Chapter 2

Maxwell's Equations in Differential

Form
2.1
f r .,-l
v=E,lr-lgll..ore
'L \o) l
in cylindncal coordinates
V=
a ta
r---O^
a
T:a_
dp '
=-a^ pdQ' dz

vlil = dva-*-=;a^*-=-O
tdw dw
_
oJu.,'+,',,0,1^.'

= n p" 'P 4,-i:l'.l.,,"

ol \n/l *^ * -'L
u,l,-1,u)' 1.",*.
\o)l--''-'

2.2 A= -ya +.rav': find V x A.

curlA=VxA=l* + +l
f: ": ':l
l* dv *l
l-v " ol

Solving determinant yields:

'\
^.( Az) u(o*+).
o-+)-
'[a" A) =an+r)=2a
'/\ Az) "(4*?) -"-''' z
 CHAPTER 2. MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS INDIFFERENTIAL FORM

.'. V x A=Za z
t-
Evaluate $l.aV around ,' + y' =1.
J.
To pe*orm the integration around the specified contour, we must transform the vector A
from rectangular to cylindrical. To change, we use:

x = pcosQ

= psinQ

A= Aoar+ Ara,

where
Ao = A"cos@ + A sin@ where A, = -l
A, = -A"sin@ + A, cosp where A=x
A, = -ycos@+xsin@
A, = -(-y)sin@+xcosp
Substituting the above formulas for x and y for Ao and Ar:

Ao = -(psin@)cos@+pcos@sin@=0
A, = psin@sin@+pcos@cos@=p(sin2@+cos2 Q)= p

... A= pao

f-frtf2o
.'. 0A .dl. =Qpa^ ldp^"+ pdta^+ dza.l= | p'dQ=znpt
Jc J - \ Jrt

Butp=l=constant
l-
.'. SA'dV
I
=2x(l)2 =2n
.c

Evaluate t,l,.a" over the surface bounded by x2 + )2 = I in cylindrical coordinates.

JV
IRM

P^ al

vxA=14
FA'vl
4 4l =70 *-a,(o- r.?(#-r=
r- dQ
IdP
P\P)',il
o2l
|trr)^, =t^.
lu
fr
I VxA.4s= l2a, . pdw pa, = o,
.lr J.r I,=' I" r row o = [l=' z orl^" = 2op,l,o = 2x

Stokes' Theorem states:

av
Jv"r.as={1

ar=f.a.dv=2r
Jv"a
.'. Stokes' Theorem is satisfied.

2.3 F=2pa, wherep=3, 0SQS2n, 0<z<2

The Divergence Theorem is

dr
J, a, = f aiu F.au
J.

divF= v F=l+?t3.+4.+)
dp ppa| az)-!a?p'
p +0+0 =4p
_4
\p 0p p
+y.F=4
Right-hand side:

r a" = [,+a" =
Jaiu I f" f apdzd@p
= II"^ 2pdQdp=J', 2npdp
= t6r,l'
,.
p'1"=J27t =
r
J"div
F dv
Left-hand side:

a' = I
f,n I"'r",' pd@za,= f, t"ro'o*,
= (zp'oli" a, - 2p, 2,al: = 4xp2 2 - BEp2
. .

But p=3'
 CHAPTER 2. MAXWELL,S EQUATIONS IN
DIFFERENTIAL FOI

I
.'. 0F .ds=8np2 =8x.9 =72x
J.

2.4 T and M are scalar fields. Prove in Cartesian coordiaates

that v(MT) = TvM + MyT.
.'. By definition:

r=r(x,y.z) M=M(x.y,z) v =(*-&-*)

.'. V(rW = (*. *. *)t a,,, u z)l = (*. ft . !)r,rt

z) (x, y,

#. #. ry =, ff *, # *, ff *, *4., #. * #
'(# - #. #). *( *q. K. 9= rv M + MY r
Proven.

