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achines
nduction ivua~~~~~.umuuu~~
Synchronousan Induction
ynchronous
S1 e
.1
MEMBER AIEE
When rotating machines are interconnected with each other or with transmission lines and other stationary struc-
tures, additionalphysicalreferenceframes
must be resorted to. Such additional
frames are for instance
will
form the subject matter of a future
publication.
GABRIEL KRON
machine:
assutmed.
PO
;?00,
CIA2d
i,d
Equations
Pe
[2dit :.
L
Sid
>
r uqpage
a r
'
X 1 1t
2 2 l2d
l
~~~~~~~~~~~oppositesigns, the subscript s becomes f
- -- ~~~~~~~~~~~Paper 48-27, recommended by the ATEE rotating
_ fXy { s t/ Areq
2machinery committee and approved by the AIEE
program committee for presentation at
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~technical
AIEE winter general meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~the
t7 , s
02q0uqxq
2iq / q
THE PRIMWITIVE
SYNCHRONOUS MJACHINE
1948, VOLUME 67
Os
a)
" %
//_ _Z////
_
/ / /t
b)
THE PRIMITIVE
INDUCTION MACHINE
175
2I
.2334.4
| Xg p/r, p/r3 |p/r4
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~p/rl
|-
X 2
9'Is~~~~~~XI4-- X3sX4
2s
jjf~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~2
~ L ~~~~~~~
'P Is
b)
I
-S<P2s
(/35
d) ELECTRIC CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION OF fLUX-PATHS
r
(4sp
X2gt32
de) ELECTICNAL'DUIT'
SLOTS
~Figure 2.
______________
AldiiP
______________
d81l
M8sp
drl
TORQUET REAL OF it
rdKARMATURE
ixoI
jxoa
*fo!
ifag0
fir eE t 1fajj fe
BF
jxdfg
If ITOQ
(xoq-xad)l
AIR
ebo2seda2-Jeqa2~T'b
jXl
jx02
_________
)Xr2
j(Xoq.Xod)I
ROTOR
JXri
if
eftp eda?2+18wo(;
q 02
fev
e. To
save space in further manipulations, this
fORWARD
JXEdf2
edfa+Jeq
GAP
|-)nr
STATOR Jeo
AXIS
rqfl-rdfl
(xoq-xad)
JXra
Ti
]$J(XNq.
FORWARD
-xfdf2) edf2jeqf
rd5,
JXqsg
2JXqse xdsz)
2
iqie
ds2-Jfqsa
f
s
are special
ther
matrice
Zt
cases of
TheXmatricescontainnorterms.
The mat riceswith a subscript s (stator)
r2
-2.
containfno pG terms. Thersin themassume
1.
2
f
The o
(rarmarpt TrLorp
BAKWARD
176
......
jx
jXre
T2si
Ti
~ Z~= |sZl<X2
'~BACKWARD
>baS-
fS2m
...............V....j...jxdf.
if
Jtecq-xe,d
- 6drZ-6qr2
matrix
l2
rqa-rdf
-ra
f
machine (induction)
f2
jKd
JXdfi
L 42PO
r74+L 2P|
3
e
/ib02~IibjjXadibfI4ibf2~
r1a2
AIqrpO
qM07p
____f________dt2
-Ldp3
I9P
jxdft2
REAL O
ibBD
q .
---rtlp
|_
Al
MdrP
dr
-M4TPO
r72+LdT2p
FIELD
edO2+jeq2
MdTP
_____
|
Llr1pO
_r17+L ,.lP|
M,rPO
|
Ms7p
e21P-MdTP
GAP
__
d21P
M!J1P
r7l+Ld7lP
dr, fr
-LdriPO1
f,s
fQlp
Jil iiPO
.4I
IdiP
M,,11p0J
A'MdllP
d,
412 Af
aS
-MdItPO9
2P
-Mdi12PO
Mq22PO
|_______ _|
dr2| Md22p
q A2-M421 p
-Mel
qr,|
I_ _r
.AL11p
|____I_
rf21+L581p
______I_
Mfl2p6
MdiP
+LdS1P
rdsl
dsP
________
1
M34
_______________
I__________________
Alqs.
i X
REPRESENTATION OF FLUX-PATHS
MAGNETIC
c)THECIRCUIT
KdS2
X41p
X3jp
-L---
4XIP xisx
d81
rs
b)FLUXs DISTRIBUTION IN THE
it
l~~~~~~~~~~~3 tR.
r2d2+
____
V's_____
W2x
yls
d82
(4
S3
'l 2
components
AIEE TRANSACTIONS
02
~ARttAMATURE
AIR
GAP|1-
fT
t I,t
Wt
rt
if
tt
t t
NJ F
indicated.
