Reforestation Masterplan Gili Balu

5.
4 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY
The reestablishment and rejuvenation of forest areas in the Eight Island EcoRegion is a
long-term program which must consider the local vegetation, wildlife, and ecology of
the site, as well as cultural and economic realities. The reforestation strategy shall focus
on theXfollowing key steps as a way to recovery:
Preliminary surveys and consultation with forestry department and consultants.
Community engagement and coordination with forestry department
Establishment of Plant Nurseries
Follow up Community management and education
Wildlife management with Community and tourism education
Long Term Management with tourism opportunities
Social forestry involving the local community in the process is crucial. With sustainable
forest management as the governing principle an ecosystem-based forestry can be
adopted. Using three primary objectives following a series of preliminary guidelines
prior to construction; implementing a phased multi-year soil
conservation and
replanting scheme using majority native and some suitable exotic vegetation; and
establishing a long-term management strategy for flora and fauna, a successful
reforestation strategy shall be integrated as part of the Master plan development.
5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

MASTERPLAN EIGHT ISLANDS
ECO REGIONS INDONESIA
2015
>1
REFORESTATION
Background: Existing Context

HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS:
Currently the area suffers from unsustainable land use, ineffective resource
management and lack for integrated landscape planning.
Eco Regions Indonesia (ERI) have management and development
authority over Gili Balu and the Poto Tano tourism village on the mainland.
ERI will apply integrated forestry planning methods to these areas and can
act as advisors in others.

2015
>2
REFORESTATION
Background: Existing Context

There exists remnant areas of high conservation value but a large majority of
the land requires revitalization, such as:
Enhancing ecosystem services for flood and dust control, enhancing
fisheries and energy savings through increased shading and cooling.
Erosion control
Groundcover and rangeland condition
Tree canopy and diversity
Fertility and stability of agricultural fields
Mangrove and salt flat areas protected from continual grazing
The reforestation strategy is not just about planting and vegetation:
It is about creating ecosystem stability and revitalizing the damaged
marine and wildlife habitats
It is about empowering the local community to take action and be
personally invested in the long-term effects that will result from the
oncoming development
Creating and enhancing economic returns through direct and indirect
yields
Improving human and animal health through ecosystem services.
It is about educating visitors and locals alike of ecological practices
while visiting the EcoRegion
It is about building sustainable land use ethic that is involving all
stakeholders and protects natural resources for current and future
generations
Above : Showing the local problems of

grazing, erosion, flash flooding, water
shortages, lack of shade, rubbish and
generally a poor ugly landscape.
Below: Some coastal areas are in
extremely poor condition and will benefit
from investment in infrastructure and
landscaping

2015
>3
REFORESTATION
Current Situations: Primary Issues

EXISTING PROBLEMS:
This example shows two areas of forest on the same hill, one in its natural state and the
other highly degraded by misuse. The plan needs to reverse this damage and enhance
the remaining natural beauty.
Degraded
landscape
Remnant forest
inaccessible by
goats and people
Trees cut
Rock
quarrying
Intact panorama
and biodiversity
Overgrazing

2015
>4
REFORESTATION
Reforestation: A Three Stage Process

Stage one: Create a sustainable forestry land use roadmap to recovery
with community and government participation that addresses current
and future opportunities and needs.
Stage two, phase one: Reforestation strategy is enacted in all
development areas as official government policy and in community
demonstration sites (Hydrological management, planting for stabilization
of slopes and coastlines starts, beautification of panoramas).
Stage two, phase two: landscape stabilization and enhancement
scheme developed is applied in the broader EcoRegion
Stage three: Landscape management scheme developed for specific
needs such as new industries or specific conservation outcomes as these
are identified.
Previously forested hills have been logged,

grazed and rock mined till all that remains is an
ugly panorama. They can be restored slowly but
surely to be both attractive and useful forests
Mangrove areas need to be studied and

