COMPLEX NUMBERS AND ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

OF COMPLEX VARIABLES
DEFINITION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:
A number of the form z x i y , where
numbers is called a complex number.

i = ( 1) , and x & y are real

The real number, x is called real part of z while y is called imaginary part of z.
Any real number u can be expressed by u = u + i 0.
Hence every real number is a complex number but the converse is not true.
Properties :
(1)

The conjugate of a complex number z x i y is denoted & defined by

z = x iy.
z+ z
z- z
and Im (z) = y =
.
2
2i
i y 2 then,

(2)

If z x i y then Re (z) = x =

(3)

If z1 x1 i y1 and z 2
(I)

Sum:

(II)

Difference:

(III)

Product:

(IV)

x2

z1 + z 2 =
=
z1 - z 2 =
=
z1 . z 2 =
=

z1
z2

Quotient :

( x1 i y1 ) + ( x2 i y2 )
( x1 x 2 ) i ( y1 y 2 )
( x1 i y1 ) - ( x2 i y2 )
( x1 x 2 ) i ( y1 y 2 )
( x1 i y1 ).( x2 i y2 )
( x1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) i ( x1 y 2

y1 x 2 )

x1 i y1
x2 i y 2
x1 i y1
x i y2
. 2
x2 i y 2
x2 i y 2
x1 x 2
x2

(4)
(5)

z x iy=
z x iy

y1 y 2
y2

x 2 y1 x1 y 2
x2

y2

is called modulus or absolute value of

(1)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBER:

Let z x i y be a complex number. we can use order pair of real numbers
(x, y) to denote complex number z in the plane. Thus the order pair of real numbers
(x, y) can be identified with a point in the plane; with such an identification,
the plane is called the complex plane. The horizontal axis is called the real axis.
The vertical axis is called the imaginary axis.

- 2 + 3 i. .
2
1

.1+i = (1,1)

0
-1

z=x+iy
r=

1
x
-1

FIG 01

FIG 02

POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBERS:

Let z x i y be a complex number, here x& y are Cartesian coordinates of z.
In previous discussion If we declare (0,0)=0+i0 as pole and X axis as polar axis
then using geometry we will have x = r cos and y = r sin
Hence , z x i y
z = r cos + i r sin
= r (cos +i sin )
Also r can be consider as distance of point from pole and can be otanined using
tan-1(slope of the line passing through pole and (x,y))
y
i.e. r
x 2 y 2 and = tan 1
x
related to polar form r is called the absolute value or modulus of z and is called
argument or amplitude of z and it is denoted by argz.
y
y
x
Hence, argz = = tan 1
sin 1
cos 1
x
r
r
The value of argz which lies in the interval
is called
Principal value of the argument of z ( 0) .General value of the argz can be
expressed as 2n + .

(2)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

DE MOIVRE S THEOREM (only statement):

STATEMENT:
Let n be a rational number then the value or one of the value s of
(cos + i sin ) n is cos n + i sin n
Results :
We will denote cos + i sin
(1)

If

z = cos + i sin then

z -1 (cos + i sin ) -1
1
z

cos(

) i sin (

cos

i sin

Thus z -1 = cis(
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

by ci s .

)=

1
= cos - i sin
cis

(cis ) n cisn .
1
(cis ) n =
= cos n - i sinn
(cis ) n
(cis )(cis ) cis (
).
cis
cis(
).
cis

ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBER:

De Moivre s theorem can be used to find all n-roots (values) of a complex number.
Since, sin

= sin (2k + ) and cos = cos (2k + ),

Or
cis = cis (2k + ) ,Where k is an integer.
1

(cis ) n

)] n

[cis (2k
cis

2k
n

, where k 0,1, 2, 3,...., n 1.

1

Thus, we get n roots of [cis (2k

)] n .

