APPROVAL SHEET

Title

: Transfer Liquid With Centrifugal Pump

By

: Andi Lasmana

Name Of Training

: Production Operator (OTP-2)

This paper work has been approved in March 2013.

Approved by :
Advisor ,

English Corrector,

( Rohenda.,S.T,M.T )

( Luita Y.D.,S.Pd )

NIP. 197401192006041001

NIP.19830615200812019

Course Leader,

( Purnomo sidi.,S.T.,M.T )
NIP.197805142003121001

PREFACE
All praises are offered for draise be to Allah SWT for giving me all
the blessing and inspiration to finish this paper. This paper is prepared to
fulfill one of requirements to finish the course on

OPERATOR &

TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAM (OTP 2), which was held in

PUSDIKLAT MIGAS CEPU from
The title discused in this paper is Liquid Transfer With
Centrifugal Pump that represents the writers understanding about
supporting devices in oil and gas operation. I would like to extend my
thanks and high appreciation to :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Total E&P Indonesie management.

PT. Radiant Utama Internsco,tbk management.
Pusdiklat Migas Cepu Management.
Mr. Purnomo sidi,ST.,MT as my Course Leader.
Mr. Rohenda,S.T., M.T as my Advisor.
Mrs. Luita Y.D.,S.Pd as my English Corrector.
Pusdiklat Migas Cepu Lecturers, Instructor and Staff
All of my friens of OTP-2 TOTAL E&P INDONESIE who have

motivated me, and help me to finish this paper.

i. My family and someone who always pray and support me anytime.
j. Every one for their helped and support given to make this paper
finished

In this paper, there may be some mistakes. For these mistakes,

everybody can make correction and suggestions. I always welcome and
appeciate for any suggestions.

Cepu, March 2013

Andi Lasmana

ABSTRACT
Application of centrifugal pumps is used in many industries,
especially petroleum industry. Centrifugal pump is used to move liquids
from one place to another throught a pipe with the principle of converting
energy of a prime mover first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into
pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes
occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute
or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver energy into
the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that converts
the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
The components are divided into two main groups, namely
stationary component and rotating componentwhich must be done in both
maintenance to keep their optional performance and life time. Centrifugal
pump can be operated in parallel and series depending on head and
capacity needed in a procces. Right operation procedure will increase life
time of each component of a centrifugal pump and also maintain
performance.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
APPROVAL SHEET......................................................................................i
PREFACE.....................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.....................................................................1
I.1

Oil and Gas Process.......................................................................1

I.2

Background.....................................................................................3

I.3

Objectives.......................................................................................4

I.4

Scope..............................................................................................5

CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY.....................................................................6

II.1

Basic principle of centrifugal pump.................................................6

II.2

The classification of Centrifugal Pumps.........................................7

Centrifugal pumps can be classified according to several ways:.............7

II.2.1

Orientation of the pump shaft...................................................7

II.2.2

Number of stages.....................................................................8

II.2.3

the type of flow in the impeller..................................................9

According to the type of impeller.........................................................11

II.3

Component of centrifugal pump...................................................12

II.3.1

Stationery component............................................................12

II.3.2

Rotary component..................................................................16

CHAPTER III OPERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP............................22

III.1

Basic operation of centrifugal pump.............................................22

III.1.1

Capacity.................................................................................22

III.1.2

Head.......................................................................................23

III.1.3

Net positive suction head.......................................................25

III.1.4

Series and pararell operation.................................................26

III.1.5

Preventing Cavitation.............................................................28

III.2

Operation Method of Centrifugal Pump........................................30

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION....................................................................32
REFERENCES...........................................................................................33

LIST OF FIGURES

figure III-2 shaft pump.................................................................................8

figure III-3 multistage centrifugal pump.......................................................9
figure III-4 Radial flow...............................................................................10
figure III-5 Mixed flow................................................................................10
figure III-6 Axial flow..................................................................................11
figure III-7 component centrifugal pump...................................................12
figure III-8 Diffuser guide vane..................................................................13
figure III-9 Stuffing box..............................................................................14
figure III-10 Wearing ring...........................................................................16
figure III-11 Impeller..................................................................................18
figure III-12 Shaft sleeve...........................................................................20
figure IV-1 Curve operation series and pararell........................................28

