Vector III 2015

Surface Integral
Surface Integral
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Sk/EUM114/ Vector 3 Lecture/2015
Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
Stokes Theorem
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
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Surface Integral
Triple Integrals - Divergence Theorem of Gauss (1777-1855)

The triple integral is a generalization of the double integral introduced above. For defining this integral,
one considers a function f x, y, z defined in a bounded closed region T of space. One subdivides T by
planes parallel to the three coordinate planes. Then, one numbers the parallelepipeds inside T from 1 to n.
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Surface Integral
In each such parallelepiped, one chooses an arbitrary point, say
xk , yk , zk
in the kth
parallelepiped, and form the sum

n
J n f xk , yk , zk vk
(1)
k 1
where vk is the volume of the kth parallelepiped. This limit is called the triple integral of
f x, y, z over the region T, and is denoted by
f x, y, z dxdydz
f x, y, z dv
(2)
div Fdxdydz
div Fdv
F nd
(3)
or
Example
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Surface Integral
Compute
F n d , where F x, y, z x i 2 yj 4z k and S is the surface of the cylinder

2
x2 y 2 4, 0 z 2 .
Solution
div F 2 x 2 8z , so
F n 2 x 2 8z dzdxdy
S
2 x 2 8z dzdxdy
2
x2 y 2 4
2 xz 2 z 4 z z=0 dxdy 4 x 20 dxdy

2
x2 y 2 4
z=2
x2 y 2 4
Let x r cos and y r sin , then x2 y 2 4 r 2 cos2 r 2 sin 2 r 2 r 2 .

The differential area in the polar coordinate system becomes dA dxdy rdrd .)
4r cos 20)rdrd 4 r
2
2 8
4 cos 10 d 80
0
3
18
cos 5r drd
Surface Integral
Example
By transforming to a triple integral, evaluate
I x3dydz x 2 y dxdz x 2 z dxdy
S
where S is the closed surface consisting of the cylinder x 2 y 2 a 2 0 z b and the dicks z=0
and z=b. From (6), it is evident that
P x3 , Q x 2 y, R x 2 z
Hence, by taking advantage of the symmetry of the circle (evaluate only 1/4 of the circle), the
corresponding triple integral takes the from by (6)
I 3x 2 x 2 x 2 dxdydz 4 5
a2 y 2
x 2 dxdydz 20
Let y a sin , dy a cos d , then
y2
3/2
a 2 1 sin 2
3/2
a 2 cos2
3/2
a3 cos3
and
3/2
1 a 2
1 4 /2 4
1 4 3 a4
2
a y dy 3 a 0 cos d 3 a 8 2 16
3 0
Hence, the integral I becomes
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1 2
2 3/2
a
dydz
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Surface Integral
b
I 20
0
a4
5
dz a 4b
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4
Example
If F and n are expressed in terms of their Cartesian components such that
x
y
z
F n cos x, n i cos y, n j cos z, n k i j k
r
r
r
where
r x 2 y 2 z 2 and the region T is the sphere x2 y 2 z 2 a 2
Evaluate the triple integral :

Solution
Assuming that r 0
P
x

x x x 2 y 2 z 2
x2 y 2 z 2 x2 / x2 y 2 z 2 r 2 x2
x2 y 2 z 2
r3
Likewise,
Q r 2 y 2
R r 2 z 2
and
z
r3
y
r3
Hence,
div F
3r 2 r 2 2
if r 0 and
r3
r
r dxdydz
T
Since the triple integral is discontinuous when r=0, care must be exercised. Returning back to
the equivalent surface integral reveals that
x2 y 2 z 2
2
nd
S
S r 2 r 2 r 2 d S 1d 4 a
The integral is simply the surface area of a sphere of radius a, thus avoiding an integral
containing a discontinuity at r=0.
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Surface Integral
The triple integral may be evaluated by transforming the Cartesian coordinates into the spherical
coordinates. From the sketch, it is clear that
In this case, r . dv dxdydz r 2 sin drd d

2 a 1
2
2
2
2
dxdydz
2
r
sin
drd
a
sin d d
0 0 0 r
0 0
r
T
a 2 cos
d 2 a 2 1 1 4 a 2
As expected, it yields the same result.
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Surface Integral
Hints on Surface Itegrals
Is
No
Yes
Is S closed?
Is S closed?
No
Parametrize and
Integrate
Yes
No
Yes
Choose simplest
surface S with the
same boundary
=0
Case 1. Parametrize and Integrate

