Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BMC-English Communication
SEM-2
Unit-1
Q 1. Define a Noun .Explain with examples the different types of nouns.
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person , place or thing.
Example : Asoka was a wise king.
Here Asoka is a Proper Noun, while king is a common Noun.
Nouns are of four types :
1. Common Noun
2. Proper Noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Abstract Noun
1.A common Noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same
class or kind.
(Common here means shared by all.)
Sita is the name of a girl in my class.
The Common Noun here is Girl.
3. Collective Noun:
Collective Noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken
together and spoken of as one whole; as,
Crowd, Mob, Jury ,Family, Team.
Uncountable Nouns (or uncountables) are the names of things which we cannot
count e.g., milk, oil, sugar, gold.They mainly denote substances and abstract things.
Countable Nouns have plural forms while uncountable nouns do not. For example ,
we say, books but we cannot says milks
The Noun:Gender
A noun that denotes a male form is known as a masculine gender and the one that
denotes a female form is known as a feminine gender.
A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender ;
as,
Parent, Child, Friend, Pupil
A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing without life)
is said to be of the Neuter Gender; as,
Book, pen, room, tree
Objects without life are often personified, that is, spoken of as if they were living
beings.We then regard them as males or females.
The Masculine Gender is often applied to object sremarkable for beauty , gentleness
, and gracefulness; as,
The sun, Summer, Winter,Time, Death
The Feminine Gender is sometimes applied to objects remarkable for beauty ,
gentleness and gracefulness ; as,
The moon, the Earth, spring,Autumn
Justice,Mercy,Charity,Hope
Kinds of Adjectives :
1. Adjectives of Quality (Descriptive Adjective): large city, honest man
2. Adjectives of quantity :how much: some rice, much patience, little
intelligence, enough exercise, no sense,any rice,great care ,half share,
sufficient rain,whole sum
3. Adjectives of Number : show how many persons or things are meant , or in
what order a person or thing stands ;as,
five fingers, Few cats, no pictures, many things, All men, ripe mangoes, most
boys, several mistakes, first day
a.) Definite Numeral Adjectives :
One, two, three,ardinals)
First ,second ,third(Ordinal)
b.) Indefinite Numeral Adjrctives: All, no , many , any , certain, several , sundry
c.) Distributive Numeral Adjectives : Each boy, every man, Either pen , Either
side Neither accusation
The same Adjective may be classed as od Quantity or Number ,according to its use:\
Adjectives of Quantity
Adjectives of Number
I ate some rice
In the following sentences the words own and very are used as Emphasizing
Adjectives:
A.
I saw it with my own eyes.
He was beaten at his own game.
B.
The word what us sometimes used as an Exclamatory Adjective ; as
What genius!
What folly!
As already pointed out this and that are the only Adjectives which are inflected or
changed in form to show number:
That girl sings
Those boys play
These girls sing
That boy plays
Comparison of Adjectives :
The Positive Degree of an Adjective is the Adjective in its simplest form. It is used to
denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about.It is used when no
comparison is made.
The Copmparative degree of an Adjective denotes a higher degree of the quality
than the Positive , and is used when two things (or sets of things) are compared; as ,
This boy is stronger than that.
Which of these two pens is the better?
Apples are dearer than oranges.
The Superlative Degree of an Adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality ,
and is used when more than tow things (or sets of things are compared; as ,
This boy is the strongest in the class.
Positive
Sweet
Small
Tall
Comparative
Sweeter
Smaller
Taller
Superlative
Sweetest
Smallest
Tallest
Comparative
Braver
Finer
Superlative
Bravest
Finest
Comparative
Happier
Superlative
Happiest
Easy
Easier
Easiest
When the positive is a word of one syllable and ends in a single consonant , preceded
by a short vowel , this consonant is doubled before adding er and est
Positive
Red
Big
hot
Thin
Comparative
redder
bigger
hotter
thinner
Superlative
reddest
biggest
hottest
thinnest
Adjectives oof more than two syllables form the Comparative and Superlative by
putting more and most before the positive.
