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6.1
Resonance
Introduction
A.C Circuits made up of resistors, inductors and capacitors are said to be resonant circuits when
the current drawn from the supply is in phase with the impressed sinusoidal voltage. Then
1. the resultant reactance or susceptance is zero.
2. the circuit behaves as a resistive circuit.
3. the power factor is unity.
A second order series resonant circuit consists of R, L and C in series. At resonance, voltages
across C and L are equal and opposite and these voltages are many times greater than the applied
voltage. They may present a dangerous shock hazard.
A second order parallel resonant circuit consists of R; L and C in parallel. At resonance,
currents in L and C are circulating currents and they are considerably larger than the input current.
Unless proper consideration is given to the magnitude of these currents, they may become very
large enough to destroy the circuit elements.
Resonance is the phenomenon which finds its applications in communication circuits: The
ability of a radio or Television receiver (1) to select a particular frequency or a narrow band of
frequencies transmitted by broad casting stations or (2) to suppress a band of frequencies from
other broad casting stations, is based on resonance.
Thus resonance is desired in tuned circuits, design of filters, signal processing and control
engineering. But it is to be avoided in other circuits. It is to be noted that if R = 0 in a series
RLC circuit, the circuits acts as a short circuit at resonance and if R = in parallel RLC circuit,
the circuit acts as an open circuit at resonance.
452
6.2
| Network Analysis
Transfer Functions
If we put j = s then the above quantities will be Z(s), Y (s), G(s), (s) respectively. These
are treated later in this book.
6.3
Series Resonance
E
E
=
R + j(XL XC )
R + jX
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Resonance
| 453
It is observed that there are two frequencies, one above and the other below the resonant
frequency, 0 at which current is same.
1
and |Z| with .
Fig. 6.4 represents the variations of XL = L; XC =
C
1
we see that any constant product of L and C give a particular
From the equation 0 =
LC
L
resonant frequency even if the ratio
is different. The frequency of a constant frequency source
C
can also be a resonant frequency for a number of L and C combinations. Fig. 6.5 shows how the
L
sharpness of tuning is affected by different
ratios, but the product LC remaining constant.
C
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
L
For larger ratio, current varies more abruptly in the region of 0 . Many applications call for
C
narrow band that pass the signal at one frequency and tend to reject signals at other frequencies.
6.4
Im
When the current is I = power dissipated is
2
Pm
I2 R
= m watts.
2
2
From I characteristic shown in Fig. 6.3, it is observed that there are two frequencies
Im
1 and 2 at which the current is I = . As at these frequencies the power is only one half of
2
that at 0 , these are called half power frequencies or cut off frequencies.
The ratio,
1
When expressed in dB it is 20 log = 3dB.
2
454
Network Analysis
3 dB frequencies.
!2 !1 , and it is referred to as
The sharpness of tuning depends on the ratio , a small ratio indicating a high degree of
L
selectivity. The quality factor of a circuit can be expressed in terms of R and L of the inductor.
Quality factor = Q =
!0 L
R
= 2
Selectivity is the reciprocal of Q.
Q = !R0 L and !0 L = ! 1C ;
As
and since !0 =
6.5
1
pLC
, we have
Q = ! 1CR
0
rL
Q= R C
1
E
I = pE = 2
2R
fR + (XL XC )2g
jXL XC j = R i:e:; !L !C1 = R
1
2
At ! = !2 ,
Simplifying,
!22 LC !2 CR
R = !2 L ! 1C
2
1=0
1 2
I , we get,
2 m
Resonance
Solving, we get
!2 =
p
RC + R C
2
2LC
+ 4LC
R+
=
2L
s
R
2L
LC
455
(6.1)
Note that only + sign is taken before the square root. This is done to ensure that !2 is always
positive.
At ! = !1 ,
R = 1 !1 L
Solving;
!1 C
! LC + !1 CR p1 = 0
2 2
!1 = RC + 2RLCC + 4LC
s 2
R + 1
R
+
=
2L
2L
LC
2
1
(6.2)
and therefore
!2 !1 = RL = Band width.
2
1
!1 !2 = 4RL2 + LC
!0 = p !1 !2
or
R2 = 1
4L2
LC
= !02
'
2L
+ !0 and
'
!2 = 2RL + !0
R = !0 , Equations for ! and ! as given by equations (6.1) and (6.2) can be expressed
1
2
L Q
in terms of Q as
s 2
!
