Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1) Perkuliahan
Terlambat lebih dari 20 menit, mahasiswa tidak
diperbolehkan masuk ke kelas.
TUGAS DI KELAS +
ASISTENSI
= 25o/o
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL
UMUM
Mahasiswa dapat menguasai
Sipillhla 2(X)6-Pqe3
i:.
2)
3)
'
6)
7)
pondasi dalam.
Daya dukung aksial pondasi
dalam berdasarkan
parameter tanah hasil uji
laboratorium.
Daya dukung aksial pondasi dalam berdasarkan
parameter tanah hasil uji lapangan : CPT &
SPT.
dalam
pembebanan
berdasarkan hasil uji
di
lapangan.
Siid lbnas 2006
Page 5
Perancangan Pondasi
Dalam : daya dukung
kelompok tiang &
settlement.
Sitillbn6 An6-P{eo
PENDAHUU.,AN
STRUKTUR PONDASI
fugian/elernan struktur
(biosorryo terletak palirg bawah dori suotu bongunan) yong
berfungsi menstronsfer/memindohkon/menyolurkon bebon-bebon
loin dqri strukfur bangunon tersebut (superstructure) don berat
sendiri struktur pondosi ke dolom tonoh otou batu pondasi.
Sipilltenas 2006
rru.
KONDISI TANAH
- P4e
\A
\N
t"f"N
(soturated soil).
4. Kerikil(6ravel):
5. Botu (Rock) : A,B,C, D class.
ASI M U.i::.r,1 I
n..,r,rirl
i
ilq,; 1,,1..x | ,1,."6
c:
ffrl"
".H!.rr
__
ni,,!:,
, _
g
t: f_; ,r,
j
r
.r,;r {irr,
.
rNvl.rr,ridi
:F;'ia
Sipit
ltena
2006
Page 9
.
.
Berdasorkon kedolomon
Stnrktur pondosi dcngkol : jiko kedohman (Dt) lebor (B),
kedqlomon : 3 sompoi 4 koli lebor telah disorankon fermosuk
pondosidorykal.
Struktur pondasi dolon : kedElomon lebih dori 4 koli lebor siruktur
pondosi
.
.
.
rofts)
3. Berdosorkcn Bohon/llioferiol
Kctu/ Timber, contohnyc struktur pondosi pendopo (rutnoh di Jowo),
struktur pondci rurroh ponggung di NTB
Batu/stone masonry, contohrrya struktur pondosi rumoh
concrste, contohnyc untuk gedurg, pobrik, tnnoro, jembcton.
ialsteel, contonyo unfuk kilcng minyok, pipa nirryok, gos, dermago,
Page 10
ni{r8n(
uud,n
&b
:$*^_..IEgfi-**
s,!6 rq
M
dr
ht
l.tr
dreMju
rlrqe
;;:6;;
rh,i"^'*,
'
Thq lq
bs F4.&
k@l
ts
hF
Xll*@b
lharM
uS*!!1
Fcd
lqb&
!aqdh-6
ii t6P
f&, {a C*l
Frd.d Hr }illd ldar8f tddsi
lnJr i{*k 3t r I LiJr Fndle ffd'
CONTOH PONDAS|I
Sipil
lbnc
2006
- PAe
11
ZD6
- P4e
12
Telapa*
ffiffiffi
ffiffi
'o'
t;ffirnTnT
rrF*-Tn F.;:-:;:;1
l'il
l,i,,.=*i
F$==+fi li'fi"-
ffi
Si$l
lbes
jikc
beban-beban hin
segitigc
3. Berdosdrkon goyo : and beoring pile, friction pile
4. Berdasorkan caro kerjo : single pile. group pile.
PONDASI BC'R
kedolornon terientu
ionpo getaran..
Sipil ltenas
206 -
Page 15
Page 16
terbuko
2. Koison Tekonon.
PERBAIKAN TANAH
Sipilltenas 2006
- Pqe
17
tol.
Prelooding don verticol droin, untuk mempercpat pr6es keluarnyo air
pori (proses konsolidcsi) podo pondosi jenis clcy sehinggo dcyc dukung
tanoh neningkot don penurunon akibat konsolidosi dopot dipercepot.
Contoh : perbaikon tonoh pondosi berupa tanoh rawa untuk pabrik.
Dynamic compaction, untuk memadotkon pondosi tqnoh posir lepos ogar fidak
terjodi liquefoction. Contoh : perboikan fonoh pondosi tongki bohon bokar
minyok.
Page 18
Page 19
Sipillbn6 2N6 -
Page 20
?.&dutg
3. Bangunon oir (bendungon, bendung, saluran. dll)
4. Jembaton/ jolan
5. Pipa
6. Aianoro
7. Tangki
8. ttiesin
9. Dsb.
1. Terpusot
A. Vertikol
B.lrliring
C.
Horizontol
2. f,ierota
Centris
llen6
2006
Page 21
Page 22
Sipil
Anon
2. Ekonomis
3. Proktis (dopqt diloksonokon derEon menggunckon bohon,
tenogo don peraloton ycng odo).
Duo hol
dolom
Strength
2. Deformosi
Seloin sfrergth don deformotion sebogai faktor yong meqiodi pertinbongon
utomo, beberopa fEktor dibowoh ini jugo horus dipertinbonkon :
Page 23
sebogoi
Sipilltene 2ffi6
- P4e
24
Sifot-sifot phisik don mEkonik dori tonoh otau botu yong umum digunokon \
untuk onalysis dan perencanoon pondosi odoloh tetapi tidok terbatos podo :
1.
Strength Poromefers
of Settlement
a. Unii weight,y
b. Specific Arovify, 6s
Void rotio, e
Porosity, n
Woter content, w
Lig$id
2.
Palunetcr
Percrrconaan
Page 25
3. BS (Bnitish Stondord)
4. AASI{TO (Americon Associotion
5. JIS (Jopon fndustrial Stcndcrd)
6. AS (Austrolion Stondard), dll
Jsnis Tcst (PcrEuJian) uffirk ilsmpqloleh Ponornctcr Pcrcnconoor
L Peryqjion Laparyon:
o" Tst pit (pocket penstroncfer. rrune shcor)
Rigid Phte l,ooditg (l5Ttl D 4394)
Ducth Cone Panetrotion (DCF) Test (2 ton. 1O lon, 20 ton).