Positive
beautiful
Comparative
More
beautiful
Difficult
More
difficult
Industrious More
industrious
Courageous More
courageous
Superlative
Most
beautiful
Most
difficult
Most
industrious
Most
courageous
Later,latter;latest,last: Later and latest refer to time ;latter and last refer to position
He is later than I expected
I have not heard the latest news.
The latter chapters are lacking in interest .
The last chapter is carelessly written
Ours is the last house in the street
Elder,older;eldest,oldest
Elder and eldest are used only of persons , not of animals or things; and are now
confined to members of the family .Elder is not used with than following . Older and
oldest are used of both persons and things.
John is my elder brother .
Tom is my eldest son.
He is older than his sister.
Rama is the oldest boy in the leven.
This is ythe oldest temple in Kolkata
Farther,Further:
Both farther and further are used to express distance .Further , not farther , is
used ti mean additiona.
Kolkata is farther /further from the equator than Colombo.
After this he made no further remarks.
I must have a reply without any further de3lay.
Nearest,Next
Nearest means the shortest distance away .Next refers to one of a sequence of things
coming one after the other.
Mumbai is the nearest to Europe.
Where is thenearest phone box?
Karims shop is next to the post office.
My uncle lives in thenext house.
Adverbs:
Read the following sentences :
1.Rama runs quickly.
2. This is a very sweet mango.
3.Govind reads quite clearly.
A word that modifies the meaning of a verb , an adjective or another Adverb is
called an Adverb .The words quickly, very and quite are , therefore ,Adverbs.
In sentence-1 , quickly shows how (or in what manner)Rama runs; that is, quickly
modifies the verb runs.
In sentence -2 , very shows how much (or in what degree) the mango is sweet ; that
is, very modifies the Adjective sweet.
In sentence 3, quite shows how far (or to what extent) Govind reads clearly ; that is ,
quite modifies the Adverb clearly.
Kinds of Adverbs:
Adverbs may be divided into the following classes, according to their meaning:
a.)Adverbs of Time
b.)Adverbs of frequency
c.)Adverbs of Place
d.)Adverbs of Manner
e.) Adverbs of Degree or Quantity
f.) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation
g.) Adverbs of Reason
a.)Adverbs of Time: (which show when)
I have heard this before.
We shall now begin to work.
b.) Adverbs of Frequency: (which show how often)
I have told you twice.
He often makes mistakes.
c.)Adverbs of Place (which show where)
Stand here.
The little lamb followed Mary everywhere.
Note : This calss includes nearly all those Adverbs which are derived from
adjectives and end in ly.
e.)Adverbs of Degree or quantity ( which show how much, or in what degree or
to what extent)
He was too careless.
These mangoes are almost ripe.
f.) Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation:
Surely you are mistaken.
He certainly went.
g.)Adverbs of Reason:
He is hence unable to refute the charge.
He therefore left school.
Some of the above Adverbs may belong to more than one class:
She sings delightfully.(Adverb of manner)
The weather is delightfully cool.(Adverb of degree)
Dont go far.(Adverb of place)
He is far better now. (Adverb of degree)
When adverbs are used in asking questions they are called Interrogative Adverbs ;
as,
Where is Abdul? (Inter. Adv of palce)
When did you come?(Inter Adv of Time)
Why are you late?(Inter Adv of Reason)
How did you contrive it?(Inter Adv of manner)
How many boys are in your class?(Inter Adv of number)
How high is Rajbai Tower?(Inter Adv of Degree)
Relative Adverbs:
Show me the house where (=in which) he was assaulted.
Here the Adverb where modifies the verb was assaulted.
The Adverb where , like a Relative Pronoun , here relates or refers back to its
antecedent house. It is , therefore, called a Relative Adverb.