0
!2 = 2Q + 2!Q0 + !02
Since
456
Network Analysis
= !0
Similarly
!1 = !0
2 s 3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2
s 3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2
6.6
As frequency is varied, both the voltages across L and C increase with frequency upto !0 and
they are equal at !0 : But their maximum values do not occur at !0 : Vc reaches its maximum at
! < !0 and VL reaches its maximum at ! > !0 . This can be verified by calculating the frequency
at which each occurs.
6.7
I=q
Voltage across L is
VL = !LI = q
Squaring
VL2 =
This is maximum when
R2 +
E
!L
dVL 2 = 0
d!
!C
E!L
R2 + !L
E 2 ! 2 L2
R2 + !L !C1 2
!C
Resonance
"(
That is,
EL
2 2
or
)
2
LC
R2 C
2L
!L2 = !02 1
!L = !0
That is, !L
6.8
2! ! 2 !L
L + !2C
!C !C
!C
1 2
1
1
2
R + !L !C = !L !C !L + !C
1
L 2 L#2
1
2
R2 + !2#L#
+ 2 2 2 = !#
2
!C
C
! C2
2 2 2
2
R ! C + 1 2! LC = 1
!2 (2LC R2 C 2 ) = 2
!2 = 2LC 2 R2 C 2
#
=0
1
1
2Q2
1
1
> !0 .
1
2Q2
E
!C R2 + !2 L
2
VC2 = 2 2 2 E
! C R + !L
VC =
Now
" (
E 2 !2
C2
d 2
d! (VC ) = 0:
!L !C
1
!L !C
1
L !2C
1
+ 2!
!L !C
1
!C
!C
R2 + !L !C
!L + !C
1
)#
2
=0
457
458
Network Analysis
1#
L
1#
2 2
R 2 + ! 2 L2 + ! #
2 = #
2C 2
2
C ! C2 ! L
L
2! 2 L2 + R2 = 2
C
L
2
1
R2
!2 = 2 C2L2R = LC
2L2
2
1
R C = !2 1
=
1
0
LC
2 L
Let this frequency be !C
2Q2
!C = !0 1 2Q1 2
i:e:;
! C < !0
Variations of VC and VL as functions of !
Figure 6.6
VC = r
!C R
2
Consider ! 2 C 2 R2 + (! 2 LC
!C C R
2
(! 2 LC 1)2
!2 C 2
2 2
+ (! 2 LC
Q2
1
2
LC = !0
=
2
0
and
2Q2
!0 CR = Q1
(6.3)
4Q4
Q2
2
0
2Q4
4Q4
LC
2Q2
2
0
2
0
1)2
1
+ (!C LC 1) = ! 1
CR + ! 1
2Q
1 11
1
1
! 1 2Q
=
Q 1 2Q +
!
1 1 1
1
1
1
2
since
o = p fR ! C
Q2
4Q2
Vcm = q EQ 1
1
6.9
4Q2
In a series resonant circuit connected to a constant voltage, with a constant frequency, when L is
varied to achieve resonance, the following conditions prevail:
Resonance
459
XC is constant and I = q E
when L = 0.
R2 + XC2
V at X = X
2. With increase in L; XL increases and Im =
R L C
3. With further increase in L; I proceeds to fall.
All these conditions are depicted in Fig. 6.7 VC max occurs at
!0 but VL max occurs at a point beyond !0 .
L at which VL becomes a maximum is obtained in terms of
1.
other constants.
EXL
fR2 + (XL XC )2g
2 2
VL2 = R2 + (EX XL X )2
L
C
2
dVL = 0.
This is maximum when
dXL
VL =
R
Therefore;
+ (XL
1
2
Figure 6.7
R2 + XL2 + XC2
2XL XC = XL2
XL = R X+ XC
C
2
Therefore;
Let the corresponding value of L is Lm .
Then;
XL XC
2
Lm = C (R2 + XC2 )
!0 L = ! 1C :
0
6.10
3.
C is
I = 0.
V
, I = Im = .
when !C =
!L
R
with further increase in C; I starts decreasing as shown in Fig. 6.8, where Cm is the value of
capacitance at maximum voltage across C and C0 is the value of the capacitance at !0 .
1
460
Network Analysis
Figure 6.8
dVC2 = 0
dXC
R2 + (XL XC )2 2XC X 2 f2(XL XC )(
Then;
C
R2 + XL2 +XC2 2XL XC = XL XC +XC2
2
2
XC = R X+ XL
For maximim VC ;
1) = 0
Cm = R2 +L X 2 :
Then;
6.11
Transfer Functions
6.11.1
Voltage ratio transfer function of a series resonant circuit and frequency response
j!) =
R
H (j!) = VV0((j!
