Microturbine Energy Systems

Appendix A
MICROTURBINE ENERGY SYSTEMS

EXPERIENCES FROM 18 MICROTURBINE APPLICATIONS
FOR CHP AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
Aksel Hauge Pedersen, DONG, Denmark
1. INTRODUCTION
The OMES Project [1] is partly financed through the EU 5th Frame Working
Programme. Participants in the project are Gasum, Finland Vattenfall/SGC and the
microturbine manufactures Turbec from Sweden Statoil, Norway DONG and Energi
E2 from Denmark. DONG is overall Project leader.
The installations, spread over the six countries Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark,
Germany and Ireland, are industrial, commercial as well as domestic installations. The
installations covers a number of different applications:
Flexible steam generation

CO2 fertilization in greenhouses
Cooling
Traditional CHP (Schools, Business Centers, etc.)
Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units
Data on energy efficiency, availability, emission, O/M costs etc. are recorded and reported over the operation period which is from sometime in 2002 where most of the installations were made, through April 2004.
The data obtained will form a basis for possible energy savings and reduced emission
through the use of efficient microturbines in CHP applications.
Country Units
Demo host
Type of installation
Comments
DK
Diff. Apartment houses, Kge
CHP - Cluster
In operation March 2003
DK
Cph Airport
CHP - Boiler house
In operation Feb. 1, 2003
DK
M/R station, Lynge
CHP - M/R station
13.500 running hours end of 2002
Statoil, Stavanger
CHP- Cooling, methanol
Turbine delivery Jan. 2003
Fjell Borettslag
CHP - Methanol
Turbine delivery Jan. 2003
Mariestads Avl. Rening.
CHP - Biogas (sewage)
In operation beginning of 2002.
Klitte & Lundh (Green House)
CHP - CO2 enrichment
In operation beginning of 2002
School at Kvlinge
CHP - Boiler house
9000 running hours end of 2002
SF
VTT
CHP - cooling
In operation October 2002
Buss. Center, Hamburg
CHP - heating
In operation October 2002
EI
Industry Limerick
CHP - steam
In operation Feb. 2003
EI
St. John of God Hosp. Dublin
CHP - Hospital
In operation since Nov. 2002
EI
SAS Radisson Limerick
CHP - Hotel
Installed Feb. 2003
TOTAL
18
Table 1: Overview for installations in the OMES project

(see web site http//www.omes-eu.com)
2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

The project includes activities of both R&D and demonstration character. The
different applications are developed and validated in relation to optimization of CHP systems as summarized below:
2.1 Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units
A Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units is a power generation system
consisting of a number of connected CHP systems installed on different sites (close to
the consumer) in a limited geographical area and operated by one operator.
The units will be operated in such a way that the total power plant (all units together) is operated as efficiently as possible as regards economy and environment.
Traditionally, each site is operated independently. By looking at the Cluster installation
of microturbine CHP units as one system a number of advantages can be achieved.
The project will comprise development of software for an optimal operating
mode for a Cluster installation of microturbine CHP units as described above and validate it in a power plant with 5 microturbine units, i.e. a 0,5 MWe power plant.
2.2 Steam generation
The basic CHP system in this size is designed for heating of water for space
heating etc. Many applications have a need for steam. The microturbine offers special
advantages in this respect due to the fact that it has all its available heat as hot gases in
the exhaust, which is suitable for use in steam production.
Systems for flexible steam production have been analyzed and the most promising ones are now developed and will be validated in field tests.
2.3 Use of CO2 in greenhouses/drying
For many industrial processes, the exhaust gas from the gas turbine can be
used for drying and for other useful purposes. In this project is demonstrated the usage
of the CO2 content from the exhaust gases in greenhouses.
2.4 Cooling
The microturbine offers possibilities for combined cooling/chilling and heating.
The cooling is generated with absorption cooling, thus avoiding the use of harmful
gases, noise and obtaining long TBO (Time Between Overhauls). Again, the microturbine unit is expected to be advantageous to competing technologies by the fact that all
heat production can be used for production of cooling. An optimized system for cooling
is developed and will be validated in field tests.
2.5 Innovation
Microturbines for stationary industrial applications are now coming to market after many years development work. Compared to the larger industrial turbines, microturbines are often constructed as radial turbines instead of an axial outline.
To achieve a reasonable and competitive shaft efficiency development work has
concentrated on reduction of friction-based losses and the integration of recuperators
for preheating the inlet air, thus reducing the fuel consumption.
Increasing interest and the implementing of emission regulations has lead to
design work to ensure the lowest possible emission. This design work has primarily included the use of lean-burn silo-type combustion chambers. In this way low emission
values of CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) can be obtained at power ratings
typically from 50-100% load. Typically, UHC and CO are hardly measurable, and NOx
emission is below approx. 15-20 ppm (at 15% O2).
2.6 Competing Technologies
Microturbine based CHP units are in some applications up against reciprocating
engine based units. Generally, the latter still have higher electrical efficiency, approximately 30-34% against the announced 30% from the first series of the 100 kW microturbines. The advantages by using microturbine-based units are:
Lower maintenance costs

