ME6404

THERMAL ENGINEERING

LTPC
3003

OBJECTIVES:
To integrate the concepts, laws and methodologies from the first course in thermodynamics into analysis of cyclic
processes
To apply the thermodynamic concepts into various thermal application like IC engines, Steam Turbines,
Compressors and Refrigeration and Air conditioning systems
(Use of standard refrigerant property data book, Steam Tables, Mollier diagram and Psychometric Chart permitted)
UNIT I GAS POWER CYCLES
8
Otto, Diesel, Dual, Brayton cycles, Calculation of mean effective pressure, and air standard efficiency - Comparison of
cycles.
UNIT II INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
10
Classification - Components and their function. Valve timing diagram and port timing diagram actual and theoretical p-V
diagram of four stroke and two stroke engines. Simple and complete Carburettor. MPFI, Diesel pump and injector system.
Battery and Magneto Ignition System - Principles of Combustion and knocking in SI and CI Engines. Lubrication and
Cooling systems. Performance calculation.
UNIT III STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES
9
Flow of steam through nozzles, shapes of nozzles, effect of friction, critical pressure ratio,
Super saturated flow. Impulse and Reaction principles, compounding, velocity diagram for simple and multi-stage turbines,
speed regulations Governors.
UNIT IV AIR COMPRESSOR
9
Classification and working principle of various types of compressors, work of compression with and without clearance,
Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency and Isentropic efficiency of reciprocating compressors, Multistage air
compressor and inter cooling work of multistage air compressor
UNIT V REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
9
Refrigerants - Vapour compression refrigeration cycle- super heat, sub cooling Performance calculations - working
principle of vapour absorption system, Ammonia Water, Lithium bromide water systems (Description only) . Air
conditioning system - Processes, Types and Working Principles. - Concept of RSHF, GSHF, ESHF- Cooling Load
calculations.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course, the students can able to apply the different gas power cycles
and use of them in IC and R&AC applications.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Rajput. R. K., Thermal Engineering S.Chand Publishers, 2000
2. Kothandaraman.C.P., Domkundwar. S,Domkundwar. A.V., A course in thermal Engineering",
Fifth Edition, Dhanpat Rai & sons , 2002
REFERENCES:
1. Sarkar, B.K,Thermal Engineering Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2007
2. Arora.C.P, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning , Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers 1994
3. Ganesan V.. Internal Combustion Engines , Third Edition, Tata Mcgraw-Hill 2007
4. Rudramoorthy, R, Thermal Engineering ,Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,2003
5. Ramalingam. K.K., "Thermal Engineering", SCITECH Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2009.

UNIT-I GAS POWER CYCLE

CLASS PROBLEM

1. A spark ignition engine working on ideal Otto cycle has the compression ratio 6. The initial pressure and
temperature of air are 1 bar and 37 oc. The maximum pressure in the cycle is 30 bar. For unit mass flow, calculate I)
P, V and T at various salient points of the cycle and ii) The ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected. Assume
=1.4 and R=8.314KJ/Kmol K. 16M
2. An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45m 3, pressure 1bar and temperature 30 0c at the beginning of
compression stroke. At the end of compression stroke, the pressure is 11bar and 210kJ of heat is added at constant
volume. Determine i)
Pressure, temperatures and volumes at salient points in the cycle ii) Efficiency.
16M
MAY/JUNE-2007
3. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7. The initial pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression
stroke is 1 bar and 400 0c. The heat supplied is 2510KJ/kg. Find I) The maximum temperature and pressure. II)
Work done per kg of air. III) The cycle efficiency IV) Mean effective pressure. Take C v =0.713KJ/kgK and
R=287J/kg K.
16M NOV/DEC-2013
4. An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18. The pressure at the beginning of compression stroke is 1
bar and the temperature is 30 0c .The heat supplied is 1800KJ/kg. Determine I) The efficiency II) The pressure and
temperature at all salient points III) Heat rejected IV) Mean effective pressure. Assume C p , CV ,R and
suitably.16M NOV/DEC-2013
5. i) A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and cut-off takes place at 5% of the stroke. Find the air standard
efficiency. Assume = 1.4
6M
ii) In an engine working on the diesel cycle, the ratio of the weight of air and fuel supplied is 50:1. The temperature
of air at the beginning of the compression is 333K and the compression ratio used is 14:1. What is the ideal
efficiency of the engine for caloric value of fuel used is 4200KJ/kg. Assume Cp=1.004KJ/kgK and
Cv=0.717KJ/kgK for air. 10M
MAY/JUNE-2009
6. In an oil engine working on dual cycle, the heat supplied at the constant pressure is twice that of heat supplied at
constant volume. The compression and expansion ratios are 8 and 5.3. The pressure and the temperature at the
beginning of cycle are 0.93 bar and 27 0c. Find the efficiency of the cycle and mean effective pressure. Take
Cp=1.005KJ/kgK and Cv =0.718KJ/kgK 16M
MAY/JUNE-2013
7.

Air at 1.01bar, 200c is admitted into an oil engine, which is working on the dual combustion cycle. The Maximum
cycle pressure is 69bar. The compression ratio is 18. Assuming that the heat added at constant volume is equal to
the heat added at constant pressure; Calculate the following: I) Temperature at all salient points II) Total heat
supplied III) Heat rejected IV) Air standard efficiency.
16M
APRIL/MAY-2008

