
16
W~ (19.4782) (4.96)
Cente of phoue:
C
Center of Gravity: C. G. is amw loraW 1.30
a
wfo
e
1.10 caarius
C.P. - C. (J. - Uo - 1.30
V,
fud
2 : (p.r pwsh Appmulix I~
DrulmismaAu4 cif,
'Ae' -, i
N-
441kwM
0-0
~
~~~~.
/t
Nornral Fore. codcet
1.72
a~t o~e~
C. (c. P. - C. G.)
-&O(I~82
- IynepcSaiiyPc~,a
t"Mne the
Vflinee..*I *I~d
a pw&tA:
-m
I4/1-wrthessmutash
with boattad
C"A f. ( "ell+
0, -1.49
-12
(1.0) + -41 ('SGO)
Cw
-Moment
-z
(2 Vj
- TJD ght
s*
.'ihuba
boii
(about bew):
Comebwoa: Umnaiaaa
the beat~asl
the uro-ysw dra easiesI).
sam
anmd
AmNZ"1X TV
COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES OF
BALLISTIC PARAMETERS BY VARIOUS METHODS
For eompars mmwth the C~UM oir. sa&
eulatica by H3ceoem&'* mcghod. SUL Rheput 63
(Adf. AM), hr the saw bmsttaiied prejssik Apprnihz 1. ame premoo iedba
a(bmwtaiJ ka8gl)
1.58A1M
LA
=2m0 asibis.
=5.12 embll,.
. ka L m
Norol
m NcipVmp (okaW
Jr. =*
r1
=4
. =in
(is 2.70 by
ods
= .5 dqu'me
r (cyliadriemi body lwg*)

d (qhalW head kimth)
r (diama (egiwval a)
9.
9l. =.LIM
.1
AL
A5 + AM
J~+ M74 (1.1.
+ .ion
+ .1~
.70
AMU +
A = .0747 + .043' + 1.01, + MM32 +

+ Am (1./0/)
*9
= .0747 + AM + AM + 1.5484 + .491S
lb.
t.- 12.1 ralibm, from d
Thinapr
appt.
AMS + JIVo
Wbil.
(va 2A5 by
.mw,.i
imst
m
to be baufteribm
fl~boSck5
atimbou aS 1417
ma tea pmjeyvbko wabieb e vlbia the mva

of h6m etperiawatal data. cbe Wo*443imomw msi.
mogne will in gemeva be awe rebabiah
AMCP 706-243
APPENDIX IV
-. ! I1 0. .. . . .
I I .. I - a I
rI
LILL
EMPIWAL MULTIPUINGIORS
F60
FFORCE:AND MOMENT- COE F.W.
.20
1 17 1
T I-T-
I TJ
It
10
Lu
fit
if
I I I ILI I I I I
.......
Ir
.0
0.5
1.0
Tdken I rom
RJWhbod 8 1? L MR 654 (Ref. 21)
Flit-willil
wit
I v
APPENDIX V
DYNIAMIC STABILITY ESTIMATE
N~k:To dm'ermmp
T1hr iojweiip via
if:
be__
f
1 < &4(10 - Wd (3sf. par. 5-214.11)
Famial2
(,CL. + k.C
Cs,. - am
1t:For preA~ype pectile (Appewiai 0).

C.- 170 rad
Al"
=1.722.70
11
Sinc mir prjeetil km dw -m hinasis abw

As projetile, 90an HEA 171, aba bsffitki wAsdimo for the 80ma projeeae at Mask - L.72
iref Appendi VIII-E) may to ind, smay:
*8 aaa
*am
3Gib,.w
a
A4
n
2(270 + &WA (X2
- OM3- as= (-9O)
Vram Appsmdm .71-A:
.09fIr(A1S
G-"
(2.0 - &4) -L73
LO1.
(2.0 -0V56) -0&94
%322/o (.09A)i~gabmmm
*1m
14M
a:_h*&i s9u.) sign.:

7.
kx-f
Gim
Wi (
ow)OA~l<
IM
&.14
10.76
AMCP 78614
APPENDIX VI
STATIC STABILITY ESTIMATE OF A 5-INCH

FIN-STABILIZED PROJECTILE
f.,,n. Will .et.r,)f
'rgl,-a: IA),-,iaw ,wosru-,
luwsnal 143. will
Iwwn-san. #ofd . Icmity sliw. WWdI
r to.
gliase iulirowrt.ui th.* itikil:ii:, -wir
waive, for 4atie ability:
., fdaliher
(;. t >
-.
,('. P
Soution:
(1) Body alone coefficientsa
subsont muzzle
Data; Te effei ve bow z
b ou nd s * -y
I sy er v olume a m l tre
i
i3
ad total
nen in a
maner
mmisii. to tlat shown in AppmdUi 111-A.
iDwta:.From
d.
2.7* add-5"
".7"&44
*a
.M5~4 (2.672)2
#P
*
.78U
W.784
(3) -
Tin
Alvi,,g by limoe,'ah..All121) (mI'6 niii
C - (!Lr (0.74) - 1.M (body intesifencu

facor - 0.74)
.Cx,
- ( (1.80) - 2.9304 (aowanee
for
plates and shroud - 1.80)
r. P. .,,
0.61 caliber from bow of finp
(3) Sttic Sutbility I C. P. - C. G. I > 0.5
Ca i
( e. p a ... &
(le. per 4.2):

prt (1) & (2):
(,',, - 1.0710 Aa inC. P. ki*d 9.26 elibers
S9374 Ws
from bow of fin

a inC.
a0 P. leead &Go0tlh
C',, - "
19.635
from bowa fin
(5)
19.5Adof w .19.5
I 99.175
8
- 497A05I Wi
_
1947.0151
-
M"
(.Va + ("T
'
(I. G;. - UN
% -i -
4.'-
g.-7--
I " Fquaotios
'ilving by Simons
Me. 20:
C, = 2 is(.) + 0.5
(1:1,074) +
19.635
Cm, - 2 (
(r.
P.T
4.0014 rId"
i oofdihrm
fin
frm
. (O- = 9.26 - &68 - 54
~~- C'. G.)
- 0.410-3.9-
3.68 -
cali wren
U
8alwinw (re. p:r. 3-3.1):

s.0
1.01C
= 2 (78"0151)
- C,, (C. P., - C. 0.) +
C,0, (C. P.,-C.
G.)
- 9.9212
C. P. -,-
Cirv.
eC
9.9212
- 9.26 calibers from baea of fimn

(2) Tail alone coefficents at subsonic velocities:
Data:
itdfeetive tad length: I - 3.0"
u owps: S - 5.0"
effeetve ben diametr: d, 2.67"
0.
-0.6 u
0.3
=071
(1.071) (&58) + (2.304) (- 3.08)
4.0014
4.0014
- 0.76
IrC. P. - C.G. I - .76 caliber

Coanepon: Static abi00ty m01 adequUe mUm
IC.P.-C.U.,G. > 0.s, Le,
0.M76 > 05
A1
~d
AMO? 7064WS
APPENDI
VII
PROJECTILE GEOMETRY
Ybe dow~ parwanm relawa
Only tS the
Am:
"miatr"a aOd 00MU Of 6he Pojet*"
wei.b
Center Of gravity loath..
Axial ami trawIU momnesnt df -wt4):
o f :
of camptati:
1. Mouhanicai latecrata' (WeI. 56):
a. A wale drawing is nao& of the Peut Was
mINO -.
(1) Dimeiomsm in tbhes dirvetiom woa"
aftered
i the 1V dirotimsem al.ml
(2) Di.
= 98.
bondv byIs~bw
6. The dAw-igG is taned by the me(a fiwm of plasisfbanimal htmpear
der),
P. Diel indiesata, pwrwid sauber, relatire
to the trenammdaad plane aress.
4A46
d. ftmatliamsoomwert dial nedings to

weiitx mtet of gravity, and nomenta
ofehonk of eellbaof ' tIsoam.
2. Harvard TP.Lim-Senar Metho (Re.
a. Aaaiys warla fram dionsiosaed inkeatehi,
or dravwmpa to Oraluat waght, e.g., #ad
smmu Of iniwta.
k. TWawi pravide apodient method to sip.
O~met mandard ""donhemIs m".aof
obtis
&eAftermate Method: AmabA um vriathme
of formulas for haitdW member of wI
Apee and iplifin smmry d pub said
4 Coputer (3d. so): ?be WaISKt hsami..
of enster at gravity, Vdalme, Pear Mauet
k~mwrrm "on"s of himrs sam
of
total Moment of inerdsia m be .btaine
thmao~ ame at digital eleimreie einmo.
-mta
APPMIX VUIE-A
AMCP709-42
30I-MX ZZI PROJECTILE, T306E10
AUMTOR(S)
E. T. Roecker
BR1 MR 1098
&adE. D. Boyer REPORT
1937
DATE
TYPE OFTMS Free flight
0.096
d~ft
0.38
Vj, t/cl
Am.-fnq
bag
""4.
Mach Nm
Mm bagC~bMi
Jn
og.hci
5ub~c
I3 ~if
1-33.
Trcmmmarc
Peak
0.9
Mach Nm
Ccnmm
Z.0
cm'
CL
Ca.
!.7
L2k.Z1
2.460.Z
1.9
Z3*. 05
1. S*. 0
Without armnua hall rogo
C,4S3.511.0
*mca
0.1360.10
ICII-hSCtw4.*i.t,
A a2.0
4p,
bha 90
COP
Z.il.@05
1.3
a.asa.QS
5e0I
l'd0*5"0.
4
odmfroAbm
C~maptedfor otmad~rd 1:25 Swiet (PsO.2S)
wi~og ball
~o~and at $MAII law
~STAXLE a" smiUllaws w/o anmalg boli

rowo. Usooliy UNSTAALS with
arming bali raer
A-11
/
,/
APIPKDi2 VIII--M
AMC 7064.42
20-Xl E11 PROJECTILE, T2821

BILL, MR 813 (Raf. 78); 'SRLJ
REP
E. D. Boyer
AAJTHOf(
1954
DATE
TYPE OF TEST Free flight
W~MIb
0.216
Varlmhtd
-0.06SS
in
d,ft
0309 or. 251

0.
-V,rod/co
t4l
MR916
1955
.....
so
*OJ------------------
.4
*4
I II L
MahN 1NM
Mach Na
f osjnbamwalibmn
.g.
slug.-ft2 3.94x00
*,ST
l"
kce jco
M
1.15
0.98
C#
6.6 (ostimted)
Cl,
1.9
Mu
.370
CN& - CDO
A.6"a.,I
.060.1
CU ?tVO
0 3Mv3.:5
0
3Q U 3.5 w /o arm ing b zUlrotor
(-4.3*0.
-T.5*'). 6
.3.*W.
SU
-0.20*0.04
0.07*3.04
0.16160.07
CIP
Not maau-ed; assumed t be -0.01 in computatiso
2.854.05
2.106.05
a.5as. 0S
3,.i*,13
Io?S*,06
1.II.07
Ido
O0~e.13*
o.5Ue10
1.25.10
O.26". t0
0.ea3. 08
0.936.OS
9.s o.ea
0.Se,.02
0.36s.02
ITAJLZ 8ITA.LZ
fmm hm
Mbs
430) irings at Ma 11.3

.?T. Recker. S3L MR A8. 19MS.
For large yaw

soe
STAJLZ
A-I2
'-"*
1.015
1.4. M16 3.6
5.361.0
*4.
- 1".
kA ad
2' 29.73
3.4
i500
