Pageiii

ShipsoftheWorld
AnHistoricalEncyclopedia
LincolnP.Paine
Withcontributionsby
JamesH.TerryandHalFessenden

Pageiv

Disclaimer:
SomeimagesintheoriginalversionofthisbookarenotavailableforinclusioninthenetLibraryeBook.

Copyright1997byLincolnPaxtonPaine
Allrightsreserved
Forinformationaboutpermissiontoreproduceselectionsfromthisbook,writetoPermissions,HoughtonMifflinCompany,215ParkAvenueSouth,NewYork,
NewYork10003.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Paine,LincolnP.
Shipsoftheworld:anhistoricalencyclopedia/byLincolnP.
PainewithessaysbyJamesH.TerryandHalFessendenwith
aforewordbyEricJ.Berryman.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0395715563
1.ShipsEncyclopedias.I.Title.
V23.P2419979712872
623.8'2'003dc21CIP
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
BookdesignbyRobertOverholtzer
KSPT10987654321

Pagev

INMEMORIAM
SIADHALSWEENEY
Navigarenecesseest
Viverenonnecesse
PompeiusMagnus

Pagevii

CONTENTS
ix

Foreword
ByEricJ.Berryman

xi

Preface

xiii

ShipsoftheWorld:AnHistoricalEncyclopedia

Illustrations

Maps

591

LiteraryShips

601

Chronologies

606

Glossary

619

Bibliography

623

Index

646

Pageix

ILLUSTRATIONS
AfChapman

Akagi

11

CSSAlabama

12

AlbertBallin

15

HMSAlert

16

Altmark

19

America

23

AmericanPromise
AmocoCadiz

26

Aquitania

30

Arctic

32

USSArizona

35

L'Astrolabe

41

Atlantic

44

Aurora

47

BadenBaden

49

HMSBarham

53

Batavia
Bear
Beaver

INSERT
55
INSERT

HMSBellerophon

59

Bismarck

63

BonhommeRichard

INSERT

Bowdoin

INSERT

Britannia

80

USSBrooklyn

83

USSCairo

85

CapPilar

91

CapTrafalgar

93

Carnegie

94

Challenge

101

CheopsShip

INSERT

CityofParis

113

Cleopatra

114

Cleopatra'sBarge

115

USSConstellation

INSERT

USSConstitution

INSERT

Dahshur

130

Deutschland(1900)

139

Deutschland(U200)

140

HMSDevastation

141

HMSDiscovery

145

Dreadnought

150

HMSDreadnought

151

ElHorria

161

SMSEmden

162

Endurance

166

EppletonHall

170

HMSErebus

171

USSEssex(1802)

175

Europa

178

Exodus1947

179

FarWest

182

Fox

189

Fram

190

France(1890)

191

France(1912)

192

Fuso

195

GeorgeWashington

203

GiorgiosAveroff

205

Gja

207

HMSGlowworm

211

GoldenHind

213

GrandTurk

218

GreatBritain

220

GreatEastern

221

GreatWestern

224

HMCSHaida

229

USSHarrietLane

233

USSHartford

234

Hawai'iloa

236

HD4

237

HenryB.Hyde

INSERT

HerzoginCecilie

245

CSSH.L.Hunley

247

USSHolland

249

Houqua

253

Huascar

254

IleDeFrance

257

USSIndependence

260

USSIndianapolis

262

HMSInvincible

266

USSIowa

INSERT

HMSIronDuke

268

JervisBay

274

Jhelum

275

J.T.Wing

278

Jylland

280

KaiserWilhelmDerGrosse

282

Kaiulani

283

Karlsruhe

284

USSKearsarge

285

KronprinzessenCecilie

291

Kyrenia/KyreniaII

INSERT

USSLaffey

295

USSLangley

296

Lawhill

297

Leviathan

300

USSLexington

302

SMSLtzow

313

USSMaddox

316

MagdaleneVinnen

319

USSMaine

320

MainzShips

321

USSMarblehead

324

Mayflower

INSERT

Medusa

333

USSMissouri

339

Mogami

340

USSMonitor

342

USSMonongahela

344

Mora

INSERT

MorroCastle

346

Nautilus(1801)

351

USSNautilus(1955)

353

Nia(1492)

INSERT

Nia(1928)

361

Normandie

364

Noronic

365

USSOlympia

374

Olympias

INSERT

INSERT

Omega

377

Oregon

378

Pagex

USSOregon

379

OsebergShip

INSERT

Pacific

383

Padua

384

USSPanay

385

Parma

388

Passat

INSERT

Peking

390

Preire

391

USSPlunger

397

Portland
USSPowhatan

402

USSPresident

403

USSPrinceton

406

HMSQueenCharlotte

414

Ranger(1777)

420

USSRanger(1876)

