Indian Chronology

India
to 29 Mar 1858 Moghul Empire
20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947 British India
11 Nov 1928 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial
c.1885 - 1947 Flag of Governor-general
Adopted 22 Jul 1947
Map of India
Hear National Anthem

"Jana-Gana-Mana"
(Thou Art the Ruler of the
Minds of All People)
Text of National Anthem

Adopted 24 Jan 1950
Capital: New Delhi

(Delhi 1192-1327, 13441501,
1648-1858; Daulatabad
1327-1344; Agra 15011540,
1599-1613, 1616-1648;
Fatehpur
Sikri 1570-1585; Lahore
1585-1599; Ajmer 16131616)
(British India: New Delhi
from
1911; Calcutta 1774-12
Dec 1911;
Summer capital: Simla
1911-1947)
Currency: Indian Rupee

(INR)
National Holiday: 26 Jan

Population: 1,147,995,904
(1950)
(2008)
Republic Day
Exports: $175.7 billion

(2008)
GDP: $3.26 trillion (2008)
Imports: $287.5 billion
(2008)
Total Active Armed Forces: 1,325,000 (2006)
Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 80-100 weapons
(2012)
Merchant marine: 501 ships (2008)
Constitution
(26 Jan 1950)
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,

Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Religions: Hindu 72.04%, Muslim 12.26% (of which
Sunni 8.06%, Shi'i 4.20%), Christian 6.81% (Protestant
1.74%,
Roman Catholic 1.62%, Orthodox 0.22%, other
Christian 3.22%),
traditional beliefs 3.83%, Sikh 1.87%, Buddhist 0.67%,
Jain 0.51%, Baha'i 0.17%, Parsi (Zoroastrian) 0.02%,
non-religious 1.22%, atheist 0.17%, other 0.43% (2005)
International Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer), ACS (observer), AfDB (nonregional), ADB, AL (observer),
ANT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, BTWC, C, CERN (observer), CICA, CP, CWC,
EAS, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IOM, Interpol, Intersputnik, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP,
MIGA, NAM, NTBT, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN,
UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
India Index
Indian States 3300 BC - 1700 BC
(since 1947) 1700 Bc - 1300 BC
1500 BC - 500 Bc
Princely
1200 BC - 316 BC
700 BC - 321 BC
states
A - J - K - Z 684 BC - 321 BC
321 Bc - 85 BC
British India c.240 - 550 AD
848 - 1279
Provinces
1000 - 1346
Free India in 1210 - 19 Apr 1526
Exile
1347 - 1518
(1943-1945) 1336 - 23 Jan 1565
27 May 1526
British East (usually
India
Mughal
Company
(1783-1858) 17 May 1540
Jammu &
Kashmir
superseded by
23 Jul 1555
restored.
Danish India 18 Feb 1665
(1620-1845) c.1690
12 Aug 1765
Dutch India Bengal
(1608-1825)
rule).
French India 20 Oct 1774
(1673-1954) settlements.
29 Mar 1858
Ostend
2 Aug 1858
Company East India,
(1719-1744)
(effective 1 Nov 1858)
Portuguese
28 Apr 1876
India
Kingdom takes
(1505-1962)
(proclaimed in India
Sikkim
(1642-1975) Mar 1942 - Aug 1945
Map of British Islands.
Chronology
Indus Valley Civilization.
Late Harappan Culture.
Vedic Civilization.
Kuru dynasty.
Maha Janapadas
Madadha Empire
Mauryan Empire
Gupta Empire
Chola Empire (in the south).
Hoysala Empire (in the south).
Delhi Sultanate (in the north).
Bahmani Sultanate (in the south).
Vijayanagara Empire (in the south).
Babur founds the Empire of Hind
referred to by historians as the
[Moghul] Empire).
The Mughal rulers are expelled and
the Afghan Suri dynasty.
Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers
Bombay ceded to England by Portugal.
Calcutta founded by England.
British take over administration of
(under British East India Company
Union of all East India Company
The last Mughal ruler is deposed.
British Act of Parliament annexes the
areas creating British India
By proclamation, the Queen of United
the style "Empress of India"
on 1 Jan 1877).
Japanese occupy Andaman and Nicobar
India
(1934-1947)
Historical Maps 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

proclaimed
of India
Singapore
Nicobar Islands
25 Aug 1946
15 Aug 1947
states, is
and
of India"
proclamation that
27 Oct 1947
17 Sep 1948
26 Jan 1950
that
1 Nov 1954
26 Jan 1957
is
16 Mar 1962
21 Nov 1962
Kashmir.
26 Apr 1975
Provisional Government of Free India

(Arzi Hukumate-e-Azad Hind) at
(administering the Andaman and
only Dec 1943-Aug 1945).
India granted limited self rule.
British India, together with acceded
partitioned into Dominion of India
Dominion of Pakistan; style "Emperor
is abandoned (retroactive
is dated 22 Jun 1948).
Jammu and Kashmir accede to India.
Hyderabad annexed by India.
Republic of India, styled "India,
is Bharat."
French India incorporated into India.
The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir
declared to be complete.
Goa annexed by India.
China occupies Aksai Chin region of
Annexation of Sikkim.
Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)
(10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in

in rebellion against British rule)
Emperors (also monarchs of Great Britain)
1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jan 1901 Victoria -Empress
(b. 1819
1901)
22 Jan 1901 - 6 May 1910 Edward VII
(b. 1841
1910)
6 May 1910 - 20 Jan 1936 George V
(b. 1865
1936)
20 Jan 1936 - 10 Dec 1936 Edward VIII
(b. 1894
1972)
12 Dec 1936 - 22 Jun 1948 George VI
(b. 1895
1952)
Governors-general (of the British East India Company)
20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings
(b. 1732
1818)
1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting)
(b. 1745
1821)
12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Mann Cornwallis,
(b. 1738
1805)
Earl of Cornwallis (1st time)
28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798
Sir John Shore
(b. 1751
1834)
Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798
Sir Alured Clarke (acting)
(b. 1745
1832)
18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley,
(b. 1760
1842)
Baron Wellesley (from 1799, Richard
Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley)
30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis,
(s.a.)
Marquess Cornwallis (2nd time)
10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762
1846)
31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,
Baron Minto
(b. 1751
1814)
4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings,
(b. 1754
1826)
Earl of Moira (from 1817, Francis
Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings)
9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting)
(b. 1779
1825)
1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst,
(b. 1773
1857)
Baron Amherst (from 1826, William
Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst)
13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley
(b. 1782
1860)
(acting)
4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, (b. 1774
1839)
Lord Bentinck
20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe
(b. 1785
1846)
(acting)
4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland
(b. 1784
1849)
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Auckland)
28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844
1871)
Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844
1857)
23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848
1856)
12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856
1860)
28 Feb 1856 1862)
1 Nov 1858
(from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of

Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough
(b. 1790 - d.
William Wilberforce Bird (acting)
(b. 1784 - d.
Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 - d.

Viscount Hardinge
James Andrew Broun Ramsay,
(b. 1812 - d.
(from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and)

Earl of Dalhousie
Charles John Canning,
(b. 1812 - d.
Viscount Canning
Viceroys and Governors-general
1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning,
(s.a.)
Viscount Canning (from 12 May 1859,
Charles John Canning, Earl Canning)
21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin
(b. 1811
1863)
21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier
(b. 1810
1890)
(acting)
2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison
(b. 1804
1871)
(acting)
12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence
(b. 1811
1879)
12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke,
(b. 1822
1872)
Earl of Mayo
9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 Sir John Strachey (acting)
(b. 1823
1907)
24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick
(b. 1819
1898)
(acting)
3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring,
(b. 1826
1904)
Viscount Baring of Lee
12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831
1891)
8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, (b. 1827
1909)
Marquess of Ripon
13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple- (b. 1826
1902)
Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin
10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice,
(b. 1845
1927)
Marquess of Lansdowne
11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce,
(b. 1849
1917)
Earl of Elgin
6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon
(b. 1859
1925)
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18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910

1914)
Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-
(b. 1845 - d.
23 Nov 1910 1944)
4 Apr 1916
Kynynmound, Earl of Minto

Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge
(b. 1858 - d.
4 Apr 1916 1933)
2 Apr 1921
of Penshurst
Frederic John Napier Thesiger,
(b. 1868 - d.
2 Apr 1921 1935)
3 Apr 1926
Baron Chelmsford
Rufus Daniel Isaacs,
(b. 1860 - d.
10 Apr 1925 1947)
8 Aug 1925
3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929

1959)
29 Jun 1929 - 18 Apr 1931
1952)
18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936
1941)
18 Apr 1936 1952)
1 Oct 1943
1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947

1950)
21 Feb 1947 - 15 Aug 1947
1979)
Baron Reading of Erleigh

Victor Alexander George Robert
(b. 1876 - d.
Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton

(viceroy and acting governor-general)
Edward Frederick Lindley Wood,
(b. 1881 - d.
Baron Irwin
George Joachim Goschen,
(b. 1866 - d.
Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst

George Freeman Freeman-Thomas,
(b. 1866 - d.
Earl of Willingdon
Victor Alexander John Hope,
(b. 1887 - d.
Marquess of Linlithgow
Archibald Percival Wavell,
(b. 1883 - d.
Viscount Wavell
Louis Francis Mountbatten,
(b. 1900 - d.
Viscount Mountbatten of Burma

Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten,
(s.a.)
Earl Mountbatten of Burma
21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
(b. 1878
1972)
Presidents
26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad
(b. 1884
1963)INC/Non-party
13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(b. 1888
1975) Non-party
13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain
(b. 1897
1969) Non-party
3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894
1980) Non-party
(acting)
20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Muhammad Hidayatullah (acting)
(b. 1905
1992) Non-party
24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.)
Non-party
24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(b. 1905
1977)INC/Non-party
11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting)
(b. 1912
2002) Non-party
- d.
- d.
- d.
- d.
- d.
- d.
- d.
- d.
25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul

1996)INc/Non-party
25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul
1994)INC/Non-party
25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul
2009)INC/Non-party
25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul
1999)INC/Non-party
25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul
2005) Non-party
25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul
Non-party
1982
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(b. 1913 - d.
1987
Giani Zail Singh
(b. 1916 - d.
1992
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(b. 1910 - d.
1997
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(b. 1918 - d.
2002
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(b. 1920 - d.
2007
Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931)
25 Jul 2007 - 25 Jul 2012

INC/Non-party
25 Jul 2012 INC/Non-party
Abdul Kalam
Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f)
(b. 1934)
Pranab Kumar Mukherjee
(b. 1935)
Secretaries of State for India (and from 1937, for Burma)(in London)
2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859 Edward Henry Stanley,
(b. 1826
1893)
Lord Stanley
18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866 Sir Charles Wood
(b. 1800
1885)
16 Feb 1866 - 6 Jul 1866 George Frederick Samuel Robinson,
Earl of Ripon
6 Jul 1866 - 8 Mar 1867 Robert Arthur Talbot
(b. 1830
1903)
Gascoyne-Cecil,
Viscount Cranborne (1st time)
8 Mar 1867 - 9 Dec 1868 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote
(b. 1818
1887)
9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874 George Douglas Campbell,
(b. 1823
1900)
Duke of Argyll
21 Feb 1874 - 2 Apr 1878 Robert Arthur Talbot
(s.a.)
Gascoyne-Cecil,
Marquess of Salisbury (2nd time)
2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880 Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814
1906)
28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882 Spencer Compton Cavendish,
(b. 1833
1908)
Marquess of Hartington
16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (b. 1826
1902)
(1st time)
24 Jun 1885 - 6 Feb 1886 Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill (b. 1849
1895)
6 Feb 1886 - 3 Aug 1886 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892 Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount
(b. 1823
1914)
Cross
(from 18 Aug 1886, Richard Assheton
Cross, Viscount Cross)
18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.)
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10 Mar
1911)
4 Jul
1927)
9 Oct
1942)
11 Dec
1923)
1894 -
4 Jul 1895
(3rd time)
Henry Hartley Fowler
(b. 1830 - d.
1895 -
9 Oct 1903
Lord George Francis Hamilton
(b. 1845 - d.
1903 - 11 Dec 1905
William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d.
1905 -
John Morley, (from 5 May 1908)
3 Nov 1910
7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915

1945)
7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911
25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917
1937)
17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922
1924)
21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924
1937)
23 Jan 1924 1943)
7 Nov 1924
7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928

1930)
1 Nov 1928 -
7 Jun 1929
8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931

1966)
26 Aug 1931 - 7 Jun 1935
1958)
7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940
1961)
15 May 1940 1955)
3 Aug 1945
3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947

1961)
23 Apr 1947 - 15 Aug 1947
1967)
Prime ministers
25 Aug 1946 - 27
1964) INC
27 May 1964 - 9
1998) INC
9 Jun 1964 - 11
1966) INC
11 Jan 1966 - 19
(s.a.)
(b. 1838 - d.
Viscount Morley of Blackburn

Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d.
(from 20 Jun 1911, Robert
Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe)
John Morley, Viscount Morley
of Blackburn (acting for Crewe) (s.a.)
Joseph Austen Chamberlain
(b. 1863 - d.
Edwin Samuel Montagu
(b. 1879 - d.
William Robert Wellesley Peel,
(b. 1867 - d.
Viscount Peel (1st time)

Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier,
(b. 1859 - d.
(from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane

