Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture
8
Topics
Calorimetry
(9.4)
Hesss
Law
(9.5)
Constant
Pressure
calorimeter
Constant
Volume
calorimeter
Changes
in
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Exothermic
Hinitial
qout
Hfinal
q p = H
H < 0
Enthalpy
Endothermic
Hfinal
Hinitial
H > 0
qin
Gejng
to
Know
q
Add
100
J
of
energy
to
A
swimming
pool
full
of
water
Gejng
to
Know
q
Add
enough
heat
to
the
pool
and
beaker
of
water
to
raise
both
systems
to
40oC.
Pool
has
more
molecules,
so
more
energy
is
required
to
increase
its
T
to
40oC
than
the
beaker.
Intensive
physical
property:
value
does
not
depend
on
the
system
size
or
the
amount
of
substance
in
the
system.
Constant-Pressure
Calorimetry
We
can
directly
measure
the
enthalpy
of
a
chemical
process
if
we
conduct
that
process
at
constant
pressure.
+ qsolution = qrxn
TiniTal
=
25.00 C
Tnal
=
23.79oC
H2O(l)
q
NH4NO3(s)
q
H2O(l)
qsolution = +qrxn
This
is
what
we
want
to
nd.
For
each
mole
of
reacTon,
one
mole
of
NH4NO3
is
consumed.
= 3.20 J
1 g
o
500.
mL
+
5.00
g
23.79
C 25.00C
gC
1 mL
= 1955 J
Recall:
H rxn =
qrxn
nNH4 NO3
+1955 J
= +31.3 kJ/mol
=
1 mol
5.00 g NH3 NO3
80.05
g
Constant-Volume
Calorimetry
Constant-P
calorimetry
is
appropriate
for
soluTon-phase
reacTons,
because
the
volume
of
the
system
doesnt
change.
But
what
about
something
like
this:
C3H8 ( g ) + 5 O 2 ( g ) 3 CO 2 ( g ) + 4 H 2O(l )
E = qV + w
H = E + ( PV ) = E + (nRT ) = E + RT ngas
Fixed
volume:
w
=
PV
=
0
C( s ) + O 2 ( g ) CO 2 ( g )
Hesss
Law
In
going
from
a
par4cular
set
of
reactants
to
a
par4cular
set
of
products,
the
overall
change
in
enthalpy
is
the
same
whether
the
reac4on
takes
place
in
one
step
or
in
a
series
of
steps.
Cgraphite
Cdiamond
C(s,
graphite)
+
O2(g)
2HCl(g)
2HCl(g)
2NH4Cl(s)
2NH3(g) + 2HCl(g)
2HCl(g)