During steady state, when the frequency of currents in all axes is not fundamental frequency (unity) but some other
frequencyf, then in the transient Z
1. p becomesjfw
2. pG becomes vw
3. coL and wM become X
STATOR
iXSI
JXfrl
f__
_____
_
__
dr
)ss
__
jX
~~i(xoq-X d jXod
jxf rf
jX
jX
FIELD
AIR-GAP
ARMATURE
IIV 2
,t
by
j(xoq-Xad ixad
ttt1 ]0 LJ
Xt
jxU,
v
r0
o) REACTION
MACH1INE
ieroa b
ad
jxf
jxc
jxl2
jxI
jXe
rf
rt
ixwhesre~
1
(8>
Cs2lC
As a result each Z, X, and e is transformed:
rf .
Bb
j<
CS=
2. The jXfre
C) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Toqerd
er=Lj.,..e.J
of Bf*+ibBb*
r.
ix
q2
q1
es2 | edSl
eq7sI | edrl
S2
e=|
Si
r1
1948, VOLUME 67
e to uny b
dr2
| edT2
fr
b,
(4)
Zrt = nrlZr t
e" n=Cst
Z
(3)
j(XdrXar)
rkd
br
f+v
-v
2rr
eDrr |
+(
r2
frl
(11)s
r22
r,
~~~~~~~~~~(and
rf
3si eSI
|ersI|
|
er2I|
nrb
(5)
c is r
d) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
backward axes)
ds2
e=| edS2
Cs(stv) .r The*Zrcys
C,
jXJ2
Va
(7
*s-
eb
where
xo
sr ibv
______
r1
CsTI1
S2
b) SLIP COUPLING
ad--
qr
(b)
ef
chine
so
AIR
jXrt
T__V
t
fy
r
ROTOR
e#.
rf I
jXft
ec2 zB t JxJ
l 1
(d)
it
FIELD --- -1
j fg
jxot
f+Vu
f5
~~~(12)
(13)
Rememberingthat ncontainsnov,the
final matrices are
br
(XdrXqr"4
Yr( nXdjXar)
_____2___)___|___f+v__J__S|
177
ARMATURE
AIR-GAP
r02
jx2d
.7
a~od
, j,
ad
rf
kd
._~
~
~~~~~
I(
rac
jS
jx
s
r;-.ef
\/red-ljeq
l(s-v)
Daq
edr -jeur
fr-
d'
S.
\/2
jXr
Xjif
f re|JS
(15)
ROTOR
rr
B _
br Xd
<
.rr.
tfrBf
(\f. u)
in Figure 5.
edr*Bb
1'f UV)
Actual Machines
'
i1br
jXs
jX,
brBmb
fs_I_ds
sr B
f
V2s
jxr jxs rs
d)SINGLE -PHASE IND. MOTOR
5 r5
jx
+t
jxke5s
r
B
I Fi7u
er
jx
IND. MOTOR
rr2Xrt
Itfr
-Z
Xfxr
ixs rs
c),UNBALANCED
aZsq/2a edJeq/
1dsf
rf
|Xm
V f
JXm
A)ed -Jeq/a
rr
[+v JXr jxd rsd
b) GAPAGITOR MOTOR
r
jx5 rs
JXr
eds+jeqs
1,eds
jx
JXsd rsd
Jdf
sq2sd ebs
eb2is.
rr
STATOR
JXr
ij=-.jid
(16)
JXsd rSd
-j
1C
q'
X
STATOR
rr
I-V
efr
steps
X.,
ROTOR
in two successive
accomplished
d) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
AT SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
Figure 7. Synchronous machines (forward and
backward axes). Field circuits are eliminated
Torque=reda of ifBf*+ ibBb*
178
b
sv
c) SYNCHRONOUS MACNINE
edr +jeqr
be
Bf-
ed + Jeq ,1
* d (s.+ v) q
ef
JXod
V_(
_ ra
erIt=|
xe
i~~~~~~~~
V2
JXel
b) SLIP COUPLING
res , . JXaq
4 J(X0djXaq)
jet
f <
jXagq
jI
Bb
-r0N
Jx;2
v
r0
J
.
Sf
e
X
l
.1.
'j
ral
jx'akq_
S I
e) DOUBLE SQUIRREL -CAGE IND. MOTOR
xrr-xsr Jr j5r
k*tJ7JX
5~j~J5r
,
4@ Bf jxrm}|
j|
Jm
jst|
Xe5
ifrj
r|
.
i
IfiBfrBgJXm
[
1J||
AWEE TRANSACTIONS
-j
(17)
C 2 = ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Gda
_ed
f2_v2
qf
jxf 1
in Figures 10
dA
pdrm
1948, VOLUME 67
jxqft
AIR
STATOR
SAO
GAP
-v r,
'
j Bd jxad
d
q
Adst~ jxjdIg
MAIN
AXIS
........................