protected
Erosion is a serious problem across the

entire region and can be extreme

2015
>5
Reforestation: A Three Stage Process

Stage one: creating the recovery strategy:
Vegetation
surveys
undertaken
by
competent consultants to create baseline
data. This is to form the basis for the for the
recovery efforts. The baseline data will
direct and quantify the recovery program.
All landscaping and amenities planting will
need to be established fitting in with the
intrinsic character of the area and
protecting or restoring the function of
forest in development areas.
Engagement
of
community
and
government to align needs and wishes
with the restoration process.
Stage two, phase one: beginning reforestation:
Following the establishment of an
integrated landscape vegetation plan,
pilot reforestation sites are to be
established. The size of the pilot plantings
will be determined by the availability of
resources. These may include but are not
limited to; Silvopasture models, mangrove
and salt flat rehabilitation, erosion control,
home garden fruit tree diversification and
conservation projects to return degraded
areas to diverse and resilient habitat rich
lansdcapes
Expansion of reforestation works over
these areas will be phased over several
years.
Vegetation
rehabilitation
be
prioritized by erosion control needs,
REFORESTATION
Provision of alternative incomes and animal
fodder, environmental services and the
beautification of the area through enhancing
panoramas
Stage two, phase two: planting and landscape
scheme
outside
of
developments
and
neighborhoods:
The planting and landscape scheme shall be
developed
in
coordination
with
local
government, and external experts to be hired
by the client, to oversee the re-vegetation
strategy. It shall provide the overall succession
plan to guide future development. The primary
areas intended for the planting shall be focused
on:
Main road tree planting and surrounding
community forest
Silvopasture areas under the control of or
in cooperation with the local village
Shrubland and rangeland enhancement
Protection of recharge zones for natural
springs
Establishing perennial organic horticulture
in fertile gully areas
Buffer zones for mangrove protection that
benefit the community
Firewood plantation for local use

2015
>6
REFORESTATION
Reconstructing landscape: A Three Stage Process
Stage three: Landscape management

scheme developed for specific needs
such as amenity plantings or specific
conservation outcomes:
Reforestation of the development
precincts will be undertaken as
developer
partnerships
are
secured and the permit and
licensing
approval
process
proceeds.
The
timing
of
developer
partnerships and approval will
determine the timing of the
reforestation program for the
development precincts.
Reforestation
of
development
precincts will be guided by the
demonstration
plantings
and
reforestation pilot and extension
programs that have been carried
out during stage one and two.
Further details as to exact locations

and specific schemes shall be
introduced in following phases
after full assessment of the
EcoRegion and identification of
specific conservation and amenity
needs.
Development precincts will also
undertake the reforestation of
precinct annexure i.e. adjoining
landscapes
that
bound
the
development
area
(refer
to
reforestation plan).
Allocation of these annexes is to be
determined by the master planning
team and ERI.
Note: It is possible that stage two,
phase two and stage three
processes can occur simultaneously.

2015
>7
REFORESTATION

2015
>8
REFORESTATION
PHASING OF DEVELOPMENT

2015
>9
REFORESTATION
Landscape planning ethic

The restoration planning process to landscape rehabilitation involves:
Focus on a holistic approach, letting informed reality guide the design process,
making the creative connections between elements
Recognizing the critical importance of goals, and especially prioritized, holisticallyconsidered decision-making for planning
Acknowledge the role of people as a crucial part of the system maintaining that
land health is a direct reflection of the people
Use conscious sensitive design to integrate and bring out the unique character of
the place in landscape management
Integrate the land improvement tools of sustainable use of plants and animals to
accelerate building of fertility and biodiversity
Pay attention to and plan according to scaled organization of landscapes
(recognition of nested hierarchies and the interplay dynamics between levels - see
KSOP) as an explicit dimension needed to effectively plan for permanence
Seek ways to increase flexibility, adaptive capacity, and resilience of the whole
landscape.
Keyline Scale of Permanence (KSOP):
1. Climate
2. Landscape
3. Water Supply
4. Roads/Access
5. Trees
6. Structures
7. Boundaries and Fences
8. Soil
Community workforce restoring
native forest in Tanjung Ringgit
EcoRegion
http://permaculturenews.org/2012/0
6/30/planning-for-permanence-withyeomans-keyline-scale/

2015
> 10
REFORESTATION
Summary: Reforestation 7 Step Program
1
2
3
Preliminary Works
Climate data collection Stakeholder consultation, biodiversity surveys, landscape

hydrological and contour studies, soil types, road and access planning. Prioritize needs to
match capacity.
Commencement
Ensure government and community support for action plans.
Erosion control and water management, fire control, excluding livestock and soil
conditioning.
Environmental awareness education.

