PGS.

TS Trn c H
Cng ngh v cng trnh X l nc thi quy m nh
TS.Trn c H

.1. c im h thng thot nc thi quy m nh.

.1.1.H thng thot nc thi phn tn .

i vi nc thi th , dng thot nc c th l tp trung hoc phn tn.
Khi thot nc tp trung , nc thi t cc tuyn cng cp 2 ( tuyn cng lu vc )
a v tuyn cng chnh ( tuyn cng cp 1 ), sau bm v trm x l nc thi tp
trung . Nh vy nc thi s c dn ra khi khu vc th , x l n mc
yu cu , sau x ra ngun nc mt c kh nng t lm sch ln. Dng thot
nc tp trung m bo cho mi trng c an ton cao , t b nhim. X l nc
thi (XLNT) tp trung d kim sot v qun l. Tuy nhin vic u t thot nc
thi tp trung rt tn km do vic xy dng tuyn cng chnh ln, di v su, s
lng trm bm chuyn bc nhiu ... Mt khc khi th pht trin khng ng b
theo khng gian v thi gian ,vic xy dng trm XLNT tp trung v tuyn cng
chnh s khng ph hp. u t kinh ph ln ngay t ban u cho cc cng trnh ny
rt kh khn.
Trong cc th ln do kh khn v khng kinh t trong vic xy dng cc
tuyn cng thot nc qu di khi a hnh bng phng v mc nc ngm cao,
ngi ta thng quy hoch thot nc thi thnh h thng phn tn theo cc lu vc
sng, h. Do c im a hnh v s hnh thnh cc knh h trong cc th nc
ta, h thng thot nc thng phn ra cc lu vc nh v c lp . Thot nc
phn tn s l hnh thc ph hp i vi a s th nc ta. Cc trm XLNT
phn tn thng l loi quy m nh , cng sut t vi trm n vi nghn m3/ngy
hoc quy m va cng sut t 2.000 n 10.000 m3/ngy. Xy dng cc trm XLNT
cho cc th nh v cho cc lu vc c lp ca cc th ln, hoc cc trm
XLNT bnh vin, cc cng trnh cng cng, dch v... quy m cng sut t 50 n
500 m3/ngy s tn dng c cc iu kin t nhin cng nh kh nng t lm sch
ca sng, knh, h chuyn ho cht bn. Mt khc vic xy dng ny cng ph
hp vi kh nng u t v s pht trin ca th. S nguyn tc thot nc v
XLNT phn tn c nu trn hnh .1. Nc thi sau khi x l t tiu chun cho
php c x vo cc cng thot nc chung hoc cc sng, mng, h trong khu
vc.
Trong nhiu trng hp mc XLNT ca h thng thot nc phn tn yu
cu khng cao do tn dng c kh nng t lm sch ca cc sng h . Tng gi
thnh u t cho h thng thot nc thi phn tn gim xung do khng phi xy
dng cc tuyn cng thot nc thi tp trung. Cc cng trnh ca trm XLNT phn
tn thng c b tr hp khi, d vn hnh v qun l .
Nhc im chnh ca h thng nc thi phn tn l d lm mt cnh quan
do vic xy dng trm x l nc thi bn trong th. Nu thit k thi cng v vn
hnh trm x l khng ng cc yu cu k thut, nc thi c th gy mi hi thi ,
nh n mi trng khu dn c v th xung quanh. Mt khc nu hm lng cc
nguyn t dinh dng nh N v P trong nc thi sau x l cn cao, trong iu kin
quang hp tt, cc sng h th tip nhn nc thi c th b ph dng

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PGS.TS Trn c H
(eutrophication) v dn n nhim bn th cp. Mt s kt qu nghin cu /8/ cho
thy, trong cc sng h tip nhn nc thi th hm lng cht hu c (tnh theo
BOD5) b sung do nhim bn th cp thng dao ng t 1,4 n 4,5 mg/l. Cc trm
XLNT phn tn c quy m , mc v cng ngh x l khc nhau . Vic kim
sot, qun l vn hnh chng rt phc tp. Tm kim t ai cho vic xy dng trm
XLNT trong ni thnh thng rt kh khn . T chc thot nc phn tn thng
thch hp cho cc th c h thng thot nc chung hoc h thng thot nc na
ring, nm trong cc vng a hnh bng phng nhiu knh, h. V d h thng thot
nc thi H ni c chia thnh 7 vng theo phng n quy hoch ca T chc hp
tc Quc t Nht bn (JICA) nm 1994 hoc thnh ph lt thnh 4 khu vc theo
D n thot nc v v sinh nm 1999 (hnh ..2) .
Ngun nc sch b cp pha long
nc thi trong h thng knh h

Ging tch nc
Lu vc 1

Nc ma
Nc thi

H 1
Trm XLNT 1

Ging tch nc
H 2
Lu vc 2

Nc ma
Nc thi

Trm XLNT 2

Ging tch nc
Lu vc i

Nc ma
Nc thi

H i
Trm XLNT i

H u mi

Hnh .1 S nguyn tc t chc thot nc v XLNT phn tn .

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PGS.TS Trn c H
.1.2. H thng thot nc thi cc b.

Trong trng hp cc i tng thot nc ( cm dn c, cng trnh cng

cng, dch v, nh ...) nm v tr ring r, c lp hoc cch xa h thng thot
nc tp trung, ngi ta thng t chc h thng thot nc thi cc b kt hp x
l ti ch. H thng thot nc thi cc b c th c ng cng hoc khng c
ng cng. Nc thi sau khi x l m bo tiu chun v sinh mi trng, c
cho thm vo t , thi trc tip vo sng h ln cn hoc s dng ti cy, nui
c... Trong mt s trng hp ,trc khi x vo cc ng cng thot nc tp trung,
cc loi nc thi c cha vi khun gy bnh dch hoc cht bn c bit ( nc thi
bnh vin, nc thi cng nghip...) phi c kh trng hoc kh c trong cc
cng trnh x l cc b, m bo iu kin khng nh hng xu n hot ng ca
h thng thot nc th v sc khe ca con ngi khi tip xc vi n.
Nh vy, cc trm XLNT cc b thng c xy dng i vi cc trng
hp sau:
1.Cc th trn, th t c quy m dn s di 50.000 ngi .
2.Cc cm dn c, khu nh , ngi nh hoc cng trnh cng cng, dch v
nm ring r, cch xa h thng thot nc tp trung .
3.Cc cng trnh cng cng, dch v c yu cu x l c bit nh bnh vin,
b bi ...
Cc trm XLNT cc b thng c cng sut t vi chc n vi dm nghn
m3 trong mt ngy. Trng hp th nht thng l cc trm x l nc thi quy m
va ( cng sut t 1000 n 10.000 m3/ngy ); cc trng hp th hai v th ba l
cc trm quy m nh (cng sut di 1.000 m3/ngy). T chc thot nc khu vc
Linh m - nh cng- Php vn pha Nam H Ni l mt v d v cc h thng
thot nc thi cc b cho cc trng th hai. Mt s th ( v d thnh ph
lt, Hi dng, Vnh yn ... ) c th t chc thot nc theo h thng hn hp ph
thuc vo a hnh, ch thu vn sng h, c im s dng nc.....
X l nc thi ti ch vi cng trnh ch yu l b t hoi hoc b lng hai
v rt thch hp v cc ngi nh, cm dn c hoc cng trnh cng cng ring r,
cch xa mng li thot nc tp trung. Cc cng trnh ny va lng nc thi kt
hp ln men cn lng nn hiu qu x l cao, qun l vn hnh n gin. Nc thi
v bn cn sau qu trnh ny c th tip tc x l trong t, ao h hoc ti s dng
ti rung v lm phn bn. Tuy nhin do cng trnh b tr gn nh v khu dn
c nn iu kin v sinh ca n cn hn ch.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Khu vc Thi phin

Nc thi

B t hoi

Bi lc ngm
ti hoa
ra sui

Khu vc p Chi lng

Nc thi

B t hoi

Bi lc ngm
h Than th

Khu vc h Xun hng

H Xun hng

Khu vc sui Cam ly

Khu vc trung tm

sui Phan nh Phng

Thc Cam ly

Hnh ..2. S t chc thot nc thnh ph lt n nm 2010.

1.Trm bm thot nc tp trung; 2.Trm XLNT Q=11.000m3/ngy

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PGS.TS Trn c H
.2 S lng, thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi ca cc i tng
thot nc quy m nh.

.2.1. Cc loi nc thi ca cc i tng thot nc quy m nh.

Cc loi nc thi sinh hot c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sinh hot ca con
ngi. Mt s cc hot ng dch v hoc cng cng nh bnh vin, trng hc, nh
ncng to ra cc loi nc thi c thnh phn v tnh cht tng t nh nc thi
sinh hot. tin cho vic la chn phng php dy truyn cng ngh v tnh ton
thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi quy m nh, nc thi sinh hot c phn
loi theo cc du hiu sau y:
a.Theo ngun gc hnh thnh, trong cc h gia nh c th c cc loi nc
thi sau y (hnh .3) :
Ngun nc thi t cc ngi nh

Nc thi phn

Nc tiu Nc tm, git, ra Nc thi nh bp Cc loi nc

thi khc

Hnh .3. S hnh thnh cc loi nc thi trong cc ngi nh hoc cng trnh cng
cng.
Cc loi nc thi c hnh thnh theo s hnh .3 c s lng v thnh
phn v tnh cht khc nhau.Tuy nhin thun tin cho x l v ti s dng, ngi
ta chia chng thnh ba loi:
-Nc thi khng cha phn, nc tiu v cc loi thc phm t cc thit b
v sinh nh bn tm, chu git, chu ra mt.Loi nc thi ny ch yu cha cht
l lng, cc cht ty git v thng gi l nc xm . Nng cc cht hu c
trong loi nc thi ny thp v thng kh phn hu sinh hc. Trong nc thi
nhiu tp cht v c.
-Nc thi cha phn, nc tiu t cc khu v sinh (toilet) cn c gi l

nc en. Trong nc thi tn ti cc loi vi khun gy bnh v d gy mi hi

thi. Hm lng cc cht hu c (BOD) v cc cht dinh dng nh nit, pht pho
cao. Cc loi nc thi ny thng gy nguy hi n sc kho v d lm nhim bn
ngun nc mt. Tuy nhin chng thch hp vi vic s dng lm phn bn hoc to
kh sinh hc.
- Nc thi nh bp cha du m v ph thi thc phm t nh bp, my ra
bt. Cc loi c hm lng ln cc cht hu c (BOD,COD) v cc nguyn t dinh
dng khc (ni t v pht pht). Cc cht bn trong nc thi ny d to kh sinh hc
v d s dng lm phn bn.
Mt s ni ngi ta nhm hai loi nc thi th hai v th ba , gi tn chung
l "nc en".

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PGS.TS Trn c H
b.Theo i tng thot nc, ngi ta phn ra 2 nhm nc thi:
-Nhm nc thi cc h gia nh, khu dn c.
-Nhm nc thi cc cng trnh cng cng, dch v nh nc thi bnh vin,
nc thi khch sn, nc thi trng hc, nc thi nh n.
Mi nhm, mi loi nc thi c lu lng, ch x nc v thnh phn
tnh cht c trng ring.
c. Theo c im h thng thot nc s hnh thnh nn hai loi nc thi:
-Nc thi h thng thot nc ring. Nc thi t cc thit b v sinh c
thu gom v vn chuyn v trm x l theo tuyn cng ring.
-Nc thi h thng thot nc chung. Cc loi nc thi sinh hot (nc
xm v nc en) cng vi nc ma t u trong khu vc thot nc c thu
gom v vn chuyn theo ng cng chung v trm x l. S lng thnh phn v
tnh cht nc ma t u trong cc khu dn c th c nu trong ph lc.
Trong mt s trng hp nc en c x l s b ti ch qua cc cng trnh nh
b tch du m, b t hoi , sau cng nc xm x vo tuyn cng thot nc
chung ca thnh ph.
Vic phn loi nc thi theo h thng thot nc ph thuc vo i tng
thot nc, c im h thng thot nc ca th hoc khu dn c v cc iu
kin t nhin, iu kin kinh t x hi khc ca th.
.2.2. Lu lng nc thi v ch thi nc .
Lu lng nc thi trong mt khu vc th, cm dn c, ngi nh hoc
cng trnh cng cng c xc nh trn c s tiu chun dng nc. i vi khu
vc dn c, tiu chun thi nc t 120 n 180 l/ngi.ngy, xc nh theo Quy
chun xy dng Vit nam nm 1996/1/. Tiu chun thi nc bnh vin thng
thng c xc nh theo ''Tiu chun thit k bnh vin a khoa'' (TCVN 4470-87 )
l 300 n 400 l/ng.ngy. Tuy nhin theo kt qu nhiu nghin cu / 7,8 / cho thy ,
do s lng cn b cng nhn vin v ngi nh n chm nom bnh ln, tiu chun
dng nc thc t tng ln rt nhiu v n cng ph thuc vo quy m cng nh
chc nng ca bnh vin , dao ng t 500 n 1000 l/ging.ngy. d xc nh
lu lng v nng cht bn trong nc thi sinh hot ca cc cng trnh cng
cng hoc dch v ngi ta thng tnh ton, chuyn i cng sut (quy m) cng
trnh sang ch s dn tng ng. l s n v phc v ca cng trnh cng
cng, dch v c lng cht bn hoc nc thi x vo h thng thot nc tng
ng vi ca mt ngi dn th. Cc i lng tng ng ny ca mt s
cng trnh cng cng v dch v c th xc nh theo bng .1 sau y.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Bng .1. Ch s dn tng ng v tiu chun nc thi ca cc cng trnh
cng cng, dch v.
Cng trnh
-Khch sn, nh ngh
-Nh n
-Qun c ph, gii kht
-Cu lc b; nh vn ho
-Trng hc
-Nh tr
-Bnh vin

