Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(i)
In the space below, draw a diagram to show the products formed when two
-glucose molecules join together by means of a condensation reaction to form
maltose.
(3)
(ii)
Name the bond that joins the two -glucose molecules together.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(b)
Describe the structure of starch and explain why this structure makes it a suitable
molecule for storing energy.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
2.
(i)
Glucose
Glycogen
Maltose
Starch
(ii)
(iii)
CH 2O H
O H
H
H
O H
H
H
H O
O H
O
H
O H
O H
H
H
O H
Draw the molecules resulting when this disaccharide molecule is split into
its two component monosaccharides.
(2)
(iv)
(b)
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
3.
Read through the following account on lipids, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Lipids are insoluble in water because they are ......................................................
A triglyceride is one type of lipid. A triglyceride consists of one
.................................................... molecule with three .....................................................
molecules joined to it by ..................................................... bonds. Triglycerides
have important roles in living organisms, including waterproofing and
......................................................
(Total 5 marks)
4.
The diagram below shows lactose being hydrolysed. Complete the diagram
by drawing the missing components of the monosaccharide galactose in
the left-hand box and the monosaccharide glucose in the right-hand box.
L a c to se
CH 2O H
H O
H
CH 2O H
O
H
O H
O H
C H 2O H
H
O
H
O H
O H
O H
CH 2O H
O
G a la c to s e
G lu c o s e
(2)
(ii)
(b)
Using the symbols G and g, complete the genetic diagram below to show
the probability of the couples second child not having galactosaemia.
Parents genotypes ..........................................
..........................................
Parents gametes
Possible genotypes
of second child
..................
..................
..................
..................
(ii)
The couple wanted confirmation that their second unborn child did not have
galactosaemia. To do this, fetal cells were taken, the DNA extracted and the
alleles associated with galactosaemia were sequenced.
A mutation was found in one of these alleles but the protein produced by
this allele was the same as the protein produced by the normal allele. The
couple were told this could be explained by the degenerate nature of the
genetic code.
Explain how the degenerate nature of the genetic code could allow the
mutated allele to produce the same protein as a normal allele.
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(2)
(iii)
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
5.
(a)
Insulin and collagen are both proteins that have a primary structure made up of
amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
(i)
(ii)
Name the type of reaction that occurs when a peptide bond is broken
causing a dipeptide to split into two amino acids.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(b)
Insulin and collagen both contain the amino acids glycine and serine. The
diagram below shows a dipeptide formed from these two amino acids. Complete
the diagram to show the structure of serine when the peptide bond breaks.
H
N C C N C C
H
CH
O H
2
O H
N C C
H
H
G ly c in e
+
O H
S e rin e
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
10
11
6.
(a)
(b)
The table below shows the percentage of different bases present in the DNA from
two organisms.
Percentage of each base present
Organism
Yeast
Cow
(i)
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
31
19
31
19
29
12
(ii)
Explain how you worked out the percentage of guanine present in the DNA
of a cow.
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(3)
(c)
DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) have different properties. DNA is very stable
but mRNA breaks down quickly and most of it will be broken down within a day of
it being produced. Suggest why it is important for DNA to be more stable than
mRNA.
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(2)
13
(d)
7.
(a)
14
(b)
When bacteria are grown in conditions containing a heavy form of nitrogen, they
will incorporate the heavy nitrogen into their DNA each time DNA replication
occurs.
After many replications in these conditions, all the nitrogen in the bacterial DNA
will be of the heavy form.
If the bacteria are then switched to conditions containing a light form of nitrogen,
this will become incorporated each time DNA replication occurs.
The diagram below shows the changes in the DNA composition, over two DNA
replications, after the bacteria have been transferred from conditions containing
heavy nitrogen to conditions containing light nitrogen.
Complete the diagram to show the DNA composition in the third generation.
K EY
= H e a v y n itro g e n
= L ig h t n itro g e n
......................................................................................................................................................
D N A b e fo re
r e p lic a tio n in lig h t
n itr o g e n c o n d itio n s
......................................................................................................................................................
D N A a fte r th e fir s t
r e p lic a tio n in lig h t
n itr o g e n c o n d itio n s
......................................................................................................................................................
D N A a fte r th e se c o n d
r e p lic a tio n in lig h t
n itr o g e n c o n d itio n s
......................................................................................................................................................
D N A a fte r th e th ir d
r e p lic a tio n in lig h t
n itr o g e n c o n d itio n s
......................................................................................................................................................