Californio Bcoring Rotio (CBR) Tart (ASTlrl D
Stordord Perutmton Teri (sPT)
Tesf itcrhod for Bcariqg Capocity of Soil for Static l,ood on Spneod Footing ( ASTlrt
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9.
h.
i.
119f)
Test tliethod for Density of Soil in Phcc by Sond Corc licthod (ASTA'I b 1556).
Test Alpthod for Pilcs Urder Stqfic Axiol Compressiw Lood (ASTtl D 1143)
ltlstfiod of Tceting Piles Urder Ldterul todds (ASTrti D 3910)
of Testirg Xndividuol Piles Urder Sfaiic Lood Terih Lood (ASTI D 3689)
Sipilltenas 2@6
Page 26
2. Paqqiion
2.1.
Loborotorim
Ir&x T"st
D 431E)
c. Spedfic gnodty,or(AsTlrl DE {)
e. Dcnsiiy, I {ASTtti
f. Srcllitg, %(ASTJf, 04546)
?.2 TFhxiql
tJU :c.o(ASTAtlD2850)
(onfsiA/ :C,d(ASTil D475n
c. Koffligi CD : C,d
o" Kodisi
b.
1*,
e66)
OlilC
$iSilltenas AX)6
- P4e
27
REFERENCE BOOK
X) Pruncfpfe af Forymda#on fi.ngineeriffSr
Perugarang: Braje M" Eas
3)
trelqnik Fondasi
PengarasTs: Dr. ln $uhardjito
Pradctc
4)
Kazutn Nakazawa
Page 28
10
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
lntroductions
Two main characteristics :
1) The foundations have to be safe against overall
shear failure in the soil that supports them.
2) The foundations cannot undergo excessive
displacement or settlement
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
General concepts:
1) Astrip foundation with a width of B resting on the surface of
a dense sand or stificohesive soil.
E#
to =@
the foundations, settlement \ZXy
willincrease.
rn -H
tf a toad graduauy applied
r-..-'*dar
[==t
L/
+/
At a certain point
genenl shearfallure.
fii$llluus 2t07-Pry
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
en-
The failure surface in the soil will gr:adually extend outward from
the foundation. When the load per unit area on the foundation
equal qun,, movement of the foundation will be accompanied by
sudden jerks.
Aconsiderable movementof the foundation is then
required for the failure surface in soil to extend to the
ground surface. The load per nit area atwhich this
happens isthe ultimate beaing capacity, qu.
SiSrillbna 2007-Page 1
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Ultimate Bearing Gapacity
Beyond that point, an increase in load will accompanied by a
large increase in foundation settlement. The load per unit area
of the foundation, Qug, is refened to as the first failure load. A
peak value of g is not realized in this type of fiailure, which is
called the localsfearfailure in soil.
shearfailurc..
Sipilltenas 2007
- P4e
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Vesic (1973) proposed a relationship for
the mode of bearing capacity failure of
foundations resting on sands.
D"
t ldltd@ltt,o,
a'=&
shete fi * dtlth
L = ltngtt
f.rs
of iourdrtioo
of founrlati<nr
'l
- Page 6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
Tezaghi (1943) was the first to present a comprehensive theory for
the evaluation of the ultimate bearing capaci$ of rough shallow
foundation.
Terzaghi suggested that for a continuous or strip foundation, the
failure surface in soilat ultimate load may be assumed: general
gflggg fgih rra
l.-o-l
Sipillbna 2m7 -
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Gapacity Theory
The failure zone under the foundation celn be separated into three
parts:
1) The triangular mne ACD immediately under the foundation.
2) The radialshearzones ADF and CDE, with the curves DEand
DF being arcs of a logarithmic spiral.
3) Two triangular Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG.
The angles CAD and ACD are assumed to be equal to the soil
friction angle f. With the replacement of the soil above the bottom
of the ioundation by an equivalend surcharge q, the shear
resistance of the soil along the fiailure surfaces G/ and HJ was
neglected.
fttl
Siipillbn6 2{n7
Page 3
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
Using equilibrium analysis, Tezaghiexpressed the ultimate bearing
capacity in the form:
Assumed:
genenlshar
hllurc
wherc
c'?=
oolsiooofrolt
oahnci*htolsil
c-t4
- bcchgcspdcily
lirlrdtt
fuctffi.hor nb d@diefidond
of dF n$l
ftidinaqh#
foundation.
"-i{#'-r}r*o'
wt'sre
tr(, - paslvc
Stpil
pmtsurc EocfficiEol
lbo6
2007
Page 4
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
Tezaghi's bearing
capacity factor:
3
,t
5
6
7
&
lo
t1
E
t3
l4
t,
l6
l,
l8
l9
20
11
a,
3I
J.?t
6.q,
6J0
e6
6,g,
?34
1"?t
&rJ
[J0
olt{
g.fl
1{lt6
to?6
ili!
lllt
l?J*
li66
1{.60
r5-r2
l6J6
t1#
i*9:
?.lt
a$
ai.[t
r.i,.f,,t.
lfit
01il
00t
Ll
La 004
l.$ d(5
t#l tuo
IJ'l O.l4
r.El 0?0
r'fll lun
2.?l r]15
1{4 0.'l*
adl ff6
069
efl
J.tg oEJ
tfg J.rx
t&. |.t0
,Ltl lje
a.cg llll
td5 218
6.0* zt9
6.flr t'1't
?.{.t t^d4
&26 4Jl
to?3 6,flr
ttJo r,rs
lzr2 &1{
t.
26
n
a8
8
30
31
3a
3:
-1r
lt
*
v
!8
3t
'10
{l
4t
,ll
4
*5
d6
r,
49
fll
lLE
t{zt
2ll*
ts.s
tl$l
x.*t
3{-14 lr.S
!r.16 1r-4rt
4o,4I 5za
t4ia
28,52
S00 JA,S
ad4
36.9]
{l.d{
tt75
ir?,l6
65t
?l$r
tLgl
?7J0 6ri$
z16l
3ft?