(3)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

APPLICATION OF DE MOIVRE S THEOREM TO TRIGONOMETRICAL

IDENTITTIES:
Using De Moirve s theorem and corresponding results we have following
two results.
( I ) Expansion of sinn , cosn in powers of sin , cos ,when n is a positive
integer.
By De Moirve s theorem
cosn + i sinn = (cos + i sin ) n
Expanding R.H.S. by Binomial theorem and equating real &imaginary parts
we get required expansions.
( II )

Expansion of sinn , cosn and sinm .cosm

cosn , when n is a positive integer.

x cos

Let

x n cosn

+ i sin

then

+ i sinn

and

1
x

1
xn

in powers of sinn ,

1
cos + i sin
cosn

- i sinn

1
1
2 cos
and x
2i sin
x
x
1
1
xn
2 cos n and x n
2i sin n
n
x
xn
using above results we can expand powers of sin or cos
products in a series of cosines or sines of multiples of
hence, x

or their

EULER S FORMULAE :
Since for any value of x, we know that
x2 x3
xn
x
e
1 x
.........
........
2 ! 3!
n!
sin x

x3
3!

x5
...............
5!

x2 x4
cos x 1
................
2! 4!
Using above series , we get
(ix) 2 (ix) 3
(ix) 4
e ix
1 ix
.
2!
3!
4!
x2
2!

1
e ix

cos x

x4
4!

..........

i x

(ix) 5
5!
x3
3!

................
x5
5!

..........

i sin x ..................................(4)

ix

Similarly e
cos x i sin x....................................(5)
Formulae given by (4) & (5) are called Euler s formulae.

(4)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

Above all discussion lead us to following result

EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER :
From previous result ei

cos

i sin

For any complex number z,

z

x iy
r cos

cartesian form
i sin

polar form

r ei

Exponential form

Thus the form z = r e i is called Exponential form of a complex number.

CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS:
From Euler s formulae,
If x is a real or complex
e ix
cos x
e

ix

i sin x

cos x i sin x.

We get,
sinx

e ix

e
2i

ix

and cosx

e ix

ix

Hence,
tanx

1 e ix
i e ix

e
e

ix
ix

e ix e ix
e ix e ix
2i
cosecx
ix
e
e ix
2
secx = ix
.
e
e ix

cotx

=i

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:
Definition:
If x is a real or complex
Hyperbolic sine and cosine of x is denoted and defined by
ex ex
ex e x
sinhx
and coshx
2
2
Other Hyperbolic functions are defined as
ex e x
ex e x
2
tanhx = x
,
cothx
=
, cosechx
x
x
x
x
e e
e e
e e

(5)

, sechx =

2
e

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

PROPERTIES:
(1) Sinhx & coshx are odd & even function respectively.
i.e. sinh(-x) = sinhx and cosh(-x) = coshx .
(2)

Identity: cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1.

sec h 2 x tanh 2 x
1
coht 2 x cos ech 2 x 1

(3)

tanhx =

sinh x
cosh x
1
1
, cothx =
, sechx =
, cosechx =
cosh x
sinh x
cosh x
sinh x

(4) sinh 2 A. 2 sinh A cosh A

(5) cosh 2 A. cosh 2 A sinh 2 A = 2 cosh 2 A 1 = 1 + 2 sinh 2 A
2 tanh A
(6) tanh2A =
1 tanh 2 A
(7) sinh 3 A 3 sinh A 4 sinh 3 A , cosh 3 A 4 cosh 3 A 3 cosh A
(8)

cosh 3 A 4 cosh 3 A 3 cosh A

cosh 2 A. cosh 2 A sinh 2 A

1
1
(10) cosh 2 A
(cosh 2 A 1), sinh 2 A
(cosh 2 A 1)
2
2
(11) sinh( A B)
sinh A. cosh B cosh A. sinh B
(9)

(12)

sinh( A B)

sinh A. cosh B cosh A. sinh B

(13)

cosh( A B)

cosh A. cosh B sinh A. sinh B

(14) cosh( A B)
(15)

cosh A. cosh B sinh A. sinh B

tanh A tanh B
tanh A tanh B
tanh (A+B) =
, tanh (A - B) =
.
1 tanh A. tanh B
1 tanh A. tanh B