(c)
(2)
15
(d)
The table below shows nine bases from a DNA template strand. Complete the
table by giving the corresponding bases on the complementary DNA strand.
DNA template strand
Complementary DNA
strand
(1)
(e)
16
17
8.
Read through the following passage about lipids, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
Lipids contain the elements hydrogen, carbon and oxygen joined together
by ............................................... bonds.
Triglycerides are lipids that consist of three ............................................... molecules
joined to a ............................................... molecule. These molecules are joined
together
by a chemical process called a ............................................... reaction.
Triglycerides that have double bonds between carbon atoms are known
as ............................................... triglycerides.
(Total 5 marks)
9.
18
19
10.
(a)
B ond A
CH O
C H 2O
O
C
O
C
O
C
trig ly c e rid e
(i)
(ii)
Name the type of reaction that will break down the triglyceride into its
constituent parts during digestion by lipase enzymes.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Some triglycerides have several double bonds (C C), others have none.
Describe one way in which the physical property of triglycerides which
include several double bonds will differ from triglycerides which have no
double bonds.
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(1)
20
(b)
(ii)
Explain how adding this extra chemical group allows the formation of a cell
membrane.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
11.
H
C
H O
(a)
C H 2O H
O
H
O H
O H
H
C
O
C H 2O H
H
O H
O H
H
C
O
C H 2O H
H
O H
O H
H
C
O
C H 2O H
H
O H
OH
H
C
O
C H 2O H
H
O H
OH
H
C
O
H
O H
O H
H
C
O H
21
(b)
In the space below draw one of the monomers that would result from this
reaction.
(2)
(ii)
Explain why this enzyme will not break the bonds in a protein molecule.
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(3)
(c)
22
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
23
12.
Read through the following passage about water, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom held
together by ........................................ bonds. There is an unequal distribution of charge
over the molecule. This is called a ........................................ and results in water being
a
good ........................................ for many substances such as sodium ions.
Bonds called ........................................ bonds form between water molecules. As a
result
water has a high ................................................................ meaning that a lot of
energy is needed to cause a small rise in temperature.
(Total 5 marks)
13.
(a)
24
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
25
(b)
State two ways in which the structure of a tRNA molecule differs from the
structure of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
1 ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
14.
(a)
(i)
26
27
(ii)
Give the sequence of the first five bases that would be present in each of
the following:
1.
........................................................................................................................
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2.
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(2)
(b)
28
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(5)
(Total 8 marks)
29
15.
Proteins have a wide range of functions in living organisms. The function of a protein is
related to its precise three dimensional shape, which is determined by its specific
sequence of amino acids. The diagram below shows a model of a typical protein
molecule.
(a)
(i)
Complete the diagram below to give the structure of the amino acid glycine.
H
C
H
(2)
30
(ii)
Explain how a specific sequence of amino acids can form the precise three
dimensional shape of a protein molecule.
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(3)
(b)
The following DNA base sequence codes for part of a protein molecule.
TACGGTATGCCAACCTTC
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
31
32
16.
(a)
Lipids
if a
Proteins
Are polymers
Have ester bonds
Contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and nitrogen
Form components making
up the structure of cell membranes
(6)
(b)
(ii)
33
34
17.
The table below refers to the structure of DNA and RNA. If the statement is correct,
place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross (
) in the appropriate box.
Statement
DNA
mRNA
Is double stranded
Contains the bases adenine and uracil
Contains a pentose sugar
Contains phosphodiester bonds
(Total 4 marks)
18.
Read through the following account of the roles of lipids in living organisms, then write
on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Lipids have many important roles in living organisms. They are found as small droplets
of oil in many cells where they act as an ....................................................
Fats are found deposited beneath the skin of animals where they provide
.................................................... and .................................................... .
In plants, waxes are found on the upper surface of leaves where they act as a
.................................................... layer.
(Total 4 marks)
35
19.
(a)
The diagram below shows the structures of two amino acids, alanine and serine.
H
N
H
C
CH
O H
C
3
H
N
C
CH
C
2
O H
O H
A la n in e
S e rin e
In the space below, draw a diagram to show a dipeptide formed when these two
molecules bond together.
(2)
36
(b)
(i)
Structure of polypeptide
at 25 C
at 55 C
Primary
505
505
Secondary
48
70
(ii)
37
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(2)
38
(iii)
Suggest why the increase in temperature has this effect on the length of the
secondary structure of the polypeptide.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
20.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
39
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(1)
40
(b)
Explain two ways in which the structure of these molecules makes them
suitable for their role as storage molecules.