9ti6
8lJ?
ltSEI 9l.tS
119.6? llB,7J
l34J* lj!6.Jt}
r5rr5 14134
lTZ.2l l?ats
ls.a
a4.l9
2l,t-1i r,lLfrl
?9871
:r4?st 4lJ,u
'4{.6
9.84
llial
lL?l
lilr
19,13
2ai5
&,tI
il.r4
,&0{
{A4l
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6d27
?&6t
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tl53t
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t?1.9t
2llj6
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lail4
tr.ll
tlz.t{
El,r!'
lo?!,et
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Gapacity Theory
For foundations that exhibit the local shear failure mode in soils,
Terzaghi suggested the following modification:
{srripfourxt*tion}
A. = !"'.V: + qiri + hElvi
q' - O*fi?ctfl {- d'Ji + &47AI9i {squrrt fomdu*m}
c,
N'
Sit'illbn6 2007-Page6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghins Bearing Capacity Theory
Tezaghi's modified
bearing capacity
factor:
r.
&xt,{'
t,zr
$,$
Al0
63D
6Jl
C?4
6$t
7&.
?37
?.?4
alE'
&Ja
&63
&!6
*il
9i?
roffi
lo.fr
l(}s
il*r6
lltr
lLTl
,zn
ti.'t
t4.t4
tdf,r
0
I
2
I
{
5
6
7
s
I
$
il
12
$
l.
t5
f6
l?
l8
19
8
2t
t2
?3
4
lt
llD
0ff1
lJn 0fi6
l-t4 ltfr.
t&,
0jlr
1"30 tr,tr'
l-!D olrtrl
L,{t <}
t3'
ol:8
t.?o 0.li
t&
Dg|
t,94 0.24
o3lt
e0
zgt oJ6
ljt
,0e
0r*
lJJ
L?t oJt
ttz
otr?
x,t! t?6
3J6 0,8e
t.8
3'fl
xrf, r,u
iLlT IJJ
4.,.11 t.t!
dta n4
5.4 $I
2J3
'fr
A
,1
20
lo
3t
3T
3J
3|
lt
fi
$
38
,lll
41
a
*l
td
t5
{6
41
.lft
49
JO
ttsr
1630
t?.13
t8,{E
ta99
?o$
:t,t6
r2je
aaa
2J,15
lt77
28.5t
to.{r
3a5B
3rt
flt1
.l0'$
'Lltl
{?-t3
fl.r7
5S?3
d(t9l
66.fr1
ts,t5
StJl
ii
fiE
d.54
7.il1
7fi
*Jl
9.01
s'la
r{ut
lt5?
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:JE
tt9
t16
4iilt
4At
JJI
fta
1,a,
nrs
t5,9'
9,*1
tJ.!n
10.s
l6,Ec
r8-q6
tx?t
r4.tl
30J0
l?:1
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t9.?t
2150
3t"}*
:rt40
30.,1S
,11.?0
4&tt
ag"It
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5'*l
6t.dt
8*
36.{L
fi,&
?r.*5
8!7t
Si$llbnas
2(X)7
- P4e
- Pqe
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Factor of Safety (FS)
Calculating the gross allowable load bearing capaci$ of shallow
foundation requires the application of a factor of safety (FS) to the
gross ultimate bearing capacity,
{r
or:q.. -
Fg
,la
{dttll-B-
- natultittutcl'EarfugcEPacity
q'tDt
qraol
ttr
$ipillbn6
2007
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Gapacity Theory
Example #1
Asquare foundation is 1.5 m x 1.5 m in plan. The soilsupporting
the foundation has a ftiction dngle 6'=26o, and c' = 15.2 KPa. The
unit weigh of soil, y, is 17.8 KN/m3. Determine the allowable gross
load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS) of a. Assume
that the depth of the foundation (D) is 1 meter and that general
shear failure oocurs in soil.
Answer:
From table:
Sipil
lbna
2007
Page 9
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
Example #2
Repeat example #1, asssuming that local shear failure occurs in
the soil supporting the foundation.
Sipillbn6 Zn7 -
Page 10
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Modification of Bearing Gapacity Equations for
Water Table
lf the water table is close to the foundation, some modification of the
bearing capacity equations will be
necessary:
-1
#*,trfuffi[itri1]ffi:-(
form: s -
cffcd"elurtt$F
that0<d<B: q*rfir
rePlacedbYT where
i,:$**H*
lo
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Meyerhof's Bearing CaPacity Theory
Meyerhof (1963) suggested the following form of the general
bearing capacity equation:
**-,a:al1r r+qfffi4.ftF;*∈rbF,irt
Where:
r,'-
ctlxsion
{=
4r, Fr,
,il* ffr
a circular
found*tioo)
duPc factors
tlcFth factors
4t = bad inclinatkrn
krel of
fnctore
= berrrlng,capacitY faaors
lbnc
2007
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
lldeyerhcf's Bearing Capacity Tlreory
khe.op"11l...^-,,'q*rnorr.*rEgustbtr (3.22)(iri-
- llcot$- !
|
n
t' *
'*'(ut f)'t-*n
-N.
rlran(t.id');ffi-
(rYr
I I oJ{a/l)
I
+0.?(8/t)la#{{s+dlz}
I + trr(a/L)taB
(45 +
*'/?)
I + 42@r!B'
I
I + 0.?{Prl8}latr(45 + O?}
0.1 (Dlrrf )bn(45 + d /3)
|+
Sipil
liene
2007
Page 3
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Meyerhofns Bearing Gapacity Theory
Example #l!
A square foundation has to carry a gross
allowable total mass of '15.290 kg. The depth
of foundation is 0.7m. The load is inclined at
Answer:
l*-a-'l
From table:
N" = 30.14, No = 18.40, Nr = 15.67
q = T Df = 18 * A.7 = 12.6 kN/m2
Fo"
C\
(1)
(t,
(E
rL
I
o
{-,
I\
o
o
c\
u,
(s
o
y
a
C
o
a
z
o !t
lI'
*,
IE
l-
C
I
a
c
o
E
o
+t
o
+.