Olivier, Baron Olivier)
Frederick Edwin Smith,
(b. 1872 - d.
Earl of Birkenhead
William Robert Wellesley Peel,
Viscount Peel (2nd time)
William Wedgwood Benn
(s.a.)
(b. 1877 - d.
Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare
(b. 1880 - d.
Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas,
(b. 1876 - d.
Marquess of Zetland
Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett
(b. 1873 - d.
Amery
Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d.
Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake
William Francis Hare,
(b. 1906 - d.
Earl of Listowel (to 4 Jan 1948 for Burma)
May 1964
Jawaharlal Nehru
(b. 1889 - d.
Jun 1964
Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time)
(b. 1898 - d.
Jan 1966
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(b. 1904 - d.
Jan 1966
INC
Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time)
19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977

1984) INC
24 Mar
1995)
28 Jul
1987)
14 Jan
(s.a.)
31 Oct
1991)
2 Dec
2008)
10 Nov
2007)
21 Jun
2004)
16 May
1924)
1 Jun
1933)
21 Apr
2012)
19 Mar
(s.a.)
22 May
1932)
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)
(1st time)
1977 - 28 Jul 1979 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai
JP
1979 - 14 Jan 1980 Choudhary Charan Singh
JP/BLD
1980 - 31 Oct 1984 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)
INC-I
(2nd time)
1984 - 2 Dec 1989 Rajiv Gandhi
INC-I
1989 - 10 Nov 1990 Vishwanath Pratap Singh
JD
1990 - 21 Jun 1991 Chandra Shekhar
JD-S
1991 - 16 May 1996 Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao
INC-I
1996 - 1 Jun 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time)
BJP
1996 - 21 Apr 1997 Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve
JD-NF
Gowda
1997 - 19 Mar 1998 Inder Kumar Gujral
JD-NF
1998 - 22 May 2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time)
BJP
2004 Manmohan Singh
INC
British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)

1803 - 25 Jun 1806
David Ochterlony (1st time)
1825)
25 Jun 1806 - 1811
Archibald Seton
1818)
25 Feb 1811 - 1818
Charles Theophilus Metcalfe
(1st time)
1818 - 1820
Sir David Ochterlony (2nd time)
1820 - 1823
Alexander Ross
18..)
1823
William Fraser (1st time)(acting)
1835)
1823 - Oct 1825
C. Elliott
26 Aug 1825 - 31 Jul 1827 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe
(2nd time)
31 Jul 1827 - 1828
Edward Colebrooke
1828 - 1829
William Fraser (2nd time)(acting)
18 Sep 1829 - Nov 1830
Francis James Hawkins
1860)
25 Nov 1830 - 1832
W.B. Martin
1832 - 22 Mar 1835
William Fraser (3rd time)
1835 - 1853
Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe
1853)
Nov 1853 - 11 May 1857
Simon Fraser
(b. 1917 - d.
(b. 1896 - d.
(b. 1902 - d.
(b. 1944 - d.
(b. 1931 - d.
(b. 1927 - d.
(b. 1921 - d.
(b.
(b.
(b. 1919 - d.
(b.
(b. 1758 - d.
(b. 1758 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1777 - d.
(b. 1784 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1806 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1795 - d.
(d. 1857)
Provisional Government of Free India
21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945
Hear National Anthem

"Jana-Gana-Mana"
(Thou Art the Ruler of the
Minds of All People)
Provisional Capital: Port

Blair
(Nicobar Islands)
Indian National Army

(1945) :
40,000 est.
Head of State and Prime minister of Provisional Government of Free India

21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 Subhas Chandra Bose
(b. 1897 - d.
1945) AIFB
(styled Netaji [the leader], recognized by Axis
powers;
in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore
to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon,
Burma;
Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur,
Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore])
Full style of the ruler:

(a) 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jan 1901: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India";
(b) 4 Nov 1901 - 13 May 1927: "By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
(c) 13 May 1927 - 22 Jun 1948: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland
and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor
of India";
(d) 22 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland
and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith."
the Provisional Government of Free India was eventually recognized by nine
Axis powers: Germany, Japan, Italy (Mussolini), Croatia, China (Wang Jing
Wei), Thailand, Burma (Ba Maw), Manchukuo, and The Philippines (Jos Laurel).
Territorial Disputes: since China and India launched a security and foreign
policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over
most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,
Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters
continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun
to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the Oct 2005 earthquake in
the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and
most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan
(Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004
cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed standoff in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the
highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on
water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of
peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic
Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions
on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the
disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in
the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian
Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves
in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages,
and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of
terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to
fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with Bangladesh over
New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime
boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep
Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the
borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested
boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source
of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out
Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.
Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party,
extreme Hinduist);
INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party", populist, socialist,
est.1885); JD = Janata Dal (People's Party, social-democratic); JD-S = Janata
Dal-Shekhar (People's Party-Chandra Shekhar faction, social-democratic, split
from JD); NF = National Front (formerly National Front-Left Front, leftist
coalition inludes CPI, CPI-M, DMK, JD, JKNC, Socialist Party, Telugu Desam,
DMK, et.al.);
- Former parties: AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left-wing Indian nationalist,
est.1939, bySubhas Chandra Bose [formerly of INC], pro-independence, proJapan); BLD = Bharatiya Lok Dal (Indian People's Party); INC-I = Congress
Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction, personalist, populist, socialist,
1980s-1990s)
British East India Company
1707 - 1 Jan 1801

1 Jan 1801 - 2 Aug 1858
British East India Company British East India Company
flag
flag
Chairmen
Apr 1783
1807)
Nov 1783
1794)
Apr 1785
of the British East India Company (in London)

- Nov 1783
Sir Henry Fletcher (1st time)
(b. 1727 - d.
- Apr 1785
Nathaniel Smith (1st time)
(b. 1730 - d.
- Apr 1786
William Devaynes (1st time)
(b. 1730 - d.
1809)
Apr 1786
Apr 1787
Apr 1788
Dec 1788
Apr 1790
1804)
Apr 1791
Apr 1792
1810)
Apr 1793
Apr 1795
Apr 1796
1805)
Apr 1797
1822)
Apr 1798
1828)
Apr 1799
Apr 1800
Apr 1801
Sep 1801
Apr 1802
Apr 1803
1834)
Apr
Apr
Dec
Apr
Apr
1787
1788
1788
1790
1791
(d. 1788)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1744 - d.
- Apr 1792
- Apr 1793
John Smith Burgess

Francis Baring
(b. 1740 - d.
- Apr 1795
- Apr 1796
- Apr 1797
William Devaynes (3rd time)

Stephen Lushington (2nd time)
David Scott (1st time)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1746 - d.
- Apr 1798
Hugh Inglis (1st time)
(b. 1744 - d.
- Apr 1799
Jacob Bosanquet (1st time)
(b. 1758 - d.
Stephen Lushington (3rd time)

Hugh Inglis (2nd time)
David Scott (2nd time)
Charles Mills
John Roberts
William Fullerton Elphinstone
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
Apr
Apr
Sep
Apr
Apr
Apr
1800
1801
1801
1802
1803
1804
Apr 1804 - Apr 1805

1866)
Apr 1805 - Apr 1806
Apr 1806
Apr 1809
Apr 1810
1847)
Apr 1811
Apr 1812
Apr 1813
Apr 1814
- Apr 1809
- Apr 1810
- Apr 1811
-
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
1812
1813
1814
1815
Apr 1815
Apr 1816
Apr 1817
Apr 1818
Apr 1819
1840)
Apr 1820
1832)
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
John Michie
John Motteux
Nathaniel Smith (2nd time)
William Devaynes (2nd time)
Stephen Lushington (1st time)
- Apr 1821
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
Apr
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
Apr 1827 - Apr 1828

1844)
(1st time)
Charles Grant (1st time)
(b. 1740 - d.
(b. 1778 - d.

(2nd time)
Edward Parry
Charles Grant (2nd time)
William Astell (1st time)
(s.a.)
Jacob Bosanquet (2nd time)

Jacob Inglis (3rd time)
Robert Thornton
(3rd time)
Charles Grant (3rd time)
Thomas Reid (1st time)
John Bebb
James Pattison (1st time)
Campbell Majoribanks (1st time)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
George Abercrombie Robinson
(b. 1758 - d.
(1st time)
Thomas Reid (2nd time)
James Pattison (2nd time)
William Wigram
William Astell (2nd time)
Campbell Majoribanks (2nd time)
George Abercrombie Robinson
(2nd time)
Hugh Lindsay
(s.a.)
(b. 1774 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1769 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1765 - d.
Apr 1828 - Apr 1829

Apr 1829 - Apr 1830
1868)
Apr 1830 - Apr 1831
1831
1832
1833
1833
1834
1835
1836 - 1838
1846)
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850 - 1852
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
William Astell (3rd time)

John Loch
(s.a.)
(b. 1781 - d.
William Astell (4th time)

Robert Campbell
John Goldsborough Ravenshaw
Campbell Marjoribanks
John Loch
Henry St.George Tucker (1st time)
William Stanley Clarke
James Rivett Carnac
(s.a.)
(d. 1858)
(d. 1840)
(d. 1840)
James Law Lushington (1st time)

Richard Jenkins
William Butterworth Bayley
George Lyall
James Law Lushington
John Cotton
John Shepherd (1st time)
Henry Willock
James Weir Hogg (1st time)
Henry St. George Tucker (2nd time)
John Law Lushington (2nd time)
Archibald Galloway
John Shepherd (2nd time)
James Weir Hogg (2nd time)
Russell Ellice
James Oliphant
Elliot Macnaghten
William Henry Sykes
Ross Donnelly Mangles
Sir Frederick Currie
(d. 1851)
(d. 1844)
(b. 1784 - d.
(d. 1853)
(d. 1860)
(d. 1860)
(d. 1859)
(d. 1876)
(s.a.)
(d. 1850)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(d. 1872)
(d. 1877)
(d. 1875)
Presidents of the Board of Control of the East India Company (in London)
3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790 Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney
(b. 1733 1800)
12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793 William Wyndham Grenville,
(b. 1759 1834)
Baron Grenville of
Wotton-under-Bernewood
28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801 Henry Dundas
(b. 1742 1811)
19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802 George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth
(b. 1755 1810)
12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806 Robert Stewart, Viscount
(b. 1769 1822)
Castlereagh
12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806 Gilbert Elliot
16 Jul 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 Thomas Grenville
(b. 1755 1846)
1 Oct 1806 - 6 Apr 1807 George Tierney
(b. 1761 1830)
6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809 Robert Saunders-Dundas (1st time) (b. 1771 1851)
17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809 Dudley Ryder, Earl of Harrowby
(b. 1762 1847)
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
d.
13 Nov 1809 -
7 Apr 1812
7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816

1816)
20 Jun
1827)
16 Jan
1831)
8 Feb
1850)
31 Jul
Robert Saunders-Dundas,
Viscount Melville (2nd time)
Robert Hobart,
(s.a.)
(b. 1760 - d.
1816 - 16 Jan 1821
Earl of Buckinghamshire
George Canning
(b. 1770 - d.
1821 -
Charles Bragge Bathurst
(b. 1751 - d.
1822 - 31 Jul 1828
Charles Watkin Williams Wynn
(b. 1775 - d.
1828 - 24 Sep 1828
Robert Saunders-Dundas,
Viscount Melville (3rd time)
Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough
(s.a.)
24 Sep 1828 1871)
8 Feb 1822
1 Dec 1830
1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834

1866)
18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835
23 Apr 1835 - 4 Sep 1841
1869)
4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841
23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843
1857)
(b. 1790 - d.
(1st time)
Charles Grant
(b. 1778 - d.

(2nd time)
Sir John Cam Hobhouse (1st time)
(b. 1786 - d.