1 .....................................................................................................................
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2 .....................................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii)
21.
The diagram below shows the pairing between two bases in a DNA molecule.
CH
H
N
N
C
N
N
C
C
N
C
C
T h y m in e
C
N
H
D e o x y rib o s e
O
H
D e o x y rib o s e
(a)
(i)
41
42
(ii)
(iii)
Apart from other bases, name one chemical group present in DNA not
shown on the diagram.
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(1)
(b)
Describe two structural features of DNA which give it the ability to replicate.
1 ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(c)
Give two differences between the processes of DNA replication and transcription.
1 ..............................................................................................................................
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2 ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
43
22.
Proteins are chains of amino acids and have a wide range of functions in living
organisms.
(a)
(i)
The diagram below shows part of the general structure of two different
amino acids.
Complete the diagram to show how these two amino acids can be joined
together.
H
R
N C
C C
H
O H
(1)
(ii)
Name the bond that is formed between the two amino acids.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(b)
Explain how the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its
three-dimensional structure.
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(2)
44
(c)
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions within living organisms.
The graph below shows the effect of changing enzyme concentration on the rate
of reaction.
R a te o f
re a c tio n
X
E n z y m e c o n c e n tra tio n
(i)
45
(ii)
Outline the practical procedures that could have been used to obtain the
results shown on the graph.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
23.
(a)
-glucose
maltose
.............................................
(1)
(b)
46
(3)
47
(c)
48
24.
(a)
In the space below draw a diagram to show two mononucleotides joined together
in a single strand of DNA (polynucleotide). Use the symbols shown for each
component in your diagram.
P h o s p h a te g ro u p :
D e o x y rib o s e :
B ase:
C o v a le n t b o n d s :
(3)
49
(b)
Describe how two strands of DNA are joined to form a DNA molecule and how
this molecule is organised in a chromosome.
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(5)
(c)
The table below shows the percentage content of one of the four bases in a
molecule of DNA.
Name of base
Percentage content
Adenine
14
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
50
(i)
Use the information in the table to calculate the percentage content of the
other three bases in this molecule of DNA. Write your answers in the table.
(3)
51
(ii)
State what percentage of the bases in this molecule of DNA are purines.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
25.
The table below summarises the structure of some of the main chemical compounds
found in living organisms.
(a)
Subunits of
the chemical
Elements
contained in the
chemical
Polysaccharide
Protein
Enzyme
C, H, O, N, S
Lipid
Phospholipid
C, H, O
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
(7)
(b)
52
(c)
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
26.
The table below shows population statistics and deaths from coronary heart disease
(CHD) for males and females in England during a two year period.
Number in the population
(a)
(i)
Males
23 922 144
33 879
Females
25 216 687
9 016
For this two year period, calculate the percentage risk of a male dying from
CHD. Show your working.
(1)
(ii)
Use the data in the table above to calculate how many times females are
less likely to die from CHD than males.
(1)
53
(b)
Body Mass Index (BMI) can be used to indicate whether a person is overweight.
The chart below shows the effect of having a high BMI on the risk of dying of
CHD when compared with a control group with a normal BMI of 20. A person with
a BMI of 30 is obese.
50
I n c r e a s e in
r is k o f d e a th
d u e to
C H D /%
40
30
20
10
0
20
25
30
35
B o d y M a ss In d e x (B M I)
(i)
(ii)
(1)
54
(iii)
Explain why people who are overweight are more likely to die from CHD.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
27.
(i)
(ii)
55
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(2)
56
(b)
(c)
Describe the process that converts a genetic sequence on messenger RNA into
the primary sequence of a protein.
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(4)
(Total 9 marks)
57
28.
(a)
The table below refers to the composition of the disaccharides sucrose, maltose
and lactose. Place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box or boxes to indicate clearly
the monosaccharide or monosaccharides that make up each disaccharide.
Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
(3)
(b)
29.
Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted
lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
All amino acids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
................................................ The primary structure of a protein is formed when amino
acids are joined together by ............................................... bonds. Chains of amino
acids
may then form a secondary structure such as a spiral shape called the
..............................................., which is maintained by ...............................................
bonding. The tertiary structure of a protein is maintained by bonding between the
............................................... of amino acids.
(Total 5 marks)
58
30.
The diagram below illustrates how the enzyme sucrase may catalyse the
breakdown of sucrose into glucose and fructose.
