Cambodia Bridge Design Standard

RBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca
RksYgsaFarNkar nig dwkCBan

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
MINISTRY
OF
PUBLIC WORKS
AND
TRANSPORT
bTdan
sikSaKMerags<an
BRIDGE DESIGN
STANDARD
CAM PW.04.102.99
1999
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT
BRIDGE DESIGN
BLANK
July 1999
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
FOREWORD
The Cambodia Bridge Design Standard is intended to be used for
the design of all new road and railway bridges in the Kingdom of
Cambodia. The Cambodian Bridge Design Standard consists of
the following complementary documents:
-
CAM PW 04-101-99 Australian Bridge Design Code 1996

(the Base Document) and associated Commentary;
CAM PW 04-102-99 this document (the Amendments)

which contains amendments and additions to the Base
document; and
The Commentary on the Cambodian Bridge Design

Standard which contains amendments and additions to the
Commentary on the Base Document.
These documents shall be considered together. In the case of a

conflict between the provisions of the Base Document and the
provisions of the Amendments, the Amendments shall override
the Base Document.
From time to time the Base Docum ent may be changed by the
Australian Authorities. Any such change shall be automatically
incorporated into the Cambodian Bridge Design Standard unless
it conflicts with a provision of the Amendments.
For the purpose of regulating and interpreting the provisions of

this Standard, the AUTHORITY shall be the Cambodian Ministry
of Public Works and Transport.
July 1999
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CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
This document has been

produced for the Kingdom of
Cambodia as a joint Australia
Cambodia project sponsored by
the Australian Agency for
International Development
(AusAID).
Valuable assistance and
operational advice was
provided by the staff of the
Cambodian Ministry of Public
Works and Transport (MPWT)
Technical research and

specialist input was provided
by the Australian consulting
firms of McMillan Britton & Kell
Pty Limited and Willing &
Partners Pty Ltd.
Reproduction of extracts from this publication may be made subject

to due acknowledgment of the source.
Although this publication is believed to be correct at the time of
printing, neither the MPWT nor AusAID accept responsibility for any
consequences arising from the use of the information contained in it.
People using the information should apply, and rely upon, their own
skill and judgement to the particular issue which they are
considering.
Page 2 of 39
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A LIST OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE BASE DOCUMENT................................ ............ 5
PART B TEXT OF AMENDED CLAUSES IN THE BASE DOCUMENT
Section 1
1.1
General
7
General Principles ................................ ................................ ..............................7
1.1.1
Applicability ................................ ................................ .................... 7
1.3.1
Bridge Carriageway Widths................................ ...............................7
1.3.2
Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways ................................ .7
1.3.4
Vertical Clearance at Structures................................ ........................ 7
1.10 Australian Standards ................................ ................................ ..........................8
Section 2
2.3
2.8
2.9
2.13
2.19
Design Loads
Traffic Loading................................ ................................ ................................ ....9
2.3.3
L44 Lane Loading ................................ ................................ ............ 9
2.3.4
Heavy Load Platform Loading................................ ............................ 9
2.3.5
Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of Loads................. 11
2.3.5.2
Heavy load platform loading ................................ ............................ 11
2.3.8
Fatigue Loading................................ ................................ ............. 11
2.4.2
Dynamic Load Allowance -T44 Truck and L44 Lane loading ...............11
2.5.2
Braking forces................................. ................................ .............. 11
2.5.4
Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State ................ 12
Wind Loads 13
2.8.1
General................................ ................................ ......................... 13
2.8.2
Basic design wind speed ................................ ................................ 13
2.8.2.1
Derivation of site design gust wind speed (Vz)................................ ...13
2.8.2.2
Terrain Category ................................ ................................ ............ 14
2.8.2.3
Terrain and structure height multiplier (M (z,cat) )................................ .. 15
2.8.2.5
Topographic multiplier (Mt)................................ .............................. 17
2.8.3
Transverse wind load................................ ................................ ...... 17
2.8.3.1
Area of structure for calculation of transverse wind load, At ................ 18
2.8.3.2
Calculation of drag coefficients, Cd................................ ...................18
2.8.4
Longitudinal Wind Load................................ ................................ .. 19
2.8.5
Vertical Wind Load ................................ ................................ ........ 20
Thermal Effects................................ ................................ ................................ 20
2.9.2
Variation in Average Bridge Temperature................................ .......... 20
2.9.3
Differential Temperatures. ................................ ...............................22
Earthquake Forces ................................ ................................ ...........................23
2.13.1
General................................ ................................ ......................... 23
2.13.2
Earthquake Resistant Design................................ .......................... 23
2.13.4
Equivalent Quasi-Static Earthquake Forces................................ ...... 23
Road Signs and Lighting Structures ................................ ................................ ...24
2.19.3
Design Wind Speeds ................................ ................................ ..... 24
2.19.3.2
Ultimate Limit State ................................ ................................ .......24
2.19.4
Design Wind Pressure ................................ ................................ ...24
Section 3
Foundations................................ ................................ ................................ ...26
Section 4
Bearings And Deck Joints ................................ ................................ .............. 26
Section 5
5.1
Concrete
Scope and General ................................ ................................ ...........................27
5.1.1
Scope and Application ................................ ................................ ...27
5.1.1.2
Application ................................ ................................ .................... 27
5.1.5
Construction................................ ................................ .................. 27
5.2
Design Requirements and Procedures................................ ................................ 27
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BRIDGE DESIGN
5.2.4
Design for Serviceability................................ ................................ . 27
5.2.4.3
Cracking................................ ................................ ....................... 27
5.4
Design for Durability................................. ................................ ........................ 28
5.4.3
Exposure Classification ................................ ................................ . 28
5.4.10
Requirements for Cover to Reinforcing Steel and Tendons ................. 29
5.4.10.3
Cover for corrosion protection ................................ ......................... 29
5.6
Design Properties of Materials................................ ................................ ........... 29
5.6.1
Properties of Concrete ................................ ................................ ... 29
5.6.1.1
Strength ................................ ................................ ....................... 29
5.6.1.7
Shrinkage................................ ................................ ..................... 29
5.6.1.8
Creep 29
5.6.2
Properties of Reinforcement ................................ ........................... 29
5.6.2.1
Strength ................................ ................................ ....................... 29
5.6.3
Properties of Tendons................................ ................................ .... 30
5.6.3.1
Strength ................................ ................................ ....................... 30
5.6.3.2
Modulus of elasticity................................ ................................ ...... 30
5.6.3.4
Relaxation of tendons ................................ ................................ .... 30
5.13 Stress Development and Splicing of Reinforcement and Tendons .......................... 31
5.13.1
Stress Development in Reinforcement ................................ ............. 31
5.13.1.2
Development length for bar in tension. ................................ ............. 31
5.14 Joints, Embedded Items, Fixings and Connections ................................ ............. 31
5.14.2
Embedded Items and Holes in Concrete................................ .......... 31
5.14.2.2
Limitations of materials ................................ ................................ .. 31
5.16 Material Requirements................................ ................................ ...................... 31
5.16.1
Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout ................................ . 31
5.16.1.1
Materials for concrete and grout................................ ...................... 31
5.16.1.2
Normal-class concret e................................ ................................ ... 33
5.16.2
Material for Reinforcing Steel................................ .......................... 33
5.16.2.1
Reinforcement................................ ................................ ............... 33
5.16.3
Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts, Anchorages and
Tendons ................................ ................................ .............. 33
5.16.3.4
Tendons. ................................ ................................ ...................... 33
Appendix 5A Reference Documents................................ ................................ ............ 34
Section 6
6.2
Section 7
Steel And Composite Construction

Materials
35
6.2.1
Yield Stress and Tensile Stress used in Design............................... 35
6.2.4
Fasteners ................................ ................................ ..................... 38
6.3.8
Design for Fire Resistance................................ ............................. 38
Rating
................................ ................................ ................................ ... 39
Railway Supplement To Sections 1-5

1.1
General Principles................................ ................................ ............................ 39
1.1.1
Applicability ................................ ................................ .................. 39
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
PART A
CAM PW 04-102-99
LIST OF AMENDED CLAUSES

IN THE BASE DOCUMENT
Sections 1 to 7:
1.1.1....................... (General Principles) Applicability
1.3.1......................... (Geometric Requirements) Bridge Carriageway Widths
1.3.2......................... Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways
1.3.4......................... Vertical Clearance at Structures
1.10.......................... Australian Standards
2.3.3......................... (Traffic Loading) L44 Lane Loading
2.3.4......................... (Traffic Loading) Heavy Platform Loading
2.3.5.2 ...................... (Position of Loads) Heavy load Platform loadings
2.3.8......................... Fatigue Loading
2.4.2......................... (Dynamic Load Allowance) T44 Truck and L44 Lane Loading
2.5.2......................... (Horizontal Forces) Braking Forces
2.5.4......................... Minimum Lateral restraint Capacity Ultimate Limit State
2.8 ............................ Wind Loads (incl. All sub-clauses)
2.9.2......................... (Thermal effects) Variation in Average Bridge temperature
2.9.3......................... (Thermal effects) Differential temperatures
2.13.1....................... (Earthquake Effects) General
2.13.2....................... Earthquake Resistant Design
2.13.4....................... Equivalent Quasi-static Earthquake Forces
2.19.3....................... (Road Signs and lighting Structures) Design Wind Speeds
2.19.4....................... Design Wind Pressure
5.1.1.2 ...................... (Scope and Application) Application
5.1.5......................... (Scope and Application) Construction
5.2.4.3 ...................... (Design for Serviceability) Cracking
5.4.3......................... (Design for Durability) Exposure Classification
5.4.10.3.................... (Design for Durability) Cover for Corrosion Protection
5.6.1.1 ...................... (Properties of Concrete) Strength
5.6.1.7 ...................... (Properties of Concrete) Shrinkage
5.6.1.8 ...................... (Properties of Concrete) Creep
5.6.2.1 ...................... (Properties of Reinforcement) Strength
5.6.3.1 ...................... (Properties of Tendons) Strength
5.6.3.2 ...................... (Properties of Tendons) Modulus of Elasticity
5.6.3.4 ...................... (Properties of Tendons) Relaxation of Tendons
5.13.1.2.................... (Stress Development in Reinforcement) Development Length for Bar in
Tension
5.14.2.2.................... (Embedded Items and Holes in Concrete) Limitations of Materials
5.16.1.1.................... Materials for Concrete and Grout
5.16.1.2.................... (Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout) Normal-class Concrete
5.16.2.1.................... (Material Requirements for Reinforcing Steel) Reinforcement
5.16.3.4.................... (Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts, Anchorages and Tendons)
Tendons
5A............................ Appendix 5A Reference Documents
6.2.1......................... Yield Stress and Tensile Stress Used in Design
6.3.8......................... Design for Fire Resistance
Railway Supplement to Sections 1 - 5