Plant Establishment
Establish community supported reforestation and silvopasture demonstration areas.
Collect planting material from remnant vegetation to use in community supported

nurseries.
Plant Community Evolution
Focus on plants for sustainable production including agroforestry, agriculture, and

gardens
Focus on reforestation of conservation and tourism areas with original forest species
Invigorate the mangroves and establish protection plans
Plant Community Management
Grazing management, Weed management, fire management, stormwater

management
Wildlife Management
Wildlife habitat and corridor rejuvenation plan, feral animal strategic plan
Long Term Management
Engage local community with education, maintenance, and investment in care of land
Monitor, evaluate, and self-regulate for long-term testing and research

2015
> 11
REFORESTATION
Step 1: Preliminary Works

Establish baseline data by surveys:
Contour maps of area
Biodiversity and tree survey
Consult with community and stakeholders
Ensure accessible vehicular, service, and pedestrian connections.

Animal and Wildlife Management:
Assist community to protect mangroves and forest areas from uncontrolled
grazing
Integrate livestock grazing systems to controlled grazing patterns
Assist development of cut and carry agroforestry systems on currently barren
Village land
Use lower impact livestock such as horses to control fire risk seasonally
Requires developing animal husbandry management plan
Mangrove diversity and condition
Savannah areas created by past

farming practices
Remnant forest species

2015
> 12
REFORESTATION
Management approaches
A. Controlled and restoration grazing I
Currently large areas of salt flats and mangrove are degraded because of
uncontrolled access by goats, cows and horses.
These areas are important sensitive coastal habitat growing under hostile
conditions that are easily damaged and hard to restore.
They have good value to grazing animals as they are evergreen and rich in
minerals.
The grazing pressure is too heavy and has lead to previously productive areas
becoming barren wastelands.
The program wishes to recognize both the Aesthetic, economic and
environmental potential of these areas and begin a process that can conserve
all three simultaneously.
Salt marsh areas are to be fenced and stock completely excluded during
recovery.
Once recovered the project will commence measurements and studies to
determine appropriate timing and duration for crash grazing these areas.
Crash grazing involves a large amount of animals grazing an area for a very short
time, it mimics natural herd migration and has proven to stimulate grass and
shrublands health and productivity.
On Gili Kalong where there are no stock the

salt flats are green and healthy, while on the
mainland there are no healthy stands and
many are dead or dying. Saltfalts can be
managed for grazing in a way that benefits
plants, humans and animals
Benefits of the restoration grazing approach.

1. Plant communities are managed to the level of grazing they can sustain
2. Grazing patterns mimic natural patterns of wildlife grazing which they are evolved
to respond to
3. Grazing animals add valuable food and income to the community and justify a
value of conserving salt flats in a natural form
4. Grazing animals crash grazing stimulate healthy regrowth by cycling nutrients and
created a seedbed for regeneration

2015
> 13
REFORESTATION
A. Controlled and restoration grazing II
On the islands of Gili Balu there are large areas of grasslands and some savannah
These are artificial landscapes created by human activities over hundreds or
thousands of years. They are self perpetuated as the tall grasses promote intense
fires that eliminate most competing species.
In many cases this landscape is not suitable for habitation or tourism due to the
fire risk and lack of shade.
On the mainland uncontrolled grazing eliminates all soil cover and promotes
growth of poisonous and thorny plants.
Both areas can benefit from controlled grazing to create a stable diverse and
healthy landscape.
Under the plan cows, and especially horses are to be brought in for controlled
grazing to reduce fire risk and allow soil and forest regeneration.
Free roaming Horses are an excellent tourism opportunity for the EcoRegion and
they are very compatible with this method of conservation due to their dietary
effects on the landscape when managed correctly.
The Gili Kalong landscape is stuck in a