Lower primary emission, especially as regards NOx. CO and UHC, including the
greenhouse gas methane if present in the fuel.
Less space requirements, less vibrations
Easier multifuel possibility
Development potential for higher efficiency
2.7 Success Criteria

The general criteria of success for the developed and tested OMES microturbine based CHP units are:
Power Efficiency 30 % during full load operation (ref. LCV)

Overall efficiency 80 % (ref. LCV)
Availability 90 %
Reliability 95%
O/M Costs < 10 Euro/MWhe.
Unit Cost < 800 Euro/kWe
Emission levels < 15 ppm NOx, @: 15% O
3. DESCRIPTION OF INSTALLATIONS
3.1 Cluster installations
Torpgrden
The Torpgrden installation is placed in a group heating station supplying
dwelling houses with heat and hot water. There are 176 tenancies with a size between
31 and 108 m2. The heat consumption for the housing is 7.100 GJ/year. With the
existing boilers this heat consumption resulted in a gas consumption of 200.000
Nm3/year. By establishing the micro gas turbine energy system the total gas
consumption will increase to app 375.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production
of 1.200.000 kWh /year to the grid.
The new system will consist of:
the 2 existing boilers
2 new mini gas turbines
2 gas compressors for the gas turbines
a 20 m3 heat accumulator situated outside the building
In the new system the micro gas turbines will run 6.200 h/year producing most
of the heat (6.000 GJ/year), but there will still be produced 1.000 GJ/year from the existing boilers running 3.700 h/year.
Installation costs
Turbines: 2*81.500
Installation costs: 180.000 (estimate)
Cluster installation: 22.000 (estimate)
Total installation: 365.000 (estimate)
Maintenance cost is 1,5 cent/kWh up to (but not inclusive) 60.000 hours overhaul.
Monitoring
Registration of electricity used and produced are made by the local power distribution company
The unit is monitored, controlled and regulated by a cluster installation software
developed by Turbec, Vaasa Automation and Energi E2. The cluster installation
enables remote monitoring, control and regulation from the control room in the
central power plant Kyndbyvrket.
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Fuel
Function
power gross (excl. pressuration of gas) %
power net %
total gross (excl. pressuration of gas) %
total net %
Water temp. out deg. C
Torpgrden
Energi E2
March 2003
Natural gas
Heating of houses and production of hot water
30% - according to preliminary test of microturbine
95
Table 2: Plant description - Torpgrden