(3rd time)
William Vesey-FitzGerald,
(s.a.)
(b. 1783 - d.
Lord Fitzgerald
Frederick John Robinson,
(b. 1782 - d.
1846 - 5 Feb 1852

1852 - 28 Feb 1852
Earl of Ripon
Sir John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time)
Fox Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure
(s.a.)
(b. 1801 - d.
1852 - 30 Dec 1852
John Charles Herries
(b. 1778 - d.
1852 -
3 Mar 1855
Sir Charles Wood
(b. 1800 - d.
1855 1858 -
6 Mar 1858
5 Jun 1858
5 Jun 1858 1893)
2 Sep 1858
Robert
Edward
(4th
Edward
17 May 1843 1859)

8 Jul
5 Feb
1874)
28 Feb
1855)
30 Dec
1885)
3 Mar
6 Mar
8 Jul 1846
Vernon Smith
Law, Earl of Ellenborough
time)
Henry Stanley,
(s.a.)
(b. 1826 - d.
Earl of Derby
Jammu and Kashmir
1846 - 1936
1846 - 1936 Maharaja's Flag
1936 - 1953
Adopted 1953
Map of Jammu and

Kashmir
Capital: Srinagar
(summer),
Jammu (winter)
....
(legendary) antiquity.
Early Middle Ages
28 Jul 1589
May 1752
kingdom.
1816
5 Jul 1819
17 Jun 1822
15 Mar 1846
Jammu,
16 Mar 1846 - 15 Aug 1947
27 Oct 1947
accession of the
from Pakistan
26 Jan 1957
is
21 Nov 1962
Currency: Indian
Rupee
(INR)
Population: 11,442,151
(2007)
4,021,600 (1941)
Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote

State of Jammu established.
Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan
Jammu annexed to the Punjab.
Kashmir annexed to the Punjab.
Independence of Jammu restored.
U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of
thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Jammu and Kashmir a British protectorate.
The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the
state to India in the face of tribal invasion
(Azad Kashmir annexed to Pakistan).
The incorporation of Jammu and Kashmir into India
declared to be complete.
China occupies Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
Jammu
Rajas
1675 - 1703
1703 - 1725
1725 - 4 Apr 1782
4 Apr 1782 - 1787
1787 - Jun 1797
1797)
1787 - Jun 1797
Jun 1797 - 1816
1816 - 1820
1820 - 4 May 1822
4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846
1857)
Gujai Dev
Dhruv Dev
Ranjit Dev
Brij Raj Dev
Sampuran Singh
Mian Mota -Regent
Jit Singh
Interregnum
Kishore Singh
Gulab Singh
(d.
(d.
(d.
(d.
(b.
1703)
1725)
1782)
1787)
1786 - d.
(d. 1816)
(d. 1822)
(b. 1792 - d.
Kashmir
Afghan Governors
1753 (5 months)
1753
1753 - 1762
1762 (3 months)
1762 - 1764
1764 - 1765
1765 - 1766
1766
1766 - 1767
1767
1767 - 1770
1770 - 1771
1771 (6 months)
1771 - 1776
1778 - 1783
1783 - 1785
1785 - 1786
1786 - 1788
1788
1788 - 1792
1792 - 1793
1793 - 1794
1794
1794 - 1795
1795
29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795
1795 - 1801
1801
1801 - 1812
1812 (5 months)
1813 - 1819
Ishak Aqasi
Abdullah Khan Kabuli
Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st time)
Buland Khan Bamzai
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)
Jan Muhammad Khan
Lal Khan Khatak (1st time)
Khurram Khan
Faqir Ullah Kanth
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)
Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)
Khurram Khan
Amir Khan Jawansher
Haji Karimdad Khan
Azad Khan
Madad Khan
Mirdad Khan
Mulla Ghafar Khan
Juma Khan Alokzai
Mirza Khan
Mir Hazar Khan
Rahmatullah Khan
Kifayat Khan
Muhammad Khan Jawansher
Sher Muhammad Khan
Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)
Vakil Khan
Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)
Sher Muhammad Khan
Atta Muhammad Khan
(d. 1785)
Gulab Singh
(s.a.)
- 20 Feb 1856
- 12 Sep 1885
Gulab Singh
Ranbir Singh
(s.a.)
(b. 1830 - d.
- 17 Apr 1889
Pratap Singh (1st time)
(b. 1848 - d.
- 1898
Amar Singh
(b. 1864 - d.
Jammu and Kashmir

Raja
15 Mar 1846
Maharajas
9 Nov 1846
20 Feb 1856
1885)
12 Sep 1885
1925)
17 Apr 1889
1909)
1898 -
9 Nov 1846
7 Sep 1925
(chairman regency council)

Pratap Singh (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(chairman regency council to Oct 1905)
Hari Singh
(b. 1895 - d.
7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952

1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh -Regent
Sadr-e Riyasat (roughly, "head of state")
(b. 1931)
17 Nov 1952 Governors

30 Mar 1965 15 May 1967 3 Jul 1973 1988)
22 Feb 1981 2001)
26 Apr 1984 Jul 1989 - 19
19 Jan 1990 26 May 1990 12 Mar 1993 2 May 1998 4 Jun 2003 25 Jun 2008 -
30 Mar 1965
Karan Singh
(s.a.)
15 May 1967
3 Jul 1973
22 Feb 1981
Karan Singh
Bhagwan Sahay
Lakshmi Kant Jha
(s.a.)
(b. 1905)
(b. 1913 - d.
26 Apr 1984
Braj Kumar Nehru
(b. 1909 - d.
Jul 1989
Jan 1990
26 May 1990
12 Mar 1993
2 May 1998
4 Jun 2003
25 Jun 2008
Jagmohan (1st time)

K.V. Krishna Rao (1st
Jagmohan (2nd time)
Girish Chandra Saxena
K.V. Krishna Rao (2nd
Girish Chandra Saxena
S.K. Sinha
Narinder Nath Vohra
Chief ministers (Dewan)

1823 - 1836
1836 - 1865
1865 - 1875/76
1875/76 - 5/6 Sep 1885
1885 - 1886
Mar 1886 - Jan 1887
1887 - 1889
1889 - 1909
1909 - 1917
1917 - 1921
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922
1922 - 1926
1926 - 1927
1940)
1927
1927 - Mar 1929
1950)
1929 - 25 Jul 1931
1950)
1931 - 1933
1949)
Prime ministers
1933 - 1936
1950)
1936
19..)
1936 - Jul 1943
1953)
Jul 1943 - Feb 1944
1953)
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945
1953)
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947
1983)
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947
15 Oct 1947 - 5 Mar 1948
1967)
time)
(1st time)
time)
(2nd time)
Amir Chand (in Jammu)

Jawala (Jwala) Sahai
Kirpa Ram
Wazir Punnu
Anant Ram
Gobind Sahai
Lachman Das
Raja Amar Singh
Amar Nath
Raja Daljit Singh
Bishandas
Raja Hari Singh
Jagat Dev Singh
(b. 1927)
(b. 1923)
(s.a.)
(b. 1928)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1926)
(b. 1936)
(d. 1885)
(d. 1892)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1903 - d.
Padam Deo Singh

Sir Albion Banerjee
(b. 1871 - d.
G.E.C. Wakefield
(b. 1883 - d.
Sir Hari Kishan Kaul
(b. 1881 - d.
Elliot James Dowell Colvin
(b. 1885 - d.
Sir Barjor J. Dalal (acting)
(b. 1871 - d.
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
(b. 1882 - d.
(from 1 Jan 1941, Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar)

Kailas Narain Haksar
(b. 1878 - d.
Sir Benegal Narsing Rau
(b. 1887 - d.
Ram Chandra Kak
(b. 1893 - d.
Janak Singh (acting)

Mehr Chand Mahajan
(b. 1889 - d.
30 Oct 1947 1982) JKNC
9 Aug 1953
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah
(b. 1905 - d.
"the Lion of Kashmir"

(to 5 Mar 1948, head of the emergency
administration)
9 Aug 1953 - 12
1972) JKNC
12 Oct 1963 - 29
1999) INC
29 Feb 1964 - 30
1971) INC
Chief ministers
30 Mar 1965 - 12
(s.a.)
12 Dec 1971 - 25
2004) INC
25 Feb 1975 - 26
(s.a.)
Oct 1963
Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad
(b. 1907 - d.
Feb 1964
Khwaja Shams-ud-Din
(b. 1922 - d.
Mar 1965
Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq
(b. 1912 - d.
Dec 1971
INC
Feb 1975
Ghulam Muhammad Sadiq
Mar 1977
JKNC
26 Mar 1977 9 Jul 1977 (s.a.)
9 Jul 1977
8 Sep 1982
JKNC
8 Sep
1936)
2 Jul
2009)
6 Mar
7 Nov
(s.a.)
19 Jan
9 Oct
(s.a.)
18 Oct
2 Nov
1936)
2 Nov
1949)
10 Jul
5 Jan
1970)
2 Jul 1984
JKNC
6 Mar 1986
1982 -
1984 ANC
1986 - 7 Nov 1986
1986 - 19 Jan 1990
JKNC
1990 - 9 Oct 1996
1996 - 18 Oct 2002
JKNC
2002 - 2 Nov 2002
2002 - 2 Nov 2005
PDP
2005 - 10 Jul 2008
CLP
2008 - 5 Jan 2009
2009 JKNC
Seyd Mir Qasim
(b. 1921 - d.
(1st time)
President's Rule
(2nd time)
Farooq Abdullah (1st time)
(b.
Ghulam Mohammad Shah
(b. 1920 - d.
President's Rule
Farooq Abdullah (2nd time)
President's Rule
Farooq Abdullah (3rd time)
President's Rule
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
(b.
Ghulam Nabi Azad
(b.
President's Rule
Omar Abdullah
(b.
British Residents (to 1885 in Hunza, then in Srinagar)

15 Mar 1846 - 1877
None
1877 - 1880
John Biddulph
1922)
1880 - 1883
Vacant
1883 - 1886
Sir Oliver Beauchamp Coventry
1891)
St. John
1886 - Jan 1889
Trevor John Chichele
1905)
Chichele-Plowden
1889 - 1892
Robert Parry Nisbet
1916)
1892 - 1894
David William Keith Barr
(b. 1840 - d.
(b. 1837 - d.
(b. 1846 - d.
(b. 1839 - d.
(b. 1846 - d.
1916)
1894 - 1896
1940)
1896 - 1900
1920)
1900 - 1901
1908)
1901 - 1903
1946)
1903 - 1905
1940)
1906 - 1909
1942)
1910 - 1911
1942)
1911 - 1914
1963)
1914 - 1915
1949)
1916 - 1917
1920)
1917 - 1921
1955)
1921 - 1923
1941)
1923 - 1927
1933)
1927 - 1929
1971)
1929 - 1931
1966)
1931 - 1932
1944)
Jul 1932 - 1935
1967)
1925 - 1938
1956)
1938 - 1941
1956)
1941 - 1943
1952)
1943 - 1945
1973)
1945 - 1947
1973)
Hugh Shakespear Barnes
(b. 1853 - d.
Sir Adelbert Cecil Talbot
(b. 1845 - d.
Harold Arthur Deane
(b. 1854 - d.
Louis William Dane
(b. 1856 - d.
Elliot Graham Colvin
(b. 1861 - d.
Sir Francis Edward Younghusband
(b. 1863 - d.
John Ramsay
(b. 1862 - d.
Stuart Mitford Fraser
(b. 1864 - d.
Henry Venn Cobb
(b. 1864 - d.
John Manners Smith
(b. 1864 - d.
Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman
(b. 1866 - d.
Charles Joseph Windham
(b. 1867 - d.
Sir John Barry Wood
(b. 1870 - d.
Evelyn Berkeley Howell
(b. 1877 - d.
George Drummond Ogilvie
(b. 1882 - d.
Courtenay Latimer
(b. 1880 - d.
Frederick Marshman Bailey
(b. 1882 - d.
Lionel Edward Lang
(b. 1885 - d.
Denholm Fraser
(b. 1889 - d.
Leslie Eric Barton
(b. 1889 - d.
James Glasgow Acheson
(b. 1889 - d.
Wilfred Francis Webb
(b. 1897 - d.
Party abbreviations: ANC = Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference; CLP =
Congress Legislature Party; INC = Indian National Congress Party; JKNC = All
Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (Kasmir unity, pro-autonomy, est.1939,
formerly All All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference 1932-39); PDP = People's
Democratic Party
Ladakh
Capital: Leh
c.900
1200's - 1300's
1644 - 1685
1690's - 1700's
1783 - 17 Sep 1842
suzerainty of China).
17 Sep 1842
Population: 270,126 (2001)

Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established by a
West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty.
Under Mongol suzerainty.
Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
Vassal state of Kashmir.
Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under
Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded
by Jammu and Kashmir (with some nominal
autonomy).
21 Nov 1962
China occupies the Aksai Chin region.
Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)

1694 - 1729
Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal
1729 - 20 Mar 1739
bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal
1739 - 1753
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
1753 - 1782
Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II
1782 - 1802
Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal
1802 - 1837
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
(d. 1840)
rNam-rgyal (1st time)
1837 - 1839
dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent
(styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong)
1839 - 1840
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
(s.a.)
rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
Jun 1840 - Jul 1840
'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (1st time)
(b. 1833 - d.
c.1873)
1840 - 1842
Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II
(b. c.1832 d. ....)
1842 - 17 Sep 1842
'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
(s.a.)
From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.
DanishIndia
19 Nov 1620 - 7 Nov 1845
Map of Danish India
19 Nov 1620
1636 - 1643
1696 - 1722
possession.
1698 - 1714
Chandernagore
Capital: Tranquebar
Tranquebar (Dansborg) a Danish possession.