cycle of fire that leaves a hot, plain and
dangerous landscape
The mainland suffers from severe

overgrazing
Horses are selective browsers that stimulate

grassland diversity and allow tree
regeneration when managed carefully
Gili Kenawa after a grass wildfire that would

have been lethal to trees, animals and
humans caught in its way

2015
> 14
REFORESTATION
B: Forage bank model to create fodder and income and regreen barren areas around
Poto tano
Fast growing deep rooted fodder trees and perennial grasses used to reforest
barren areas around the towns controlled by the Village authority
A technology and skills transfer partnership between local Village Authority, ERI,
forestry agency and external organizations
Aims to tackle multiple problems with one solution, reducing heat, dust, erosion,
flooding, poor animal health, high cost of imported forage and lack of income for
local Village
Village administered and run by the community for community benefit, with
proceeds of licensing and sales towards Village Authority budget for waste and
sanitation
Locals currently import forage at a cost of 15000IDR per sack from 10km away. It is
anticipated that the Village Authority can provide forage at competitive or
subsidised rates
This concept already has the support of the Village head
Current status of Village community forest land, barren

yet highly suited to forage banks
The forage bank demonstration model

will experiment with around 10 to 15
potential species
This model in Lombok shows how trees and

grass are managed sustainably for forage

2015
> 15
REFORESTATION
C: Vetiver system for land stabilisation and animal forage
Vetiver grass is a sterile deep rooted grass used in
erosion control and agriculture in 190 countries
When planted as a single hedge it traps sediment
behind to form natural terraces, its 3m deep roots also
enhances infiltration of surface runoff into the soil and
improves hydrology
It is highly productive and the young growth up to an
age of two months is very palatable to livestock. It can
make up to 75% of rations for penned livestock
It is used to terrace land at a small cost compared to
other methods, and can be used to stabilise slopes,
bridges, river banks and any other problem areas
Vetiver system technology can easily be transferred to
local people, and used in civil infrastructure projects to
stabilise and reduce damage and costs
Vetiver training is simple and empowering, it

can be learned by anybody with any level of
education, any age and in any language
The power is in the roots
Vetiver regrows quickly after cutting or

burning
The young regrowth of Vetiver is good

animal fodder
The Vetiver is the cheapest and most

permanent way to stabilize critical
infrastructure

2015
> 16
REFORESTATION
D: Mangrove firewood transitional substitution program

Mangrove forests are highly productive in growing biomass
and can be sustainably harvested for firewood
However to do this there needs to be in depth scientific
study to determine the sustainable amount and method of
collection
Overharvesting damages mangroves and has a follow on
effect of a decrease in fish stocks
In the community planning workshop it was suggested to
establish living fences around property boundaries that
can be harvested sustainably as firewood by local people
and thus reduce their need to harvest firewood from
mangrove areas in order to survive
It is also suggested to promote an LPG conversions
scheme in order to improve the health of women who
must work daily around the smoke of wood fires
A transitional program from subsistence collection to
cultivated firewood plantations, and then establishment of
a sustainable harvest program after scientific study is
recommended.
Fast growing trees can be used to protect the land and

provide cooking fuel
Unregulated wood collection in mangrove

areas has the potential to damage
fisheries, tourism and destroy a sustainable
resource
Living fences protect farmland and

provide biomass for cooking on a
sustainable basis
Mangrove wood collection is culturally

important but must not be essential for
the core energy needs
Agroforestry systems also provide

excess wood from prunings that is
available as cooking fuel
5.2. REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

2015
> 17
REFORESTATION
Stabilization Focus:
Develop stabilization plan in coordination with erosion plan.
Background:
Steep slopes and gullies with active erosion to be prioritized for
stabilization to prevent further soil and nutrient loss and silting
of downstream mangrove plantings, marine life, and coral ecosystems.
Erosion is a process that

destroys sustainable futures.
Halting erosion must be
prioritized before more future
wealth is lost
Small Scale Strategy:

Stone gabions, check dams, log check dams
Small swales and grassed spillways
hessian sandbags are packed in and around erosion points (scours, cuts) and along
the drainage line at regular intervals, securing with timber stakes and planted with
vetiver grass for complete stability.
Large scale strategy: Gili Kalong, Gili Namo and Poto Tano Tourist Village
Terraced landscape with grassed spillways, wastewater gardens, or constructed
wetlands (note: although the name varies, the function is similar).
Where needed a stepped or terraced landscape is created along the drainage
lines, mimicking the traditional profile of the terraced landscape. Where cutting into
slope is not allowable green terracing using the Vetiver system is used to create a
living hedge that captures sediment and over time forms natural terraces
(www.vetiver.org)
Silt, organic matter, nutrients, and moisture are trapped along the drainage line to
build soil and support reestablishment of vegetation. These can be mined for soil to
rehabilitate barren areas
Integrate throughout site to capture rainwater, to reduce steep slope occurrence,
to control stormwater velocity upstream at first point of impact.
Further Strategies:
Follow the guidelines specifically established in the Water Strategy. for handling
stormwater in regards to erosion control.
All the low cost strategies to stop erosion exist

and can be taught to anyone

2015
> 18
REFORESTATION
D:
Regrow
native
development areas
forests
around
THE THREE LEVELS OF RESTORATION: Matching

the approach to the level of damage
On any site we endeavour to restore the
plant cover and plant community to the
highest possible conservation state. We do
so using natural ecological processes with
cost effective human intervention. This leads
to a more natural outcome with better
habitat value than if a single age or set
group of species is simply replanted
Scenario 1: Totally degraded: Poto Tano
Tourist Village
Total loss of forest diversity and structure
Total loss of seed trees and soil seed
banks
Possible changes to soil depth and
conditions
that
make
replanting
original forest impossible
Site planted to hardy species that
begin a process of soil building and
provide some habitat value
Native species prioritized with some
necessary exotic transition species
Trees that can grow under harsh conditions

are used to modify climatic and soil
conditions so they become more favourable
in future for natural and assisted recovery
Scenario 2: Highly degraded remnant

vegetation: Gili Balu (apart from Gili Belang)
Remnant trees are protected and mapped.
They are pruned to regrow to their original
form and additional plantings of appropriate
native species are used to develop a forest
structure representative of the original forest
cover. In future this area can advance to
secondary forest management
Scenario 3: Secondary Areas: Gili Belang
The mangrove area is protected and
enhanced by returning missing species,
especially those threatened or rare due to
over exploitation. As the mangrove develops
more species are added to increase its
conservation value to the highest possible
status
The goal is to return barren land to

natural forest

2015
> 19
Step 2: Plant Establishment Strategies
REFORESTATION
INITIAL STRATEGIES FOR PLANT ESTABLISHMENT:

A: Contour planting on a totally degraded site
Gili Kalong
Smaller fast growing plants are established
along contour lines and at regular contour
intervals. They form the nurse crop. Contour
interval between plantings varies depending
upon the grade of the slope. Establish plants on
contour intervals of:
1.5 meters on slopes with of 1:1 to 1:3
grade
1 meters on slopes of 1:4 to 1:5 grade
0.5 meters on slopes of 1:6 to 1:10 grade
C: Restoration of a coastal forest area on IUPJL

land as an example of enriched secondary
forest Gili Namo
Reestablish a functional forest using Indopacific
strand flora that have become rare in the
region due to coastal overclearing
Larger growing hardy native trees, shrubs and

understory are interplanted between contour
interval plantings to create a canopy over the
whole re-vegetated site.
B: Creating a reforestation demonstration site
over past incomplete reforestation plot Blok
Lampu Hijau
A program of replanting was undertaken 4
years ago with moderate success. The site is to
be refenced and completed with enrichment of
additional species. This area is special as it is
being rehabilitated to keep open a natural
spring traditionally used as drinking water that is
drying up due to over clearing
Seed collection to commence at the outset of
the project, sourcing native species of regional
provenance.
Example of partially successful

reforestation project in Poto Tano
Previous reforestation was partially

successful

2015
> 20
Step 3: Plant Establishment Strategies
REFORESTATION
FURTHER STRATEGIES FOR PLANT DEVELOPMENT