8. In an air standard dual cycle, the pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 1 bar and 57 0c,
respectively. The heat supplied in the cycle is 1250KJ.kg, two third of this being added at constant volume and rest
at constant pressure. If the compression ratio is 16, determine ratio is 16, determine the maximum pressure ,
temperature in the cycle, thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure.
16M NOV/DEC-2011
9. A gas turbine works on an air standard Brayton cycle. The initial condition of the air is 25 0c
and 1bar. The maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 3bar and 6500c.Determine the following: (i) Cycle
efficiency (ii) Heat supplied and heat rejected/kg of air (iii) Work output/kg of air (iv) Exhaust temperature.
16M
NOV/DEC-2007
10. In an engine working on Dual cycle, the temperature and pressure at the beginning of the cycle are 90oC and 1 bar
respectively. The compression ratio is 9. The maximum pressure is limited to 68 bar and total heat supplied per kg
of air is 1750 kJ. Determine I) The pressure and temperature at all salient points II) air standard efficiency III)
Mean effective pressure.
16M
APRIL/MAY-2012

11. (i) Fuel supplied to an SI engine has a calorific value 42,000KJ/kg. The pressure in the cylinder at 30% and 70% of
the compression stroke are 1.3bar and 2.6bar respectively. Assuming that the compression follows the law pV 1.3
= constant. Find the compression ratio, if the relative efficiency of the engine compared with the air-standard
efficiency is 50%. Calculate the fuel consumption in kg/KW-hr. 12M
(ii) A gas engine working on the Otto cycle has a cylinder of diameter 0.2m and stroke 0.25m. The clearance
volume is 1580cc. Find the air standard efficiency. Assume Cp=1.004KJ/kgK and Cv=0.717KJ/kgK for air. 4M
MAY/JUNE-2009
12. An engine working on constant volume cycle has the following data: clearance volume= 0.04m3 and swept volume
=0.13m3. Pressure and temperature at the beginning of cycle are 1.15 bar and 120OC. Maximum pressure of the
cycle is limited to 23bar. Calculate the air standard efficiency, maximum temperature of the cycle and mean
effective pressure?
13. In an ideal constant cycle, the pressure, temperature and volume at the beginning of the cycle are 1.2bar, 35OC and
0.5m respectively. At the end of compression stroke, the pressure is 12 bar.315kJ of heat is added per kg of gas
during constant volume heating process. Calculate the pressure, temperature and volume at all points. Also find out
the air standard efficiency of the cycle and mean effective pressure.
14. Show that for an otto cycle in which tha sailent points are 1, 2, 3 and 4 and the upper and lower temperature limits
are T3and T1 respectively, for maximum work per kg of air to be done, the intermediate temperature is given
T2=T3=T1T3
15. A gas turbine plant takes air-in at 15OC and 1.01 bar and the pressure ratio is 6. The isentropic efficiencies of the
compressor and turbine are 0.82 and 0.85 respectively. Calculate the power output in kW of an electric generator
geared to the turbine when the air enters the turbine at 600 OC and the mass flow rate of the air is 15kg/s. And also
calculate the overall efficiency of the plant.
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1) A spark ignition engine working on ideal Otto cycle has the compression ratio 6. The initial pressure and
temperature of air are 1 bar and 37 oc. The maximum pressure in the cycle is 30 bar. For unit mass flow, calculate I)
P, V and T at various salient points of the cycle and ii) The ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected. Assume
=1.4 and R=8.314KJ/Kmol K. 16M
NOV/DEC-2012
2) An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and compression begins at 1 bar, 40 0c. The maximum
pressure is 85 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate I)
The pressure and temperature at the cardinal points of the cycle II)The cycle efficiency and iii) Mean effective
pressure of the cycle
16M
NOV/DEC-2012
3) A six cylinder four stroke petrol engine has a swept volume of 300cubic cm per cylinder, a compression ratio of 10
and operates at a speed of 35000rpm. If the engine is required to develop an output of 73.5kW at this speed,
calculate the cycle efficiency, the necessary rate of heat addition , the mean effective pressure , maximum
temperature of the cycle and efficiency ratio. The pressure and temperature before isentropic compression are 1.0bar
and 150c respectively, take Cv=0.72 and =1.4
16M
NOV/DEC-2010
4) Consider an air standard cycle in which the air enters the compressor at 1bar and 200c. The pressure of air leaving
the compressor is 3.5 bar and the temperature at turbine inlet is 6000c. Determine per kg of air I) Efficiency of the
cycle II) Heat supplied to air III) Work available at the shaft IV) Heat rejected in the cooler, and V) Temperature of
air leaving the turbine. (b) The efficiency of an Otto cycle is 60% and =1.5. What is the compression ratio.
APRIL/MAY-2012
5) A dual combustion air standard cycle has a compression ratio of 10.The constant pressure part of combustion takes
place at 40bar. The highest and lowest temperatures of the cycle are 17270c and 270c respectively. The pressure at
the beginning at the compression is 1bar. Calculate: The pressure and temperature at the key points of the cycle. The
heat supplied at constant pressure, the heat supplied at constant volume, the heat rejected, the work output, the
efficiency, and Mep.
16M NOV/DEC-2008

6) A four stroke, four cylinder petrol engine of 250 mm bore and 375 mm stroke works on Otto cycle. The initial
pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 470c. If the maximum pressure is limited to 25 bar, find the air standard
efficiency of the cycle AND Mean effective pressure.
Take C p = 1.005KJ/kg0K and =1.4 (16M) NOV/DEC2011
7) An engine 20cm bore and 30cm stroke works on Otto cycle. The clearance volume is 1600cu cm. The initial
pressure and temperature are 1bar and 600C. If the maximum pressure is limited to 24bar,find the following: I) The
air standard efficiency of the cycle II) The mean effective pressure of the cycle. 16M NOV/DEC-2007
8) A diesel engine operating on an air standard diesel cycle has 20cm bore and 30cm stroke. The clearance volume is
420 cm3. If the fuel is injected at 5%of the stroke , find the air standard efficiency.
9) In an engine working on diesel cycle, inlet pressure and temperature are 1bar and 17OC respectively. Pressure at the
end of adiabatic compression is 35bar. The ratio of expansion i.e., after constant pressure heat addition is 5.
Calculate the heat addition, heat rejection the efficiency of the cycle, and mean effective pressure.
10) An engine works on an ideal dual cycle, the pressure and temperature at beginning of the cycle 1bar and 90OC. The
compression ratio of the cycle is 11 and maximum pressure is limited 49.2bar. The heat supplied at constant pressure
continuous for 5% of the stroke. Find the work done per kg of air and cycle efficiency.
11) In an oil engine work on dual cycle, the heat supplied at constant pressure is twice that heat supplied at constant
volume. The compression and expansion ratios are 8 and 5.3. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of cycle
are 0.93 bar and 27OC. Find the efficiency of cycle and mean effective pressure.
THEORY QUESTIONS

1.

i) Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency of a Brayton cycle in terms of pressure ratio.
ii) Prove that the pressure ratio for maximum work is a function of the limiting temperature ratio.