421

Reale

INSERT

RearAdmiralPopov

425

Reliance

426

HMSRenown

427

Rob't.E.Lee

434

HMSRodney

435

HMSRose

INSERT

HMSRoyalCharles

INSERT

RoyalWilliam

441

St.Louis

446

St.Roch

448

Scharnhorst

463

SeaWitch

467

SereLimaniShip

470

ShamrockV

472

SkuldelevShips

479

Sobraon

481

LeSoleilRoyal

483

USSSomers

484

SovereignoftheSeas

INSERT

Sprague

488

Spray

489

StarofIndia

491

Success

496

Sultana

497

Sunbeam

499

HMASSydney

505

HMSTmraire

INSERT

TerraNova

510

HMSTerror

511

USSTexas(1914)

512

ThomasW.Lawson

515

USSThresher

516

Ticonderoga

517

Tirpitz

520

Trent

523

HMSTrincomalee

525

Turbinia

527

Turtle

529

UluBurunWreck

536

USSUnitedStates

539

UnitedStates
USSVesuvius

INSERT
546

VicarofBray

INSERT

HMSVictory

INSERT

VilleDeParis

553

USSVincennes(1826)

555

Virginius

559

VittorioVeneto

560

HMSWarrior

567

HMSWarspite

568

Wasa

INSERT

INSERT

Wavertree

572

WilliamMitchell

575

W.R.Grace

577

YassiAdaWreckA

581

ZevenProvincin

586

Zuiho

587

Photoinsertfollowspage

344

Pagexi

FOREWORD
LongbeforetalesofHomer'swinedarksea,waterbornevesselsofanysortbutmostespeciallydeepdraftvoyagersstimulateddreamsofadventureandof
riches.Ofalltheconveyancesinventedbythehandandmindofman,nonecapturestheimaginationasfirmlyastheship,ancientormodern.Weblessshipsandgive
themnamesweendowthemwithhumanattributes.Theyhavecourage,strengthofwill,pride,resoluteness,andnobility.Theircharacterisoftendescribedasfaithful,
honest,good,orbraveaccordingtothequalityandtenureofservice.Whenshipsdie,wemarkandremembertheirloss.
Theirshapeandordealshavebeenmodeledandpainted,romanced,dramatized,andmadeintothestuffofsongandlegend.Steamlocomotiveshadnamesmost
likelytheystilldoandnotafewoftheminspiredstirringtales,asdidpioneeringaircraftandtoday'sspacevehicles.Todayevensomepassengeraircraftmaybear
aplatehonoringthisorthatcity.Butwhetherwoodenhulledorconstructedofsteel,whetherpoweredbyoarsorcanvasandwind,bycoaloroilornuclear
propulsion,theshipisuniqueamongman'screationsinthemeasureofitscontributionstohumanhistory.
Shipsandtheirmovementonthevastoceansoftheplanetetchedthefateofourforebears,andtothisdaytheydefinethemeasureofnationalaspirations.Earth's
greatestcitiesowetheirmighttosafeanchorages,accesstothesea,andthepowerofshipsthatcametocall.Inpursuitoftrade,exploration,anddefense,shipsand
thesealanesofcommunicationcontinuetobethelinchpinsofnationalprosperityand,indeed,ofsurvival.Bythecontentsofships'holds,bytheirweapons,bytheir
designandseaworthiness,andbytheprofessionalcapacityandcourageofcaptainsandcrewsthewealthofnationshaseverrisenorfallen.
Aboveallelse,ashipisdefinedbythesoulswholiveandworkaboard.OneofmyearliestmemoriesofsuspenseandhopewaslisteningtoradioaccountsofCaptain
Carlson'smonumentaleffortstosavehiscommand,FlyingEnterprise,andmyuttergriefwhenhewasforcedtoabandonthebattletothemightofthesea.Thesaga
tookplacewhenWorldWarIIwasstillaveryfreshmemory,whenlifeinWalesandEnglandwhereIwasraisedmeantsubsistenceonthethinedgeofration
stamps,reedyWoodbinecigarettes,andSpamforteaonspecialdays.Inspirationalhumanexamplesseemedtohaveleftthestagewhenthelastherofellonthelast
battlefieldinEurope.Carlson'sbraveexamplerenewedhopeinanexhaustedpeopleandinatleastonesmallboy.
TheBBCbrokethroughitsregularprogrammingtimeandagaintodescribethecaptain'sstruggle,theevacuationofhiscrew,andthedeterioratingconditionofthe
ship.Ilistenedwithmyparents,whowereasspellboundasIwasbythehighseasdrama,includingmystepfather,whowasservingintheRoyalAirForce.Although
theshipeventuallybroachedandwentdown,thesheercourageoftheattemptgaveusallmyfamilyandthewholecountryanenormousmoraleboost.Flying
Enterprisewasneversurrenderedshewaswrestedfromhercaptainandcrew.Theredeeminggraceofextraordinaryeffortandselfsacrificewasreaffirmedin
thosebroadcasts.
Destinyandtheperformanceoftheofficersandcrewendowthereputationofaship,butwhetherbravelyfoughtorshamefullylost,theshipretainsauniquelypersonal
identification.Whathappenstohercanmatternotonlyverydeeplyandimmediatelytopassengersandcrew,butalsotowholepopulations.Whathappenedto
GoldenHindandGoeben,AmistadandAdventure,TitanicandTurbinia,thelittlePT109,Calypso,orExxonValdezaffectsusall.
Thisbookchroniclesthehistoryofmorethanathousandoftheworld'smostnoteworthyvessels.Manynamesresonatewiththeepiceventsassociatedwiththeir
fates,butnotall.Afewentrieshavenoidentityordocumentedhistory,foronlytheship'sbonesandthedetritusoflonglostcargosurvivetospeaktous.Butbyour
studyoftheirconstructionandpurposeweretrievefroman