Hastrupvnge
The T100 at Hastrupvnge is placed in a group heating station supplying
dwelling houses with heat and hot water.
The heat consumption for the housing is 5.300 GJ/year. With the existing boilers this heat consumption results in a gas consumption of 150.000 Nm3/year. By establishing the micro gasturbine energy system the total gas consumption will increase to
app 250.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of 680.000 kWh /year to the
grid.
The installation consists of:
2 existing Danstoker boilers from 1991 with a capacity of 630 Mcal/h each
a new T100 unit
a gas compressor for the gas turbine
In the new system the micro gasturbine will run 6.700 h/year producing most of the heat
(3.500 GJ/year), but there will still be produced 1.800 GJ/year from the existing boilers
running 5.500 h/year.
Installation costs
Turbine: 81.500
Monitoring
Registration of electricity are made by the local power distribution company
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Fuel
Function
power net %
total net %
Water temp. in deg C
Hastrupvnge
Energi E2
March 2003
Natural gas
31%
30%
78%
77%
95
47-50
Table 3: Plant description, Hastrupvnge
rnesdet
This unit will be placed in a group heating station supplying dwelling houses
with heat and hot water.
The heat consumption for the housing is 7.000 GJ/year. With the existing boilers this heat consumption resulted in a gas consumption of 180.000 Nm3/year. By establishing the micro gas turbine energy system the total gas consumption will increase
to app 290.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of 730.000 kWh /year to
the grid.
The new system consists of:
2 existing boilers from 1991 with a capacity of 541 kW each
a new micro gas turbine
a 20 m3 heat accumulator situated under ground outside the building
In the new system the micro gas turbine will run 7.300 h/year producing app half of the
heat (3.700 GJ/year), and there will still be produced 3.300 GJ/year from the existing
boilers running 6.000 h/year.
Installation costs
Turbine: 81.500
Monitoring
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Fuel
Function
power net %
total net %
rnesdet
Energi E2
March 2003
Natural gas
95
45
Table 4: Plant description - rnesdet

Tigervej
The T100 at Tigervej is placed in a heating station supplying industry/office
buildings with heat and hot water. The heat consumption for the buildings is 3.200
GJ/year. With the existing boilers this heat consumption resulted in a gas consumption
of 90.000 Nm3/year. By establishing the micro gas turbine energy system the total gas
consumption increases to app 200.000 Nm3/year also resulting in a power production of
590.000 kWh /year to the grid.
The new system consists of:
the 2 existing Veismann boilers from 2001 with a total capacity of 1625 kW
a new micro gas turbine
The micro gas turbine will run 6.000 h/year producing most of the heat (2.400 GJ/year),
but there will still be produced 800 GJ/year from the existing boilers running 4.800
h/year.
Installation costs
Turbine: 81.500
Monitoring
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Fuel
Function
power net %
total net %
Water temp. in deg. C
Tigervej
Energi E2
March 2003
Natural gas
95
For outdoor temperature 5C: 55-60C
For outdoor temperature 0C: 65-70C
For outdoor temperature -5C: 80C
Table5: Plant description- Tigervej
3.2 Copenhagen Airport (2 units)