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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
1.1.1..........................(General Principles) Applicability
Page 6 of 39
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
PART B
TEXT OF AMENDED CLAUSES

IN THE BASE DOCUMENT
SECTION 1 GENERAL
1.1
General Principles
1.1.1 Applicability
Add the following paragraph between paragraphs 2 and 3:
The Cambodian Bridge Design Standard has been prepared for the design of road,
rail and pedestrian bridges and other bridge-related structures under the jurisdiction of
the Cambodia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, referred to in this document
as the Authority, and also for use by other Authorities and organisations.
1.3.1 Bridge Carriageway Widths

Page 1.4, Para 2, line 4: replace 600 mm by 500 mm.
1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways

Replace existing Table 1.3.2 with the following Table:
Table 1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways.
TYPE OF ROAD
DESIGN
STANDARD
EDGE CLEARANCE
(EACH SIDE)
Low volume, 2 lane roads,

R1,
No clearance minimum,
Projected ADT < 150 vehicles/day
U1
250 mm preferred
Medium volume, 2 lane roads,
R2, R3
250 mm minimum,
Projected ADT 150 to 3000 vehicles/day
U2, U3
500 mm preferred
High volume, 2 lane roads,
R4, R5, R6
500 mm minimum,
Projected ADT >3000 vehicles/day
U4, U5, U6
1000 mm preferred
Note:
Traffic volumes are the expected Annual Average Daily Traffic volumes 30 years ahead.
Design standards are defined in the Cambodian Road Design Standard Part 1 Geometry.
1.3.4 Vertical Clearance at Structures

In the last paragraph, replace AS 1742.2 with the appropriate Authority.
July 1999
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
1.10 Australian Standards

Delete Australian from the first paragraph.
Add the following paragraph:
References to Australian Standards may generally be replaced by references to an
equivalent or similar standard from another country. Where specific provisions of
Australian Standards are required, these standards are either adopted in their original
form as a Cambodian Standard, or the relevant provisions are reproduced in the text
of this Standard.
Page 8 of 39
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
CAM PW 04-102-99
SECTION 2 DESIGN LOADS

2.3
Traffic Loading
2.3.3 L44 Lane Loading

Replace the Article as follows:
The T44 Lane Loading shall consist of a uniformly distributed load as given in Figure
2.3.3 together with a tandem of two concentrated loads 90 kN each spaced at 1.20
m. The L44 Lane Loading shall be considered as uniformly distributed over the width
of a 3 m Standard Design Lane.
For continuous spans the L44 Lane Loading shall be continuous or discontinuous as
may be necessary to produce maximum effects, and the tandem of concentrated loads
shall be placed in such a position as to produce maximum effects. Only one tandem of
concentrated loads shall be used per lane except that one additional tandem of
concentrated loads of equal force shall be placed in each lane in one other span in the
series in such a position as to produce maximum negative moment. The L44 Lane
Loading does not apply for spans less than 10 m.
2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading

Replace the whole of Article 2.3.4 with the following:
(a) The HLP 240 design loading shall be applied to bridges on the following road
categories:
Expressways
Highways
Provincial Roads
Collector Roads
Arterial Roads
These roads generally will comply with design standards R6/U6, R5/U5 and
R4/U4 of the Cambodian Road Design Standard Part 1 Geometry.
(b) For a bridge on any other road category, the Authority shall determine if the
bridge shall be designed for the effects of Heavy Load Platform loadings.
(c) For bridges on special designated routes, as determined by the Authority, a
heavy load configuration, which shall be specified by the Authority, shall be
applied.
(d) The Heavy Load Platform (HLP) loadings shall have the following configurations:
i. 12 rows of axles (HLP 240).
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
ii. The total load per axle shall be 200 kN. The axle load shall be equally
distributed among all wheels.
iii.Axles shall be spaced at 1.8 m centres.
iv.
8 tyres per axle row.
v. The overall width of axles shall be 3.6 m. The lateral spacing of dual wheels
along an axle shall be as shown in Figure 2.3.4.
vi.
For continuous bridges, the loading may be separated into two groups
of 6 axles (HLP 240) with a central gap of between 6 m and 15 m,
the gap being chosen to give the most adverse effect.
vii.
The tyre contact area for each individual wheel shall be assumed to be
500 mm x 200 mm.
HLP 240
12 axles @ 200 kN spaced at 1.80 m = total 2400 kN
Overall length 19.80 m
ELEVATION VIEW
500
400
500
800
500
1400 mm
400
500
1400 mm
3600 mm
END VIEW OF AN HLP AXLE
Figure 2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading
Page 10 of 39
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
2.3.5 Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of

Loads
2.3.5.2
Heavy load platform loading

Replace the first paragraph with the following:
The HLP 240 Heavy Load Platform loading shall be assumed to centrally occupy
two Standard Design Lanes.
2.3.8 Fatigue Loading

Replace Table 2.3.8 with the following:
Table 2.3.8 Fatigue Stress Cycles for Traffic Loadings
Fatigue design traffic
loading
W7 Wheel loading
T44 Truck loading
L44 Lane loading
Number of fatigue stress cycles for bridges on roads of

category:
Category R6/U6:
All other roads
Expressways, Highways,
Arterial Roads
2,000,000
500,000
500,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
2.4.2 Dynamic Load Allowance -T44 Truck and L44 Lane

loading
The Dynamic Load Allowance for T44 and L44 loadings shall be 0.35, unless alternative
values based on tests or on dynamic analysis are approved by the Authority.
2.5.2 Braking forces.

For the lengths of the structures between 10m and 60m, the braking force will be:
300 kN + (L-10) m x 6 kN/m
Replace existing Figure 2.5.2 with the Figure on the following page:
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
Braking force (kN)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10 20 30 40
50 60 70
Length of structure considered

(m)
Figure 2.5.2 Braking Forces
2.5.4 Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State

Replace paragraph three with the following:
Restraints shall have sufficient lateral clearance to allow thermal movements,
especially on wide and curved superstructures. The restraint system for each
continuous section of superstructure shall be capable of resisting an ultimate design
horizontal force normal to the bridge centreline of 200 kN or 5% of the superstructur e
dead load at that support, whichever is greater.
For all bridges over roads, vehicular accesses, railways and navigable waters, the
restraint system shall be designed for an ultimate lateral load of 500 kN in accordance
with the following criteria:
1. Bridges over roads and vehicular accesses. Where the clearance between the
maximum legal load and the underside of the structure is less than 3.5 m, the 500 kN
load shall be applied to the superstructure within the width of the road formation.
2. Navigable waters. Where the clearance between the top of the design vessel,
excluding masts and aerials, to the underside of the bridge superstructure is less than
3.5 m, the load shall be applied to the superstructure within the width of the navigable
waters.
3. Railways. Where the clearance from the railways clearance zone to the underside
of the superstructure is less than 3.5 m, the load shall be applied to the superstructure
within the width of the railway clearance zone plus 10 m either side of the railway
clearance zone.
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
2.8
Wind Loads
The whole of Article 2.8 shall be replaced with Clauses 2.8.1 to 2.8.5 as follows:
2.8.1 General
Designing for wind loading is to be based on a static analysis, which is essentially a quasisteady analysis approach using a design gust wind speed in conjunction with a mean loading
coefficient. The gust wind speed is the maximum wind speed, averaged over a period of 2
to 3 seconds which occurs in one hour. This approach is limited to conventional structures,
(nominally having a first-mode frequency of vibration of less than 1 Hz). For wind sensitive
structures such as suspension or long-span cable-stayed bridges, which may be subject to
significant wind excited dynamic response, special investigations into the dynamic behaviour
of the structure should be carried out.
The methodology for determining the wind loading here is based on the 92' AUSTROADS
Bridge Design Code and the Australian Standard for Wind Loading, AS 1170.2, to which
acknowledgments are made.
2.8.2 Basic d esign wind speed

The basic gust design wind speeds that shall be used are referenced to a standard exposure
of 10m height above open country terrain, for Serviceability and Ultimate Limit State design
conditions, defined by 20 and 2000 year Return Periods respectively. These are given for
the three Cambodian Regions in Table 2.8.2.
TABLE 2.8.2 Basic Gust Design Wind Speeds (m/sec)
Region
Description
Coastal Region within 50 km from the

coast
Coastal Region for 50 to 100 km from the
coast
Coastal Region beyond 100 km from the
coast and Flat Land Region
High Land
B
C
2.8.2.1
Serviceability
Limit State
Vs
Ultimate
Limit State
Vu
35
60
35
50
35
35
45
45
Derivation of site design gust wind speed (Vz )

The design gust wind speed (Vz ) at the site and for height, z , shall be calculated from the
appropriate limit state basic wind speed given in Table 2.8.2 as follows:
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
Vz
BRIDGE DESIGN
V M(z,cat) Mt
Vz
The site design gust wind speed at height z, in metres per

second
The basic wind speed, (Vu) or (Vs) (see Table 2.8.2), in

metres per second
M(z,cat )
A gust wind speed multiplier at height z for a terrain

category with upwind distance of at least 2500 m (see
Table 2.8.2.3)
Mt
A topographic multiplier which shall be 1.0 if the

approaching slopes are less than 0.05.
Where
Note:
Mz,cat may change from the tabulated values if the structure site is within
the transition zone near the edge of a terrain boundary (see Clause
2.8.2.4)
Irrespective of the calculation in this Clause, the ultimate limit state site design gust wind
speed (V z), shall not be less than 30 m/sec.
For serviceability limit state wind loads in conjunction with traffic loads on a structure, the
selection of a wind speed for a specified return interval is not appropriate and the design
wind speed shall be taken as 35 m/sec in all locations. The effect of wind on the traffic load
need not be considered.
2.8.2.2
Terrain Category
Terrain, over which the approach wind flows towards a structure, shall be assessed on the
basis of the following category descriptions:
(a)
Category 1
Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and water

surfaces at serviceability wind speeds (V s) only.
(b)
Category 2
Open terrain, grassland with few well scattered obstructions

having heights generally from 1.5m to 10.0m and water
surfaces for Vu.
(c)
Category 3
Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the

size of domestic houses (3.0m to 5.0m high).
(d)
Category 4
Terrain with numerous large, high (10.0m to 30.0m high) and

closely spaced obstructions such as large city centres and
well-developed industrial complexes.
Selection of terrain category shall be made with due regard to the permanence of the
obstructions which constitute the surface roughness, in particular vegetation in tropical
cyclonic regions shall not be relied upon to maintain a wooded terrain roughness.
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
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BRIDGE DESIGN
2.8.2.3
Terrain and structure height multiplier (M (z,cat) )