RELATION BETWEEN CIRCULAR & HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:

sinix

= i sinhx ,

sinh(ix) = i sinx ,
sech(ix) = secx ,

cosix = coshx ,
cosh(ix) = cosx ,
cosech(ix) = -i cosecx ,

(6)

tanix

= i tanhx

tanh(ix) = i tanx
coth(ix) = -i cotx

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS:

If sinhy = x then y is called inverse hyperbolic sine of x and is denoted by
y = sinh-1x
Similarly we can define cosh-1x, tanh-1x , cosech-1x, sech-1x , coth-1x.
For real value of z we can prove the following results
(1)

sin h 1 z

log ( z

z2

( 2)

cos h 1 z

log ( z

(3)

tan h 1 z

1
1 z
log
2
1 z

z2

1)
1)

REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS:

(1)

sin (x i y)

sin x cos iy cos x sin iy

sinx coshy

(2)

cos(x i y)

cos x cos iy sin x sin iy

cosx coshy

(3)

tan (x i y)

i cosx sinhy

i sinx sinhy

sin (x i y)
cos(x i y)
2 sin (x i y). cos(x i y)
2 cos (x i y) .cos(x i y)
sin 2 x sin( 2iy )
cos 2 x cos( 2iy )
sin 2 x i sinh 2 y
cos 2 x cosh 2 y
sin 2 x
cos 2 x cosh 2 y

sinh 2 y
cos 2 x cosh 2 y

REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF HYPERBPLIC FUNCTIONS:

(1) sin h(x i y)

sinhx cosy

i coshx siny

(2) cos(x i y) y

coshx cosy

i sinhx siny

(3)

sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x cos 2 y

tan (x i y)

(7)

sin 2 y
cosh 2 x cos 2 y

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

Let z x i y be a complex number and let x = r cos and y = r sin , then
y
r
x 2 y 2 and = tan 1
x
Hence,
z = r cos + i r sin
= r (cos +i sin )
= r ei
log z
log r i ..................................(1)
y
log( x i y ) log x 2 y 2 i tan 1 ............(2)
x
The value of logarithm given by (1) & (2) is called the principal value of the
logarithm of z.
Also,
z = r cos + i r sin
= r (cos +i sin )
= r [cos (2n + ) +i sin (2n + )]
= r ei ( 2 n )
Log z log r i (2n
)..................................(3)
y
log( x i y ) log x 2 y 2 i 2n
tan 1 ..........(4)
x
The value of logarithm given by (3) & (4) is called the general value of the
logarithm of z.
Thus the general value of the logarithm is a multi-valued function while the
Principal value of the logarithm is a single-valued function
If we put n = 0 in (4) we will get the principal value of the
logarithm of z.
RELATION BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AND GENERAL VALUE OF
LOGARITHM :
From (1) & (3) we can write
Log z

log z

2n i..................................(5)

.
COMPLEX EXPONENT :
To find ZC we will use ZC = eC log Z.

(8)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

Solve Following Problems: (Class room work)

Prove that (sin

cos 2 i sin 2
cos 4 i sin 4

Prove that

n
2

+ i cos ) n cos
5

cos 3
7
cos

n
2

i sin

i sin 3
i sin

cos12

i sin 12

Prove that :
n

(1 i ) n (1 i ) n

(I)

22

cos

(II) (1 i 3 ) n (1 i 3 ) n

n
.
4

2 n 1 cos

(III) ( 1 i 3 ) 3n ( 1 i 3 ) 3n
Prove that :
n
cos
sin
i (sin
sin )
cos
2 n 1 sin n

n
.
3

2 3n 1.
sin
2

i (sin

sin )

cos n

1 sin
Prove that :
1 sin
If x

1
2 cos
x

Prove that (i)

(ii)
If a = cis2

i cos

i cos

1.