Pagexii

tiquityandmorerecenthistorydetailsofmankind'sreachtodiscovertheworld,tounitepeoplesintrade,andtodefendselfinterest.
Afewselect,workadayplaincraftoflakeandriveralsofindaplaceinthesepages,becausecertainshipsorshiptypesmeritourattentionsimplybytheiramazing
utility.Somevesselswerebuilttogotoplacesthatseemimprobable,ifnotaltogetherimpossible,forawaterbornetransport.Butifawaterwaywasatallnavigable
iftherewasenoughdewtofloatahullofeventhemostextraordinarydesignandmaterialspeoplesofwidelydiverseculturesmadeeveryefforttotamethe
wildernessandseekthehorizon.
Someoftheshipsareincludedbecauseofthemysteryoftheireeriedisappearance,somebecausetheycarriedquantitiesoftreasure,andsomebecauseofthefashion
inwhichtheywerehandledbytheircompetitivemasters.Andnotafewarehereforthebreathtakingincompetencethatledtotheirdestructionand,often,greatloss
oflife.Onewayortheother,theseareuncommonshipsthathaveremainedinmankind'smemory.Anyencyclopediaisopentothechallengeofomission,andno
doubtthereareothershipsthatmightfindtheirwayintosomefutureedition.Weallhaveourfavorites.Minearethewindshipsthatventuredintodistantoceansduring
theerawhencommerceandspeedreachedakindofsaltyapotheosis.NothingafloateversurpassedtheformorsplendoroftheAmericanextremeclipper,itslater
adaptationsintheBritishwoolandteaclippersand,mostspectacularly,intheFlyingPLinenitrateracersasepitomizedbythefivemastedfullriggedshipPreussen.
ThesewerethemightiestofshipstoclawtheirwaywestwardagainstCapeHorngales.Weshallneveragainseetheirlike.
LincolnPainehasmadeadeterminedstartwithintheinherentlimitationsoftheencyclopedia:hisselectionsareoutstanding.Foranyonewithanappreciationofships
andthesea,theattractionofthesearticleswillexceedtheiruseasareferenceguide,andthebookwillbecomeasourceofunfailinginterest.Thisworkisnotjusta
historyofshipsitisahistoryoftheworld.Readon.
ERICJ.BERRYMAN
COMMANDER,USNR(RETIRED)
TRUSTEE,WORLDSHIPTRUST,LONDON