The variation of terrain multipliers with height (z) shall be taken from Tables 2.8.2.3.(A) and
2.8.2.3 (B). Designers shall take account of probable future changes to terrain roughness in
assessment of terrain and structure height multipliers M (z,cat)
TABLE 2.8.2.3 (A) Terrain and Structure Height Multipliers for Gust
Wind Speeds in Fully Developed Terrains in Region A
Multiplier M
Height (z)
M
(z,cat)
Terrain Category 1&2
Terrain Category 3&4
5
10
0.90
0.95
1.00
0.80
0.80
0.89
15
20
30
1.07
1.13
1.20
0.95
1.05
1.15
40
50
75
1.25
1.29
1.35
1.25
1.29
1.35
100
1.40
1,40
TABLE 2.8.2.3 (B) Terrain and Structure Height Multipliers for Gust
Wind Speeds in Fully Developed Terrains in Regions B & C
Height (z)
M
Terrain
Category 1
Multiplier M (z,cat)
Terrain
Terrain
Category 2
Category 3
Terrain
Category 4
5
10
0.99
1.05
1.12
0.85
0.91
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.83
0.75
0.75
0.75
15
20
30
1.16
1.19
1.22
1.05
1.08
1.12
0.89
0.94
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.80
40
1.24
1.16
1.04
0.85
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
50
75
100
150
200
2.8.2.4
BRIDGE DESIGN
1.25
1.27
1.18
1.22
1.07
1.12
0.90
0.98
1.29
1.31
1.32
1.24
1.27
1.29
1.16
1.21
1.24
1.03
1.11
1.16
Changes in terrain category

Where, for the direction under consideration, the wind approaches across ground
with changes in terrain category within 2500 m of the structure, M(z,cat) shall be
taken as the weighted average terrain and structure height multiplier over the
2500m upwind of the structure at height z above ground level.
For evaluation at height z, a change in terrain incorporates a lag distance (x i)
z
xi = zo,r
0.3 zo,r
1.25
zo,r =
larger of the two roughness lengths at a boundary between roughnesses (given in

Table 2.8.2.4)
z=
height of the structure for which the design velocity is required.

Note: For height less than 10m the lag distance should be taken as 1.0.
TABLE 2.8.2.4 Roughness Lengths for Terrain Categories
Terrain category
Terrain category 1
Terrain category 2
Terrain category 3
Terrain category 4
Roughness length (m)

0.002
0.02
0.2
2
The weighted average of Mz,cat is weighted by the length of each terrain upwind
of the structure allowing for the lag distance at each terrain category change for a
distance of 2500 m, as shown in Figure 2.8.2.4.
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
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BRIDGE DESIGN

2500 m
xt 3
Wind direction
xt4
xt2
z
Terrain cat 3
M z ,cat =
Terrain cat 4
Terrain cat 2
lag distance
lag distance
x i tc3 / tc4
x i tc4 / tc2
M z , 2 xt 2 + M z , 4 xt 4 + M z , 3 xt 3
2500
for the case illustrated
Figure 2.8.2.4 Changes in Terrain Category
2.8.2.5
Topographic multiplier (Mt)

For bridge sites approach slopes are usually less than 0.05, and for which Mt = 1.0.
However, if approach slopes are greater than 0.05 the Topographic Multiplier from Table
3.2.8 in AS 1170.2-1989 shall be used.
2.8.3 Transverse wind load

The transverse wind load shall be taken as acting horizontally at the centroids of the
appropriate areas, and shall be calculated as follows:
(a)
Serviceability design transverse wind load Wt s*
Wt s* = 0.0006 Vs2 At Cd (kN)

(b)
Ultimate design transverse wind load Wt u*
Wt u* = 0.0006 Vu At Cd (kN)
where:
Vs =
design wind speed for Serviceability Limit States (m/sec)
Vu =
design wind speed for Ultimate Limit States (m/sec)
At
area of the structure for calculation of wind load (m2 )
Cd =
drag coefficient.
July 1999
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
2.8.3.1
BRIDGE DESIGN
Area of structure for calculation of transverse wind load, At

The area of the structure or element under consideration shall be the solid area in normal
projected elevation subject to the following provisions:
(a) Superstructures with solid parapets
The area of the superstructure shall include the area of the solid windward parapet,
but the effect of the leeward parapet need not be considered.
(b) Superstructures with open parapets
The total load shall be the sum of the loads for the superstructure, the windward
barrier and the leeward barrier considered separately. Where there are more than
two parapets or safety fences, irrespective of the width of the superstructure, only
those two elements having the greatest unshielded effect shall be considered.
(c) Piers
Shielding shall not be considered.
2.8.3.2
Calculation of drag coefficients, Cd

(a) Drag coefficient for all superstructures with solid elevation
For superstructures with or without traffic load, C d shall be derived from
Figure 2.8.3.2 where
b
depth of bridge between outer faces of parapets
depth of superstructure (including solid parapet if applicable).
(b) Drag coefficient for truss girder superstructures

The wind force on truss girder superstructures shall be calculated by considering each
component individually, using the drag coefficients C d from Appendix B in AS 1170.2.
(c) Drag coefficients for beams during erection
The drag coefficient for beams and girders during erection stages shall be calculated
for individual beams using Figure 2.8.3.2. Shielding shall not be considered for
individual beams, but may be allowed for when two or more beams are connected,
provided the ratio of the clear distance between beams to the depth does not exceed
7. Under such circumstances, the drag coefficient for the combination may be taken
as 1.5 times the value for an individual beam.
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BRIDGE DESIGN
(d) Drag coefficient for parapet railings, parapet barriers and substructures.
Drag coefficients shall be obtained from Appendix B in AS 1170.2.
Figure 2.8.3.2
Drag Coefficient Cd for Superstructures with Solid

Elevation
NOTES
1.
The values given assume a vertical elevation and a horizontal wind
2.
Where the windward face is inclined to the vertical, the drag coefficient C d may be reduced by
0.5% per degree of inclination from the vertical, subject to a maximum reduction of 30%.
3.
Where the windward face consists of a vertical and a sloping part or two sloping parts inclined
at different angles, the wind load shall be derived as follows:
(a)
The basic drag coefficient C d is calculated using the total depth of the structure.
(b)
For each non-vertical face, the basic drag coefficient calculated above is reduced in
accordance with Note 2.
(c)
The total wind load is calculated by applying the appropriate drag coefficients to the
relevant areas.
4.
Where a superstructure is superelevated, Cd shall be increased by 3% per degree of inclination

to the horizontal, but not by more than 25%.
5.
Where a superstructure is subject to wind inclined at not more than 5 degrees to the horizontal,
C d shall be increased by 15%. Where the angle of inclination exceeds 5 degrees, the drag
coefficient shall be derived from tests.
6.
Where a superstr ucture is superelevated and also subject to inclined wind, the drag coefficient
shall be the subject of special investigation.
2.8.4 Longitudinal Wind Load

For piers, truss bridges and other superstructure forms which present a significant surface
area to wind loads parallel to the longitudinal centreline of the structure, a longitudinal wind
July 1999
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
load shall be considered. The serviceability and ultimate design longitudinal wind loads shall
be calculated in a manner similar to those for transverse wind loads.
Longitudinal wind loads on the superstructure may also be significant during the construction
stage of some bridge types which are not affected by these loads at normal service levels.
2.8.5 Vertical Wind Load

An upward or downward vertical wind load, acting at the centroid of the appropriate area,
shall be calculated as follows:
(a) Serviceability design vertical wind load Wvs* (kN)
Wv s*
0.00045 Vs2 Ap
(b) Ultimate design vertical wind load Wvu* (kN)

Wvu*
0.00045 Vu2 Ap
where
Vx =
Vu =
Ap =
design wind speed for Serviceability Limit States (m/sec)

design wind speed for Ultimate Limit States (m/sec)
bridge area in plan (m2 ).
The above relationships may be used provided the angle of inclination of the wind to the
structure is less than 5 degrees. For inclinations in excess of 5 degrees, the lift coefficient
shall be investigated by testing.
2.9
Thermal Effects
2.9.2 Variation in Average Bridge Temperature

Second paragraph, delete the following sentence:
eg frost pockets and sheltered low-lying areas where the minimum shade air
temperature may be substantially lower
Replace the Table 2.9.2 (a) with the following:
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
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BRIDGE DESIGN
Table 2.9.2 (a)
Shade Air Temperatures

SHADE AIR TEMPERATURES (
CLIMATIC REGION (1)

Coastal (2)
Flat Land and High Land (3)
Notes:
1)
2)
3)
C)
Maximum
Minimum
40
42
11
8
For the extent of climatic regions refer to Figure 2.9.2

For locations less than 20 km from the sea coast the maximum temperature
may be reduced by 2 0 C and the minimum temperature increased by 3 0 C
For locations with altitude greater than 1000 m above the sea level the
maximum temperature shall be reduced by 10 0 C and the minimum
temperature shall be reduced by 5 0 C.
July 1999
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BRIDGE DESIGN
Add the following Figure 2.9.2:
Figure 2.9.2 Climatic Regions in Cambodia
2.9.3 Differential Temperatures.

In Figure 2.9.3, replace the Regional Values for T and associated information with the
following:
LOCATION OF THE BRIDGE
1. All locations less than 500 m above sea level

2. All locations more than 500 m above sea level
Page 22 of 39
July 1999
13 0C
18 0C
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
CAM PW 04-102-99
2.13 Earthquake Forces

2.13.1 General
Replace the whole of the Clause with the following:
There are no records of seismographs inside Cambodia in the World Earthquake
database. Information gathered in neighbouring countries indicates there are no
recorded epicentres in Cambodia.
A uniform acceleration coefficient of a = 0.05 is considered to be appropriate
throughout Cambodia.
2.13.2 Earthquake Resistant Design

Insert between the second and the third paragraph:
As a minimum requirement for conditions prevailing in Cambodia, the ends of deck at
abutments and at piers of simply supported structures shall allow for a minimum 200
mm of horizontal displacement additional to displacements calculated for other
loadings, without falling off the edge of the support.
2.13.4 Equivalent Quasi-Static Earthquake Forces

(a) Seismicity factor,
Delete Table 2.13.4.1 and replace the text with the following:
The value of Seismicity Factor shall be determined by the application of the following
relationship to the acceleration coefficient, a:
For a # 0.08 = 0.13
(e) Site-structure resonance factor, S
Replace the text with the following:
The Site-Structure Resonance Factor shall be either taken as 1.5 or determined from
Table 2.13.4 (e):
July 1999
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BRIDGE DESIGN
Table 2.13.4.(e) Site-Structure Resonance Factors