C
o
*-,
o
J
=
J
I
a
-
E(E
.g
o
IL
lJ-
'd-
(u
z3 T'o
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io
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H H:=
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E;E E
EE FE
E ggE
frFE#
-I-(--
I-
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=E
88
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ct
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J
=
o>
OE
o()
.ooOiE
!rOf,)
q
.qi.= -cE
;.= q
LH
=mmSHE
H
F
+
,EJm
tu''
(E
-O
IJ.
z3 T'o
o
IL
Cl-
c
J
rtr
J
I
I
(,
II
-c
o6-c
o
oo
tsc
o'F
a
C
o
*,
tr
o
o
o
IJJ
o,
G'
t5
]c,
'=
(t)
-=
lr-
ll
TL
I
t\
o
o
C\
-'
j\.d
a
ct
c"
o
dlqr
I
w
H
CL
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=.a
u' '(u !'
So-d
a=::
-JJ
c#ll
lqlu)
-nL
\,
.--
E[
6$6
ovE
cC')ct
5C
o'=9
r?-cUC
aa'6
5-ocr)
-+rGl
EE
Fcuo
(-
+-,
H6',E
sEg
3
S
o
c
$C
.s
$
'= a -c (U= sE
3
fti(UO
E F .ltu F'/,+'
?rO)-
E L' Ecco
=.9
=
.=
bJo
'.;=E.E
fr(uxto9
# FES
ooq-c
-c
Fl-O
o t+l
=iYCrIt,\lrFY
O - +-,
o'= o
R Oo
*-,
0(E-v
qFrF(J
(f)
-c
A
lo
(o
o
o,
Fl_
I
(E
-\
o-
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o
(\I
tla
rfiV
t\
o
(tt
fi h.*., a
a
z
o
I
l-
zf
o
IL
o-
a
c
o
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II
{rl
G'
:I
o
IJ.
=c
:f,
-=E
T'
(tr
.e,;
a
e-vt
c^'o-b
*:
6.?;
rooX
.LA
+,
a
I
tv
tJt
IJJ
I
.!/(1)oo
u
tu H tEE
Al-L
o
J
=
ta
c(l)
=
CU
o
L
+,
o
o
o
IJI
E 6 EE
- (tr
II
=o:
=
L,' dt rF
"gE=6
S
oE*o
:fh 3
-o E;5
o
=: EE ii
\t
E;
F E;
o=oo)
=
9
o
fi:PgE E
S?6t
t
'\'-
Ci
5rga
t&E
9,--T*F
a
z
o
r
z3
o
IJ.
o
J
(E
g
J
o
=\ll .= lc
6,
E
rrl
J
I
I
II
*r,
l-
T{
CN
.a
e+ o)o
E3^EE
A-r+7O-
Y .rF
={^g
|otro-c.
-''2; .& 3,r
cE a.=-c
(U
.gr o I
_b
sE$g
S EE F gF
o .s
o
frEfiEE
C)
.L lU
tr
o
(\I
CL
*,
t\
o
cn
TI
T'
(E
{@
CD
(t'
(L
a
(u
c(l)
=
a
g
o
IT
E
a>
fi FT*SE E
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Stress Due ToA Concentrated Load
ln 1885, Boussinesq developed
the mathematical relationships for
determining the normaland shear
stress at any point inside
homogeneus, elastic, and
isotropic medium due to a
concentrated load located at the
surface.
Aqs
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Stress Due To A Gircularly Loaded Area
Boussinesq's equation can also be usd to
determine the verticalstress below the centre
of a flexible circularly loaded area. Let the
radius of the loaded areaBl2, and let qo be the
uniformly distributed load per unit area.
(.
fn f -'x
8s=)d0 "-[_"
'(qidttdrl
1.";F(JT
-"{'-F;ffi}
Sipillbne 2)07 - Prue 3
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Stress Below A Rectangular Area
The integration technique of Boussinesq's
equation also allows the verticalstress at
any point below the comer of a flexible
reciangular load area to be evaluated.
l+*--r.-*---{
I
I
t / zanVurt* ot'. t rtr {- lt3 t 2 ltL
, - trtlutru.._ tts{"r
- G\r",, n: .,,rlr: + l.;;T;:l
n-;
i
. lrnrfiiJ,FT
--' \
=lirn'- a' + tf 4 I - Hr/rl
,
= influcocl'fucttr
n=;
I
I
I
la
,i + i mr + a'+ 2 I
r t I- arur.4Fi
,- .. ;-:--'--=-:-----;-:-+rr+nrtr
4nLPf
- I nr+n-+ I II al+#+l<
-l
- .t
{ ra''\,'
++++t+)J
Sipil
lbn6
2007
Page 4
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Stress BelowA RectangularArea
(2 : 1 Method)
l
y{r{}rrr}Yl
I
Page 5
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Stress lncrease Under An Embankment
Figure shows the cross
section of an embankment
of height H. For this two
dimensional loading
condition, the vertical stress
increase may be expressed
as:
*herc
4o
f,
yll
* ''rit
qeaElrt of
,,= *, '(4+&)-
,(?)
",- *"'(?)
Sipil
lien6
2907
Page 6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Exercise
Find average increase in
pressure (Ao"") at clay layer
caused by load of
foundation.
J
Sidllbn6
2007 -Page 7
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
The elastic settlement of a shallow foundation can be estimated by
using the theory of elasticity. From Hook's law:
* = I':o' -
if
,*,
&,aa,
*;r,a',)r/:
Where:
S"
El
$ar.