Pagexiii

PREFACE
Shipshavealwaysplayedanimportantroleinshapinghumandestiny.Whethertheyplythewatersoftheworldforpeacefulormartialends,whetherengagedin
fisheriesortrade,carryingpassengersformigrationorpleasure,orusedforgeographicalorscientificdiscovery,shipstransformthewatersoftheworldfrombarriers
intothoroughfares.Beforetheageofairtravelandsatellitecommunications,shipsformedthewarpandwoofofglobalcommunication,andeventodaytheycarrythe
burdenoftheworld'strade.
Evidenceoftheaffectionthatpeoplehaveforshipsisseeninthefactthatshipsarenamed,andwhenwritersinvesttheirvesselswithhumanattributes,theconceitis
almostneverquestioned.Forshipsarelivingthingsandthereisasymbioticrelationshipbetweenthemandtheircrewsthatweunderstandandappreciateintuitively.
Thisobtainswhetherwearedescribingadaysailer,anaircraftcarrier,oradeepsubmergencevessel.
ShipsoftheWorld:AnHistoricalEncyclopediaisastraightforwardworkwithasimplepremise.Individualshipsstandoutfromthecrowd,muchaspeopledo.
Thisencyclopediaisanattempttodescribemorethanonethousandofthemostimportantorwellknownvesselsthroughouthistory.Therearenolimitationsasto
size,rig,era,orplaceoforigin(orrediscovery,inthecaseofarchaeologicalsites).Inadditiontoactualships,thereisanappendixcoveringasmallnumberofwell
knownliteraryships.
Asinanyreferencework,thecriteriaforselectingindividualvessels,aswellaswhattosayaboutthem,arenominallyobjectivebutultimatelysubjective.In
determiningwhichandwhat,Ihavereliednotonlyonmyownreadingofmaritimeandgeneralhistory,butontheadviceofdozensofcolleaguesandfriends.
EricJ.Berrymanhelpedrefinetheideaforthebookfromitsinceptionandtookontheunenviabletaskofreadingeveryentryasitwaswritten,offeringinnumerable
suggestionsandinsightsthathaveimprovedtheworkincountlessways.JimTerry,agracefulandscholarlyauthor,interruptedhisownwritingtocontributeabout
thirtyarticlesonMediterraneanandWesternEuropeanarchaeologicalsites.HalFessendentaughtmemuchaboutsailing,andIinstinctivelyturnedtohimforseveral
articlesonshipwrecksandotherdisasters.AnyerrorsormistakesthatIhaveintroducedintheirinvaluablecontributionsaremyown.
Thisworkalsoowesitscompletiontotheadviceofandreviewbycountlessfriendsandcolleagueswhothoughtfullyansweredmyquestions,reviewedportionsofthe
manuscript,researchedphotographs,orotherwiselentahand.Inparticular,NormanBrouwer,curatorofshipsandkeeperoftheHermanMelvilleLibraryatthe
SouthStreetSeaportMuseum,andhisassistant,MarieLoreFrankO.Braynard,executivedirectoroftheAmericanMerchantMarineMuseum,andourmutual
colleagueBillMiller.IalsobenefitedashavesomanyothersfromtheadviceofthelateKarlKortum,deanofthehistoricshippreservationcommunityinthe
UnitedStates,whoprovidedinvaluableguidanceasIdevelopedtheideaforthisbook.
OtherstowhomIowespecialthanksincludeGeorgeL.Maxwell,HarryAnderson,andNicoleVonKlenkeCaptainRichardBailey,"HMS"RoseDavidBell,
ImperialWarMuseumLilianeBouillonPasquet,TapisseriedeBayeuxIanBoreham,CaptainCookStudyUnitDavidBrinkLarsBruzelius,MaritimeHistory
VirtualArchiveIanBuxton,UniversityofNewcastleEliotCafritzArneEmilChristensen,UniversityofOsloCarolCity,PlimothPlantationJohnCoates,the
TriremeTrustJimDelgado,VancouverMaritimeMuseumMargheritaDesy,USSConstitutionMuseumWilliamDudley,NavalHistoricalCenterKathyFlynn,
PeabodyEssexMuseumKevinFoster,NationalParkServiceBillGilbert,USSLongBeachAssociationJeremyGreen,WesternAustraliaMaritimeMuseum
EdwinHillandJodiErickson,MurphyLibrary,UniversityofWisconsin,LaCrosseOlafHckmann,RmischGermanischesZentralmuseum,MainzMaria
Jacobsen,InstituteforNauticalArchaeologyJosephA.Jackson,NewYorkYachtClubLibraryAstridJohnson,NorskSjfartsmuseum,OsloMarkLardas
ArthurLaytonNathanLipfert,MaineMaritimeMuseumTomLewisPer

Pagexiv

LofvingClaudiaMcFall,TheMariners'MuseumChuckMeideBillMiddendorfDanMorelandBobMorseTimNewellTomPardo,AmocoCorporation
GeorgePaxtonMichaelPhillipsBobandDavePooleJackPutnamTinaShaffer,BishopMuseumPaulSilverstoneColinStarkey,NationalMaritimeMuseum,
GreenwichAndrewStathopulosJ.RichardSteffy,InstituteforNauticalArchaeologyDavidStone,UnderwaterArchaeologicalSocietyofBritishColumbia
TimothyandMarySullivanAdvanderZee,Bataviawerf,Lelystad,NetherlandsStuartVine,MaryRoseTrustThomasWells,AICHPamWuerth,AmericanSail
TrainingAssociationandthelibrariansoftheNewYorkPublicLibrary,BrooklynPublicLibrary,andPortland(Maine)PublicLibrary.
Fewauthorscanhavebenefitedfromsuchadedicatedbackoffice.Aftershowingmehowtowritereferencebooks,JohnWrightactedasmyagentforthisone.Liz
Kubiktooknosmallriskinsigningthisbook,andHarryFostercheerfullytookontheproject(anditsauthor)whensheleftHoughtonMifflin.ManagingeditorChris
Coffin,seniormanuscripteditorLarryCooper,DonnadeLaPerriere,andSandraRileyenduredcountlesstelephonecallsandletterstoseethemanuscriptthrough
production.KatieBlattdidyeomanserviceascopyeditor.IalsoowespecialthankstoLaurieGrace,whotranslatedmyviewoftheworldintoasetofusefulmaps.
Mymother,FrancesMcSherry,hasprovidedendlesssupportinallmyescapades,thisoneincluded.Mywife,Allison,andourdaughters,VictoriaKaiulaniand
MadeleineDuGuay,encouragedmetoacceptthisassignment.Theyhavespentmuchofthepastthreeyearslookingatmyback,thoughtheyhaveneverturnedtheir
backsonme.
Thisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofmystepfather,SiadhalSweeney,fromwhomIinheritedaloveofshipsandbooks.Nowritereverhadsuchadevoted
readerovertheshoulder.
LINCOLNP.PAINE
BROOKLYN,NEWYORK,AND
PORTLAND,MAINE,199497

Pagexv

SHIPSOFTHEWORLD

Pagexvi

NOTE
Eachentrycomprisesthreeparts:basicspecifications,narrativehistory,andasourcenote.
Completepublicationdataforallworkscitedinthesourcenotescanbefoundinthe
Bibliography.
Thefirstparagraphincludesbasicinformationaboutthevesselinquestion,including:
L/B/D =length,beam,anddraft,ordepthinhold(dph),giveninfeetandmeters.
Tons =usuallygiveningrossregisteredtons(grt),displacement(disp).
Hull =hullmaterial,usuallywood,ironorsteel.
Comp. =complement,includingcrewand/orpassengers.
Arm. =armament,includingthenumberofgunsandcaliberorweightofprojectile,
ineitherstandardormetricmeasurement.Numbersinparenthesesindicate
thenumberofturretsandgunsperturret:815''(42)meanseight15
inchguns,infourturretsmountingtwogunseach.

mg=machinegun.

pdr=pounder(weightofshot).