SOIL PROFILE
A profile of rock materials with rock strength low or better

A soil profile with either;
(a) Rock material with extreme low or very low strength
characterised by shear wave velocities greater than 760 m/sec, or
(b) not more than 30 m of :medium dense to very dense coarse
sands and gravels;
firm, stiff or hard clays; or
controlled fill
A soil profile with more than 30 m of :
Medium dense to very dense coarse sand and gravels :
Firm, stiff or hard clays; or
Controlled fill
A soil profile with a total depth of 20 m or more and containing 6 to 12 m
of:
Very soft to soft clays;
Very loose or loose sands;
Silts; or
Uncontrolled fill
A soil profile with more than 12 m of;
Very soft to soft clays:
Very loose or loose sands;
Silts; or
Uncontrolled fill characterised by shear wave velocities less
than 150 m/sec
SITE-STRUCTURE
RESONANCE
FACTOR S
0.67
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
2.19 Road Signs and Lighting Structures

2.19.3 Design Wind Speeds
2.19.3.2
Ultimate Limit State

Replace the first line with the following:
The basic design gust wind speed shall be:
Replace 200 year return interval wind speed * with 0.85 Vu*
Replace * Determine from AS 1170.2 with The design wind speed, Vu, shall be
determined from Clause 2.8.2.1 which includes the application of height and topographical
multipliers.
2.19.4 Design Wind Pressure

The design wind pressure q* (kPa), for Serviceability or Ultimate Limit States, may be
calculated using the following equivalent dynamic pressure approach:
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BRIDGE DESIGN
Q * = 0 .61 C d V 2 10 3
where
V
the basic wind speed (VU ) or (VS) (see Table 2.8.2), in metres per second.
Cd =
drag coefficient, determined from AS1170.2 or Table 2.19.4, as appropriate.
Note:
For tall slender structures, such as high masts, the equivalent dynamic pressure
approach may be unconservative. As an alternative the gust-energy or gustfactor method of determining design wind loads may be employed.
July 1999
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BRIDGE DESIGN
SECTION 3 FOUNDATIONS
The AUSTROADS Code includes provisions for the determination of ultimate pile
resistance design of pile footings by a choice of methods, including static analysis, dynamic
analysis or static load testing, and provides the appropriate material factors for
determination of the design resistances.
In view of the broad range of acceptable methods, which also include the current practice
in Cambodia, it is not considered necessary to modify this Section.
The following Australian Standards referred to in the text have been replaced:
AS 2042
AS1342
replaced by AS 2041
replaced by AS 4058
SECTION 4 BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS

There are no amendments to Section 4 except that AS 1511, referred to in Clause 4.14.3,
has been replaced by AS 4100.
Refer to Section 4 Commentary for revised Articles C4.3 and C4.17
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BRIDGE DESIGN
SECTION 5 CONCRETE
5.1
Scope and General
5.1.1 Scope and Application

5.1.1.2
Application
Add after (a):
Compressive strength of concrete is defined in this Code on the basis of tests carried
out on standard test cylinders 150 mm diameter by 300 mm long. Where concrete
strength is to be determined on the basis of tests carried out on samples of other
dimensions, this fact shall be clearly stated on the drawings and in the specification.
Where standard 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm concrete cubes are used for testing,
the equivalent standard cylinder strength may be obtained from:
f c' = 0 .76 + 0 .2 log 10
'
f cube
'
f cube
15
5.1.5 Construction
Add the following paragraph at the end of the Article:
The tolerances for position and size of the structure and members are reproduced in
Clause C5.15. More stringent tolerances may be required for reasons of
serviceability, fit of components, or aesthetics of the structure. These will be specified
in the Construction Specifications issued by relevant Authorities.
5.2
Design Requirements and Procedures
5.2.4 Design for Serviceability

5.2.4.3
Cracking
Refer to the Commentary for examples of additional requirements stipulated by some Road
Authorities in Australia to supplement the requirements related to cracking.
July 1999
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5.4
BRIDGE DESIGN
Design for Durability.
5.4.3 Exposure Classification

Replace the existing Table 5.4.3 with the new Table 5.4.3.
Table 5.4.3 Exposure Classifications
SURFACE AND EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENT
1
EXPOSURE
CLASSIFICATION
SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN CONTACT WITH THE GROUND (Note

1)
(a) Members in non-aggressive soil (Note 2)
(b) Members protected by a damp-proof membrane
(c) Members in aggressive soils (Note 3)
B1
A
U
SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

Fully enclosed within a structure except for a brief period of
weather exposure during construction.
SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN ABOVE-GROUND EXTERIOR

ENVIRONMENTS IN AREAS THAT ARE:
(a) Inland & near-coastal (> 1 km from coastline).
(b) Coastal (Up to 1 km from coast-line but excluding tidal and
splash zones) (Note 4).
SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN WATER (Note 1)
(a)
In fresh water
(b) In sea water or ground water containing salt:
(i)
permanently submerged
(ii)
In tidal or splash zone
(c) In soft or running water
SURFACES OF MEMBERS IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTS
Any exposure environment not described in Items 1 to 4 above
Notes:
Page 28 of 39
B1
B2
B1
B2
C
U
U
1)
Members, such as piles without permanent steel casing, shall be classified as members
in water unless it is proved by geotechnical investigation that no part of the member is
below the permanent water table level.
2)
If testing has been undertaken to ascertain that the soil in contact with concrete is nonaggressive, then exposure classification A may be used, provided that the soil is not
subject to wetting and drying. Typically, members in the top 500 mm of soil would not
qualify for this reduction.
3)
Permeable soils with pH < 4.0 or with ground level containing more than one gram per litre
of sulphate ions, would be considered aggressive.
4)
For the purpose of this Table, the coastal zone includes locations within 1 km of the
shoreline of the large expanses of salt water, eg river deltas affected by tides. Where there
are strong prevailing winds or vigorous surf, the distance should be incr eased beyond 1
km and higher levels of protection should be considered. Proximity to small salt water
bays, estuaries and rivers may be disregarded, except for structures immediately over or
adjacent to such bodies of water.
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
5.4.10 Requirements for Cover to Reinforcing Steel and

Tendons
5.4.10.3
Cover for corrosion protection

Add at the end of Clause 5.4.10.3 (b):
In cases where the standard of formwork is likely to be lesser than specified by
AS 3610 - Formwork for Concrete, the values in Table 5.4.10.3 (A) shall be suitably
increased.
5.6
Design Properties of Materials
5.6.1 Properties of Concrete

5.6.1.1
Strength
Add at the end of this Clause:
For the definition of the compressive strength of concrete refer to Clause 5.1.1.2.
5.6.1.7
Shrinkage
For the applicability of the curves for the shrinkage coefficient k 1 appropriate for the relative
humidities applicable in Cambodia refer to clause C5.6.1.7.
5.6.1.8
Creep
For the applicability of the curves for the creep factor coefficient k2 appropriate for the
relative humidities applicable in Cambodia refer to clause C5.6.1.8.
5.6.2 Properties of Reinforcement

5.6.2.1
Strength
Add the following paragraph after the existing first paragraph:
Reinforcing bars, steel hard drawn wires and welded wire fabric to the ASTM
Standards may be also used follows:
Type
Deformed bars
Steel wire
Welded wire fabric
Australian Standard
AS 1302
AS 1303
AS 1304
ASTM Standard
A 615 Grade 60*
A 185
A 82
* Bars to A 615 are not weldable.

July 1999
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
Add the following paragraph at the end of this Clause:

The AUSTROADS Code provision for design of concrete are based on main
reinforcement deformed bars with yield strength of 400 MPa; refer to Table 5.6.2.1.
Reinforcement of higher yield strengths may be sometimes available. Currently the use
of such reinforcing bars is not fully covered by this Code, unless they are used on the
basis of fsy = 400 MPa.
5.6.3 Properties of Tendons

5.6.3.1
Strength
Add at the end of (a) add the following:
The nearest equivalent ASTM standards are:
ASTM 416-96
Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire

for Prestressed Concrete
ASTM A722-97 Standard Specification for Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bar for
Prestressing Concrete.
ASTM A882/A882M-96 Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Seven-Wire
Prestressing Steel Strand.
ASTM A886/A886M-96 Standard specification for Steel Strand, Indented, SevenWire Stress-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete.
If the tendons are to be supplied to ASTM Standards, the parameters provided in
Table 5.6.3.1 for tendons made and supplied to AS 1310 to AS 1313 shall be
modified in accordance with the appropriate parameters specified by the ASTM
Standards.
5.6.3.2
Modulus of elasticity
Add the following at the end of (a):
If tendons are to be supplied to ASTM Standards, the modulus of elasticity of
tendons shall be taken as specified by the appropriate ASTM standards.
5.6.3.4
Relaxation of tendons
(b) Basic relaxation
Add the following:
(iii)
Page 30 of 39
If tendons are to be supplied to ASTM Standards, the basic relaxation of

tendons shall be as specified by the appropriate ASTM standards.
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
CAM PW 04-102-99
5.13 Stress Development and Splicing of Reinforcement

and Tendons
5.13.1 Stress Development in Reinforcement
5.13.1.2
Development length for bar in tension.

(b) Deemed-to-comply development length
Add the following:
(vi)
fsy does not exceed 400 MPa.
5.14 Joints, Embedded Items, Fixings and Connections

5.14.2 Embedded Items and Holes in Concrete
5.14.2.2
Limitations of materia ls
In Article (a) replace AS 3600 by the Authority.
5.16 Material Requirements

5.16.1 Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout
5.16.1.1
Materials for concrete and grout

(a) Portland Cement
Add the following at the end of the sub-clause:
Cement complying with ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement
Type I would also be acceptable.
(b) Blended cements.
ASTM C595M Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements (Metric) is
the nearest equivalent ASTM specification that covers blended cements. It contains
more types than the Australian Standard.
(c) Fly ash.
Replace AS 3583.1 with AS 3582.1.
July 1999
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BRIDGE DESIGN

The ASTM C618 Standard Specification for coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete is the nearest
equivalent.
(d) Slag.
Replace AS 3972 with AS 3582.1.
The ASTM C989 Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
for Use in Concrete and Mortars is the nearest ASTM equivalent.
Add new sub-clause after (d) as follows:
(e) Silica fume
Silica fume shall comply with AS 3582.3
The ASTM C 1240 Standard specification for Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral
Admixture in Hydraulic Cement, Concrete, Mortar and Grout is the nearest
equivalent.
Renumber existing sub-clause (e) as follows:
(f) Aggregates
and add the following to the end of the renumbered sub-clause:
ASTM C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates is the nearest
equivalent ASTM standard.
Renumber existing sub-clause (f) as follows:
(g) Water
Renumber existing sub-clause (g) as follows:
(h) Chemical admixtures
and add the following to the end of the renumbered sub-clause:
ASTM C494 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures in Concrete is the
nearest equivalent standard. Other relevant ASTM Standards are ASTM C260
Page 32 of 39
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
CAM PW 04-102-99
Standard Specification for Air-entraining Admixtures of Concrete and ASTM C1017

Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing
Concrete.
Cellulose-type chemical water thickeners may be used in grout (See SAA MP 20
Part 3).
Renumber existing sub-clause (h) as follows:
(i) Other materials
5.16.1.2
Normal-class concrete
Replace Article 5.16.1.2 (d)(i) with the following:
Cement shall comply with AS 3972 alone or in combination with one or more
cementitious materials.
5.16.2 Material for Reinforcing Steel

5.16.2.1
Reinforcement
At the end of the Article, add the following:
Alternative ASTM Standards are listed in Article 5.6.2.1.
5.16.3 Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts,

Anchorages and Tendons
5.16.3.4
Tendons.
At the end of the first paragraph add the following:
The nearest equivalent ASTM standards are:
ASTM 416-96
Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire

for Prestressed Concrete
ASTM A886/A886M-96 Standard specification for Steel Strand, Indented, SevenWire Stress-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete.
July 1999
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Appendix 5A Reference Documents

Add the following references:
AS 3582.1
Supplementary Cementitious Materials for use with Portland and

Blended Cement - Fly Ash
AS 3582.2
Blended Cement - Ground Granulated Iron Blast Furnace Slag
AS 3582.3
Blended Cement - Silica Fume
ASTM A615
Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A185
Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A82
Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement
ASTM 416-96 Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for
Prestressed Concrete
ASTM A886/A886M -96 Standard specification for Steel Strand, Indented, Seven-Wire
Stress-Relieved for Prestressed Concrete.
ASTM C150
Standard Specification for Portland Cement Type I would also be
acceptable.
ASTM C595M Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements (Metric)
ASTM C618
Standard Specification for coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural
Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete
ASTM C989
Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
for Use in Concrete and Mortars
ASTM C1240 Standard specification for Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
Hydraulic Cement, Concrete, Mortar and Grout
ASTM C33
Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C494
Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures in Concrete
ASTM C260
Standard Specification for Air-entraining Admixtures of Concrete
ASTM C1017 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing
Flowing Concrete.
The following Australian Standards referred to in Section 5 have been withdrawn:

AS1312
AS 1314
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BRIDGE DESIGN
ECTION 6 STEEL AND COMPOSITE

CONSTRUCTION
6.2
Materials
6.2.1 Yield Stress and Tensile Stress used in Design.

Add the following new Article after 6.2.1.1:
6.2.1.3 Equivalent ASTM Standards
The revised Table 6.2.1 includes nearest, but not exact, equivalent ASTM Standards
and Grades. An exact equivalent is not possible to specify as there is sometimes none
available or because part of the standard complies, but other part may not (eg the
range of thicknesses).
In critical cases both standards (AS and ASTM) should be compared and the
designer should establish the full compatibility of the ASTM Standard for the intended
use.
Table 6.2.1 Strength of Steels Complying with AS 1163, AS 1594, AS
3678 and AS 3679.
Steel
Standard
AS 1163
AS 1594
Form
Steel Grade
Hollow Sections
Plate & Strip
Plate,
Strip
Floorplate
&
Plate & Strip
Plate,
Strip
Floorplate
&
Plate & Strip

Plate,
Strip
Floorplate
&
Plate & Strip

Plate,
Strip
Floorplate
&
Thickness
of material
(t), (mm)
Yield
Stress
(MPa)
Tensile
Streng th
(MPa)
ASTM
No.
ASTM
Grade
C450
All
450
500
C450 L0
All
450
500
C350
C350L0
All
350
430
C250
C250L0
All
250
320
XF500
All
480
(see
Note)
570
A715
Gr 70
Hd400
All
400
460
A572
Gr 60
XF400
t 3.5
380
460
A715
Gr 60
t > 3.5
360
440
A715
Gr 60
Hd350
All
350
430
A572
Gr 50
HW350
All
340
450
A606
Hd300/1
All
300
430
A41 4
Gr B
Hd300
All
300
400
A572
Gr 42
XF300
All
300
440
A715
Gr 50
Hd250
All
250
350
A36
Hd200
All
200
300
A570
July 1999
Gr 30
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Table 6.2.1 (Continued)

Steel
Standard
AS 3678
Form
Steel Grade
Yield
Stress
(MPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
ASTM
No.
ASTM
Grade
400
400L15
t 12
400
480
A572
Gr 60
400
400L15
12<t 20
380
480
A572
Gr 60
400
400L15
20<t 50
360
480
A572
Gr 60
350
350L15
T 12
360
450
A572
Gr 50
350
350L15
12<t 20
350
450
A 572
Gr 50
350
350L15
20<t 80
340
450
A 572
Gr 50
350
350L15
80<t 150
330
450
A 572
Gr 50
WR350/1
WR350/L0
T 50
340
450
A 871
Gr 60
Plate & Floorplate
300
300L15
T8
320
430
A529
Gr 42
Plate
300
300L15
8<t 12
310
430
A529
Gr 42
300
300L15
12<t 20
300
430
A529
Gr 42
300
300L15
20<t 150
280
430
A529
Gr 42
250
250L15
t8
280
410
A 36
250
250L15
8<t 12
260
410
A 36
250
250L15
12<t 50
250
410
A 36
250L15
50<t 150
240
410
A 36
250
50<t 80
240
410
A 36
Plate
Plate
Plate & Floorplate
Plate
AS 3679
Thickness
of material
(t), (mm)
250
80<t 150
230
410
A36
Plate & Floorplate
200
t 12
200
300
A 283
Gr C
Sections
Bars
350
350L0
350L15
T 12
360
480
A 572
Gr 50
350
350L0
350L15
12 <t <40
340
480
A 572
Gr 50
350
350L0
350L15
t 40
330
480
A 572
Gr 50
WR350/1
WR350/1L0
T 12
340
480
A 871
Gr 60
WR350/2
T 50
340
480
A 871
Gr 60
WR350/2L0
WR350/2L15
T 30
340
300
480
430
A 871
Gr 60
A529
Gr42
&
Flat
300, 300L0
300L15
Page 36 of 39
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
BRIDGE DESIGN
Steel
Standard

Form
Steel Grade
Thickness
of material
(t), (mm)
Yield
Stress
(MPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
ASTM
No.
250
250L0
250L15
t 12
260
410
A 36
250
250L0
250L15
12 < t < 40
250
410
A 36
July 1999
ASTM
Grade
Page 37 of 39
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
Table 6.2.1 (Continued)

Steel
Standard
Form
Steel Grade
Thickness
of material
(t), (mm)
Yield
Stress
(MPa)
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
ASTM
No.
ASTM
Grade
AS 3679
Sections &
bars (cont.)
Flat
250
250L0
250L15
t 40
230
410
A 36
AS 3679
Round, Square &

Hexagonal Bars
350
350L0
350L15
t 50
340
480
A 572
Gr 50
350
350LO
350L15
50<t<100
330
480
A 572
Gr 50
350
t 100
320
480
A 572
Gr 50
WR350/1
WR350/1LO
T 12
340
480
A 871
Gr 60
WR350/2
T 50
340
480
A 871
Gr 60
WR350/2LO
WR350/2L15
T 30
340
480
A 871
Gr 60
250, 250 LO,

250L15
T 50
250
410
A 36
250
50 < t < 100
250
410
A 36
250
100 t
230
410
A 36
400
400L15
8 < t 12
12< t 20
20< t 50
400
380
360
480
480
480
A 572
Gr 60
WR150/1
WR350/1LO
8 < t 50
340
450
A 871
Gr 60
300
300L15
8 < t 20
20 < t 50
300
300
430
430
A 529
Gr 42
AS 3689.2
Welded Section
6.2.4 Fasteners
The Australian Standard AS 1285 referred to in the text has been withdrawn.
6.3.8 Design for Fire Resistance

Replace the existing Article with the following:
In instances where it is considered necessary for a bridge to be designed for fire
resistance (for example, railway underbridges near railway stations) the relevant
policies of the Authority shall be observed and specialist literature on the design for
fire resistance shall be consulted.
Page 38 of 39
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN
CAM PW 04-102-99
SECTION 7 RATING
There are no amendments to Section 7.
RAILWAY SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIONS 1-5

1.1
General Principles
1.1.1 Applicability
In the first line replace Australia with Cambodia.
July 1999
Page 39 of 39
RBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca
RksYgsaFarNkar nig dwkCBan

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
MINISTRY
OF
PUBLIC WORKS
AND
TRANSPORT
bTdan
sikSaKMerags<an
BRIDGE DESIGN
STANDARD
COMMENTARY
CAM PW.04.102.99
1999
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
BRIDGE DESIGN COMMENTARY
BLANK
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION C1 GENERAL
C1.1
General Principles ................................ ................................ .......................5
C1.1.1
Applicability ................................ ................................ .................... 5
C1.3
Geometric Requirements - Carriageway Widths and Vertical Clearances. .........5
C1.3.1
Bridge Carriageway Widths................................ ...............................5
C1.3.2
Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways ................................ .5
SECTION C2 LOADS
C2.3
Traffic Loading ................................ ................................ .............................5
C2.3.3
L44 Lane Loading ................................ ................................ ............ 5
C2.3.4
Heavy Load Platform Loading................................. ...........................5
C2.3.5
Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of Loads. ..................6
C2.3.5.2
Heavy load platform loading................................. .......6
C2.3.8
Fatigue Loading................................ ................................ ...............6
C2.4
Dynamic Load Allowance................................. ................................ ............ 6
C2.4.1
General................................ ................................ ...........................6
C2.4.2
Dynamic Load Allowance - T44 Truck and L 44 Lane Loadings .............6
C2.5
Horizontal Forces Due to Traffic ................................ ................................ ....7
C2.5.2
Braking forces ................................ ................................ .................7
C2.5.4
Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State ..................7
C2.8
Wind Loads ................................ ................................ ................................ 8
C2.8.2
Basic Wind Speeds ................................ ................................ .........8
C2.8.2.3
Terrain and structure height multipliers, and.................8
C2.8.2.4
Changes in terrain category. ................................ ......8
C2.9
Thermal Effects................................ ................................ ...........................8
C2.9.2
Variation in Average Bridge Temperature................................ ............ 8
C2.9.3
Differential Temperature................................ ................................ .. 10
C2.13
Earthquake Forces ................................ ................................ .................... 10
C2.13.1
General................................ ................................ ......................... 10
C2.13.2
Earthquake Resistant Design................................ .......................... 10
C2.13.4
Equivalent Quasi-Static Earthquake Forces................................. ..... 11
C2.19.3
Design Wind Speeds ................................ ................................ ..... 12
C2.19.3.2
Ultimate limit state................................ .................. 12
SECTION C3 -
FOUNDATIONS ................................ ................................ ............ 13
SECTION C4 BEARINGS AND DECK JOINTS