R
S u c ro se
G lu c o s e
F ru c to s e
Q
S u c ra se
Use the diagram to identify:
(i)
reactant Q
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
the name of the bond between the glucose and fructose molecules that is
broken by the reaction shown in the diagram.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
59
(b)
(i)
Explain why sucrase will digest sucrose and not any other disaccharide.
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(3)
(ii)
Name and describe one way that glucose is absorbed across cell
membranes.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
31.
The diagram below shows the structure of a human insulin molecule. Each circle
represents one amino acid.
S
A c h a in
G ly Ile V a l G lu G lu C y s C y s T h r S e r Ile C y s S e r L e u T y r G lu L e u G lu A s n T y r C y s A s n
S
P h e V a l A s n G lu H is L e u C y s G ly S e r H is L e u V a l G lu A la L e u T y r L e u V a l C y s G ly G lu A rg G ly P h e P h e T y r T h r P ro L y s T h r
B c h a in
Insulin is a protein that has a tertiary structure and a quaternary structure.
(a)
(i)
Name two types of bond that help to maintain the tertiary structure.
60
1. ....................................................................................................................
........
2. ....................................................................................................................
........
(2)
61
(ii)
(b)
(i)
All human insulin molecules have the same primary structure. Explain what
is meant by primary structure.
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(1)
(ii)
When insulin molecules are formed they fold into a specific shape. Explain
why all human insulin molecules fold into the same shape.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
62
32.
(a)
Starch
Glycogen
Monosaccharide
Is a polymer
Glycosidic
bonds are
present
Is an energy
store in
animal cells
Has high
solubility in
water
(4)
(b)
State the minimum number of bases needed to code for this polypeptide along a
strand of mRNA.
.................................................................................................................................
....
(1)
63
(c)
Describe the key stages involved in protein synthesis, from the genetic code in
the nucleus to the sequence of amino acids being assembled at the ribosome.
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(5)
(d)
Explain how the sequence of amino acids determines the shape of a protein.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
33.
Carbohydrates and lipids are both sources of energy in the diet. A high carbohydrate
intake stimulates the production of fatty acids. Eating excessive amounts of
carbohydrates can lead to obesity.
65
(a)
(i)
The diagram below illustrates part of the structure of a fatty acid with the
formula C15H31COOH. Complete the diagram of the molecule.
H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H
(ii)
(2)
State whether this fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated. Give a reason for
your answer.
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(2)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
66
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(3)
67
(c)
34.
H
O
H
H
H
O
(a)
H
O
68
(b)
(c)
One of the properties of water is that it has a high specific heat capacity. Explain
why this property is important for organisms that live in water.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
35.
(i)
(ii)
69
(b)
(i)
What is the maximum number of amino acids coded for by this strand of
mRNA?
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Complete the diagram below to show the sequence of bases on the strand
of DNA that coded for this mRNA.
(2)
(c)
A strand of mRNA was found to have 53 codons but the protein produced from it
contained only 51 amino acids. Suggest two reasons for this difference.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
70
(d)
36.
(a)
71
(b)
When bacteria grow and reproduce they need a nitrogen source. The nitrogen
becomes part of their DNA.
Bacteria were placed in a culture medium containing a heavy form of nitrogen.
The bacteria were grown and allowed to reproduce for several generations until
all the nitrogen in their DNA was heavy nitrogen.
The bacteria were removed, washed thoroughly and then divided into five
batches labelled A, B, C, D and E. They were then placed in fresh culture
medium and allowed to grow for different periods of time.
Batch A was placed into fresh culture medium containing heavy nitrogen, and left
for four generations. The other four batches were placed into fresh culture
medium containing light nitrogen and left for different periods of time.
First treatment
Second treatment
All
grown
in
heavy
nitrogen
The DNA from the five batches of bacteria was then removed, placed on
separating solutions and centrifuged (spun). The mass of DNA added to each
separating solution was the same.
DNA containing different proportions of heavy and light nitrogen can be seen as
separate bands after centrifugation. The heavier molecules are lower down in the
separating solution than the lighter molecules. The wide bands contain more
molecules than the narrow bands.
72
Figure 1
Figure 2
73
(i)
Explain why the DNA from batch B is higher up in the separating solution
than the DNA from batch A.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
On Figure 2, draw in the bands you would expect to see for the DNA
separated from the bacteria grown in batch E.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
74
37.
O
O
C
O
C
O
H
A
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Name the type of bond formed between part A and a fatty acid.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Stearic acid and oleic acid are both examples of fatty acids. Each has a
hydrocarbon chain containing 17 carbon atoms. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty
acid but oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid.
