Running head: CARIS STORY

Unit 5 Case Study 1: Caris Story

Due Date: May 1, 2015

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Unit 5 Case Study 1: Caris Story

1. What is the path taken by air molecules into and through the nose?
Nostrils, nasal cavity, internal nares, pharnx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnx
2. List the functions of the nose.
A. warms, moistens, and filters incoming air. B. detects olfactory stimuli C. modifies speech
vibrations and sounds
3. Name the openings into and out the nose.
The external and internal nares
4. What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Produce mucus, serve as resonating chambers for sound, lighten the weight of the skull
5. How does the nose moisten and clean inhaled air before it enters the rest of the
respiratory tract?
Moistens via the mucus secreted by the goblet cells and drainage from the nasolacrimal ducts;
cleans by the mucus trapping dust particles and the cilia moving the mucus and trapped dust
particles toward the pharynx (Jenkins, G & Tortora, G, 2013).
6. What are the superior and inferior borders of the pharynx?
Superior border: nasal cavity; inferior border: larynx
7. How does the epiglottis prevent aspiration of foods and liquids?
By closing over the glottis when swallowing

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8. What is the main function of the vocal folds?

Produce sounds during speaking and singing
9. What is the benefit of not having cartilage between the trachea and the esophagus? What
is the purpose of the solid C-shaped cartilage rings?
A. it accommodates slight expansion of the esophagus into the trachea during swallowing B. to
maintain an open airway
10. What is the path taken by air molecules into and through the bronchial tree?
Primary bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
bronchioles
11. Name the locations of the parietal pleura, visceral, and pleural cavity.
Parietal pleura: lines the wall of the thoracic cavity; visceral pleura: covers the lungs, pleural
cavity: space between the parietal and visceral pleura
12. What is the path taken by air molecules as they travel from terminal bronchioles to
alveoli?
Terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli

13. If the volume of the cylinder decreased from 1 liter to liter, how would the pressure
change?
It would increase
14. What is the main muscle that powers your breathing as you sit and study your anatomy
and physiology text?

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Diaphragm
15. Would contraction of the external intercostals increase or decrease alveolar pressure?
Would it cause air to enter or leave the lungs? Would contractions of the internal
intercostals increase or decrease alveolar pressure? Would it cause air to enter or leave the
lungs?
A. decrease B. enter C. increase D. leave
16. Which happens first during inhalation; (a) air enters the lungs or (b) the lungs expand?
Lungs expand
17. Which forces produce the elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and lungs?
The recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inhalation and the inward pull of surface
tension due to the film of alveolar fluid (Jenkins, G & Tortora, G, 2013).
18. Would airflow into alveoli be greater with higher or lower compliance of the lungs?
Larger or smaller bronchioles?
A. higher compliance B. larger bronchioles
19. What is a spirometer?
A device used to measure the volume of air exchanged during breathing and measure the
respiratory rate
20. What is the anatomic dead space?
Conducting airways containing air that do not undergo gas exchange

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21. What is the difference between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory
reserve volume, and residual volume?
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each quiet breath; inspiratory reserve:
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled above tidal; expiratory reserve: amount of air that
can be forcefully exhaled above tidal; residual volume: amount of air remaining in the lungs after
a forced exhalation (Jenkins, G & Tortora, G, 2013).
22. Explain the principles described by Daltons law and Henrys law.
Daltons law: the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted
independently by each gas in the mixture. Henrys law: the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in
a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility (Jenkins, G & Tortora,
G, 2013).
23. What causes oxygen to enter pulmonary capillaries from alveolar air and to enter tissue
cells from systemic capillaries?
O2 moves down its partial pressure gradient
24. Which factors affect the rates of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Partial pressure difference of the gases, surface area available for gas exchange, molecular
weight and solubility of the gases
25. How does the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen change as altitude changes?
Partial pressure of O2 decreases with increasing altitude
26. In which ways is oxygen transported through the blood? Which is the most common
method of transport?

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A. as oxyhemoglobin and dissolved in plasma B. attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)

27. What is the most important factor is determining how much oxygen binds to
hemoglobin?
The partial pressure of oxygen
28. What is the relationship between hemoglobin and Po2?
The higher the partial pressure of O2, the more O2 combines with hemoglobin
29. In which ways is carbon dioxide transported through the blood? Which transport
method is the most common? The least common?
Dissolved in CO2, bound to amino acids, in the form of bicarbonate ions
30. Would you expect the concentration of HCO3- to be higher in blood plasma taken from
a systemic artery or a systemic vein?
Systemic vein
31. Which nerves convey impulses from the respiratory center to the diaphragm?
Phrenic
32. How does the medullary rhythmicity area regulate respiration?
Through inspiratory and expiratory areas within the medullary rhythmicity area
33. How are the apneustic and pneumotaxic areas related to the control of respiration?
Apneustic area: sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolongs
inhalation; pneumotaxic area: transmits inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area to help turn
off the inspiratory area before the lungs become too full of air (Jenkins, G & Tortora, G, 2013).

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34. Where are central chemoreceptors located?

In or near the medulla oblongata in the central nervous system
35. Which chemicals stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors?
PO2, H+ and PCO2
36. What is the normal arterial blood Pco2?
872 40 mm Hg
37. What happens to the rate and depth of breathing when the Pco2 becomes elevated?
Breathing rate decreases or breathing ceases altogether
38. How do proprioceptors, inflation, reflex, temperature changes, pain, and irritation of
the airways each modify respiration?
Proprioceptors: rate and depth of breathing increase; inflation reflex: exhalation begins;
temperature: increase in temperature results in increase in respiratory rate; pain: sudden, severe
pain brings about brief apnea, but a prolonged somatic pain increases respiratory rate; irritation
of the airways: an immediate cessation of breathing followed by coughing or sneezing (Jenkins,
G & Tortora, G, 2013).
39. How do proteins and bicarbonate ions help maintain the pH of body fluids?
They serve as buffers for H+
40. What are acidosis and alkalosis? What are the major physiological effects of each
condition?

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A. acidosis is a condition in which blood pH is below 7.35, alkalosis is a condition in which
blood pH is higher than 7.45 B. acidosis: depression of the CNS through depression of synaptic
transmission; alkalosis: over excitability in both the CNS and peripheral nerves resulting in
nervousness, muscle spasms, and even convulsions and death (Jenkins, G & Tortora, G, 2013).

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Reference

Jenkins, G & Tortora, G. (2013) The Cellular Level of Organization. Anatomy & Physiology
from Science to Life, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.