Write the parametric equation r(u,v) of the surface. Find dS = (ru x rv) du dv. Take the dot
product with F and integrate over u and v.
Case 2. Use the Divergence (Gausss) Theorem
a) The Divergence Theorem has exactly the same flavor as Stokes Theorem.
You go up one dimension
You take some kind of derivative of the integrand
You integrate over the region bounded by the closed shape
b) In the xz plane, dS (dx)i (dz)k (dxdz) j
c) In the yz plane, dS (dy) j (dz)k (dydz)i
Case 3.
In Stokes theorem,
Curl (F ) =0, implies that F = Grad (f.) for some f.
Then it is easy to find the potential f and evaluate at the end points. Another way of saying this is that the
integral depends only on the boundary of the curve, namely the end points. Thus, one could replace the
curve by the simplest curve with the same boundary, namely a line joining the end points. In practice one
never does this since it is simpler to evaluate f at the end points.
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Surface Integral
In Gausss theorem, if
Div(F)=0, implies that F=Curl(A) for some A.
Now it is not easy to find the vector potential A. But the situation is similar. The integral depends only on
the boundary, so one can replace the original surface S with the simplest surface that has the same
boundary. So, for example, if the surface is the upper hemisphere z=sqrt(a^2-x^2-y^2), where the
computation of the differential of surface is nasty, one could use the surface z=0, (where dS = dx dy k)
and integrate over a circle of radius a.
Think of this as the butterfly net catcher theorem. If Div (F) =0 then there are no sources or sinks inside
the surface, the flux of butterflies coming into the surface net depends only on the Rim of the net.
Case 4.
If Div(F)=0 and the surface is closed, then there are no sources or sinks inside the surface, so the net Flux
is zero! Whatever goo comes in, must come out..
So Why is this Important?
Gausss and Stokes theorem are central to Physics. Without Gradients, Curls and Divergences, one could
not give a full quantitative description of Gravitation, Electrodynamics, Fluid Dynamics, Aerospace
Engineering, Atmospheric Sciencesyou get the point.
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Surface Integral
Summary of Surface Integrals
Surface (or flux)

integral of a vector
field
surface integral of a
real-valued function
Type
of Int.
Notation
Definition and
Interpretations/Applications
Standard/Direct Way to Compute

2
dz dz
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
)
1 dA , where
D
dx dy
z g ( x, y) is the function whose graph is the
surface S of integration and D is the
projection of S; OR f (r(u, v)) ru rv dA
2
f ( x, y, z )dS
lim
m , n
f ( P )S
i 1 j 1
*
ij
ij
(mass/moments of a surface)
Major Theorems that

Indicate How to Compute
Indirectly
F dS , OR
F ndS
Based on an upward
orientation of S
(this notation infers

outward orientation
if S is closed and
upward orientation
if S is not closed)
FP nP S
m
lim
m , n
i 1 j 1
*
ij
*
ij
ij
(rate of flow through a surface)
where D is the pre-image (in the uv-plane) of

S
g
g
Stokes Theorem:
D P( x, y, z) x Q( x, y, z) y R( x, y, z) dA F dr curlF dS where C
C
S
where z = g(x,y) is the function whose graph
is the boundary of S
is the surface S of integration and D is the
projection of S; OR
Divergence Theorem:
D F (ru rv )dA , where D is the pre-image SF dS EdivFdV where S
(in the uv-plane) of S
is the boundary of E
Note: There are analogous notations, definitions, and formulas for situations in which the roles of x, y, and/or z are swapped.
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Surface Integral

Triple Integrals - Divergence Theorem of Gauss (1777-1855)

In each such parallelepiped, one chooses an arbitrary point, say

parallelepiped, and form the sum

f x, y, z over the region T, and is denoted by

F n d , where F x, y, z x i 2 yj 4z k and S is the surface of the cylinder

2 xz 2 z 4 z z=0 dxdy 4 x 20 dxdy

Let x r cos and y r sin , then x2 y 2 4 r 2 cos2 r 2 sin 2 r 2 r 2 .

Let y a sin , dy a cos d , then

Hence, the integral I becomes

Evaluate the triple integral :

In this case, r . dv dxdydz r 2 sin drd d

As expected, it yields the same result.

Hints on Surface Itegrals

Case 1. Parametrize and Integrate

Summary of Surface Integrals

Surface (or flux)

Standard/Direct Way to Compute

Major Theorems that

(this notation infers

(rate of flow through a surface)

where D is the pre-image (in the uv-plane) of

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