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.1

Oil and Gas Process

Oil and gas process

From the well fluid goes up to choke thus the flow can be regulated as
expected, then the fluidis leading to a manifold pipe which collects fluids
from there servoir produced. Then, the fluids go intothe separator to be
separated the fluids at liquid phase and the gas phase with density factors,
the boiling point and times eparation.
Gas phase:
The gas phase is out from gas separator outlet leading to the water cooler
to cool the gas before heading to the scrubber. In the scrubber, gas is
cleaned from water vapor containing gas.Then headed to the gas goes to
compressor to compress gas and increases gas pressure. Next, gas is
towards to the air cooler to cool the hot gas resulted from compression.
After that, cooled gas goes to the scrubber to separate gas from water
vapor remains through a air cooler. The next step is the scrubber gas is
heading to contactor glycol unit to separate gas from water vapor to get
dry gas based on the specification to avoid hydrate in the pipeline sale.
Oil phase:
After separation of the oil separator unit in to lp separator stage, this
separator is separated smaller gas remains in in the oil.Then, it goes to

atmospheric flash drum to separate the remains of the gas from the oil to
the centrifugal pump to increase the speed at which the flow can go to the
destination. After that, it is headed to gas boot to separate gas remains in
the pipe line. Clean water from gas then goes to gas tank. The oil is sent
to oil metering using centrifugal pump to obtain

rapid and volume

obtained keep constant.

Water phase:
Separated water in the first stage separator and second stage separator
enter to oily water treatment system where this equipment unit separates
oil droplets in the water continuous phase. This separation unit uses
gravitation principle. Different specific gravity is very important since it
causes floating oil to the surface quickly and well. Oil phase is separated
from water phase then it is returned to the process and water phase that is
based on the specification of water quality will be flowed out of the sea,
marsh and river.

I.2

Background
In an oil and gas industry, there is oil in the process for the sale to

the consumer and the separation of process water. Oil is in the process to
be separated from the remaining gases are still followed by oil. The oil has
already separated the low pressure, low pressure oil can not flow to the
shelter (tank). In order for the oil that has been in this process can stream
to shelter the oil it needed a tool to help drain the oil from a low place to a
higher or lower than the pressure to high pressure pumping equipment is.
The oil produced has to kentalan low on stream using a centrifugal pump
for easier flow. Pumps centrifugal pumps type of dynamic, where the
impeller pump has a working lift oil from a lower to a higher place. In the
process of oil and gas industry centrifugal pump is used to flow liquid from
a low to high or from low pressure to higher pressure for example liquid
flow to tanks, to send to tangker for sale.
A cenrifugal pump is one kind

of pump which is used for any

aplication in procces plant. Centrifugal pumps are by far the most

commonly used of the pump types because of their simplicity design, high
effiency, wide range of capacity, head, smooth flow rate, and easy
operation and maintenance. There are several reasons to choose this
pump type, basiclly they are:
a. Simple principle of work
b. There are varios types of options output capacity of water supply
c. Spindle motor can be directly connected to the pump

d. Uniformity of motion which is continuous, with little or no periodic

variation in the rate of flow and pressure
e. Great reliability of operation and easy to maintenance
f. Small size (due to their high speed), which means that they require
less room and lighter
g. Low invesment and maintenance cost for hi-cpacity pumping

Operation parameter and procedure of a centrifugal pump should

be the same as the procces requirement. Right operation will raise
efficiencies and automatically reduce the operation cost. Pump is one of
main equipment to support a procces. Therefore, operation performance
and conditions of centrifugal pump must be maintained so that the pump
procces in a plat can run smoothly.
I.3

Objectives

This paper Liquid Transfer With Centrifugal Pump has objectives as

follows:

Describe the working principle of centrifugal pump

Add our knowladge about the main parts or components and

functions of centrifugal pump

Developing our knowladge about the basic operation and
maintenance of centrifugal pump

I.4

Scope
The paper focuses on basic principle and operation centrifugal

pump.

CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY

II.1

Basic principle of centrifugal pump

A centrifugal pump is a rotating manchine in which flow and

pressure are generated dynamically. Its procces is to convert energy of a

prime mover (a electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy
and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy
changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and
the vokute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver
energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser are stationary part
that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
The procces liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye
(center) of a revolving device known as an impeller. When the impller
rotates, it spins the liquid sitting in to cavities between the vanes outward
and provides centrifugal acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the
impeller a low-pressure area is created more liquid to flow toward the inlet.
Because the impeller blades are curved, the fluid is fushed in a tangential
and radial direction by the centrifugal force. This force acting inside the
pump is the same one that keeps water inside a bucket that is rotating at
the end of string.