n v tnh

Ch s dn
tng ng

Tiu chun thi nc,

l/n v tnh.ngy

Ging
Ch ngi
Ch
Ch
Hc sinh
Tr em
Ging bnh

1
3
15
510
10
23
0,40,5

200-300
50-80
10-15
8-25
15-25
50-100
300-600

Mt yu t c bn khc lin quan n vic tnh ton thit b mng li thot

nc v cc cng trnh x l nc thi l ch thi nc. Lu lng nc thi chy
n cc cng trnh x l nc thi quy m nh khng n nh trong mt ngy m
(hnh .4) cng nh trong tng ma. Ban m do t thit b v sinh hot ng, lng
nc thi rt nh. Trong thi gian cao im, lu lng nc thi c th ln gp 6-8
ln thi im trung bnh. Trng hp nhiu thit b v sinh cng hot ng ng thi
th nc thi chy lin tc ti trm x l. Ch thi nc c trng bng h s thi
nc khng iu ho chung Kch. l t s gia lu lng nc thi trong gi dng
nc ln nht ca ngy dng nc ln nht (qh,max) vi lu lng nc thi trong gi
dng nc trung bnh ca ngy dng nc trung bnh (qh,tb). Nh vy:

K ch =
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

q h ,max

12

(.1).

q h ,tb
B

16

20

Hnh . 4. Biu thi nc khu dn c

A- Th t; B- Khu nh 200 ngi;
C- Khu th 50.000 ngi
K ch = 1,5 + 2,5 Qtb

24

Gi tr Kch ph thuc vo
s ngi s dng h thng thot
nc, tiu chun dng nc,
iu kin trang thit b v sinh
v iu kin kh hu. Lu lng
nc thi cng ln h s Kch
cng nh. Da vo h s Kch c
th xc nh c lu lng
nc thi tnh ton ca h thng
thot nc v cc cng trnh x
l nc thi. i vi h thng
nc thi quy m va v ln, h
s Kch c th xc nh theo cc
cng thc sau.
( ..2).

Trong : Qtb -Lu lng trung bnh, l/s

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Thng thng cc cng trnh x l nc thi quy m nh, lu lng nc tnh
ton Qh,max bng khong 1/10 lu lng ngy m Qng.
Ch thi nc ca bnh vin khng n nh theo thi gian trong ngy,
trong tun v ph thuc vo cp v quy m bnh vin. Thng thng, lng nc s
dng ln nht vo u gi bui sng khi bnh nhn dy v bt u qu trnh khm
bnh. H Kch ca bnh vin thng ln hn ca khu dn c vi tiu chun cp nc
tng ng t 2 n 3 ln.Theo cc tiu chun thit k cp thot nc hin hnh, h
s Kch ca bnh vin l 2,5. Cc yu t k trn nh hng r rt n vic tnh ton,
xc nh cng sut cc cng trnh thot nc v x l nc thi cng nh thit lp
quy trnh qun l, vn hnh chng.
.2.3. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi.
Cc ch tiu c bn c trng cho thnh phn cc cht bn trong nc thi
sinh hot l hm lng cn l lng (SS) , nhu cu xy ho sinh hc (BOD ), nng
nit amn, s coliform.... Lng cht bn tnh theo ch tiu cht l lng, BOD5 ... do
mt ngi trong mt ngy x vo h thng thot nc sinh hot ca mt s nc
c nu trong tiu chun xy dng ( 20TCN 51-84 ) . i vi cc ngi nh hoc
cm n c c lp, hm lng cc cht bn trong nc thi sinh hot c th xc
nh theo bng .2.
Bng ..2. Ti lng v nng cht bn trong nc thi sinh hot t cc ngi nh
hoc cm dn c c lp / 25,28 /.
Ti lng ,
g/ngi.ngy
115-117
65-85
35-50
25-40
35-50
115-125
6-17
1-3
3-5
1-4
11
10 -4x1012**

Thng s

Nng * , mg/l

Tng cht rn
680-1.000
Cc cht rn d bay hi
380-500
Cn l lng
200-290
Cn l lng d bay hi
150-240
BOD5
200-290
COD
680-730
Tng nit
35-100
Nit amn
6-18
Tng pht pho
18-29
Pht pht (tnh theo pht pho )
6-24
8
Tng coliform
10 -1010***
Fecal coliform
107-109***
Ghi ch:* Nng tnh khi tiu chun thi nc l 170 l/ngi.ngy
** S coli
*** S coliform/100 ml
Nc thi bnh vin c thnh phn v tnh cht gn ging nc thi sinh hot
th, tuy nhin nng cht bn c thp hn do tiu chun s dng nc ln.
Lng cht bn tnh theo n v 1 ging bnh thi vo h thng thot nc trong
mt ngy l:
-Cht bn l lng : 130g

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PGS.TS Trn c H
-BOD5
-Nit amn
-Clorua
Nng cc cht
bng .3.

: 70g
: 16g
: 18g
bn trong nc thi cc bnh vin c th xc nh theo

Bng .3. Cc ch tiu nhim trong nc thi cc bnh vin nc ta / 8 /.

Ch tiu
PH
Cht l lng, mg/l
BOD5 , mg/l
COD , mg/l
Tng s coli form, MPN/100ml

Nng
Trung bnh
7.4
160
150
200
107

Min
6.2
100
110
140
106

Max
8.1
220
250
300
109

Trong nc thi bnh vin cn cha cc cht thi ty ra, d lng dc

phm v mt s cht c hi c trng t qu trnh chn on, xt nghim bnh
nhn... c trng ca nc thi bnh vin l s xut hin ca cc loi vi khun gy
bnh nh Somonella, Leptospira,Vibrio Choleral, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis...
.3. Cc phng php x l nc thi .
.3.1. Mc x l nc thi

Mc x l nc thi c xc nh da trn quy m i tng thot nc

v cc yu cu v sinh ca ngun tip nhn. Nc mt c th tip nhn nc thi
c chia thnh hai loi: ngun nc mt loi A vi mc ch s dng cho cp nc
sinh hot v cng nghip thc phm v ngun nc mt loi B vi vic s dng nc
cho cc mc ch khc. Nng gii hn cho php ca cc cht nhim trong cc
loi ngun nc ny c quy nh theo tiu chun mi trng TCVN 5942-1995 .
iu kin cn khi xc nh mc XLNT cn thit l nc thi khi x c tnh
n kh nng t lm sch ca ngun khng c lm cho nng cht bn ti im
kim tra s dng nc vt nng gii hn cho php. iu kin , khng ch i
vi nc thi khi x vo ngun nc mt c quy nh theo tiu chun thit k
nc th 20TCN 51-84 hoc tiu chun mi trng TCVN 5945-1995, TCVN
6772:2000 (ph lc 1).Theo cc quy nh ny, nc thi mt s ch tiu trong sinh
hot khi x vo ngun nc phi p ng yu cu nu trong bng .4..
Bng .4. Nng gii hn cho php ca mt s cht nhim trong nc thi sinh
hotkhi x vo ngun nc (Theo TCVN6772:2000)
TT
1
2
3

Thng s
pH
BOD5, mg/l
Cht rn l lng, mg/l

Mc I
5-9
30
50

Gi tr gii hn
Mc II
Mc III
Mc IV
5-9
5-9
5-9
30
40
50
50
60
100

Mc V
5-9
200
100

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PGS.TS Trn c H
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Cht rn c th lng, mg/l

Tng cht rn ho tan, mg/l
Sun phua(theo H2S), mg/l
Nitrt (NO3-), mg/l
Du m (thc phm), mg/l
Phosphat (PO43-), mg/l
Coliform, MPN/100ml

0,5
500
1,0
30
20
6
1.000

0,5
500
1,0
30
20
6
1.000

0,5
500
3,0
40
20
10
5.000

0,5
500
4,0
50
20
10
5.000

KQ
KQ
KQ
KQ
100
KQ
10.000

Ghi ch:KQ- Khng quy nh gi tr;

Cc mc I,II,III,IV v V: theo loi hnh v quy m cng trnh dch v.
Nh vy vic xc nh mc x l nc thi cn thit ca i tng thi
nc sinh hot quy m nh v va cng phi da trn hai iu kin cn v nu
trn. Vic kim sot nhim xc nh mc XLNT cn thit cho khu dn c
hoc th c thc hin theo s nu trn hnh .5.
Nc thi cc
x nghip cng nghip

Kim sot theo

20TCN51-84

Nc thi khu dn c

i tng
s dng nc

Kim sot theo tiu chun

cht lng nc s dng
Trm XLNT
Trm cp nc

Kim sot theo

TCVN6772:2000 hoc TCXD 188:196

im x

im ly nc
im kim tra

Kim sot theo

TCVN 5942-1995

Hnh . 5. S kim sot nhim nc ( c s xc nh mc XLNT cn thit).

Nc thi sinh hot thng c s l theo 3 bc ( mc ) nu trn hnh .6
sau y:

-Bc th nht ( x l bc mt hay x l s b ): Lm trong nc thi

bng phng php c hc loi cn v cc cht rn ln. y l mc bt
buc i vi tt c cc dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT. Hm lng cn l lng
trong nc thi sau khi x l giai on ny phi b hn 150 mg/l nu nc

10

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PGS.TS Trn c H
thi c x l sinh hc tip tc hoc b hn cc quy nh nu trong bng .6.
nu x nc thi trc tip vo ngun nc mt.
Nc thi sinh hot

Nc thi bnh vin

Nc thi sn
xut

Kh trng din vi khun

gy bnh dch (cc bin
php ho hc hoc vt l)

X l s b

(X l bc mt)

X l bc hai

X l trit

(X l Bc ba)

T lm sch ca
ngun nc

Kh cc cht c hi v m
bo iu kin lm vic bnh
thng ca cc cng trnh x l
sinh hc nc thi (Cc bin
php c hc, ho hc
hoc ho l)

Tch rc, ct v cn
lng trong nc thi
(cc bin php
c hc)

Tch cc cht hu c trong

nc thi (bin php sinh
hc)

Kh cc cht dinh dng (N-P) v kh trng

nc thi (Cc bin php sinh hc, ho hc
hoc hoc ho l)

X nc thi ra ngun v tng

cng qu trnh t lm sch
cangun nc

Hnh .6. Cc bc x l nc thi th

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PGS.TS Trn c H
-Bc th hai ( x l bc hai hay x l sinh hc): XLNT bng phng php
sinh hc. Giai on x l ny c xc nh trn c s tnh trng s dng v qu
trnh t lm sch ca ngun nc.
-Bc th ba (x l bc ba hay x l trit ): loi b cc hp cht nit v
pht pho khi nc thi. Giai on ny rt c ngha i vi cc nc kha hu nhit
i, ni m qu trnh ph dng nh hng su sc n cht lng nc mt.
Giai on kh trng sau qu trnh lm sch nc thi l yu cu bt buc i
vi mt s loi nc thi hoc mt s dy chuyn cng ngh x l.
Mc x l nc thi ca cc i tng thot nc cng sut nh c th
xc nh theo cc nghin cu /7,31/, nu trong bng .5.
Bng .5. Mc XLNT ca cc i tng thot nc cng sut nh
TT

i tng thot nc

Lu vc c lp
Q=10005000
m3/ng
Th trn, th x
Q=10005.000
m3/ng
Bnh vin
Q=50500 m3/ng

Cc cng trnh dch v

cng cng
Q=50200m3/ng

Ngun tip nhn

nc thi

Cht l lng,
mg/l

Mc XLNT
BOD5, mg/l

Coliform
MPN/100ml

Sng h th
<150
H hoc sng
mng ngoi
thnh
Cng, mng
thot nc
chung
H hoc sng
mng ngoi
thnh
H th

<40

<60

<60

Kh trng

<150

<60

<150

<25

Kh trng

.3.2. La chn phng php v cng trnh XLNT.