Q4. Explain the three types of tenses and their sub -divisions with suitable
examples:
Ans. Tenses :
Simple present tense :
1.To express a habitual action :
He drinks tae every morning
I get up everyday at five OClock.
My watch keeps good time.
2.To express general truths:
The sun rises in the east.
Honey is sweet.
Fortiune favors the brave.
3.In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what is
actually taking place in the present :
Here comes the bus!
There she goes!
5.To express a future event that is part of the Simple present Tense:
The next flight is at 7:00 tomorrow.
The match starts at 9 oclock
The train leaves at 5:20.
It is used , instead of the Simple Future Tense , in clauses of time and of condition
;as
I shall wait till you finish your luncj.
If it rains we shall get wet.
E.)have (=possess) , own, possess, belong to, contain, consist of , be (except when
used in the passive)
Wrong :
These grapes are tasting sour.
I am thinking you are wrong
She is seeming sad.
He is having a cellular phone
Right :
These grapes taste sour.
I think you are wrong
She seems sad.
He has a cellular phone
However , the verbs listed above can be used in the continuous tenses with a change
of meaning :
4.To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the
present moment (often with since- and for-phrases ); as,
I have known him for a long time.
He has been ill since last week.
We have lived here for ten years.
We havent seen Padma for several months.
The following adverbs or adverb phrases can also be used with the present perfect
(apart from those mentioned above): never,ever,so far,till now, yet ,already,today,
this week, this month, etc.
Note : The Present Perfect is never used with adverbs of past time .We should not
say, for example, he has gone to Kolkata yesterday .In such cases the Simple Past
should be used.(He went to Kolkata yesterday.)
This tense is also sometimes used for an action already finished.In such cases the
continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of something :
Why are your clothes so wet?
- I have been watering the garden.
2.Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time .In such cases the time may
be either implied or indicated by the context.
I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
As in the last two examples above , the past continuous and simple past were used
together when a new action happened in the middle of a longer action. The simple
past is used for the new action.
2. This tense is also used with always ,continually, etc., for persistent habits in the
past .
He was always grumbling.
The past perfect continuous tense is used fro an action that began before a certain
point in the past and continued up to that time; as,
At that time he had been writing a novel for two months.
When Mr.Muerji came to the school in 1995,Mr.Anand had already been teaching
there for three years.
The Future :
1.There are several ways of talking about the futut=re in English : the Simple
Future Tense , the going to form , the Simple present tense , etc.
We use the going to form (be going to+ base of the verb)when we have decided to
do something before talking about it.
Have you decided what to do? Yes.I am going to resign the job.
Remember that if the action is already decided upon and preparations have been
made , we should use the going to form , not the Simple Future Tense.
The Simple Future Tense is used for an instant decision.
6. We also use the going to form to talk about what seems likely or certain ,
when there is something in the present which tells us about the future.
7. The going to form may also express an action which is on the point of
happening :
Lets get into the train .Its going to leave .
Look! The cracker is going to explode.
Be about to:
Be about to + base form can also be used for the immediate future .
Lets get into the train .Its going to leave .
Dont go out now. We are about to have lunch.
We use the Present continuous Tense when we tlak about something that we have
palnned to do in the future :
I am going to Shimla tomorrow.
We are eating out tonight.
Mr.Abdul Rehman is arriving this evening.
You are advised to use the Present Continuous (not the Simple Present) for personal
arrangements)
Future Continuous tense:
1. We use the Future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in
progress at a time in the future:
I suppose it will be raining when we start .
This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore .
Can I see you at 5oclock ? Please dont come then .I will be watching tennis
match on TV.
2. We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which are already
planned or which are expected to happen in the normal course of things:
3. Be to :
We use the be+to base form to talk about official plans and arrangements :
The PrimeMinister is to visit America next month.
The conference is to discuss Nuclear Tests
Be is used in a formal style , often in news reports .Be is usually left out in headlines
, eg., Prime Minister to visit
America.