2. i) Draw the theoretical and actual P-V diagram of a four stroke Otto cycle engine and explain the reasons for the
deviations.
ii) Calculate the ideal air standard cycle efficiency based on the Otto cycle for a petrol engine with a cylinder bore
of 50mm, a stroke of 75mm, and a clearance volume of 21.3mm3.
3. Sketch the diesel cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams and derive the expression for its mean effective pressure.
4. Sketch the Otto cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams and derive the expression for its efficiency and mean effective
pressure.
5. Sketch the dual cycle on P-V and T-S diagrams and derive the expression for its mean effective pressure.
6. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle and then deduce it for mean effective pressure.
7. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of diesel cycle. Explain why the efficiency of Otto cycle is
more than that of the diesel cycle for the same compression ratio.

UNIT-II IC ENGINE
CLASS PROBLEM

1) The following observations were taken during a test on a single cylinder four-stroke cycle engine having a bore of
300 mm and stroke of 450 mm. Ambient air temperature = 220c Fuel consumption = 11kg/hr Engine speed
= 300rpm CV of fuel
= 42,000KJ/kg Mean effective pressure = 6bar Net brake load
= 1.0kN Brake
drum diameter = 2m Quantity of jacket cooling water = 590kg/hr Temperature of entering cooling water =
220c Temperature of leaving cooling water = 700c Quantity of air as measured = 225kg/hr Specific heat

of exhaust gas = 4050c Rope diameter = 2cm. Deter mine indicated power, brake power, mechanical efficiency
and draw a heat balance sheet on hour basis. 16M
MAY/JUNE- 2013
2) An eight-cylinder, 4 is stroke engine of 0.09m bore and 0.08m stroke with a compression ratio of 7 is tested at
4500rpm on a dynamometer which has 0.54m arm. During a 10min test the dynamometer scale beam reading was
42kgf and the engine consumed 4.4kg of gasoline having a calorific value of 44,000KJ/kg. Air 300k and 1 bar was
supplied to the carburetor at the rate of 6kg/min find the brake power delivered brake mean effective pressure,
brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific air consumption, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency
and the air fuel ratio.16M MAY/JUNE-2009
3) The following details were noted in a rest on a four cylinder , four stroke engine, diameter = 100mm; stroke =
120mm; speed of the engine =1600rpm; fuel consumption = 0.2kg/min; fuel calorific value = 44,00KJ/kg;
difference in tension on either side of the brake pulley = 40kgf ; brake circumference is 300cm. If the mechanical
efficiency is 80%, calculate, Brake thermal efficiency, Indicated thermal efficiency, Indicated mean effective
pressure and, Brake specific fuel consumption.16M NOV/DEC-2008
4) Six cylinder petrol engines have a compression ratio of 5 to 1. The clearance volume for each cylinder is 110CC. It
operates on the four stroke constant volume cycle and indicated thermal efficiency ratio referred to the air standard
cycle is 0.56. At a speed 2400rev/min is consumed 10kg of fuel per hour, the energy of combustion being 44MJ/kg.
Determine the average indicated mean effective pressure in the cylinder.

ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM and THEORY QUEATIONS

1. I) In a constant speed compression ignition engine operating on four stroke cycle and fitted with band brake, the
following observation were taken; Brake wheel diameter = 60cm, Band thickness = 5mm, Speed = 450rpm
Load on band = 210N, Sparking balance reading=30N, Area of indicator diagram=4.15cm2 Length of indicator
diagram=6.25cm Spring No.11,ie=11bar/cm, Bore=10cm Stroke=15cm, Specific fuel consumption =0.3kg/kW-hr,
Heating value of fuel=41800kJ/kg. Determine the brake power, indicated power, mechanical efficiency, the
indicated thermal efficiency and the brake thermal efficiency.
ii) Explain with the help of sketches ignition system for a spark ignition engine.
2. Explain why cooling is necessary in IC engine? With neat sketches describe the working of water cooling system
used for a multi cylinder engine. Why should a pump and the thermostat be provided in the cooling system of an
engine?
3. Mention the various important qualities of food ignition system and with a neat sketch explain the battery and
magneto ignition system.
4. i)Explain the main difference between a two stroke cycle and four stroke cycle internal combustion engine
ii)Explain valve timing diagram for four stroke cycle spark ignition engine.
5. I)Explain the working principle of a four stroke petrol engine.
II)What are the advantages of lubrication?
6. I) With neat diagram, explain magneto ignition system.
II) Compare between petrol and diesel engine.
7. i)Explain the working principle of a four stroke engine.8M
ii) With neat diagram explain the working of battery ignition system.
8. i) Describe the working of Diesel fuel pump.

ii) Explain the pressure feed lubrication system with a neat diagram.
9. i) Compare four stroke and two stroke cycle engines.
ii) Explain with a sketch the non-exhaust emission from a vehicle.
10. Describe the working of a simple carburetor and derive the expression for the Air-fuel ratio.
11. Discuss the construction and working principle of a four stroke engine with sketch.
12. i) Explain the construction and working of fuel injector with a neat sketch.
ii)Draw and explain the port timing diagram of two stroke cycle diesel engine.
13. Compare SI and CI engines with respect to Basic cycle, Fuel used, Introduction of fuel, Ignition, Compression
ratio, Speed, Efficiency, Weight