This OMES microturbine installation consists of two natural gas fired Turbec T100 units. These are installed at the site Heating Station West; an existing boiler
equipped heating station at Copenhagen Airport.
This heating station supplies heat to offices, vehicle washing and tool shops of
the building placed in this area. The heat produced is distributed through a local heating
grid. The low voltage (approx. 420 V) electricity which is now produced by the Microturbine CHP units goes in the Airport own grid via transformers placed in connection to he
heating station. Through several Voltage steps the are connection to public electricity
grid. However the electricity produced by the CHP units is not expected to exceed own
consumption at any time.
Installation
The units were installed during the autumn 2002 and early 2003 by Frichs
Kraftvarmeservice A/S (www.frichs.com). The duration for the complete installations
works was app 2 months.
Costs
The price of the installation not yet available (February 2003).
Maintenance
A maintenance agreement with the Danish Turbec representative/installer
Frichs Kraftvarmeservice A/S has been signed at a price level of approx. 1.5 Euro
cents pr. hour of operation.
Installation
The units are installed in existing buildings containing boilers, pumps and a
transformer station. The microturbine CHP units are floor mounted at a place obtained
by moving two pumps. This placement gives easy access to the heating system as the
heat production of the Turbec units simply goes in the return water for the boilers as
pre-heating. Also electrical connection has been relatively easy as transformers are
placed few meters away.
Fresh air intake has been made through an area in the glass facade in front of
the units. Exhaust is taken vertically up through the roof of the building.
The gas compressors of the Turbec units are placed in separate cabinets floor
few meters away from the CHP units.
Noise
The cabinets of the Turbec Units are the standard casings. This means (for
each unit) that a noise level of some 70 dB(A) can be expected in 1 meter distance from
the cabinet. The noise of the gas compressors are specified in the data sheets as 75
dB(A) at 1 meter distance. Noise is expected measured during hand-over procedure.
As no people are under normal conditions in the building no extraordinary noise
considerations have been taken into account.
Environmental aspect
No problems to fulfill Danish legislation concerning exhaust emission (NOx, CO)
are expected. This is based on manufacturers data sheets (<15 ppm NOX and CO
respectively at 15 % O2).
Budget
On an annual basis the expected production/consumption of the two base load
units will be as follows:
Power production (2 units)
Heat production (2 units)
Gas consumption (2 units)
Annual operation hours
1527
2285
478.544
7650
MWhe/year
MWh/year
Nm3/year
hours/year
Operation strategy
The installation is designed/sized to enable electricity production that comes as
close to (but does not exceed) the airports statutory buy of prioritized power from the
grid. The production of the plant should replace to as large an extent as possible this
more expensive power from grid. This prioritized power represents approx. 35% of the
power bought to the airport.
Optimization in relation hereto has been done using the computer program ENERGY PRO developed by EMB (www.emd.dk). This computer program has been widely
used for planning and sizing Danish decentralized CHP plants. No significant need for a
heat storage facility has shown up during the studies for the Airport Case.
3.3 Lynge M/R station
This unit was installed in April 2000. This was a follow up upon a pilot test of an
80 kW unit installed April 1999.
Function
The function of the Turbec T100 unit is to produce heat for preheating of natural
gas before pressure reduction (from 80 bar to 30 bar). Beside that two hot water boilers
are installed at the M/R station. The produced electricity is sold to the local network .
The mean electricity price in 2002 was 0,32 DKK/kWh (app. 4,3 cent/kWh).
Mean gas price in 2002 was: 0,17 DKK/kWh - app. 2,3 cent/kWh (excl. tax).
Installation costs
Turbine: 80.000
Installation costs: 100.000
Total installation: 180.000
Monitoring
Registration of electricity sold are made by local power distribution company
Heat production is registered by local installed calorimer and manually logged
Gas consumption registered by local counter and manually logged
One precision test has been made by Danish Gas Technology Centre
(www.dgc.dk)
Remarks
The heat transportation media is a water/glycol solution, which reduce the specific heat from 1 to 0.88, and due to that a reduction in heat transfer (and total
efficiency) for the turbine. This is partly counteracted through the presence of
the needed gas pressure of 6 - 8 bar.
Burning chamber changed after 3000 hours due to erosion. Recuperator
changed after 1300 hours due thermal tensions.
Problems with oil filter. Oil consumption >> 5 l/1000 running hours. New type of
filter installed, oil consumption now 1 l/1000 hours.
Leakages between recuperator and compressor at 7400 hours. New sprigs installed at compressor back plate.
Problems with power electronic unit. Problems declining.
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Running hours by Dec. 31, 2002
Fuel
Function
Power production, kWh
Heat production, kWh
power gross (no need for pressuration of gas)
total gross (no need for pressuration of gas)
Lynge M/R station

Dansk Olie og Naturgas A/S
April 2000
13500
Natural gas
Preheating of Natural gas before pressure reduction
1,1 GWh
1,7 GWh
31,1 %
72,1 %
77
67
Table 6: Plant description - Lynge M/R station
Load
O2 (actual)
CO
NO + NO2 (NOx)
NO
UHC
% vol
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
30 kW
19,0
1458
36
18
801
60 kW
18,5
543
24
14
156
Table 7: Emission data at 15 vol% O2 - Lynge
100 kW
18,0
6
17
16
0
Power load
Gas consumption
Heating Value
Firing ratio
Power production
Power efficiency
Heat production
Heating
efficiency
Total Efficiency
m3n/h
30 kW
12,7
60 kW
19,0
100 kW
29,6
kWh/m3
kW
kW
11,2
142
28,8
11,2
213
61,1
11,2
332
103,1
% - gross
kW
% - gross
20,3
51,9
36,6
28,7
85,4
40,1
31,1
135,4
40,8
% - gross
56,9
68,8
71,9
Table 8: System efficiency - Lynge
3.4 Statoil Main office - Forus Stavanger/Norway