Cc phng php dy chuyn cng ngh v cc cng trnh XLNT trong
phi c la chn trn cc c s sau:
-Quy m (cng sut ) v c im i tng thot nc (lu vc phn tn ca
th, khu dn c, bnh vin ) .
-c im ngun tip nhn nc thi v kh nng t lm sch ca n.
-Mc v cc giai on XLNT cn thit.
-iu kin t nhin khu vc: c im kh hu, thi tit, a hnh, a cht
thu vn...
-iu kin cung cp nguyn vt liu x l nc thi ti a phng.
-Kh nng s dng nc thi cho cc mc ch kinh t ti a phng ( nui
c, ti rung gi mc nc to cnh quan th.).
-Din tch v v tr t ai s dng xy dng trm XLNT.
-Ngun ti chnh v cc iu kin kinh t khc.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Cc trm x l nc tha cng sut nh v va phi m bo mt lot cc yu
cu nh xy dng n gin, d hp khi cc cng trnh, din tch chim t nh, d
qun l v vn hnh v kinh ph u t xy dng khng ln. Yu t hp khi cng
trnh l mt trong nhng yu t c bn khi xy dng cc trm x l cng sut nh v
va iu kin nc ta. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi c hp khi s hn ch
c vic gy nhim mi trng khng kh, din tch xy dng nh m bo m
quan th Nc thi sinh hot c th x l ti ch trong cc cng trnh lm sch
s b ( tch du m, tch v x l cn trong nc en), trong cng trnh x l
cc b i vi h thng thot nc c lp hoc trong cng trnh x l tp trung ti
trm x l khu vc. XLNT ti ch s lm gim chi ph u t xy dng cc tuyn
cng thot nc.
Theo c ch qu trnh lm sch, cc phng php XLNT sinh hot quy m
nh v va c phn ra nh sau:
1.XLNT bng phng php c hc trong cc cng trnh v thit b nh song
chn rc, b lng ct, b tch du m. y l cc thit b, cng trnh x l s b
ti ch tch cc cht phn tn th nhm m bo cho h thng thot nc hoc cc
cng trnh x l nc thi pha sau hot ng n nh.
2.XLNT bng phng php sinh hc k kh. Qu trnh x l c da trn c
s phn hu cc cht hu c gi li trong cng trnh nh s ln men k kh. i vi
cc h thng thot nc quy m nh v va ngi ta thng dng cc cng trnh kt
hp gia vic tch cn lng (lm trong nc ) vi phn hu him kh cc cht hu c
trong pha rn v pha lng. Cc cng trnh c ng dng rng ri l cc loi b t
hoi, ging thm, b lng hai v (b lng Imhoff), b lng trong kt hp vi ngn ln
men, b lc ngc qua tng cn k kh ( UASB).
3.X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh. Qu trnh x l nc
thi c da trn s xy ho cc cht hu c c trong nc thi nh xy t do ho
tan. Nu xy c cp bng thit b hoc nh cu to cng trnh, th l qu trnh
x l sinh hc hiu kh trong iu kin nhn to. Ngc li, nu xy c vn
chuyn v ho tan trong nc nh cc yu t t nhin th l qu trnh x l sinh
hc hiu kh trong iu kin t nhin. Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh trong
iu kin nhn to thng c da trn nguyn tc hot ng ca bn hot tnh ( b
acroten trn, knh xy ho tun hon.) hoc mng sinh vt (b lc sinh vt, a sinh
vt ). X l sinh hc hiu kh trong iu kin t nhin thng c tin hnh trong
h ( h sinh vt xy ho, h sinh vt n nh) hoc trong t ngp nc ( cc loi bi
lc, m ly nhn to).
4.XLNT bng phng php ho hc. l cc qu trnh kh trng nc thi
bng ho cht (cc cht clo, zn), kh nit pht pho bng cc hp cht ho cht ho
hc hoc keo t tip tc nc thi trc khi s dng li. XLNT bng phng php
ho hc thng l khu cui cng trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l trc khi x
ra ngun yu cu cht lng cao hoc khi cn thit s dng li nc thi.
5.X l bn cn nc thi. Trong nc thi c cc cht khng ho tan nh
rc, ct, cn lng...Cc loi ct ( ch yu l thnh phn v c v t trng ln) c
phi kh v san nn, rc c nghin nh hoc vn chuyn v bi chn lp rc.
Cn lng c gi li trong cc b lng t mt ( thng c gi l cn s cp ) c
hm lng hu c ln c kt hp vi bn th cp ( ch yu l sinh khi vi sinh vt
d ), hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi, x l theo cc bc tch

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PGS.TS Trn c H
nc s b, n nh sinh hc trong iu kin ym kh hoc hiu kh v lm kh. Bn
cn sau x l c th s dng c lm phn bn .
chn c phng php x l sinh hc hp l cn phi bit hm lng
cht hu c ( BOD,COD) trong nc thi. Cc phng php ln men k kh thng
ph hp khi nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao. i vi nc thi hm lng
cht hu c thp v tn ti ch yu di dng cht keo v ho tan, th x l c ch
cho chng tip xc vi mng sinh vt l hp l. S chn la cc phng php x
l sinh hc nc thi c nu trong bng .6.
Bng .6. Phm vi ng dng cc phng php x l sinh hc nc thi.
Hm lng BOD ca
nc thi
Cao
(BOD5>500 mg/l)
Trung bnh
(BOD5=300-500 mg/l)
Thp
(BOD5< 300 mg/l)

Cht hu c khng
ho tan

Cht hu c dng
keo

Cht hu c ho
tan ho tan

X l sinh hc k kh

X l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh

X l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh

X l sinh hc bng mng sinh vt

Cc nguyn t dinh dng nh N,P c trong nc thi cng c th x l bng

phng php sinh hc. Cc mui nitrat, nitrit to thnh trong qu trnh phn hy hiu
kh s c kh trong iu kin thiu kh (anoxic) trn c s cc phn ng phn
nitrat. Trn c s nghin cu s hnh thnh h thng thot nc quy m nh nh v
va, c im cc ngun nc thi th v iu kin t nhin kinh t x hi nc ta
c th thit lp s t chc XLNT cho cc khu dn c, th trn th x, cc cng
trnh cng cng v dch v ( hnh .7 ).
Theo s hnh .7, nc thi cc i tng thot nc u phi x l qua
giai on tch cc cht rn ln nh rc, ct, cn lng. Cc loi cn lng c x l
ch yu bng cch ln men k kh. Cc giai on x l tip theo khng bt buc,
c thit lp trn c s cng sut, thnh phn tnh cht nc thi, yu cu mc
x l v ngun tip nhn.

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PGS.TS Trn c H

X l bc 1

X l bc 1

Nc thi ngi nh hoc khu

B t hoi
dn c c lp Q<50 m3/ngy

X l bc 2

X l bc 3

Ngun tip nhn

hoc s dng nc thi

X l nc thi trong t
(X l ti ch)
Ti rung
nui c

Xl c hc
Nc thi sinh hot th x,
th trn Q=500-10000 m3/ngy Xl sinh hc
k kh

X l sinh hc
nc thi trong
.kin t nhin
X l sinh hc
hiu kh

Nc thi bnh vin

Q=50-500 m3/ngy

Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh
Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh

i tng thot nc

Nc thi khch sn
khu dn c c lp
Q=100-500 m3/ngy

X l bc 1

Kh trng

Kh trng

X l sinh hc
hiu kh

X l bc 2

Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh

X l sinh hc
trong iu kin
t nhin

Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh

X l sinh hc
hiu kh

Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh

Cc lu vc c lp
ca th ln
Q=500-10000 m3/ngy

Sng h

Kh trng

X l bc 3

Sng h

HTTN thnh ph

Sng h

Ngun tip nhn

hoc s dng nc thi
Sng h

Kh trng

Sng h

Kh trng

Sng h

Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh

X l sinh hc
hiu kh

Kh trng
c mc

Sng h

Xl c hc
Xl sinh hc
k kh

X l sinh hc
hiu kh

X.l trit
kh N,P
Kh trng C0
mc

Sng h

Hnh .7. S t chc x l nc thi cc i tng thot nc quy m nh

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PGS.TS Trn c H
.4.Mt s cng trnh c trng x l nc thi quy m nh.

.4.1.B t hoi .
B t hoi l cng trnh x l nc thi bc mt ( x l s b ) ng thi thc
hin hai chc nng: lng nc thi v ln men cn lng. S cu to b t hoi nu
trn hnh .8 . B t hoi c dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh trn trn mt bng, xy
dng bng gch, b tng ct thp, hoc ch to bng vt liu Composite. B c
chia thnh 2 hoc 3 ngn. Do phn ln cn lng tp trung trong ngn th nht nn
dung tch ngn ny chim 50 n 75% dung tch ton b. Cc ngn th hai hoc th
ba ca b c dung tch bng 25% n 35% dung tch ton b. B thng su 1,5 n
3,0m, chiu su lp nc trong b t hoi khng b hn 0,75m v khng ln hn
1,8m, chiu rng ca b ti thiu l 0,9m v chiu di ti thiu l 1,5m. Th tch b
t hoi khng nh hn 2,8m3 trong th tch phn lng khng nh hn 2,0m3. Cu
to mt s loi b t hoi hai ngn hoc ba ngn c nu trn cc hnh .8.

Hnh .8.S cu to b t hoi

a.B t hoi hai ngn; b.B t hoi ba ngn

Cc ngn b t hoi c chia lm hai phn : phn lng nc thi (pha trn )
v phn ln men cn lng ( pha di ). Nc thi vo vi thi gian lu li trong b t
1 n 3 ngy. Do vn tc trong b b nn phn ln cn l lng c lng li. Hiu
qu lng cn trong b t hoi t 40 n 60% ph thuc vo nhit v ch qun
l, vn hnh b. Qua thi gian 3 n 6 thng, cn lng len men ym kh. Qu trnh
ln men ch yu din ra trong giai on u l ln men axit . Cc cht kh to nn
trong qu trnh phn gii (CH4,CO2,H2S...) ni ln ko theo cc ht cn khc c th
lm cho nc thi nhim bn li v to nn mt lp vng ni trn mt nc. Chiu
dy lp vng ny c th t 0,3 n 0,5m.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
dn nc thi vo v ra khi b ngi ta thng dng cc ph kin t (T)
vi ng knh ti thiu l 100 mm vi mt u ng t di lp mng ni, u khc
c nh ln pha trn tin kim tra v ty ra. Cn trong b t hoi c ly ra
theo nh k. Mi ln ly phi li khong 20% lng cn ln men li trong b
lm ging men cho bn cn ti mi lng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh
phn hy cn.
Do b t hoi c hai phn: phn lng v phn cha cn nn kch thc b c
tnh nh sau.
a. Th tch phn lng ca b t hoi ( W1, m3).
a.N .T1 , m3
(.3).
W1 =
1000

b. Th tch phn cha v ln men cn (W2, m3)

b.N .T2
, m3
(.4).
W2 =
1000
c. Tng th tch ca b t hoi ( W, m3 )
(.5).
W=W1+W2
Trong : a- tiu chun thi nc ca mt ngi trong mt ngy, l/ng.ngy; b- tiu
chun cn lng li trong b t hoi ca mt ngi trong mt ngy; gi tr ca b ph
thuc vo chu k ht cn khi b; nu thi gian gia hai ln ht cn di 1 nm th b
ly bng 0,1 l/ng.ngy, nu trn 1 nm th b ly bng 0,08 l/ng.ngy; T1- thi gian
nc lu li trong b t hoi; T2- thi gian gia hai ln ht bn cn ln men thng
ly t 1 n 3 ngy; N - s ngi b t hoi phc v.
Th tch ca b t hoi cng c th c chn theo quy nh ca Quy chun
cp thot nc cho nh v cng trnh / 4 / nh sau ( Bng .7).
Bng .7. Th tch b t hoi ca nh
Ngi nh gia nh c lp
1 hoc 2 phng ng
3 hoc 2 phng ng
4 hoc 2 phng ng
5 hoc 6 phng ng

Ngi nh c nhiu gia nh

v cn h
2 cn h
3 cn h
4 cn h
5 cn h
6 cn h
7 cn h
8 cn h
9 cn h
10 cn h

Th tch ti thiu ca b t
hoi , m3
2,8
3,8
4,5
5,7
7,6
8,5
9,5
10,5
11,4
12,3
13,3

. Kch thc ca mt s loi b t hoi BTCT thng c ng dng Vit

nam c nu trong bng .8.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Bng .8. Kch thc c bn ca b t hoi b tng ct thp.
Dung tch cng
tc ca b W,
m3
2
3
4
5
10