:
*
Jl
A<r.,
= elasticsenlemcnt
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible, the settlement
may be expressed as:
Where:
.tr
= Foison's ratio
l; B
"noogc
mearuredffirmc = 0toaboute =
= fF forcsnteroffourdation
tomdgtifl'
'lll
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Seftlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
l,
- 7',+!--fu.^
- r -rr,
frcrortbat depcnds otl the torntio! on fte ffimdrttoo rriatc$rdemnr is bsing cahuhted
Center of foundation:
Fr=;(,{.'+Ar)
q=4
.L
m'-E
4 = $m'-,e'
(t * *6F n r) {trTv
Corner of foundation:
rt'=
^o- n'ln\
'4u ;
c*l
*:t5
.il
"-e)
II
n'= E
-(t - r,4"m=)
(^'*rfffi * i\tlm
,t = In\_---\fiaTft;1-
._-
^2
tr
m'
--
,rr'i6aT';Ei'r
-rr
ls{t) -
4?.*.-* i)
Page 4
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of soil deposits, the magnitude of
Es may vary with depth. For that reason, Bowles (1987)
recommended using a weighted average of Es:
e=!6,,,r'ta
- sril srodulus ofLstiify within I dcplhAr
i - Il or 58. whichevcr ls srnaller
where ,q
Sipilltenas 2007
P4e 5
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
Example #6
A rigid *allow founfitiod t n x 2 m is shotrr in Egure 5.t5. Celorlate the
tiE sctdernst rtthe centEr dthe fr$ndmin.
dx-
v. (0,
Iterias
-I
2ff.7- Page 6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
- P4e
Sipilltenas 2007
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Consolidation settlement occu rs
over time in saturated clayey
soils subjected to an increased
load caused by construction of
the foundation.
On the basis of the onedimensional consolidation
settlement equations:
s.rnr
$rm
t
Jc.d:
whcrc
er
wrlical strail
r!e
l+c"
Ae
)
Sipil
ltenc
2007
Page 8
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Gonsolidation Settlement
CJt" . a! + Aai.
G:;rog "l
CJf" , o|+ LoL
r"r'r-]T[rQ-4
- *
rdPr
wlthrrl+.Ari*<a!)
s*,*** r'rfr*ffir*SJ3r+
wilhr!<rl<ol+
Arrl,)
*
C, l{" -
swellfu!index
fbickaeso
oflhe
c{ay
hter
Sipil
lbn*
2007
Page 9
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Note that the increase in
effective pressure, Ao', on the
clay layer is not constant with
depth. The magnitude of ao will
decrease with the increase in
depth measured from the
bottom of the foundation. The
average increase may be
approximated by:
"*)
)
I
I}erli,
)
Sipil lbnas 2t07
Page 10
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example #7
A phn of r found*rbp
diiisn scttlencrt olthe
In x 2m irshoqn in Fgure5z9;&timste
fo$ndstiod, '
ahe
iqrloli
- P4e
11
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Gonsolidation Settlement
Example #7
Tbe ctay is normally oonsolideted,Thu*
C"H.. rri+Arr!"
s"=frts*;60
r; -
- e.8l)
",lc;" =f1Arj
+ 4Ad-+
Atri),,
rrrri4t
dmt
I
2+25p=tli
2 + 2-5 - 45
a,: 2
fTflhld 5,3
rEq; (5.101
Page 12
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Gonsolidation Settlement
Example #7
t[b tJ
n1
o,sl;
0.976
o.932
o.gru
{LtD7 0-99?
0.977 0,9?7
0,936 0,936
0.rrB o.89,
0al{ o.$l?
o.?d8 0.753
0.flr5 0.ffl1
0.6:? (Lffi6
0.5?3 {1585
0'5L5 0.5.1{1
[997 . 0.99?
0.9{r?
0yt?
0-tt3?
0.937 0.9fi
0.s8t 0.881
0-93?
0.9vt
0.881
0lllB
0,7Sd
0.ffj4
0.6v1
osfil
0..5d.5
{1881
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example #7
Norrl
Page 14
P,
i '':'
&o^jlbtt s,rrL_ t
sa,utt*g Ful/a.ra*+i t . r
rou,, a*ri o
i,-
-,L
rw:
rregr
Asun,*
v'tt?+v,
rW &q/t1 *x tuv
ffi,y-"' 6*,,,rR,,e
tMuviaN
+vn ; -
sw* wd*t4,,r::fif
#Jr*
{r,
9,
/ m *Nb
d**.^JrsB*a s/*srr*.
*rtidretr
_
SQu+*r FoprJpnn,ilN -*f
rfi**'p ri6WM
3.? t
r#hrt,
*r,ffI)":: r:*
tLr
ftn #.r d o
q, s /.seNe * q. Nft*u,y#q,Ny
&e = /V.*
r'/x
= f. v
07';
q
nu1
.f
s fr'"s)fld axrr'
1'=
'fu , *t't,0w*&t6
Loa
**oE tw
fu_Lge**k
4 *Y'
i_c^ o r
,n?e
wF ftv^/&'w?'bu *
8hhLt-':. Tfi,a\nY''
)- lru/^t
t33.7r
Fr -- -T == /??
py****r
p*a, ttrtir
e4ey3_
q = 4*ur x fwa*tbiqvi6,)
= t33.1r
.,n".
r f *rx a-r)
3oO AaAl .
l&}* =
a
2
o
tJ
fl
)t
t0
E.
I
!0
o;
AL:
5.2
e
d
3.4
125
?z
l
%pmry spnt* L
sou'tr"r-
frJut/,v,>l//
'f
a*,W 0F w r4ttue66p*
tl+ rr r n 4,u)
tli+r tt la+L sl|tffi. NwR#
', occut"r ia- itg.oit sw*A,>,nrtr {out&ri>iw
'}7itv
{aluil*r,
nA ' -
Loc+r_
fibz,rxrryhfupr
-'sqa4/2+.
fun
*ryurta.r
Thw-'
fluu2vy1ou
J,$
?w<
_l
q?
p= ze, e
* o,S6Z ,A/e,.
Nrl :tz
rx'"!
lV6 =
:
fru O
t gUer+o,?* Su;
/,/
atlln4\\+{txtT
sfue\*/n.,r\r
s tn.t +rt. z *-rt,,z =,r\i\;y;rX,ot/ls//*)
_
Lta@=
3. T'*
Bt. e
ey*,
'bf-iff
s,osan pue:
r0r08v60I
jp
(zr:s)
't,N ",N:srope; Aloedec 6urreeq peglporu s.;q6ezral
(8aPI?'lpd ]o uo$rp;
9'g arn614
3o a13uy
I'0
(!
F'
f.