TT=torpedotubes.
Armor =maximumthicknessofbelt(orside)anddeckarmor.
Mach. =machinery,includingtypeofpropulsion,horsepower,numberofscrews,
andspeed.
Des. =designer.
Built =builder,place,andyearofcommissioning.

FLEETDESIGNATIONS
CSS ConfederateStatesShip
HMAS Her/HisMajesty'sAustralianShip
HMCS Her/HisMajesty'sCanadianShip
HMNZS Her/HisMajesty'sNewZealandShip
HMS Her/HisMajesty'sShip
SMS SeineMajesttsSchiff(Ger.:HisMajesty'sShip)
USS UnitedStatesShip
USCGC UnitedStatesCoastGuardCutter

Page1

A
AaronManby
Steamship(1f).L/B/D:120'17.2'(23'ew)3.5'(36.6m5.2m(7m)1.1m).Tons:116burthen.Hull:iron.Mach.:steamengine,sidewheels,3050hp7kts.
Built:HorseleyIronworks,Tipton,Staffordshire,Eng.1821.
Oneofthefirstironhulledvesselsever,andthefirsttoventureintoopenwater,AaronManbywasbuiltforserviceontheSeineRiverinFrancebyanironmongerof
thesamename,hissonCharles,andCaptain(laterAdmiralSir)CharlesNapier.FabricatedattheHorseleyIronworks,ofwhichAaronManbywasthemaster,and
assembledatRotherhitheontheThames,theflatbottomedhullwasmadeofquarterinchthickironplatefastenedtoangleironribs.Therewasonedeck,ofwood,
andabowsprit.Thevessel'sdistinctiveprofileboastedasingle47foothighfunnel.Thepaddlewheels,designedbyHenryBell,were12feetindiameterbutonly1.5
feetwide,becausethevessel'smaximumbeamwaslimitedto23feetforserviceontheSeine.
Defyingtheprevailingwisdomoftheday,theironhulledvesselnotonlyfloatedbutdrewonefootlesswaterthananyothersteamboatoftheday.AftertrialsinMay
1822,AaronManbycrossedtheEnglishChanneltoLeHavreonJune10beforeproceedinguptheSeinetoParis,whereshewasbasedforthenextdecade.Aaron
Manbywassoldin1830andby1836shewasworkingontheLoireRiveroutofNantes.Shewasnotbrokenupuntil1855.
Spratt,"FirstIronSteamer."

AbielAbbotLow
Kerosenelaunch(1f).L/B/D:38'9'3.8'(11.6m2.7m1.2m).Hull:wood.Comp.:2.Mach.:internalcombustionengine,10hp,1screw5kts.Built:William
C.Newman,NewYorkKeroseneEngineCo.,N.Y.1902.
NamedforthepresidentoftheNewYorkKeroseneEngineCompany,AbielAbbotLowwasbuiltspecificallytoshowcasethatcompany'skerosenepowered
engines.BuiltunderthesupervisionofWilliamC.Newman,Lowwaslaunchedintheearlysummerof1902.OnJuly9,shedepartedNewYorkinanattemptto
becomethefirstpowerboattocrosstheAtlanticshecarried800gallonsofkerosenefuelandprovisionsforsixtydaysforCaptainNewmanandhisson.Thevessel
encounteredheavyseasthroughoutthevoyageandwasthirtysixdaystoFalmouth,England,whereshearrivedonAugust14,thefirstvesselpoweredbyaninternal
combustionenginetomakethepassage.
Herreshoff,IntroductiontoYachting.Kemp,OxfordCompaniontoShipsandtheSea.

AbnerCoburn
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:223'43'26.7'(68m13.1m8.1m).Tons:1,878reg.Hull:wood.Built:WilliamRogers,Bath,Me.1882.
NamedforaformergovernorofMaine,theDownEasterAbnerCoburnwasbuiltbyWilliamRogers,whoputheringeneraltradechieflybetweentheEastCoast
andtheOrient,usuallyviatheCapeofGoodHopeandtheIndianOcean.ShealsosailedontheCapeHornroutebetweenNewYorkandSanFrancisco.Exceptfor
threevoyages,from1882to1897shewascommandedbyCaptainGeorgeA.Nichols,whowaskilledintheIndianOceanwhenawaverippedawaythe
wheelhouseandhewascrushed.Intheearly1890s,theshiphadcomeunderthemanagementofPendleton,Carver&Nichols,whosoldhertotheCalifornia
ShippingCompany.ThisfirmsailedAbnerCoburnintheWestCoastlumbertradeuntil1912,whenshewassoldtoLibby,McNeill&Libbywhoemployedherin
theirsalmoncanneryoperationsaroundBristolBay,Alaska.Inthelate1920s,shewasintentionallyburnedinPugetSoundforthescrapmetalusedinher
construction.
Lubbock,DownEasters.Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