+~
Irs,
-.-'+..
..
. .. ,ni +
Jp
A MCP 72406-2
APPENDIX vuz-c
DRAG VS TRUNCATION: CONICAL HEADS
AUITHOR(S) A. C. Charters and H. Stein
REPORT BRL R 6Z4

195z
DATE
TYPE OF TEST Frvc flight
(50n aterfps
d,ft
L ,tdjf,
0.0655
0.25
, codbm
Dinmmeun
TypeCa
Me'plat area.
I 3
...
cm
C.Z.
001.4
1.6
2.0 2.4 2.8

T Mcrh
-p
1"
N&.yp
Tye
4
Tp
Type Moth
S~
No.
kcal
5.4d61.0
3.661. a
Z.,0 approx.
1. 0 approx.
kt Cal
Oapprox.
About 10 rounds
of each type.
CU
~..
CA.q+C
c.
Ato
A-1
sPZNDIX vhls-I)
AMCPIO6242
2.?5-ICIR ROCKET, T131
AUTHO&)
REPWR
L. C. MacAllister a&d
W. K. Rogers
Bax. MR 948
1955
DATE
Free flight
WE OP TES
WNERT ROCKE:T
MA'eizl
4.6
fV*6LLoyf ps
oo1 rok
dft
ihbmr
Dimnkwmacns
:1::::3.0[j
L.A
0.
moc NMmch
&J-t
e.g. I@lamus ftum kae~wbes17.O
k ~
M
1.0
0.85
CA.
CASP
.00123
P.376
Ifo
At all 3 Mach so*..
1.956.0O5
Z
L*. oS
2.06.08
3. 1 *. 05
3.45*.0U
3.45*0.1I
=4.5*0. 5
.7.5*1.0
-:062
-0. 23*0. 1
-0. 23*0. 1
-0.07*0.07
calbs from hm.
A-14
NM
ro~t.Oli.ZS
L.I5
5.5mauoz.
ct,
ara
riable
vnm
0.5232
1.19
APVZNDIX V1II-2!P70-4
90-NM HE PROJECTILE, X71
AIJHOft(S) E..0. Boyer
REPORT
A C76~
BRL MR1475 (Ref. 79)

1963
DATE

23.41
4-*-Woiglt,lb
0d~ft
0.2Z9S
0.196
'.Md/cal
Dimuwmorm, caliber
08
'.
Sc.---S
--
~~except
*.005
.-
--
as
I[
-7
111t.+I
-H
0-.
2-------------------.5
Mach NO.
1.66
c-9.- fro
-Z.0
Nalo.
Icto ga-ft660.00S7
XAWsgft 0. 0815
0.369
cal
krrarcC
Peak
Subscric
0.8
0.95
1.8
~5.53*.15
Z.4
S.17*. 05
C.
1.5*0.15
1.40.5
2.35*0. 05 2.55*o. OS
C.
4.0*0.06
4.7*0.5*
3.55*0.08
-7.5*1
.9*14
CU. -0.2*0.35
40.2*0.15
40.2*0.05 +0.2*0.05
= in 4. 0*0.2z
4.2%*0.25
2.8W015
*1.076.02
0.926.10
1.206.03 1.30*.03
CNAA
1.135
3.30*0.06 Idepmndent of yaw exicept in

inintervwal
stated
a.5*1
A~t M 1.05 C
IqC us5.5*2.5
At Mm 1.05 C
a060. 2
CI.
0.0*0.41
0.8%*50
0.00.72
G. 4". 16
0.92&.16
-1.16,) 0.?96.21
0.95*.05
.97*.03
do
2.7*0.15
0.93*.0oz
1.1aoci
0.93*.02 .77e.02
% UNSTABLE UETASTABLX STABLE STABLE
Strongly depondmw ouyaw wbm 0. 3 4 4 0. 8 ; C, 6 % S. .
calibers from base
hicjeasinSas twist ofrnil, to

7S C1/ArA Wa 0. 251) stabi~ses
PMJ*Ctl1O SYIS? Whole Mach no.
104
A-15
APENDIX vm.-I
AMCP706-242
105-MM HE PROJECTILE, MX(XODIFIED)*
AJTHOWS)
E. T. Roecker; E. D. Boyer
REPORT BRL MR 929 (Ref. 85); BIL MR 1144
1955
DATE
TYPE Of TEST Free flight

Weigl*Ib
32.12
0.344
d,ft
,
D-mra. caa
CD..
1958
Free flight
-SI
0nt
o6
*.0**54.
Mach Na
u
c.9 ,I, wm fboo,,m
1.74
e,*-t 0.017
16e
ko,
0.95
0.7
CmD
10.2
Cm.
Cq4Chd
1.35
2.0
1.9
3.8W.1
4.960.13
3.85*0.05
-7.66t3.0
c~tcu
-6.9*0.7
-12.7*3.5
'Ltruasomic
-0.3d0. 25
0.55*0.07
CRoecker
{Varies malrkedly with yaw at subsonic and

speed*
0.0360.05
Boyer
cp
3.9*0.2
4.5*0.2
2.60.15
2. 1510.1
1.185
1lad
8.1*2.0
6.160.5
S1.
AMpI
0.380
,o.0,167
Peak
Susoi
Mach N-.
Ivk
3.4
.7
clbm fum boo

Suheeaienlly. CdiM an
with yaw.
0.150.47
0.63*0.16
0.29 44.57
0.9Se0.02
0.55*0.12
do vury markedly
Projectile is dyndcally unstable
at yaws loes than 3%
0.37
0.47*0.02
O. 3660.0Z
STABLE
STAB:.Z
See comment
A-16e4Te cylindrical body diameter was uadercut by .03 ich be increase the yaw.
11.
/
/
AMCP 706-?.42
"APPNDIX V1J.-G
"4.9-CALIBER PROJECTILE
AT TRANSONIC SPEEDS
REPORT
DATE
AUTMcs) L. E. Schmidt
TYR OF
BRL MR 824
1954
TEST Free flight
42.S
SWeigt,lb
ps Variable.
"=I fnrte
uzze V~oct ps Variabl
0.341
dft
0.314
V,wod/Col
..d O3
~IIZ
Dmwmians, calibeen
.6
,.005
Ma
*.05
0 0 0.
1.0
'.0
1.5
Nm
Subsonic
0.83
kcal
Pea
0.975
1.3
Used over whole Mach no. range
2.3*0.1
a. 10.1
CA,
4.4. 04
4.?*.04
4. 75.04
-1.8*0.8
-5.0*1.2
-3.5
-0.4*.05
-0. 1*0.1
-0.05
hco
3.0*0.o1
3.0*0.1
3.o0o0. 1
3.1*0.1
3. 0*0. 1
3.0*0.1
-0.6360.40
-1.7*1.4
0.4260.30
...
3
0.71
%(26%)
k0,Cal
Canwmnos
1.03
CL
1.5 2.0
0.345
(estimated)
C..'
CM
1.0
Muc. N.
Transorua,
M
0.5
Cip
*-
0.32&.01
UNSTABLE
0.33*.01
METASTABLE
0.33&.01
STABLE
6-
Wbs
m bma
A-i1
AMCP 706-242
APPEEDa VzIS-49
WU-M HE PROJECTULZ T91

L. C. MacAaUtet.w
AUTI4ORS
REPCM1 SRL Mit 990 (Rat. 3)

DATE
TYPE OF TES
19S6
Variable
hmuzlo bhlci4 fps

15nrah%rpe
1..
Free flisma
Variable
d~fr
0.292
Difmsamons, Caliber
so. 05---------.
A-
astdC
*0. 005%0
00
0.5
1.0
1.5-3:0-
MOAc NIL
5.9 louees
mmbou~c
Jibr91.9
03.5
0.7
0.0063
1.8
Z.7*0.
3.1*.1
Z7a0.
1. 1*. 1
3.10.1is
k ed
1.14
Values abown are for tracer a"s

imite* With tracer ignited. C N
weosced about M. C, is set
chmapd very wmuc; d4usn1c
stablity is Imspwcrad.
CO.
c )4
0.370
rj
0.95
Cgg
Cte
1.0
macb N0
IruAugtt 0.064S
IrV
16CO
Tmmmwcw
1.5
16*1.1
8*.5..5*1.0
-1.060.15
-
-0.9*0.3
-0.2*0.15
3.656.09
3.35*.15'
3.55&.05
CI,,
cP
~42~e~)Traiei
ala
(so.ba
Coefficlemt. vary with yaw.
S..BRL TN 1119 (Ret. U4)for
daft an varistiam.
qff--U3TABLE at all
blach no@. tested (0. 6 6 U 3. 0)
Tracer om--UUTA5L.0. 6CMAI. 6.
STASLEabov.e
1dw
s..
A-18
AMCP 706-242
APPENDIX V11I-1
EFFECTS OF HEAD SHAPE VARIATION
AU1ITHO()
E. R. Dickinson
REPORT
BRL MR 838 (Ref. 24)

1954
TYPE OF TEST Free flisht
SDATE
we,,h, lb
~ V.ocitfp.
Zn raej i
dft
U = 2.44
1_
- ,,.9
~m
oe b
-. 1
i a bm
various
9.47
14.20
18.94
37.88
R/kT
1.0
1.S
2.0
4.0
.*.0.006
Z.8d0. 1
2.7*0.1
.0416
.4..J.aI
.235*.007
2720
546
c.g. Io~im fmuon.

bmao~bws
S).
____
ZO5*.005
2.65*0.1
csS
m(come)
.210*.005
.217*.005
2. S5*0.1
2.560.1
Cost
10.0 for
all types
All values are

at M
3.0S*.05
2.936.0
Z. 82*.03
2. $7.0O
tethefradaa
R
RT is
2.71*.03
2.44
the radius of a tangent ogive, in calibers.
For this projectile RT = 9.47 calibers.
,,
A-19
AMCP 706-242
AP"3NDX Vm3-1
120-SM ME PROJECTILE, X73
SRL Rt 569
. PHichcckREPOR
AUTXW
1945
1. P HicbcckDATE
ALJHO~)
TYPE OF TEST Free FligU
-. I'
09'r~
WeigMIb~
50 (aoproX.)
0.392
.0d~ft
V, ud/ecd
0.209
M. T. M61 Fuxe
Dimnmonsa
wiAbsi
Jrdragor
.4
---
factor--------------
3I, iuwor-O
cqg. Ioction from haskakwi~bs
Subsonic
M
PO
6O
Tqmuonic
PekCcnuvmf
1. 2*0.17
CU.
CIA
CAS.
C1
-O.O1z5u 0008
Determined by averaging over

time itaervals As long as 60 sec.
CAW$ from hms
$do
A-20
AMCP 706242
APPNDIX VUI-X
CONE CYLINDER
AUTHOR(S)
BRL MR 759 (Ref. SZ)

1954
REPORT
DATE
L. E. Schmidt
Type 21
1b
..
".9
"
MUZ.Zl
solid bronze
0.382
Variable
jVo6ocjtyfps
iSpin rate, r" wriabi.

20nm
.0655
d'ft
0.Z
-V,md/cao
Dinmeiaon, calibers
A|Z.RL
MR 842
(Ref. 25)
56
CN3
N
Mochbasetb,,s
cq 60to fiv
Mach NO.
0r,.9+
kx,&.4t2 5.55xl0-6
1.65
keae6
kt, cal
0.330
57.zjdO-6
1.06
SubsTcic
0.8
1.25
1.9
Z.3
C%.
2.3U0.06
2.6*0.06
9. 7*0.1
1.9."06
Z.5*0.03
2.75A0.02
Z.3*0.04
2.3*0.02
c4c
- .3*3.1*
-9.0
C* .
-0.7*0.1
+0.25
Cs
-6.0 (from ct.rv*)
:,4.
0 (from curve)
+0.05
C,,
'1
8
2.7*.05
2.75*.0S
2.5*.05
2.45
2.6
a .75
3.24
2.33
0.87
0,
0.87
o,
0.65
0.98
0.98
0.36
0.31
0.90
0.43
.
Sd
S o
-.1
STABLE
UNSTABLE
I Positive values od CmtqM
.,
STABLE
STABLE
are reported for 3 rounds.
7-
calibers from base
Computed
foro
Curve
A-1
7&IACPAPPENDIX
EFFECT OF BOATTAILINO O C.
REP=R
&unlof(s) E. R. Dikno
I,
-. .
I."o
PART I
of adding to length of
-Effect