0'r a
o
o!tI
9.
g
l)
rs -,'N:o:
v
OI
fr
a-:
.<
olrvoNnoJr,ro-r-lvHs gntdeq3
9Zt
p4urotl rD4z 3
/j
,
4 Squ**.6'
Lota
of
eoLutqrl teuudo-+zON /,/+f lD e-+*zF +6/20{T hLLOD4/|tr r>7+t/so tN. 7V? lFpft+ 0f 7T?ft)uil).fvay tr o.7 n . ryF tw rb
lNednn)
+tv 4,\tt-7tr
oF 2-oo Tv uwTietL
tr
s776util
ru inrzr
&tWtLt,
,lVltr tvi
tiuf
bftl 0F n frutlbhl7'fuNl B.
QtE QuHToN ! ie-xtspln BE*R;Lb cailAl? qu+i\N.
tlse q FrtqDA p; e;rry oF 3
bglZrtt
Cs o
p,300
t=
ts LN/\3
'Bl
,SOIUiON
6t'//ai+
o+pnciry
fq atn'D N
^a#t'ilf,
?r" e Ne fts F"a Fe; + ?. Nq
l4)/ffi+-t
e:
eatftauu
f7f+fu4s
I = lP 4l/h3
,4
fROr4
Wt 3-2 : A*duf
f\n P:
3oo
Ne = 30.ty
4q . /8.y
Nt'
22'7
6s=
&
II
/* t.#
Adrunteo,
&l tOr'
FI
t*+ ffi
rl
4," --, t
$t
T=rf St.
6d s t + 0. ? T = r+ o.? (t+) .
fXl " t + z +aAp (t-s;, /), 2f B
B
fvlsl
*TOc
- F?r; = (,
E
)' f,
9oot = t
,l; 3 (r -61L:f,-!)'
t' 3d
2oo
.z
w)
= o.6of
F-
$l
.=
o^ll
+ t Y - a Ntr Frrla*7;
il-v)(r'r/! ( +
s 2t2.2* @. *
'f
t3.S
)ct.6,.) + s,\rs\(
B
y,
l.s{d
:.i
Wr,
Qu_- fS.7J+
a
Q^tt,:
ZALL: --'-t /3.7s+
i:
$rtb-tt
= ront *Luurgu
lvno
;f
/d,m
lro
a01.+dL -
ff
?!y3B
= Xutx
m$rhAtfiailtTe+
5 Trtrx Bz oR'
/sA
r,
= rc.?tn'r{
re. vs n
a
eDNn7
n4t
'?,
h sQamg rpuu/4n'L,\/ /,r lryt x /,.g/,) n pLgu. rrc- rilz suplaRl7'Nf rnr rwtlnotv
lhr + r'9'cn'1'v hVfLg CIf g 20u
=
A4) e = /5-2 nyrr, 7//r ury)r uathfotr *uitr , ir /f B a */n, Dr-rrBaa)NE
f
:
a , 7W +u0 wtt(F ttosr
L,/+_r 0N
routtl+n,ou
W
'(0. r7E
drv
4 Fh,raB
ftsrQur
0r t4p7y {r, aF ,.
/r
r (ourl
4"v)
soLqTiou
MD
fr^n
tqu/rrc rDvnlry/)p41
fr'67'tfrF
3,?,
No
t- : t_7 t
6p-ntgvryL tdt?t<
'T'r
Nn4 = 2-u
,/,',
Ny =-
tr
ibr
az4+
/+LlltilftBLF LyM
4.Dztt_f6gnr)
f.
ntur,
#laktl
?n,
mu^tPqvsl +rti+
^ /33.7r x ts xB
= /32-Fx (lrx't'r1
= 3m,g k3sOkN.
z/.
%r =
?^
'
r3r nr/^.
P)[tza) =y
%uer(+u)'
thn/*,
U# =ry
= /2x 3/tL7rz
tbte-e, Qtnr(tu)=
fia+(e) x rnthdDlml^)/rtzat
29/ -lu'
t,
'6
(!
0.
(l
C)
6 : o; N.:
5.7
bo
q
L
c!
(,)
ce
d-0;No:l
d-0;Nr:0
3.4
i25
Q),
/3
QNrnt ,n,fL 9*
/rf
e s /rt2 %^ ,
4F t/r t .
-0g;d'ts)zzfrmaJ+?
TTnnllc+d
'qrbt*r',
{'
'/
/s
v/'f,t4'
'2oo
Ary'trtf
h4D4 #4n7vs1fr^"+t;
'8.hB'tNMxti\Ytd)fulsi/vt+nv'Wat177ypv'tttfrPbl+tit
DFNth^t ustrlSv^1n
u
Dpdano', tqy4l*r414*4 2p6ft* tr7ztlkru, pilb4h'/t)t//r// ot)'t
Phr'4 W'h/ fluO4s7' d*#th/
Dft^t k-e,zeutnlft?ril Wf
@+il
rr
r
$P117v4 &3r/?- Fh euPs
FYryystaWrw
4il
D+A tr*,natrc
Nf,-/Y
q4 =
bf *7.= /
cw'^t&f
fi
't=r
x/,F s /,Ff/^o
0,?( +?s)(t
r)gr7
Q,4
Lars H:
= 8,37
YNf
14'
AODA'tu,'
4aryld :
& c hAL
X lA+f DbJ+R s44et//qun P1ND'ft
f
/3.3y' x (r'-r x zs)
s 3olop DN,
,\gerr", b;ru
u +r
.rTie,{*rtrn tudAttr'
MJlu
& *ra)
t3,tnr^
:
? -f ntg-T,+A
'ry = /21g3 f/q,
=
fk/
ER-
HU"rr*,
14
rFtt'w614 RtBhtr
ffit ,q{f
kxnn*:
x Lunt o+tM. t772'qtan/^ ,0pD487',
Q = fr
*on
lcgoaruL$at
/2
/% x
z?,
/tr x/,r)
7VN,
(3h
(,
(!
a
(!
(,
d - 0; AL:
5.2
bo
C
6g
a)
d:o;No-l
d:0;
N.,
Figure
3.4
125
'j.
a
u
li.t
(,
(!
(,
(!
o.
6
(,
d-o;Irt:5.7
d:o;4:1
Figure-
3.4
125
qMr?H 4r,tr- 6.
LoM, Qun
+=-o{
tryt
f\ff'"
SbLun'1N ;
u-rF 17/ 66 uA*L gsaAttlr
?,q
= LileEsFua.fi;
*frNqn'7^Gi+tY
ffi?A (hfvtT?L
?,2 r Mh'uf- s+pAdry
M DFrrt pOtf t3) t FlR pf = gO o , Ne= SL.ry
Nn s /P.?