This unit is installed in the central energy central for Statoil main office in Stavanger.
Function
The function of the Turbec T100 unit is to produce power to the office complex,
to produce heat to the hot water system, and cooling during summer season. The turbine is fueled by methanol.
Installation:
Turbine: 100 kW Turbec
Absorption chiller: Broad, China.
Storage tank for methanol.
Cost: Installation not completed January 2003
Monitoring
The standard data collection will be partly in the T100 and partly in the central
control system.
Registration of electricity sold will be made by a power meter connected to the
central control system.
Heat production will be registered by local installed calorimer and automatically
logged
Fuel consumption will be registered by level reader and automatically logged
Remarks
Noise attenuation required for air intake, air discharge and for exhaust channels.
Design of methanol fuel system ready very late in the project.
Combustion chamber needs to be changed before start up.
Methanol pump to be installed to give required fuel pressure. System not yet
accepted due to uncertainties with regards to hazardous area required.
Plant
Fjell Apartment compex
Plant owner
Installed
Fuel
Function
power net %
total net %
Cooling Capacity
Statoil ASA
February 2003
Methanol
Power, heat and cooling for the office complex
not known yet - February 2003
Expected 95 kW, still not measured
Table 9: Plant description - Statoil main office

3.5 Fjell Drammen/Norway
This unit is installed in the central energy central for a building complex.
Function
The function of the Turbec T100 unit is to produce power to the grid connected
to the complex, and to produce heat to the hot water system. The turbine is fueled by
methanol.
Installation:
Cost: Installation is not completed
Turbine: 100 kW Turbec
Storage tank for methanol.
Cost: Installation not completed January 2003
Monitoring
The standard data collection will be partly in the T100 and partly to a dedicated
data logger
Registration of electricity sold will be made by local power distribution company
Heat production registered by installed calorimer and automatically logged
Fuel consumption will be registered by level reader and automatically logged
Remarks
Noise attenuation required for air intake, air discharge and for exhaust channels.
Design of methanol fuel system ready very late in the project.
Combustion chamber needs to be changed before start up.
Methanol pump to be installed to give required fuel pressure. System not yet
accepted due to uncertainties with regards to hazardous area required.
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Fuel
Function
power net %
total net %
Fjell Apartment complex

Statoil ASA
February 2003
Methanol
Power and heat for apartment complex
Table 10: Plant description - Fjell Apartment complex