projectile. sad diminishing
the area of the base. by
_.04
;,i..
:....VI-'''ar
d z .0417 ft
Ocmuoi~ahibmr
sure
fta
0.42
0
4"
7019,
ISPL MR *62 (Ref. Ri)
1954
DTE
TYPE OF TEST. Free flight
Boattil Length, calibers

1.5
1.0
0.5
Base
C
at M
1.2
0.330
0,334
0.39
0.350
0.340
0.3S
0.288
0.27"
0.25f
0.398
0.31
0.3Z70
0.275
0.Zbi
40
0.234
715'
9.
0.246
0.21O
0.22
0. us
0.220
0.22
0,2*
0.372
0.376
9"
0.32
0.
atlM
I.&
4V
715'
9
M
C DoatM
0. U
0"
0.345*
0. 24
Z.4
The CDO values shown were read from the curves in MR 042. The scaMer
of the observations averaged about *0.005. Variatian i& surface finisk, by
affecting the boundary layer transition. may account for much of the scatter.
*The
9r. T"5 caliber boattall was a dynamically unsatale configuratina; these
data are for a 9,
1.25 caliber boattal.
A-22
a-..
sllg
-.
APPNDVIX VIU-L
AUn.5a(S)
C.96
REPORT
E. R. Dickinson
.-2-ej
1.4
PART II
of increasing the length of the
-aa Ithe
(Pusher
j5 LS l.
base, while keeping the overall

length of the projectile constant.
d= .0655 it
sabot)
20mm
Boattail Length, calibers
Square Base
1.0
1.5
0.243
0.237
0.224
0.216
0.207
0.19'
0.179
0.169
0.165*
0.151
0.144
0.5
Angle
0"
BRi. MR 842 (RWt. Z5)
1954
DATE
ME OF TEST Frec 'light
-AEffect
boattail. and diminishing the area of
- =variable
Boattail
AMCP706-242
(c.
EFFECT OF BOATTAILING ONf
0.956.Sb CDo a MU
2.4
V
?6
CDO at
3.Z
0.208
0"
4.
Do
"C
0"
4.
at M
4.0
0.172
The C
values shown we:-e read from the c,rves in MU. 842. The scatter
of the observations averaged about *0.003.
Estimated effect of adding a driving bacd (rotating ring) is to add 0.01, or
less, to the values shown assumniug-that the band does not extend to within
less tha, 0.25 calibers of the b ttaii.
*These values were read irerm an nterpclated curve.
A)
&.
-~
-~~fA
I
AMCP 706-22
AmsWMIx VI.-|
EFFICT OF DOATTAIL ON Cb AT
DATE
.h.ali '
2.44
1945S
()Of TEST
Frec flight
71L725'
Dkn--.-o,
lbe --
d z 0.0417 ft
Ma 2.44
Base Ar-a
Frontal Area
1.0
CDO
CF.,,
Boattail Length, calibers

0.5
1.5
Square .ee
0.76
0.39
o 263
0.248
0.228
a..0Z7
*.004
*.005
6.7
5.1
4.5
A44
C/O
APPZXIWXZ VIII-N
MODEL OF 17S-MM PROJECTILE, T203

BRL. )AR 956
REPWE
B. G. Karpov. K. S. Kvia1
1955
DATE
and B. Hull
TYM OF TEST Free flight
w0-M
AUTHOft&)
Weight, lb
V*6ityf;,
A~~lo
5
5 - a'
Variable
"p
in rat#6
d~ft
.14.
.:..
CD.
Wmd/cal
Variable
0.*295
UTW(For standard 175mm.
*.05
Mach No.
c~g., locati
fnom boss~calbm
shg.t
1.94
16 ,cal
hN
.0075
IAlu'jt2
0.356
kt, ca
.0535
0-952
Caonwinsk
Truranric
AMCP 70&242
151.52.6
CO
5.8
Ce1.4*.08
4.75*-OS
CAI
C4L
* cmv,
7.8
0.286.15.
1.8
5.8
3.06.05
3.5*.05
4.3
3.75
-8.0
.6.7*, 35
0.28
0. 19*.04
3.25
Z.95
1.65
1.90
* .P4.7
1.48
60
mgfo
colculated withv
0.314
Projectile isdynamnica11y stable over

this range of Mach nmubers when fired
from,a gum with 1:20O twist (Wea 0.314).
* *~
*1
A-RB
AMCP706-242
APIRm vintX
REPCOR
AUTHoCS) B. G. Kap,. K. s. Ka
YPE OF TEST
Woight, ib
1-
1955
Free flight
21.21x
.n rVar,bx.
M~z~ ~oi~
Variable_
Muzle
--I
3--5.,
SRI. )R 956
DATE
ad B. Hull
d~ft
r0,19or 0.251
Dkmmkwmk caldiet
A.--.O-
.4
, :-
::
*.0 C
"
0ou
2
C.g
m.
Mach NM
bInmmwfrm.
Mach Na
as
IWkV-t
.006
Ir AV+*
16CI
0.340
kto
1.2
1..
Z.6
5n
.5
5.5
5.8
CL.
Z.3
1.9S
3.S
Cm.
3.0
3.1*.05
Z. U.02
-9.7*0. 1
-9.5
0.18
0.16
0. 16,.OS
2.98
2.e0
Z.60
frm ba
2.37
2.30
Z.S2
Ad withW
-9
CMO,
.054
,.o1.065
CI
CI
0.314
PrJojctile is dynamicaLly samle over
this raage of Mach numbers whes fired
dM)a g.m With 1:20 twi.t (P 0.314).
A-)
"APENDIX
AUTHO(S)
AMOP 70o&242
VU11-0
.7.2-INCH SPINNER ROCKET, T99

REPORT SRL R. 572
T. kkilperi.
1945
DATE
Weightlb
(mode.)
e.*d,ft
-~
H-
j, Fad/Cal
____
0.0655
-r 3
Dimesos calibers
Mach NM
cig.I location fnom bas~ccAlbers
various
"''
Mach NM
IY,AQ*-Et
6aktCl
Transoric
11
CLO
2. 7*0. 03
CM.
cu.
A-27
O_
AMCP706-242
APIP2rDnX vm-w
S-CALIBER A-N SPINNER ROCKET
KNHO~S
BRL R 876 (Red. 49)

1953
lYPEOFTEST Free flight
Intermediate e. g. location
H-S.
-
REPORT
DATE
C. H. Murphy and
L. E. Schmidt
WsigIIb
Variable
d,ft
zrp
1.04&~
.6
.4-
c~g
lo
MCAc Na
MCAc NM
ian
b0@%h.~Cijbe
ka6COf
#A
1.3
C0.
CL.
Me
CN,
A-R8
0.340
Z.5wd
7.9*1.5
6.6*2. 3
6.9*8. 4
2. 1*0. 1
2.5s*0. 1
Z.9*0.lIS
3.95*.05
3.S0*.O5
3.3S*.0S
-12.5*0.5
-11.5
0.43*.06
0. 19*. 08
0.19
-. 0136.001
.. 011*.0Ol
-. 010*.001
3.5*0. 1
3. 3*0. 1
3. 0&0.1
GUNA
-0.35
-0.30
-0.15
ap~r~Mate
-13.5*1.5
ItC,
1.8
2~ua-t
Irlklguft2
1.96
frMM bm
kj Cal
1.19
PMIIYJ6'
REPORT BRL MR 775 (Rel. 53)
L. E. Schmidt and
"C.H. Murphy
1954
DATE
TYPE OF TEST Fro* flight
Type 2 model: intermediate c.g. locatioa
W oV*h,lb
7.0~
0.33
jM~ca~fps
I.0
Variable
d(onrt
z Omm
.065s5
0.63
S".mdh'al
8I
(Pusher sabot)
c.iers
Ditm
b
C*~1
2,
DO
-L
IPA
-6
Subsoric
1.48
1.28
1.01
6.6*1.3
7. 1UO. 8
C.
2.0*0.05
2.060.1
2. z
Ce
5. U40.1
S.7*0.1
6.2
-19*1
-25
-0.3S*0.1
+0.40
S-0.40*.05
Comnmsens
Fbak
0.8
-211
koc
0.364
Cal
CIF
M
MacA No.
5,76lI&6 ;,Skbr*2gr
k,$ft 2
2.96
Mach No.
c.9. location fnmm basscalibern
Change due mainly to change in mapus c.p.
-0.019
C,,
-0.0Z,,.0005 -0.021*.00o
o.
5.4*.05
S.35*. 05
5.3
6.060.1
5.6d0.1
5.0
-0.26
-0. 2060.13
0.78
eMovingthe C.g. forward 0. acalibers

makes this shape stable at Mach numbers
greater than 0.9.
-0.o)
-.0.460.31
0.95
Ido
*9
L.*
76-C242
AM
APPWIDIX VUQ--Q
7-CALIBER A-W SPINNER ROCKET
0.1?
UNSTABLE
- .......
....
0.16
UNSTABLE*
..... ..
.. .
..-,...
bane
mb
0.20
STABLE
.- .
..
.
...
A-4
.,
.,o.*
..
.....
..-
_.,,
__
__
,.
__ .. _
__.. __. __
AMV 11 706-242
APPENDIX VUI.-1
7-CALIBER A-N SPISNER ROCKET

C.OH. Murpihy asw
REPOR
BLSIMI 76 (Re(. 49)
L. E. Schmidt
DATE
1953
AUTHlO~S)
Iuermediate c.g. location
W~iVariabbe
JL
Variable
Cb/CAI.-
*.,,
-.4
0 3
~~~
c,
*
.CUd,
*~
1.8
2.5
12. 0*4. 5
6.6*1.5
6.9*2.3
2.2*0.15
2.5*0. 1
2.8*0. 1
6.2*05. " 05
68*0
CA%.
c p
C1.
.6
.*0
05
Z".2*. s
31.5*1.0
O.40k.08
0.50*0O.1I2
0. 70*. 05
-. 016*.001
-. 014it.001
5P. 460. 1
5. 4k0.15
5. 15*0.05s
-0.10
.0.50
-0.40
.01916.001
-C
M a
b a
1. 74
c~r*n
So,
1.3
CA62.5
C4C
~CL41
1.3
45
*b5 3
1.8
26
-33*0.5
Sf!MM
appw.'AM-te
All Seat rounds were dy&amically stable; a 'k1.s.
bo
2.5
110,
APIN
IX.I
..
A M(RT70 &@
2a
AM B I vtV111 -- M
9-CALIBER A-N SPINNER ROCKET
REPORT BRIL R 87. 0tf. 49)
19S3
DATE
TYPE OF TEST
Free fLigh
intermediate c.g. location
C. H. Murphy and
AUTHORS)
L. E. Schmidt
9W0i-,Ib
Variable
~iIociyf~s
l~na.
L
Variable
"d,ft
z,,rad/cai
i 'a, otibr
Dinmuians ca"Mg
:.015 o. 4
CA
1 1
11 1
0
co
Moch NOr,.+2
iJ
N.
Mach
3.95
mba@%uoiw
ai fm
k&c i
0.347
1.8
1.3
.5-
5.9:6.3
7.467.S
Z.3
.5
Z.6
9.5
Z.9
10.0
-50*3
-72*4
-74*8
C,. i,.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
Cip
-. 024*.001
-. 021*.001
-. 0166.002
c~p.
7.05o.os
7.1*.o
7.170.1
1.40
1.35
0.84
0."8
uC
.6*3.0
CA#.140
*C 4 C ~
,"Sd1.14
b021*o)
0.98
JM.,
LS
4.
.t
-to(t
2.S
-14
C, 1
.str4.o
ai
"
.408"
s froms
edoeo
Dynamica1y GtabUe (at zero yaw) at a11 3 MacA roo.