Chiu di ngn
th nht
2,4
2,6
2,2
2,4
3,0

Kch thc b ,m
Chiu di
Chiu rng
ngn th hai
0,9
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,5
1,5

Chiu su cng
tc
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,5

B t hoi c th a vo s dng ngay sau khi xy dng. N khng cn mt

yu cu c bit no trc khi a vo vn hnh. Tuy nhin s ln men bn cn phi
bt u sau vi ngy. Bn cn ln men phi c ht sau 1 n 3 nm b hot ng.
Ti thi im ht, phn bn cn cha ln men nm pha trn v th ng ht ca my
bm phi t su xung y b. Thng thng ngi ta gi li khong 20% lng
bn cn '' gy men '' cho bn cn ti t sau. Khi ht bn cn ra khi b, hn hp
bn cn nc thng c BOD5 khong 6.000mg/l, tng cc cht rn (TSS) khong
15.000 mg/l, tng nit khong 700 mg/l ( trong N-NH3 l 400 mg/l), tng pht
pho khong 250 mg/l v tng du m khong 8.000 mg/l. Bn cn ln men c
lm kh trn sn phi bn, trong hm lm phn compot hoc x l tip tc trong
cc bi lc ngp nc trng cy pha trn.
Khi ra khi b COD ca nc thi gim t 25% n 50%. Nng cc cht
bn trong dng nc thi ra khi b t hoi nm trong gii hn sau y :
-BOD5 : 120-140 mg/l
-Tng cc cht rn: 50-100 mg/l
-Nit amn (N-NH3 ):20-50 mg/l
-Nit nitrat ( N-NO3) : <1 mg/l
-Tng nit : 25-80 mg/l
-Tng pht pho : 10-20 mg/l
-Tng coliform : 103-106 MPN/100ml
-Virut : 105-107 PFU/ml
i vi cc ngn lc k kh ca b t hoi c ngn lc k kh, chng tc nc
sau thi gian t 18 n 24 thng cn phi d lp vt liu ra ra sch v sau np
li. Sau thi gian ln men cc cht khng ho tan ni ln t lp bn cn vo nc.
Trong nhiu trng hp, hiu qu x l hn hp nc thi v cn lng trong b t
hoi c ngn lc k kh khng n nh. Lp mng ni trn b mt b t hoi thng
lm gim dung tch cng tc v nhim bn nc tr li. V vy cn phi nh k ph
mng ni v ht bn cn t b t hoi.
B t hoi c cu to n gin d vn hnh qun l v thng dng XLNT
ti ch cho cc ngi nh khu tp th, cm dn c di 500 ngi hoc lu lng
nc thi di 30 m3/ngy. B t hoi thng c xy dng c lp hoc kt hp
vi cc cng trnh XLNT khc nh ngn lc sinh hc k kh, ging thm, ho lc,
bi lc ngp nc... , ph thuc vo c im, cng sut h thng thot nc, iu
kin t ai, kh hu thi tit khu vc ...iu kin hot ng kt hp gia b t hoi
vi cc cng trnh XLNT khc c nu trn hnh .9.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Cng trnh XLNT

V tr xy
dng cng
trnh v iu
kin t ai
thun li

B t hoi

V tr xy
dng v iu
kin t ai
kh khn

B t hoi tip
theo l h thng
x l sinh hc hiu
kh hoc b lc ct
hot ng gin
on

H thng thot nc

Nc thi t chy,
gin on

Nc thi c
bm v phn phi,
nh lng theo
chu k

XLNT tip tc hoc

tip nhn nc thi

Ging, ho, b
hoc bi thm hot
ng gin on
theo chu k
Ho hp ph, ho
hoc bi bay hi
nc, bi lc ngp
nc, kh trng v
x nc thi ra
ngun nc mt

Hnh .9. S ng dng b t hoi XLNT ti ch.

Thnh phn t, h s thm v vn tc thm cc loi t, mc nc ngm,
dc a hnh, din tch t s dng XLNT... l nhng yu t cn phi tnh n khi
la chn cc cng trnh XLNT tip sau b t hoi. S hot ng ca b t hoi
kt hp vi mt s cng trnh XLNT khc trong iu kin t ai thun li v t ai
kh khn c nu trn cc hnh .10a v .10b.

a.

b.
Hnh .10. S kt hp hot ng gia b t hoi vi cc cng trnh XLNT khc.
a.Trong iu kin t ai thun li; b.Trong iu kin t ai kh khn.

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PGS.TS Trn c H

Hin nay ngi ta thng xy dng b t hoi kt hp vi cc ngn lc k

kh.Ngn lc k kh ca b t hoi hot ng theo nguyn l lc ngc t di ln
vi chiu dy lp vt liu 0,5m n 0,6m phn b t trn xung di nh sau:
-Lp si hoc dm ng knh 36mm dy 0,10,2m
-Lp cui , si hoc ng knh trung bnh 1218mm dy 0,4m.
S ngn lc k kh c th mt hoc nhiu ngn. S cu to b t hoi c cc
ngn lc k kh c nu trn hnh .11.

Hnh .11..S cu to b t hoi vi cc ngn lc k kh.

.4..2. Ging thm v bi lc ngm.
a.Ging thm. Ging thm l cng trnh trong nc thi c x l bng
phng php lc qua lp ct , si v xy ho k kh cc cht hu c c hp ph
trn lp ct si . Nc thi sau khi x l c thm vo t . Do thi gian nc
lu li trong t lu , cc loi vi khun gy bnh b tiu dit hu ht .
m bo cho ging hot ng bnh thng , nc thi phi c x l
bng phng php lng trong b t hoi hoc b lng hai v . Ging thm cng ch
c s dng khi mc nc ngm trong t su hn 1,5 m m bo c hiu
qu thm lc cng nh khng gy nhim nc di t . Cc loi t phi d thm
nc , t 34 l/m2.ngy n 208 l/m2.ngy .
Ging thm, s cu to nu trn hnh .11 c hnh trn trn mt bng ,
ng knh ti thiu 1,2 m , c xy dng bng gch hoc b tng ct thp . Ging
thm cng c th c lp t bng cc ng ging . Thnh ging b tng b dy ti
thiu 100 mm, c b tng mng vng chc .

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PGS.TS Trn c H

>=300

A-A

A
lp nc
200

0 = 150

si
x
dm

Hnh .11. S cu to ging thm.

Din tch ging thm c xc nh gia vo loi t v loi i tng thot
nc . Din tch thm cn thit tnh cho mt ngi c nu trong bng .9.
Bng .9. Din tch thm lc cn thit tnh cho mt ngi m h thng thot nc
phc v, m2/ngi .
Loi t
Ct th hoc si
Ct mn
Ct pha st
St ln nhiu ct
hoc si
St ln t ct hoc
si
St nng , t
cng hoc cc loi
t khng thm
nc khc

Lng nc hp
th ln nht
trong 24h, l/m2
205
163
102
45

Nh ,
q=200
l/ng.ngy
0,93
1,4
2,3
3,7

H gia nh
q=100
l/ng.ngy
0,23
0,37
0,6
0,93

Trng hc
q=65
l/ng.ngy
0,14
0,23
0,37
0,6

33

7,1

1,85

1,25

Khng s dng .

Ging thm c lt si , dm .. c nh dn t di ln . Lp trn cng

c bng ct mn v c chng xi nc bng tm chn . tng kh nng
thm nc ca ging, bn ngoi ging thm si.Vic thng thong c thc hin
qua ng thot nc hoc dng ng thng hi ring .
b.Bi lc ngm. Nu nc ngm gn mt t v khng th xy dng ging
thm th c th xy dng h thng bi lc ngm . Nc thi trc khi qua bi lc
ngm phi c lng s b trong cc cng trnh x l c hc . Khi i qua lp t bi
lc ngm , cc cht bn trong nc thi s c hp ph theo con ng thm lc ,

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PGS.TS Trn c H
sau c xy ho sinh ho. Thng thng trong lp t pha trn din ra qu
trnh xy ho hiu kh v trong lp t pha di din ra qu trnh h hp k kh cc
cht hu c . Do lp t khng ln ( t 0,6 n 0,9 m ) nn vo thi k pht trin
ca cy trng , mt khi lng ln nc thi c r cy hp th v ch mt phn
nc chy vo ngun . S hot ng ca cy trng cng gp phn cung cp xy cho
t .
Cu to bi lc ngm bao gm phn : ngn phn phi nc thi , h thng
phn phi bi lc v h thng thu nc. Trn bi lc ngm c b tr ng thng hi .
S cu to ca bi lc ngm c nu trn hnh .12. Trong bi lc ngm, h
thng phn phi t cch mc nc ngm khng nh hn 1 m v thng b tr trong
ho. Cc thng s cu to ca bi lc ngm c nu trong bng .10.

>=50
600-900

A-A

0.20~0.25%

0 100
500

Hnh .12. S cu to bi lc ngm .

Bng .10. Cc thng s cu to ca bi lc ngm
Thng s cu to
S ng ng phn phi nc
Chiu di mi ng ng , m
Chiu rng y ho , m
Khong cch gia cc tuyn ng , m
dy lp t lp trn ng , mm
dc cc tuyn ho ,mm/m
dy lp vt liu lc di ng phn phi nc,
mm
dy lp vt liu lc trn ng phn phi nc,
mm

Gi tr
Ti thiu
1
0,46
1,8
300
Ngang bng
300
50

Ti a
30
0,9
25
-

Qu trnh XLNT trong bi lc ngm ph thuc vo mt lot yu t nh ti

trng thu lc h thng phn phi , nhit nc thi, chiu dy v loi t lc,

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PGS.TS Trn c H
chiu dy lp t ph, m ca t ... Theo cc nghin cu ca Vin nghin cu
a cht thu vn v cp thot nc Lin x / 16 /, hiu qu x l nc thi c th
xc nh theo biu thc thc nghim sau y :
L1a,1 450 T 0,7 H 0,62
ad 0,2
(
)
=
Lt
q 0,825
hW 0,5

( .6)
Trong : La v Lt l BOD ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l trong bi lc ngm,
mg/l; T-nhit ca nc thi,0C; q-ti trng thu lc ca h thng phn phi (ti)
nc thi, l/m.ngy; H- chiu dy lp vt liu lc ngm tnh t mp mng ti n
mp mng thu nc hoc n mc nc ngm, m; h-chiu dy lp t ph pha trn
vt liu lc, m; a-khong cch gia cc ng ti,m; a-ng knh trung bnh ca ht
vt liu lc,mm; W- m ca vt liu lc,%.
Din tch hu ch ca bi lc ngm ph thuc vo loi t v c xc nh
theo cng thc ( .6) hoc theo bng .9 ging nh i vi ging thm .
.4.3. a lc sinh hc
a lc sinh hc c dng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc
theo nguyn l dnh bm. a lc l cc tm nha, g... hnh trn ng knh 2- 4 m,
dy di 10mm ghp vi nhau thnh khi cch nhau 30-40mm. a lc c b tr
thnh dy ni tip quay u trong b cha nc thi. S b tr h thng a lc
c nu trn hnh .13.

Nc thi vo
B lng
t mt

B lng
t hai

Nc thi sau
khi x l

H thng a lc sinh hc

Hnh 5.11. S h thng a lc sinh hc

Hnh .13. S hot ng ca h thng a lc sinh hc.

Tc quay ca a t 1 n 2 vng/pht v m bo dng chy ri, khng cho bn
cn lng li trong b nc thi. Trong qu trnh quay, phn di ca a ngp trong

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PGS.TS Trn c H
nc thi. Qu trnh hp ph v dnh bm cc cht hu c dng ho tan, keo v vy
bn ln mng sinh vt hnh thnh trc , c din ra. Khi quay ln pha trn, vi
khun s ly xy xy ho cht hu c v gii phng CO2. Mng sinh vt dy 24mm, ph thuc vn tc quay ca a. Do sinh khi tng, mng sinh vt bm trn
mt a dy ln dn sau t tch ra khi a. Bn cn mng sinh vt c lng li
trong b lng t hai.
a lc sinh hc c s dng rng ri x l nc thi sinh hot vi cng
sut khng hn ch. Tuy nhin ngi ta thng s dng h thng a lc sinh hc
cho cc trm XLNT cng sut di 5.000 m3/ngy. a lc sinh hc c tnh ton
da vo ti trng thy lc q, m3/m2 b mt a. ngy v c xc nh theo biu
nu trong hnh . 14 theo nghin cu ca Mc.Neil, 1978/ 33 /. Gi tr q thay i,
ph thuc vo BOD ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l. c tnh k thut ca a
lc sinh hc c nu trong bng .11.