The key idea

is that energy created by the centrifugal force is

kinetic energy. In the discharge nizzle, the liquid further is decelerated and
its velocity is converted to pressure according to bernoullis principle.
Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) develoved is
approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller
expressed by the following well-known formula:
H = v2 2g
H = Total heat develovment (feet)
V = velocity of periphery of impeller (feet/second)
G = acceleration due to gravity (feet/second2 )
II.2

The classification of Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps can be classified according to several ways:

II.2.1 Orientation of the pump shaft

This refers to the plane on which the shaft axis of the pump is placed. Its
either horizontal or vertical as shown in figure

figure III-1 shaft pump

II.2.2 Number of stages

This refers to the number is sets of impellers and diffusers in a
pump. A set forms a stage and its usally single, dual, or multiple stages
figure.

figure III-2 multistage centrifugal pump

II.2.3 the type of flow in the impeller.

Radial flow pumps

This pump has a construction such as the liquid flow out of the
impeller will pump shaft perpendicular (radial direction).

figure III-3 Radial flow

Mixed flow pump

Liquid flow leaving the impeller inside the pump time will move
along the surface of the cone (tilted) so that velocity component is
directed radial and axial.

figure III-4 Mixed flow

10

Axial flow pump

Liquid flow leaving the impeller will move along the surface of the
cylinder (axial direction).

figure III-5 Axial flow

According to the type of impeller.

Closed impeller
Blades closed by two walls that are an integral part, a substance

used for pumping clean or slightly liquid containing impurities.

Semi-open impeller
This type of open impellers adjacent inlets (front) and closed door
behind him. Suitable for pumping liquids containing fewer impurities

such as: water containing sand, wear liquid, slurry, and others.
Open impeller
impeller type has no walls in front and behind. The back wall there
is little left to strengthen the blade. This type is widely used for
pumping liquids that contain a lot of dirt.

11

II.3

Component of centrifugal pump

A centripugal pump has two main component. They are :

a. A stationary component (Dinamic part)
b. A rotating component comprised (static part)

figure III-6 component centrifugal pump.

II.3.1 Stationery component
Stationery component at centrifugal pump consists of :
a. Base plate and frame
Its the fuction of base plate and frame is to support pump
and its peripherals. For pump that direct coupled with prime mover,
the pump and prime mover are sited in one base plate or frame.
b. Casing

Is the outermost part of the pump, which functions as:

- Protective entire rotating element

12

- The locus quide vane or Diffusor, inlet and outlet nozzle

- The place that gives the direction of flow of the impeller speed and
convert the energy into the energy of the fluid dynamic (single
stage).

c. Diffuser guide vane

These parts are usually mounted in casing and tighten with
bolt. This part is used to:
Regulate flow of liquid to volute space (for single stage

pump), or to next stage (for multistage pump).

Change kinetic energy into potential energy.

figure III-7 Diffuser guide vane

d. Stuffing box
The stuffing box is a chamber or a housing to seal the shaft
where it passes through the pump casing. It prevents leakage at the
point where the shaft passes out through the pump casing to

13

atnhosphare. It prevents liquid out from the pump if pump pressure

higher than ambient pressure. It also prevents cavitation (air enter
inside pump) when pump working with suction lift system and inside
staffinf box pressure lower than ambient pressure.

figure III-8 Stuffing box

e. Mechanical seal
The stuffing boxes have many disadvantages and these
include:
Persistent leakage and loss of product if the shaft surface is

not smooth
If the gland is too tightened, the shaft/sleeve gets hot and

there can be rapid wear of the surface

They require constant supervision

As a result, the use of gland packing is being phased out

but is still used in noncritical and low-power applications. Inthe
most of the applications,mechanical seals are used, most of the
disadvantages of packing are eliminated by the use od
mechanical seals.
14

f. Wearing ring
The impeller is a rotating component and it is housed within
the pump casing. To prevent frictional contact, a gap is between the
periphery of an impeller intake and the pump casing. In addition,
there is a pressure difference between them, which result in the
ricurculation of the pumped liquid. This leakage reduces the
efficiency of the pump. The other advantages of lower clearance is
that reduced leakage prevent erosion due to suction recirculation
and also provides a much better rotor dynamic stability to the pump.
Therefore, in the areas of the impeller intake, metallic rings are
fitted on the impeller eye as well as on the pump casing.
Accordingly, the wearing ring on the impeller is called as impeller
wearing rings and the one fitted on the casing is called as the case
wearing ring.