)
R + j !L
s
!CR
n! L 1 ! o
1
1 + j !L
R
1+j
! R!
0
0
1 + jQ !!0
!!0 CR
!0
!
1+Q
h!
!0
Figure 6.9
!C
!0
!
i
2
,
1
2
tan
Q ! !!0
0
!
Resonance
= ! ! !0 = !!
0
! !0 = ( + 1) 1 = ( + 1)2
!0 !
+1
+1
For small deviations from !0 ; << 1: Then,
! !0
!0 ! ' 2
Then
Then;
H (j!) = 1 + j12Q = p
1 + 4Q2 2
tan
2 + 2
+1
2Q
The amplitfude and phase response curves are as shown in Fig. 6.10.
Figure 6.10 (a) and (b): Amplitude and Phase response of a series resonance circuit
Z (j!) = R + j !L !C
!L 1
=R 1+j
R! !CR
!
0
= R 1 + jQ
!0 !
s
! !0
! ! 0 2 ,
1
2
tan Q
=R 1+Q
!0 !
!0 !
1
p1 + 4Q tan
2 2
2Q
461
462
6.12
Network Analysis
Parallel Resonance
The dual of a series resonant circuit is often considered as a parallel resonant circuit and it is as
shown in Fig. 6.11.
The phasor diagram for resonance is shown in Fig. 6.12.
The admittance as seen by the current source is
Y (j!) = YR + YL + YC
1
1
= + j !C
R
!L = G + jB
!0 C = !1L
0
or
!0 = p 1 rad= sec :
LC
At resonance,
and
CV 2
1
2 R T
= 2f0 CR = !0 CR:
!0 C = !1L ;
0
R
Q = ! L:
0
1
= 2 2 V 2 m
m
Since
Resonance
pm
V2
Vp
m
p = R2
At any ! ,
V
= m = half of the maximum power.
2R
Y = 1 + j !C
2
At !1 and !2 ;
jY j = p
1
=
2R
s
1
2
Squaring,
Therefore;
At ! = !2 ,
Hence;
Figure 6.13
2R2
1
!C !L
=
=
R2
!L
!C !L
1
!C !L
1
!2 C !1L = R1
2
2
!2 LC 1 = !R2 L
!22 LCR R !2 L = 0 p
2 + 4LCR2
!2 = L + L2LCR
Note that only positive sign is used before the square root to ensure that !2 is positive.
Thus;
Similarly;
So that, bandwidth
!2 = 2RC +
1
!1 =
2RC
s
s2RC
1
2RC
1
B = !2 !1 = RC
LC
LC
463
464
Network Analysis
!1 !2 =
2RC
1
=
= !02
and
Thus;
!0 = p 1
LC
As
LC
2RC
and
rC
p
R
Q = LC = R
0
!2 = B2 +
s
B +!
s2
!1 = B2 +
B = !Q0 ,
!2 = !0
!1 = !0
and
6.13
2RC
Q = !0 RC = !RL
and
Using
LC
! 0 = p !1 !2
Since
2
0
+ !02
2 s 3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2
s 3
4 21Q + 1 + 21Q 5
2
=
=
R R + j !C
1
1+j
1
!! CR
1
= 1 + jR !C
!L
!L
1! !
=
!R
1
0
0
1 + jQ !0
!0
!0 !L
As in the case of series resonance, here also let
= ! ! !0 = !!
0
Resonance
465
then,
! !0 = 2 + 2
!0 ! + 1
For << 1, for small deviations from !0
! !0 ' 2
!0 !
Therefore,
H (j!) = 1 + j12Q
6.14
RC Parallel Circuit
Consider the two branch parallel circuit shown in Fig. 6.15. Let E be the voltage across each of
the parallel circuit shown in the figure. The vector diagram at resonance is shown in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.16
jBL + GC + jBC
BL = BC
If this occurs at ! = !0 ,
then
1
!0 L
!C
=
RL2 + !02 L2 RC2 + ! 1C
!0 C
= 2 2 2
RC !0 C + 1
L(1 + !02 C 2 RC2 ) = C (RL2 + !02 L2 )
!02 (LC 2 RC2 L2 C ) = RL2 C L
0
2
0
466
| Network Analysis
02 =
2 C 1
RL
2 L2 C
LC 2 RC
2 L
2 C L
1 RL
1 RL
C
=
2 C L
2 L
LC (RC
LC (RC
C
2 L
RL
1
C
0 =
2 L
LC RC
C
Therefore,
or
L
2
< RL
C
L
2
< RC
C
In both these cases, the quantity under radical is negative and therefore resonance is not possible.