*C%
,.30
Homogeneous models
U
M
yaw vuee
when 88a 1. a.
La4i
also a function of yaw, increasing in magnitude.
A-Si
APPENDIX YII-4
7O-CALIDSR CONE CYLINDER
AMW*P708242
AUTHOdS) E. D. Buyer
REPWR
DATE
BRL MR lJSI (Rat. 17)

1960
-a-..

Forward c.g. configuration
Variable
Sityfps
Idft
yrd/ca
"V,
zo0mm
.0655
0.63
Pusher sabot
10
0 1a
Susoi
Phk
0.6
Suson
CL.
2.3*0.15
2 3*0.15
Co
7.85S0. 2
9. 15*0. a
-42*5
'".
-4565
-0. U0. 10.8,
-. 0326.0003
&..027*.00S
&60.
oz
7. &o.z
2
3.6d0.1
3.0*0.05
8do
-0.7560.23
-0.13*0.15
2. 1&0. a
-0. 30&0. 34
_.
A-a
0.33
UITABLE
at yaw@ lse ha S*
UMSTABLE
at Mall yaw$
Ci
-C2,
'
b
from bm
calculd at zero yaw
Z.g
1.96
kt, Ca
0.361
______
11. 2 (estimated)
I.
1.3
S.8
....... .
,IeskV+
.250
AMC? 706-242
APPZNDIX Vln--T
105-MM BEAT PROJECTILE, T171 (MODIFIED) *

U. J* Fdd
\AUHO6)
REPORT SBRL MR IZS (Ra.
91)
1959
DATE
w V,,lb
/I-
17.54
0.344
d,ft
W~, mad/cal
Six-finned, end-plated tail
Dimesions, caliber
-4
9.
No.
Mochb,,,:,e,
owton frm
3.22
Mach N&
IlUg
o.fto
0.0072
kqal
0.341
,.
0.08o
.l
1.17
coo
2. S6o. Z" No significant
Ct.
5 rounds
v riation
with
Mach
Cm.
-Z8i7.S
c.ck
number
14 rounds
CAS.
CIP
= m fnm bm,
*..
Sta instability (C
expected at about
sdo
T
t4
W.
IA-=
0) is to be
z.
3-
he) &is*of the yaw for the rounds. t.e., anged from about 0.5 to
e.
*Modified by eUmhiating the wrench lots in the forward sectioa of th noso.
--
AMCP76-24
WKKMORTAR PROJECTILE, T24
REPOR
AUTHOJS) Z. D. Boy*,
BRL MR 1020 (1.1.
Waig~itb
-O
tm*Z~ps
nazI
~i
LO
L.~*=:'L
500
ls ta Ir
ft0.119?
I IA
MNm
S.9sz10T
2.Ju~
Nmc
la~. s~.Bma3.61
c~g uss
______
1.36p
0.347
TrercCci
&N*
Peak
Suac
6?)
1956
Free fligh
DATE
TMP OF TWS
1f
.361.0
'45' 1
CLO
Cx
C0
.2.1*0.05
14c
s-S*
.20 (approx.)
CUP.
C,
mm,
fiseutt
with the aft sections of the

am.
A7rsde
4
me et .
ca a&
o" r m&eff e t o c a t t p t o V) o nd r a., lift o rpit chi ng wmo
l&
i neN
moei.am4qwO*4
A44W
fa, c
with n Io
APPZJWIX VUS.-V
105-M MORTAR PROJECTILE, T53

AUTHORS)
M. J. Piddingtoa
REPnR BRL MR 1354
".DATE
1~961
TYPE OFTESr
Free flight
"'Wei*,lb
Z3.35
-a
a
1-.,W
0-4
AMCP 706-
8.03
-Variable
fps....
cld,ft
.7
IT
9Z
344
0.08
rod/Cal
.o
0 16
Dimwom, calib:rs
I T
*005 CO.
C.4-
oS
.. ...
0
I11
m .-
1.75
Mch No
Cg. loation fnm bo,%
,,
y.,,t
4.87
Subsorc
8
72
C,,
3.0 *0. Z
meak
C.34a
1.64
-.
-3.5
3i. * 0.1 at sero spin
CM6l4,
0.53
otl
0,345
T Ca
M
Mach N&
0.011
4.2v
-55 *S
, 4.. 0.3 atsero spin andyaw
..
-ZS
3854'
C'
=
.0.PA
= 0.08
S
g
ado
4-
- 0.16
-0.045A.001 -0.1656.005
-Z.25.43
00.
-3.06.S7
from bom
effective squared yaw

For Stability at nearly zero yaw.
iV should not exceed 0. 11 (45 rp* at
V 90f fps)
S(COmputed
""L
.-.
Z.O.S
-
00
STABLE
fromn coefficients
-6.0S,..2
tabulated above)
UNSTABLE (but STABLE gg about ft. .094 rad 5.5s.)
A8
APPIJDIX VUI-W
57-XM HEAT PROJECTILE, TISSEIS
AMCP 706-242
AMINO
BERL MR 111Z (Ret. 3S)

19S7
DATE
M OF TEST Free flight
REPORt
C. P. Saa
#4az=i
6.45
kI,*1L.t
Weight, lb
jscity fps
Izoo
dft
.
w
0.187
.d/wi
-6,1
.4I
0
Mach N&
. lom,,U barn bo..iw
Moch No
T0ea
subscric
M
0.95
.0103
1.86
kt, Cd
C~mms
1.06
0. ss4US1.o07
10.0
0.343
Trawaic
0.6
.o003S 5kl41,
,l4jt
4,.95
C4.
2.6* 0.8
3.6* 1.2
3.1 60.3
1Cil
.6.4*0.3
-8.561.5
-6.0*0.3
The large variation fa CMG may be du* to
.62*9
-7%8
Yawad to dual fko.
C,
.4
70,10
S,.0.05*0.0S
Cop
Computed from curve; fin aaymmetry ca
nullify skin fricWd/.
CAM, fmr bom
8,1
d..
A-M
*C AMyUai
body uanderct 0.22 inch a lacros,
yaw level (Ito abt
3").
7/
APSNJDIX VnlZ-X
um,
mu~t
-UN HNRAT PROJECTILE, TIOS
AUTHORS)
. . Kazrpo
REP=E
DATE
vm--zAMCP 70W24
.- DRJL MR 696 IV.,(. 4?)

1953
d, ft
.4
-Ikt
"-
24o. s
-0
jirid"a
.8
w-
0.9
Ao I
Mach Noac
Cag.
lomtion EImr bms~coib.r
6.21
r~...~
k -At
&*Sm:_
Tmmonic
73.0
*O.S
CaI
-6.5
Ca,
0-120 , 10
Cft
See curve
.
.-
--.
* hAon
,calibers
-z.0
-1.1*0.4
/r
0048 Mach No.

.350
kta
.143
.1.91
4M CP 706-242
AWINDZX Ykfl..y
90KM NEAT PROJECTILI, TIOS
AUTHRLO.
andIt.H.
J.Ros
Kiegr.
RpM
RLMR 763 (Rat. 9 3);
AUT~~~~OR~~~s)J-.DR
J.Rn
n t *Kigw
Ax. 1076 (Ref. 41)
R-. Pisiai and L. C. MscAUIistr
DATE
1956; A95
E OF TEST wio tunnel; Free gli~ht
to fTYP
d. It (w-tniod.)
Dkum~n"% calibmr
77---
No.
C06D
-*[-I I. I
__
MTN
o- y . aflII
03.0
Mc~h
CM,
7.13
(apptoz.)
-8.3,-&
(------.
bod
R.aciim t boom lath
bIA
1.5clbv
3ii
2.8
Inca
br75
ale
3p.0
(a01
(ahpprox.)yrnde
Ia.d
also b".1d LU.

Ts
lci.bcoe
Free nightg
relaion
paLsjymUa
b,
a.118
AMCP706-242
APZXEDIX VIU--Z
10-CALIBER ARROW PROJECTILE

L. C.
AUTHOR(S)
BILR 934 (Ref. 89)

1955
REPR
acAl.iater
DATE
- Ai
7o
l.
9I~b
fps
T_____
A4=6
d~ft
,u/cai
ji,
Variable
Variable
.066
__
Cruciform tau
8% thick wedge fins. not canted
Dinmakm, caibtm
0
1.0
.*01
-20
C0k4
.
.4 0.5
1.0
-50
1.5 2.0
1.1
Tfamo*nnaci
.5l
Io
1 askag+
1.8
2.4
CL.
C
z1*3
12*,
8.5*0.5
CA.
.42,0.S
-21*0.5
-1260.s
CMCL
4
220*50
.1'M
Z.5
Mach No
@.im
~
C.g. ioaation ha bIk~a
30
--
90*50
#&cb
Z70*50
C,,
Imam
.9
2.1
2.1
z.6
mmmm bm
L3 .,g-t
AMCP 706-242
APNND IX IX
TRAJECTORY 10ROGRAM IN FORTRAN LANGUAGE

ODIMENSI 0CoO(9,2), M( 2)
tom
~
I FORM4AT (
F7.3 F6.2)
F.,80F..63F6.2
F1:2
~HT
6
1F6171F63 F8.3,F6.3,F6.3.F8.1d
9 FORMAT
10 FORMAT F8. 6F7.1I
7 FU~t~T 12H5
100 READ I
READ 6 D ZT WTO,WTB SPIS,SBT OE VO
READ 6' IFFFI4,CD0~,IWI Sr,CLP)IRT .RGA,RGT,OTE.DTL.DTh.ZO.TEHP
DO 1111-1 9'
,o(,)XCC,)CAI2
11 READ 9
pitINUT
PRINT 7
READ I
PRIO
20
21
22
23
191
__
PRINT 9,FFD,FFN.X,F~A,RGT,D
PAUSE
if (SENSE SWITCH 1) 21.22
AEPT 6 QE SOT
IF (SENS& SWITCH 2) 23 26
ACCEPT 6, FFI), V0,DTL,6TTM
26 READ I
--
PRINT I
PRINT 6,WTO,V0,SPIS.SBT,DTh4,7WIST,Qf
READ
PRINT I
PRINT 60W~fB.-.EMP,DTTL,DE,COA2,CLP
PRINT 7
flIST - 0.0
IF -(WTG-WTS) 29 29 96
96 THS7n(WrO-NTB)1'SPiSnST
DWSTHSTI( 32.17*SP IS)
1 4 59.*TEHP)
Z18(
T 11 1!R
29*A
i(TEMPR*0.5)
ff00 - .OOI189*TEkfR
PRINT 10. RHOOS. VAO
PRINT 7
(CS
PAUSE
~~"~"'
IF (SENSE SWITCH 4) 20.97
-rw. x Dist v co :mADccm&S
97 READ I
PRINT 1
'Thck.&Z *rhftst DvjYAWi mosh Sm
READ I
PRINT 1
PRINT 7
0.0
PlINT?
Tilt 0.0
X a 0.0
01ST -0.0
A-40
4,L
wv"
~a
FAPPZIDIX
IX (uiWt'4)
QE
TNT
ZF mZO
S a .7854.'O*fl
Pt4ASS - WTO/32.17
THETA - . 1745329*QE
V a VO
*
*C
'IF(TWIST)30,31,30
RGA**4/(4.O*RHO054SO1IGT**2)
30 SGC GNU - 6.2832/TWIST
YRC - 32.17*1lGA**2/(RHOOStS)
END OF INITIALIZATION
31 IF (Z-30000.) 32,33,33
32 RHO - EXPF(-3.2E-O5'Z)
GO TO 34~
33R4O -a .3828*XPF(-k.6E.O5*(Z-3OOOO.))
3 IF (Z-36500.) 35.36 636
35 VM -V/(VAO-(VAO-97 .)*Z/3650O'.)
GO 0O37
36 VM -V/970.
.37 IF (COO(9.1)-Vm)
38 CO isC00C9,2)
GO TO 43
39 Im2
IF (01FF) 4
38,38,39
1,2
40 TO 43
1.2 1-1+1
GO
.3CO
IF
11, IF
TO '.0
-FFD*CD
(TWIST)'44.95 4 44
(CMA(9,1)-V1
15 CM a CMAC9,2)
I~
45,45,.46
GO TO 50
47 01FF - VM4-CMA (1.1)
49
IF (01FF~ 5e8
J18 cm - C10 I,2j4 01EFF*(CMA(i.2)-CMC1.12))/(CMACI.1)-M(I-l.1))
GO TO 50
49 1-1+1
GO TO 1i7
SG a SGC*(GNUI*2)*PMASS/(ftHD*CM)
IF (SG-1.O) 51,51,53
NTBE
52FORMiT (I-,O
[CD
Co D 02YR*
95 GACC - -632. 1751 ?F(THETA)