2.5 Find the curl (Vx r) of:

(a) A= p2ao _ ZL,

la" uQ al
l; a ;lal
VxA = la ao
Pp al
lo' | -,1

p'\oQ
Iu.(
"r," -+) - "^f+a - 4) * 1" '\dp
az)-'ldp E)-p .[+q-4)=o
dQ)
(b) B=3xaa, - ya, - x'a,

lt' u, ".
VxB = lz a al
4
I

lax
l^
azl
rl
lrxz -y -x'l
= ".W ry)-",(ry-ry)."{+ ry)
= -ar(-2x -3x) = Jyv"
 (c) c =;f a,

I a,
aA aal
l.2sl,td t*to ;l
Vxc=14
- 4
a0 4l
ldr aal

l"''I o o| t (r-4:l*lu-fo
) r ,\ -d"''\
= ,-a.(o-o)- dQ * 1=o
-a,[
(d) D= pao*pza,

la^
lrarl
ar
DIID A
t'.1
VxD = l+ + +l
ldp dQ czl
l"l p'o p'llo
= !""( +-+ldz
p ,\dE )
{-+).1"
-"^(-\dp f4q-4)=
o?.) p ,\dp dQ) -a.(2p) = -2pao
E

(e) E= xzar+yzar-f'a,

la av al.l
I'
VxE = Ig 4
oY 4l
*,1
l*
lxz yz -y-l
= ^.(a(dy
-tl-4pl
oz -^(u(?')-4+r)
*u( ar!,,-egl)
t '(. dx dz) "\* ) ) "y

(f) F= Kr'a

VxF =

2.6
 CHAPTER 2. MAXWELL'S EQUATTONS IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

S6

{.r at = If ",0' *ffr u.**ffr -^,0,*fi -u.*

= r*.1.'ill,=,. f:r . I ;!' *1,=,= ,' *l'^1,-, =|

(a)
la a al
ti : ,'l ( ^ a(-y')') (^ ,(.,)') (a(-y,) &,)
0-+
dz )l+a.l'\ -fdx -+
VxF=l* fr, ftl="|0--# l-""1
l* dz , '( oY)l-22a,
l_2 -t \ 0l
l<" -v'
f fr fr pr I'
.'. x F. ds = 22a,. a dxdz = ruldr= .'ll =r
J.v J, J. Jo

(b)
4," .. tn ,
1z=l;r=l | ;z=t;x=t | ;z=t pr=t
l,^l ^rr",.adydzllr=t *|"|
Jv"r a, = rrz=0rrr=0 *|^I 2ru,-adydzl I

^2za,.adxdzl
Jz=oJ t=o lr=, Jz=OJy=o lr=o

- u -^,*orl,u
l)=J.=,'^, "*orl,=,. L,E,"u,

= ['='rr*0,
l'=' J r=O
Jz=O
= l'=' 2rd,
J z=o
= zrll^ =
'u
t
Sl is the only one in which the dot Foduct equals I

Theorem = [v"F'ds=
J, 6r
J,
aZ
M

6E.d!.
t I,:
'
ou*!": o*f a-t

rsinodfa, * rdoa'
roo, * f,,F''
==
f'' ^, Lo ^,'
0
0 because all dot Products =

I a aa aol
sin0 rsmu
=o
lr2
-l= -
VxF= la d
A= **a,(0 - o) - ",[. - #). i',(o #)
la, ao
0l
I

lr o

xF'ds = a' =o = a-t

Jv fo {Y'

Proven.

t F'ds = O
2.8 B= p^o- zl"rstokes' Theorem = I,o {'
 CHAPTER 2. MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

=zn
{1 az =
f", ,o*,1,=,= f. ,rrroQl,=,= f,' ,'orl,=,= Qll"

No 7l
l+
vxF=14 4 yl o). o) =,".
lop dQ +l=
*l ;",(w ",(T- ;",(#-
lo P P -zl
(a)

IV,. r.a. f" l,zpdpdQ = fo" =zo

= papdpa,= aE
J. !za,-
(b)

I
"F
Vxr ds+ lVxF.ds
Jvrr,r' =
Js, Js,

s2 sl

pr p2r | 1t P2r
= )o J" '",' '4M'z^rl,-* J, J,
2a,' PdQdPa,

pt 12n fl
), ),
zoawo =
)oztaP
=zn
5, is the only side for which the dot product =l

--!-

2.9 (a) A = Yzax+ xzay+ xYLz

DivA=v.A=
ry.T.ry=o
(b) B = pa.