Q5.Explain the difference between Active and Passive voice with the help of
examples:
Voice-Active and Passive :
Compare :
1.Rama helps Hari.
2.Hari is helped by Rama.
It will be seen that these two sentences express the same meaning.
But in sentence 1 , the form of the Verb shows that the peson denoted by the Subject
does something.
Rama (the person denoted by the subject) does something.
The verb helps is said to be in the Active Voice.
In sentence 2 , the form of the Verb shows that something is done to the person
denoted by the subject.
Def.: AVerb is in the Passive Voice when its form shows (as in sentence 2) that
something is done to the person or thing denoted by the Subject.
The Passive Voice is so called because the person or thing denoted by the Subject is
not Active but Passive, that is, suffers or receives some action.
Def.: Voice is that form of Verb which shows whether what is denoted by the
Subject does something or has something done to it.
Active Voice
1.Sita loves Savitri
2. The mason is building the wall
3. The peon opened the gate
4. Some boys were helping the wounded
man.
5. He will finish the work in a fortnight.
Passive Voice
Savitri is loved by Sita
The wall is being built by the mason
The gate was opened by the peon.
The wounded man was being helped by
some boys.
The work will be finished by him in a
fortnight.
Since the Object of Verb in the active voice becomes the Subject of the passive form
, it follows that only Transitive Verbs can be used in the Passive Voice , because an
Intransitive Verb has no Objcet.
Note, however, that , as in the examples given earlier, the by phrase cannot be
avoided where the agent has some importance and is necessary to complete the
sense.
Q6. Explain the following idiomatic expressions and use them in sentences of your
own:
1.Keep up with the Joneses, 2.A give and take policy, 3.A give and take policy, 4.To
have too many irons, 5.To play a second fiddle, 6. To play a second fiddle, 7.To rise
to the occasion on
Idioms and Phrases
Idioms :
Idiomatic Expresssions:
1. Keep up with the Joneses: To try to have all the possessions that the
friends and neighbours have.
We are squandering all our income in keeping with the Joneses.
2. A give and take policy : A policy of mutual concessions.
We can maintain good relations by following a give and take policy.
3. To have too many irons iTo have too many irons in firen fire: To be
very busy.
These days we cant help you as we have our hands full.
4. To make amends : To compensate for damage .
If you have said something impolite to him you can always make
amends by a good gesture.
5.To play a second fiddle : To take a subordinate role .
I have my own place in this organization ;I cant play a second fiddle to
anybody.
6.To rise to the occasion on : Develop resources for the demands of an
occasion.
India is strong enogh to rise to the occasion , and will not let her people
suffer on account of sanctions.
Unit-2
You think that an issue is so important that you have to speak out
You can write a letter just to ''vent," or to support or criticize a certain action or
policy, but you may also have suggestions about what could be done to improve the
situation. If so, be sure to add these as well. Be specific. And the more good reasons
you can give to back up your suggestions, the better.
Keep it brief.
Generally, shorter letters have a better chance of being published. So go back over
your letter and see if anything can be cut or condensed. If you have a lot to say and
it can't be easily made short, you may want to check with the editor to see if you
could write a longer opinion feature or guest column.
Sign the letter.
Be sure to write your full name (and title, if relevant) and to include your address,
phone number, and e-mail address. Newspapers won't print anonymous letters,
though in some cases they may withhold your name on request. They may also call
you to confirm that you wrote the letter before they publish it.
Check your letter to make sure it's clear and to the point.
A newspaper may not print every letter it receives, but clear, well-written letters are
likely to be given more serious consideration.
Q9. Draft a letter to the editor mentioning the poor medical services in your area.
16 September 2000
The Editor
The Torch Bearer
New Delhi
Subject: Poor medical and health services in Najafgarh block.