Balasore a Danish possession.
Oddeway Torre (on Malabar coast) a Danish
Gondalpara (Dannemarksnagore) southeast of
1752 - 1791
1755 - 1824
1 Jan 1846
8 Oct
1763
1779
1784 12 May
1807 13 Feb
20 Sep
11 Oct
7 Nov
1755
1807/09
1801 - 17 Aug 1802
1814
1808 - 20 Sep 1815
1815
1845
1845
16 Oct 1868
Britain,
a Danish possession.
Calicut a Danish possession.
Colachel (on Malabar coast) a Danish possession.
Frederik Islands (Nicobar Islands) a Danish colony.
(subordinated to Tranquebar).
Serampore (Frederiksnagore) a Danish possession.
Balasore a Danish possession.
Danish crown colony.
Nicobar islands abandoned.
British occupy Danish India.
British occupy Nicobar Islands.
British occupy Danish India.
Restored to Denmark.
Frederiksnagore sold to Britain.
Tranquebar and remaining Danish India settlements
sold to Britain, part of British India.
Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands sold to
which become part of British India.
Governors (of the Danish East India Company to 1779)

25 Aug 1620 - 31 May 1621 Ove Gedde
1660)
1 Jun 1621 - 9 Nov 1636 Roland Crapp
9 Nov 1636 - 5 Sep 1643 Bernt Pessart
5 Sep 1643 - 1648
Willem Leyel
1654)
1648 - 7 Sep 1655
Poul Hansen Korsr
7 Sep 1655 - 1669
Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke
1674)
1669 - 1673
Henrik Eggers
1673 - Oct 1682
Sivart Adeler
1683)
Oct 1682 - 9 Jul 1686
Axel Juel
1720)
9 Jul 1686 - Oct 1687
Wolf Henrik von Kalnein (Calneyn)
Oct 1687 - 1689
Christian Porck (1st time)
1689 - 1690
Moritz Hartmann
1695)
1690 - 1694
Christian Porck (2nd time)
1694 - 19 May 1701
Claus Vogdt (Voigt)
19 May 1701 - 1701
Andreas Andreae
1701 - Jul 1702
Mikkel Knudsen Crone
Jul 1702 - 1704
Jrgen Hermansen Bjrn
1704)
1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan Sigismund Hassius
1729)
20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen Brun-Lundegaard
23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich von Nissen
1756)
12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus Hansen Attrup
8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733 Diderich Mhlenport
1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk Panck
1747)
13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar Bonsack
(b. 1594 - d.
(d. 1645)
(b. c.1593 - d.
(d. 1655)
(b. 1615 - d.
(b. 1647 - d.
(b. 1655 - d.
(d. 1690)
(b. 1656 - d.
(d. 1701)
(d. 1716)
(b. 1652 - d.
(b. 1664 - d.
(d. 1724)
(b. 1691 - d.
(d. 1745)
(d. 1746)
(b. 1690 - d.
(d. 1748)
17 Sep
5 Sep
1796)
1759
9 May
4 Jul
29 Apr
1794)
14 Feb
17 Jan
17 May
1832)
7 Feb
13 Feb
20 Sep
1816)
19 Nov
16 Feb
1833)
7 May
1858)
7 Mar
1859)
26 Mar
1832)
17 May
1865)
1 May
1841)
18 Jun
1888)
16 Oct
1880)
1744 - 5 Sep 1754

1754 - 10 Aug 1759
Hans Ernst Bonsack

Hans Georg Krog
(b. 1720 - d.
1759 - 4 Jul 1760

1760 - 27 Apr 1761
1761 - 14 Feb 1775
Peter Henrich Meyer

Christian Frederik Hyer
Hermann Jacob Forck
Peter Hermann Abbestee (1st time)
(d. 1763)
(d. 1761)
(b. 1728 - d.
1775 - 17 Jan 1779

1779 - 17 May 1788
1788 - 7 Feb 1806
David Brown
Peter Hermann Abbestee (2nd time)
Peter Anker
(d. 1784)
(s.a.)
(b. 1744 - d.
1806 - 13 Feb 1808

1808 - 20 Sep 1815
1815 - 19 Nov 1816
Johan Peter Hermanson (1st time)

British occupation
Gerhard Sievers Bille
(d. 1822)
1816 - 15 Feb 1822

1822 - 7 May 1823
Johan Peter Hermanson (2nd time)

Jens Kofoed
(s.a.)
(b. 1775 - d.
1823 -
Ulrich Anton Schnheyder
(b. 1775 - d.
1825 - 26 Mar 1829
Hans Diderich Brinck-Seidelin
(b. 1779 - d.
1829 - 14 May 1832
Lauritz Christensen
(b. 1793 - d.
1832 -
Konrad Emil Mourier
(b. 1795 - d.
1838 - 18 Jun 1841
Johannes von Rehling
(b. 1775 - d.
1841 - 15 Sep 1841
Christian Tiemroth
(b. 1799 - d.
1841 -
Peter Hansen
(b. 1798 - d.
7 Mar 1825
1 May 1838
7 Nov 1845
(b. 1765 - d.
Dutch India
1608 - 1 Mar 1825
Map of Dutch India

1608
1610 1658 23 Jul
1780 20 Oct
20 Sep
20 May
20 Oct
1658 20 May
1795 1817
1 Jun 1825
India.
1784
1795
1781
1784
31 Mar 1818
Capital: Cochin
Dutch rule
Pulicat a Dutch possession.
Tuticorin a Dutch possession.
Negapatnam a Dutch possession.
Coromandel Coast occupied by Britain.
British occupation of Dutch India settlements.
Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands,
Malabar annexed to British India.
Dutch Coromandel ceded to Britain, part of British
CoromandelCoast
Governors
1608 - 1610
1610 - 1612
1612 - 1615
1616
1616 - 1617
1617 - 1619
1619 - 1620
1620 - 1622
1664)
1622 - 1624
1624 - 1626
1626 - 1632
1632
1643)
1632 - 1633
1655)
1633 - 1636
1636 - 1638
1653)
1638 - 1643
1643 - 1650
1660)
1650 - 1651
1684)
1651
1653)
1652 - 1663
12 Jun 1663 - 1665
1684)
1665 - 1676
1676 - 1679
1679)
1679 - 1681
1689)
1681 - 1686
1686 - 1698
1698 - 1705
1708)
1705 - 1710
1710 - 1716
1761)
1716 - 1719
1719 - 1723
1730)
1723 - 1729
1735)
1729 - 1733
1733 - 1737
1738 - 1743
1761)
1743 - 1747
1747 - 1753
1774)
Pieter Issaksz. Eyloff

Jan van Wesick
Wemmer van Berchem
Hans de Haze (1st time)
Samuel Kindt
Adolf Thomassen
Hans de Haze (2nd time)
Andries Soury (1st time)
Abraham van Uffelen
Andries Soury (2nd time)
Maerten IJbrantszoon (1st time)
Arent Gardenijs (1st time)
(d. 1653)
(b. 1585 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1605 - d.
David Pieterszoon de Vries
(b. 1593 - d.
Maerten IJbrantszoon (2nd time)

Carel Reyniersz
(b. c.1604 - d.
Arent Gardenijs (2nd time)

Arnold Heussen
(s.a.)
(b. c.1605 - d.
Laurens Pit (1st time)
(b. 1610 - d.
Jacob Fransz. de With
(b. 1603 - d.
Laurens Pit (2nd time)

Cornelis Speelman
(s.a.)
(b. 1628 - d.
Anthony Paviljoen (Pavilion)

Jacques Caulier
(b. 1620 - d.
Willem Carel Hartsinck
(b. 1638 - d.
Jacob Joriszoon Pits

Laurens Pits de jonge
Dirk Coomans
(b. 1648 - d.
Johannes van Steelandt

Daniel Bernard Guilliams
(b. 1676 - d.
Adriaan de Visscher
Gerrit van Westrenen
(b. 1670 - d.
Dirck van Cloon
(b. 1688 - d.
Adriaan van Pla

Elias Guillot
Jacob Mossel
(d. 1737)
(d. 1743)
(b. 1704 - d.
Galenus Mersen
Librecht Hooreman
(b. 1708 - d.
1753 1758 1765)

1761 1780)
1765 1773 1780 1784 1790 1804)
1795 12 Feb
1824 1866)
1758
1761
Steven Vermont
Lubbert Jan, baron van Eck
(b. 1719 - d.
1765
Christiaan van Teylingen
(b. 1731 - d.
1773
1780
1784
1789
20 Oct 1795
Pieter Haksteen
Reynier van Vlissingen
British occupation
Willem Blauwkamer
Jacob Eilbracht
(b. 1738 - d.
1818
1818 - 1824
1 Jun 1825
British occupation
F.C. Regel
Henry Francis von Shsten
(b. 1792 - d.
Malabar Coast
29 Dec
24 Dec
15 Jan
8 Jan
15 Feb
20 Oct
1818
1658 - 14 Apr 1659

1661
1662
1663
1663
1795 - 1818
Commanders
1663 - 1665
1665 - 1667
1689)
1667 - 1669
1673)
1669 - 1676
1691)
1677 1678 1683 1688 1693)
1693 1694 1697 1701 1704 1717)
1708 1709 1719)
1716 1725)
1723 1731
1731 -
Quilon occupied by Dutch.

Quilon a Dutch possession.
Cranganore a Dutch possession.
Cochin a Dutch possession.
Cannanore a Dutch possession.
British occupation.
Annexed to British India.
Ludolph van Coulster

Ijsbrand Goske
(b. c.1626 - d.
Lucas van der Dussen
(b. 1620 - d.
Hendrik Adriaan van Reede
(b. 1636 - d.
1678
1683
1687
1693
tot Drakestein
Jacob Lobs
Marten Huysman
Gelmer Vosburgh
Issack van Dielen
(d. 1697)
(b. 1652? - d.
1694
1697
1701
1704
1708
Alexander Wigman
Adriaan van Ommen
Magnus Wichelman
Abraham Vink
Willem Moerman
1709
1716
Adam van der Duyn

Barend Ketel
(b. c.1670 - d.
1723
Johannes Hertenberg
(b. 1668 - d.
1731
Jacob de Jong
Wouter Hendriks
Adriaan Maten
1734
(d. 1705)
(b. 16.. - d.
1734 - 1742
1755)
1742 1747 1751
1751 1756 1761 1765 1770)
1768 1770 1792)
1781 1799)
1793 1816)
20 Oct
Julius Valentyn Stein van
(b. 1691 - d.
1756
1761
1765
1768
Gollonesse
Reinerus Siersma
Corijn Stevens
Abraham Cornelis de la Haye
Frederik Cunes
Casparus de Jong
Godefried Weyerman
Cornelis Breekpot
(b. 1710 - d.
1770
1781
Christiaan Lodewijk Senff

Adriaan Moens
(b. 1728 - d.
1793
Johan Gerard van Angelbeek
(b. 1727 - d.
20 Oct 1795
Jan Lambertus van Spall
(b. 1748 - d.
1795 - 1818
British occupation
1747
1751
Dutch Bengal
1635
1635 - 1655
1676
Dutch factories at Pipley and Hougli (to 1676).

Administered by Coromandel.
Dutch factories at Patna and Baleshwar (Bellasoor).
1710 - 1759
1781 - 20 May 1784
1795
Dutch post at Murshidabad.

British occupation.
Annexed to British India.
Directors
1635 - 1655
1655 - 1658
1676)
1658 - 1663
1685)
1663 - 1665
1665 - 1669
1669 - 1673
1714)
1673 - 1676
1677 - 1678
1679)
1678 - 1680
1681 - 1683
1683 - 1685
1685 - 1688
1688
1688 - 1696
1696 - 1701
1701 - 1705
1705 - 1710
1710 - 1716
1717 - 1722
the governors of Coromandel

Pieter Sterthemius
(b. 1618? - d.
Mattheus van den Broucke
(b. 1620 - d.
Rogier van Heyningen

Vacant
Constantin Ranst de Jonge
(d. 1665)
Franois de Haze
Willem Volger
(d. 1676)
(b. 1602 - d.
Jacob Verburgh
Nicolaas Baukes
Marten Huysman
Nicolaas Schaghen
Pieter Willeboorts
Arnoldus Muykens
Pieter van Dishoeck
Jacob Pelgrom
Willem de Roo
Anthony Huysman
Ewout van Dishoeck
(b. 1635 - d.
1722 1724 1737)

1727 1732)
1731 1734 1764)
1744 1750 1755
1755 1760 1763 1775)
1769 1770)
1771 1776 1781 1784 1789)
1785 1812)
1792 1807)
1795
1796)
1724
1727
Pieter Vuyst
Abraham Patras
(b. 1671 - d.
1731
Jacob Sadelijn
(b. 1673 - d.
1733
1744
Rogier Beernards
Jan Albert Sichterman
(b. 1692 - d.
1750
1755
Jan Huyghens
Jan Karsseboom
Louis Taillefert (1st time)
Adriaan Bisdom
Louis Taillefert (2d time)
George Lodewijk Vernet
(b. 1711 - d.
Boudewijn Versewel Faure
(b. 1734 - d.
1776
1781
1784
1785
Johannes Bacheracht
Johannes Mattheus Ross
British occupation
Gregorius Herklots (acting)
(b. 1739 - d.
1792
Isaac Titsingh
(b. 1745 - d.
1795
Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon
(b. 1747 - d.
Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz
(b. 1744 - d.
1760
1763
1769
6 May 1770
(acting)
FrenchIndia
26 Sep 1816 - 1 Nov 1954
Capital: Pondichry
(Pondicherry)
Exports: $N/A
GDP: $N/A
Imports: $N/A
Total Armed Forces: N/A
Map of French India
1688 - 1720
4 Feb 1673
1674
6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699
2 Apr 1721 - Feb 1725
1731
1750).
Dec 1725
14 Feb 1739
10 Sep 1746 - Aug 1749
Currency: French India

Roupiah (INFR)
Population: 332,045
(1948)
Ethnic groups: French, Indian

Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim
French factory at Surat.

Chandernagor (Chandernagore) a French possession.
Pondicherry (Pondichry) a French possession.
Dutch occupation (see Dutch Coromandel).
Mahe (Mah) a French possession.
Yanam (Yanaon) a French possession (confirmed
Mah a French possession.
Karikal a French possession.
French occupy Madras.
1750 - 22 Jan 1760

16 Jan 1761 - May 1765
1757); French
Cannanore.
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783
1778,
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803
25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801
Orientales dpartement
occupation).
11 Jul 1803 - 11 Sep 1803
Treaty of Amiens.
1 Oct 1803 - 26 Sep 1816
26 Sep 1816
Mah
l'Inde).
16 Jun 1940 1940, under
9 Sep 1940
1940).
2 May 1950
Apr 1952)
13 Jun 1954
15 Jul 1954
1 Nov 1954
transferred
16 Aug 1962
Commissioners
1668 - 1672
1673)
1672 - 1681
1683)
1681 - 6 Sep 1693
1706)
6 Sep 1693 - Sep 1699
Governors
Sep 1699 - 30 Dec 1706
1 Jan 1707 - 2 Jul 1708
2 Jul 1708 - Sep 1713
1725)
24 Sep 1713 - 18 Jul 1715
Aug 1715 - Aug 1718
1718
19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721
Masulipatam a French possession.