WAG - Rj400SAW4*(VO*2)*S*CO
CAC (THST-OWA)/IPYSS
ACC -
AMCP 70&-242,
AMCP 706-242
ArNDwX 1Z Owedma)
OT 7* DTL/(ACC*ACC)*IOTE
IF (T-.CTM)
60,60.59
59 DT - 0TM
60 IF (SENE SWITCH 1) S7,55
55 PINTT - PINTT-1.0
IF (PINTT) 57 57 56
56 IF (THT*THETA5 76.70,58
70 ZF a ZT
57 PRINT 6.TIME.X,DISTVCOCH,RHC.PM&SS
PRINT 6. THETAZTHST,DRAG,YRVH,GNU,SG.DT
PINTT .*PINT
IF (SENSE SWITCH 2)54.58
54. ACCEPT 6,DTL OTh
58IF (TIME-SBTi 62 61 .61
R6.
60,1 IF (TStm)6164,
PMASS - M/332.17
6O TO 57
62 IF (TINE4OT-SBT) 69.68,68
6Q OT - DTM14.0
SPMASS-Pl4ASS-0MASS*DT
OWG - DRAG*(I.O.2.0*ACCIAOT/V)
ACCT - GACC + (THST-OM.A)IMAsSS
"VAR - V.+(ACC.ACCT)*OT1 .0
DS - VBAWVT
V - 2.0*VAR - V
DIST w DIST + OS
TIME m TIME + DT
T"? = THETA
THBAR - THETA - 16.090KOF(TI4ETA)'OTIWMIA
X a X 4 DS*COF( ISAR)
Z = Z +OS*SINF(THBAR)
THETA - THETA - 32.I7*COSF(THBM)'mDT1VSAR
O3W - GI" 1.0 ,((ORAGiCLP/(PNASSICftRGA**2))-ACCT)iIOT/V)
C
UfST FOR END OF TRAJECTORY
IF(Z-ZF) 67 67.31
67 DS -(ZT-V)A'NFOMETA)
TONE - TIME + OS/V

X -(I + OS*COSF(THETrA))/3.2S1
THETA - THETA/.0175.5329
READ
PRINT I
PRINT 6. TIME, X. V. THETA. 61W. SC
PAUSE
If (SENSE SWITCH 4) 20,1W0
END
SW I 0WOR SYlEOL TABLU
FF Ratio of drgcefiin
curve to typical
cure
FFZatioof dtatcmen
coefficient curv typical
e to
in inmv
"on,."I
TYPE identification of typical dral an wome Curve La emey
0
*~A-42
RG Iransvers* adu of gyration, calibers

Xuxism body diamieter, ft
AMCP 706-242
APRIDIX IX (ca.td)
Prnjectile weight at launch, lb

WTO
VO
Projectile velocity at launch, fps
SPIS Specific impulse of rocket fuel, sec
SST
Rocket motor burning time, see
TWIST Twist of rifling, calibers per turn
nE
Quadrant elevation, deg
WTR
Projectile weight at rocket burn.4t, lb
7.0
Elevation of launcher, ft
ZT
Elevation of target, ft
TEMP Air temperature at launcher, 2'-F
C002 Yaw-drag coefficient, per rad
CLP
Roll dampin moment coefficient
OTL
of expression used to compute time intervals
0umerator
DTE
Exponent in expression used to compute time intervals
OTH
Maximum length of time interval permitted
PINT Number of time intervals between automatic print-outs
COO I',1 Element of mach no. column in drag coefficient table
COD I12I Element of drag coeff. column in drag coefficient table
CMA 1,1) Element of mach no. column in moment coefficient table
C14A1(,2) Element of static moment coeff. column in moment coeff. table
THST Rocket thrust, lb
DOASS Rate of change of projectile mass, slugs/sec
TEMPR Ratio of std. absolute temp.to absolute temp.of air at launcher
VAG
Sea level (Z-0) vel. of sound in air at temp.of air at launcher
RH4005 .. ne-half air density at sea level at air temp.at launch, slugs/ft 3
X
Horizontal distance from launcher in range direction, ft
DIST Arc distance along trajectory, from launcher, ft
THT
Variable carrying sign of traj.fngle at beginning of time interval
S
Frontal area of projectile, ft.
PMASS
THBAR
THETA
V
SGC
GNU
YRC
Z
RHO
VM
Co
0
CM
SG
YR
PINTT
TIME
GACC
RAG
ACC
ACCT
OT
VUMR
DS
Projectile mass, slugs

Trajectory angle at middle of time interval, radians
Trajectory angle at end of time interval, radians
Projectile velocity, fps
Constant in computation of gyroscopic stability factor
Spin of projectile, rad/cal
Constant tn computation of yaw of repose, ft 2 / slug . sec 2
Altitude of projectile, measured from sea level, ft
Ratio of air density at altitude to density at sea level
Mach number
Drag coefficient
Mach
eFF no.difference from tabular value, for interpolation in table
Static moment coefficient, per radian
Gyroscopic stability factor
Yaw of repose, radians
Counter for automatic print-out
Elapsed time since launch, sec
Projectile acceleration along trajectory, due to gravity, ft/sec2
Drag, lb
Proj.acceleration along traj.at beginning of time ft/sec"
interal, ft/ see 2
ProJ.ac.eleration along traj.at end of interval,
Length of time interval, sec
Average velocity over time interval, fps
Arc distance traveled during time interval, ft
A-43
"AWI(P706442
REFERENCES
Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md, NAVORD Re
Goneal
1. R. II. Powler, E. G. Gallop, C. N. II. lock and
11. W. Rlichmond,-' The Aerdynamirs of a

Spinning Shell," Phil. Tran. Roy. Soc. (London) (A), 221, 295-387 (1920).
2. H. P. Gay, .Notes on the Weights of Guns.
Mortam, Recolless Weapons and Thi Am-.
msition, BRL Memorandum Report 1360,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1961.

3 H. P. Gay and A. S Elder, The Lateral Motion
of a Task
and Its Bled on the Accuracy
of Piro, BEL Report 1070, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1959.
4. J. L Kelley andW
E. .
o 0thane,
W Notion
Pot
* Teow, BEL Report 446, Aberdeen Proving
Ground,
Md.; .1944.
R.
3. H. Kent and IL J. MeShane, As Bloswne
Treatment of tW Motion of 6 Spiening Projectile About Its Center of Oravity, BEL Re-
port 459, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1944.

6. C. G. Maple and J. . Synce, "Aerodyuamic
Symmeby of Projectiles," Quart. App. Meek,
Vol. Vi, No. 4 (1949).
7. X.J. MeShane, J. L Kelley and F. Reno, Exwteor

Bandie, University of Denver Prew
Denver, Colo., 1953.
8. J. von Neumann and 0. Korgenm Thror,
of 0ome sod Zcenenwe Behavior, Princeton
University Pm. Prineeton, N.J. 1958.
9. J. D. Nicolaides and L. C. MaeAfiltr, "A Review of Aerobalflitic Range Research an
Winged and/or Finned Niidle," 3d Noey
tmpe -m
on Aerobelict, Applied Phyaics
10 port 5338, 1954.
S0.
TxST,252, U.. Army Ordnance
School, Aberdee P1ro, U.
. AGoud
Md.alm
available from Clano
freral
e
aatisb and Terhnioallnforuation,Fpral 8.,
V as PB 181465.
V1. aWPB 181465.
31. W. Pobi Phyuical Pfvdusepe of Mechanics
ood Amties. Tramnlated by W. M. Deale,

Blachie & 8on.Ltd, Iandan 1M
I. a. C. H. Murphy, The Pree Plight Motion of

Symetric Mi'sl, BEL Report 1216, Aberdam Proving Ground, Md, 16.
b. X. H Kreiger, Addrest Delvered Before the
Caommit"
n Pin-Otabilid Amuntion at
Pica"mnm Arsenal o.15 Setember 195, BIL
Technical Note 962, Abrdan Proving Groud,

Md, 195
Estimation and Kamalrmaf f Autetdynmk Ce.

ekimsb
13. 3. Bluestone, Plexb Noeo Tuneel No. S,
Mae Dei" Criteria ond unn Operating
Conditions (BRL SuprOni WiAd Tunl),
BRL Memorandum Report 711, Abeden Prov.
ing Ground, Md., 15.
14. W. K. Buford and IL Shatouof, The ZEeie
of iinenxes Ratio and Mfeak number em the
Norml Yorm and Cene of Presaw of
Conoia end O l Need Bmodie, BDL Memo.
randum Report 760, Abeden Proving Ground,
Md, 1954
15. W. I. Darnow, "Nonea4tdi Supterms Flow
IW1
NUP 706-242
REFERENCES (coat'd)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
About Pointed Bodies of Revolution," J.