figure III-9 Wearing ring

15

II.3.2 Rotary component

Rotary component at centrifugal pump consists of :
a. Impeller
The impeller of the centrifugal pump converts the mechanical
rotation to the velocity of the liquid. The impeller acts as the
spinning wheel inthe pump. It has an inlet to the outlet of the
impeller by venes. The angle and shape of the vanes are designed
based on flow rate. Impellers can have many features on them like
balancing holes and back vanes. These help in reducing the axial
thurst generated by the hydrulic pressure. In order to reduce
recirculation losses and to enhance the volumemetric efficiency of
the impellers, they are provided with wearing rings.
There are types of the impeller :
1) Based on construction of impeller.
a) Closed : from the impeller hub, the vanes radial extends with cover
plates. The vane between two plates tha is joined at one unity. This
impeller has best efficiencies than other type and suitable for
pumping clean liquid or that containts a few of scale.
b) Semi-open impeller : from the impeller hub, the vanes radial extend
with one cover plates. This impeller has middle efficiencies and
suitable for pumping liquid that contains some scale.
c) Open impeller : from the impeller hub, the vanes radial extends
without shrouds or cover plates. This impeller has worst efficiencies
than other type and suitable for pumping liquid that contains a lot of
scale.

16

figure III-10 Impeller

2) Based on suction type.

Single suction : in general, an impeller has one eye or
a single opening through which liquid suction occurs.
Such impellers are called as single-suction impellers.
Pump with a single suction impeller (impeller having
suction cavity on side only) is of simple design but
impeller is subjected to giher axial thurst imnalance

due to the flow on one side of the impeller only.

Double suction : in certain pumps, the flow rate is
quite high. This can be managed by having one
impeller with two suction eyes. Pumps with double

17

suction impeller has lower NPSH-r than single suction

impeller.
3) Based on flow outlet on impeller.
Axial
Radial
Mixed
b. Shaft
The basic purpose of centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the
torque encountered when starting and during operation while
supporting the impeller and other rotating parts. It is a must do job
with a deflection less than minimum clearance between the rotating
and stationary parts. To do its job, transmission shaft must have
properties or specifications as follows:
Rigid and slightly deflection when stationary or rotate.
Able to handle torque and bending force, also hydraulic force
at radial and axial direction.
c. Shaft sleeve
Pump shaft is usually protected from erosion, corrosion, and
wear at the seal chamber, leakage joints, internal bearings, and in
the waterways by renewable sleeves. The shaft sleeve assembly
shall extend beyond the outer face of the seal gland plate. (leakage
between the shaft and the sleeve should not be confused with
leakage through the mechanicak seal).

18

figure III-11 Shaft sleeve

d. Coupling
Couplings can compensate for axial growth of the shaft and
transmit torque to the impeller. Shaft couplings can be broadly
classfied into two groups: rigid and flexible. Rigid couplings are
used in applications where there is absolutely no possibility or room
for any misalignment. Flexible shaft couplings are more prone to
selection, installation, amd maintenance errors.
e. Bearing
The fuctions of the bearings of the centrifugal pump are :
To support the shaft that carrying one or more impeller.
To allow the shaft to rotate with a minimum of friction.
To keep the rotating shaft and impellers in correct position
within the stationary parts of the pump.

19

CHAPTER III OPERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

III.1 Basic operation of centrifugal pump
III.1.1 Capacity
Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed
by the pump to the desired point in the procces. It is commonly measured
in either gallons per minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour (m 3/hr). The
capacity usually changes with the changes of the procces. For example, a
boiler feed pump is an application that needs a constant pressure with
varying capacities to meet a changing steam demand.
The capacity depends on a number of factors like:

Procces liquid charateristics, densty, viscosity

Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections
Impeller size
Impeller rotational speed RPM
Size and shape of cavities between the vanes

For a pump with a particular impeller running at cartain speed in a

liquid, the only items on the list above that can change the amount flowing
through the pump are the pressure at the pump inlet and outlet. The effect
on the flow through a pump by changing the outlet pressures is graphed
on a pump curve. As liquids essentialy incompresible, the capacity is
directly related with the velocity of flow in the suction pipe.