3.6 Mariestad sewage treatment plant
A T100 prototype was installed late 2001/beginning 2002 at the Mariestad sewage treatment plant. It was designed to run on the raw biogas from the sewage treatment plant. The turbine should produce heat and electricity for internal use at the plant,
replacing and older oil fired boiler.
Function
The turbine room is situated just next to the digestion chamber. Raw biogas is
fed through pipes and dried to a dew point of about 5C (ambient pressure) and then
compressed and fed to the T100. Promised gas production was initially exceeding 800
Nm3/hr but actual production is about 400 Nm3/hr.
Initially, it was decided to go ahead with the 800 Nm3/hr and run the turbine on
part load (50-80%). Unfortunately, the gas production didnt improve after the tuning of
the digestion chamber. It was only possible to run the turbine on 20-25 kWe.
The first problem was moisture in the gas, this was solved with an additional
water separator. The main problem now is the low gas production.
Installation costs
T100: 80.000
Installation costs are still not clear since work is ongoing.
Remarks
Poor functionality, gas production is less than 50 % of what was initially promised. It
is only possible to run the unit at about 20 kW power.
Gas compressor and combustion chamber changed late 2002.
3.7 Klitte Greenhouse
Klitte & Lundh grows cucumbers: Frillestads Gurka. The total area of the greenhouses is 23 000 m2, whereof the T100 supplies CO2 to 10 700 m2. Klitte & Lundh
produces 4 000 000 cucumbers (1 500 000 kg) annually, corresponding to 5% of the total annual Swedish cucumber production. Heat and CO2 is also supplied from natural
gas fired boilers. At full load, the T100 produces 6.3 g CO2/m2. During cultivations season, more than 20 g CO2/m2 is required on sunny days, and additional CO2 will be
supplied from the existing boiler. A hot water accumulator allows the boiler and T100 to
be run continuously and the CO2 production is optimized without having to waste heat.
Function
The unit was installed in an existing boiler room next to a natural gas fired boiler. A
new CO2 distribution system for the flue gases from the turbine was installed. The CO2
distribution system is a standard system for greenhouses made of PVC. As PVC cannot
withstand temperatures higher than 57C, a secondary heat ex-changer was installed
which ensures that the flue gas temperature is kept below 57C.
For next cultivation season, hoses made of polyethylene (PE) will be fitted to the
exhaust from the PVC pipes to further increase the distribution of the flue gases among
the crops. Currently, 16 fans fitted in the roof of the greenhouse increase the circulation
of the air inside the greenhouse.
Installation costs
The total cost for the installed unit (including unit and modification of unit, modification of the electrical system, computerized control system, CO2 distribution system
and all plumbing) was 148 000 Euro, equaling a specific cost of 1 480 Euro/kW. This is
a high specific cost but the unit at Klitte & Lundh is a pilot installation and the future installed cost of a CHP unit including CO2 fertilization is expected to be around 1000
Euro/kW.
Monitoring
The standard data collection is made by Turbec
One precision test has been made by Sycon AB
Remarks
Minor problems with a pilot valve initially, corrected.
Initially minor problems with power electronic unit, corrected.
Minor problems with the interaction between existing boiler and T100.
Electricity grid to the site is weak causing peaks and dips which trips the unit.
The levels of UHC, CO NO, NO2 and CO2 inside the greenhouse are well below
hygienic limits and well below values that could affect the plants in a negative
way.
Load
O2 (actual)
CO
NO + NO2 (NOx)
NO
UHC
50 kW
19,1
1446
22
16
272
% vol
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
75 kW
18,7
666
18
13
71
100 kW
18,4
No detected
14
12
No detected
Table 11: Emission data - Greenhouse

3.8 Kvlinge
A T100 prototype was installed late 1999 and was replaced by a commercial
T100 unit in May 2001.
Function
The Kvlinge site, which is part of a complex of apartments, schools and institutions with district heating, proved to be particularly suitable for the installation. The T100
unit could be installed in a boiler room with easy access for air intake and an exhaust
gas stack. Ambient air could be provided through an opening in the boiler room wall and
there was no need for special noise reduction on the outside. The unit was installed in
Kvlinge as part of a system including two boilers. The microturbine CHP unit supplements the heat provided by the boilers during periods when demand is high. When demand is low it provides all of the heat for the complex. The electricity not used at the installation site is sold back to the electrical utility and supplied to the building complex
through the grid.
Running hours approximately 5-6.000 hrs for commercial T100, about 9.000 for
T100 + prototype.
Installation costs
As the costs for the protoype were very high there no conclusions can be drawn
from the installation.
Monitoring
The standard data collection is made by Turbec
Registration of electricity sold are made by local power distribution company
Heat production is registered by local installed calorimer and manually logged
Measured efficiencies for the prototype model were:
el net = 29,6%
total net = 75,4%
el groos = 31,3%
total gross = 77,6%
3.9 VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland)