'VP
ivrdrt+jferk(22)
qhrii
Cql
ROSS
axes)
Isq
of i'B *+(jj7>Bd)'
rat
Jx
aJ
ijd
tid2
vrI2
ad
xfr
r.1 vrrT |
Xad
if
Wu
ji 8.q1
q t qq
IP-v
JXoq
a) REACTION MACHINE
rf
jOq {t
jX11
b) SLIP COUPLING
f
jBd JXod
i7
t i'
B
r0
jxaq
..q
jxj2
jVSt
--
*d (t
member only.
2. In the physical circuits (Figures 9-12)
mutual couplings exist between the d and q
axes for the symmetrical member only.
eXiqf.
jXqfI
d~
through
CUADRI
Sp
bered that
12.
jXai
qfe
IfL
Bqi
;If,DRSC
idft
j%
if
O fz
.. __ # s \ i##~f-
(1r
xf
Xdf d
2fef
Oq
fOdr2+JbOqrt
q
givren
JXdtZ
jd
.dai
.
.Z
f-u
dfr d+Jdr
f2-v2
circuits are
at
e"'=C51(20)*e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rrp
O- ga p.
-*
t|
e
FIELD
JKd
AIR
GAP
ROTOR
cnt*eff
the resultant matrices are
e"'f
~ jxot
1dat~~~~~~..~~~*goa
1V2
dd
q q~~~~~~~~~~r a2
|
|
(18)
-1
14 and 15 as
17i7
one as
l
CnCn=CA-IC2=.\>,
~ 2 a/
b3
dBq +
-ARMATURE
bined into
TORQUE *REAL OF
1.
sed
Stu
-puegk
JJx
ds?
OAt
vr
W
B ijXag
-ved+Jseq xi
5
-I
jx2
v
c) SYNCHRONOUS
MACHIlNE
AT SYNCHRONOUS SPEEO
d)
SYNCHIRONOUS
MACHINSE
179
ra 2
,
ad
jx
cdi
Xoq
jXk _x fjd2djXaI
rjI
rkdxf
ad
px
-r
B6d
jeq
X_,2
ra2t iX12
ra
sed-jveq
se-Uj
j Xod
a
ixod
S+_V
d
jx .1
-ved Iseq
Xa q
S2-u 2
jxodrj
rf
r0
jxaqI
machineandnanetworkthen
jx
S tv
-1N'2a-b
-j
(23)
jd,B,*+(jjr%Bd)*
jXsd
jdl
a 21
vedrt1 eqr
1-u2 8
IqBqT
rr
ROTOR-
jXr
(dr+Jueqr (
1-u T
verse
1 d| 1
* _ IZ
=
(28)
zf=o Zm
ecea =Za'2
)
Hence the tensors of the group of equivalent circuits are "intermediary tensors"
having their indices in two different refer-
STATOR
r2
em
ROTOR
(26)
=Zm2
eZa,}(2
Torque = real of
Z=fn-l'Zm
(25)
Za'nOf'Zax:
en=n'lem,
ea' = n, e,'
d) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Summary of Transformations
rsd
idr
IX-V2 |
jxr
jX
Jxmq
eqs
teqs
jxsq rsq
f-~~~~rrjx -x
\/2ql
tidr
a) INSTRUMENT SELSYN
a/2ql 1 t1 -1
r
t I qr
rr
f -u
JXr
JXsd
di
ed
I
Iqs
Bq
;eii
Xm
t jeq/
jx,
f
,
|
ti' Bq
rr
I-i)
r,
jx5
Jxrfed+eqr
r
f
rsd
b) CAPACITOR MOTOR
IL
11qs
eqs Jf
i
i jq
q EJXm
g
jxr iX
STATOR
Jxr()
Hence, just as all actual rotating machines form a "group" (allowing to pass
from the equations of any one machine to
that of any other machine by means of a
nonsingular C) similarly their equivalent
circuits also form a group and it is possible to pass fromthe equation of any one
180
X
Ixtd
ef
jBd
AT SYNCHIRONOUS SPEEt)
b) SLIP COUPLING
C) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Having shown that all rotating machines form a "group" and that all their
equivalent circuits form another group,
X,,,
XjI
r.
jX-t
ra
aq
ad
ed
v.
jo
I iXod rXi
-A_
r,a
r.
l7R
hrq
JXj2
tv
tid
dd
jxr
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
References
np = CsnsCs
qm
-jV
2. EQUIVALENT
ri
components
f,
bm
-1
dn
fl
qn
jv
1
ns
f +v |
fn
I/
_
m|l/(f - v)
bn
11(f+V)
(29)
I
dn
qn
f____________Iv31
-j
It has to be remembered,
i1
though, that
dm
_n|_2_-2
bn
(30)
n-
may
be used.
4.
Electric43.
March 1946, page
Review (Schenectady, N. Y.),Kron.
TATING MACHINE,
Gabriel
General
5. THE Sheldon
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT OF TEES CAPACITOR
S. L. Chang. AIEE
MOTOR,
TIONS, volume 66, 1947, pages 631-40. TRANSAC-
No Discussion
1948, VOLUME 67
181