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GREENSTICK FRACTURE
resembles the break that results when a
supple green branch of a tree is bent and
breaks incompletely.

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CLASSIFICATION
FISSURE FRACTURE

DEPRESSION FRACTURE

will occur when direct trauma is applied to

any long or flat bone

represent areas in which multiple fissure

fracture lines intersect.

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
implies a fracture line that is transverse to
the long axis of the bone.
Most are caused by bending forces.

CLASSIFICATION

OBLIQUE FRACTURE

SPIRAL FRACTURE

implies a fracture line that is oblique to the

long axis of the bone
The two cortices of each fragment are in
the same plane without spiraling

indicates a fracture line that spirals along

the long axis of the bone
It is caused by torsional twisting or
rotational forces.

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CLASSIFICATION
COMMINUTED FRACTURE

MULTIPLE FRACTURE

Implies at least three fracture fragments

The fracture lines are interconnected
Comminuted fractures are difficult to
reduce and fix

implies three or more fracture fragments in

a single bone; however, unlike
comminuted fractures, the fracture lines do
not interconnect.

CLASSIFICATION
IMPACTION FRACTURE

COMPRESSION FRACTURE

implies a fracture in which a bony

fragment, generally cortical, is forced or
impacted into cancellous bone. Typically
this occurs at the ends of long bones.

a fracture in which cancellous bone

collapses and compresses upon itself.

CLASSIFICATION
CLOSED FRACTURE
a clean break to the bone that does not
damage surrounding tissue or tear
through the skin is known as a closed
fracture or a simple fracture.

CLASSIFICATION
Which bone?

Where in the bone?

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CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION
Grouping-Type A

Type A
Extra-articular

Type B
Partial articular

1. Spiral
2. Oblique
3. Transverse

Type C
Complete disruption
of the articular
surface from the
diaphysis

CLASSIFICATION
Grouping-Type B
1. Spiral wedge
2. Bending wedge
3. Fragmented
wedge

CLASSIFICATION
OPEN FRACTURES
one that damages surrounding skin or
tissue is known as a compound fracture
or an open fracture.
Compound or open fractures are
generally more serious than simple
fractures, with a much higher risk of
infection.

CLASSIFICATION
Grouping-Type C
1. Spiral
multifragmentary
wedge
2. Segmental
3. Irregular

CLASSIFICATION
Type I Open Fractures
Inside-out injury
Clean wound
Minimal soft tissue
damage
No significant
periosteal stripping

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CLASSIFICATION
Type II Open Fractures
Moderate soft tissue
damage
Outside-in
mechanism
Higher energy injury
Some necrotic
muscle, some
periosteal stripping

CLASSIFICATION
Type IIIB Open Fractures
High energy
Outside in injury
Extensive muscle
devitalization
Requires a local flap
or free flap for bone
coverage and soft
tissue closure
Periosteal stripping

CAUSES

Automobile accidents major cause

Fall from height
Sports injury
Trivial injury fall at home
Machine injuries
Repetitive stress (stress fracture)
Gun shot injuries
Pathological problems of bone
Metabolic bone diseases
Defective collagen

CLASSIFICATION
Type IIIA Open Fractures
High energy
Outside-in injury
Extensive muscle
devitalization
Bone coverage with
existing soft tissue
not problematic

CLASSIFICATION
Type IIIC Open Fractures
High energy
Increased risk of
amputation and
infection
Major vascular injury
requiring repair

SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
Swelling or bruising over a bone
Deformity of an arm or leg
Pain in the injured area that gets
worse when the area is moved or
pressure is applied
Loss of function in the injured area
In compound fractures, bone
protruding from the skin

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TREATMENT
Stop any bleeding.
Immobilize the injured area.
Apply ice packs to limit swelling and
help relieve pain.
Treat for shock.