Hnh .14. Biu xc nh ti trng thy lc q ca a lc sinh hc dng XLNT

sinh hot.
Tng din tch b mt a lc A c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
Q , m2
(.7)
A=
q

Trong : Q- lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Bng .11.c tnh k thut ca a lc sinh hc
c tnh
Ti trng thy lc q, m3/m2 b mt a.ngy
Vn tc quay ca a, m/s
T l th tch b cha/din tch b mt a, m3/m2
Phn din tch a ngp nc, %
S dy a
Khe h gia cc a, cm
ng knh a, m

Gi tr
0,03-0,16
0,3
0,005
40
4
2-3
1-4

.4.4.Aeroten hot ng gin on theo m (h SBR).

Aeroten hot ng gin on theo m ( Sequencing Batch Reactor - SBR) l
mt dng cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi bng bn hot tnh, trong tun t
din ra cc qu trnh thi kh, lng bn v gn nc thi. Do hot ng gin on
nn s ngn ca b ti thiu l 2. S hot ng ca h thng b nu trn hnh .15.
Song chn rc
Nc thi

B chn rc

B lng
t m t

B SBR1

B SBR2

X bn hot tnh d

Kh trng

X nc thi ra sng, h

Hnh .15. S hot ng ca h thng aeroten hot ng gin on SBR.

Cc giai on hot ng din ra trong mt ngn b (hnh .16) bao gm: lm
y nc thi, thi kh, lng tnh, x nc thi v x bn d.
Trong bc mt, khi cho nc thi vo b, nc thi c trn vi bn hot
tnh lu li t chu k trc. Sau y hn hp nc thi v bn c sc kh bc
hai vi thi gian thi kh ng nh thi gian yu cu. Qu trnh din ra gn vi iu
kin trn hon ton v cc cht hu c c xy ho trong giai on ny. Bc th
ba l qu trnh lng bn trong iu kin tnh. Sau nc trong nm pha trn lp

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PGS.TS Trn c H
bn c x ra khi b. Bc cui cng l x lng bn d c hnh thnh trong
qu trnh thi kh ra khi ngn b, cc ngn b khc hot ng lch pha m bo
cho vic cung cp nc thi ln trm x l nc thi lin tc.

Nc thi vo

Lm y nc thi

Thi kh

X nc thi

X bn d

Lng

Hnh .16. Cc giai on ca b aeroten hot ng gin on.

Cng trnh hot ng gin on, c chu k. Cc qu trnh trn nc thi vi
bn, lng bn cn ... din ra gn ging iu kin l tng nn hiu qu x l nc
thi cao. BOD ca nc thi sau x l thng thp hn 20 mg/l, hm lng cn l
lng t 3 n 25 mg/l v N-NH3 khong t 0,3 n 12 mg/l. B aeroten hot ng
gin on theo m lm vic khng cn b lng t hai. Trong nhiu trng hp,
ngi ta cng b qua b iu ho v b lng t mt.
H thng aeroten hot ng gin on SBR c th kh c nit v pht pho
sinh ho do c th iu chnh c cc qu trnh hiu kh, thiu kh v k kh trong
b bng vic thay i ch cung cp xy. Cc ngn b c sc kh bng my nn
kh, my sc kh dng Jet hoc thit b khuy trn c hc. Chu k hot ng ca
ngn b c iu khin bng rle thi gian. Trong ngn b c th b tr h thng
vt vng, thit b o mc bn, ...
B aeroten hot ng gin on c thit k theo cc ch tiu sau y (bng
.12 )

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Bng .12. Cc ch tiu thit k h aeroten hot ng gin on (SBR)
Ch tiu thit k
Tng th tch
S b
Chiu su cng tc
T l lng cht bn hu
c/lng bn
Thi gian 1 chu k
c im cp kh
Lng xy

Gi tr
0,2-2,0 ln lu lng trung bnh 1 ngy
2
3-6 m
0,04-0,2 kg BOD/kg bn.ngy
4-12 gi
Cp kh cho bc lm y v khuy trn bn vi
nc thi
Cp cho qu trnh xy ho cht hu c v
nitrat ho nh i vi cc aeroten truyn thng

B aeroten h SBR c u im l cu to n gin, hiu qu x l cao, kh

c cc cht dinh dng nit, d vn hnh. S dao ng lu lng nc thi t nh
hng n hiu qu x l. Nhc im chnh ca b l cng sut x l nc thi
nh. b hot ng c hiu qu ngi vn hnh phi c trnh v theo di
thng xuyn cc bc x l nc thi.
.5.S dng nc thi v bn cn trong nc thi.

.5.1.Cc h thng thot nc kt hp ti s dng nc thi v bn cn

trong nc thi.
Nc thi sinh hot cha lng ln cc cht hu c v cc cht dinh dng
cn thit cho cy trng, vt nui ... Thnh phn chnh ca nc thi sinh hot c
nu trong bng .13 sau y.
Bng .13.Thnh phn chnh ca nc thi sinh hot v nguyn tc x l, s dng li.
Thnh phn
Nit
Pht pho
Kali
COD
Nguyn tc
x l v ti
s dng

Ti lng,
kg/ngi.n
m
4-5
0,75
1,8
30

Nc xm

Trong , %
Nc tiu

Nc phn

3
87
10
10
50
40
34
54
12
41
12
47
X l sau ti s X l v lm X l, sn
dng hoc x vo phn bn trc xut kh sinh
ngun nc
tip cho cy
hc v cung
cp
cht
dinh dng
b sung cho
t

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PGS.TS Trn c H
T l cc nguyn t dinh dng trong nc thi sinh hot c nu trong bng
1.18. Trong nc thi t l N:P:K l 5:1:2, trong lc tron phn chung l 2:1:2,4 .
Bng .14. T l nguyn t dinh dng trong nc thi sinh hot v trong phn bn.
Dng phn bn

Hm lng , g/l hoc g/kg.

P2O5
K2O
CaO

N
Nc thi khi tiu chun
thot nc l 150
l/ng.ngy
Phn chung

0,087

0,014

0,030

0,12

2,5

6,3

Trong nc thi th, hm lng tng nit thng thng t 20 n trn 100
mg/l , ph thuc vo tiu chun dng nc , loi nc thi , c im cng trnh
cng cng ...Nit ban u ch yu tn ti di dng nit hu c, nit amn v nit
nitrat. T l hm lng cc dng nit ny quyt nh th t u tin x l nc thi
trong t.
Hm lng pht pho tng s trong nc thi sinh hot v nc thi th
cng dao ng ln, t 5 n 50 mg/l. Trong qu trnh x l s b nc thi v vn
chuyn nc thi vo t , pht pho hu c s b chuyn ho sinh hc thnh pht
pht. Trong mi trng t kim tnh , pht pht s kt hp vi in canxi to thnh
canxi pht pht . V ngc li, trong mi trng axit, pht pht s tc dng vi
xit st hoc xit nhm to thnh cc hp phn khng ho tan.
Phn ln nit v hu ht kali tn ti trng thi ho tan v cy trng d hp
th. Pht pho thng b lng ng trong bn cn.
Nh vy, nc thi sinh hot cha hm lng ln Nit, Pht pho, Kali l
nhng cht cn thit cho cy trng. V vy xu th s dng nc thi ti cy v
bn cn ca n lm phn bn ngy cng tng. Hin nay, ngi ta thng c cc
quan im phn chia h thng thot nc phn tn quy m nh v va ra cc loi :
h thng thot nc khng ti s dng nc thi , ti s dng mt phn nc thi v
ti s hon ton nc thi. H thng thot nc phn tn c ti s dng nc thi
(Decentralised Sanitation and Reuse - DESAR) c nu trn hnh .17.
Nc thi sau khi lng s b c th s dng ti cho cy trng. Cng ti
ph thuc vo c im t, cy trng v nng cc cht trong nc thi v dao
ng t 0,1 n 0,2 m/nm (1000m3/ha n 20000m3/nm ). Phng php ti l
ti ngp hoc ti phun khi dng nc thI ti sn lng cy trng s tng
thm 20% n 30%.
Qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot s to nn lng ln bn cn ( bng khong
1% th tch nc thi x l ). Gi tr phn bn ca tng loi bn cn nc thi c
nu trong bng .15 v hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng c nu trong bng . 16.

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PGS.TS Trn c H

S dng nc ma
ti ch

Khu dn c

Nc cp

Nc thi sau x l

Cc cht dinh dng

Cng trnh XLNT ti ch

Trng cy ti ch

S dng li nc thi ti ch

Thm canh nng nghip

Hnh .17. S h thng thot nc phn tn c ti s dng nc thi.

Bng .15. Thnh phn cc cht dinh dng trong cc loi bn cn nc thi,
% trng lng kh
Nguyn t dinh
dng
Ni
Pht pho
Kali

Cn ti
1,6-4,0
0,6-5,2
0,2-0,6

Bn cn ln
men
1,7-6,0
0,9-6,6
0,2-0,5

Bn hot
tnh
2,4-6,5
2,3-8,0
0,3-0,4

Phn
chung
2,0-2,6
1,6-1,3
1,8-1,9

Bn cn , nc thi cha phn ln cc cht hu c, Nit v pht pho. Hm

lng kali tng i thp nn ngi ta thng b sung thm kali trn cng
bn cn lm phn bn. Ngoi ra hm lng CaO trong bn cn cao nn n
thch hp trong vic ci to t chua phn.
Trong nc thi v bn cn ca n c cha cc loi vi khun gy bnh, trng
giun sn . Nc thi sinh hot l mi trng tn ti ca cc loi vi sinh vt trong
c vi khun gy bnh. c tnh c khong 7.000 vi khun Salmoella, 6.000-7.000 vi
khun Shigella v 1.000 vi khun Vibrio cholera trong 1 lt nc thi. Cc loi vi
khun Shigella v Vibrio cholera nhanh chng b tiu dit trong mi trng nc
thi nhng vi khun Salmoella c kh nng tn ti lu di trong t. Cc loi virut
cng xut hin nhiu trong nc thi. Ngoi ra trong nc thi sinh hot cn c
nhiu cc loi trng giun sn nh Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Trichuris v Taenia... v

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PGS.TS Trn c H
thng gy ra cc hu qu nghim trng khi s dng trc tip nc thi ti rau,
nui c ...Trong 1 gam bn cn cha t 5 n 67 trng giun sn . Trng giun sn c
th tn ti trong t n 1,5 nm. V vy nn hn ch ti nc thi trong ma thu
hoch. i vi cc loi rau n sng th khng c ti nc thi.
Vi mt mc no , nc thi th c th lm tng hm lng kim loi
nng trong t khi dng n ti cy.. Hm lng kim loi nng trong nc thi
cc th trn v th c sn xut cng nghip ln hn trong phn b t 5 n 15 ln.
Hm lng Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb. trong t ti nc thi th thng cao hn trong
cc mu i chng ti nc sng h t 3 n 20 ln .
Bng .16. Hm lng kim loi nng trong cc loi phn bn
Nguyn t
As, mg/kg
Cd, mg/kg
Cu, mg/kg
Hg, mg/kg
Pb,mg/kg
Zn, mg/kg

Bn cn nc thi
2-26
2-1500
50-3300
0,1-55
50-3000
700-49000

Phn m
2,2-120
0,05-8,5
<1,0
0,3-2,9
2-37
1-42

Phn chung
3-25
0,3-0,8
2-60
0,09-0,2
6,6-15
15-250

Khi ti nc thi vo t cng phi thy rng chng s lp kn cc khe h,

cn tr xm nhp xy, tng mui, thm cht c... trong t. Cu trc ca t c
th b thay i hoc b ph v khi d tha Natri. hp th Natri ca t ph thuc
vo t l RAS ca cht thi:

RAS =

Na
Ca + Mg
2

(.8 )

Trong nng cc ion kim loi biu din bng mg-glg/l.

