20th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, (ICEE2012), May 15-17, Tehran, Iran

A Novel Direct Power Control Strategy for Integrated DFIG/Active

Filter System

Mohannnad lafar Zandzadeh, Abolfazl Vahedi, Alireza Zohoori

Centre of Excellence for Power System Automation and Operation
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
mjzandzadeh@elec.iust.ac.ir, alirezazohouri@iust.ac.ir, avahedi@iust.ac.ir

Abstract: In this paper a novel method for controlling DFJG

based wind turbine is proposed in order to compensate the most
prominent harmonics of the utility grid in addition with
providing required network active and reactive power. This
harmonics elimination provide better power quality and power
capturing of wind energy fluctuating wind speed concurrently.
Direct power control (DPC) is applied to control DFIG by
employing voltage space vectors of rotor side converter (RSC)

Fig. I: A figure fitted in

using optimum switching table based on stator flux position and

active and reactive power states. Distorted active and reactive
power of the nonlinear load is measured. Then they are added
to active and reactive power reference of DFIG respectively for

harmonics compensation. Simulation results on a 2 MW DFIG

demonstrate robust, precise, and fast dynamic behaviour of the
machine.
Keywords:

DFIG, DPC, Harmonic mitigation, Active

Introduction

Recently variable speed wind turbines using DFIG have

been prompting more interest than constant speed
systems Due to their improved dynamic behaviour [1] .
The most advantage of these turbines is rating of the
converter which is around 25-35% of the turbine rated
power. Moreover cost, size and weight collaborated with
a small converter are lower and losses are smaller than
systems in which converter is connected to the stator [2] .
In this system stator is directly connected to grid as it is
shown in Fig l.
One of the most common methods in controlling DFIG is
vector control in which rotor currents are decoupled into
stator active power (or torque) and reactive power (or
flux). Control of these two currents take place in the
reference frame fixed to stator flux (or voltage) [3] -[6] .
This method needs the exact value of machine parameters
such as resistances and inductances. The nonlinear
operation of converter for regulating current controllers is
not considered. So performance of vector control method
is affected by changing machine parameters and
operation condition.

978-1-4673-1148-9112/$3l.00 2012 IEEE

column

Direct torque control (DTC) of induction machine drives

was developed in the mid 1980s [1] . DTC is based on
decoupled torque and flux control that have very fast and
accurate dynamic without using inner control loop. In [89] DTC is used to control DFIG where the rotor flux is
estimated and an optimal switching table is used based on
rotor flux position .. In [1] , [7] , [10] direct power control
(DPC) is developed in order to control the DFIG. The
drawback of this method is that the variation of slip
frequency affects on rotor resistance value and
subsequently on estimation of rotor flux [7] . Hence in this
paper a DPC strategy based on stator flux position
detection is employed as a solution of the mentioned
drawbacks.
The existence of nonlinear loads decreases power quality
in power systems hence installing active filter for power
quality improvement seems necessary which impose an
additional cost. While the DGs can be used to enhance
the power quality of the system and significant reduction
in the additional cost.
Reference [11] proposed a control strategy for grid
connected DC-AC converters with load power factor
correction. Macken et al. studied the compensation of
distorted currents through multiple converter-interfaced
renewable generation units [12] .
Many researches have been performed based on
employing additional control plan in DFIG control
systems in order to achieve active filtering. A sensorless

Filter.
1.

564

2.2

field oriented control of an integrated electric alternator

capable

of

controlling

the

compensation is presented in

amount

of

[13] , [14] .

In

[15]

vector

Equations

control is used for harmonic compensation using the rotor

control method. In this paper a new DPe control strategy

compared with the ye.

has

the

following

advantages

The employed DPe strategy can provide simultaneous

generation

of

optimized

green

power

moreover

Direct power control of the DFIG

r
r
dlf/;' .
r
Vs - R,ls +Tt+ JOVf/,
r

Rrlr +

dlf/;
dt
If< = LJ + LlJJ
If/; = LJ; + Lmi;

active voltage vectors

(Vi -V6)'

(Va

and

The effect of six

input active and output reactive power in each sector

based on aforesaid analysis can be summarized as Table

1.