The admittance at resonance of the above parallel circuit is
"
!
RC
RL
S
Y0 =
2 + X 2 + R2 + X 2
RL
L0
C
C0
2
RL
<
where XL0 and XC0 are the inductive and capacitive reactances respectively at resonance.
L
If
RL = RC =
C
1
then
0 =
LC
as in R, L, C series circuit.
If
RL = RC =
L
C
which means
2
2
RL
= RC
= R2 =
Then,
L
= XL XC .
C
XC
XL
2
2
+ XL RC + XC2
1
1
=
=0
XL + XC
XL + XC
BL BC =
2
RL
Resonance
467
In this case, the circuit acts as a pure resistive circuit irrespective of frequency. That is, the
circuit is resonant for all frequencies.
In this case the circuit admittance is
RL + RC
RL + XL2 RC2 + XC2
R2 + X 2 + R2 + X 2
L
C
=R
R4 + R2 (XL2 + XC2 ) + XL2 XC2
2R2 + XL2 + XC2
=R 4
2R + R2 (XL2 + XC2 )
=
2R2 + X 2 + X 2
R
L
C
= 2
R 2R2 + XL2 + XC2
rC
1
=
R= L
rL
Z =R= C
or
If resonance is achieved by varying only L in the circuit shown in Figure 6.15 but with constant
current constant frequency source, then the condition for resonance is
BL = BC
) R2 X+LX 2 = R2 X+CX 2 = XZ 2C where ZC2 = RC2 + XC2
L
L
C
C
C
2
2
2
Then;
XL XC XL ZCq+ XC RL = 0
ZC2 ZC4 4XC2 RL2
Solving, forXL we get XL =
2XC
q 4 2 2
L
C
2
Therefore;
L = 2 ZC ZC 4XC RL since XL XC = C
The following conditions arise:
1. If ZC4
> 4XC2 RL2 ; L has two values for the circuit to resonate.
468
6.14.2
Network Analysis
BL = BC
XC
XL
2
2
2
RC2 + XC2 = ZL2 ; where ZL = RL + XL
)
Simplifying we get,
Therefore;
It is often possible to adjust a two branch parallel combination to resonate by varying either RL
or RC . This is because, when the supply is of constant current and, constant frequency, these
resistors control inphase and quadratare components of the currents in the two parallel paths.
From the condition BL = BC , we get
XL = XC
RL + XL2 RC2 + XC2
XL R 2 + X X X 2
RL2 = X
L C
C
L
rCXL
RL = X RC2 + XL XC XL2
(6.4)
C
This equation gives the value of RL for resonance when all other quantities are constant and
2
r XC
RC = X RL2 + XL XC XC2
L
provided the term under radical is positive.
RC for
Resonance
6.15
| 469
A practical resonant parallel circuit contains an inductive coil of resistance R and inductance L in
parallel with a capacitor C as shown in Fig. 6.17. It is called a tank circuit because it stores energy
in the magnetic field of the coil and in the electric field of the capacitor. Note that resistance RC
of the capacitor is negligibly small.
Condition for parallel resonance is shown by the phasor diagram of Fig. 6.18.
IC = IL sin
That is,
BC = BL
L
= C.
R2 + 2 L2
R2 + 02 L2 =
L
C
1
L
1
=
R2
C
L2
LC
1
R2 C
0 =
1
L
LC
02 =
Figure 6.17
1
R2 C
L
(6.5)
(6.6)
Figure 6.18
+ jC
R + 2 L2 R2 + 2 L2
Y (j) =
Y (j0 ) =
R2
R
+ 02 L2
(6.7)
470
| Network Analysis
R2
R
R
RC
= L =
2
2
L
+ 0 L
C
(6.8)
L
, which is called the dynamic resistance of
CR
R2 C
> 1, there is
the circuit. This is greater than R if there is resonance. However, note that if
L
no resonance.
Fig. 6.19 shows a practical series resonant circuit. The input impedance as a function of is
and the circuit is a pure resistive with R0 =
Z(j) = jL +
G2
C
G
j 2
2
2
+ C
G + 2C 2
G2
Figure 6.19
G
L
G
= C =
2
+ C
CR
L
L
The circuit at resonance is a purely resistive, and Z0 = R0 =
. However, note that here
CR
L
also resonance is not possible for
> 1.