Vic ti cc loi nc thi c t l RAS xp x bng 10 rt d gy nguy him
cho t trng trt. V vy cn thit phi c s la chn nc thi ph hp, c tch
kim loi nng v kh c khi s dng ti cho cy trng.
Mt trong nhng hng x l kt hp vi s dng bn cn nc thi sinh
hot l ln men chng to kh biogas ( ch yu l kh metan CH 4 chim 5070%). Bn cn v sinh khi thc vt thu hi t qu trnh XLNT trn cnh ng ngp
nc, trong h sinh vt c kh nng phn hu to thnh biogas. Vt liu to
thnh kh biogas thng yu cu t l C:N=10:30 cho n 20:25. Trong khi bn
cn nc thi sinh hot hoc phn tiu c C:N = 6:10 , v vy vic b sung cc loi
c , bo ... trong thnh phn nguyn liu cc hm biogas l cn thit. Nng cht
rn trong nguyn liu chim 10%. Cc hm biogas thng c thit k vi ti trng
th tch l 0,5 n 3 kg nguyn liu kh khng tro /m3 th tch cng tc. mt ngy.
Kh sinh hc thu hi sau khi kh CO2 bng nc vi c th s dng trc tip lm
nhin liu.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
.5.2. S dng nc thi nui trng thy sn v nui c.
Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht hu c v nguyn t dinh dng, l mi
trng cho to v cc loi sinh vt khc pht trin. Theo chu trnh dinh dng trong
vc nc, n l ngun thc n cho c v cc loi thy sn khc.
To v cc thc vt nc pht trin trong cc h sinh vt n nh hoc cc ao
h tip nhn nc thi khng nhng cung cp xy cho cc loi vi khun xy ho
tip tc cc cht hu c m cn tng hp nn prtin trong sinh khi. Trong h, to
v vi khun quan h vi nhau qua chu trnh O2 v CO2. Theo O.N.Rixuna / 18 /,
trong h sinh vt khi xy ho khong 180 n 280 mg/l cht hu c ho tan, vi
khun tiu th 289347 mg/l cht hu c ho tan v gii phng 313473 mg/l CO2.
Trong lc to s tiu th 360558 mg/l CO2, gii phng 322496 mg/l O2 v to
nn sinh khi l 200310 mg/l sinh khi giu protein. Khong 50% tng protin sinh
khi ca cc ao h c ngun gc t to. To s dng nng lng t nh sng mt
tri, CO2 v cc nguyn t khong khc nh N,P,K tng hp sinh khi. Sn
lng nui cy to cao hn sn lng trng hoa mu khc rt nhiu ( Bng .17). Cc
loi to lc n bo nh Cholorella, Scenedesmus hoc to lam a bo nh
Spirulina. giu protein ,m, cc bon, hydrat v vitamin cng cc cht hot tnh
sinh hc khc ang c nui trng rng ri trong nc thi sinh hot Nht Bn ,
cc nc Trung SNG, o.
Bng .17. Sn lng protein ca cc loi hoa mu khc nhau
Sn lng protin,
kg/ha.nm
650
270
150
55
82.000

Loi hoa mu
u tng
Ng
La m
La
To ( trong h sinh vt)

To c nui trong cc b ngoi tri ng knh n 20m su t 1,0m n

5,0m. B nui to c khuy trn thng xuyn v cung cp thm CO2. Vi trng
gy bnh trong nc thi c nui trng to c th b dit n 99,9%. Dch to c
thu hi bng cc phng php c hc lm dc phm, lm thc n cho gia sc
hoc bm vo cc ao h nui c.
S lm sch nc thi kt hp vi nui cy, thu hi to ca trm x l
nc thi quy m va v lm sch nc thi kt hp vi nui to, nui c, ti vn
(H sinh thi VAC) c nu trong cc hnh .18 v .19.
i vi trm x l nc thi quy m va, b nui to phi c cp thm CO2
ly t ngun t nhin liu v kh sinh hc ca h thng ni hi cp nhit (hnh .19).
Vic nui trng to y mang tnh cht cng nghip v sinh khi cu n mang tnh
sn phm cao .

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PGS.TS Trn c H
nh sng
Nc thi
Sinh hot

B lng
t 1

B
Aroten

B lng
t 2

Bn hot tnh
tun hon
Bn cn

B ln men
k kh

CH4
CO2

H nui
to

Tch
to

CO2

B
cha
kh

Bn cn ln men s
dng bn rung

Nc nui
c hoc
ti rung

X l kh thi

Lm
kh

Pht
in

Trit
trng

nhin
liu

Nng lng

Sn
phm
to

Hnh .18. S h thng x l nc thi kt hp vi nui to.

i vi tng ngi nh hoccm ngi nh, ao nui to l mt trong cc nt ca
h sinh thi vn-ao-chung (VAC). To khng cn thu hi m c s dng trc
tip lm thc n cho cc ng vt nguyn sinh, c vt . Phn ln cc loi vi khun
gy bnh, cc cht hu c c trong nc thi sinh hot c lm sch nn nc
thi c th s dng t rau hoc ra chung tri.
S dng nc thi nui c mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, tuy nhin lng xy
, ngun thc n d thu nhn v hp th l cc yu t cn thit c pht trin .
V vy, c thng c nui giai on cui ca h thng h sinh vt. Cc loi c
c sn lng cao thng c nui trong mi trng nc thi l c trm, m, r
phi Sn lng c nui cc vng nc thi nc ta cng nh mt s nc khc
nh n , Thi Lan, Philipin/ 23 / dao ng t 1,0 n 3 tn/ha.nm. S h
thng h sinh vt x l nc thi kt hp nui c nu trong hnh .19.
Yu cu c bn i vi vic nui c bng nc thi l m bo ch xy .
C chp pht trin trong ngun nc c hm lng xy ho tan ln hn 4 mg/l; cn
c hi i hi lng oxy trn 6 mg/l. Tuy nhin hm lng xy ho tan ph thuc
vo ti lng BOD trong h. Trong iu kin nhit i ti lng ny khng ln hn
1gBOD/m2.ngy. Gi tr pH ca nc thi nui c nm tong khong t 7 n 8.
Thng thng ao h nui c c thu gian lu nc thy lc t 3 n 10 ngy v
su t 0,5m n 0,8m. Vi vic nui c trong bc cui cng ca h thng h sinh vt
ba bc nguy c nhim vi khun gy bnh trong c gim hn Theo Marais, 1974 /
23/ , s lng fecal coliform c th gim xung di 1000 coli/100ml trong h sinh
vt bc ba p ng yu cu cho php vi ngun nc nui c theo quy nh ca t

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PGS.TS Trn c H
chc y t th gii. Khi s dng h t nhin hoc h th nui c cn phi bit
c hot ng nh mt cng trnh x l hay ngun tip nhn nc thi.
Nc pha long

Mthane
Nc thi
sinh hot v
nc thi
chung tri

B t hoi
Ao nui c v vt

Ao nui to
Nc ra
chung tri

Ti rau
Nc thm

Hnh .19. S h thng x l kt hp s dng nc thi quy m nh

( h sinh thi VAC).
Nc thi

B lng

H k
kh

H ty tin

H nui c
(Lm thong
t nhin)

Hnh .20. S h thng x l nc thi bng h sinh vt kt hp nui c.

.6. Cc quy nh chung v qun l,vn hnh cc cng trnh x l nc
thi quy m nh

.6.1. a cng trnh vo hot ng

Yu cu i vi cc cng trnh x l nc thi l phi hot ng n nh,
ng quy trnh. a cng trnh vo hot ng, cn c cc h s k thut sau y:
- Cc vn bn nghim thu cng trnh;
- Giy tho thun mi trng cho php a cng trnh vo hot ng;
- Cc bn v hon cng;
- Cc ti liu hng dn lp t v s dng cc thit b, cng trnh x l nc
thi.
Trc khi a cng trnh vo s dng phi thu dn sch s cc vt, t
... Sau tin hnh kim tra s hot ng ca cng trnh bng nc sch. u tin
tin hnh th kn kht ca cng trnh, sau kim tra cc thng s thy lc, s
lm vic ca cc van, phai chn nc cng nh tng b phn ca thit b. Ch sau khi

33

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PGS.TS Trn c H
kim tra xong mi c dn nc thi vo cng trnh. Khng nn x kit nc khi
cng trnh m nn li mt t nc sch ri dn nc thi vo
Ty theo c ch v quy m cng trnh x l nc thi m quy nh thi gian
a cng trnh vo hot ng, thi gian khi ng... Cng vic ny cn cc chuyn
gia c kinh nghim theo di v tin hnh hiu chnh. Thi gian khi ng mt s
loi cng trnh x l nc thi c th tham kho theo bng .18.
Bng .18. Thi gian a cc cng trnh x l nc thi vo hot ng
Tn cng trnh

Thi gian khi ng

B t hoi

Lng cn: Sau 1 3 ngy

Ln men cn lng: Sau 3
thng
Lng cn: Sau 3 5 ngy
Ln men cn lng: Sau 3
thng
T 2 3 thng

B lng hai v

B lc k kh

Yu cu qun l vn hnh trong thi

gian khi ng
a lng cn ln men bng
khong 15 20% dung tch phn
cha cn gy men
a lng cn ln men bng
khong 15 20% dung tch phn
cha cn gy men
Lu lng nc thi cp cho b trong
thi gian khi ng tng dn t 25%
n 100% lu lng thit k
Tng dn lu lng nc thi t 10
n 25% lu lng thit k. Thi
gian 1 chu k ti t 5 n 6 pht
Cho bn hot tnh ly t ni khc
sc kh vi khong 30% lu lng
nc thi trong thi gian u. Sau
tng dn cng sut cp nc thi cho
n khi ch s bn l 200 300 ml/l

T 2 3 thng cho n khi

xut hin nitrat trong nc
thi sau x l
B Aeroten
T 1 n 2 thng cho n khi
ch s bn o trong bnh
Imhoff l 200 300 ml/l
(nu c bn hot tnh t ni
khc a v th thi gian ny
gim xung cn t 2 tun
n 1 thng)
H sinh hc
T 2 n 3 thng sau khi Giai on u c th bm nc sng
hnh thnh h sinh vt trong vo y h, sau x nc thi dn
h
dn vo h
Bi lc ngp nc T 2 n 3 thng sau khi cy
pht trin pha trn b mt
B lc sinh hc

Trong thi gian a cng trnh vo hot ng, cn tin hnh nghin cu, phn
tch nc thi xc nh c l cng trnh c m bo lm sch theo yu cu
hay khng. Cc s liu thu nhn c trong giai on ny c b sung vo quy
trnh vn hnh cng trnh XLNT. Nc thi a v cng trnh trong giai on ny c
lu lng v nng thp hn gi tr thit k .
Hiu qu v thi gian ca giai on khi ng ch yu ph thuc vo trnh
chuyn mn v thc trch nhim ca cng nhn vn hnh. Cng nhn trc tip
qun l cng trnh XLNT phi nm c cc qu trnh c bn din ra cng trnh