Page2

HMSAboukir
Cressyclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B:472'69.5'(143.9m21.2m).Tons:12,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:760.Arm.:29.2",126",1312pdr2
18"TT.Armor:6"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws21kts.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1902.
NamedfortheEgyptianbayinwhichRearAdmiralHoratioNelsondefeatedthefleetofViceAdmiralFranoisPaulBrueysattheBattleoftheNilein1798,HMS
AboukirfirstsawserviceontheMediterraneanstationbeforereturningtohomewatersin1905.AtthestartofWorldWarI,AboukirwasoneoffourunitsofRear
AdmiralHenryH.Campbell'sSeventhCruiserSquadronbasedattheNore.TheirrolewastosupportdestroyersquadronsoftheSouthernForceinkeepingGerman
minelayersandtorpedoboatsoutoftheNorthSeaapproachestotheEnglishChannel.Itwasanassignmentforwhichthearmoredcruiserswerehorriblyill
equippedtheywereknownasthe"livebaitsquadron"andtheirdeploymenttosaferwatershadbeendiscussedbyAdmiraloftheFleetSirJohnJellicoe,First
LordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchill,andothersatameetingonSeptember17,1914.Fivedayslater,atabout0630,AboukirandhersistershipsCRESSYand
HOGUEwerepatrollingtheBroadFourteens,anareaoftheNorthSeabetweenYarmouthandYmuidenduetothepoorweather,theywerewithoutanydestroyer
escorts.Oblivioustothethreatofsubmarineattack,thethreeshipsweresteamingonasteadycourseat10knotswhentheywereattackedbytheGermanU9about
20milesnorthwestoftheHookofHolland(30mileswestofYmuiden).AsingletorpedobrokeAboukirintwoandshesankintwentyfiveminuteswiththelossof
527meninabout5218'N,341'E.CaptainDrummondorderedCressyandHoguetostandbytopickupsurvivors,andtheseshipswerealsosunk.Only305
survivorswerepluckedfromthewatersoftheNorthSeabytrawlersandDutchpatrolboatsandlandedatYmuiden.Lessthantwomonthsintothewar,theRoyal
Navyhadlost3ships,62officers,and1,397ratingsinthespaceofanhour.Moreover,thesubmarinehadestablisheditsworthasanoffensiveweaponwithdrastic
implicationsfortheconductofsurfacewarfarefortheremainderofthewar.
Coles,ThreebeforeBreakfast.

AbrahamRydberg
(laterAbraham)Ship(3m).L/B/D:101'22.3'11.4'(30.8m6.8m3.5m).Tons:149grt.Hull:wood.Built:D.R.Andersson,Karlshamn,Sweden1879.
BuiltasatrainingshipfortheAbrahamRydbergFoundationandnamedforherbenefactor,aprominentSwedishshipowner,theflushdeckedAbrahamRydberg
wasamongthesmallestfullriggedshipseverbuilt.Employedinsailtrainingforthirytwoyears,shewasnotreplaceduntil1911whenasecondsteelhulledshipofthe
samenamewasbuilt,andtheoriginalshipwasrenamedAbraham.ThefollowingyearshewassoldtoA.W.JohannsonofLanna.WhenAbrahamwasconverted
formerchantuse,thecadetaccommodationswereremoved,increasinghertonnageto158in1917hertonnageincreasedagainto168.Between1926and1930she
changedhandsthreetimes.Herlastowner,H.PalssnofFortuna,installedanauxiliaryengine,andshemayhavebeencutdowntoatopsailschooner.Abrahamwas
hulkedatHlsin1935.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

AchilleLauro
(exWillemRuys)Liner(2f/2m).L/B/D:631.2'82'47.5'(192.4m25m14.5m).Tons:23,114grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st275,tourist770.Mach.:
motorship,32,000bhp,2screws22kts.Built:KoninklijkeMaatschappijdeSchelde,Flushing,Neth.1947.
IntendedforRoyalRotterdamLloyd'sservicebetweentheNetherlandsandIndonesia,theWillemRuyswaslaiddownin1939.WorkwassuspendedduringWorld
WarIIandshedidnotenterserviceuntil1947.FollowingIndonesia'snationalizationofDutchassetsin1956,shewasputinroundtheworldservicefrom
Rotterdam,viatheSuezCanaltoAustraliaandthenontoPortEverglades,inFlorida,viathePanamaCanal.SoldtoItaly'sLauroLinesin1964(andnamedfora
formermayorofNaples),shewasrefurbishedwithaccommodationsfor152firstand1,155touristclasspassengers.AchilleLaurosailedbetweenEuropeand
Australiauntil1973whensheenteredtheMediterraneancruisetrade.In1981,afirekilledtwopeoplewhiletheshipwascruisingneartheCanaryIslands,andin
198283shewasleasedtoChandrisLinesafterbeingseizedbycreditors.
AchilleLauro'seasternMediterraneancruisesgenerallytookherfromGenoatoNaples,Syracuse,Alexandria,PortSaid,Tartus(Syria),Limassol,andRhodes.On
October7,1985,whileenroutefromAlexandriatoPortSaidthemajorityofthepassengershadlefttheshipforsightseeingandweretorejointheshipatPort
SaidshewasseizedbyfourPalestinianterrorists.Twodayslater,afterinterventionbytheItalianandEgyptiangovernments,thehijackerssurrenderedatPort
Said.AlmostimmediatelyitwasdiscoveredthatoneofthehijackershadshotLeonKlinghoffer,aseventynineyearoldwheel