Aeronaut. Sci. 18, 505 (1951).
H. R. Kelley, The Esimatioi of Ncrrnal Force
and Pitching Momea Coellcientt for Blunt
Base Bodies of Revolution at Largc Angles of
Attack, Naval Ordnance Test Station Teck'nical
Memorandum 998, China Lake, California,
1963.
.1. C. McMullen, Wind Tunnel Testing Facilities at the Ballistic Research Laboratories,
IIRL Memorandum Report 12912, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md., 1960.
4'. 11. Murphy, The Measurrment of Nonlinear
Forces and Moment, by' Mean of Free Plight
Tests, BRL Report 974, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1956.
W. K. Rogers, Jr., The Transonie Free Plight
Range, BEL Report 1044, Ab-e-rdeen Proving
Ground, Md, 1958.
N. Simmons, Simplifud Methods for Estimat.
ing Static Stability of Air and Underwater
Projectiles,A.D.E. Project Note 21, Fort Halstead, 1952. See alm: A.D.E. Technical Report
3-54, 1954.
R. M. Wood, Quick Methods for Estimating the
Stati Aerodynamic Coeficients of Shell, BRL
Memorandum Report 854, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md.. 1A
e
o
Drag
22. A. C. Charters and R. II. Kent, The Relation
Between The Skis Friction Drag dud the Spin
Reducing Torque, BUL Report 287, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Md, 1942.
23. A. C. Charters and R. A. Turetaky, Deterwiina.ton of Base Pressure fro, Pree-Flight Data,
BEL Report 653, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., 1948.
24. R. R. Dickieson, Some Aerodynamic Elects of
Bad Shape Variation at Mach Number I",
BEL Memorandum Report 838, Aberdeen
25. R. R. Dickinson, The ,lect of Boattaihno on
the Drag Coofficient of Cone-Cylieder Priwjec
acties, BEL MNewm .
tile at SuperoicVl
3.2
dur Report 84Z Aberdeen Proving Ground,

Md., 1954.
26. T. Ilailperin, Comparison of Boat-tail end
Square Bae: Part 1, BRL Memorandum Beport 347, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1945.
27. S. F. HorrDer, Fluid-Dynamie Drag, Published
by the author, 48 Busteed Dr., Midland Park,
N.J., 1958.
'28. L. C. MacAlliater, The Dragof a 1g Scale Model
of the 3000-tb. Bomb M118 from a Mach Numbe of 0.7 to 1.2 as Obtained from Preg Flight
Firings, BRL Report 927, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1955.
Z9. C. T. Odom, A Drag Coefficient of HS DM11
for the New Borin of FPidd Ar"T4"
Weapos,
BRL Memorandum Report 1013, Aberdeen
30. G. I. Taylor and J. W. Maceol, "The Air Peesure on a Cone Moving at High Speeds," Proc.
ROY. Soc. (London) 1I9, 278 (1933).
31. N. Teteriin, Approximate Analysis of Efect
onDrab of Truncating the Conical Nos of *
Bod Of Revolution is Supersonic Plow, NOL
Technical Report 62-111, Naval Ordnane Lab.
orator White Oak, Md, 1962.
32. R. N. Thomas, Some Comments on the Form of
the Drag CoefSfcient of Supersonic Vlocity,
BEI, Report 542, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., 1942.
DalFo
:13. B. G. Karpov and M. J. Piddington, Bleet on
Drg of Two Stable Plow ConfigratimOver
the Noe Spike of the 90-mn T316 Proetile,
BEL Technical Note 955, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md, 1954
34. A. S. Platon, Boy Moe She, foe* Obtaining
High Stti Stabilih,BRL Memorandum Re.
port 592, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md&, 1952.
35. a. C. P. Sabin, rkh Aerodnammie p
ies
of i spl.s-NO
SheUl at Traenie Veloitied,
BRL Mmorandum Report 1112, Abedmee
b. I. H. KA.ie, paper prme d at tAe Fin.
AMCP 706-242
REFERENCES (cont'd)
Nltalili=n Asuimusaitkio Symtupnium, P'wratimly
Arwu',sal, W.21 Octobrr W565.
Magma Force."
"K
Dynamic StablUty
46. U. X. Dos and J. D. Nicolaides, A Method of
bet etumimg lows Aerodynwm~ Cooffi~e'st
from Supersonic Free Plight Tests of a HollMistie, BRE Report 711, Aberdeen Prov-
Nmsg
.36. &. R. Benton, "Supersonic Magnus Effects on

a Finned Missile," AIAA Joural, January
1964.
37. L. D. Boyer, Pree Plight Range Tests of a 10calber Cone Cylinder, BRL Memorandum Report 1258, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1960.
.18. W. . Buford, Magnus Effects in as Cae of
Rotating Cylinders and Shell, BRL Memorandum Report 821, Aberdeen Prnwing Ground,
Md., 1954.
39. U. I. Kelley, An Analytical Method for Pre.
detiang the Magnus Porem and Moments on
Spmnning Projectile, Naval Ordnance Test Station Technical Memorandum 1634, Chins Lake,
Californa 1954.
40. J. C. Martin, On Magns Elects Coawed by !he
Boundary Laaye Dispacement Thickness on
Bedi" of evolution dt SmalU Asgde of At.
tack, BRL Report 870 (Revised), Aberdeen
41. R. Pixiali and L. C. MacAllister, Elect of
4A1.
B
Torqua on
Yaw Dampinl of thre
9as
Trque94 Shell BEL
m,
misngofu
m Bhe90-mm T106,45 SAhed,BrigMemorandum Md"1port
9
O76, Abeeen Prvig G
lid.,
1967.
42. A. S. Platou and J. Sternberg, The Magnus
SCharacteristic of a 0-mm Aircraft Bullet,
Md., Im6.
43. A. S. Pltou, The Magnus Paores on& Short
Body at Suprsonic Speeds, BRL Report 1062,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, 19MO.
44. A. S. Platon, The Magnsu Pomrem *a Roating
Cylinder is Transonic Cross Plow, BRL Re.
port 1150, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1961.
46. A. S. Platon, The ag.m. Pore. *m a Finned
Body, DEL Report 1193, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Mfd., 19M
ing Ground, Md., 1949.

47. a. B. G. Karpov, Aerodynamic asd Flight Curocteritics of the 90-mm Fi.-Stabilised Shll,
HEAT, T108, BEL Memnorandrm Report 696,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Rd-, 1953.
b. B. G. Karpov, S. Krial and B. Hull, Aerodynamic Charawteristics of th4 175-mm T,203
Shell exd the 175-mm Square-Base Shl With
Psen M51A5, BEL Memorandum Report 956,
48. C. H. Murphy, Os Stabily Criteriaof the Kelley1.MeSheus liUearidTheory of Yoinag Motion, BEL Report 853, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1953.
49. C. H. Murphy and L. X. Schmidt, The Elect of
Length on the Aerodynamic Characteriticsof
Bodie of Reuolution is Supersonic Plight,
Md, 1953.
50. J. D. Nicolaides and T. F. Grimn, On a Fluid
Mehaiu, for BoU Lee-i sod Boiling Speedup Due to Angle of Attaek of Cruciform Cosfratioxn , Navy BuOrd Technical Note 16,
Washinton, D.C., 1955.
51. J. A. U Schmidt, A Study of the Resonating
7n,
Motion of Asymmetrical Missiles By
Means of Aual1q Computer Simlatlion, BEL[.
Report 9o, Aberdeen Provin Ground, Md.,
r
M
1
52. L. X. Schmidt, The Dyaoni Propert s of Pure
Cow and Cone Cylinders, BEL Memoran.
dum Report 759, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
ud, 195C
53. L. W Schmidt and C. H. Murphy, The Aerody u
Properties of the 7-4ibor Army.
NaW Spinner Rocket in reseomic Plight, BEL
Ground, Md, 1954.
54. W. B. Scott, The Slec of a Rtating Dowd
Upm Some Aerodynomi Coefflews of the
7-ealiber Army-Na" Spinner RoBket at Mach
24
k_
AMCP 706-242
REFERENCES (cont'd)
1.8, BRL Memorandum Report. 1302, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1960.
55. R. A. Turetaky, Dynamic Stability of Spianer
Rocket Modes Pired in the Free Plight Aero.
dyiwmic Range, BRL Memorandum Report
526, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1950.
Test of an Upper Atmosphere Gus Probe Bystern, BRL Memo. -idum Report 1368, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1961.
65, G. Taylor, Sabot.Lmunchisg Systems for Zzpertmental Peaetrators,BRL Memorandum Relwrt 1505, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1963.
Aerodynamic Jump
Rock.-Asisted Proecl
56. J. G. Darpas, Transverse Forces on Projectiles

IVhA"
Rotate is tWe Barrel, translated by
H. P. Hitchcock, BRL Memorandum Repwrt
57. C. H. Murphey, Commeats on ProjectileJump,
58. C. H. Murphey and J. W. Bradley, Jump Due
to Aerodynamic Asymmetry of a Misile With
Varying Roll Rate, BRL Report 1077, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1959.
59. W. R. Simon', Investigation of the Caues of
High Dispersion of the Production 90-m.a Pi,Stabilized S44l, HEAT, T108E40, BEL Memorandum Report 967, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1956.
60. S. J. Zsroodny, On Jump Due to Muszk Dis.turbancea,BRL Report 703, Aberdeen Proving
Wround, Md., 1949.
66. L. Davis, J. W. Folin and L. Blitzer, The

Exterior Ballistics of Rockets, D. Van No.
trand N. Y., 1958.
67. C. H. Murphey, Advances in the Dynamic
Aualyisu of Range Data, BRL Memorandum
Report 1270, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1960.
68. S. J. Zaroodny, 0% the Scaling of Rocket,
69. R. C. Bulloek and W. J. Harrington, Summary
Report on Sttdy of the Gua-Boasted Rocket
System, PSR-9/8, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C., 1962.
70. 8. J. Zaroodny, Accuracy of Unguided Finnd
Rockets, BRL Report 1232, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1964.
Arrow Projectiles
71. 13. G. Karpov, Ezpevimetu Observutions of
$1. W. 11. Allan, "8abot Umsd at the Thompson

Aeroballiatias Liaboratory," Prooeedini of the
Aerdaednmic Range Symposium, January
"1957, BRL Report 1005, Part I, Aberdeen
W L C.. Malitr, Drw0 Properie end Ous
Launching Long Arrow Projectiles, BEL Memorandum Report 600, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1952.
63. L. C. MacAllister and Z. J. RHoeke, The Dreg
Properties of Several Wisged and Psmed
Coe-Cylinder Models, BRL Memorandum B.port 849, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md,
1954.
44. 5. T. Mark. L C. MaeAlliater, J. W. Gehring,
X D. Vitaglano and B. T. Bentley, Pemobility
the Dynasic Behavior of LiquidPl SAe,

BRL Report 1171, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
9oe
72. B
h,
B )4
ofMineir' Oruud-P
7A1B. G. K erpov,
Liquid.Fills Projestlkm
8tewartson's Tables, BRL Memorandum Beport 1477, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
73.
73. K. Steparton, "On the Stability of a Spin.
Fluid Mek.
,ingTop Containing Liqui
4
,P
Pototype Tesbng
74. Z. R. Diekinmon, Physied Meseimeft of
Projectiles, BRL Teehia Note $74, Aber.
doee Proving Ground, Md., 1964
E.4
AMCP 706.242
REFERENCES (cont'd)
75. AMCP 706-110, Engineering Design Handbook, Ezperim~etal Statistics, Section 1, B3wc
Concepts aed Analysis of Meassrement Data.
7r AM('P 706-112, Engineering Detign Handbook, EZpcyim tatal Statistics, Section 3, Planwsig end Amalysis of Comparative Ezperimest.
"77. Test ead Evaatio ('ommend Materiel Test
'Procedures,TZCP 700-700, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md.
dynamic Properties of the 90-ugm T91E1 Shell

at M = 1.2, BRL Tehzrk A Note 1119, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Kd., 1957.
A5. E. T. Roeeker, The Aerodynamic ProPorties
of the 105-06m HE Shell, M/, is Subsoic @%d
Transonic Plight, BEL Memorandum Report
86. Lj. . Schmidt and C. H. Murphey, REect of
Spix on Arrodysimic Properties of Bodies of
Revoudtion, BRIL Memorandum Report. 715,
Asendynamic Data-Spinners
7& Z. D. Boyer, Airodyxamic Characteristicsof
20-. m Sh11e, HEI, T722E1, BRL Memorandum
195.
79. R. D. Boyer, Aerodynamic Properties of Whe
90-mm HE M71 Shell, BRL Memorandum
Report 1475, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md,
1963.
80. R. R. Dickinson, The Zfects of A%%ular Rings
ead Grooves, and of Body Undercuts on the
Aerodynsamic Properties of a Coe-.Cyliader
Projectile at M = 1.72, BRL Memorandum
1960.
91. H. P. Hitchcock, Aerodynamic Data for Spin.
ning Projectiles, BRL Report 620 (1947), with
Errata Sheet (1952), Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md.
I If.l. It. Kelly, The Subsonic Aerodynamic Char.
actereics of Several spin.st.biliged Rocket
Models, . Static Coc ients. Naval Ordnance
Test Station Technical Memorandum 375.
China Lake, California, 1953. 1Z. "Mwaus
Coeficiest, Naval Ordnance Tcst Station Tech.
nieal Memorandum 376, China Like, Califor.
a* 1953.
83. L C. MacAllister, The Aerodysnmic Proper.
tie and Related Dispersion Charaectestiato of
soeShelf, 90-mo, HE, T91,
a Hempheia
With and Without Tracer Xlefmt, BRL Mereorasdum Report 990, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Vd, 195M.