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PGS.TS Trn c H
..iu kin qun l vn hnh cc cng trnh XLNT rt nghim ngt v vy i hi
ngi cng nhn phi c tinh thn trch nhim i vi cng vic ca mnh.
.6.2. Nguyn tc qun l vn hnh mt s cng trnh x l nc thi
Cc cng trnh x l nc thi c vn hnh theo tiu chun Vit Nam
TCVN 5576-91 H thng cp thot nc- Quy phm qun l k thut / 3 / v Quy
chun H thng cp thot nc trong nh v cng trnh / 4 /. Nguyn tc vn hnh
cc cng trnh phi ph hp vi cc qu trnh XLNT din ra trong . Yu cu v
trnh vn hnh cc cng trnh XLNT ph thuc vo loi cng trnh XLNT ti ch
hay l XLNT tp trung.
a. Qun l vn hnh cc cng trnh XLNT ti ch. Cc cng trnh XLNT ti
ch nh b t hoi, ging thm, bi lc ngm, b thu du m... c xy dng trong
khun vin cc ngi nh, cc cng trnh dch v cng cng. Cc cng trnh XLNT
loi ny pi c qun l, vn hnh theo mt s yu cu c bn sau y.
Bn cn trong b t hoi phi c thng xuyn ly ra khi b t hoi vi chu k t
6 thng n 1 nm. Khi ly bn phi li khong 20% bn ln men lm mi
cho qu trnh phn hu chu k sau. Khi ht bn, u ng ht my bm phi cho
xung tn y b. Vng cn trong b phi c ph v vt thng xuyn chng
tc ng dn nc thi. Trn np b t hoi khng c trng cy hoc xy dng cc
cng trnh khc. Nu mi kh chu do qu trnh ln men axit trong b bc ln th
phi cho thm vi cng nc thi chy vo b trong mt vi ngy.
Nc thi trc khi x vo ging thm phi c tch rc, ct v cn. Ging thm
c bo dng chu o bng cch m np ra theo di thng xuyn. Nu kh nng
thm b hn ch th phi xc lp ct pha trn ra sch. Khi thm nc khng m
bo c na th phi o ging mi v tr khc.
Du, m v cc loi cht ni khc phi c vt thng xuyn ra khi b thu
du m. Sau mi ln ng b 4 gi, cn ra b bng nc sch. Lng nc ra b
thng thng bng 15% dung tch hu ch ca b. M phi c vt ra khi b v
ch li mt lp dy khng qu 15 cm.
b. Cc cng trnh ca trm XLNT tp trung. Cc cng trnh ca trm XLNT tp
trung thng c xy dng hp khi chia thnh hai nhm: nhm cc cng trnh
lng kt hp ln men bn cn v nhm cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi.
B lng hai v (b lng Imhoff) bao gm hai phn: mng lng v ngn bn.
Nc thi chy vo mng lng phi c phn b u khp tit din ngang ca
mng. Pha cui mng lng phi c tm chn ni (t su di mc nc khong 10
- 15 cm). Cc cht ni, vng bn.... phi c vt thng xuyn. Khi lp cn trong
ngn bn ch cch khe h mng lng 1,0m th x cn ln men t u ra khi b.
C sau 10 ngy th x cn mt ln. Lng bn gi li sau mt ln x ti thiu l 30%
tng lng bn trong b. Cn chn c m l 90% v tro cao. Nu c bn ni
ln trong vng lng hoc c bt kh trong vng mt thong ca b th iu chng
t qu trnh ln men khng n nh v phi thc hin mt trong cc bin php sau
y:
- Thay cn ln men khng n nh bng cn chn ca ngn bn hot ng tt;
- Cho b ngng hot ng mt thi gian v b sung vi sa vo sau khuy
trn u.
i vi b lng hai v kp cn phn phi u trong hai ngn bn, nh k
hai ngy mt ln phi thay i chc nng ca vo v ca ra ca mng lng.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
b lc sinh vt lm vic bnh thng cn phi:
- Thng xuyn xem xt v ty ra thit b phn phi nc;
- Thng xuyn xem xt khong khng y b, cc knh dn v phn phi
kh, cc mng thu nc. Trong trng hp b tc mng thu th phi ra bng nc
cp t h thng cp nc vo v thng r b;
- Loi tr lp bn thi ra trn b mt lp vt liu lc bng cch xc ra v ra
sch, sau xp li; Thng xuyn b sung vt liu thiu ht trong qu trnh ny;
- Kim tra lng khng kh cp vo b, hiu sut thng gi... bng cch phn
tch mu nc (xc nh cc ch tiu ho l nh pH, xy ho tan...).
i vi b aeroten, iu kin b lm vic n nh l phi bn hot tnh.
Nng th tch bn hot tnh, xc nh bng phng php o trong ng Imhoff,
phi trn 200ml/l th b mi c th hot ng c. Khi nng th tch bn hot
tnh t 300 n 600 ml/l th b hot ng tt. Hm lng xy ho tan trong b
aeroten phi thng xuyn c m bo t 2 n 4mg/l. cc qu trnh sinh ho
trong aeroten din ra n nh, cc my bm bn v my sc kh phi lm vic t
cng sut yu cu v lin tc. Nc thi v bn hot tnh phi c trn u ti tt c
mi v tr trong b. Hiu qu XLNT trong b c xc nh qua cc ch tiu cht
lng nc, nng xy ho tan, liu lng bn hot tnh. Khi ti lng hu c
(BOD) trong b tng, bn hot tnh c th b trng, d to thnh cc ht nh, ri rc
v kh lng. Trong bn xut hin nhiu vi sinh vt hnh si. Khi xy khng hoc
c cht c hi trong nc thi, hin tng ny cng thng xy ra. Mt s bin
php khc phc hin tng bn trng nh sau:
- Tng cng sc kh;
-X bn d;
- Tm thi gim ti trng thu lc ca b;
-Pha long nc thi bng nc sng, h;
- Tho kit, c sch v x t nc thi mi vo b.
Trng hp bn hot tnh trong b aeroten b ni c th do ti lng hu c qu
thp dn n qu trnh nitrat ho xy ra. Trong b lng t hai li din ra qu trnh
kh nitrat, km theo vic ni bt kh nit. Mt bn gim xung n mc bn c
th ni ln mt nc v trn ra khi b lng t hai. khc phc hin tng bn
ni, cn gim thi gian sc kh v c ra bn y v thnh b lng t hai.
i vi cc loi aeroten thi kh ko di, yu cu vn hnh v bo dng rt
nghim ngt. V vy cc cng trnh ny i hi phi c cng nhn trnh cao theo
di, qun l. Knh xy ho tun hon, mt dng aeroten thi kh ko di, c nng
th tch bn hot tnh tun hon di 200ml/l. Bn tha phi thng xuyn a ra
khi mng. Vic x bn v tho kit mng nn lm trong ma nng bn hot
tnh mi hnh thnh nhanh hn. Cc thit b c kh nh my khuy, gung quay, my
bm, van, kho... phi thng xuyn bo dng, bi du m...
Trong trm XLNT phi c phng th nghim phn tch nc kim tra hiu
qu lm vic ca cc cng trnh. i vi cc trm XLNT cng sut di 1400m3
/ngy th mu nc c th c kim nghim ti cc phng phn tch nc ca c
quan qun l mi trng a phng. Cc ch tiu phn tch thng l lu lng pH,
nng xy ho tan, hm lng cn l lng, BOD, kim, liu lng bn hot
tnh, nng th tch bn hot tnh, hm lng nitrat, nit amn, photphat, fecal
coliform ... trong nc thi dng vo, dng ra v ngay ti cc cng trnh XLNT.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Cng nhn vn hnh cc cng trnh XLNT phi c hng dn v quy trnh
vn hnh cc cng trnh, cc nguyn tc v an ton lao ng v phng chy, cha
chy, cc bin php phng nga v khc phc s c ... Cc cn b k thut ca trm
c nhim v:
- Bo m ch lm vic bnh thng ca tng cng trnh v ca ton trm;
- Bo m vic sa cha thng k v sa cha ln cc cng trnh v thit b;
- Theo di vic ghi s trc ca cng nhn vn hnh cng trnh;
- Lp cc bo co k thut v qun l cng trnh hng thng v hng nm;
- Bo qun cc h s k thut tt c cc cng trnh v b sung cc tnh nng k
thut cc thit b, cng trnh vo cc h s ny trong qu trnh qun l;
- Nghin cu ch hot ng ca tng cng trnh hon thin v ci tin
quy trnh vn hnh, bo dng ...
- T chc cc lp hc nng cao trnh cho cng nhn, gii thiu cc nguyn
tc v an ton lao ng, phng chy, cha chy ...
.6.3.Xc nh chi ph qun l v vn hnh cc trm XLNT quy m va v nh.

Cc trm XLNT quy m va v nh ph hp vi vic x l nc thi phn tn

hoc x l nc thi ti ch. Cng tc vn hnh k thut ca cc cng trnh XLNT
quy m va v nh khng phc tp v khng i hi trnh cao nh i vi cc
trm XLNT cng sut ln. Tuy nhin chi ph u t xy dng v chi ph qun l
vn hnh cc trm nh xt trn tng th th th c th cao hn cc chi ph ca
trm XLNT cng sut ln. Mt khc, i vi h thng thot nc phn tn, mi trm
XLNT c mt cng ngh ring nn vic qun l v vn hnh khng c thng
nht, kim sot cht lng nc cng gp kh khn. Tuy nhin trong iu kin Vit
nam v cc nc ang pht trin khc, h thng x l nc thi phn tn v x l
nc thi ti ch ph hp vi kh nng u t theo tng giai on cng nh iu
kin t nhin ca mn.
Khi xc nh hiu qu kinh t ca trm XLNT cn phi xc nh sut u t
tnh cho mt m3 nc thi hoc tnh cho mt ng dn m h thng thot nc
phc v. Song cng rt kh dn ra c cc gi tr tng qut do cc khon chi ph
lun thay i do gi c bin ng, mc thu khng n nh v iu kin mi a
phng, mi khu vc mt khc. Chi ph u t cng ph thuc vo cng sut h
thng thot nc v cng ngh trin khai. Mi quan h gia mc XLNT yu cu
v chi ph x l tnh cho mt m3 nc thi c biu din trn hnh .21 sau y.
Chi ph C

4
X l trit

Kh BOD,N v P

3
2
X l bc hai

X l bc hai

bng bn hot tnh

1
X l bc 1

30

70

100
E ,% BOD c kh

Hnh .21. Biu quan h gia chi ph v hiu qu XLNT.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Chi ph u t c lp theo nguyn tc lp h s d ton xy dng c bn c
tnh n tt c cc yu t nh din tch t xy dng, chun b mt bng, san nn v
h mc nc ngm,xy lp cng trnh, cc thit b lp t, ho cht v in nng
vn hnh chy th , cc chi ph xy dng c bn khc v thu gi tr gia tng. Chi
ph xy dng gia cc cc cng trnh XLNT xy dng hp khi v khng hp khi
cng khc nhau rt nhiu. Khi xy dng hp khi cc cng trnh, din tch t xy
dng gim nhng chi ph cho kt cu cng trnh li tng ln rt nhiu. Kt hp cc
ao h, ng rung , bi t c sn XLNT th gi thnh xy dng trm s gim i
rt nhiu. Trong iu kin cho php , sau khi qua b t hoi, nu nc thi x l ti
ch trong ao h sinh vt, bi lc ngm, ging thm ... th chi ph u t xy dng s
gim i rt nhiu.Gi thnh x l nc thi bao gm chi ph khu hao v chi ph
qun l. Chi ph khu hao l c nh . Ngi ta thng ly chi ph khu hao trung
bnh l 2,5% cho cc cng trnh thot nc v x l nc thi. i vi cng trnh
trn mt t chi ph khu hao ly l 1,25% v cng trnh di mt t l 5% chi ph
u t. i vi cc cng trnh XLNT hp khi gi thnh x l c th phn b nh
sau / 6 /:
-Chi ph khu hao : 20-30%
-Chi ph nng lng ( in , gas...): 25-40%;
-Chi ph ho cht : 10-15%;
-Chi lng v cc ph ph khc : 30-50%;
-Sa cha thng k v bo dng thit b: 5-10%.
Quy m cng trnh cng nh, s ngi s dng trm XLNT cng t th chi ph
xy dng v chi ph qun l tnh cho mt ngi dn hoc cho mt mt khi nc
thi x l cng tng. Chi ph vn hnh, qun l cc cng trnh XLNT l yu t cn
phi tnh n khi la chn dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT. Cc biu thc xc nh
gi thnh x l mt mt khi nc thi th C , c thit lp trn c s tng hp
cc s liu v chi ph vn hnh cc trm XLNT ca cc d n trong v ngoi nc
trong nhiu nm qua / 7, 8/, nh sau.
-XLNT bc 1 trong b lng v kh trng nc thi:
( .9)
C=10,2Q-0,36 ,cent/m3
-XLNT bng phng php sinh hc v kh trng nc thi vi hiu sut x
l < 90% khi BOD5 ca nc thi ban u di 250 mg/l :
( .10)
C=23,8.Q-0,36 , cent/m3
-XLNT bng phng php sinh hc v kh trng nc thivi hiu sut x
l < 90% khi BOD5 ca nc thi ban u t 250 n 500 mg/l :
( .11)
C=34,8.Q-0,37 , cent/m3
-XLNT bng phng php sinh hc v kh trng nc thi vi hiu sut x
l >90% khi BOD5 ca nc thi ban u di 250 mg/l :
( .12)
C=34.Q-0,36 , cent/m3
-XLNT bng phng php sinh hc v kh trng nc thivi hiu sut x
l < 90% khi BOD5 ca nc thi ban u t 250 n 500 mg/l :
( .13)
C=46,8.Q-0,37 , cent/m3

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PGS.TS Trn c H

-XLNT trong h sinh vt :

C=1,76.Q-0,41 , cent/m3

( .14)

Trong cc biu thc trn y C l gi thnh x l 1m3 nc thi tnh theo cent v Q
l cng sut trm XLNT tnh theo nghn m3/ngy.
Chi ph nhn cng N, la M/nm , bao gm lng cng nhn trc tip vn
hnh cng trnh, chi ph gim st, chi ph hnh chnh, bo him x hi, cng tc
phng th nghim ..., theo T chc Bo v mi trng M EPA/ 28 / , xc nh nh
sau:
N =8,31.Q0,717

( .15)

Trong : Q- lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong ngy, m3/ngy.