Ntr' Lz.Y
B- 2L = lf -(zxo.t) = /,2 rvt
Fve c = o
Fna Fy"-
FzAyt TTaE
Bt =
'
BNtFrrF*+;
hvF4
ru4 frr|t
DI=
b
'lt.r -(r.VY
F *,
@/
\t
-^,
* { b, /
=/
* (#)tu,
Bo'
e ffW,
=t
wtru B,)
s / + o,/J{
- /. /3f,
6 ' /# o,?( {,)
*r'
= r-o,?
t/:
L).
'..a
rVit'ri
.
il ?, P?n F1,r Q,atai r t y a' ,tr 0r0^ *;
=/
F =o,
= (rz 6)(s r)('qz)(t.ts)(,) + t (rt)(r.z)(zz.?)(aeeJ(\r)
e 3 ty. s * t6y. tv = syg. B Ly*r"
llewc,
Qurr
. ?; x
s %; x('*t').
s ry|.e * (/.zxls)
2gg kN,
pwttftr.
3.5
Table
3,2
N.
N.
N,
4
5
5.14
5.38
5.61
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
1.00t.o9
1.20 4
l.3l
1.43 !
1.57 ''
t.72
1.88 1.
2.06 It'':
2.25 2-47
2.7t
2-97
3.26
3-59 .
3.94 ,
434 |
4.77
5-26
5.80
6-,f0
7.O7
7.82
8-66
9.60
10.66
11.85
13.20
t4-72
0-00
0.0?
0.15
o.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
O.7l
7.t6
7.53
7.92
8.35
8.80
9-28
9.81
8
9
l0
ll
t2
l3
l4
l5
l6
to.37
10.98
I1.63
t2.34
t7
l8
l9
13.10
20
14.83
t5..82
16.88
18.05
r3.93
2r
22
21
24
19-32
25
2A-72
26
27
a3
22.25
23.94
25.80
re
a
31
32
33
x4
35
36
37
38
39
,10
41
42
43
44
131
27-86 r6.M
12.67
35-49
38-64
42.t6
46.t2
50.59
55-63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
91.7r
r05.n
1t8.3?
133.88
l52.to
L73-&
t99.26
229.93
266.A9
036
1.03
t-22
t.44
r.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.O7
4.68
5.39
6.2C
7.t1
8.20
9.44
10.88
t2.54
t4.47
t6.72
19.34
';. N./N.
0.20
o.20
o-2r
o.22
o.23
o.24
o.25
4.26
o-27
0.?s
o.30
0.31
0.32
o.33
0.35
0.36
o-37
0.39
0.40
o.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.
o-50
0.51
0.53
0.55
o.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
o-70
o.72
0.75
0-77
0.80
o.a2
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0-97
2A-63 25-99
23-tA n-22
26.09 35-19
29.44 41.06
33-30 48.03
37.75 56.31
42.92 6,6.19
48.93 78.03
55.96 92.25
64.20 l09.4r
73.90 tn-n
85.38 155.55
99_02 186.54'
I15.31 224.64
114.98 271.76
t58.5r 3?A35
t87.2t 40.7.67
222-3L 496.01
265.51 613.16
3r9-O7 762-89
l.0l
1.04
l.O8
l-12
1.15
t.20
tan d
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.0?
0.09
0.1l
0.t2
0.1,1
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.21
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.5r
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.?5
0.?8
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.97
l.0o
l.O4
t.07
l.l I
l.l5
l.l9
)W FOUNDATIONS
3.5
,33
Rclationship
Shafre'
v' F,,: t
-:.t
De Beer (t9?0)
t'Fn:l+-tand
v Fn:r-o.nf
I, : lcngth of the
foundation (L >
where
Condition (a)
-. .'f!'g"15sn
(19?o)
k F.:l+O.44-)
)-
F*:
E
I + 2rang.(l -sin
,f +
-r
Condition (b):
DrlB > |
Fa: | +to.+1,"'-'(&)
4.,
sin C),
,.',_,(?)
Fra: I
inclination factors
,ther reiationships
Inclination
F"
Table 3.5.
if,*('-t*)'
'":
o.
(' - f)'
i/l1-*t
I fit:{ififtst
f : inclination
of the load on thc
where
to the vertical
' Thcc
D
tabontory tests
qu: cNrFrrF.o t
the factors 9 and 7
nodifications. The
I in Section 3.4. }(
(3.2r)
Qo
- 9:
cN. Fr"F"a
(3.22)
64
q)NtuH -t74L
f.
A !qo**,e fruup4ioa /r il/ott^t )u n'Su4g Alou. ASU4F
7Te bM H*f "A Ta7-wtty FccNrteiciTf ,.
Qi vrN
- e7 = Q.3 ,vt
-18 s o,t5m
DEttqitttr ! V/r utrtu,+t> b*r, Qutf ,
TVrtf
..
'f!o
u't/rt
F=)ot
L= 0
F-
13=
t,f,a ---{'l
.+
'1
=
ig=o,,9
ar
l.frt
lal=q
_-g
--
l/\
-f= Lrh-l
S-Otu7i g tt/ .
e//Er*
, +L I 2p
T
LL
o,3
/.s
%_
AJC
/."r
= 0,2
'= 0,1
-eL
L
^o t!
l.[-
"-{
< o,,r
\.rLB.L
;(
*GE
*>
)
'--t
I
I
*--g
------+
fu"t n'rul?
&-,va
O
I
P+6r t?s1
+L
= o.B,f ,^) Lr -
4LV s o.2/
Lz
p,Ar)(f1 = /.2ff ,,
'
(a.u)6t"$) = 0,3rr
ry
*.*Eer;vF ArzA= ht
Bt. +//
=.
,4t_=0.916^1
/.zVz
'vv
utE fifF
q: =
q
* Df,
^
r.atr; *
4, fi,an; * + /
tr = o.V xrP =tz.A Lyn,
c AtsFsE
q,
^lq
fort c=o,
frl-?n(
f?e uE Ud+
n- Ltrr
Nl5.*n rr;
Ne= 3"0.t/
*r, = tg,y
NA = 2^.Y
xr' = I NaftrGai,z + ty
ts'
^B'n/
*" 3"U
4,
,n
fi
"?",/
/*
('E) taq
3oo
= t'vzY
l)
/),
f:Kffir
t)iT r).