As shown each voltage vector increase or decrease

active and reactive power and two of them in first half

sector increase and in second half sector decrease active
and reactive power or vice versa (for example

(4)

It can be divided in zero voltage vectors

active vectors on rotor flux and consequently on stator

(3)

stator current,

3.

V7) and

(2)

(4)

11f/; I sin rand,

reference frame for a two level converter is depicted in

Fig.

(I)

and

(13)

Rotor converter output voltage space vectors in rotor

reached as follow:

(3)

I
dQ, 3m,
I ,r IdC If/;'lcosr)
=
dt
2(}L, If/
dt

vector respectively.

DFIG dynamic model in rotor reference model

According to

(12)

components in same and vertical direction of stator flux

DFIG equations in the rotor reference frame can be

r _
vr -

(10) and (11) yields:

dP, _3ms
r dCIIf/;'lsinr)
=
I If/s l
dt
2 lhs
dt
L

11f/; I cos raffect on stator active and reactive power. As it

is shown in Fig 2, 11f/;' Icos rand 11f/;' I sin r are rotor flux

prominent and annoying harmonics of the utility lines.

2. 1

reveal that tuning the amplitude

The above equation depicts that changing

improving power quality by mitigation of the most

2.

(11)

powers. A derivative from

that have been carried out on DFIG are based on vector

which

and

between them can control the stator active and reactive

To the latest knowledge of the author all of the researches

employed

(10)

of stator and rotor flux space vectors along with angle

current in d-q excitation reference frame.

is

Effect of converter voltage vectors on stator

active and reactive powers

harmonic

in first sector).

can be

and

Vi

calculated from:
i'

s=

If/;' _ L mlf/;'
(}L, (}L,Lr

where (} =1-

(5)

L / LsLr

is the leakage inductance. The

1 Isinr

stator input active power from network and stator output

reactive power can be written as

P...,

r r
=-V". . . I ...,

[7] .

(6)

r .r
Q,.. =--V,X/,.

Fig,2. Stator and rotor flux vectors in rotor reference frame

-- ......
I
"'"
I
2
/
I
"\
1.
V3(010) I V,(110) ,. "
I
/
/
I
".,
I ............ ...........
,... \ \
I
"
4
V,(Ol "
,. V1(100) 1

(7)

2 "

1 1 '1< 1 =

Since 11f/: =

te ,

stator

flux

in

rotor

,/
3

reference

frame can be expressed as:

IIfr = Ifr" e-jOJ,J =I "r" 1 e JOJJ e-)OJ,I =I lffr 1 ej(OJ,-OJ,)1

s
s
s
s

'f'

'f'

Hence the

dlf/;
dt

term in

(8)

'f'

'f'

(1)

(l), (5)

\V7(111 ,.
"
\-,. V5(OOl)
__

r
dlf/;
dt=J C ms-mr ) If/,
Substituting

I VO(OOO).., -; ,. I ""
,.

can be obtained by:

(9)
.
and

(9)

into

(6)

and

(7)

"\

neglecting stator windings resistance result in:

(10)

_ 3m, I r I Lm I r I
Qs --If/s (- If/r cos Y- IIf/,r I)

(11)

2(}L,

2(}L,

Lr

I
I

""

"
Vo(lOl)"" i
6

,/

I
I

......
_
Fig.3. Rotor converter output voltage space vectors for a two level
converter

and

r
r .
_ 3m
Ps - - -, I If/, II If/r I sm r

"'"

TABLE I: Eflect Of Voltage Space Vectors On Stator Input Active

Power And Output Reactive Power In K'h Sector.

where y is the angle between the rotor and the stator flux

Voltage
vector

space vectors.