UNIT-III STEAM NOZZLE AND TURBINE

CLASS PROBLEM
1. Steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1Mpa, 250 0c to 10kpa. The flow rate of the steam is 1kg/s. Find the
following when the inlet velocity is neglected. Quality of steam ,Velocity of steam at exit of the nozzle and Exit
area of the nozzle.
NOV/DEC-2013
2. I) What are the effects of friction in a nozzle? Explain.8M
II) A convergent divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2 kg of steam per second. The nozzle is supplied with
steam at 7 bar and 1800c and discharge takes place against a back pressure of 1 bar. The expansion up to throat is
isentropic and the frictional resistance between the throat and exit is equivalent to 63KJ/kg of steam. Taking
approach velocity of 75m/s and throat of 4 bar, estimate:
a) Suitable areas for the throat and exit, and
b) Overall efficiency of the nozzle based on the enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure and temperature and
the exit pressure.8M MAY/JUNE- 2013
3. The velocity of steam leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000 m/s and the nozzle angle is 20 0 . The blade
velocity is 350 m/s and the blade velocity of coefficient is 0.85 . Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet, calculate
for a mass flow of 1.5kg/s and symmetrical blading. Blade inlet angle, Driving force on the wheel, Axial thrust in
the wheel, Power developed by the turbine and Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine?
4M
MAY/JUNE- 2013
4. Steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded through a convergent divergent nozzle. The pressure of
steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find the velocity of steam at the throat for maximum discharge if the throat
area is 1.2 cm2. Assume flow as isentropic and there are no friction losses. 12M NOV/DEC-2012
5. Steam enters a nozzle in a dry saturated condition and the expands from a pressure of 1 bar. It is observed that
super- saturated flow is taking place and the steam flow reverts to a normal flow at 1 bar. What is the degree of
under cooling and increase in entropy and the loss in the available heat drop due to irreversibility. 8M APRIL/MAY2012
6. The nozzle of a deLaval turbine deliver 1.5kg/s of steam of 800 m/s to a ring of moving blades having a speed of
200 m/s. The exit angle of the nozzle is 18 0. If the blade velocity coefficient is 0.75 and the exit angle of the
moving blades is 250, calculate Inlet angle of moving and fixed blades, Diagram efficiency ,Energy lost in blades
per second ,Power developed and Axial thrust on the turbine rotor. 16M
NOV/DEC-2011
7. 300kg/min of steam (2 bar, 0.08 dry) flows through a given stage of a reaction turbine. The exit angles blades as
well as moving blades are 200 and 3.68KW of power is developed. If the rotor speed is 360 rpm and tip leakage is

5 percent, calculate the mean drum diameter and the blade height. The axial flow velocity is 0.8 times the blade
velocity.10M APRIL/MAY-2012
8. The velocity of steam, leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000m/s and nozzle angle is 20O. The blade
velocity is 350 m/s and the blade velocity of coefficient is 0.85. Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet, calculate
for a mass of 1.5 kg/s and symmetrical blading (a) blade inlet angle (b)driving force on the wheel (c) axial thrust on
the wheel (d) Power Developed By Turbine.
9. The steam supply to an impulse turbine with a single row of moving blades is 3kg/s. The turbine develops 150 kW,
the blade velocity being 150m/s The steam flows from a nozzle with a velocity of 450m/s and the coefficient of
velocity of blade is 0.95. Find the nozzle, blade angle at entry and exit, if the steam flows axially after passing over
the blades.
10. Dry saturated steam at 3.5 bar is supplied to a convergent divergent nozzle whose throat area is 4.4 cm2. The exit
pressure is 1.1 bar. Determine the maximum possible discharge through nozzle per minute and area of the nozzle at
exit when the flow is maximum. Assume the flow is frictionless adiabatic.
11. The following particulars refer to a two-row velocity compounded impulse wheel forms the first stage of a
combination turbine : stage velocity at nozzle outlet=630m/s, nozzle angle=16, aout let angle first row of moving
blades =18, out let angle of fixed guide blades=22, out let angle second row of moving blades=36 and steam flow
rate=2.6kg/s., the ratio the relative velocity at outlet to that at inlet is 0.85 for all the blades. Determine (a) the
velocity of whirl, (b) the tangential thrust on the blades, (c) the axial thrust on the blades (d) the power developed,
and (e) the blade efficiency.
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1) Dry saturated steam at 2.8 bar is expanded through a convergent nozzle to 1.7 bar. The exit area is 3cm 2. Estimate
the exit velocity and the mass flow rate, assuming isentropic expansion and supersaturated flow exits. 16M
NOV/DEC-2007
2) Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters a convergent - divergent nozzle and leaves it at a pressure of
1.5bar. If the flow is isentropic , and the corresponding expansion index is 1.135; find the ration of cross-sectional
area at exit and throat for maximum discharge. 16M
MAY/JUNE- 2009
3) A single row impulse turbine develops 132.4kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s using 2kg of steam per sec. Steam
leaves the nozzle at 400m/s. Velocity coefficient of the blade is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine blades axially.
Assuming no shock determine the nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit. 16M
NOV/DEC-2010
4) In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1 bar. The initial velocity is 60 m/s and initial temperature is
2000c . Determine the exit velocity if the nozzle efficiency is 92% and the dryness fraction at exit. 16M
NOV/DEC-2010
5) Steam enters a convergent divergent nozzle at 2 MPa and 400 0c with a negligible velocity and mass flow rate of 2.5
kg/s and it exits at a pressure of 300kPa. The flow is isentropic between the nozzle entrance and throat and overall
nozzle efficiency is 93% . Determine Throat area and Exit area. 16M
NOV/DEC-2011
6) Steam at 20 bar and 250OC enters a group of convergent divergent nozzle. The back-up pressure of nozzle is 0.07
bar. Assume a loss of 10% of enthalpy drop available in the divergent part. Find the number of nozzle required
discharging 13.6 kg/s. the throat area of each nozzle is 3.97 cm2. Also determine area of exit of each nozzle.
7) Steam at 14bar and 280OC is passed through a convergent nozzle at a rate of 40 kg/min and it s discharged into a
chamber where the pressure is maintained at 3bar. Neglecting the friction and assuming flow is supersaturated
determine the dimension of nozzle at exit, which is rectangular in shape with ratio of side, is 1:3. Also find degree
of super saturation and degree of under cooling.