INVIGORATING THE MANGROVE AREAS: general
Revitalization suggestions include:
Use of the full list of mangrove species
previously present in the area
Infiltrate upslope water to recharge
subsurface hydrology and restore healthy
flows
Fence and protect salt marshes, once
recovered implement seasonal crash
grazing as a compatible landuse and
economic benefit
Integrated solution between erosion
control, careful stabilization, and planting.
Identifying and removing impediments to
recovery
Attempt to protect saplings coming from
natural
regeneration
for
long-term
approach
(+15
years)
Introduce
beekeeping to mangrove areas and
buffer forests as an ecofriendly source of
income
Roadside plantings Poto Tano

Assist Village authority to plant and protect an
avenue of evergreen shade trees to shade and
cool entry road to village and beyond
Example of the benefits of

shaded roadsides and
walkways in extreme climates
Mangrove restoration adjacent to Tambak - Gili

Kalong as example of combining mangroves
with Tambak
Tambak ponds for Bandeng are productive but

channels and banks can be replanted with
mangroves to repair

2015
> 21
REFORESTATION
Other strategies
AGROFORESTRY, AGRICULTURE, GARDENS: GiILI KALONG, AND GILI NAMO
A restoration ethic based on the old Indonesian model of Tumpang Sari, regrowing
forests while cultivating crops around them. Starting with annual crops and
transitioning to a landscape mosaic mostly based on perennial tree crops , semi
wild harvests and animal husbandry . Because of the dry climate and poor soils this
model is chosen over the growth of annual crops which require arable land.
Sustainable agroforestry suggestions include:
Multipurpose diverse forests yielding fruit, fuel, fodder and other Non timber
forest products (NTFP)
Majority native species with selected adapted exotic crops
Create forests to cleanly absorb wastes and provide other key environmental
services
Stagger cutting and harvesting times to have steady supply and be able to
diversify with markets
A mix of forest types ranging from mostly wild to mostly managed
Urban and residential clusters to become a village in a garden, or village in
a forest concept
Current calculations show that due to the 10% building footprint and the area of
land in a state of total degradation, agroforestry areas (distinctive from strictly
forest areas) may account for 15-20% of area.
Example of established
productive home garden
Home gardens
Work with Village authority to promote
Homegardens for shade and cooling, fruit and
limited vegetable production. Beautify the
Villages to become Tourism villages using hardy
flowers and drought hardy potted plants in
doorstep gardens

2015
> 22
REFORESTATION
Other strategies
SEMI ARID ZONE AGROFORESTRY AND HOMEGARDENS
Working with local communities to trial and provide planting materials
to grow diverse semi arid zone gardens and community forests that
meet local needs
The typical components are as such:
Upper canopy: Mahogany, Teak, Jackfruit, Mango, Dates, Lontar,
Boab ++
Middle plant layer: Pomelo, Starfruit , bananas, papaya,
pomegranate, fig, grapes, guava, passion fruit, Canistel, dwarf
coconut, dragon fruit , prickly pear, srikaya, sirsak, yams, moringa,
sesbania ++
Current housing is mostly barren around the house
Lowest plant layer: spices and hardy vegetables including

turmeric, pineapple, basil, eggplant, chili, sweet potato, cassava
++
The total number of possible semi arid zone fruits, nuts, perennial
vegetable and vine crops exceeds 150 species with year round
production.
This creates a huge opportunity for local business. Fresh local
produce earning premium prices with direct sales to tourists.
Once established this itself becomes an edu-tourism attraction for
sustainable villages and culinary activities .
Some have fenced and prove what is possible, now

to improve and beautify the concept

2015
> 23
Step 4: Plant Community Management
REFORESTATION
WEED AND FIRE MANAGEMENT
General principles include:

The rate of clearing should not outpace the rate of re-vegetation (i.e. retain
weedscapes until re-vegetation works commence)
Weeds can be slashed to reduce fire risk and decompose in place or be
composted.
Seasonal foraging of managed animal herds prior to seeding weed forage plants
Collection of invasive plant propagules (eg tubers, rhizhomes etc) for animal
fodder or liquid fertilizer production
Herbicides and chemicals
To protect the environment, fungal, plant, and animal biodiversity and also humans,
herbicides are not to be used for the full site except under supervision by trained
operators and under special circumstances such as noxious weed removal.
Weed management techniques

such as manual removal and
mulching
It is the ultimate aim to eliminate the need and reliance on chemical pesticides and
herbicides
FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Collect and pile dry biomass for composting during the wet season instead of
burning
Slash and Mulch grasses to the ground to cool soil temperatures and maintain soil
moisture
Integrate managed controlled animal grazing along with natural firebreaks

Fire management techniques keep
organic matter by composting and
firebreaks

2015
> 24
Step 5: Wildlife Management

WILDLIFE, HABITAT,
STRATEGIES:
AND
REFORESTATION
BIODIVERSITY
Establish wildlife survey and monitoring

program.
Retain wildlife passages, especially in areas
that will have high levels of construction
such as near bridges or main roads.
Let forest vegetation continue throughout
site as much as possible with focus on
replanting native forest trees with high
habitat value such as native figs
(Beringin/Bunut).
Construct artificial wildlife habitat to
reinvigorate fauna population, including:
Bird, bat, mammal boxes
Native bee hives
Reptile refuges
Protect and restore mangrove forests
Valuable wildlife for ecotourism is often not appreciated, such as

the critically endangered Green Flores pigeon found in healthy
Sumbawa forests
For feral animal management, develop a

plan
to
humanely
manage
the
reproduction and location of species.

2015
> 25
Step 6: Long-Term Management
REFORESTATION
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT:
Build the capacity and empower the local community to
become the care takers and custodians:
Connect livelihoods of local people to the reforestation,
restoration, and management of the landscape.
Provide long term transformative employment opportunities and
pathways for the local community to become involved.
Involve the community in workshops.
Cultivate a transformative culture of earth care, people care, and
fair share by engaging the community in governance and
decision making.
LONG-TERM MONITORING, EVALUATION, AND SELF-REGULATION:
Set up monitoring and evaluation systems and procedures to
quantify the project progress.
Healthy forests are

necessary for healthy
communities and
traditions. Without
timber the building
traditions of
Sumbawa will be lost
Developing responsive and adaptive strategies and solutions to

meet the changing needs of the site and the community,
including:
Stormwater management
Greywater systems
Energy systems
Sustainable energy system effectiveness
Market research for housing options

2015
> 26

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5.

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Background: Existing Context

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Background: Existing Context

Above : Showing the local problems of

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Current Situations: Primary Issues

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Reforestation: A Three Stage Process

Previously forested hills have been logged,

Mangrove areas need to be studied and

Erosion is a serious problem across the

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Reforestation: A Three Stage Process

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Reconstructing landscape: A Three Stage Process

Stage three: Landscape management

Further details as to exact locations

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Landscape planning ethic

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Summary: Reforestation 7 Step Program

Climate data collection Stakeholder consultation, biodiversity surveys, landscape

Ensure government and community support for action plans.

Environmental awareness education.

Establish community supported reforestation and silvopasture demonstration areas.

Collect planting material from remnant vegetation to use in community supported

Focus on plants for sustainable production including agroforestry, agriculture, and

Invigorate the mangroves and establish protection plans

Plant Community Management

Grazing management, Weed management, fire management, stormwater

Long Term Management

Monitor, evaluate, and self-regulate for long-term testing and research

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

Step 1: Preliminary Works

Ensure accessible vehicular, service, and pedestrian connections.

Mangrove diversity and condition

Savannah areas created by past

Remnant forest species

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

On Gili Kalong where there are no stock the

Benefits of the restoration grazing approach.

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY

ECO REGIONS INDONESIA

The Gili Kalong landscape is stuck in a

The mainland suffers from severe

Horses are selective browsers that stimulate

Gili Kenawa after a grass wildfire that would

5.2 REFORESTATION/FORESTRY STRATEGY