565

Vk

Vk.l

Vk+l

V"-2

Vk

Vk+2

Vk+J

P,

It

Q,

2.3

Proposed Active Filtering Analysis

determined according to maximum power tracking of the

wind. [3]

Assuming the grid voltage sinusoidal the PCC voltage

and current of the nonlinear load can be obtained in
stationary reference frame as:
(14)
vLp = cosOJJ

vLp

iux = 11.1 sin(wJ + fPl) + L=/Ih sin(hwJ + fPh)

(16)

iLp = ILl cos(wJ + fPl) + L=2 ILh cos(hwJ + fPh)

(17)

OJs

are amplitude and frequency of the

network voltage respectively. I Ll and I Lh are amplitude

of fundamental component and hth is the harmonic of
nonlinear load current. Active and reactive power of the
nonlinear load can be calculated as follows:
3

PL = -(vLaiLa +vLfJiLfJ)

(IS)

2(v/fJl,a -v,al/fJ)

(19)

Q,

3.

% 2.::=2 V] I,.h cos((h -I)m,t

rph)

(20)
(21)

So nonlinear load active and reactive power can be

divided into a constant term ( PLl and Q L1 ) and oscillating

At First, the acts of filtering is not provided byDFIG then

at t=.05 s FLh and QJ.h are added to the reference power
for harmonic mitigation. It can be concluded from Fig.5
that at t=0.5s when the harmonic mitigation begins, the
grid current become more sinusoidal that approves the
effectiveness ofDPC method.

term (Prh and Qlh) :

PL =PLl +PLh
Qr =Qn + Qr.h
Where:

PLI ='i V; ILl cos rpl

2

Simulation results

The simulated system parameters are shown in table 3.

The simulation is performed by Matlab/Simulink
software. As it can be seen from Fig.1 the simulated
system include a local load with l.S and 0.5 MYA active
and reactive power respectively, in addition to a nonlinear
load. It is assumed that DFIG generates 1.5 MW active
powers along with 0.4 MYAR reactive power while the
grid provide remaining demand active power.

Substituting (14-17) in (IS) and (19) yields:

P, = VI I,.] cos rp] +

Control Strategy

As specified in last section with stator flux orientation

and selecting appropriate rotor voltage vector,
instantaneous stator active and reactive powers can be
changed in desired direction so it is needed to detect
stator flux position and instantaneous active and reactive
power values. For this propose, power mismatch is
crossed to two three level hysteresis comparators to
generate active and reactive power states (el' and eq) as
shown in Fig 4. An optimum switching table based on
table I and what mentioned in past section is used which
is shown in Table 2. In the case of el'=eq=O zero voltage
vectors are arranged alternatively for changing only one
leg of converter to reduce switching frequency.

(15)

cosOJJ

Where V; and

2.4

(IS)
(19)
(20)
(21)

Therefore for harmonic compensation of the nonlinear

load current, DFIG must provide the oscillating terms of
active and reactive power in addition to required power
for delivering to the grid. It should be mentioned that for
power factor improvement it is essential to compensate
the constant term of the reactive power generated by the
nonlinear load, hence the reference power of DFIG is
achieved by:
Nonlinear Load

(22)

Q.:

= Qrequired + QI,

(23)

Power
Calculator

Q,

Fig.4. block diagram of appJied DPe strategy for DFIG

Where P required and Qreqllired are required active and

reactive power must be injected to the grid. P required is

566

'Ee o, -. ====:1
8; e,," :

TABLE-2 Optimal Switching Table For Direct Power Control Of DFIG

eq
ep

2
Stator
flux
position

3
4
5
6

-I

VJ

-I

V.

Vs

-I

V1

0
0

Vo

V.

Vs

V6

V.

V7

V6

VI

V,

Vo

V7

V2

VJ

V.

V2

V7

Vs

VI

Vo

V2

VI

VJ

Vs

VI

Vo

Vo

Vs

V6

VI

V2

V1

V.

-I

V,

VI

V6

V.