The Turbec T100 unit was installed at VTT Processes in November 2002.
VTT and Gasum who is a partner in OMES project have made an agreement that VTT
will do all the research work in OMES project.
Function
The Turbec T100 unit is producing electricity and heat to the building of VTT
Processes at Otaniemi, Espoo. The unit is connected to both electric and district heating
network. Price of the produced electricity will be credited once a year according to the
production.
Costs
Turbine investment: 86 000
Installation: 87 000
The installation costs were dubbled from the budgeted 40 150 .
3.10 Hamburg, Business Centre
This unit was installed in September/October 2002. The Turbec T-100 microturbine is installed in a container in close connection to an office building and delivers heat
and electricity to the customer.
Function
The function of the Turbec T-100 unit in Hamburg is to produce heat and power
for an office building. The office building at Harburg Channel has a boiler room with two
natural gas fired boilers. The heat from the T-100 is connected to the boiler room with
two pipes. One pipe for the heated water and one pipe for water to be heated. There is
a pipe from the natural gas net in the boiler room to the gas compressor in the container.
The container is insulated inside to meet the demand of low noise level. The container
is ventilated and equipped with a high chimney for the exhaust gases.
Installation costs
Turbine: 82.000 including
This includes the Turbec Additional electrical relay protection system.
Installation costs: not summarized yet (February 2003).
Monitoring
No monitoring so far. But system for data collection and communication has
been developed and is ready to be installed. All data will be transferred daily to Vattenfalls office in Sweden for evaluation.
Remarks
Extra cost for building a new chimney. The reason was that the exhaust gases
could condense and the new chimney is equipped with facilities to evaporate
condensed water.
Plant
Plant owner
Installed
Running hours by Dec. 31, 2002
Fuel
Function
power net %
total net %
Hamburg CHP
HEW Contract (HEWC, a subsidiary to VAB)
October 2002
Only a couple of hours
Natural gas
CHP (Combined Heat and Power)
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Table 12: Microturbine - Hamburg

Permits
The question for permits in Hamburg is still discussed with Bauprfamt. The
main problems are dealing with the gas compressor. The compressor must hermetical
sealed to obtain the allowance to have it in a container in close connection to the microturbine.
Permit from neighbour
The container with the microturbine was placed to close to the border of an adjacent house. HEWC arranged a meeting with the neighbors who now has accepted the
location and given a written permit. This was clear November 20.
Silencer
Schwartz & Grantz has installed a silencer on the outside of the container. The
noise from the air inlet system is reduced to less than 45 db.
Safety stop from out side
A new safety stop system has been installed. The microturbine can be stopped
from outside of the container.
3.11 Steam site, Limerick, Ireland
A T100 was installed in February 2003 at an industry in Limerick on Eastern Ireland. The T100 is a part of a steam boiler/T100 system that produces heat and electricity to the industry.
Function
The T100/Boiler system produces steam and electricity to the industry during
daytime when electricity and peak tariffs are high. Expected annual running hours are 45.000 hrs with an approximately 3-400 starts per year.
Installation costs
Turbine: ongoing - February 2003
Installation costs: ongoing - February 2003
Total installation: ongoing - February 2003
Monitoring
Turbec makes the standard data collection.
Additional OMES specific data is logged.
Additional OMES specific testing will be performed.
3.12 St John of God Hospital (SJOG)

A T100 was in October 2002 installed at St John of God Hospital in Dublin on
Ireland. All of the electricity and heat is used in the hospital. In addition to the hot water
supplied from the T100, a secondary heat exchanger will be installed where additional
heat is produced. This heat is used for pre-heating the warm tap water.
Function
The T100 provides heat and electricity to the hospital during daytime when electricity and peak tariffs are high. Expected annual running hours are 4-5.000 hrs with an
approximately 3-400 starts per year.
Installation costs
Turbine: 80.000
Installation costs: 63.950
OMES metering equipment: 13.500
Total installation: 157.450
Monitoring