20

III.1.2 Head
Significance of using the head term instead of the pressure
term. The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being
coused by vertical column of the liquid due to its weight. The height of this
column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the
pump. In other word, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid
column that the pump could create from the kinetic energy imoarted to the
liquid. Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water straight up into the air, the
height the water goes up would be the head.
The head is not equivalent to pressure. Head is term that has units
of a lenght or feet and pressure has units of force oer unit area or pound
per square inch. The main reason for using head instead of pressure to
measure a centrifugal pumps energy is that the pressure from a pump will
change if the specific grafity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head
will not change, since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of
different fluids, with different specific gravities, it is simpler tu discuss the
pumps and forget about pressure.

Static suction head (hs) : head resulting from elevation of the liquid
relative to the pump center line. If the liquid level is above pomp
centerline, it is positive. If the liquid level is below pump centerline,
it is negative. Negative has condition commonly denoted as a
suction lift condition.
21

Static discharge head (hd): the vertical distance in feet between the
pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of

the liquid in the discharge tank.

Total static head: the vertical distance from the surface of the
source of the supply to the surface of the liquid in the discharge
tank is called the total static head. This is the sum of static suction
lift plus static discharge head, this is the total height the water is
raised by the pump. When the liquid is discharge above level of the
liquid inthe tank, the discharge head is measured from the centre

line of the pump to the point of free discharge.

Friction head (hf): the head required to overcome the resistance to
flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent upon the size, condition
and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate , and

nature of the liquid.

Vapor pressure head(hvp): vapor pressure at which a liquid and its
co-exist in equilibrium at a given temperature. The vapor pressure
of liquid can be obtained from vapor pressure tables. When the
vapor pressure is converted to head, it is referred to as vapor
pressure head (hvp). The value of hvp of a liquid increase with the
risingtemperature and in effect, opposes the pressure on the liquid
surface, the positive force that tends to cause liquid flow into the

pump suction i.e it reduces the suction pressure head.

Pressure head (hp): pressure head must be considered when a
pumping system either begins or terminates in a tank which is
under some pressure other than atmospheric. The pressure in such

22

a tank must first be converted to feet of liquid. Denoted as hp,

pressure head refers to absolute pressure on the surface of the
liquid reservoir supplying the pump suction, converted to feet of
head. If the system is open, hp equals atmospheric pressure head.

III.1.3 Net positive suction head

The concept of NPSH involves two terms:
a) NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head Available)
Net positive suction head available has a function of the
system in which the pump operates. It is the excess pressure of the
liquid in feet absolute overits vapor pressure as it arrives at the
pump suction, to be sure that the pump selected does not cavitate.
It is calculated based on system or procces conditions.
b) NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Require)
NPSH require has a function of the pump design and is
determined based on actual pump test by the vendor. As the liquid
passes from the pump suction to the eye of the impeller, the
velocity increase and the pressure decreases. The centrifugal force
of the impeller vanes further increases the velocity and decreases
the pressure of the liquid. The NPSH required is the positive head
in feet absolute required at the pump suction to overcome these
pressure drops in the pump and maintain the majority of the liquid
above its vapor pressure. The rated pump head is not achieved
when the NPSHa equals the NPSHr of the pump.

23

III.1.4 Series and pararell operation

One of the challenges that pump users face quite frequently
comes into play when more than one pump is required to operate at the
same time on the same system. With such multiple pump systems, there
two arrangements where the operating characteristics of the different
pumps can be considered to provide a single combine performance curve.
a. Series Operation

This arrangement is often used where a largeer pump cannot

operate with the NPSH thats being made available from the system a
smaller pump is, therefore, installed upstream of the larger one to boost
the suction pressure to larger pump. It should be noted that in the series
operation, the only essential similarity between the two pumps is that they
both be able to operate at the same flow rate. The pump can deliver totally
different levels of head, as long as they operate at the same capacity. The
ultimateexample of series operation is the multistages pump, where the
first impeller pumps into the second, then into the third, etc. This results in
a high-pressure pump with all the impellers operating at the same
capacity. Insome pumping arrangements, we can have multiple pumps
that operate on two systems that are closely combined but they are no in a
true series operation and cannot be considered much. One such example
would be when one pump is supplying the flow and pressure for one
system, while the second pump is bleeding off the first system to deliver a

24

lasser flow to another system. While one pump is indeed discharging into
the suction of the secon pump, it is doing so at a different flow rate .
consequently, they cannot be treated as thought they were operating
series.
b. Pararell Operation

In the more common pararell operation, banks of the pumps are

combined in order to handle a high fluctuation of flow in a common
system. This arrangement is widely used the water treatment business,
where the potable water being supplied to a subdivision from the water
treatment plant will experince huge fluctuations in demand from one time
of day to another. The use of multiple pumps on the same system allows
the pumps to be switched on and off as required to meet the varying
demand. In such arrangement, all the pumps take their suction from a
common source and discharge into common header, each pump will
operate at the same head, but share the flow rate with the other pumps.