Give two ways in which the structure of a stearic acid molecule differs from the
structure of an oleic acid molecule.
1 ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
75
(c)
38.
The diagram below shows a stage in the process of translation during protein
synthesis. This process is occurring on a ribosome.
A m in o a c id s
R ib o s o m e
A m in o a c id
tR N A m o le c u le
1
2
3
A n tic o d o n
G U A
G G U
A A A
G C C
A C G
G G
U
P a rt o f a m e sse n g e r
R N A m o le c u le
76
(a)
(b)
The table below shows the anticodons of some tRNA molecules and the specific
amino acids that each one carries.
tRNA anticodon
Amino acid
GGU
Proline
CCA
Glycine
AAA
Phenylalanine
CGA
Alanine
ACC
Tryptophan
UUU
Lysine
Using the information in the table, identify amino acids 2 and 3 shown in the
diagram on the previous page.
Amino acid 2 ..........................................................................................................
Amino acid 3 ..........................................................................................................
(2)
77
(c)
(3)
(ii)
Name the type of reaction that occurs during the formation of a peptide
bond.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
39.
78
(b)
(i)
Complete the diagrams below to show the two glucose molecules that will
result when this maltose molecule is broken down.
(2)
(ii)
Name the type of chemical reaction that occurs when maltose breaks
down.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
79
40.
Z
X
A d e n in e
(a)
(i)
C y to s in e
(ii)
Name the type of bond that holds the two strands of DNA together.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
80
(b)
The table below shows the amino acids coded by mRNA codons.
S eco n d b ase
C
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
C
A
G
P
P
L
L
h e n y la la n in e
h e n y la la n in e
e u c in e
e u c in e
U
U
U
U
C
C
C
C
U
C
A
G
S
S
S
S
e r in e
e r in e
e r in e
e r in e
U
U
U
U
A
A
A
A
U
C
A
G
T y ro s in e
T y ro s in e
S to p
S to p
U
U
U
U
G
G
G
G
U
C
A
G
C y s te in e
C y s te in e
S to p
T ry p to p h a n
U
C
A
G
C
C
C
C
U
U
U
U
U
C
A
G
L
L
L
L
e u c in e
e u c in e
e u c in e
e u c in e
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
U
C
A
G
P
P
P
P
ro lin e
ro lin e
ro lin e
ro lin e
C
C
C
C
A
A
A
A
U
C
A
G
H
H
G
G
is tid in e
is tid in e
lu ta m in e
lu ta m in e
C
C
C
C
G
G
G
G
U
C
A
G
A
A
A
A
rg in in e
rg in in e
rg in in e
rg in in e
U
C
A
G
A
A
A
A
U
U
U
U
U
C
A
G
Is o le u c in e
Is o le u c in e
Is o le u c in e
M e th io n in e
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
C
U
C
A
G
T
T
T
T
h re o n in e
h re o n in e
h re o n in e
h re o n in e
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
U
C
A
G
A s p a ra g in e
A s p a ra g in e
L y s in e
L y s in e
A
A
A
A
G
G
G
G
U
C
A
G
S e rin e
S e rin e
A rg in in e
A rg in in e
U
C
A
G
G
G
G
G
U
U
U
U
U
C
A
G
V
V
V
V
G
G
G
G
C
C
C
C
U
C
A
G
A
A
A
A
la n in e
la n in e
la n in e
la n in e
G
G
G
G
A
A
A
A
U
C
A
G
A
A
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
U
C
A
G
G
G
G
G
U
C
A
G
(i)
a lin e
a lin e
a lin e
a lin e
s p a rtic a c id
s p a rtic a c id
lu ta m ic a c id
lu ta m ic a c id
ly c in e
ly c in e
ly c in e
ly c in e
T h ird b a s e
F irs t b a s e
(ii)
Reading from left to right, what is the sequence of amino acids coded by
the following length of mRNA?
G
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
81
(iii)
82
41.
The table below refers to the formula and structure of some biological molecules.
Complete the table by writing in the name, the formula or the structure of the molecule
where appropriate in the empty boxes.
Name
Formula
Water
H2O
Structure
NH2RCHCOOH
Fatty acid
O
C
O H
C H 2O H
C
H
C
H O
H
O H H
C
O H
H
C
O H
(Total 6 marks)
83
42.
O
C
O
H
(a)
Give the name of the molecule to which three fatty acids are bonded to form a
triglyceride lipid.