8) Convergent nozzle is supplied with dry saturated steam at 11bar. If diameter of throat and length of divergent part
of nozzle are 8mm and 6 cm respectively, find the cone angle of divergent part of nozzle so that steam may leave at
0.4 bars. Neglected the effects of friction.
THEORY QUESTIONS

1. Explain the pressure and velocity compounding diagram of a multi-stage turbines with sketch.
2. Derive the condition for maximum discharge and the expression for maximum discharge in steam nozzle.
Distinguish between impulse and reaction turbines.
3. Explain the physical significance of Wilsons line as referred to super saturated flow through steam nozzles.
Describe briefly the various methods of steam turbine governing
4. Derive an expression for maximum mass flow rate through convergent divergent nozzle for steam.
5. Dry air at a pressure of 12 bar and 573k is expanded isentropically through a nozzle at a pressure of 2 bar.
Determine the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle of 0.00015m 2 area.

UNIT-IV AIR COMPRESSOR

CLASS PROBLEM

1) A single acting reciprocating air compressor has a piston diameter of 200 mm and a stroke f300 mm and runs at
350 rpm . Air is drawn at 1.1 bar pressure and is delivered at 8 bar pressure. The law of compression is pV 1.35 =
constant and clearance volume is 6% of the stroke volume. Determine the mean effective pressure and the power
required to drive the compressor. 16M
MAY/JUNE- 2013
2) A single acting two stage air compressor deals with 4 m3/min of air at 1.013 bar and 150c with a speed of 250 rpm.
The delivery pressure is 80 bar .Assuming complete inter-cooling. Find the minimum power required by the
compressor and the bore and stroke of the compressor. Assume a piston speed of 3m/s ,mechanical efficiency of
75% and volumetric efficiency of 80% per stage . Assume the polytropic index of compression in both the stages
to be n = 1.25 and neglect clearance. 16M
NOV/DEC-2012
3) A single stage, single acting reciprocating air compressor has a bore of 0.2 m and stroke of 0.3 m. It receives air at
1 bar and 293k and delivers it at 5.5 bar. If the compression follows the law pV 1.3 = constant and clearance
volume is 5% of the stroke volume . Determine the mean effective pressure and the power required to drive the
compressor , if it runs at 500 rpm. 16M
MAY/JUNE- 2009
4) In a two stage compressor in which inter-cooling is perfect , prove that work done in the compressor is minimum
when the pressure in the inter-cooler is geometric mean between the initial and final pressure. Draw the p-V and Ts diagram for TWO stage compression.16M NOV/DEC-2013
5) A two cylinder single acting air compressor is to deliver 16 kg of air per minute at 7 bar from suction conditions 1
bar and 150c. Clearance may be taken as 4% of stroke volume and the index for both compression and reexpansion as 1.3. Compressor directly coupled to a four cylinder four stroke petrol engine which runs at 2000
rpm with a brake mean effective pressure of 5.5 bar. Assuming a stroke bore ratio of 1.2 for both engine and
compressor and a mechanical efficiency of 82% for compressor , Calculate the required cylinder dimensions.16M
APRIL/MAY-2012
6) A single stage, single acting reciprocating air compressor has a bore of 20cm and stroke of 30 cm. The compressor
runs at 600 rpm. The clearance volume is 4% of the swept volume and the index if compression and expansion is
1.3. The suction conditions are 0.97 bar and 27 0c and delivery pressure is 5.6 bar. The atmospheric conditions are
at 1.01 bar and 27 0c . Determine The free air delivered in m 3/min, The volumetric efficiency referred to the free
air conditions AND The indicated power 16M
NOV/DEC-2011

7) Single acting reciprocating air compressors has a piston a piston diameter of 200mm and a stroke of 300mm and
runs at 350rpm. Air is drawn at 1.1bar pressure and is delivered at 8bar pressure. The law of compression is
PV1.35=C and clearance volume is 6% of the stroke volume. Determine the mean effective pressure and power
required to drive the compressor.
8) Air enters a single stage double acting air compressor at 100kPa and 29OC. The compression ratio is 6:1. The index
of compression and expansion is 1.3. The speed of compression is 550rpm. The volume rate measured at suction
condition is 5m3/min. Find the motor power required if the mechanical efficiency is 90%. If the volumetric
efficiency is80%, find the swept volume of cylinder.
9) A two stage single acting reciprocating air compressor with perfect intercooling with a suction pressure of 1 bar
and temperature of 25OC and final pressure is 5bar. Compression and expansion follows the law PV 1.3=C. Find per
kg of air (1) work done (2) the mass of water necessary for abstracting the heat in the inter cooling, if the
temperature rise of the cooling water is 30OC.
10) Multistage air compressor is to be designed to evaluate the pressure from 1 to 120 bar. Such that the single stage
pressure ratio not exceed 4. Find (a) number of stages (b) exact stage pressure ratio(c) intermediate pressure.
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1. A Single acting reciprocating air compressor has clearance volume 5% of stroke volume of 0.05 m 3/sec, the intake
conditions are 95kN/m2, 300K. The delivery pressure is 720kN/m2. Determine the volumetric efficiency referred to
i) atmospheric conditions of 100 N/m2 and 290k
ii) Intake conditions
iii)