British occupation (in Changernagore from 23 Mar
Pondichry is leveled, Mah is given to rueler of
British occupation (in Changernagore from 6 Jul
Mahe from 19 Mar 1779).
British occupation, administered as part of Madras.
French India nominally organized as Indesof France (not effected because of British
Brief restoration of French rule according to
British occupation (s.a.).
Chandernagore, Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, and
restored to France (tablissements Franais dans
Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 9 Sep
Free French; Chandernagore separately from 20 Jun
Chandernagore transferred to India (formally on 11
(see under Indian states).
Yanaon taken by Indian military police.
Mah taken by pro-Indian groups.
Remaining territories (Pondichry and Karikal)
to India de facto (see under Indian states).
De jure transfer of French India to India.
Franois Caron
(b. 1600 - d.
Franois Baron
(b. 1620 - d.
Franois Martin
(b. 1634 - d.
Dutch occupation
Franois Martin (governor-general) (s.a.)
Pierre Dulivier (1st time)
(acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705)
Guillaume Andr d'Hbert
(b. 1653 - d.
(1st time)
Pierre Dulivier (2nd time)
Guillaume Andr d'Hbert
(2nd time)
Louis-Claude Boivin d'Hardancourt
(does not take office)
Pierre Andr Prvost de La
(s.a.)
(d. 1718)
(d. 1721)
11 Oct 1721 - Oct 1723

1743)
6 Oct 1723 - 1726
4 Sep 1726 - 1735
19 Sep 1735 - 1741
1745)
14 Jan 1742 - 1754
1763)
2 Aug 1754 - 10 Feb 1755
10 Feb 1755 -
8 Apr 1755
8 Apr 1755 - 1758

1764)
28 Apr 1758 - 16 Jan 1761
1766)
17 Jan 1761 - Jan 1765
26 Jan 1765 - May 1765
1797)
May 1765 - 1766
1 Apr 1766 - 10 Feb 1767
10 Feb 1767 - 8 Jan 1777
8 Jan 1777 - 1778
1792)
28 Jan 1778 - 1778
1825)
Jul 1778 - 18 Sep 1778
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783
10 Mar 1783 - 7 Jan 1785
1785)
8 Jan 1775 - 21 May 1785
1788)
21 May 1785
1803)
8 Oct 1785
1801)
20 Sep 1787
c.1800)
5 Oct 1789
Prvostire
Pierre Christophe Lenoir
(1st
Joseph
Pierre
(2nd
Pierre
time)(acting)
Beauvollier de Courchant
Christophe Lenoir
time)
Benot Dumas
(b. 1683 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1668 - d.
Joseph Franois Dupleix
(b. 1697 - d.
Charles Robert Godeheu de Zaimont

(acting)
Committee (interim)
- Barthlemy
- Boileau
- Guillard
Georges Duval de Leyrit
(b. 1717 - d.
Thomas Arthur,
(b. 1702 - d.
comte de Lally-Tollendal
Vacant
Jean Law de Lauriston, comte de
(b. 1719 - d.
Tancarville (governor-general)
(1st time)
Franois Nicolas (acting)
Antoine Boyelleau (acting)
Jean Law de Lauriston, comte de
Tancarville (governor-general)
(2nd time)
Guillaume Lonard de Bellecombe,
seigneur de Teirac (1st time)
Louis Alexandre d'Albignac,
(s.a.)
(b. 1728 - d.
(b. 1739 - d.
baron d'Albignac d'Arre (acting)

Guillaume Lonard de Bellecombe,
(s.a.)
seigneur de Teirac (2nd time)
British occupation
Charles Joseph Ptissier,
(b. 1718 - d.
marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
Nicolas Coutanceau des Algrains
(b. 1730 - d.
- Oct 1785
(acting)
Franois, vicomte de Souillac
(b. 1732 - d.
- 1787
David Charpentier de Cossigny
(b. 1740 - d.
- 1789
Thomas, comte de Conway
(b. 1733 - d.
- 1793
Camille Charles Leclerc,

chevalier de Fresne
L. Leroux de Touffreville (acting)
Dominique Prosper, comte de
(b. 1741 - d.
5 Feb 1793 - 1793

18 Feb 1793 - 24 Aug 1793
1798)
British military governors

Aug 1793 - 1794
1794 - 1795
1795 - 1802
1802 - 11 Jul 1803
Governors
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803
1832)
Aug 1803 - 1 Oct 1803
13 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803
1820)
British military governors
1803 - 1804
1804 - 1805
1805 - 1810
1810 - 1812
1812 - 1813
1812 - 26 Sep 1816
1869)
Governors
26 Sep 1816 - Oct 1825
1820)
15 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826
1837)
19 Jun 1826 1859)
2 Aug 1828
2 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828

18..)
14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829
10 Apr 1829 -
3 May 1835
3 May 1835 - Apr 1840

1865)
Floyer
Nixon
John Braithwaite
de Mron
Charles Matthieu Isidore,
(b. 1769 - d.
comte Decaen
(appointed 18 Jun 1802)
Binot (acting for comte Decaen)
Benot Mottet de La
(b. 1745 - d.
Fontaine -Prefect
St. John
Keith
E.W. Fallowfield
Lockhart
Hugh Fraser
James Stuart Fraser -Commissioner
(b. 1783 - d.
Andr Julien, comte Dupuy
(b. 1753 - d.
Joseph Marie Emmanuel Cordier
(b. 1773 - d.
(1st time) (acting)

Eugne Panon, comte
(b. 1800 - d.
Desbassayns de Richemont
Vincent-Franois Scipion (acting)
(b. 1780 - d.
Joseph Marie Emmanuel Cordier

(2nd time)(acting)
Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux
de Mlay
Henri Jean Victor,
(s.a.)
(b. 1782 - d.
marquis de Saint-Simon
Paul de Nourquer du Camper
(b. 1776 - d.
Louis Pujol
(b. 1790 - d.
Hyacinthe Marie de Lalande de
(b. 1802 - d.
1850 - 6 Jan 1851

1851 - 1851
Calan
R. Malassis (1st time)(acting)
Philippe Achille Bdier
(b. 1791 - d.
1851 - 1852
1852 - Apr 1857
R. Malassis (2nd time)(acting)

Raymond Jean Baptiste de Verninac
(b. 1794 - d.
de Saint-Maur
Alexandre Jean Baptiste Joseph
(b. 1807 - d.
27 Apr 1840 - 1844

1849)
16 Nov 1844 - 1849
1855)
5 Jan 1849 - 14 Jun 1850
1850)
14 Jun
6 Jan
1865)
1 Dec
29 Jul
1873)
Chermont
1 Apr 1857 - Jan 1863

1864)
18 Jan 1863 - Jun 1871

1872)
27 Mar 1867 - 18 Oct 1867
1908)
Jun 1871 - Nov 1871
1893)
Nov 1871 - 1875
1879)
15 May 1875 - 1 Jul 1875
1875)
1 Jul 1875 - 13 Aug 1875
13 Aug 1875 - 7 Nov 1875
1884)
(b. 1813 - d.
Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard
(b. 1826 - d.
(acting for Bontemps)

Antoine Lonce Michaux
(b. 1822 - d.
Pierre Aristide Faron
(b. 1814 - d.
Louis Bernard Amlius Delrieu
(b. 1821 - d.
Bernardy de Sigoyer (acting)

Louis Dmtrius Thodore Nesty
(b. 1825 - d.
1879 - Apr 1881
(1st time)
Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard
Louis Dmtrius Thodore Nesty
(2nd time)(acting)
Jean Joseph Marie Lonce Laugier
1881 - 12 Apr 1881

1881 - Sep 1884
Haas (acting)
Julien Thodore Drouet
(b. 1817 - d.
1884 - 11 Oct 1884
Paul Louis Maxime Cloron de
(b. 1831 - d.
Blainville (1st time)(acting)

tienne Antoine Guillaume Richaud
(b. 1841 - d.
7 Nov 1875 - 1878

27 Oct 1878 - 23 Feb 1879
23 Feb
1900)
6 Apr
12 Apr
1904)
14 Sep
1899)
Jacques de Verninac Durand

d'Ubraye
Napolon Joseph Louis Bontemps
11 Oct 1884 - 29 Apr 1886

1889)
29 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886
17 Nov 1886
1898)
25 Apr 1888
11 Aug 1888
1900)
20 Aug 1888
d. ....)
14 Nov 1888
1923)
18 May 1889
25 Jul 1889
1933)
1 Feb 1891
27 Oct 1893
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1829 - d.
- 1888
Paul Louis Maxime Cloron de

Blainville (2nd time)(acting)
Aim Louis douard Mans
- 11 Aug 1888
- 20 Aug 1888
Paul Fawtier (interim)

Charles-Honor Vassal (interim)
- 14 Nov 1888
Antoine-Landre Mathivet (1st time)(b. 1852 -
- 18 May 1889
Georges Jules Piquet
- 25 Jul 1889
- 1891
Antoine-Landre Mathivet (2nd time)(s.a.)

Louis Hippolyte Marie Nouet
(b. 1844 - d.
- 1896
- 16 Jun 1894
Lon mile Clment-Thomas

Antoine Jean Pierre Louis Deloncle
(acting for Clment-Thomas)
Louis Jean Girod
(b. 1856 - d.
31 May 1896 - 27 Jan 1898

1922)
27 Jan 1898 - 5 Feb 1898
1904)
5 Feb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902
1913)
17 Apr 1900 - 2 Mar 1901
1913)
(s.a.)
(b. 1835 - d.
(b. 1833 - d.
(b. 1839 - d.
Jean-Baptiste Venant Emile Borne
(b. 1843 - d.
(interim)
Franois Pierre Rodier
(b. 1854 - d.
Paul Marie Armand Beuverand de
(b. 1847 - d.
La Loyre (acting for Rodier)
18 Feb 1902 1904)

24 Oct 1902 1916)
13 Aug 1904 1932)
22 Apr 1905 1914)
Oct 1906 - 3
1932)
1908 - 1909
1929)
1909 - 9 Jul
19..)
9 Jul 1910 1941)
27 Jun 1911 19..)
8 Jul
1953)
4 Mar
7 Nov
24 Jul
1911 -
24 Oct 1902
Louis Pelletan (interim)
(b. 1842 - d.
Aug 1904
Victor Louis Marie Lanrezac
(b. 1854 - d.
Apr 1905
Jean-Baptiste Philmon Lemaire
(b. 1856 - d.
Oct 1906
Joseph Pascal Franois
(b. 1853 - d.
Dec 1907
Gabriel Louis Angoulvant
(b. 1872 - d.
Adrien Jules Jean Bonhoure
(b. 1860 - d.
1910
Ernest Fernand Lvecque
(b. 1852 - d.
27 Jun 1911
Alfred Albert Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d.
8 Jul 1911
Henri Alphonse Lejeune (1st time)
(b. 1866 - d.
4 Mar 1913
(interim)
Pierre Louis Alfred Duprat
(b. 1880 - d.
1913 - 7 Nov 1913

1913 - 29 Jun 1918
1914 - 4 Jun 1915
Henri Alphonse Lejeune (2nd time)

Alfred Albert Martineau (2nd time)
Henri Alphonse Lejeune
(acting for Martineau)
Pierre Etienne Clayssen (interim)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
Louis Martial Innocent Gerbinis
(b. 1871 - d.
Maurice Pierre Lapalud
(b. 1868 - d.
(acting for Gerbinis)

Henri Lagroua (interim)
Pierre Jean Henri Didelot
(b. 1870 - d.
Joseph Georges Eugne Lanes
(b. 1880 - d.
1928 - 16 Feb 1930

1930 - 24 May 1930
(interim)
Robert Paul Marie de Guise
Edouard Victor Magnien (interim)
(b. 1873 - d.
1930 -
Franois Adrien Juvanon
(b. 1875 - d.
Georges Charles Jean Bourret
(b. 1884 - d.
(interim)
Lon Solomiac
(b. 1884 - d.
Horace Valentin Crocicchia
(b. 1888 - d.
(acting to 9 Dec 1936)

Emmanuel Franois Marie Philippon
(interim)
Louis Alexis tienne Bonvin
(b. 1886 - d.
Nicolas Ernest Marie Maurice
(b. 1886 - d.
29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919

1928)
21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926
1954)
15 Sep 1922 - 1 Jul 1923
19..)
10 Feb 1926 - 5 Aug 1926
5 Aug 1926 - 14 Jan 1928
1941)
14 Jan 1928 - 29 Feb 1928
1956)
29 Feb
16 Feb
19..)
24 May
1950)
1 Nov
19..)
1 Nov 1933
1933 - 15 Aug 1934
15 Aug 1934 - Oct 1936

1960)
9 Oct 1936 - 11 Aug 1938
1976)
11 Aug 1938 - 26 Sep 1938
26 Sep 1938 - Jun 1945
1946)
17 Jun 1945 - 20 Mar 1946
19..)
(b. 1856 - d.
20 Mar 1946 - 4 Sep 1947