1
1
2 cos and z
2 cos
y
z
1
x p yq zr
2 cos p
q r
p q r
x y z
,y

xm yn
2 cos m
yn xm
and b = cis2

Prove that : (i) 2cos ( - )

a
b

b
a

a
b
b
a
Show that the modulus and principal value of the argument of

(ii) 2i sin( - )

1 i 3
3 i

13
11

are 4 and

respectively.

1 i 3
2

Prove that

1 i 3
2

if n 3k 1

if n

3k

Find all nth roots of the following:

(i)

1
6

(ii )

-1

1
4

(ii )

-1

(9)

1
6

(ii )

(1 i 3 )

1
5

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

1
5

1. Find all the values of (1

2. Solve the equation x

12

i ) and show that their continued product is 1 + i.

1 0 and find which of its roots satisfy the equation

x 4 x 2 x 1 0.
3. Prove that the nth roots of unity are in geometric progression .hence prove
that the sum of these n roots is zero.
4. Use De Moivre s theorem to solve following:
(i) x 8 x 5 x 3 1 0.
(ii) x 8 x 5 x 3 1 0.
(iii) x 7

x4

i ( x 3 1) 0.

5. Prove that : cos 6

sin 7
6. Prove that :
sin
7. Prove that : tan 5

32 cos
7

(iv) x 4

48 cos

56 sin

18 cos

112 sin

10. Prove that : sin 7

x2

x 1

0.

1
64 sin

5 tan
10 tan 3
tan 5
1 10 tan 2
5 tan 4

8. If x = 2cos , prove that 2(1 + cos8 ) = ( x 4

9. Prove that : cos 4

x3

1
cos 4
8
1
3 sin
64

4 cos 2

4x 2

2 )2.

21sin 3

7 sin 5

sin 7

11. Prove that :

cos 5 sin 7

1
sin 12
21

12. Prove that cosh x sinh x

13. If sin

2 sin 10
n

4 sin 8

10 sin 6

5 sin 4

20 sin 2

cosh nx sinh nx

= tan hx , prove that tan

= sin hx
x
14. Show that cosechx + cothx = cot h .
2
x
15. If y = log tan
4 2
y
x
prove that : (i ) tan h
tan
2
2
(ii ) cos hy cos x 1
16. Prove that : sinh 1 (tan )

log tan

17. Prove that : cos h 2 x

1
1

2
.

1
1 cosh 2 x

(10)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

18. Prove that: tan

x a
x a

i
a
log
2
x

19. Prove that : (i) tan h 1 x

sin h

(ii) sin h 1 x
20. Prove that :
21. If sin

lim
x

1 x2
1

cos h

sin h 1 x log x

1 x2

tan

1 x2

log 2

(i ) x 2 cos ec 2
2

y 2 sec 2

1
2

(ii ) x sec h
y cos ech
If sin
i
(cos
i sin )
1
(i ) 2
cosh 2
cos 2
Prove that:
2
(ii ) tan
tanh cot
1

23. Prove that: cos

24. Separate tan

x iy ,

Prove that:

22.

25. Prove that sin

3i
4

i log 2

a i b in to real and imaginary parts.

1

cos ec

i log cot
2
2
26. Find general and principal value of the log( -3) and log(1 + i 3 ).
27. Prove that:
(i)
log( 1 +i tan ) = log sec + i
(ii)
log(1+ e 2i ) log(2 cos ) i
(iii)

log(e i

(iv)

log

(v)

e i ) log 2 cos

sin( x iy )
2i tan 1 cot x tanh y
sin( x iy )
1
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
log cos( x iy )
log
2
2
x iy
x iy

(vi)

log

(vii)

tan i log

2i tan
x iy
x iy

i tan

tan x tanh y

y
x

2ab
a b2
2

(11)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

28. Separate following into real and imaginary parts, and find modulus and
argument: (i )

(ii ) a i (iii )

i 1

iv i i

(v) i log(1

i)

29. Prove that i i is wholly real and show that the value of i i form a geometric
progression.
30. Find all roots of the equation sin hz = i

(12)

Prepared by Mr.Zalak Patel

Lecturer, Mathematics

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