.................................................................................................................................
....
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
84
(c)
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
43.
The table below refers to the structure of different types of nucleic acids. If the feature
is present, place a ( ) in the appropriate box and if the feature is absent place a cross
( ) in the appropriate box.
Feature
DNA
mRNA
Cytosine present
Uracil present
Pentose sugar present
Is single stranded
(Total 4 marks)
44.
Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted
lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
The tertiary structure of a protein depends on its primary and secondary structure.
The primary structure is the .. of amino acids, which are
joined together by .. bonds to form a chain. This type of
bond is formed when a .. reaction takes place between
two amino acids.
The chain of amino acids may be folded into an alpha helix, held in shape by
Al-NAjah Private School
85
.. bonds.
A number of different types of bonds hold the tertiary and quaternary structure
in shape. For example, the two peptide chains in insulin are held together
by .. bonds which form between the
.. of certain amino acids.
(Total 6 marks)
45.
The diagram below summarises the steps involved in the semi-conservative replication
of DNA.
D o u b le stra n d o f D N A
S te p 1
E nzym e A
T w o stra n d s s e p a ra te d
S te p 2
C o m p le m e n ta ry n u c le o tid e s lin e u p a g a in s t e a c h s tra n d
S te p 3
E nzym e B
N u c le o tid e s jo in to f o r m tw o n e w p o ly n u c le o tid e c h a in s
S te p 4
T w o id e n tic a l D N A m o le c u le s f o r m e d
(a)
86
(b)
(c)
Give the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.
.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
46.
The diagram below shows the structure of the cell surface membrane.
C a rb o h y d ra te
P r o te in s
G ly c o p ro te in
(a)
87
(b)
The diagram has been magnified three million (3 106) times. Calculate the width
of the cell surface membrane in tin (micrometres). Show your working.
Answer mm
(3)
(c)
State one function of each of the following components of the cell surface
membrane.
Carbohydrate ..
Protein
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
47.
The table below refers to two disaccharides, sucrose and maltose. If the statement is
correct, place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a
cross ( ) in the appropriate box.
Statement
Sucrose
Maltose
Contains glucose
Is a reducing sugar
Contains glycosidic bonds
Is transported in the phloem of flowering
plants
(Total 4 marks)
88
48.
Read through the following account of the properties of water, then write on the dotted
lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Water has the chemical formula . Water molecules are
described as .. because they have a slight positive charge
at one end of the molecule and a slight negative charge at the other end. As a result,
individual molecules form .. bonds with each other.
Water is an important .. in living organisms because
most biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solution. Water also has a high
.., which means that its temperature remains relatively
stable despite large changes in the temperature of the surrounding environment.
(Total 5 marks)
49.
89
(b)
50.
Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted
lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
Proteins are composed of long chains of monomers
called ...............................................,
which are linked together by ........................................................ bonds. These bonds
are
formed by ..................................................... reactions between adjacent monomers.
The
primary structure of a protein is the specific sequence of monomers in a polypeptide
chain and determines the secondary and tertiary protein structure. The secondary
structure of a protein may be a coil, known as
an ...............................................................
which is held in shape by ............................................................. bonds between
different
monomers in the chain.
(Total 5 marks)
51.
90
91
(a)
(b)
(c)
92
(d)
A quantity of DNA was labelled with radioactive nitrogen. It was then allowed to
replicate three times, using non-radioactive nucleotides to synthesise the new
DNA strands. What proportion of the final mass of DNA would you expect to be
radioactive? Explain your answer.
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
(2)
(e)
In which stage of the cell cycle does replication of DNA take place?
.................................................................................................................................
..
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
52.
Read through the following account of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the
account.
DNA is a molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides, which are joined together
by................................... reactions. Each nucleotide in DNA consists of a
nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and ................................... .The
nitrogenous base may be adenine, guanine, cytosine or .................................... .
A molecule of DNA is made up of two polynucleotide chains coiled into a
................................... . The two chains are held together by
................................... bonds between the nitrogenous bases
(Total 5 marks)
93
53.
The table below refers to some disaccharides, their constituent monomers and their
roles in living organisms.
Complete the table by writing in the appropriate word or words in the empty boxes.
Disaccharide
Constituent
monomers
Lactose
Glucose + glucose
Form in which
sugars
are
transported in
plants
(Total 5 marks)
54.
(a)
(b)
94
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
(3)
95
(c)
Describe how the structure of a fibrous protein, such as collagen, differs from the
structure of a globular protein.
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
96