Page3

chairboundAmericanpassengerwhosebodytheythrewintothesea.ThehijackersweresurrenderedtoarepresentativeofthePalestineLiberationOrganizationto
beflowntoTunis.U.S.jetsforceddowntheEgyptianpassengerplanecarryingthehijackersattheNATOairbaseinCatania,Sicily,andtheywerehandedoverto
Italianauthoritiestobetriedformurder,astheshipwas,underinternationallaw,Italianterritory.ThegovernmentofPrimeMinisterBettinoCraxifurtheroutraged
publicopinionintheUnitedStatesandItalybyproceedingtoreleasethesuspects,andCraxiwasforcedtoresignafterhiscoalitiongovernmentfelloverthe
issue.
AchilleLaurocontinuedinserviceuntil1994whenshecaughtfireandsankenroutefromItalytoSouthAfrica.ShehadjustroundedtheHornofAfricaon
November30whenafirebrokeoutintheengineroom.Twopassengersdiedandmostoftheremaining570passengersand407crewboardedthetankerHawaiian
Kingbeforebeingtransferredtoothermerchantandnavalvessels.AchilleLaurosankonDecember2about150milesoffthecoastofSomalia.
Pressreports.Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

HMSAchilles
Leanderclasscruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:554.5'56'19'(169m17.1m5.8m).Tons:9,144disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:570.Arm.:86"(42),44",12
0.5"mg821"TT1aircraft.Armor:3.5"belt,1"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,72,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:CammellLaird&Co.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,
Eng.1933.
Commissionedin1933,thelightcruiserHMSAchilleswasattachedtotheRoyalNavy'sNewZealandDivisioninMarch1936.OnAugust29,1939,CaptainW.E.
ParryreceivedorderstosailfortheWestIndies.OnSeptember2theshipwasreassignedtocoverAlliedshippingalongthewestcoastofSouthAmerica,andin
OctoberAchillesjoinedCommodoreHarryHarwood'sSouthAmericanSquadronHMSEXETERandAJAXwhichfoughttheGermanpocketbattleship
ADMIRALGRAFSPEEonDecember13offtheRiverPlate.WhentheRoyalNewZealandNavywasofficiallyformed,onOctober10,1941,shewas
recommissionedHMNZSAchilles.In1948shewasrecommissionedasRINDelhi,flagshipoftheRoyalIndianNavy,andshetookpartintheseizureofthe
PortuguesecolonyofGoain1961.Shealsoplayedherselfinthe1956moviePursuitoftheGrafSpee(inEngland,BattleoftheRiverPlate)beforepayingoffin
1977.
Pope,BattleoftheRiverPlate.

AdaIredale
(laterAnnieJohnson,Bretagne)Bark(3m).L/B/D:212.1'34.1'21.6'(64.6m10.4m6.6m).Tons:997grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:24.Built:Williamson&Co.,
Harrington,Eng.1872.
BuiltforPeterIredale&CompanyofLiverpool,theironbarkAdaIredalehadmadeonlythreeorfourvoyageswhenin1876shesailedwithcoalfromArdrossan
forSanFrancisco.OnOctober15,shewasabout2,000mileseastoftheMarquesasIslands(in3030'S,10745'W)whenshecaughtfire,probablydueto
spontaneouscombustion.CaptainLinton(whowasaccompaniedbyhiswife)andthecrewabandonedshipandeventuallymadeittoSanFrancisco,andAdaIredale
waswrittenoffasacompleteloss.Eightmonthslater,aFrenchvesselfoundthebarkdriftinginthePacificandtowedhertoTahitiinJuneof1877,hercargostill
smolderingbelowdecks.ElevenmonthslatershewassoldtotheSanFranciscoshipperCaptainI.E.Thayer,whogaveherathoroughrefitinTahitibeforesailingher
toSanFranciscoandsellinghertoCrawford&Company.RenamedAnnieJohnson,shesailedintheCapeHorntrade,doublingtheHornatleastthirteentimesand
provingherselfasmartsailerdespitethevicissitudesofherearlycareer.In1912,shewassoldtotheMatsonSteamNavigationCompany,alsoofSanFrancisco,and
reriggedasafourmastedschooner,withanauxiliaryengineaddedinabout1921.FiveyearslatershewassoldtoCaptainL.Ozanne,ofTahiti,whorenamedher
Bretagneandputherintheinterislandcopratrade,withtwiceyearlyvoyagesbetweentheWestCoastandTahiti.ShesankoffCapeFlatterywhileoutwardbound
fromOregonin1928.
Lubbock,DownEasters.Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

