AC Phasor 2KM1324 AC Phasor 2

Lecture 15
Sinusoidal Signals, Complex

N b
Numbers,
Ph
Phasors
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

1. Identify the frequency, angular frequency,
peak value,
value rms value
value, and phase of a
sinusoidal signal.
2. Solve steady-state ac circuits using
phasors and complex impedances
impedances.
3 Compute power for steady
3.
steady-state
state ac
circuits.
Steady-State
y
Sinusoidal Analysis
y
4. Find Thvenin and Norton equivalent
circuits.
5. Determine load impedances for
maximum power transfer
transfer.
Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages

g
v(t ) = Vm cos(t + )
Vm is the peak value
is the angular
q
y in radians p
per
frequency
second
is
i the
h phase
h
angle
l
T is the period
v(t ) = Vm cos((t + )
Hambley mixes units; t in radians, in degrees
Frequency
A
Angular
ffrequency
1
f =
T
2
=
T
cycles
Hz = sec
radians
sec
= 2f
sin (z ) = cos z 90 o
Root Mean Square

q
((RMS)) Values
V (t ) = Vm cos(t + )
The average value of

cos(t+) is zero.
This is the squared
q
version of the signal, and
its mean value is .
Average
1
=
T
1
pdt =
T
Vm2
cos (t + )
1 1
2
2
dt =
Vm cos (t + )
R
R T
2
Vrms
=
R
Root Mean Square

q
((RMS)) Values
Vrms
1
=
T
Pavg
V
=
R
2
rms
v (t )dt
2
I rms
1
=
T
Pavg = I
i (t )dt
2
2
rms
RMS Value of a Sinusoid

Vrms
Vm
=
2
The rms value for a sinusoid is the peak

value
l divided
di id d by
b the
th square roott off two.
t
This
Thi
is not true for other periodic waveforms such
as square waves or triangular waves.
AC Power in the US
60-Hz 115-V power is a RMS value for
the voltage. The peak voltage is:
Vm = VRMS 2 = 115 2 = 163V
Power Delivered to a 50 Resistor
v(t ) = 100 cos(100t )

vm = 100V
v RMS =
vm
2
Pavg
2
vrms
(71.71) 2
=
=
= 100W
R
50
v 2 (t ) 100 2 cos 2 (100t )

=
p (t ) =
R
50
= 200 cos 2 (100t )
Phasor Definition
Time function : v1 (t ) = V1 cos(t + 1 )
Phasor : V1 = V11
Phas er
Phasor Arithmetic
3
1
Z1 = 1060 o = 10 cos(60 o ) + j10 sin(60 o ) = 10 + j10
= 5 + j8.66
2
2
2
2
Z 2 = 545 = 5 cos(45 ) + j 5 sin( 45 ) = 5
+ j5
= 3.54 + j 3.54
2
2
o
Z1 Z 2 = 1060 o 545o = 50105o

Z1 1060 o
o
=
=
2
15
Z2
545o
Z1 + Z 2 = 5 + j8.66 + 3.54 + j 3.54 = 8.54 + j12.2
Z1 Z 2 = 5 + j8.66 3.54 j 3.54 = 1.46 + j 5.12
Eulers Formula
e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
e
= cos( ) j sin( )
j
cos( ) = Re(e )
sin(
i ( ) = Im(
I (e j )
e j = cos 2 ( ) + sin 2 ( ) = 1
e j = 1
Eulers Formula
e j = cos( ) + j sin( )
e j = cos( ) + j sin( ) = 1
1
e = 2.718281828459045235360287.... = lim 1 +
n
n
= 3.141592653589793238462643....
j = 1
e j = 1
Adding
g Sinusoids Using
g Phasors
Step 1: Determine the phasor for each term.
term
Step 2: Add the phasors using complex arithmetic.
Step 3: Convert the sum to polar form.
Step
p 4: Write the result as a time function.
Using Phasors to Add Sinusoids

o
v1 (t ) = 20 cos(t 45 )
v2 (t ) = 10 sin t + 60 o
(
= 10 cos(t 30 )
= 10 cos t + 60 90
o
V1 = 20
20
45
V2 = 10
10
30
Using
g Phasors to Add Sinusoids
V1 = 20 45o
o
= 20 cos(45 ) + j 20 sin( 45 )
2
2
= 20
j 20
= 14.14 j14.14
2
2
V2 = 10 30
o
o
= 10 cos(30 ) + j10 sin( 30 )

3
1
= 10
j10 = 8.66 5 j
2
2
Using
g Phasors to Add Sinusoids
Vs = V1 + V2
= 14.14 j14.14 + 8.66 j 5
= 22.80 j19.14
Vs = (22.80) 2 + (19.14) 2 = 29.8
19.14
1 19.14
o
= Tan
Tan( s ) =
= 40.01
22.8
22.8
Vs = 29.8 40.01o
v s (t ) = 29.8 cos t 40.01o
Exercise 5.4
v1 (t ) = 10 cos(t ) + 10 sin(t )
V
= 10 cos(t ) + 10 cos(t 90 o )
= 100 + 10 90
= 10[cos(0) + j sin(0) + cos(90) + j sin( 90)]
= 10[1 + 0 + 0 j ]
= 10[1 j ]
V = 10 2 + 10 2 = 10 2 = 14.14
1
= Tan 1 (1) = 45o
1
V = 14.14 45o
Tan( ) =
v1 (t ) = 14.14 cos(t 45o )