25

figure IV-12 Curve operation series and pararell

III.1.5 Preventing Cavitation

If a centrifugal pump is cavitating, several changes in the system
design or operation may be necessary to increase the NPSH A above the
NPSHR and stop the cavitation. One method for increasing the NPSH A is to
increase the pressure at the suction of the pump. For example, if a pump
is taking suction from an enclosed tank, either raising the level of the liquid
in the tank or increasing the pressure in the space above the liquid
increases suction pressure. It is also possible to increase the NPSH A by
decreasing the temperature of the liquid being pumped. Decreasing the
temperature of the liquid decreases the saturation pressure, causing
NPSHA to increase. Recall from the previous module on heat exchangers

26

that large steam condensers usually subcool the condensate to less than
the saturation temperature, called condensate depression, to prevent
cavitation in the condensate pumps. If the head losses in the pump suction
piping can be reduced, the NPSH A will be increased. Various methods for
reducing head losses include increasing the pipe diameter, reducing the
number of elbows, valves, and fittings in the pipe, and decreasing the
length of the pipe.
It may also be possible to stop cavitation by reducing the NPSH R for
the pump. The NPSHR is not a constant for a given pump under all
conditions, but depends on certain factors. Typically, the NPSH R of a pump
increases significantly as flow rate through the pump increases. Therefore,
reducing the flow rate through a pump by throttling a discharge valve
decreases NPSHR. NPSHR is also dependent upon pump speed. The
faster the impeller of a pump rotates, the greater the NPSH R. Therefore, if
the speed of a variable speed centrifugal pump is reduced, the NPSH R of
the pump decreases. However, since a pump's flow rate is most often
dictated by the needs of the system on which it is connected, only limited
adjustments can be made without starting additional parallel pumps, if
available. The net positive suction head required to prevent cavitation is
determined through testing by the pump manufacturer and depends upon
factors including type of impeller inlet, impeller design, pump flow rate,
impeller rotational speed, and the type of liquid being pumped. The
manufacturer typically supplies curves of NPSH R as a function of pump

27

flow rate for a particular liquid (usually water) in the vendor manual for the
pump.
III.2 Operation Method of Centrifugal Pump
A.

B.

Preparation
Check the pump
Check the lubrication system
Check the cooling system
Start up of centrifugal pump
Open the suction valve
Start the prime mover if avaliable
Check the critical parts
If there is atrouble occur, lower the rpm or stop the pump. Then

recheck the pump

C. During operation of centrifugal pump
Check the condition of pump
Check the cooler and the cooling system
Check the lube and lubrication system
Check the vibration

D.

Stop the centrifugal pump

Close discharge valve
Stop the prime mover
Close suction valve
Close the lubrication and cooler duct
Open the drain valve
Check the bolts
Clean up the area

28

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
A centrifugsa pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating
impeller to increase the velocity of a liquid. Centrifugal pumps are
commonly used to move liquids throught a piping system. The liquid enters
the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by
the impeller, flowing radially outward into diffuser or volute chamber, from
where it exits into downstream piping system. The Centrifugal pumps have
two major components, Static component and rotaring components.
To get the pump performance (capacity and head) in accordance
with the optional desired, the election must be cunducted according to a
centrifugal pump with a design that is needed. In the application, the
operation centrifugal pump must be in accordance with the procedures
and parameters that have been defined so that the operation can take
place safely. Pumps working in this capacity and pump head desired can
be achieved and to maintain the condition of the component of that is not
quickly broken (avoid the accurrence of breakdown). Centrifugal pump can
operated in pararell operation which is used to increase the capacity and
operated in series which is used to increase the head.

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REFERENCES

Handoko, Susilo.2006. Pumps: Pusdiklat Migas Cepu

Labanoff, Val S, Robbert R Ross.Houston.1985.Centrifugal Pump :

Design and application Second Eddition. Gulf Publishing Company.

Karassik, Igor J., William C. Krutzsch, Warren H. Fraser, and
Joseph P. Messina. 1986. Pump Handbook: Mc. Graw Hill
publishing Co. New York.

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