C4.3
Loads and Movements................................. ................................ .............. 13
C4.14
Deck Joints................................ ................................ ...............................13
C4.14.7
Proprietary Deck joints................................ ................................ ...13
SECTION C5 CONCRETE
C5.1
Scope and General ................................ ................................ .................... 14
C5.1.1
Scope and Application ................................ ................................ ...14
C5.1.1.2
Application. ................................ ............................ 14
C5.1.5
Construction................................ ................................ .................. 14
C5.2
Design Requirements and Procedures................................ ......................... 15
C5.2.4
Design for Serviceability ................................ ................................ . 15
C5.2.4.3
Cracking ................................ ................................ 15
C5.2
Design for Durability................................ ................................ ...................16
C5.4.3
Exposure Classification................................. ................................ . 16
C5.4.10
Requirements for Cover to Reinforcing Steel and Tendons.................. 17
C5.4.10.3
Cover for Corrosion Protection................................ .. 17
C5.6
Design Properties and Materials ................................ ................................ . 17
C5.6.1
Properties of Concrete................................ ................................ .... 17
C5.6.1.7
Shrinkage and ................................ ........................ 17
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTJuly 1999
Page 3 of 25
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
C5.7.1.8
Creep ................................ ................................ .....17
C5.6.2
Properties of Reinforcement ................................ ............................ 18
C5.6.2.1
Strength ................................ ................................ .18
C5.6.3
Properties of Tendons................................. ................................ ....18
C5.8.6
Crack Control of Beams................................ ................................ ..18
C5.13
Stress Development and Splicing of Reinforcement and Tendons. ..................19
C5.13.1
Stress Development in Reinforcement................................ ..............19
C5.13.1.2
Development length of bar in tension. ........................ 19
C5.16
Material Requirements ................................ ................................ ...............20
C5.16.1
Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout. ................................ .20
C5.16.2
Material for Reinforcing Steel................................ ...........................20
C5.16.3
Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts, Anchorages and
Tendons................................. ................................ .......................21
C5.16.3.2
Anchorages. ................................ ...........................21
C5.16.3.4
Tendons ................................ ................................ .21
SECTION C6 STEEL AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
C6.2
Materials................................ ................................ ................................ ...21
C6.2.1
Yield Stress and Tensile Stress used in Design ................................ 21
C6.2.1.3
Equivalent ASTM Standards ................................ .....21
SECTION C7RATING
C7.7
SUPPORTING INFORMATION. ................................ ................................ ...21
C7.7.1
Publications ................................ ................................ ..................21
C7.7.2
Other Information ................................ ................................ ...........22
RAILWAY SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIONS C1-5
SECTION C2 DESIGN LOADS
C2.3
Traffic Loading ................................ ................................ ..........................23
C2.3.12
300-A-12 Railway Traffic Loading ................................ .....................23
APPENDIX A
NAASRA BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATION 1976 - SECTION 3 - LOAD DISTRIBUTION .25
Page 4 of 25
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
SECTION C1 - GENERAL
C1.1 General Principles
C1.1.1 Applicability
The range of bridges for which the 92 AUSTROADS Code is applicable has been
extended to include railway bridges; Clause 1.1.1 of the Railway Supplement refers.
The provisions of Clause 1.1.1. have been extended for the use by the Ministry of
Public Works and Transport and also for use by any other Authority or organisation.
C1.3 Geometric Requirements - Carriageway Widths and

Vertical Clearances.
C1.3.1 Bridge Carriageway Widths
The minimum set back distance of the kerb on bridge has been adjusted to suit the other
adopted horizontal clearances.
C1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways

The edge clearances on bridges without footways have been coordinated with values
included in the Road Design Manual.
SECTION C2 - LOADS
C2.3 Traffic Loading
C2.3.3 L44 Lane Loading
Replace the second paragraph with the following:
L 44 has been slightly modified at the request of Cambodian Authorities.
The tandem of concentrated loads is not intended to represent heavy axles, but it is
merely an analytical device used to simulate the bending and shearing effects
caused by actual vehicle loading.
C2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading.

Replace the second paragraph with the following:
Page 5 of 25
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
The application of HLP 240 is mandatory for all bridges on Expressways,

Highways, Provincial Roads, Secondary Roads and Arterial roads. For bridges on
other roads it is not mandatory. However, the Authority should consider:
C2.3.5 Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of

Loads.
C2.3.5.2
Heavy load platform loading.
This Clause has been only amended to include the HLP 240. The Authority may specify
other special HLP loading on specially designated roads.
C2.3.8 Fatigue Loading

No additional commentary is provided.
C2.4 Dynamic Load Allowance.

C2.4.1 General
Replace the last two sentences (commencing with Because) with the following:
The constant dynamic load allowance for T44 and L44 loadings for all span
lengths is based on the AASHTO approach and its magnitude is broadly that
corresponding to dynamic responses of short and medium span bridges. Longer
span bridges normally have low first flexural frequencies and therefore lower
dynamic load allowances may be applicable. However, with increasing length of
span the ratio of live load to dead load is decreasing and therefore the ratio of the
dynamic load allowance to the total load is also decreasing. In addition, the CBDS
also provides for alternative determination of the dynamic load allowance.
C2.4.2 Dynamic Load Allowance - T44 Truck and L 44 Lane

Loadings
The dynamic load allowance expressed as a constant percentage of the live load has
been adopted for simplicity, instead of the method included in the 1992 AUSTROADS
Bridge Design Code, which requires to use an approximate value for the design and recheck the adopted value when all the information for calculation of first flexural
frequency is available.
To achieve optimum economy for major structures and/or long spans, the Authority may
approve different values of dynamic load allowances based on tests or dynamic analysis.
Page 6 of 25
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
C2.5 Horizontal Forces Due to Traffic

C2.5.2 Braking forces
The braking forces between 400 kN and 800 kN specified by the AUSTROADS
Bridge Design Code have been reduced to between 300 kN for short bridges and
600 kN for bridges 60 m and longer. Road trains with overall weight exceeding 100 t
and travelling at high speed are not considered to be applicable in foreseeable future for
Cambodian roads.
Magnitudes of the braking forces adopted for the Cambodian Bridge Design Code,
although lower than the AUSTROADS values, are similar to the braking forces (at
Ultimate Limit State) specified by the British Code and are somewhat higher,
particularly for longer bridges, than the braking forces specified at ULS by AASHTO
and Ontario Codes for up to 3 lanes travelling in the same direction.
C2.5.4 Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State

Additional Commentary on the revision of the paragraph 3:
The Australian Bridge Design Code Clause 2.5.4 specifies some minimum lateral
restraint loadings where no other loading is specified. The minimum of 500 kN is
well in excess of many of the normal loadings which would apply. In particular, in
the case of small bridges over creeks, the likely log impact loadings in the order of
100 kN are overwhelmed by this 500kN ultimate load. Where there is no vehicular
access under the bridge, there is no good reasons for such a large load as 500 kN.
The bridge needs to be restrained to cater for unanticipated loadings such as
earthquake loadings in a nil earthquake zone, and impact from repair equipment or
other accidental minor impacts. There is no need to have a load as high as 500 kN
for this purpose.
However, a minimum 500 kN load should be retained for all cases where the deck
may be struck by road, rail or river traffic. A 3.5 metre clearance above the normal
vehicle or vessel height provides sufficient assurance to minimise the risk of impact
to a bridge from an anticipated high load.
The revision of the Clause 2.5.4 is based on the amendment document CBE 98/11
issued by the Chief Bridge Engineer of the Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW
authorised for use from 30 July, 1998.
Page 7 of 25
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
C2.8 Wind Loads

C2.8.2 Basic Wind Speeds
Replace the part of the last paragraph commencing with The current... with the
following:
The appropriate Serviceability Limit State basic gust design wind speeds have
been determined from the data provided by the Department of Meteorology in
Pochentong, Phnom Penh, the undated French report Apercu General sur le
Climat du Cambodge and other sources. In Cambodian conditions the
Serviceability Limit State design wind speed is uniform at 35 m/sec and the
Ultimate Limit State wind speeds vary between 45 m/sec inland and 60 m/sec in
the coastal region close to the coast. Table 2.8.2 replaces references to the
AS 1170.2.
Structural importance and shielding factors have been omitted. Use of these factors
in the AUSTROADS Bridge Design Code is reflecting the origin of these
provisions in the AS 1170.2 which is a wind loading code for all types of
structures. For bridges the relevance of these factors is not significant.
C2.8.2.3
Terrain and structure height multipliers, and
C2.8.2.4
Changes in terrain category.
The values in these clauses have been updated in accordance with the draft of the new
edition of the AS 1170.2.
C2.9 Thermal Effects

C2.9.2 Variation in Average Bridge Temperature
For Cambodia, the Minimum, Maximum and Average Shade Air Temperatures have
been derived from the information contained in the undated French Report Apercu
General sur le Climat du Cambodge as follows:
Page 8 of 25
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99

Station
Av.
Annual
max.
temp.
(C)
Average
annual
min.
temp.
(C)
Average
annual
temp.
(C)
Absolute
min. (C)
Absolute
max. (C)
Derived
from a
period of
Climatic
Region
Stung Treng
31.6
22.6
27.1
9.5
41.4
28 years
Siem Riap
32.0
22.7
27.4
9.5
40.3
28 years
Battambang
32.5
23.0
27.7
10.4
41.0
20 years
Krakor
32.2
23.1
27.7
14.6
39.5
5 years
32.0
23.4
27.7
12.4
39.3
26 years
32.2
23.7
27.8
13.3
40.5
42 years
Svay Rieng
32.5
23.4
27.9
12.2
38.7
24 years
Kampot
31.2
23.6
27.4
14.7
37.2
18 years
Sihanoukville
30.3
25.2
27.8
20.5
34.4
4 years
Kompong
Cham
(Chhnang)
Pochentong
(Phnom
Penh)
The altitudes of all stations but Stung Treng is <20 m. The elevation of Stung Treng is
54 m.
C
F
H
denotes Coastal Climatic Region

denotes Flat Land Climatic Region
denotes High Land Climatic Region
Climatic Regions as determined by the Cambodia Department of Meteorology are

shown on the Figure 2.9.2. Additional information has been provided by the
Department of Meteorology is as follows:
Station
Pochentong
(Phnom Penh)
Av. Annual
max. temp.
(C)
Average
Annual
min. temp.
(C)
Average of
mean
monthly
temperatures
(C)
Absolute
minimum
(C)
Absolute
maximu
m (C)
Derived
from a
period
of
NA
NA
27.2
18.5
36.5
18 years
Page 9 of 25
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
This information indicates remarkable uniformity of average annual temperatures across

the country. The most appropriate temperature for the determination of nominal
dimensions dependant on temperatures (ie for setting of deck openings at deck
expansion joints, etc.) would appear to be 27 C.
The stations are located in all three climatic zones (Coastal, Flat Lands, High Lands),
however, there is only one station located in the High Land Climatic region. The
elevation of this station is only 54 m and it is therefore not representative for the
mountainous north eastern region of Cambodia. No climatic information appears to be
available for this region and the recommended temperature reductions related to high
elevations are based on information from other tropical regions.
C2.9.3 Differential Temperature