1980)
Commissioners
4 Sep 1947 - Dec 1948
1 Dec 1948 - 26 Jan 1949
2001)
26 Jan 1949 - 12 May 1949
1989)
12 May 1949 - 21 Apr 1950
1965)
21 Apr 1950 - Oct 1954
1988)
Oct 1954 1990)
1 Nov 1954
Jeandin (interim)
Charles Franois Henri Baron
(b. 1900 - d.
Charles Franois Marie Baron

Maurice Andr Thomas (interim)
(s.a.)
(b. 1912 - d.
Christian Jacques Camouilly
(b. 1911 - d.
(interim)
Charles Chambon
(b. 1896 - d.
Andr Mnard
(b. 1907 - d.
(acting to 31 Jul 1950)

Georges Escargueil (acting)
(b. 1907 - d.
Ostend East India Company
13 Aug 1719
established.
19 Dec 1722
Kompanie), an
Austrian Netherlands
Roman Emperor
Jul 1723
Bengal.
31 May 1727
Emperor.
5 Jul 1727
16 Mar 1731
Second
c.1742
5 Nov 1744
Cabelon (Kovalam) post on Coromandel coast

Imperial Ostend Company (Kaiserliche Ostender
association of Flemish merchants from the
trading in the east, is granted a charter by Holy
Karl VI.
Banquibazar (Bankibazar) factory established in
Charter of Ostend Company is suspended by the
Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria.
Emperor agrees to dissolve the Ostend Company by
Treaty of Vienna.
Cabelon factory is lost.
Banquibazar factory lost.
Banquibazar
Governors-general
Jul 1723 - 27 Jun 1724
1724)
27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724
Jacques-Andr Cobb
Martin van Snaer
+ Pierre Sneyers
(b. 1682 - d.
30 Jun 1724 -
6 Feb 1726
6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726

1745)
29 Aug 1726 - Dec 1730
Commander
Dec 1730 - 9 Nov 1744
(acting)
Commanders
- T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724)
- Vincent Parraber
(from 18 Jul 1724)
Commanders
- Jean Bos
- Franois de Schonamille
(b. 1678 - d.
(1st time)
- Jean Ray
Alexander Hume
Franois de Schonamille
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Cabelon
Commanders
13 Aug 1719 - 1719
1719 - 23 Jul 1726
23 Jul 1726 - 17..
c.1730
Godefroid de la Merveille
Luis Diaz de la Pea
Joseph Mrat
Joseph Cointrel
Portuguese India (Goa)
to 19 Dec
1961
1967 (proposed
colonial flag)
Map of Portuguese
India
Capital: Goa
(Cochin 1500-1530)
Exports: 709.7 million

escudos (1960)
GDP: $N/A
Imports: 750.7 million
escudos (1960)
Total Armed Forces: N/A
Merchant marine: N/A
Currency: Portuguese
India
Rupias (INPR)
Population: 547,448
(1960)
Ethnic groups: Portuguese, Indian
Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim
Goa Dependencies
20 May
27 Sep
1502
1502
1498
1503 - 7 Jan 1663
15 Feb 1663
24 Dec 1661
13 Sep 1505
Vasco da Gama arrives in India.

Cochin a Portuguese possession.
Cannanore a Portuguese possession.
Quilon a Portuguese possession
(Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
Anjediva (Angediva) acquired by Portugal.
15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510

30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510
25 Nov 1510
1523 15 Jan 1662
1523 - 1662
23 Dec 1534
Portugal;
21 Dec 1535
2 Feb 1559
15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640
possession.
23 Jun 1661
to England.
18 Feb 1665
dependencies).
1687 - 21 Oct 1749
23 May 1739
17 Dec 1779
7 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802
continues.
3 Sep 1803 - 2 Apr 1813
continues.
18 Dec 1946
21 Jul 1954
India).
19 Dec 1961
16 Mar 1962
31 Dec 1974
organized as the Northern Provinces.

Diu acquired by Portugal.
Damo (Daman) acquired by Portugal .
Portuguese India along with Portugal a Spanish
Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded
Final cession of Bombay to England (without its
So Tom de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.
Baaim lost.
Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal.
British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule
British troops garrison Goa, Portuguese rule
Overseas province of Portugal.
Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (2 Aug 1954) occupied
by Indian nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by
Goa, Damo, and Diu occupied by India.
Annexed by India (see under Indian states).
Annexation recognized by Portugal.
Viceroy
24 Oct 1505 - 4 Sep
1510)
Governors-general
4 Sep 1509 8 Sep
1515)
8 Sep 1515 20 Dec
c.1520)
20 Dec 1518 22 Jan
1530)
22 Jan 1522 4 Dec
1539)
4 Dec 1524 - 24 Dec
1524)
25 Dec
1526)
2 Feb
1538)
18 Nov
1539)
14 Sep
1540)
4 Apr
1575)
Portuguese occupy Goa.

Bijapur occupies Goa.
Goa a Portuguese colony.
Cranganore (Kottappuram) a Portuguese possession.
Portuguese settlement of So Tom de Meliapore.
Baaim (Bassein) and its dependencies ceded to
1509
Francisco de Almeida
(b. c.1450 - d.
1515
Afonso de Albuquerque
(b. 1453 - d.
1518
Lopo Soares de Albergaria
(b. c.1442 - d.
1522
Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
(b. 1465 - d.
1524
Duarte de Meneses
(b. bf.1488 - d.
1524
Vasco da Gama, conde de
(b. 1460 - d.
Vidigueira -Viceroy
Henrique de Meneses
(b. 1496 - d.
1526 18 Nov 1529
Lopo Vaz de Sampaio
(b. c.1480
1529 - 14 Sep 1538
Nuno da Cunha
(b. 1487 - d.
1538 -
3 Apr 1540
Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy
(b. 1480 - d.
1540
7 May 1542
Estevo da Gama
(b. 1510 - d.
1524 -
2 Feb 1526
- d.
7 May 1542
1564)
12 Sep 1545 1548)
7 Jun 1548 1549)
13 Jun 1549
15..)
Viceroys
Nov 1550 16
c.1586)
16 Sep 1554 1555)
23 Jun 1555
1575)
8 Sep 1558
1575)
7 Sep 1561
1564)
12 Sep 1545
Martim Afonso de Sousa
(b. 1500 - d.
6 Jun 1548
Joo de Castro -Viceroy
(b. 1500 - d.
13 Jun 1549
Garcia de S
(b. c.1460 - d.
Nov 1550
Jorge Cabral
(b. c.1500 - d.
Sep 1554
Afonso de Noronha
(b. c.1510 - d.
23 Jun 1555
Pedro Mascarenhas
(b. 1470 - d.
8 Sep 1558
Francisco Barreto -Governor
(b. 1520 - d.
7 Sep 1561
Constantino de Bragana
(b. 1532 - d.
Francisco Coutinho, conde do
(b. 1517 - d.
Redondo
Joo de Mendona -Governor
(b. c.1530 - d.
Anto de Noronha
(b. c.1520 - d.
Lus de Atade, conde
(b. 1517 - d.
de Atouguia (1st time)

Antnio de Noronha
(b. c.1510 - d.
Antnio Moniz Barreto
(b. c.1530 - d.
Diogo de Meneses
(b. c.1540 - d.
Lus de Atade, conde

de Atouguia (2nd time)
Ferno Teles de Meneses, conde
(s.a.)
29 Feb 1564
29 Feb 1564 3 Sep 1564

1578)
3 Sep 1564 10 Sep 1568
1569)
10 Sep 1568 6 Sep 1571
1580)
6 Sep 1571 9 Dec 1573
1574)
Governors
9 Dec 1573 Sep 1577
1600)
Sep 1577 31 Aug 1578
1580)
Viceroys
31 Aug 1578 - 10 Mar 1580
10 Mar 1581 17 Sep 1581
1605)
17 Sep 1581 Nov 1584
1608)
Nov 1584 1588)
4 May 1588
4 May 1588 15 May 1591

1591)
15 May 1591 25 May 1597
1609)
25 May 1597 25 Dec 1600
1632)
25 Dec 1600 20 May 1605
1605)
20 May 1605 4 Jun 1607
1649)
(b. c.1530 - d.
de Vilar Maior -Governor

Francisco Mascarenhas, conde
(b. c.1530 - d.
de Santa Cruz
Duarte de Meneses, conde de
(b. 1537 - d.
Tarouca
Manuel de Sousa Coutinho -Governor (b. 1540 - d.
Matias de Albuquerque
(b. 1547 - d.
Francisco da Gama, conde de
(b. 1565 - d.
Vidigueira (1st time)

Aires de Saldanha
(b. 1542 - d.
Martim Afonso de Castro
(b. c.1560 - d.
4 Jun 1607 27 May 1609

1617)
27 May
1611)
5 Sep
1616)
25 Dec
1625)
18 Nov
1619)
11 Nov
1623)
19 Dec
1609
5 Sep 1609
Aleixo de Menezes, arcebispo
(b. 1559 - d.
de Braga -Governor
Andr Furtado de Mendona -Governor(b. 1558 - d.
1609 25 Dec 1612
Rui Loureno de Tvora
(b. 1566 - d.
1612 18 Nov 1617
Jernimo de Azevedo
(b. 1540 - d.
1617 11 Nov 1619
Joo Coutinho, conde de Redondo
(b. c.1540 - d.
1619 19 Dec 1622
Ferno de Albuquerque -Governor
(b. 1540 - d.
1622
Francisco da Gama, conde de

Vidigueira (2nd time)
Frei Luis de Brito e
(s.a.)
8 Mar 1627
8 Mar 1627 29 Jul 1629

1629)
29 Jul 1629 21 Oct 1629
1631)
21 Oct 1629
1647)
9 Dec 1635
9 Dec 1635 - 24 Jun 1639

1639)
24 Jun 1639 24 Sep 1640
1657)
24 Sep 1640 30 Dec 1645
1650)
30 Dec 1645 31 May 1651
1652)
31 May 1651 6 Sep 1652
1652)
6 Sep 1652 22 Oct 1653

1678)
22 Oct 1653 23 Aug 1655
23 Aug 1655 - 14 Jan 1656
1656)
14 Jan 1656 22 May 1656
1657)
22 May 1656 14 Jun 1661
Meneses -Governor
Governing Commission
- Nuno lvares Botelho
- Loureno da Cunha
- Gonalo Pinto da Fonseca
Miguel de Noronha, conde de
(b. c.1570 - d.
(b. 1590 - d.
(d. 1633)
(b. c.1585 - d.
Linhares
Pedro da Silva
(b. c.1580 - d.
Antnio Teles de Menezes, conde
(b. c.1600 - d.
de Vila Pouca de Aguiar -Governor

Joo da Silva Telo de Meneses,
(b. c.1600 - d.
conde de Aveiras
Filipe Mascarenhas
(b. c.1580 - d.
- Frei Francisco dos Mrtires
(b. 1583 - d.
- Francisco de Melo de Castro

(1st time)
- Antnio de Sousa Coutinho
(1st time)
Vasco Mascarenhas, conde
(d. 1664)
(d. 1668)
(b. c.1605 - d.
de bidos
Brs de Castro -Governor
Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira, conde
(d. 1655)
(b. c.1600 - d.
de Sarzedas
Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(b. c.1600 - d.
- Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(1st time)
- Francisco de Melo de Castro
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
14 Jun 1661 14 Dec 1662
14 Dec 1662 17 Oct 1666

d. ....)
17 Oct 1666 6 Nov 1668
1668)
6 Nov 1668 22 May 1671
22 May 1671 30 Oct 1677

1677)
30 Oct 1677 24 Jan 1678
1679)
24 Jan 1678 12 Sep 1681
1678)
12 Sep 1681 13 Dec 1686
1710)
13 Dec 1686 - 23 Jun 1690
1690)
23 Jun 1690 9 Jan 1691
9 Jan 1691 28 May 1693
1713)
28 May 1693 20 Sep 1698
1731)
20 Sep 1698 17 Sep 1701
1702)
17 Sep 1701 -
2 Oct 1702
2 Oct 1702 - 28 Oct 1707

1718)
28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712
1722)
21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717
- Antnio de Sousa Coutinho

(2nd time)
- Luis de Mendona Furtado e
Albuquerque
- Pedro de Lancastre
- Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(2nd time)
Antnio de Melo Castro
(s.a.)
Joo Nunes da Castro, conde de
(b. 1619 - d.
So Vicente
- Antnio de Melo e Castro
- Luis de Miranda Henriques
(to Mar 1669)
- Manoel Corte-Real de Sampaio
Lus de Mendona Furtado e
(d. 1663)
(s.a.)
(b. c.1640 -
(s.a.)
(d. 1669)
(b. c.1610 - d.
Albuquerque, conde de Lavradio

Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assumar (b. 1630 - d.
- Frei Antnio Brando
- Antnio Paes de Sande
- Francisco Cabral de Almada
Francisco de Tvora, conde de
Alvor
Rodrigo da Costa -Governor
Miguel de Almeida -Governor
Governing Commisison
- Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de
Lancastre
- Frei Agostinho de Annunciao
(b. 1620 - d.
(d. 1695)
(b. 1646 - d.
(b. c.1640 - d.
(d. 1691)
(b. 1652 - d.
(1st time)
- Luis Gonalves Cotta (to 1691)
Pedro Antnio de Noronha
(d. 1691)
(b. 1661 - d.
Albuquerque e Sousa, marqus

de Angeja
Antnio Lus Gonalves da Cmara
(b. 1638 - d.
Coutinho
- Frei Agostinho da Annunciao
(2nd time)
- Vasco Lus Coutinho da Costa
Caetano de Melo e Castro
(s.a.)
(b. c.1680 - d.
Rodrigo da Costa
(b. 1657 - d.
Vasco Fernandes Csar de Meneses
(b. 1673 - d.
1743)
13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717
1737)
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720
1742)
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723
1723)
13 Jul 1723 - 13 Sep 1723
1734)
13 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725
1751)
28 Oct 1725 23 Jan 1732
1752)
23 Jan 1732 - 7 Nov 1732
17..)
7 Nov 1732 - 18 May 1741
1745)
18 May 1741 - 14 Jun 1742
14 Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744
1743)
1757)
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750
1756)
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754
1759)
18 Sep 1754 - 28 Jun 1756
1756)
28 Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756
1775)
1775)
Sebastio de Andrade Pessanha
(b. c.1670 - d.
arcebispo primaz de Goa -Governor

Lus Carlos Incio Xavier
(b. 1689 - d.
de Meneses, marqus de Lourial
(1st time)
Francisco Jos de Sampaio e Castro (b. c.1675 - d.
Cristvo de Melo
(b. 1672 - d.
- Cristvo de Melo (1st time)
- Frei Igncio de Santa Theresa
(s.a.)
(b. 1682 - d.
(1st time)
- Cristvo Lus de Andrade
Joo de Saldanha da Gama
(b. 1674 - d.
- Cristvo de Melo (2nd time)
- Frei Igncio de Santa Theresa
(2nd time)
- Tom Gomes Moreira
Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de
Sandomil
Lus Carlos Incio Xavier
de Meneses, marqus de Lourial
(2nd time)
- Francisco de Vasconcellos
(to 30 Mar 1743)
- Lus Caetano de Meneses
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1684 - d.
(b. 1670 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1673 - d.
(b. 1708 - d.
- Loureno de Noronha
(from 18 May 1743)
Pedro Miguel de Almeida e Portugal,(b. 1688 - d.
conde de Assumar, marqus de
Castelo Novo, marqus de Alorna
Francisco de Assis da Tavora,
(b. 1703 - d.
marqus de Tavora
Lus Mascarenhas, conde de Alva
(b. c.1685 - d.
- Antnio Taveira da Neiva Brum
(b. 1706 - d.
da Silveira (1st time)

- Joo de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
- Filippe de Valladares Souto
(b. 1691 - d.
Maior
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765

1771)
19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768
1774)
Governors
12 Mar 1768
13 Jan 1774
24 Sep 1774
1789)
26 May 1779
1790)
3 Nov 1786
1812)
22 May 1794
1810)
(b. c.1700 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1721 - d.
Federico Guilherme de Sousa
(b. 1737 - d.
- 22 May 1794
Francisco da Cunha e Meneses
(b. 1747 - d.
- 30 May 1807
Francisco Antnio da Veiga Cabral
(b. 1733 - d.
da Cmara Pimentel, visconde de

Mirandela
Sir William Clarke
(b. 1762 - d.
3 Nov 1786
1807 - Mar 1811

Viceroys
30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816
1818)
29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821
1829)
16 Sep 1821 3 Dec 1821
1838)
1856)
3 Dec 1821 - 18 Nov 1823
1848)
(s.a.)
Joo Jos de Melo

Filippe de Valadares Sotomaior
Jos Pedro da Cmara
1806 - 1807
1823)
e Castro, conde da Ega

- Antnio Taveira da Neiva Brum
da Silveira (2nd time)
- Joo Baptista Vaz Pereira
- Joo Jos de Melo
(b. 1712 - d.
- 13 Jan 1774
- 24 Sep 1774
- 26 May 1779
7 Sep 1799 - Jan 1806

1808)
1825)
Manuel de Saldanha de Albuquerque
(commander of British garrison)

Coleman
Alexander Adams
(d. 1835)
Bernardo Jos da Silveira e Lorena,(b. 1756 - d.

conde de Sarzedas
Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo (b. 1755 - d.
- Manuel Godinho da Mira
- Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva
e Gama
- Gonalo de Magalhes Teixeira
Pinto
- Manuel Jos Gomes Loureiro
- Manuel Duarte Leito
(b. 1776 - d.
(d. 1825)
(d. 1855)
(b. 1787 - d.
- Manuel Maria Gonalves Zarco da
(b. 1789 - d.
Cmara
- Frei Paulo de So Toms de
(b. 1773 - d.
Aquino
- Antnio Jos de Mello Souto
(b. 1776 - d.
Maior Telles
- Joo Carlos Leal
- Antnio Jos de Lima Leito
(b. 1787 - d.
1856)
- Joaquim Mouro Garcez Palha
1850)
18 Nov 1823 17 Nov 1825
17 Nov 1825 -
9 Oct 1827
1831)
1837)
9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835
1854)
Prefects
14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835
1846)
1 Feb 1835 3 Feb 1835
1843)
(b. 1775 - d.
Manuel Maria Gonalves Zarco da

(s.a.)
Cmara (governor to 22 Aug 1824)
- Frei Manuel de So Galdino
(b. 1769 - d.
- Candido Jos Mouro Garcez Palha (b. 1751 - d.
- Antnio Ribeiro de Carvalho
Manuel Francisco de Portugal e
(d. 1828)
(b. 1787 - d.
Castro (governor to 7 Apr 1830)

Bernardo Peres da Silva
(b. 1775 - d.
Manuel Francisco Zacarias de
(b. 1787 - d.
Portugal e Castro
Chairman Provincial Committee
Feb 1835 - 3 Mar 1835
Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva
1838)
e Gama
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836
Joo Casimiro Pereira da Rocha
Vasconcellos
+ Manuel Jos Ribeiro
+ Frei Constantino de Santa Rita
Dec 1836 - Apr 1837
Joo Cabral de Estifique
1854)
+ Antnio Maria de Mello
+ Joaquim Antnio de Moraes
Carneiro
Apr 1837 - 23 Nov 1837
Jos Antnio de Lemos
+ Antnio Mariano de Azevedo
Governors-general
23 Nov 1837 28 Sep 1838 Simo Infante de Lacerda de Sousa
1838)
Tavares, baro de Sabroso
28 Sep 1838 - 5 Mar 1839 Governing Council (acting)
- Antnio Feliciano de Santa Rita
1839)
Carvalho
- Jos Antnio Vieira da Fonseca
1863)
(1st time)
- Jos Cancio Freire de Lima
(1st time)
- Domingo Jos Mariano Luiz
(1st time)
5 Mar 1839 - 12 Nov 1839 Jos Antnio Vieira da Fonseca
(acting)
12 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840 Manuel Jos Mendes, baro de
1840)
Candal
19 Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840 Governing Council (acting)
(b. 1776 - d.
(d. 1845)
(d. 1837)
(d. 1836)
(b. 1780 - d.
(d. 1873)
(d. 1838)
(b. 1793 - d.
(b. 1783 - d.
(b. 1793 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1787 - d.
- Jos Antnio Vieira da Fonseca

(2nd time)
- Jos Cancio Freire de Lima
(2nd time)
- Antnio Joo de Athade
(1st time)
- Domingo Jos Mariano Luiz
(2nd time)
- Jos da Costa Campos (1st time)
1876)
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842
1852)
27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843

1852)
25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844
1850)
20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851
1885)
15 Jan 1851 6 May 1855
1859)
6 May 1855 -
2 Nov 1855
1859)
1858)
1871)
3 Nov 1855 - 24 Dec 1864

1865)
24 Dec 1864 - 7 May 1870
7 May 1870 - 12 Dec 1871
1901)
12 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875
1879)
10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877
1877)
24 Jul 1877 12 Nov 1877
(s.a.)
(b. 1801 - d.
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos

(1st time)
Jos Joaquim Lopes de Lima (acting)(b. c.1797 - d.
Governing Council (acting)
- Antnio Ramalho da S
(d. 1860)
- Antonio Jos de Mello Souto
Maior Telles
- Antnio Joo de Athade
(2nd time)
- Jos da Costa Campos (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(2nd time)
Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, (b. 1793 - d.
conde das Antas
Joaquim Mouro Garcs Palha
(b. 1775 - d.
Jos Ferreira Pestana (1st time)
(b. 1795 - d.
Jos Joaquim Januario Lapa,

visconde de Villa Nova de Ourm
(b. 1796 - d.

- Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho
(b. 1781 - d.
- Lus da Costa Campos
(b. 1802 - d.
- Francisco Xavier Peres

- Bernardo Heitor da Silveira e
(b. 1810 - d.
Lorena
- Victor Anastcio Mouro Garcez
Palha
Antnio Csar de Vasconcellos
(d. 1862)
(b. 1797 - d.
Correia, visconde de Torres Novas

Jos Ferreira Pestana (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Januario Correia de Almeida,
(b. 1829 - d.
visconde de So Januario
Joaquim Jos de Macedo e Couto
(b. 1810 - d.
Joo Tavares de Almeida
(b. 1816 - d.

- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos
(b. 1837 - d.
1880)
(1st time)
- Joo Caetano da Silva Campos
(1st time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (b. 1802 - d.
1887)
12 Nov 1877 1878)

May 1878 -
3 May 1878
3 Dec 1878
1906)
3 Dec 1878 10 Apr 1882
1916)
10 Apr 1882
1905)
2 May 1885
2 May 1885 12 Apr 1886

1908)
1896)
1915)
12 Apr 1886
1923)
1 Nov 1886
1 Nov 1886 16 Dec 1886
16 Dec 1886 27 Apr 1889

1905)
27 Apr 1889 16 Jun 1889
(1st time)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemo
(1st time)
Antnio Srgio de Sousa,
(b. 1809 - d.
visconde de Srgio de Sousa

- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Joo Caetano da Silva Campos
(2nd time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (s.a.)
(2nd time)(to ... 1878)
- Toms Nunes da Serva e Moura
(from ... 1878)
- Antnio Sergio de Sousa, Jr.
(b. 1842 - d.
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemo
(2nd time)
Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e
(b. 1824 - d.
Albuquerque
Carlos Eugnio Correia da Silva,
(b. 1834 - d.
visconde de Pao de Arcos

- Antnio Sebastio Valente
(b. 1846 - d.
(1st time)
- Jos de S Coutinho (1st time)
- Jos Incio de Brito (1st time)
(b. 1806 - d.
- Jos Maria Teixeira Guimares
(b. 1845 - d.
Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do
(b. 1843 - d.
Amaral
(2nd time)
- Jos de S Coutinho (2nd time)
- Jos Incio de Brito (2nd time)
Augusto Csar Cardoso de Carvalho
- Antonio Sebastio Valente
(3rd time)
- Jos Joaquim Borges de Azevedo
Enes
- Jos Incio de Brito (3rd time)
- Joaquim A. Mousinho de
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1836 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1855 - d.
1902)
16 Jun 1889 10 Mar 1891
1905)
10 Mar 1891 - 11 Dec 1891
1909)
11 Dec 1891 28 Mar 1892
d. ....)
1902)
1913)
28 Mar 1892
1894)
9 Apr 1893
9 Apr 1893
3 Jul 1893
3 Jul 1893 16 Aug 1894

1900)
16 Aug 1894
7 Nov 1894
1912)
7 Nov 1894
1899)
8 Nov 1895
8 Nov 1895 13 Nov 1895
13 Nov 1895 19 Mar 1896

19 Mar 1896 27 May 1896
1920)
27 May 1896 13 Mar 1897
1902)
Albuquerque
Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses (b. 1824 - d.
Francisco Maria da Cunha
(4th time)
- Joo Manuel Correia Taborda
(b. 1832 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1839 -
(1st time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(b. 1817 - d.
(1st time)
- Luis Fisher Berqu Poas Falco
(b. 1852 - d.
(1st time)
Francisco Teixeira da Silva
(b. 1826 - d.

(2nd time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(2nd time)
- Luis Fisher Berqu Poas Falco
(2nd time)
Raphael Jcome Lopes de Andrade
(1st time)
(5th time)
(3rd time)
- Francisco Antnio Ochoa
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
(1st time)
Elesbo Jos de Betencourt Lapa,
visconde de Vila Nova de Ourm
(6th time)
(4th time)
- Joo Jos da Silva
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro
(2nd time)
Raphael Jcome Lopes de Andrade
(2nd time)
Afonso Henriques de Bragana,
duque de Prto Viceroy
Joo Antnio de Brissac das Neves
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1851 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1839 - d.
(b. 1831 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1865 - d.
(b. 1846 - d.
13 Mar 1897 19 Aug 1897
19 Aug 1897 22 Mar 1900

1925)
22 Mar 1900 13 May 1900
13 May 1900 22 Jul 1905

1908)
22 Jul 1905 8 Nov 1905
8 Nov 1905 14 Feb 1907

1917)
14 Feb 1907
9 May 1907
9 May 1907 12 Oct 1910

1927)
12 Oct 1910 - 3 Jul 1917
1925)
3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917
18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917
1947)
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919
1929)
12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919
1931)
12 Nov 1919 1973)
7 Apr 1925 -
7 Apr 1925
7 Jul 1925
Ferreira
(s.a.)
(7th time)
(s.a.)
(5th time)
- Joo de Melo de Sampaio (1st time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho
Joaquim Jos Machado
(b. 1847 - d.
(s.a.)
(8th time)
- Francisco Joo Xavier
- Joo de Melo de Sampaio (2nd time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho
Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d.
(s.a.)
(9th time)
- Alfredo Augusto de Mendona David
- Jos Emilio de Santana da Cunha
Castel-Branco
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)
Arnaldo Nogueira de Novais Guedes (b. 1847 - d.
Rebelo
(2nd time)
- Bernardo Nunes Garca
- Csar Augusto Roncon
Jos Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa
(b. 1858 - d.
Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 - d.

Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)(acting)
(3rd time)
- Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e
Silva
- Francisco Antnio Wolfango da
(b. 1864 - d.
Silva
Jos de Freitas Ribeiro
(b. 1868 - d.
Augusto de Paiva Bobelo da Mota
(b. 1879 - d.
(acting)
Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais
(b. 1882 - d.
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira

(2nd time)(acting)
7 Jul 1925 - Jun 1926

1943)
Jun 1926 - 4 Aug 1926
1963)
4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926
1943)
15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929
1929)
17 Apr 1929 12 Jul 1929
12 Jul 1929 25 Aug 1929
1960)
(b. 1880 - d.
Tito Augusto de Morais (acting)
(b. 1880 - d.
Acrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis
(b. 1885 - d.
(1st time)(acting)
Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim
(b. 1862 - d.
Acrsio Mendes da Rocha Dinis

(2nd time)(acting)
Alfredo Pedro de Almeida
(s.a.)
(b. 1888 - d.
(acting)
Joo Carlos Craveiro Lopes
(b. 1871 - d.
6 Jun 1938
Alfredo Rodrigues dos Santos

(acting for Craveiro Lopes)
Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes
(b. 1894 - d.
5 Dec 1945
Jos Ricardo Pereira Cabral
(b. 1879 - d.
8 Apr 1946
Paulo Bnard Guedes (1st time)
(b. 1892 - d.
(acting)
Jos Silvestre Ferreira Bossa
(b. 1894 - d.
Fernando Quintanilha Mendona
(b. 1898 - d.
Dias (1st time) (acting)

Jos Alves Ferreira (acting)
(b. 1891 -
25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936

1945)
Apr 1933 Sep 1933
17 Sep 1936 1964)
6 Jun 1938 1956)
5 Dec 1945 1960)
Mariano Martins
8 Aug 1946 - 12 Aug 1947

1970)
12 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948
1992)
27 Jun 1948 - 13 Nov 1948
d. ....)
13 Nov 1948 - 11 Oct 1952
11 Oct 1952 -
5 Nov 1952
5 Nov 1952 9 Oct 1958

1982)
9 Oct 1958
4 Dec 1958
4 Dec 1958 - 1962

1985)
Indian Military Governor
19 Dec 1961 - 6 Jun 1962
2003)
British Envoys
1799 - 1801
1801
1801 - Jan 1806
Feb 1806 - Aug 1806
Aug 1806 - 1815
Fernando Quintanilha Mendona

Dias (2nd time)(acting)
Manuel Marques Abrantes Amaral
(acting)
Paulo Bnard Guedes (2nd time)
Antnio Cyrne Rodrigues Pacheco
(acting)
Manuel Antnio Vassalo e Silva
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1899 - d.
(b. 1899 - d.
(nominal from 19 Dec 1961)

Kenneth P. Candeth
(b. 1916 - d.
Joshua Uhthoff
Dillon (acting)
Sir William Clarke
Coleman (acting)
Courtland Schuyler
(d. 1818)
(s.a.)
Sikkim
1877 - c.1914
c.1914 - 1962
1962 - 1967
1967 - 16 May 1975
National Anthem
"Sikkim Blooming So
Fresh and Beautiful"
(5 Apr 1970-Apr 1975)
Former National
Constitution
Anthem
Map of Sikkim
(4 Jul 1974 - 16 May
"Our Kingdom Sikkim"
1975)
(c.1965-1970)
Capital: Gangtok
National Holiday: 22
(Tumlong 1793-1894;
Currency: Indian Rupee
May (1923)
Population: 162,189
Rabdantse 1760-1793;
(INR)
Birthday of Chogyal
(1961)
Yoksam 1642-1760)
Palden Thondup Namgyal
Exports: $N/A
Ethnic groups: Nepalese 70%, Leptscha and
GDP: $ N/A
Imports: $N/A
Bhutanese 20%, Khambers 10% (1961)
Total Armed Forces: 300 Guards (1975)
Religions: Hindu 70%, Mahayana
Defense was the responsibility of India
Buddhist 25% (state religion) (1961)
Merchant marine: None (1975)
International Organizations/Treaties: N/A
1642
'Sikkim' also
1706
1730
bf.1793 - 1817
10 Feb 1817
1 Feb 1835
Feb 1850
India.
28 Mar 1861 - 15 Aug 1947
17 Mar 1890
7 Sep 1904
1918
15 Aug 1947
15 Aug 1947 - 16 May 1975
1 Mar 1975
India.
10 Apr 1975
proclaims
Apr 1975).
16 May 1975
Kings (Chogyal)
1642 - 1670
'Bras-ljongs kingdom (English name of the polity

in official use after 1861).
Briefly occupied by Bhutan.
Tributary of Tibet.
Annexed by Nepal.
Protectorate of British India.
Darjeerling leased to British India.
Southern Sikkim and Darjeerling annexed by British
Sikkim a British protectorate.
China formally recognizes British protectorate.
Tibet formally recognizes British protectorate.
Full internal autonomy granted.
Independence declared.
Protectorate of India (formally from 5 Dec 1950).
Formally given the status of an associated state of
Sikkim assembly abolishes the monarchy and
accession to India (endorsed by referendum on 14
Annexed to India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975)
(see under Indian states).
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal I
(b. 1604 - d.
1670)
1670 - 1700
1700)
1700 - 1716
1716)
1716 - 1733
1733)
1716 - 17..
1733
1780)
[Phuntso Namgyal I]
bsTan-srung rNam-rgyal
(b. 1644 - d.
[Tensung Namgyal]
Phyag-dor rNam-rgyal
(b. 1686 - d.
[Chhagdor Namgyal]
'Gyur-med rNam-rgyal
(b. 1707 - d.
[Gyurmed Namgyal]
Lama Jigme Pao -Regent
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II
(b. 1733 - d.
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time)

Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin
[Chandzod Tamding] (usurper)
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal II
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time)
Rabden Sharpa -Regent
bsTan-'dzin rNam-rgyal
1733 - 1736
1736 - 1780
1736 - 17..
1780 - 1793
1793)
[Tenzing Namgyal]
(in exile from 17..)
gTsug-phud rNam-rgyal
1793 - 1862
1863)
(s.a.)
(b. 1769 - d.
(b. 1785 - d.
[Tsugphud Namgyal]
(in exile ....-1817)
Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I (b. 1819 - d.
1862 - Apr 1874

1874)
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914
1914)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I]

(regent 1861-62)
mThu-stobs rNam-rgyal
(b. 1860 - d.
[Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Thutob
Namgyal)]
11 Feb 1914 1914)
5 Dec 1914
(in exile in Tibet 1892-93 and in India 1893-95)

Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal II(b. 1879 - d.
5 Dec 1914 1963)
2 Dec 1963
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal II]

bKra-shis rNam-rgyal
Namgyal)]
3 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975
1982)
1973)
Chief Executive
14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975
(b. 1893 - d.
[Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Tashi

dPal-ldan Don-grub rNam-rgyal
(b. 1923 - d.
[Palden Thondup Namgyal] (briefly in exile in

Bipen Buhari Lal
President of the State Council

1944 - 1949
Palden Thondup Namgyal
Non-party
Chief ministers
9 May 1949 - 6 Jun 1949 Tashi Tshering
(b. 1917)
(s.a.)
SCP
6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949 Harishwar Dayal (interim)
1964)
Dewans
11 Aug 1949 - 1954
John S. Lall
2002)
1954 - 1959
Nari Kaikhosru Rustomji
22 Aug 1959 - 1963
Baleshwar Prasad
Principal administrative officer
1963 - 1969
Ramdas Narayan Haldipur
2003)
Sidlon
1969 - Jul 1972
Inder Sen Chopra
19..)
Chief administrative officer
9 Apr 1973 - 23 Jul 1974 Brajbir Saran Das
Prime minister (Kazi)
23 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975 Lhendup Dorjee Khangsarpa
2007)
NCP
(Kazi Lhendup Dorji)
British Political Officers
1889 - Apr 1908
John Claude White
1918)
Sep 1906 - Jan 1907
Charles Alfred Bell
1945)
(acting for White)
Apr 1908 - Apr 1918
Charles Alfred Bell (1st time)
Apr 1918 - Jan 1920
William L. Campbell
(acting to Mar 1919)
Jan 1920 - Jan 1921
Charles Alfred Bell (2nd time)
Jan 1921 - Mar 1921
William Frederick Travers O'Connor
1943)
(1st time) (acting)
Mar 1921 - Jun 1921
David Macdonald
1962)
Jun 1921 - May 1926
1967)
(1st time)
May 1926 - Dec 1926
Frederick Williamson (1st time)
1935)
(acting)
Dec 1926 - Oct 1928
(2nd time)
Oct 1928 - Apr 1931
Leslie Weir (1st time)
1950)
Apr 1931 - Aug 1931
Frederick Williamson (2nd time)
(acting)
Aug 1931 - Jan 1933
Leslie Weir (2nd time)
Jan 1933 - 17 Nov 1935
Frederick Williamson (3rd time)
Nov 1935 - Dec 1935
R.K.M. Battye (acting)
1958)
Dec 1935 - May 1937
Basil J. Gould (1st time)
1956)
May 1937 - Nov 1937
Hugh Edward Richardson (acting)
2000)
(b. 1915 - d.
(b. 1914 - d.
(b. 1919)
(b. 1914)
(b. 1921 - d.
(b. 1909 - d.
(b. 1925)
(b. 1904 - d.
(b. 1853 - d.
(b. 1870 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1870 - d.
(b. 1870 - d.
(b. 1882 - d.
(b. 1891 - d.
(s.a.)
(b. 1883 - d.
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1905 - d.
(b. 1883 - d.
(b. 1905 - d.
Nov 1937 - Jun 1945

Jun 1945 - 15 Aug 1947
1953)
Indian Political Officers
15 Aug 1947 - 1948
1948 - 1952
Mar 1952 - 1955
1955 - 1961
1992)
23 Oct 1961 - Dec 1963
1987)
1964 - 1966
1966 - 27 Jun 1967
3 Jul 1967 - 1969
2006)
1969 - Jul 1972
1972 - 1974
1974 - 16 May 1975
Basil J. Gould (2nd time)

(from 1941, Sir Basil J. Gould)
Arthur John Hopkinson
(s.a.)
Arthur John Hopkinson

Harishwar Dayal
Balraj Krishna Kapur
Apa Parshuram Rao Pant
(s.a.)
(s.a.)
(b. 1910)
(b. 1912 - d.
Inder Jeet Bahadur Singh
(b. 1914 - d.
Avtar Singh
Vincent Herbert Coelho
Nedyam Balachandran Menon
(b. 1921)
(b. 1917)
(b. 1921 - d.
Inder Sen Chopra

Kayatyani Shankar Bajpai
Gurbachan Singh
(s.a.)
(b. 1928)
(b. 1923)
(b. 1894 - d.
Full style of the ruler: Mi-dbang Chos-rgyal-chen-po (vernacular: Chogyal);

in
communications with British and Indian authorities 1861 - 11 Mar 1965 styled:
Maharaja.
Territorial Dispute: China did not formally recognize the 16 May 1975
incorporation of Sikkim into India until 11 Apr 2005.
Party abbreviations (None before 1947): NCP = Sikkim National Congress Party
(est.1960, mainly Nepali, pro-India); SCP = Sikkim State Congress Party
(est.1949, social-democratic); SNP = Sikkim National Party (mainly non-Nepali,
pro-independence)

Indian Chronology

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Indian Chronology

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India

to 29 Mar 1858 Moghul Empire

20 Oct 1774 - 22 Jul 1947 British India

11 Nov 1928 - 22 Jul 1947 Unofficial

c.1885 - 1947 Flag of Governor-general

Adopted 22 Jul 1947

Hear National Anthem

Text of National Anthem

Capital: New Delhi

Currency: Indian Rupee

National Holiday: 26 Jan

Exports: $175.7 billion

Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,

Historical Maps 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945

Provisional Government of Free India

Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i Hind - emperor of India)

(10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in

(from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of

William Wilberforce Bird (acting)

Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 - d.

(from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and)

18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910

Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-

23 Nov 1910 1944)

Kynynmound, Earl of Minto

4 Apr 1916 1933)

2 Apr 1921 1935)

10 Apr 1925 1947)

3 Apr 1926 - 29 Jun 1929

1 Oct 1943 - 21 Feb 1947

Baron Reading of Erleigh

Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton

Viscount Goschen of Hawkhurst

Viscount Mountbatten of Burma

25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Giani Zail Singh

Shankar Dayal Sharma

Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931)

25 Jul 2007 - 25 Jul 2012

Pranab Kumar Mukherjee

Lord George Francis Hamilton

1903 - 11 Dec 1905

William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d.

John Morley, (from 5 May 1908)

7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915

7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928

8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931

3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947

Viscount Morley of Blackburn

William Robert Wellesley Peel,

Viscount Peel (1st time)

(from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane

Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare

Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas,

Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time)

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time)

19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f)

British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)

Provisional Government of Free India

21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945