Sir,
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper , I want to draw the attention of
the Delhi Administration towards the step-motherly treatment that the rural and
remote areas are getting from its health department.I am a resident of Najaf Garh
town in North West Delhi.It is unimaginable that the residents of these remote areas
of the state have to rush to the hospitals and clinics in the main city at a distance of
30 to 40 kms.
The number of government health centres and hospitals in the whole region is less than
their numbers on any of the leading road in Delhi city. This uneven distribution of
benefits does not fit into the scheme of a welfare state in a democracy .Even in these
health centres and hospitals , doctors and nurses do not stay long .They get themselves
transferred to the hospitals in the main city.Timely medical help near home can save
many precious lives. The North-West countryside and suburbs need at least a hundred
bedded hospital and half a dozen health services to the people.
I hope the Administration will give due attention to the needs of these remote areas of
the state and provide adequate medical and health services to the people.
Yours faithfully,
Rakesh Gupta
Q10. What do you understand by the term Note -Making ?How does it help one in
preparing summaries, presentations etc.
Note writing:
Note taking is the foundation or road map of good presentation either oral or
written. Well-prepared notes are a result of organization and mental preparation
prior to presentation. Practice and methodical approaches to note taking help you to
maintain concentration and have more organized set of notes.Although you are the
only person who will read your notes , clarity and organization are of utmost
importance while taking or making notes.
The key to writing skills is effective note taking.The practical uses of note taking
are :
1.
2.
3.
4.
As mentioned above , a correctly written down note can be developed into a well
organized draft. It could also lead to a productive presentation.
Effective note taking is a part of the sequence : The note taking forms the link in
the sequence of communication. Prior to note taking , there is the aspect of listening
or reading.Then you have to recognize and select the key items or concepts. These
are taken down as notes in your own style.You can have your own method for
taking down notes notes, develop your own abbreviations and short-cut methods.
However, remember that you will be building up the draft oe presentation with the
help of these notes.Therefore, you have to be careful while selecting the
abbreviations and any symbols beause later on , you should know what they mean.
From this stage , note taking is further linked to writing or speaking .The written
down notes are expanded to explain the concept either in writing draft or presenting
it orally.
Listening_____________>
Reading______________> Note Taking ____> Writing/speaking
Selecting_____________>
4.It is often helpful to write out opening statements , support statements that
may be confusing.
5. A review often can reduce errors and quality note preparation provides an
opportunity to have outstanding results in writing or presentation. You should
not forget to review the note to check for the continuity or if the matter taken
down is correct or not. This will avoid the dilemma at the stage of developing the
notes into a draft or at the time of presenting that matter , to the audience.
Types of Note Taking:
There are many ways of taking down notes.You can select any one type of taking
notes or learn to develop your own method of taking notes whicever is effective
in your latter activity of writing a draft or giving an oral presentation .Whether
you take notes of a lecture , tutorial , classroom or parctical , it will depend on
what you put into it. This means that you have to be an active learner .To be an
active learner , you will need to develop effective listening skills so that you will
be able to know what to note.
You can lay out the notes in numerous ways:
1.Linear Notes
2.Key word trees
3.Mind maps
4.Networks
It teaches one to read with the mind, as well as with the eye, on the page.
2. Prcis writing is also a very good exercise in writing a composition. It teaches
one how to express ones thoughts clearly , concisely and effectively .It is a
splendid corrective of the common tendency to vague and disorderly thinking
and loose and diffuse writing. While telling a story , an uneducated person
repeats himself , brings in a lot of irrelevant matter , omits from its proper place
what is essential and drags it in later as an after-thought , and takes twenty
minutes to say what a trained thinker would express in five . The whole effect is
muddled and tedious .In a prcis you have to work within strict limits .You must
express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words .So you learn to choose
your words carefully
To construct your sentences with an eye to fullness combined with brevity, and
to put your matter in a strictly logical order.