SC. IL.C. MaAllifter, Commrs t0 the Efot of
Panched aod Plain Puss Coves so th Aere.
Aerodynamic Data.-i*nwr
87. E. D. Boyer, Aerodlguemic Properties of 60mm Mortar Shell, T24, BRL Memorandum
1956.
88. R. H. Krieger and J. M. Hughes, Wind Tunnel
Tests on the Budd Company T153, 120-mm,
HEAT Spike Nt,se, Poldig PiA Projectile,
89. IL C. MacAllister, The Aerody-amic Propertie
of a simple Non-Rouing Pisnod Cose-Cylinder
Co,,jguotion Betwee, Mach Numbers 1.0 -ed
9.5, BRL Report 931, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1955.
90. L C. IacAllister and K T. Roek--, 1oradynamic Properties,Spin, and Lasm, rnw, Charactenitics of ,05-mrm Mortar Shell 5331
With Two Typos of Piss. BRL Memorandum
1952.
91. U. J. Piddington, Some Aerodynamic Proper.
ties of a Typical Pin-Stbils"d Ordnance ShAe,
BRIL Memorandum Report 1215, Aberdeen
92. A. &. Platou, The Elect of High Stability
Noe on Pinned CooWurstions, BRL Technieal Note 707, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md, 1952.
93. L J. Rose and R. H. Krieger, Wind Tusnnl
Test of the rioi, 90-nam HNAT Projeatle at

Mock Number 1.72, BRL Memorandum Report
763, Abordee Pruving Ground, 2d, 1964
AWCP 7M-242
REFERENCES (cont'd)
Projeotil Geometry
9.. Tabirx for the Iiei)ylu of Mirsilrx, tlal, (U)t-.
putation Iamaratory, Ilarvrai UnIiversity.
(ambridgw, Maw,., 194.
98. Mrchasical Integration for .olidi of R'oluw.
tioa, Development Engineering Division, Ar.
tillery Ammunition Department. Frankford
Arsenal, Phi;adelphia, Pa.
96. AMCP 706-"47, Engineering Design Hand.
book, Ammunition !eries &ectis 4. Design for
/'ropetia.
9?. A1M0' 706-140. Kiginvering I)Mhipl lanfIhook. Itallimtir. .4 riem, Trajeetarice. NDferns.
Ial ,freet, msd Data for IPojectiles.
99. Jay b. Pol;twer. ",hdll" A (ComputerProgram
for Dlet~rmi, ig the Physical Propertie of
Artillery k.ell and Related im,
Tehnieal
Memorandum Report No. ORDBB-DRI-14
(SAAS No. ;36).Pietinny Arsenal, Dover,
N.J.. 11%2.
. "
AMCP 706442
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Genral
L H. J. Coon, Evaluaion of SkeU, HE, 81-mm,
M362, Modified, BRL Tecbmical Note 1288,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 1959. (Con.
fidential)
2. 9. IL Dickinson, Design of.a Ducti~c Cost Iron
Ske for the 255-mm Howitze, BEL Technia
Note 1194, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1958. (Conidential)
3. B. G. Karpov and J. W. Bradley, A Study of
Cve.
of Short Rnges of the 84nch 7317
SksU, BRL Report, 1049, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Nd., 1358. (Secret-Restricted Data)
4. L C. MacAllister, Comparotvp
e
,iriags
of 105mm= 8
r31331 and 105-mm SheU Mi from
7h
Uumodified oud Counterbored M2A1 Howitzer
Taub,
BRL Technical Note 739, Aberdeen
Proving Ground, Mtd., 1952. (Confidential)
5 L C. Ma
,"IISome Problems Asociated
with the Determination, from Range Ffringa,

of Dynamic Stability of Ballistie Mimile Reentry Shape," Proceedings of the AMrody.
amusec Range symposium, jcnWW 195?, BEL
Report 1006, Part II, Aberde,
Prorving
Ground, Md., 1957. (Confidential)
S R. Sedney, Aerodynmice
Heeing of the Pro.
etil X-mm, HEL, MS6A1, Puu ES50, BEL
Memorandum Report 1037, Abaden Proving
Ground, Md., IM5.
7. IL Sedney, Awredyncmic Heetimg Probies sin
ShLu Design, BEL Se-rtr 1043, Aberdeen

Ce.
dmwation a"d Mearement of Aereyimik
asdelta
& F. Delaietto Mnd A. May, "A Comparison of
Aeredynam Data from Wind Taune and
Free Flight Rangu,' 3rd Navy sym posium. on

Aerobagoidus, Applied Physis Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md., NAVORD Report 5338, Paper
22, 1954.
9.
k.FHanson A Method for Zetirmnaitg Form,
Moments and Dreg Due 9o ZLft Acting om
SLuddr Bodies aod PiF.tcbdiseed Bodies et
Supersonic Speeds (Includa IBM 1620 program.) Report No. RS-TBAR 2, U.S Army
Mimile Command, Redstoan Ar eal, Ala., 1963.
DDC No. AD 335484. (Confidential)
10. R. H. Krieger, Tke Aerodyamic Design of
Pia-StabilitedAmmunition, BEL Memorandum
1956. (Confdential)
11. A. S. Platou, Body No" Shkp for Ob~tinimg
High Static Stability, BIL emorandum Report 5M2 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MAd,
1962.
.12. W. Z. Scott, Sawe Aerodynamicm Propenties of

a 105-m ModeN of the 155-mm 27358 Sh
BRL Memorandum Report 1369, Abeden
Proving Ground, Nit, 196-.
1& a. R. H. Whyte and H. IL Hudg*i, ZS
ofof
Now Shoke and Ro aftc Angle en Stalk Awedylamic Chewteristiot ofa 105-aim SA4e st
MwcA 4.0, 4.5 ad 5.0, Piaduny Anuaal Teb,
nical MemorAidum 124k .Dover, NJ. 1964.
b. Elizabeth IL Dielkieao, 8~m Aerodynamic
Elecs of Verykg the Budy Legt sod Reed
LegA of a Sp0umg Proecile, BBL Memo-
rnaduza Report
1664, Aberdeen
Proving
Armw Pzreject~
14. IL C. Huarett, "Asrodynami Ckareeterisies
at Pia-Beatatil Cambinsatm at
= 2.00,"
54
AM(P 706-242
BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont'd)
3rd Navy Symposivm ow Arrobalitics, Applied l'hysis Laboratory, Silver Spriug, Md.,
NAVORi) Report 5338, Paper 14, 1954. (Confldw~tial)
15. F. G. King and R. H. Kent, Kill Probably
of the =160 Gsas for Two Drag Estimaes,
and Comparison with tke Loki Rocket, BRL
jectilr, IRL, Technica& Note 1416, Aberdeen

P1roving Uround, Nd., 1961. (Confidential)
24. E. J. Rovehke and M.J. Piddington, Drag a"s
Dispersions of Bawled Sphere. With siad Without String, B1RL Memorandum Report 995,
Aberdpen Proving Ground, Md., 1956.
25. M. A. Sylvester and K. H. Krieger, Wind
Memorandum 721, Aberdeen Proving Ground,

Md., 1954. (Confidential)
I. A. R, Krenkel and J. F. Mello, "High Angle of
Attack Aerodynamic Ro!ling Moments and
Stability Phenomena for Cruciform WingBody Combinations," 3rd Navy Symposum on
A.erobalUittics, Applied Physics Iaboratory,
Silver Spring, M&., NAVORD Report 5338,
Paper 13, 1954. (Confdential)
17. X J. Piddingtn, Retardstim and Veocty
Histories of oan a-rin Pleckette, BRL Memonadum Report 1140, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1958. (Confdential)
I& W. J. Piddington, The Drag Ckhacterittic.
of a 10.-grei Plachette (XMh1O), BRL Memorandum Report 1501, .Aberdeen Proving
19. M. A. Sylvester, Wind Trusse Tests of HyperVeloity Come Cylinder Pinned Projectile, at
Meek Numbers 400, 4.3 a" 4M, BDRL Memomadum Report 1166, Abeydeen Proving
Ground, Md, 1968.
Tanel Teat of the T340Z11, 90-ran HE Projecti XitA Varywg Svik* Nose mnd $poolType-Body Parameters, BRL Memorandum
-Report 1146, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,
1958.
DualFlo
26. I. D. Boyer, Dra awd Stability Properties of
the AVCO 52 Now Caos Modol, BEL Tec.
nical Note 1145, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., 1957. (Confidential)
27. Z. D. Boyer, Drag and Stability Properties of
the AVCO 13 No" Comn Model, BRL Technie! Note 1147, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., 1957. (Conedential)
28. H. H. Album, Spiked Blat .Bodies in Supoe.
sowi Plom, Air Force Ofoe of Scientific Research Report 307, Wshington, D. C., 1961.
29. B. G. Karpov and S. Kria, Aerdymnssi Cher.
a eftss of the no0.am HZ, 7194 Sa aud

ModiAostions, with Pas M51A5, BRL
Report 1057, Aberdeen Proving'
Memorandum
BSeies
of
ZB.I Dickinson, Design Det. for a
HM Proietle Shapes at Ma.c Number J.,
M Pmobldm
tr, haA
30. L. C. Mae- ILBom
BDL Memorandum Report 920, Aberdeen Prov.
, BRL Memondum
Wit RU-0t
f
iug Ground, Md., 1965.
IL B. Dicion, hoZfec,emess of B".
(Confidential)
Blend us Redacw Dre of Betiled B e1959.
et Supersonic Velocities, BEL Memorandum'
31. It J.
d
n, The Z,
ef Spin ad
Magnsa Torque one Spie-No". Pin.-StaRepert 1244, Aberdeen Proving Grond, Md.,
blaised, HEAT Projectie, 76mam Trio23,
0.
Kabi,
D
anB.
BDL Memorandum Report 1310, Aberdeen
sureD.of.
70"Supersonc
Co., Cylnder, BiB Nemoren.
Proving Ground, Md., 196 (Condantlial)
dum Report 1178, Aberdeen Proving Grouz4
Md., 1958.
FeWhag Ffn Chrarcbristi
X J. Piddingtoo, Siew Brief Commeseis en tae
32. B. H. Krieger, Wind rounde rubt of tae r8d
Drag emiL Stabilityof the 37-msw Spatti Pre71-mm LEA!' Projectile, DERL Mmoranda
DMgIt
90.
21.
IL
2L
3.2y
. .
.--.
--
..
.~..
..
"BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont'd)
-Report 518, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.,

f9IO. (Gonfldeatial)
:1 R. .11. Krieger and J. U. Hughes, Wind TuvaS
Tuls of tke Canbhsberli Corporation 76-am
T319 Pooldg.-Pin BEAT Projectils, BRL
.Ground, Mid., 1954. (Confidential)
".34. R. H.Irieger, Wird Tunnel Tests of a 76-mm
HEAT Projectile With This FoP ig Piun,
Aberdeen Prov.
BRL Memorandum Report &86,
ing Ground, Md., 1954. (Confdential)
Liquid-Filld Project/ls
aS.0. Sokol, dom. Ezpeiweints Wilk the