V1

V,

V6

Vs

V.

V3

V,

Vs

V.

VI

V6

0.4

VI

VJ

0.4

Vs

'200
0.45

0.46

0.47

0.48

0.49

0.5

0.51

0.52

0.53

0.54

0.48

0.49

0.5

0.51

0.52

0.53

0.54

0.46

0.47

0.48

0.49

0.5
0.51
(5)

time

0.52

0.53

0.54

0.48

0.52

0.54

0.56

0.58

0.6

O.S

0.S2

0.S4

0.S6

0.58

0.6

time (s)

1000
SOD

SO

OO
1

L
CC 2- 0.4
:-C 4-0
.4
-:- 6 ----:
o . 4c:-8 -0.S
. S8:----='
.4 - 0. 4
=----=
. SC:-2 ----:
=---c
- 0
0:.S4
0.6
O
0.S6=--::-

.50

2000

0.55

0.55

c:::
0.45

0.46

0.5

0.55

:
0.47

0.44

0.48

500

0.46

0.42

0.46

Fig.7 rotor current of DFIG

Fig.6 illustrates that after t=0.5 DFIG injects the distorted

power into the grid; consequently the grid power
distortion will be eliminated. This is a significant proof of
the appropriate performance of the proposed DPC
method.
Rotor current is shown in Fig.7. As DFTG compensates
nonlinear load distorted power, some low distortions are
produced in the rotor current that can be neglected.
The behavior of the system during nonlinear load change
is investigated in Fig.S and Fig.9. It can be understood
from Fig. 9 that after a very short transient status active
power injected by the DFIG remain l.5 MW. The extra
active power needed for load is supplied by grid and only
the harmonic term of the generated active power ofDFTG
is increased for current harmonic restoration. As it can be
seen the DFTG shows suitable, fast and precise dynamic
performance during nonlinear load change.

0.45

0.44

Fig.6 a. active and reactive power of DFIG, b active and reactive power
of grid

TABLE-3 Parameters Of Simulated System

Rated power
2 MW
Stator voltage
690 V
Statorlrotor tum ratio
OJ
R,
0.0108 pu
R,
0.0121 pu
Generator
3J62 pu
Lm
Lis
0.102 pu
L"
0.11 pu
H
0.5 s
2
Number of pole pairs
1200 V
DC link voltage
16 mF
Converter
DC link capacitor
O.4 mH
Grid side inductance

2000

60.42

0.55

Fig.5 a. nonlinear load current, b. stator current of DFIG, c. grid current

.200

0.6

0.65

]&x2Zx%&>&X2z;j'
0.6
time (5)

0.55

0.65

Fig.8 a. nonlinear load current, b. stator current of DFIG, c. grid current

During nonlinear load change

X10C

rrmmm:""""m'rrr""'.rrlY.rrlY''''' '''rrlY'rr''''''''l
..

:-=__-___=_c=_-
1 L------::-":-:----c:_':_::__
0.5 c
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8

'f
0.5

0.55

':

0.6

0.65

Time

'"

0.7

::
0.75

0.8

Fig.9 a. active and reactive power generated by DFIG during nonlinear

load changeb. active and reactive power of the grid during nonlinear
load change
4.

Conclusion

The proposed DPC method mitigates harmonic

components of the network current with a high accuracy.
Furthermore based on the simulation results, it can be
concluded that applied DPC strategy for controlling the
DFTG has fast, precise response to any changes. Tn
addition stator and rotor currents have a low THD by
mitigation of the most prominent and annoymg
harmonics of the utility lines. Because of low volume
calculation that is applied in this method, implementation
of this strategy is much easier that others such as vector
control. Therefore the proposed method can provide

567

[9] Yunqian Zhang, Ming Cheng, Jianzhong Zhang, Yun Yang, "Rotor
power factor adjustable direct torque control of doubly-fed
induction generators for wind power generation," IEEE

simultaneous generation of optimized green power

moreover improving power quality.
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