3.So practice in prcis writing is of great values for practical life .In any
position of life the ability to grasp quickly and accurately what is read or heard
and to reproduce it clearly and concisely , is of the utmost value .For lawyers ,
businessmen , and government officials it is essential.
Unit-3
Introduction to broadcast: Will be covered by Mass Comm Department
Writing-a.)Writing for Radio ,Radio language
b.)writing for television , visual language
c.)Prepartion of Bio-Data ,CV
Q14. A resume is your first interaction with your employer.What kind of details
does one mention in a CV and in what order?
Personal Details
Career Aim/Personal Statement
Education and Qualifications
Work Experience
Specialist Experience
Activities/Interests/Positions of Responsibility
Additional Information
References/Referees
Personal Details
You don't need to write 'Curriculum Vitae' at the top of your CV or Resume it's
pretty obvious what it is! Make sure your name appears at the top and is in a larger
font than the rest of your CV so it stands out. Beneath, all you need to include is
your home address (and term address if you are still at university) and contact
information. Don't include a novelty email address - boozyfloozy@hotmail.co.uk
doesn't sound very professional.
Target your CV to the specific job advert - Read over the terminology used
and the skills mentioned in the advert and where appropriate, use these
words in your CV.
Back up your claims - Avoid writing bland content; if you have "good
communication skills" demonstrate how you have used them effectively to
get something done.
Identify the contribution you made - Rather than just stating a list of duties
you had, think about ways of demonstrating success in a particular role.
Mention your achievements at work and any concrete results you achieved
(in measurable terms if possible). For example, rather than writing,
"designed company's web site," you could say, "designed company's web
site, which increased company's overall product sale by 50 percent."
Specialist Experience
List any specialist experience and or qualifications that are relevant to the job role
under specially designed sections. For example, researchers may provide the
sections 'Research' or 'Research Interests,' and those having worked abroad may
choose to include a section titled 'Research Experience Abroad'.
Activities/Interests/Postitions of Responsibility
These are all relevant sections to include because they demonstrate that you are
motivated to pursue other activities and are a well-rounded individual. Positions of
responsibility and achievements can be extra-curricular, for example, significant
involvement in the Student Union, organising events in a social or sporting club,
spearheading charity fundraising at school or university etc. Stating your interests
doesn't mean just writing a list. Try to indicate your level of involvement and what
you gain from the activity.
Additional Information
Languages
If you are applying overseas then you should indicate your native language and any
additional languages you know accompanied by your level of proficiency.
Skills
Skills in this section include anything vocational that has not appeared elsewhere on
your CV, for example, IT skills and drivers license. For IT skills, list the software
packages and applications you use and your level of competency for each. Any
certificates you have such as First Aid or Health and Safety for example, should be
listed in this section.
Conferences
If it is relevant to the job you are applying for, then you may want to mention any
conferences, workshops or seminars you have attended. Give the name of the
conference, date, place and organizers.
Q15. What are the Dos and Donts of a CV?
5.Butterflies:Kaleidoscope of butterflies
6.Ladies:Bevy of ladies
7. Bees : Drift of bees
8.Bag of game
9.Bale of turtles
10.Band of coyotes
11.Band of gorillas
12.Band of jays
13.Band of men
14.Band of musicians
15.Bank of circuits
16.Bank of monitors
Q16. Complete the following sentences using Noun Clauses :
1.I expect __________________
2.I often wonder _______________
3.He replied _______________
4.Do you deny ___________
5.____________________ hurts me
6.No one knows ____________________
7.I don see how you---------Ans : 1. I expect that I shall get a prize.
2. I often wonder how you are getting on.
3.He replied that he would come .
4.Do you deny that you stole the watch
5. That you should cheat hurts me.
6. No one knows who he is.
7. I dont see how you can get out of this mess.
________________________________________________________________________
Practical:
A.) Preparing of a script for Radio and T.V. broadcast ,In-voicing it .
B.) Write summary of news on Article from Newspaper ,magazine