/*qid-Filled, Impulsive Started, Spinning
Vyliudier, BRL Technical Note 1473, Aberdeen
b. B. G. Karpoy, Dynamic* of i Liquid.Piled
Sihal: lstabililv During 8pso-up, BEL Mem.
orandum Report 1629, Aberdeen Proviug
Ground, Md, 1965.
36. H. M. Stoller, Apparatus for Study of Flaid
Motion is
Spinning Cylinder, BEL Tech,ical Note 1355, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., 1960.
37. R. H. Wedemeyer, The Unsteady Plow Withis
a Spinimg Cylinder, BRL Report 125, Aberdeamn Proving Ground, Md., 1963.
mopas loUN
andm
inet
8.8. ~q "M
of
iad
38. S.
AS Roe.PrOctile Configuration. (12.75-inch
ket; Called 'Weapon A' and 7-ealiber A-N
8,-400we Rocket)," 3rd Navy Rympoesionm.
Mrebeliiet,
A.pplied Physic lbomtory,
Sprin Md, NAVORD Report 5338, Pape 2.
19,4. (Confdeatial)
U. H. R. Kelly aud 0. R. Thacker, The Elec of
EHV Spsma t" Magu For" on a Cylinder
St Small Angle. of Attack, NAVORD Rpo-t
UK 196a..
40. W. Loebuek and W. Spenk',
W,d Tunnel
Ne.,
Chere
w of Md 7.aikw- A-N
Bylawo Boe", NAVORD Report 3813, 1I6.
Ri.t-Asimed Projeatlesl
41. R. D. Boyer, Compaison of Aerodynamic
70-eam Tri
Charaeterisiwa of L4e and Ie
Gun.oosted Rackts, BRL Memorandum Report 1084, Aberdeen Proving Ground, lid.,
1957.
42. S. J. HEUnet and S Wasm man, Seond Status
Report, Rearck end Developeat of Boosted
ArtUeM. Projprtl, Pwamnny Arsenal Technical Memorandum Report 1183, Dover, NJ.,
1963. DDC No. AD 339982. (Confidential)
43. P. H. McIntosh, T2k Trhory and tas Colestion. of the Behavior of Self-Aligning Rwcket,
BIL Report 1228, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., 1963.
44. 0. J. Pietrangeli, 1. Fame and W. Amos, "Ram.
jet Engine Design Optimization and the Comperative Performance Evalustion of Super.
sonic Diffusers for Long Range Triton Mis.
sile," 3rd Navy 8ymposinin on Aeroballiec,
Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring,
Md., NAVORD Report 5338, Paper 7, 1954.
45. Design Studies on a 105--a Gun-Boosted
Pocket. Final Report, A. D. IUttle, Ine., Cambridge, Maw., prepared for Picatinny Arsenal,
Dover, N.J., 25 January 1963. DDC No. AD
33653. (Confideptial)
46. 5-imch 38-caliber Rocket Sustained Projectiles,
The Budd Company,. Phildepha, Pa., prm.
pared for Bureau of Naval Weapons, Study
Project
dentia) 3,1-,051, November 1861. (Con&-
Spin of Iin-Stahiljed Projectile.

47. X. D. Boyer, and M. R Yager, Aerodynamic
Properties of 90-a, HZ-r, 734o Shot, BEL
Technical Note 1094, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Md., 1956. (Cosdeal)
48. J. W. Bradley, A Compaenio of Amewrd
Spas Huiute of 105-,mar X~rt HABheU TsSZI
With 8Sol
s of Liared Roll Eq
,
BEL Mamorasdum Report 1974, Abadeen
P
Grnd, Md., n.
49. J. W. Bradley, A Cemqwues of MAretued
AMUP 70&-242
BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont'd)
8ptm. HidtoriW of81-ma. Mortar 8ksU 728Z5
With Solsisoua of Lossarized Bai Equation.,
DRL Tech inical Note 1234,.Aberdee-n Proviirg
Ground, Md., 1958. (Confidential) .port
50. B. 0. Karpov and W. 3L Simon, Efectizeseu
of Severa Simpl Nethodr of Asr.,dymakc
Comire of Spis of the 80-mm., HXAr, T10& Ito
.Shel BRL Memorandum Report 879, Aber.
dess Proving Ground, ML, 1956.
364
51. M. J. Piddingtoa, Som. Asredynami. Prep.

ertin of Twe 90-mu. Bpood-5. A4el,
r300953 aud T316Z6, BRLA Memoranduma Re.
1062, Ahurdaen Proving Ground, ML,
1957. (Come~intia)
52 A. &.Plalon, ROU Chowerverii of Of....
Pin ConkWWW6014 BRLA Memorandum Report
936, Abede Proving Ground, ML, 1266.
(C~aldatWu)
ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK SERIES

Listed below are the Noadeeskt stick NMv bie. pibli~hed or are curr~etly befog print"d. Nooaboos with Publication
datot Prior to I Augut 1162meanPublished as 20-serlie nrlrdnace Carps P~aM016. MC Circular 310-38. 19 MY~ 1963.
redesignatd those Publications as 106-series Am p~I1ts (I.e.. OW020-138 WASrod"iy"etd AMP M04135). All wom
amebefng p~hlisbed as Ja.-sories AK pamhlets.
reprinted, or revised Nonodboks
...
No.
106
107
-108
112
114
121
134
131
Title
ziomets Of Aumat Enqivimerlg. Part Own.
Swimcs of Energy
Elements of Armment Engineering. Port Too.
Ball1istics
Elements of Araernt Eswrineering. Pert Tbreet.
WI
eapon,
Sys test madC1 irn s
110
erlintal Statistics. Section 1. Besic Co-for
Copts mand Aysis of ketiiiamnt Date
II
Esperimmatal 'Ae istics. Saction 2, Atelysis
of [ar&.t1 * and Classificatory Data
Experimtal Statistics. Section 3. Planning
seiet
s ofCrtv
1m3Ev wayste
1T3opeicst Statistics. Section 4. special
TepicsTargets
Expearimental Ststistlcs. Section S. Tables
Pactaipg md PeckEe~mpeimam
Pinti.*aiility Buide for Desigh
andRlated bitters
leveations. Patents.
00.
283
264(C)
286
S'-einclaeiems. Section 1. Thieory

wwrvinchowisms. Section 2. btee.Jhmet and
Signal Convierters
Servomecheanism. Sectimn 3. Amplification
Servaschoilon. Section 4. Pema Elements
sow system coito,
Asrvi n Its Application -a Uchicles (U)
Propelloot Actuated Devices
iiarboa--Grimeral (U)
timets (Fire Contra) Series'
eeeooatiegi
340
341
342
343
344
'46
344
341
131
137
138
in1
170(C)
270
2W0C)
331
Anvstiw4
'KIII
175
176(C)
178(c)
if9
210
2111C)
212(S)
213(5)
211(S)
2145M
242
246(C)
246
28
Ma
vioZZ~a:.c Seri"e
140
Trajectories. Gifforentlal Marets
Danlit&
Projectiles
IS
interior Ballistics of Bius
160(s)
Elements of Terminal Ballistics. Part Owe.
Intre utime. Kill ikpoisms. sod
ciowt of Temia Ballistics. Part Two.
161(S)
Collection amd Analysis of Data Coniceraing
16205-41)
(U)
Elemnts of Terminal Ballistics. Pert Three,

plctvet
sgeadSpc
agt
Se
agt U
aMsie
elcte
.,e
Nets--Qmrval
Carriges Metg
Cradles
moacl 1 system;
TepCarriages
Bottom Carrilates
Equilibrators
Eleva0tieg bcbaINsm
Traverstag Mechanisme
cow. Seri*4
66-Gan
Sortee"
Solid Proeullants. Part ae

Solid Propellants. Port Tue (U)
Preoertle of Eselestves of Mili11tary fateirest.
Section 1
PrepertIds of Espeie ofEieInterest.
Section 2 (U)n1
latlesive, Trains
Fueas. Bencral sod MochaIuca)
Foeem. Prouimity. Electrical. Ponebe (U)
Fueas. Pwisiaty. Electrical. Pert Tin (11
Fram. Peenialty. Voczrical. Pert Three 9)
Fuaes. Prenialty. Electrical. Pert Fiue (11
Fumes.Preuiuity. Electrical. Pert Fiee (U)
bloilge for Control of Praijectil. F1iipit
Characteristics
Section 1. Artillery A
With Table of Contents. Glossary eng
Ioade for Series
Section 2. beige Far Tem"Ie Effects (0)
Section 3. bissgen for Cantral of rlIsiat
24 ntea .es~eign for, Pral pirs
Section S. bilgeftOr IPveaOtiArtA14
Amuition onige
1"Vs G. Manufacture of Pletallic CWVWADU
of~~10fetiller
Amsrmds
XWtociar
~itim.-4emrelt.
244
Mef~ Sorg"e tsaumwgomd

i'mu.J~-UU
TitOn
Affedynonlcs
Trajectories (U)
Structures
Sb~hiliti
Z..,do
The bamlive Aessamy

btomeg' * Seepeseis
186
1I7
Militaf ftiuue~.olito Serie"

Part TIN. WOOet. Pracege
11111
glmiary
Part mTe". PIN eotie of hahetrala Used ia
aacCet
Part Five. Sibliegrephy
uloloipxwt
ei
o %
ieseSa
Part am. System lotegratica
291
Part Two."so"e Cientral
M
U
Pert Fmro. Cmiutesil u
294(3
t
Pert Foure. Cuiitle I
M S
S9() Port live. CoimtaasWrus (U)
Part six. Structueva eMgFower Sources
2%
Problem (U
Pert Seven. Somple
297(S)
UeflSr4
fber adglabor-Likoe Eteriale
gasket Mlateirials (Italict
Adisiues
Guide to Selection of M~e O4ieg
Amsaimeaond Alopmiem Alloys
Alimoiv W.Titealmo AeISO
adtiCeppier Allays
6ide to Seeificatievia far floonibte limber
691
Products
Plastics
70
ad Correeion Prahecklims of obtals
Ceweeonsd
72
Maid,
n
149
212'
691
02
6113
07
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Amcp 706-242 26sep1966

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DESIGN FOR CONTROL OF

31y IMUEIEL CINNlAI

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AMCP 706-242, Design for Control of Projectile Flight Characteristics,

SELWYN D. SMITH, JR.

Major General, USA

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Tke Ka&UP-ertfh~ DOW~ H&Amdbook Of th~e

ofir:11tie &igbt of pometihm, and dinnihee the

required to intelligently doeign ewry type of ewn

wre disermod. Seome material an prototype tWAMg

production lota is promeated.

weloom end aboid, be addromad to Army ReMeek Oss-Darba

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PUlK &CR ............................................

mer. ........... ................................

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CHOICE OF METHOD OF STABILIZATION

ofakfe snbilty ...........

DIMu~i Ohabily Page,. as................5

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Gmena ............................................. 6.1

t with weit of projaoeil ..........

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Spin aze ........................................ 7-2

Vertieal argto"Aeenmey ...................

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TADsLI0 cosTnsTs (mse)

Plow Patterns on Varying Length, Coadat ,CAib .33

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ratimated Accuracy of Aerodynamic C=Mdzffia Obtained by

(5.ineh Samsple Praiectile)............................

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LIST OF. APPENDIXES

Sample Spin-Stabilized Projectile...............

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A oneetant decribing the kind and

MAximum body diameter, ft

Bow of nawral loaItln

Feet per seoned

Acceleration of gravity, ft/meO

Axial moment of inertia, lug4t'

coefficient, per red'

Lift oeffictient, per radian

Modal vector, radiam

(Cv. - C,.. + Vp for aal. yaw)

Static moment coeficient. per mdia

agnusm moment coeedent, per rad/

Twist of riffin. cal/turn

Chme presure, lb/ft'

Ranl rafte, rad/tec

Roll moment coefficient due to

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LIUT OF SYMBOLS (e~ased)

Dyammic otability factor

oiM to nutatMo V~it

Dynammic Aasbility !actor for

Aaotwtk(V. sed ofmoud)

ago" biew. "bf/Nrm

ivsauv with romsui to