CR2
In both the circuits, shown in Figs 6.18 and 6.19, resonance is achieved by varying either C or
L until the input impedance or admittance is real and this process is called tuning. For this reason
these circuits are called tuned circuits.
Series circuits
EXAMPLE
6.1
Two coils, one of R1 = 0.51 , L1 = 32 mH, the other of R2 = 1.3 and L2 = 15 mH and
two capacitors of 25 F and 62 F are all in series with a resistance of 0.24 . Determine the
following for this circuit
(i) Resonance frequency
(ii) Q of each coil
Resonance
1
Ls Cs
1
47
17.816 106
= 1092.8 rad/ sec
(ii) Q of coils:
For Coil 1,
For Coil 2,
103
0 L1
R1
1092.8 32 103
=
= 68.57
0.51
0 L2
Q2 =
R2
1092.8 15 103
=
= 12.6
1.3
Q1 =
0 Ls
Rs
1092.8 47 103
=
= 25
2.05
Q=
| 471
472
Network Analysis
We know that at resonance, only the resistance portion will come in to effect. Therefore
P = ER
EXAMPLE
102
= 48:78 W
2:05
6.2
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.20, find the out put voltages at
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
! = !0
! = !1
! = !2
when vs (t) = 800 cos !t mV.
Figure 6.20
SOLUTION
For the circuit, using the values given, we can find that resonant frequency
!0 = 1
pLC
1
=p
312 10 1:25 10
3
Quality factor:
Band width:
As Q > 5,
Hence;
and
Q = !R0 L
1:6 106 312 10
=
62:5 103
12
= 1:6
=8
B = !Q0
1:6 106
=
= 0:2 106 rad= sec
8
!2;1 = !0 B2
= (1:6 0:1)106 rad= sec
!2 = 1:7 106 rad= sec
!1 = 1:5 106 rad= sec
10
rad= sec
Resonance
| 473
H(j)|=0 =
2Rs 45 . Therefore,
Rout
50
=
45
Zin
2 62.5
= 0.5657 45
H(j)|=1 =
H(j)|=2 = 0.5657 45
and
6.3
In a series circuit R = 6 , 0 = 4.1 106 rad/sec, band width = 105 rad/sec. Compute L, C,
half power frequencies and Q.
SOLUTION
Q=
Therefore,
L=
and
Hence,
Q=
C=
=
0
4.1 106
= 41
=
B
105
0 L
R
QR
41 6
=
= 60 H
0
4.1 106
1
0 CR
1
0 QR
1
= 991.5 pF
6
4.1 10 41 6
| Network Analysis
474
As Q > 5,
B
105
= 4.1 106
2
2
6
2 = 4.15 10 rad/ sec
2,1 = 0
That is,
and
EXAMPLE
6.4
In a series resonant circuit, the current is maximum when C = 500 pF and frequency is 1 MHz. If
C is changed to 600 pF, the current decreases by 50%. Find the resistance, inductance and quality
factor.
SOLUTION
Case 1
Given,
C = 500 pF
I = Im
f = 1 106 Hz
0 = 2 106 rad/ sec
We know that
0 =
1
LC
Therefore, Inductance,
1012
1
=
(2 106 )2 500
02 C
= 0.0507 mH
L=
Case 2
When C = 600 pF,
Im
E
=
|Z| = 2R
2
2R
R2 + X 2 = 2R X = 3R
I=
X = XL XC
= 2 106 0.0507 103
= 318.56 265.26
= 53.3 = 3R
1012
2 106 600
Resonance
Therefore resistance,
475
p:3 = 30:77
R = 53
3
Quality factor,
EXAMPLE
:56 = 10:35
Q = !R0 L = 318
30:77
6.5
In a series circuit with R = 50 , L = 0.05 H and C = 20 F, frequency is varied till the
voltage across C is maximum. If the applied voltage is 100 V, find the maximum voltage across
the capacitor and the frequency at which it occurs. Repeat the problem for R = 10 .
SOLUTION
Case 1
Given R = 50 ,
We know that
L = 0.05 H, C = 20 F
!0 = p 1 = p 10
= 103 rad/sec
0:05 20
LC
3 0:05
10
L
!
Q = R0 = 20 = 1
3
VCm = q QE 1
1
we get
4Q2
VCm = q100 1
= 115:5 V
r
!C = ! 1
r1
= 103
2Q2
= 707 rad= sec
Case 2
When R = 10 ,
0:05 = 5
10
5 100
= 502:5 V
VCm = q
1
r 1
3
Q = 10
1
4 25
!C = 103
50
476
Network Analysis
EXAMPLE
6.6
(i) A series resonant circuit is tuned to 1 MHz. The quality factor of the coil is 100. What is the
ratio of current at a frequency 20 kHz below resonance to the maximum current?