Values of T have been revised to reflect the climatic conditions prevailing in Cambodia,
namely, higher uniformity of temperatures than in Australia.
In the absence of information on temperature ranges in higher elevations in Cambodia,
the value of T has been determined from information from other tropical regions.
C2.13 Earthquake Forces

C2.13.1
General
Replace the text with the following:

Earthquake severity at different locations is now defined by an acceleration
coefficient, a, the value of which for Cambodia has been determined by the
Seismological Centre of the Australian Geological Survey Organisation in
Canberra, on the basis of the World Earthquake Database. This indicates that
there is not a single epicentre in Cambodia. Figure C2.13.1, a copy of the map of
regional seismicity covering Cambodia and a large area around Cambodia, shows
the regional tectonics.
The ISC World Seismograph station list shows that there are no seismographs in
Cambodia. The records also show that there have been no magnitude 6+
earthquakes since 1960 and no magnitude 5+ earthquakes since 1980. The nearest
large earthquake was more than 300 km from the Cambodian border and the plate
boundaries at least 650 km away.
C2.13.2
Earthquake Resistant Design
Delete second paragraph and replace with the following:

In a general situation, design for earthquake resistance must comprise an
assessment of the seismicity of the site, an estimation of the induced seismic load
Page 10 of 25
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
and an evaluation of the structural system characteristics and the dynamic structural
response. The subject is discussed in Newmark and Rosenbleuth (1971).
Evaluation of the dynamic response due to seismic loading of a specified
acceleration spectrum can be performed with the aid of a number of readily
available computer programs.
Figure C2.13.1 Map of Regional Seismicity
C2.13.4
Equivalent Quasi-Static Earthquake Forces.
Delete fourth paragraph and replace with the following:

The seismicity Factor, , has been related to the acceleration coefficient, a.
Delete sixth paragraph and replace with the following:
Page 11 of 25
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
The Horizontal force Factor category has been extended from that in the 1976
NAASRA Bridge Design Specification, recognising the part that frame action and
redundancy can play in modifying seismic behaviour. It is considered that a
minimum value of 0.8 for bridges should apply. The three dimensional redundancy
available7 in buildings is not generally achievable in bridges.
Delete eighth paragraph and replace with the following;
The Site-Structure Resonance Factors are taken from the AS 1170.4 - 1993. In
recent times there has been ample evidence, in areas of high seismicity around the
world, illustrating the poor performance of simply supported bridges, bridges with
intermediate hinges and bearings and those which were inadequately connected to
the substructures. The requirements regarding restraining devices are therefore
considered particularly important.
Add the following:
Bridges with a natural period of more than 1.5 seconds and built on deep soils
require a special study because of long period effects from large plate boundary
earthquakes.
C2.19.3
Design Wind Speeds
C2.19.3.2
Ultimate limit state
Add between second and third paragraphs:

The 200 year return interval wind speed has been defined as 85 % of the 2000
year return interval Basic Gust Design Speed determined for the three climatic
regions in Cambodia. These are defined in Table 2.8.2.
The definition of the design speed has been revised and it now includes height and
topographical multipliers.
Page 12 of 25
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
SECTION C3 - FOUNDATIONS
There is no additional commentary for Section 3.
SECTION C4 - BEARINGS AND DECK

JOINTS
C4.3 Loads and Movements.
There are no amendments to the provisions of this Clause. However, lower differences
between minimum and maximum temperatures applicable in Cambodia will have a flow
on effect resulting in smaller deck joints that would be required in Australia for a similar
bridge.
C4.14 Deck Joints

C4.14.7
Proprietary Deck joints
Some proprietary deck joints provide anchorages that do not satisfy fully the Clause
4.14.3 requirements. In view of the service problems encountered with deck joints
insufficiently anchored, it is strongly recommended that such deck joints be not accepted
for inclusion in bridge works unless the anchorages are modified to provide the specified
cross-sectional area of steel anchors.
Page 13 of 25
CAM PW 04-102-99
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
SECTION C5 -
CONCRETE
C5.1 Scope and General

C5.1.1 Scope and Application
C5.1.1.2
Application.
For the range of cylinder tested concrete compressive strengths between 25 and
50 MPa, the formula given in Clause 5.1.1.2 results in conversion factors f c/fcube
between 0.82 and 0.88
C5.1.5 Construction
(a)
(b)
Tolerances for position and Size of Structures and Members (reproduced from
AS 3600 and edited to suit bridge structures)
Absolute position. The deviation from the specified position shall not exceed
the following:
- In plan, for a point on the surface of a column or wall at any floor level
40 mm horizontally.
- In elevation, for a point on the top surface of a floor or the soffit of a
beam or slab adjacent or a column or wall - 40 mm vertically.
Floor to floor plumb. In any column or wall the deviation from plumb,
measured floor to floor, shall not exceed 1/200 times the dimension between
the floors or 10 mm, whichever is the greater.
Deviation from specified dimensions. The deviation from any specified

height, plan, or cross-sectional dimension, shall not exceed 1/200 times, the
specified dimension or 5 mm, whichever is the greater.
Deviation from surface alignment. The deviation of any point on a surface of

a member from a straight line joining any two points on the surface, shall not
exceed 1/250 times the length of the line or 10 mm, whichever is the greater.
Tolerance on position of reinforcement and tendons .

The deviation from the specified position of reinforcement and tendons shall not
exceed the following:
Page 14 of 25
For positions controlled by cover

- in beams, slabs, columns and walls -5, +10 mm
- in slabs-on-ground
-10, +20 mm
- In footings cast in the ground
-20, +40 mm
where a positive value indicates the amount the cover may increase and a
negative value indicates the amount the cover may decrease.
For positions not controlled by cover, namely
- the location of tendons on a profile
5 mm;
July 1999
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
the position of the ends of reinforcement

50 mm;
the spacing of bars in walls and of fitments in beams and columns:
10 % of the specified spacing or 15 mm, whichever is greater.
C5.2 Design Requirements and Procedures

C5.2.4 Design for Serviceability
C5.2.4.3
Cracking
Add between the first and the second paragraph:

Flexural cracking is deemed to be controlled by provisions of Clauses 5.8.6, 5.94
and 5.2.4.3. Indirect approach through distribution of reinforcement and limitation
of concrete tensile stresses has also been adopted by AASHTO and Ontario
Codes. The best crack control is obtained when the steel reinforcement is well
distributed over the zone of maximum concrete tension; several smaller bars at
closer spacing (refer to minimum reinforcement spacing provisions) are more
effective in controlling cracking than widely spaced large bars of equivalent area.
Typical examples of additional requirements related to limitation of cracks,
imposed by some of the Australian State Road Authorities include:
Serviceability allowable stresses specified by the Main Roads Department,
Western Australia, for bridges on a major urban road:
- Max. tensile stress in reinforcement;
180 MPa with T44/L44,

220 MPa with HLP
- Max. incremental stress in prestress:
160 MPa with T44/L44

200 MPa with HLP
The Queensland Department of Main Roads imposes similar additional limits on

serviceability steel stresses:
-
Max. tensile stress in reinforcement for exposure classifications A and B1:

240 MPa with HLP
Max. tensile stress in reinforcement for exposure classifications B2 and C:

200 MPa with HLP
For control of shrinkage and flexural cracking, Roads and Traffic Authority of
NSW specifies:
-
for wide walls and piers restrained by rigid pile caps, the vertical spacing of
horizontal shrinkage reinforcement should not exceed 100-150 mm.
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
to control cracking due to temperature differential and shrinkage of concrete in

reinforced concrete bridge decks of composite steel girder/reinforced concrete
deck, the following minimum longitudinal reinforcement is to be placed in the
sagging moment region:
Simply supported spans:
Continuous spans:
1000 mm2/m in each face

1500 mm2/m in each face
Although not formally specified, the serviceability reinforcement stresses of

members sensitive to cracking (main reinforcement in bridge decks, main
reinforcement in wall type retaining walls) are normally kept below 200 MPa.
Refer also to C5.8.6 for the method of estimation of crack widths.
C5.2 Design for Durability

C5.4.3 Exposure Classification.
The general information contained in Clause 5.4.3 is universally applicable and therefore
valid for Cambodian conditions. However, a new Table 5.4.3 has been developed to
suit climatic conditions applicable in Cambodia.
The revision of the Table 5.4.3 is based on climatic data received from the Department
of Meteorology in Pochentong and contained in the undated Report Aperu General
sue le Climat du Cambodia, (239 pages), made available by the Director of the Public
works Research Centre, Ministry of Public Works and Transport. The relatively uniform
and high average annual humidities applicable for the whole area of the Kingdom of
Cambodia, not less than 75 %, require minimum exposure classification of B1. As this
classification is also sufficient for industrial areas the distinction between industrial and
non-industrial areas has been removed from Item 3 of the Table 5.4.3.
Information has been received from the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project attached to
the Department of Agronomy that no significant salt content has been detected in top
soils. Item 1 (d) has been therefore removed from the Table 5.4.3. It is understood,
however, that in a limited number of locations there may be high salt content in the
ground water. The appropriate exposure classification in such cases should be assessed
for each location under Category U.
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C5.4.10 Requirements for Cover to Reinforcing Steel and

Tendons.
C5.4.10.3
Cover for Corrosion Protection
(b) Standard formwork and compaction.

On minor works, it may not be practical to achieve the standard of formwork specified
by the AS 3610- Formwork for concrete. In such cases the nominal covers specified in
Table 5.4.3 (A) shall be increased to offset the loss of durability that may result from the
formwork of lesser standard. The effect of the formwork of lesser standard will need to
be assesses by the designer, however, the appropriate nominal covers are likely to be
values between those specified in Table 5.4.10.3 (A) and those determined from Clause
5.4.10.3 (c)(ii).
C5.6 Design Properties and Materials

C5.6.1 Properties of Concrete
C5.6.1.7
Shrinkage and
C5.7.1.8
Creep
The available data on average daily relative humidities provided in the undated French
Report Aperu General sur le Climat du Cambodia are as follows:
Station:
Average Annual Relative Humidity
Stung Treng
Siem Reap
Battambang
Krakor
Kompong-Cham
Phnom Penh
Svay Rieng
Kampot
Sihanoukville
78.5 %
80.9 %
78.3 %
80.4 %
77.3 %
77.4 %
80.3 %
80.3 %
79.4 %
The Report does not include the number of years of records these averages were
calculated from, however, the Report records absolute minima and these cover years
1929 - 1960. It is therefore likely that the annual averages were also derived from a
similar period.
All stations record for the period covered by the Report relative annual humidities in
excess of 75 %. The periods covered by the Report are relatively short, but it can be
assumed that in Cambodia no long term annual averages of relative humidities will fall
below 70 %. The curves provided in Figures 5.6.1.7 and 5.6.1.8 for shrinkage
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
coefficient k1 and creep coefficient k2 for tropical and near coastal environment (RH
approximately 70 %) are therefore suitable for the whole Cambodia.
C5.6.2 Properties of Reinforcement

C5.6.2.1
Strength
Inclusion of reinforcement in excess of 400 MPa yield strength will require modification
of some of the code design rules, particularly in the area of serviceability - crack control.
It is expected that the main benefit of increased yield strength will be in compression
members. The rules governing crack control have been formulated for reinforcement
with yield strength of 400 MPa and they may result in unacceptable cracks fi higher
yield strength reinforcement is used.
Revision of the AUSTROADS Code which will include modifications for reinforcement
with yield strength up to 500 MPa is now in progress.
C5.6.3 Properties of Tendons.