FAD and

iv)

Power required driving the compressor, if the ratio of actual to indicated power is 1.5. Take index of
compression expansion as 1.3.
16M
NOV/DEC-2010

2. A single acting 14 cm 10 cm reciprocating compressor is operating at p 1 = 1bar, T1 =200C, P2 = 6 bar and T2 = 1800
c. The speed of compressor is 1200 rpm and shaft power is 6.25 kW. If the mass of air delivered is 1.7 kg/min,
calculate the actual volumetric efficiency, the indicated power , the isothermal efficiency , the mechanical
efficiency and the overall efficiency. 16M
NOV/DEC-2010
3. )A single acting single stage compressor is belt driven from an electric motor at 400rpm.The cylinder diameter is
15cm and the stroke 17.5 cm .The air compressed from 1bar to 7bar and the law of compression pV 1.3 =constant.
Find the power of motor, if transmission efficiency is 97% and the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is
90% Neglect clearance effects. MAY/JUNE-2006
4. A single stage single acting air compressor delivers 0.6 kg of air per minute at 6 bar. The temperature and pressure
and the end of suction stroke are 30 0c and 1 bar. The bore and stroke of the compressor are 100 mm and 150 mm
respectively. The clearance is 3% of the swept volume. Assuming the index of compression and expansion to be
1.3 , find:
a) Volumetric efficiency of the compressor

3M

b) Power required if the mechanical efficiency is 85% ,and

c) Speed of the compressor.

2M

3M
APRIL/MAY-2012

5. 2 kg/s of air enters the LP cylinder of a two stage, reciprocating air compressor. The overall pressure ratio is 9. The
air at inlet to compressor is at 100 kPa and 35 0c . The index of compression in compressor is 1.3 . Find the
intercooler pressure for perfect intercooling . Also , find the minimum power required for compression, and
percentage saving over single stage compression. Take R=0.287KJ/kg 0K and Cp=1 KJ/ kg0K. 16M
NOV/DEC-2011

6. A three stage, single acting reciprocating compressor taken in air at the ate of 0.5m3/s. Intake pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 25OC. The air is compressed to final pressure final pressure of 60 bar. Inter cooling is
perfect and compression follows he law PV1.3=C. determine power required and intermediate pressures.

THEORY QUESTIONS

1. Explain the construction and working principle of multi-stage compressor and discuss the perfect and imperfect
inter-cooling with neat sketch.
2. Derive the work done by a two stage reciprocating air compressor with inter-cooler and derive the condition for
minimum work input and the expression for minimum work required for two stage reciprocating compressor?
3. Prove that the work done/kg of air in a compressor is given by
W = RT(n/n-1)[( rp) n-1/n - 1]

where rp = pressure ratio.

4. Derive the expression for minimum work required for a two stage reciprocating air compressor.
5. Explain
with suitable sketches the
of two stage air compressor with
diagram.

actual

P-v

UNIT-5 REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING

CLASS PROBLEM

1. The temperature limits of ammonia refrigeration system are 25 0c and -100c . If the gas is dry at the end of
compression. Calculate the COP of the cycle assuming no under cooling of the liquid ammonia. The properties of
Ammonia are given below 16M
NOV/DEC-2013
Temperature
in

Liquid heat

Latent heat

KJ/kg

Liquid entropy

KJ/kg

KJ/kgK

25

298.90

1166.94

1.2420

-10

135.37

1297.68

0.5443

2. Ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tons of ice at 0 0c is from c in a day of 24 hours. The temperature range in the
compressor is from 250c to -150c . The vapour is dry saturated at the end of compressor. Assume a COP of 60% of
theoretical value. Assume latent heat of ice as 335 KJ/Kg. For properties of NH3 , refer the table below
12M MAY/JUNE-2013
Temperature
in oc

hf

hg

sf
KJ/kgK

sg

KJ/kg

KJ/kg

KJ/kgK

25

298.9

1465.8

1.124

5.039

-15

112.34

1462.5

0.4572

5.549

3. A Freon -12 refrigerator producing a cooling effect of 20 KJ/s operates on a simple cycle with pressure limits of
1.509 bar 9.607 bar. The vapour leaves the evaporator dry saturated and there is no under cooling . Determine the
power required by the machine. If the compressor operates at 300 rpm and has a clearance volume of 3% of
compressor assume that the expansion following the law pV 1.13 = constant .
12M
APRIL/MAY2012
Properties of Freon -12:

Temperature
in 0c

Ps bar

Vg
m3/kg

-20

1.509

0.1088

40

9.607

hf

hg
KJ/kg

Sf
KJ/kg/K

Sg
KJ/kg/K

17.8

178.61

0.073

0.7082

74.53

203.05

0.2716

0.682

KJ/Kg

Specific
heat
,
KJ/kg/K
_
0.747

4. A vapour compression refrigerator works between the pressure limits of 60 bar and 25 bar. The working fluid is just
dry at the end of compression and there is no under cooling of the liquid before the expansion value. Determine
16M NOV/DEC-2011
i) COP of the cycle and ii) capacity of the refrigerator if the fluid is at the rate of 5
kg/mm
Pressure(bar)
60

temperature(K)
295

25

261

Saturation Enthalpy(KJ/Kg)

Entropy(kj/kg 0K)

151.96

293.29

0.554

1.0332

56.32

332.58

0.226

1.2464

5. An office is to be air-conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions are 30 0c DBT and 75% RH if the
quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m3/min/person, find the following:
a) Capacity of the cooling coil in tones of refrigeration.

4M

b) Capacity of the heating coil in KW

4M

c) Amount of water vapour removed per hour.