A
f 0./3f
= /. tgr.
rlrs /* o^r ( #l= /*ov ('#')'o?o('
=/
fYa
= 't
*qi tfi= t,
t&*up
o/.%x (t.?gAxtzTz)
s 6oY.7y.lrN.
o'
l*ilt-Fl
/-
(r.t')
B':7
Case
shown in Figure
A'
and 0
case is
3.12a. e, ( LtL
:t(Lt + Lz)B o, g (
(3.44)
o,t66
"B
Effeaive
*l
_a
For
obtaining
0.4
0.6
Lo LIL
LttL, L{L
(b)
<|"(afterHighterand
Figure3.12 Effectiveareaforthecaseof e./LcO.5 and,oceJE
Anders, 1985)
3.5
3.2
Table
. N.lN. tan {
5.14 1.00 _ 0.00 0.20 0.00
5.38 l.O9 0.07 0.20 0.02
5.61 t.20 v 0.t5 o.2t 0.03
5.90 r.3l
O.24 0.22 0.05
6.19 t.43a 0.34 0.23 0.07
6.49 1.5?
0.45 0.24 0.O9
6.81 t.72
0.57 0.25 0.1r
7.t6
1.88 ,
0.71 0.26 0.t2
7.53 2.06+,:'...9.96.:'r, O..27 0.14
752
2-25 1.03 O.29 0rt6
8.35 2-47 r.22 0.30 0.18
1.,14 0.31 0.19
8.8O 2.71
9-28 2.97
1.69 0.32 0.21
9.81 3.26
1.97 0.73 0.21
10.37 3.59 2.29 0.35 0.25
10.98 3-94, 2.6s 0.36 0.27
11.63 4.34'': 3.06 O.37 0.29
t2.34 4.77 3.53 0.39 0.31
13.10 5-26 4-O7 0.40 0.32
t3-93 5-80 4.68 0.42 0.y
14.83 6.40 5.39 0.43 0.36
t5-a2 7.O7 6.2C 0.{5 0.38
16.88 7 -82 1.ti
0.,16 0.,()
18.05 8.66 8.20 0.48 0.42
t9.32 9.60 9-44 0.50 0.45
2n.72 10.66 10.88 0.51 O.47
22-25 I r.85 t2.54 0.53 0.49
23.94 t3.20 14.47 0.55 0.51
25.80 14.72 t6.72 0.57 0.53
27.86 t6.44 19.34 0.59 0.55
30.14 18.40 22.& I 0.61 0.58
0.63 0.60
32 1s.49 23-t8 n-22 0.65 0.62
33 38.64 26.09 35.19 0.68 0.65
34 42.t6 29.44 41.06 0.70 0.67
35 46-12 33-30 48.03 0.72 0.?0
36 50.59 17.75 56.31 0_75 0.73
37 55.63 42-92 66.19 0.TI 4.75
38 6r-35 48.93 78.03 0.80 0.?8
39 67-87 55.96 92-25 0.82 0.81
.l{) 75.3t &.20 l09.4l 0.85 0.84
41 83.86 73-90 130.22 0.88 0.87
42 93.7t 85-38 155.55 0.91 0.90
99n2 186.54. 0.94 0.93
43 l05.ll
44 I r8.3? I15.3t 224.& O.97 0.97
133.88 134.98 27r-76 l.0l
l.0O
152.10 158.51 310-35 1.04 l.O{
t77.64 187.21 403.67 1.08 1.07
l.l I
t99.26 222-ft 496.01 t.tz
229-91 265-51 613.16 r.l5
t.l5
266.a9 319-07 762.89 1.20 l.l9
C
o
I
2
3
4
5
. 6
7
..:f,: gr::
9
r0
ll
t2
13
14
15
16
t7
l8
19
20
2t
22
2t
24
25
26
27
28
a
I 30
N.
A.ftcr
N.
Vcic (1973)
N,
131
*@qq*+::,:n
3.5
133
w'
^
Table 3.4
Shafrc'
Sourcc
Rclationship
Factor
.:
y' F,,: t +
Dc Bccr (19?0)
.B
Ttzl:.
Fn= I
-0.4;
Dcpth!
Hanscn (1970)
I na
,\r),,\ \
kFa:l+0.4;
\F,r=l+2tan0'(l
sin drr
1-
A
B
\t Fl:l
il
Condition(b):D1lB>l
.g:.:-.
,,,..
I
I
"'-'
Fnt:
t:+ 2 t s'0(1' -
Fr.:
'611'"t1"6.t.(2)
,"5)=('-#)'o.
Inclination
','- ('p -
whcrc
i)'
itvl'* t
i nFtinn5t
- inclirutioo
t6t3
\.
(3.2r)
q"
- q: cN. Fo Fra
()-22,
eD^)mil
filrr- I
ttrb
Unttn,+1
{lf24
s lB -l,a/4 z
?dr wtftlfr s
/6,2 .!LN/k, L
cL'/l
Bxt
t\
\B'
wp ut{e4
BOTTD,',1
L,IT*
tl.8 Ltt/^t
%0\z lLo 4N/*z
/t,> -' b
y,=,
CLhY
tz = t6. z Ltl/rz
CupT' VE
pt);0
jnt
SoLun'lil
d4
Dy
2,
U4IAE B:/tvr
L -- Ir4
Df=,'
t/ olrot
Nc - g,ty
frun
t,*/6,8ttr/nt
ruq n?ecr s.t9r ftA
77rsL
I.z tutc /
o)
rwu4ae 0F
= #0, o.?r
tO,= 42,
Sbt fo = p-g)fi>il = IoB tcn/^,
ffi
tor |rr=[*L'ztin^&,
Ne+
Al&k
6 rr. y t*N/r,
fru =
nr,u'
tffr,!;
or rw urar c*teru+Ez
u+'=tbY'14'/5'
LFo
't
= (16o'r)(r)(r'r)
zvt
'r 4N '