(ii) Find the frequency above resonance when the current is reduced to 90% of the maximum
current.
SOLUTION
(i) Let !a be the frequency 20 kHz below the resonance, Ia be the current and Za be the impedance
at this frequency.
Then
!a
!0
=
Now the ratio of current,
!a = 106
!0 = 980
!a 103
Ia = R =
1
Im Za 1 + j (2)Q
1
1 j 100(40:408
1
=
1 j 4:0408
= 0:2402 /76
=
10
Hence
Ib
I = 1 + j1(2)Q = 0:9
m
p1 + x
1
0:9
x = (2)100
1
1 + x2 =
= 1:2346
0:81
x2 = 0:2346
2
x = 0:4843
0:4843
200
0
0:4843
!b = 1 + 200 !0
= 1:00242 MHz
= !!b
1=
3)
Resonance
EXAMPLE
6.7
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.21, obtain the values of 0 and vC at 0 .
Figure 6.21
SOLUTION
1
LC
1
4
1
4
106
= 103 rad/sec
At this 0 , I = Im . Therefore,
V1 = 125Im
and the circuit equation is
1.5 = V1 + (Im 0 105V1 )10 + jVL jVC
Since VL = VC , the above equation can be modified as
1.5 = 125Im + 10Im 1.05 125Im
1.5
A
3.75
1.5
4 106
Vc =
3.75
103
= 1600 V
Hence,
Im =
and
EXAMPLE
6.8
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.22(a), obtain Zin and then find 0 and Q.
Figure 6.22(a)
| 477
478
Network Analysis
SOLUTION
VR = 10I
and the controlled current source,
0:3VR = 0:3
= 3I
10I
V
voltage
=
Zin (j!) = Applied
Input current
I
(6.6)
For futher analysis, the circuit is redrawn as shown in Fig. 6.22(b). It may be noted that the
controlled current source is transformed to its equivalent voltage source.
Figure 6.22(b)
10 + j 10
9
! j3010!
30!
Zin = 10 + j
10
10
10
9
30!
! = 4 3010
!
!2 = 304 10103
= 0:133 1012
9
j3
(6.7)
Resonance
Solving we get
479
p0:133 10
= 365 10 rad= sec
! = !0 =
Quality factor
12
Q = !R0 L
=
365
= 36:5
10 10
3
10
Parallel circuits
EXAMPLE
6.9
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.23(a), find !0 , Q, BW and half power frequencies and the out put
voltage V at !0 .
Figure 6.23(a)
SOLUTION
Transforming the voltage source into current source, the circuit in Fig. 6.28(a) can be redrawn as
in Fig. 6.23(b).
Then;
!0 = p 1
LC
p400109 100
= 5 10 rad= sec
=
Q = !0 CR
10 100 10 100 10
!
B = = 5 10 = 10 rad= sec
=5
12
50
= 50
Figure 6.23(b)
480
Network Analysis
As Q > 10,
!2;1 = B2 + !0
=5
10 102
6
Hence;
Output voltage,
and
V = I 80 k
10 3 80 103
j 5 106 400 10
= 0:04 90 V
EXAMPLE
6.10
In a parallel RLC circuit, C = 50 F. Determine BW, Q, R and L for the following cases.
(i)
(ii)
!0 = 100; !2 = 120
!0 = 100; !1 = 80
SOLUTION
(i)
!0 = 100; !2 = 120
We know that
Rearraging we get
!0 = p !1 !2
2
!1 = !!0
2
1002
=
= 83:33 rad=sec
120
Band width
B = !2 !1
= 120
Quality factor,
Q = !B0
=
We know that
100
= 2:73
36:67
Q = !RL = !0 RC
0
(6.8)
Resonance
481
R = !QC
0
2:73 106
= 546
=
100
1
L = !2C
Similarly
50
=
(ii)
106
=2H
1002 50
EXAMPLE
6.11
In the circuit shown in Fig. 6.24(a), vs (t) = 100 cos !t volts. Find resonance frequency, quality
factor and obtain i1 ; i2 ; i3 . What is the average power loss in 10 k. What is the maximum stored
energy in the inductors?
10k
40k
Figure 6.24(a)
SOLUTION
The circuit in Fig. 6.24(a) is redrawn by replacing its voltage source by equivalent current source
as shown in Fig. 6.24(b).