4M

Assume the required air inlet conditions are 20 0c DBT and 60% RH. Air is conditioned first by cooling and
dehumidification and then by heating.
d) Describe the factors that affect human comfort.
4M
MAY/JUNE-2013
6. One kg of air at 35 0c DBT and 60% RH is mixed with 2kg of air at 20 0c DBT and 130c dew point temperature.
Calculate the vapour pressure and dew point temperature of steam one ,enthalpy of both the steams and specific
humidity of the mixture.
16M
NOV/DEC-2010

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. The temperature range in a Freon 12 plant is -60c to270c. The compression is isentropic and there is no cooling
of the liquid. Fins the COP assuming that the refrigerant (i) after compression is dry and saturated (ii) leaving
the evaporator is dry and saturated.
The properties of
F-12 are given
in the
table
16M
NOV/DEC-2010
SI.NO

t0c

hf

hg

Sf

Sg

Cp

-6

413

571

4.17

4.76

0.641

27

445

585

4.28

4.75

0.714

2. ) A vapour compression refrigerator uses R-12 as refrigerant and the liquid evaporates in the evaporator at 258K.
The temperature of this refrigerant at the delivery from the compressor is 288K when the vapour is condensed at
283K. Find the coefficient of performance, if
i) there is no under cooling ii) the liquid is cooled by 278K
before expansion by throttling. Take specific heat at constant pressure for the superheated vapour as 0.64KJ/kgK

and that
16M

for

liquid as
0.94KJ/kgK
MAY/JUNE-2009

Temperature (k)

The

other

Enthalpy(KJ/kg)

properties

of

R-12

as

follows

Entropy(Kj/kgK)

Liquid

Vapour

Liquid

Vapour

258

22.3

180.88

0.0904

0.7051

283

45.4

191.76

0.1750

0.6921

3. a)For a summer air conditioning installation for industrial application the following data is given:
Room Design
50% RH, 26 0C DBT Outside Design
10% RH, 40 0C DBT Room sensible heat
gain
40Kw Room latent heat loss 10Kw 50% of return air from the room is mixed with outdoor air and pre
cooled sensibly in a cooling coil to 280c before being passed through adiabatic washer. Determine
i) Supply air condition to the space
ii) Quantity of fresh out side air
iii)

Refrigerating capacity of the pre cooler coil

iv)

Humidifying efficiency of the adiabatic washer or evaporator cooler and entering and leaving conditions at
the washer.

4. In a heating application , moist air enters a steam having coil at 10 0c ,50% RH and leaves at 300c. Determine the
sensible heat transfer , if mass flow rate of air is 100 kg of dry air per second. Also determine the steam mass flow
rate if steam enters saturated at 1000c and condensate leaves at 800c.
8M
5. The air enters a duct at 100c and 80% RH at the rate of 150 m3/min and is heated to 300c without adding or
removing any moisture. The pressure remains constant at 1 atm. Determine the RH of air at exit from the duct and
the rate of heat transfer. 8M
NOV/DEC-2011
THEORY QUESTIONS

1) Explain the construction and working of vapour compression

properties of a good refrigerant?

refrigeration with neat sketch. What are the

2) Explain the construction and working of vapour absorption refrigeration system with neat sketch. Write the
advantages and disadvantages of vapour absorption and vapour compression refrigeration system.
3) Explain the construction and working of summer and winter air conditioning systems. Discuss the function of
absorber in vapour absorption refrigeration system.
4) Explain the working of Lithium Bromide water system with a schematic layout.
5) Explain with neat sketch practical Ammonia-water vapour absorption refrigeration system. Also bring out any four
important difference between vapour compression and vapour absorption refrigeration systems.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS (2MARKS)

UNIT I GASPOWER CYCLES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

What is meant by mean effective pressure?

For a given compression ratio the Otto cycle is more efficient than Diesel cycle .Justify.
Name any four assumptions made for air standard cycle analysis.
Sketch the dual cycle on p-V and T-s coordinates.
Define the terms actual thermal efficiency and relative efficiency.
What is an air-standard cycle? Why such cycles are conceived?
Define mean effective pressure. What is its importance in reciprocating engines?
For a given compression ratio; the air standard diesel cycle is less efficient than air standard Otto cycle.
Explain.
In an engine working on an ideal Otto cycle, the temperatures at the beginning at the end of compression are
27O C and 327 O C respectively. Find the compression ratio and air standard efficiency if the engine.
Why is Carnot cycle not used in real applications?
Draw the p-V diagram for a dual cycle.
Mention the assumptions made on the air standard cycle analysis.
In an Otto cycle, pressure ratio during compression is 11.calculate the air standard efficiency.
Define air standard efficiency of diesel cycle.
What is the significance of Mean effective pressure?
How does the change in compression ratio affect air standard efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle?
Mention the four thermodynamic processes involved in Diesel cycle.
A Carnot cycle works between the temperatures 300k and 700k. Find the maximum work possible per kg of air.
Define mean effective pressure of Otto cycle.
Sketch the diesel cycle on P-v and T-s planes.
For a given compression ratio and heat addition explain why Otto cycle is more efficient than diesel cycle.
Explain the effect of pressure ratio on the net output and efficiency of a Brayton cycle.
List out any two assumptions for the analysis of thermodynamic air cycles.

UNIT-II IC ENGINES
1) What are the various methods to determine the FHP of the engine?
2) what are the basic requirements of a fuel injection system of diesel engine?
3) what is the function of camshaft and crankshaft?
4) List out the effects of detonation.
5) what is the function of push rod and rocker arm?
6) what are the functions of piston rings?
7) Define the term Brake power.
8) Draw the port timing diagram of a petrol engine.
9) What is splash lubrication?
10) During peak power operation, why petrol engine requires rich mixtures?
11) what do you mean by `mist lubrication ?
12) Draw the valve timing diagram for a CI engine.