3.13 SAS Radisson Limerick

A T100 was installed February 2003 at the SAS Radisson Hotel in Limerick on
Eastern Ireland. All of the electricity and heat is used at the hotel.
Function
The T100 will provide heat and electricity to the hotel during daytime when electricity and peak tariffs are high. Expected annual running hours are 4-5.000 hrs with an
approximately 2-300 starts per year.
Installation costs:
Turbine: 80.000
Installation costs: ongoing - February 2003
Total installation: ongoing - February 2003
Monitoring
Remarks
The unit will have to be placed on the top of the roof of the existing boiler room,
making it a somewhat tricky installation. A shed will be built to protect the turbine.
4. Conclusion
In the OMES demo project now (February 2003) all demo sites have been decided
upon.10 plants are in operation, and the remaining plants will be in operation by end of
April 2003.
Most important observations that have been made through the starting of this project
are:
Installation costs:
Costs for the T 100 unit from factory stays at original planned level of 80.000
- 86.000 . This indicates that the microturbine will be able to reach its longer-term
goals, which in the OMES project is set at less than 800 per kW.
Observed costs for the installation of the standard T 100 varies considerably. This variation is of course to a large extent dependant on variations in site specifications. For example many installations are not made in a fully commercial way due to a good environment for the testing and measurements that has to be performed. Further to mention
some installations then have to add extra costs for a methanol tank, heating accumulator, steam mode etc.
This will be analyzed more in details when all installation costs are available. However
already now can be observed that large differences exist between the installations due
to rules and regulations. Both on the fuel side and on the electrical side.
Still a price level of 1000 /kW (hardware + installation) seems reachable when installers and advisory engineers are accustomed with this new technology and installation rules are more clear. A reduction in hardware price from the turbine manufacturers
seems possible when high volume production is established.
Maintenance costs
The original goal for the OMES project indicated O/M costs less than 1
cent/kWh.
This goal is hardly met so far. The observed O/M costs varies between 1 and 1,5
cent/kWh.
Availability 90 % and reliability > 95%
For the plants in operation these goals have been meet.
Power Efficiency and overall efficiency
The original goals to be met were 30 % power efficiency during full load operation and overall efficiency 80 % (ref. LCV).
The measuring results show that the goals for power efficiency at full load is met, still
the overall efficiency stays in the range of 72 - 78%. This is due to higher water inlet
temperature than originally planned for, at the plants measured. All results at "net" conditions where the work to raise gas pressure has been accounted for. At part load there
is a considerable drop in efficiency, so operation at part load < 50% of full load seems
not recommendable.
Environment
The original environmental goals for the OMES project were focusing NOx.
Measurements at the plants Lynge and Klitte & Lundh greenhouse shows that the Turbec T 100 at 100% load emits 14- and 17 ppm at 15% of O2. These results are very
close to the OMES goals of 15 ppm NOx at 15% of O2.
APPENDIX C
REFERENCES
1. H.J. Rasmusen, Optimised microturbine energy systems, EC ENERGY Contract
NNE5/20128/1999, 2001.
2. Mini- and micro-gas turbines for combined heat and power. P.A. Palavachi, Applied
Thermal Engineering (2002) p. 2003 - 2014

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Appendix A

MICROTURBINE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Flexible steam generation

Diff. Apartment houses, Kge

In operation March 2003

CHP - Boiler house

In operation Feb. 1, 2003

M/R station, Lynge

CHP - M/R station

13.500 running hours end of 2002

CHP- Cooling, methanol

Turbine delivery Jan. 2003

Turbine delivery Jan. 2003

Mariestads Avl. Rening.

CHP - Biogas (sewage)

In operation beginning of 2002.

Klitte & Lundh (Green House)

CHP - CO2 enrichment

In operation beginning of 2002

CHP - Boiler house

9000 running hours end of 2002

In operation October 2002

Buss. Center, Hamburg

In operation October 2002

In operation Feb. 2003

St. John of God Hosp. Dublin

In operation since Nov. 2002

SAS Radisson Limerick

Installed Feb. 2003

Table 1: Overview for installations in the OMES project

2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

Lower maintenance costs

2.7 Success Criteria

Power Efficiency 30 % during full load operation (ref. LCV)

Table 2: Plant description - Torpgrden

Table 3: Plant description, Hastrupvnge

Table 4: Plant description - rnesdet

Table5: Plant description- Tigervej

3.2 Copenhagen Airport (2 units)

Lynge M/R station

Table 6: Plant description - Lynge M/R station

Table 7: Emission data at 15 vol% O2 - Lynge

Table 8: System efficiency - Lynge

3.4 Statoil Main office - Forus Stavanger/Norway

Fjell Apartment compex

Table 9: Plant description - Statoil main office

Fjell Apartment complex

Table 10: Plant description - Fjell Apartment complex

Table 11: Emission data - Greenhouse

3.9 VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland)

Table 12: Microturbine - Hamburg

3.12 St John of God Hospital (SJOG)

Additional OMES specific data is logged.

3.13 SAS Radisson Limerick

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