Resonance frequency,
!0 = p 1
LC
=
p50 10 1 1:25 10
3
Figure 6.24(b)
Q = !0 C Req
= 4000
= 40
1:25 10 8 10
6
482
Network Analysis
At resonance, the current source will branch into resistors only. Hence,
v(t)
jj
= (10k 40k)
vs (t)
10000
802
2
Pav = 10 103
= 0:32 W
Maximum stored energy in the inductance:
E = 12 LIm2
1
50 10
=
2
= 4 mJ
EXAMPLE
6.12
(400 10
3 2
Figure 6.25(a)
Figure 6.25(b)
SOLUTION
Considering V as the input voltage and I as the input current, it can be found that
10k
IR =
) 10
IR = V
Resonance
483
The circuit in Fig. 6.25(a) is redrawn by replacing the controlled voltage source in to its
equivalent current source by taking s = j! and is shown in Fig. 6.25(b). Referring Fig. 6.25(b),
10V
1 1
= V sC + +
R1 sL
11
sL
)
I = V sC + R + sL
Input admittance, with s is being replaced by j! is
103
Yin = VI = 1014 + j!1 10 8 j 11
! 4:4
j
2500
= 10 4 + j! 10 8
!
! = 2500
!
p
!0 = 108 2500
= 500 K rad= sec
Quality factor:
Q = !0 RC
= 500
10 10 10
3
= 50
EXAMPLE
6.13
In a parallel RLC circuit, cut off frequencies are 103 and 118 rad/sec.
10 . Find R, L and C .
jZ j at ! = 105 rad/sec is
SOLUTION
Given
B = 118
!0 = p
p !1 !2
=
118
484
| Network Analysis
Quality factor
0
B
110.245
= 7.35
=
15
Q=
Admittance,
Since
we get
Note that,
Therefore,
1
1
Y = + j C
R
L
R
1
1 + j CR
=
R
L
0 CR
R0
1
1+j
=
R
0
0 L
R
Q = 0 RC =
,
0 L
0
1
1 + jQ
Y =
R
0
0
105
110.245
= 0.0975
0
110.245
105
1
(1 + j7.35(0.0975))
R
1
= (1 j0.7168)
R
1.23
1
1 + (0.7168)2 =
|Y | =
R
R
Y =
1
. Putting this value of Y in equation (6.9), we
10
R = 12.3
Therefore,
(6.12)
0 CR = 7.35
7.35
1
C=
12.3 110.245
= 5.42 F
Resonance
Inductance,
485
L = !21C
0
110:
= 15:18 mH
=
EXAMPLE
2452
1
5:42
10
6.14
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.26(a), find !0 , V1 at !0 , and V1 at a frequency 15 k rad/sec above
!0 .
Figure 6.26(a)
SOLUTION
Changing voltage source of Fig. 6.26(a) into its equivalent current source, the circuit is redrawn
as shown in Fig. 6.26(b).
Referring Fig. 6.26(b),
k
!0 = 1
pLC
1
=p
100 10 10 10
= 10 rad=sec
Figure 6.26(b)
3 10 5 10
9
= j 15 V
Quality factor,
Q = !0 CR
= 106
10 10 5 10
9
= 50
Given
!a = !0 + 15 k rad/sec
10 + 10
= 1:015 10 rad=sec
= 15
Now;
!a !0 = 1:015
!0 !a
1
= 0:03
1:015
486
| Network Analysis
a 0
1
1 + jQ
Y =
R
0 a
1
Y =
(1 + j50 0.03)
5000
= 3.6 104 56.31
we get
= 8.444 33.69 V
EXAMPLE
6.15
A parallel RLC circuit has a quality factor of 100 at unity power factor and operates at 1 kHz and
dissipates 1 Watt when driven by 1 A at 1 kHz. Find Bandwidth and the numerical values of R, L
and C.
SOLUTION
103 2
0
=
= 20 rad/sec
Q
100
P = I 2R
Therefore
R=1
R
L=
0 Q
1
20 100
= 159 H
1
C= 2
0 L
=
10
(20)2 159
= 16.9 F
Resonance
EXAMPLE
6.16
For the circuit shown in Fig. 6.27, determine resonance frequency and the input impedance.