Exercise 5.4
i (t ) = 10 cos(t + 30 o ) + 5 sin(t + 30 o )
= 10 cos(t + 30 o ) + 5 cos(t 60 o )
V = 1030 o + 5 60 o
= 10[cos(30) + j sin(30)] + 5[cos(60) + j sin( 60)]
3
1 1
3
= 10
+ j + 5 j
)
2 2
2
2
= 8.66 + j 5 + 2.5 j 4.33
= 11.2 + j 0.67
V = (11.2) 2 + (0.67) 2 = 11.2
Tan( ) =
0.67
0.67
o
= Tan 1
= 3.42
11.2
11.2
V = 11.23.42 o
i (t ) = 11.2 cos(t + 3.42 o )
Exercise 5.4
i2 (t ) = 20 sin(t + 90 o ) + 15 cos(t 60 o )
V
= 20 cos(t ) + 15 cos(t 60 o )
= 200 + 15 60
= 20[cos(0) + j sin(0)] + 15[cos(60) + j sin( 60)]
1
3
= 20[1 + j 0] + 15 j
2
2
= 20 + 7.5 j13 = 27.5 j13
V = (27.5) 2 + (13) 2 = 30.4
Tan( ) =
13
13
= Tan 1
= 25.3
27.5
27.5
i2 (t ) = 30.4 cos(t 25.3o )

Phase Relationships
Sinusoids can be
visualized as the real
realaxis projection of
vectors rotating in the
complex plane. The
phasor for a sinusoid
is a snapshot of the
corresponding rotating
vector at t = 0.
Phase Relationships
To determine phase
relationships from a phasor
diagram, consider the phasors
to rotate counterclockwise.
Then when standing at a
fixed point, if V1 arrives first
followed by V2 after a
rotation of , we say that V1
leads V2 by . Alternatively,
we could say that V2 lags V1
by . (Usually, we take as
the smaller angle between the
two
wo pphasors.)
so s.)
Phase Relationships
To determine phase
relationships between
sinusoids from their plots
versus time, find the
shortest time interval tp
between positive peaks of
th ttwo waveforms.
the
f
Th
Then,
the phase angle is = (tp/T )
360
360. If the peak of v1(t)
occurs first, we say that v1(t)
leads v2((t)) or that v2((t)) lags
g
v1(t).
Complex
p Impedances-Inductor
p
iL (t ) = im ssin((t + )
di L (t )
v L (t ) = L
= Lim cos(t + )
dt
I L = im 90
VL = Lim = (L90)I L = jLI L
Z L = jL = L90
VL = Z L I L
Complex Impedances-Inductor
Impedances Inductor
VL = jL I L
Z L = jL = L90
VL = Z L I L
Complex
p Impedances-Capacitor
p
p
VC = Z C I C
1
1
1
o
ZC = j
=
=
90
C jC C
VR = RI R
Impedances-Resistor
p
VR = RI R
Exercise 5.5
v1 (t ) = 10 cos(t 30 o )
v2 (t ) = 10 cos((t + 30 o )
v3 (t ) = 10 sin(t + 45o ) = 10 cos(t 45o )
Find the phasor for each voltage and state phase relationship between them
V1 = 10 30 o
V1 lags V2 by 60
V2 = 10 + 30 o
V2 leads V3 by 75
V3 = 10 45o
V1 leads
l d V3 by
b 15
Exercise 5.6
v L = 100 cos(200t )
L = 0.25 H
VL = 1000
Find the impedance of the inductance,

the phasor current and the phasor
voltage. Draw the phasor diagram.
Z L = jL = j (200)(0.25 H ) = j 50 = 5090
VL 1000
=
= 2 90
IL =
Z L 50
50
90
Exercise 5.7
vc = 100 cos(200t )
C = 100F
Find the impedance of the capacitor,

the phasor current and the phasor
voltage. Draw the phasor diagram.
VC = 1000
1
1
1
j
ZC =
=j
=j
=
= 50 90
6
2
j C
C
(200)(100 x10 ) 2 x10
VC
1000
IC =
=
= 2 + 90
Z C 50 90
Exercise 5.8
v R (t ) = 100 cos(200t )
R = 50
Find the impedance of the resistor, the

phasor current and the phasor voltage.
Draw the phasor diagram.
VR = 1000
Z R = R = 500
VC 1000
IR =
= 20
=
ZR
500

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Lecture 15

Sinusoidal Signals, Complex

Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages

Root Mean Square

The average value of

Root Mean Square

RMS Value of a Sinusoid

The rms value for a sinusoid is the peak

Vm = VRMS 2 = 115 2 = 163V

Power Delivered to a 50 Resistor

v(t ) = 100 cos(100t )

v 2 (t ) 100 2 cos 2 (100t )

Z1 Z 2 = 1060 o 545o = 50105o

Using Phasors to Add Sinusoids

= 10 cos(30 ) + j10 sin( 30 )

v s (t ) = 29.8 cos t 40.01o

v1 (t ) = 14.14 cos(t 45o )

= 20[cos(0) + j sin(0)] + 15[cos(60) + j sin( 60)]

i2 (t ) = 30.4 cos(t 25.3o )

Find the impedance of the inductance,

Find the impedance of the capacitor,

Find the impedance of the resistor, the

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