The properties of tendons given in Clause 5.6.3 are for Australian made products.
However, the experience with overseas bridges designed to the AUSTROADS Bridge
Design Code indicates that the properties of most prestressing strands supplied by large
international suppliers are similar to those specified by the appropriate Australian
Standards.
Nearest equivalent ASTM Standards to the Australian Standards have been listed
where available.
C5.8.6 Crack Control of Beams

Limitation of cracking in reinforced concrete members is controlled by deemed to
comply provisions in Clauses 5.8.6 and 5.9.4. However, with reference to C5.8.6, the
following method, based on publications by Broms and Lutz and Gergely and Lutz, may
be used for the estimation of crack widths.
Wmax
maximum flexural crack width (mm)
steel stress (MPa)
d c, d, h, and s (refer to Figure C5.2.4.3), in (mm)

W max = f 0 .0000155 d c
Where
Page 18 of 25
July 1999
s
1 +
4 dc
h-k d
d (1 - k )
CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
for beams
for slabs
$
$
.
.
1.20
1.35
Figure C5.2.4.3
kd
NA
d
dc
s
Among the major bridge design codes, only the British Standard BS5400 specifies
maximum design crack widths. These are reproduced in Table 5.8.6 for information
purposes only.
There is no direct comparison between BS5400 environments and the exposure
environments specified in Table 5.4.3. However, the definition of moderate may be
assumed to be approximate classification A to B1 severe to be B1 to B2 very
severe to be B2 to C and extreme to be C or U.
C5.13 Stress Development and Splicing of Reinforcement

and Tendons.
C5.13.1
Stress Development in Reinforcement
C5.13.1.2
Development length of bar in tension.
For the reasons for the limitation of the fsy refer to Article 5.6.2.1 and C 5.6.2.1.
Page 19 of 25
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Table 5.8.6 Design crack widths (Reproduced from BS5400)

Environment
Examples
Extreme
Concrete surfaces exposed to:
Abrasive action by sea water
Or
Water with a pH < 4.5
Marine structures
Very severe
Concrete
surfaces
affected by:
De-icing salts
0.10mm
Parts of structure in contact

with moorland water
directly
Or
Sea water spray
Severe
Concrete surfaces exposed to:
Driving rain
Or
Alternate wetting and drying
Moderate
Concrete surfaces above ground
level and fully sheltered against
all of the following:
Rain,
De-icing salts,
Sea water spray
Concrete surfaces permanently
saturated by water with a pH >
4.5
Design crack width
0.15mm
Walls and structure supports
adjacent to the carriageway
Parapet edge beams
Concrete adjacent to the sea
Wall and structure supports
remote from the carriageway
0.25mm
Bridge deck soffits

Buried parts of structures
0.25mm
Surface protected by bridge

deck water-proofing or by
permanent formwork
Interior surface of pedestrian
subways,
voided
superstructures
or
cellular
abutment
Concrete permanently under
water
C5.16 Material Requirements

C5.16.1
Material Requirements for Concrete and Grout.
where available.
C5.16.2
Material for Reinforcing Steel
where available.
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C5.16.3 Material Requirements for Prestressing Ducts,

Anchorages and Tendons.
C5.16.3.2
Anchorages.
In the absence of a ASTM Standard for anchorages, refer to the PTI Publication
Acceptance Standards for Post-Tensioning Systems.
C5.1 6.3.4
Tendons
where available.
SECTION C6 - STEEL AND COMPOSITE

CONSTRUCTION
C6.2 Materials
C6.2.1 Yield Stress and Tensile Stress used in Design
C6.2.1.3
Equivalent ASTM Standards
There are many differences between Australian and ASTM standards in general, eg
tolerances, test procedures, chemical composition limits, etc. The grade equivalents in
Table 6.2.1 were made largely on strength requirements of the specified grades and the
general type of steel specified (eg corrosion resistant steel).
The LO and L15 grades have no specific equivalent in the ASTM specifications. The
Charpy impact testing for ASTM grades is called up as a Supplementary requirement
on the specificatio n. In this case the Supplementary requirement is S5". There is a
range of supplementary requirements available (eg ultrasonics, carbon equivalents, etc);
for complete list refer to ASTM A6.
SECTION C7- RATING

C7.7 SUPPORTING INFORMATION.
C7.7.1 Publications
Add Clause:
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The following publications contain useful information on evaluation of existing

bridges:
-
National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report No. 292

Strength Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridges by R A
Imbsen, W D Liu, R A Schamber and R V Nutt, Engineering Computer
corporation, Sacramento, California. Issued by the Transportation Research
Board, of the National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA, June,
1987.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report No. 306

Correlation of Bridge Load Capacity Estimates with Test Data, by E G
Burdette and D W Goodpasture, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee, USA. Issued by the Transportation Research Board, of the
National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA, June, 1988.
Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Bridges, edited by T C Liu.

American Concrete Institute, Detroit, publication SP-88.
C7.7.2 Other Information

A copy of the following information has been provided to the Director, Public Works
Research Centre of the Cambodia Ministry of Public Works and Transport:
-
Bridge Load Rating and Fatigue Life Assessment Manual prepared by McMillan
Britton and Kell Pty Ltd. for the Railway Services Authority, October, 1996.
The Manual is aimed primarily at rating of railway bridges, however, it also
contains materials relevant for rating of road bridges.
A volume of Selected Information on Evaluation and Widening of Existing

Bridges, containing the following:
Part 7 , Existing Bridges, of the American Railway Engineering
Association Manual for Railway Engineering, 1984.
AASHTO Guide Specification for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel
and Concrete Bridges, 1989.
UK Department of Transport Highways Safety and Traffic Departmental
Standard 44/90.
ACI Structural Journal July-August 1992 article Guide for Widening
Highway Bridges.
Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW, Australia, Technical services
Directorate Direction No. 92/23, July 1992, Guidelines for the
Assessment of Existing Bridges for Widening.
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RAILWAY SUPPLEMENT TO SECTIONS C1-5

SECTION C2 - DESIGN LOADS
C2.3
Traffic Loading
C2.3.12
300-A-12 Railway Traffic Loading
There is no design code or loading for railway bridges pre-dating this Code. The railway
traffic design loading described in the Draft Report on the Results of Survey of Bridges
of the Cambodian Railway prepared by Mr Thavee Thongpan of Thai Railways, dated
January, 1993. This loading is described as the Standard Design Axle Load of 20t
(New Twenty Tons Axle Loading). All the information, reports and calculations are in
allowable stress format and the comparison with the Australian Bridge Design Code
traffic loading 300-A-12 loading has also been carried out only on the unfactored loads
basis. The impact allowances specified in the Thai Railways Report are related to the
ratio of dead load and live load and they will therefore differ for each bridge. The values
of the New Twenty Tons Axle Loading given in the Table C2.3.12 below are
approximate only.
The Table ni dicates that the 300-A-12 produces bending moments slightly higher than
the Standard Design Axle Load of 20t loading for a range of simply supported spans
between 10 and 100m. The adoption of the 300-A-12 will therefore produce results
which are broadly comparable with the previous railway traffic loading.
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Table C2.3.12
Bending Moments due to 300-A-12 and the New Twenty Ton

Axle Loading
Simply
Supported
Span Length
(m)
Bending Moments (kNm)

300-A-12 Loading
New Twenty Ton Axle Loading
Without Impac t
With Impact
Without Impact
With Impact *
10
2169
3165
1569
2250
20
5345
6604
4631
6160
30
11770
13410
9418
12130
40
20766
22483
16395
20640
50
31538
32937
25468
31490
60
45968
46715
36073
43950
70
61562
61562
47768
57480
80
79520
79520
59528
70850
90
97481
97481
71292
84050
100
115453
115453
83057
97100
* Approximate values only.
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CAMBODIAN STANDARD
CAM PW 04-102-99
APPENDIX A
NAASRA BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATION 1976 SECTION 3 - LOAD DISTRIBUTION
The Section 3 of the 1976 NAASRA Bridge Design Specification contains approximate
load distribution factors. These may be used for preliminary designs, however,
consideration should be given to the fact that the approximate distribution factors do not
include HLP loading and that minor changes have been made to the L44 loading.
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AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

CAM PW 04-101-99 Australian Bridge Design Code 1996

CAM PW 04-102-99 this document (the Amendments)

The Commentary on the Cambodian Bridge Design

These documents shall be considered together. In the case of a

For the purpose of regulating and interpreting the provisions of

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

This document has been

Technical research and

Reproduction of extracts from this publication may be made subject

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

Foundations................................ ................................ ................................ ...26

Bearings And Deck Joints ................................ ................................ .............. 26

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

Steel And Composite Construction

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 39

Railway Supplement To Sections 1-5

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

LIST OF AMENDED CLAUSES

Railway Supplement to Sections 1 - 5

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

1.1.1..........................(General Principles) Applicability

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

TEXT OF AMENDED CLAUSES

1.3.1 Bridge Carriageway Widths

1.3.2 Edge Clearances for Bridges Without Footways

Low volume, 2 lane roads,

1.3.4 Vertical Clearance at Structures

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

1.10 Australian Standards

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

SECTION 2 DESIGN LOADS

2.3.3 L44 Lane Loading

2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

8 tyres per axle row.

Overall length 19.80 m

END VIEW OF AN HLP AXLE

Figure 2.3.4 Heavy Load Platform Loading

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

2.3.5 Number of Lanes for Design and Lateral Position of

Heavy load platform loading

2.3.8 Fatigue Loading

Number of fatigue stress cycles for bridges on roads of

2.4.2 Dynamic Load Allowance -T44 Truck and L44 Lane

2.5.2 Braking forces.

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORT

AMENDMENTS TO BASE DOCUMENT

Braking force (kN)

Length of structure considered

Figure 2.5.2 Braking Forces

2.5.4 Minimum Lateral Restraint Capacity - Ultimate Limit State

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