DivB=v B=;(#.#.ry)=,
(c) C = ra.

Divc=v.c=, 1 [r(''i""r)*ry.+q]
- r2 sing ]l',in! =t
a' ae a0
I ) r'sino

(d) D= 2r'a,1,-,
 =#1,=,=8'l'='=24
Div D= v D=
#u+t'!.#.PJ,=,
(e) E= 3xa,+(Y-3)a, +(2-z)a'

-r=3
Div E=v'E= ry.N#.ry#=3+1
at = r a"
2.10 F - pvoiza. ; Diver8ence Theorem $"r liu

t_O(P' il Llzp) +r = 2 +I = 3
divF=O.r=, dp *ag) dz= p
Pu Pnl2
Fd PrlZ ?h

J
ai' r a" =
=r{,}.jA!r:',,':o
s=s,+sr+sr+So+s,

S, ds = -dpdza, Sr+ -pd'pdQa" St + ds - pd@zao

ds =
=
ds = drydzao S, +
ds = PdPdfa'
so
=
 FORM
EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL
CHAPTER 2. MAXWELL'S
l0

aoa'u' * pdpdQ
ft lt
-aparur* ,rz -papqu..l,I
'pd@'za,*
lr I*t
$," " ==
Js, , ert2
ah
,
I
odv'\o-. * o. l;,'l;
zododQ\,=^
o.l:"1; -,papdQ\,="* .l. J.
' n
o I e=lt'
= o+o+ P':hl +o+z;7\ =a';h+a'-!h
Z lp=d - -t1-h
aa t .
j_A"h- 3n )l
= ",r44+
Arh+
=A-n
Theorem'
Proving the Divergence

:-2V@, where P=2,z=1' 0(Q32tt

| - ^'':r r')srn
2.ll 92P"lz+ e

L=2p1(z+ l)sin2 @a

(A
\7
,-<..

Stokes' Theorem J iv t n a' =

{,1
aV

\+ xq lr A
?l
Ll
curtA=VxA = Ia, ao &l
o
\t olzP'1'+ 1)sin'?Pl l

p' sin) o] - o
- ", ro - o'..I^,1*lz rz+ I;

= !Pu,[o\o - !7,
dz'
p', r+ I ) sinz o l) )

1)sin2 @a'
= -2P2 s\nz tar+6P(z+
4s= pdpdfa.

x A)'ds
I,to -

= i," fur'rr+1)sin?
MpdQ= J,"u4[t'+1)sin'z@@

withz=1' =32n
= 2 8(z+r) t-#\l" =rcQ+l)+
 check ={y av = Il',r',r+l)sin2 *rl,=,=I",.8.2sin,@Q
z=l
g
= zz - r^Ul,','" = rro=
I,o
x A) .ds

1)n
2.12 (a) s= pao, V.o=;fr=,

The number of flux lines in = the

number of flux lines out.

.'. Net flux = 0 .'. Div = 0

(b) B=E60, V.B= 1aQD =L

pdp p

There is more flux coming out of

the test region than going into it.

.'. Div *0

(c) C=)a,, V.C=

fr=O

Flux in = flux out.

.'. Net flux = 0 .'. Div = 0

12 CHAPTER 2. MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

(d) D=ra,, V'D=

##=o
Flux in = flux out.

... Net flux = 0 .'. Div = 0

t 0(r'r2sin0) -Zl^,5r- = 3
(e) E = ra, , V'E = ;.s*'-
ar =

Flux in < flux out.

.'. Div *0

(f7 F=zar, V'F=;ry=;

Flux in I flux out.

.'. Div *0