13) what is the indicated power of four cylinder engine if BP with 4-cylinder working is 18.75kW and BP with 3-cylinder working is
13.06kW?
14) what are the limitations of battery ignition system?
15) Mention the four applications of Two stroke engine and Four stroke engine.
16) Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of internal combustion and external combustion engines.
17) Why do we feel the necessity of cooling an IC engine?
18) What are the characteristics of an efficient cooling system?
19) The bore and stroke of a water-cooled, vertical, single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine are 80 mm and 110 mm respectively and
the torque is 23.5Nm. Calculate the mean effective
Pressure of engine.
NOV/DEC-2012
20) Define Scavenging?
21) What is the use of a catalytic converter?
22) What is a unit injection system?
23) What do you mean by short circuiting in two-stroke engines?

UNIT-III STEAM NOZZLE AND TURBINES

1) Define coefficient of friction in nozzle.

NOV/DEC-2013

2) Define the term-critical pressure ratio.

NOV/DEC-2013

3) What is metastable flow?

MAY/JUNE-2013

4) What are the different methods of governing steam turbine?

MAY/JUNE-2013

5) Define the term-critical pressure ratio. Calculate the value of critical pressure ratio for saturated and supersaturated steam.
NOV/DEC-2012
6)what is the effect of supersaturated flow in steam nozzle?
7) State the relation between the velocity of steam and heat during any part of a
APRIL/MAY-2012

NOV/DEC-2012
Steam nozzle?

8) Enumerate the energy losses in steam turbines.

APRIL/MAY-2012

9) Define nozzle efficiency?

NOV/DEC-2011

10) What are the principles of impulse and Reaction turbines?

NOV/DEC-2011

11) What are the factors reducing the final velocity of steam in nozzle flow?

NOV/DEC-2010

12) What are the difference between impulse and Reaction turbine?

NOV/DEC-2010

13) List out some internal losses in steam turbines?

MAY/JUNE-2009

14) What do you mean by supersaturated flow?

NOV/DEC-2008

15) What is the function of governors in steam turbine?

NOV/DEC-2008

16) What is critical pressure ratio of a steam nozzle?

APRIL/MAY-2008

17) What is the need for compounding in steam turbines?

APRIL/MAY-2008

18) What is the effect of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle?

NOV/DEC-2007

19) What is Blading efficiency?

NOV/DEC-2007

20) Give the working principle of an impulse turbine?

MAY/JUNE-2007

21) Define Degree of reaction in a steam turbine.

MAY/JUNE-2006

UNIT-IV AIR COMPRESSOR

1) What are the advantages of multi stage compression?

MAY/JUNE-2006

2)Define volumetric efficiency of a compressor?

MAY/JUNE-2006

3)Define volumetric efficiency of an air compressor?

MAY/JUNE-2007

4) What is free air delivered?

MAY/JUNE-2007

5)What is Isothermic efficiency of a compressor?

NOV/DEC-2007

6) Define volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor.

APRIL/MAY-2008

7) What is the main advantage of inter cooling in multi stage reciprocating compressors?

APRIL/MAY-2008

8) Why clearance is necessary in reciprocating compressor?

NOV/DEC-2008

9) Differentiate positive and non positive displacement compressors.

NOV/DEC-2008

10)What is the effect of clearance volume on the power required and work done in a reciprocating air compressor?
MAY/JUNE-2009
11) Give two examples for positive displacement rotary compressors.

MAY/JUNE-2009

12) How is intercooler used to reduce the power consumption of compressor?

NOV/DEC-2010

13) List the advantages of multistage compressor over single stage compressor.

NOV/DEC-2010

14) List out the applications of compressed air?

APRIL/MAY-2012

15) What are a slip factor and a pressure coefficient?

APRIL/MAY-2012

16) What do you mean by perfect intercooling?

17) Give the expression for work done for a two stage reciprocating
MAY/JUNE-2013

NOV/DEC-2012
compressor With intercooler.

18) List the effects of intercooling in a multi-stage compression process.

19) Give the classification of compressor based on movement of piston.

UNITV REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIOING

NOV/DEC-2013
NOV/DEC-2013

1) What is a ton of refrigeration?

MAY/JUNE-2006

2) What should be the properties of an ideal refrigerant?

MAY/JUNE-2006

3) Define dew point temperature.

MAY/JUNE-2007

4) A Carnot cycle requires 1.35kW per tonne of refrigeration to maintain a region at low temperature of -38 OC . Determine the COP of
the refrigerator and higher temperature of the cycle.
MAY/JUNE-2007
5) Define COP of refrigeration?

NOV/DEC 2007

6) Define wet bulb temperature and degree of saturation.

NOV/DEC 2007

7) What is difference between VCR and VAR?

APR/MAY2008

8)Define term RSHF and GSHF?

APR/MAY2008

9) Which thermodynamic cycle is used in air conditioning of airplane using air as refrigerant?

MAY/JUNE 2009

10)Define wet bulb depression?

MAY/JUNE 2009

11)Define dew point temperature?

NOV/DEC 2010

12)Sketch the T-s and P-h diagram for vapour compression cycle when the vapour after compression is dry saturated. NOV/DEC 2011
13)What is difference between wet and dry compression?

APR /MAY 2012

14) Enumerate the components of cooling load estimate

APR /MAY 2012

15)What are the expansion devices used in a VCR plant? When they are used?

NOV/DEC2012

16) what is sensible heating or cooling?

NOV/DEC2012

17) What is meant by subcooling in vapour compression system?

MAY/JUNE 2013

18) Define relative humidity?

MAY/JUNE 2013

19) List out the components in the vapour absorption refrigeration system.

NOV/DEC2013

20) List two desirable properties of refrigerants.

NOV/DEC2013
SEMINAR TOPICS

S.No.

Unit

Topics

1.

Comparison of cycles.

2.

II

Simple and complete Carburetor And Diesel pump and injector system

3.

III

compounding, velocity diagram for simple and multi-stage turbines

4.

IV

Multistage air compressor and inter cooling

5.

Air conditioning system

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