Figure 6.27
SOLUTION
1
0.1 103
= 98.47 rad/sec
We know that
X L = 0 L
= 98.47 0.1
and
= 9.847
1
XC =
0 C
1
=
98.47 103
= 10.16
22 100
1 100
| 487
488
| Network Analysis
Y =
22
1
= 4.35
Y
6.17
The impedance of a parallel RLC circuit as a function of is depicted in the diagram shown in
Fig. 6.28. Determine R, L and C of the circuit. What are the new values of 0 and bandwidth if
C is increased by 4 times?
0.4
Figure 6.28
SOLUTION
10
0
=
= 25
BW
0.4
L=
10
R
=
= 0.04 H
0 Q
10 25
We know that
Resonance
489
As Q = !0 CR,
C = 10 25
10 = 0:25 F
If C is increased by 4 times, the new value of C is 1 Farad. Therefore,
!0 = p 1
LC
p01:04 = 5
= 0:1
6.18
In a two branch RL RC parallel resonant circuit, L = 0:4 H and C = 40 F. Obtain resonant
frequency for the following values of RL and RC .
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
RL = 120; RC = 80
RL = RC = 80
RL = 80; RC = 0
RL = RC = 100
RL = RC = 120
SOLUTION
As RL and RC are given separately, we can use the following formula to calculate the resonant
frequency.
!0
v
u
1 u
t
=p
LC
RL2
RC2
L
C
L
C
LC = 0:4 40 10
= 16
10
1
pLC
= 250
(i)
RL = 120; RC = 80
L = 104
C
r 120
!0 = 250
502
104
104
(6.10)
490
| Network Analysis
802 104
802 104
= 250 rad/sec
0 = 250
(iii) RL = 80; RC = 0
802 104
104
= 150 rad/sec
0 = 250
(iv) RL = RC = 100
1002 104
1002 104
As the result is indeterminate, the circuit resonates at all frequencies.
0 = 250
(v) RL = RC = 120
1202 104
1202 104
= 250 rad/sec
0 = 250
EXAMPLE
6.19
The following information is given in connection with a two branch parallel circuit:
RL = 10 , RC = 20 , XC = 40 , E = 120 V and frequency = 60 Hz. What are the
values of L for resonance and what currents are drawn from the supply under this condition?
SOLUTION
Solving we get
XL = 47.913 or 2.087
Then the corresponding values of inductances are
L=
XL
= 0.127 H
or 5.536 mH
Resonance
| 491
Thus,
or
Exercise Problems
E.P
6.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.1, where Ri is the source resistance
(a) Determine the transfer function of the circuit.
(b) Sketch the magnitude plot with Ri = 0 and Ri = 0.
Ans:
E.P
R
Vo (s)
L s
=
H(s) =
R
+R
Vi (s)
i
s2 +
s+
L
1
LC
6.2
For the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.2, calculate the following:
(b) Q,
(c) fc1 ,
(d) fc2 and (e) B
(a) f0 ,
Ans:
(b) 8
492
E.P
Network Analysis
6.3
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.3, find the output voltage, when (a) ! = !0 (b) ! = !1 , and
(c) ! = !c2 .
6.4
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.4. Calculate Zi (s) and then find (a) !0 and (b) Q.
6.5
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.5. Show that at resonance,
jVoj
max
GQjV j
s
1
4Q2
Resonance
E.P
6.6
jVoj
493
max
Ans:
E.P
6.7
A parallel network, which is driven by a variable frequency of 4 A current source has the following
values: R = 1 k , L = 10 mH, C = 100 F. Find the band width of the network, the half
power frequenies and the voltage across the network at half-power frequencies.
Ans: 10 rad/sec, 995 rad/sec, 10005 rad/sec
E.P
6.8
For the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 6.8, determine the expression for the magnitude response,
1
.
versus ! and Zin at !0 = pLC
Ans:
(a) jZin j =
E.P
6.9
qR
(
jZinj
!2 RLC )2 +(!L)2 ,
1+(!RC )2
(b) jZin j =
C
L
(1+R2 C
L)
A coil under test may be represented by the model of L in series with R. The coil is connected in
series with a variable capacitor. A voltage source v (t) = 10 cos 1000 t volts is connected to the
coil. The capacitor is varied and it is found that the current is maximum when C = 10F. Also,
when C = 12:5F, the current is 0.707 of the maximum value. Find Q of the coil at ! = 1000
rad/sec.
Ans:
494
E.P
Network Analysis
6.10
A fresher in the devices lab for sake of curiosity sets up a series RLC network as shown in Fig.
E.P.6.10. The capacitor can withstand very high voltages. Is it safe to touch the capacitor at
resonance? Find the voltage across the capacitor.