Gi thnh xy dng v chi ph qun l vn hnh cc cng trnh thot nc v
x l nc thi sinh hot theo nghin cu ca T chc Bo v mi trng M ( EPA)
/ 28 / c nu trong bng
.19 sau y.
Bng .19. Gi thnh xy dng v chi ph qun l, vn hnh cc cng trnh
thot nc v x l nc thi th theo nghin cu ca EPA.
Cng trnh

Gi thnh xy dng C

Cng thot nc t chy

Trm bm chuyn bc
X l s b bng b lng ct
v thit b chn rc
X l s b bng b lng ct
v khng c thit b chn rc
Lng t mt c bm bn
B aeroten truyn thng
B aeroten c ngn kh nit
B lng t hai sau aeroten
B lc sinh hc cao ti

4.512Q0,568
0,00004Q2+34Q+316.261
674Q0,611

Chi ph vn hnh,
qun l M
97Q0,301
0,80Q+18.526
0,96Q+25.038

Thi hn
phc v T
50
15
30

531Q0,616

0,96Q+25.038

30

-0,00002Q2+19,29Q
+220.389
72Q+368.043
90Q+612.777
2941Q0,609
-0,00007Q2+56,89Q
+244,791
-0,0000Q2+44,77Q
+323.702

1,69Q+11.376

50

4,58Q+36.295
93Q0,834
3,32Q+5.842
278Q0,505

40
40
40
50

-0,000003Q2+5,2Q
+5733

40

-0,000005Q2+3Q
+52.683
14,5Q+61.827
-0,000001Q2 +
2,36Q+24.813
-0,000003Q2
+5,2Q+5733

40

B lng t hai sau b lc

sinh hc cao ti (k c bm
tun hon)
Ngn nitrat ho v b lng

-0,00006Q2+77Q+636.567

Ngn kh nitrat v b lng

H thng clorat kh trng

-0,00004Q2+45Q+398.838
795Q0,958

Trm bm bn

-0,0000Q2+44,77Q
+323.702

39

40
15
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PGS.TS Trn c H
B nn bn trng lc

177Q0,68

B n nh hiu kh bn

-0,00002Q2+23,7Q
+208.627
89Q0,854

-0,0000003Q2
+0,18Q+4136
8,54Q0,916

50
40

-0,00002Q2
20
+2,57Q+8003
Thit b p lc bn cn
10.255Q0,481
3165Q0,348
15
2
Cc cng trnh ph tr khc
1438Q0,567
-0,000003Q
50
+1,97Q+57.349
Ghi ch : Q- lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong ngy, m3/ngy; C- gi thnh xy
dng (xy lp v thit b ) ca cng trnh, la M; M- chi ph qun l v vn hnh cng
trnh, o la M/nm; T-thi gian hot ng ca cng trnh, nm.
Sn phi bn

Ti liu tham kho chng

1. B Khoa hc,Cng ngh v Mi trng. Cc tiu chun Nh nc Vit nam v mi

trng.Tp 1: Cht lng nc. NXB Khoa hc v K thut,1995.
2. B Xy dng. 20TCN 51-84: Thot nc, mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh-Tiu
chun thit k. NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1989.
3. TCVN5576-91.H thng cp thot nc-Quy phm qun l k thut. H ni, 1992.
4. B Xy dng. Quy chun h thng cp thot nc trong nh v cng trnh. NXB Xy
dng, H ni, 2000.
5. TCXD 188: 1996. Nc thi -Tiu chun thi. NXB Xy dng,1996.
6. Grul I. Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh. NXB Xy dng,H ni, 1985.
7. Trn c H. Bo co ti NCKH B94-16-6D-37.M hnh cc trm x l nc thi
cng sut nh trong iu kin Vit nam. Trng i hc Xy dng,H ni, 1995.
8. Trn c H. Bo co ti NCKH B96-34-06 X l nc thi v ph thi rn bnh
vin. Trng i hc Xy dng, H ni, 1998.
9. Hong Hu. X l nc thi.NXB Xy dng, H ni,1996.
10. Trnh Xun Lai.Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi.NXB Xy dng,2000.
11. Trn Hiu Nhu, Lm Minh Trit.X l nc thi. Trng i hc Xy dng,1978.
12. Trn Hiu Nhu. X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. Trng i hc Xy
dng, 1990.
13. U ban Nh nc Lin x v xy dng. Thot nc - H thng thot nc bn ngoi v
cng trnh ( Quy phm CII 2.04.03-85CII 2.04.03-85 ). Matscva,1986 (ting
Nga).
14. Karelin Ia.A. Jucp D.D. Jucp V.N.Repin B.N. X l nc thi cng nghip trong
aeroten.NXB Xy dng , Matscva ,1973 ( ting Nga).
15. Siphrin X.M. Thot nc.NXB i hc,Matscva,1970 ( ting Nga).
16. Sinhep O.P.Tng cng x l sinh hc nc thi.NXB K thut , Kip,1983( ting Nga).
17. Jacvlev X.V.Karelin J.A. v cc ngi khc. Thot nc.NXB Xy dng
Matscva,1975 (ting Nga).
18. BS 629/:1983.British Standard Code of practice for Design and installation of small
sewage treatment works and cesspools. BSI,London,1983.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
19. Barnes D.,Wilson F. The Design and Operation of Small Sewage Works . E and F.N.
Spon, London,1976.
20. Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries ( DEWATS). BORDA,
Bremen,1998.
21. Degremont. Water Treatment Handbook. Paris,1979.
22. Eckenfelder W.W.Activated Sludge Treatment of Industrial Wastewater . Eckenfelder
Inc., Tennessee, 1975.
23. Mara D.D. Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates. ELBS,1975.
24. Mark.J. Hammer .Water and Wastewater Technology .Prentice Hall
International,Inc.,1996.
25. Melcalf and Eddy Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill,Inc.,New York ,1991.
26. Robert A.Corbitt. Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. McGraw -Hill,
Inc., New York,1990.
27. Ronal L. Droste. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. John
Wiley&Sons,Inc. New York,1997.
28. Syed R. Qasim. Wastewater treatment plants. Technomic Publishing Co.Inc..1999.
29. The Handbook on Water Treatment. Kemira Kemi AB,Helsingborg,1998.
30. US EPA. Design Manual : On-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems. EPA
625/1-80-012, Office of water program operation . Washinton D. C., 1980.
31. US EPA. Manual : Wastewater treatment / Disposal for Small Communities.Washinton
D. C., 1980.
32. US EPA. Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plant . EPA Office of water program
operation. Washinton D. C., 1980.
33. Veestra Ir.S.Wastewater Treatment. ZHE-DELF , 1995.
34. Techniques et economie de l'epuration deseaux rsiduaires. Cahiers techniques de la
prventation des pollutions, Paris, 1980.

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Ph lc 1.
TCVN 6772:2000-Cht lng nc -Nc thi sinh hot -Gii hn
nhim cho php
Water Quality - Domestic Wastewater Standards
1.Phm vi p dng: Tiu chun p dng i vi nc thi sinh hot cc loi c s
dch v, c s cng cng v chung c khi x vo cc vng nc quy nh nhng ni
cha c HTTN v XLNT tp trung.
2.Gii hn nhim cho php:
Bng 1. Thng s nhim v gii hn cho php
TT

Thng s

1
pH
2
BOD5, mg/l
3
Cht rn l lng, mg/l
4
Cht rn c th lng, mg/l
5
Tng cht rn ho tan, mg/l
6
Sun phua(theo H2S), mg/l
7
Nitrt (NO3-), mg/l
8
Du m (thc phm), mg/l
9
Phosphat (PO43-), mg/l
10
Coliform, MPN/100ml
Ghi ch:KQ- Khng quy nh gi tr;

Mc I
5-9
30
50
0,5
500
1,0
30
20
6
1.000

Mc II
5-9
30
50
0,5
500
1,0
30
20
6
1.000

Gi tr gii hn
Mc III
Mc IV
5-9
5-9
40
50
60
100
0,5
0,5
500
500
3,0
4,0
40
50
20
20
10
10
5.000
5.000

Mc V
5-9
200
100
KQ
KQ
KQ
KQ
100
KQ
10.000

Cc mc I,II,III,IV v V: theo loi hnh v quy m cng trnh dch v nh sau.

Bng 2. Cc mc p dng i vi cc c s dch v , cng cng v khu chung c.
Loi hnh
1.Khch sn

2.Nh tr, nh khch

3.Bnh vin nh, trm x

Quy m
Di 60 phng
T 60 n 200 phng
Trn 200 phng
T 10 n 50 phng
T 50 n 250 phng
Trn 250 phng
T 10 n 30 ging
Trn 30 ging

4.Bnh vin a khoa

5.Tr s cc c quan hnh T 5.000 n 10.000m2
chnh, vn phng i din... T 10.000 n 50.000m2
Trn 50.000 m2
6.Trng hc, vin nghin T 5.000 n 25.000m2
cu v cc c s tng t
Trn 25.000 m2
7.Ca hng bch ho, siu T 5.000 n 25.000 m2

42

Mc p dng
theo bng 1
Mc III
Mc II
Mc I
Mc IV
Mc III
Mc II
Mc II
Mc I
Mc I
Mc III
Mc II
Mc I
Mc II
Mc I
Mc II

Ghi ch

Phi kh
nc thi

trng

Din tch tnh l

khu vc lm vic

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Trn 25.000 m2
Mc I
T 500 n 1.000 m2
Mc IV
T 1.000 n 1.500 m2
Mc III
T 1.500 n 25.000 m2
Mc II
2
Trn 25.000 m
Mc I
9.Nh hng n ung, nh n Di 100 m2
Mc V
cng cng, ca hng thc T 100 n 250 m2
Mc IV
phm
T 250 n 500 m2
Mc III
2
T 500 n 2.500 m
Mc II
Trn 2.500 m2
Mc I
10.Khu chung c
Di 100 cn h
Mc III
T 100 n 500 cn h
Mc II
Trn 500 cn h
Mc I
Ghi ch: i vi cc thng s khng c trong bng 1 th nng gii hn cho php ca n
c xc nh theo TCVN 5945-1995.
th
8.Ch thc phm ti sng

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Ph lc 2.
TCXD 188:1996- Nc thi th - Tiu chun thi
Urban Wastewater - Discharge Standards
1.Phm vi ng dng: Tiu chun ny quy nh nng gii hn cho php ca cc
cht nhim ch yu c trong nc thi th khi x vo ngun nc mt phc v lm
ngun cung cp cho trm x l nc nc n ung v sinh hot ( ngun loi A ) v vo
HTTN chung ca thnh ph ( ngun loi B).
2. Gi tr gii hn cc thng s nhim trong nc thi th.
TT

Thng s

n v

Gi tr gii hn
Loi A
Loi B
o
1
Nhit
C
40
40
2
pH
6-9
5-9
3
mu
Pt/Co
20
50
4
c
NTU
50
100
5
Tng cht rn l lng (SS)
mg/l
50
100
6
Tng cht rn ho tan
mg/l
1.000
3.000
7
COD
mg/l
50
100
8
BOD5
mg/l
20
50
9
Clorua (Cl-)
mg/l
250
1.000
10 Sunpht ( SO42-)
mg/l
200
1.000
11 Nitrit ( NO2-)
mg/l
0,1
2,0
12 Nitrat (NO3 )
mg/l
50
13 Du m khong
mg/l
0,001
1,0
14 Clo d
mg/l
1,0
2,0
15 Coliform
MPN/100ml
5.000
10.000
Ghi ch: Nng gii hn ca cc ch tiu nhim khc khng nu trong bng ny c th
xc nh theo TCVN 5945-1995.

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PGS.TS Trn c H
Ph lc 3.
Nng gii hn mt s ch tiu nhim
trong cc thu vc nc mt theo quy nh
ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng.
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Thng s
pH
BOD5, mg/l
COD, mg/l
xy ho tan, mg/l
Cht rn l lng (SS),
mg/l
Amonic ( tnh theo N),
mg/l
Nitrat( tnh theo N),
mg/l
Nitrit ( tnh theo N),
mg/l
Du m, mg/l
Cht ty ra, mg/l
St, mg/l
Xianua, mg/l
Asen, mg/l
Phenol tng s, mg/l
Tng ho cht bo v
thc vt, mg/l
Tng cht rn ho tan,
mg/l
Coliform, MPN/100 ml

TCVN 5942-1995
Loi A
Loi B
6-8,5
5,5-9
4
25
10
35
6
2
20
80
0,05

10

15

0,01

0,05

khng
0,5
1
0,01
0,05
0,001
0,15

0,3
0,5
2
0,05
0,1
0,02
0,15

TCVN

TCVN

TCVN

5943-1995

6774:2000

6773:2000

6,5-8,5
20

6,5-8,5
10

5,5-8,5

4
25

5
100

0,1

1,49(pH=6,5)
0,93(pH=8)

khng

khng

0,1
0,01
0,05
0,001
0,05

0,005
0,02

0,05-0,1

1.000

Theo ch s
SAR
17
5.000
10.000
1.000
200
cho vng
trng rau
Ghi ch: TCVN 5942-1995-Cht lng nc-Tiu chun cht lng nc mt ( loi Angun cung cp nc cho trm x l nc cp, loi B- ngun cung cp nc cho cc mc
ch khc ); TCVN 5943-1995 - Cht lng nc - Tiu chun cht lng nc bin ven b
( trng hp dng lm bi tm); TCVN 6774:2000-Cht lng nc-Cht lng nc ngt
bo v i sng thu sinh; TCVN 6773:2000-Cht lng nc- Cht lng nc dng cho
thu li.

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