AdmiralGrafSpee
Deutschlandclassbattleship(1f/3m).L/B/D:610.1'69.9'23.9'(186m21.3m7.25m).Tons:16,020disp.Hull:steel.Arm.:611"(23),85.9",6
10.5cm,837mm,1020mm821"TT1plane.Armor:3.2"belt,1.8"deck.Mach.:diesel,52,050shp,2screws26kts.Built:KriegsmarineWerft,
Wilhelmshaven,Ger.1936.
OneofthreepocketbattleshipstheothertwobeingLTZOW(exDeutschland)andADMIRALSCHEERtheAdmiralGrafSpeewasnamedforAdmiral
GrafvonSpee,whowentdowninSMSSCHARNHORSTattheBattleoftheFalklandsin1914.UnderCaptainHansLangsdorfftheGrafSpeeslippedquietlyout
ofWilhelmshavenonAugust21,1939,withorderstoproceedtotheSouthAtlantic,theretoawaitthecomingwar.ToenabletheGrafSpeetoremainatseaforthe
nextfourorfivemonths,the

Page4

supplyvesselALTMARKhadbeensentoutaheadtorendezvous.
GrafSpee'smissionasacommerceraiderwasthreefold:tosinkmerchantships,toforcecostlychangestotheroutingofmerchantships,andtodrawAlliednaval
unitsofftheirassignedstationsinotherpartsoftheworld.Inthelast,atleast,GrafSpeesucceededbrilliantly.Assoonastheexistenceofasurfaceraiderinthe
SouthAtlanticwasknown,twentytwoBritishandFrenchshipsten8inchcruisers(includingEXETERandCumberland),five6inchcruisers(includingAJAX
andACHILLES),threebattlecruisers,andfouraircraftcarriersweredispatchedtothesearch.CrisscrossingtheSouthAtlantic,andwithonebriefforayintothe
IndianOcean,GrafSpeetookninemerchantprizes,thoughnoneofgreatsizenotoneBritishcrewmandiedasaresultofGrafSpee'sactions.Becauseofthelimited
facilitiesforprisoners,LangsdorffperiodicallytransferredhiscaptivestotheAltmark.GrafSpee'sluckranoutafternineprizes,thelastbeingSSStreonshalh,taken
onDecember7,aboardwhichwereconfidentialpapersthatsuggestedtheRiverPlateasthebesthuntingground.UnfortunatelyforLangsdorff,hewasanticipatedby
CommodoreHarryHarwood,commandingasquadronthatincludedtheExeter,Ajax,andAchilles.
TheadversariesmetatdawnonDecember13,inabout34S,49W.Aftersomeindecision,LangsdorffdecidedtoconcentrateGrafSpee'sfireonExeter,which
aftertwohourswasforcedtobreakoffandretiredtotheFalklands.RatherthanpursueExeterandfinishherofforturnonthe6inchcruisers,Langsdorffmade
directlyforthePlate,trailedbyAjaxandAchilles.SheanchoredinUruguayanwatersshortlyaftermidnightonDecember14.Atthispointdiplomaticforcescame
intoplay,andLangsdorffwasquicklydowntothreeoptionstoattemptabreakout,toremaininterned,ortoscuttletheship.Evenifhecouldbattlehiswayoutof
theRiverPlateagainststillinferiorforces,itisunlikelythathecouldhavesailedhisshiptoGermanywithoutbeingbroughttodecisivebattleatsomepoint,and
internmentwasunthinkable.OnDecember17,havingremovedallvaluableandsecretequipment(includingradar),LangsdorffsailedGrafSpeeintointernational
watersandscuttledhisshipin3511'S,5626'W.Thenextnight,inMontevideo,heshothimself.
Pope,BattleoftheRiverPlate.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

AdmiralHipper
Blcherclasscruiser(1f/3m).L/B/D:675.4'69.9'25.3'(205.9m21.3m7.7m).Tons:18,208disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,400.Arm:88.1"(42),12
10.5cm,123.7cm,82cm1221"TT3aircraft.Armor:3.2"belt,1.8"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,133,631shp,3screws32.5kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,
Hamburg1939.
NamedforRearAdmiralFranzRittervonHipper,commanderoftheGermanbattlecruisersquadronatJutlandin1916,AdmiralHipperwascommissionedjust
beforethestartofWorldWarII.ShefirstsawactionatthecaptureofTrondheimduringOperationWeserbung,theGermaninvasionofNorway,inthespringof
1940.OnApril8,HipperwasrammedbyHMSGLOWWORMabout100milesnorthwestofTrondheimfjord.TheBritishdestroyerwassunk,butnotbefore
rippingafortymetergashintheHipper'sstarboardhull,despitewhichthecruisercompletedherassignment.TrondheimfellonApril9andtheHipperwasbackin
GermanyonApril12.
InNovember1940,AdmiralHipperwasdeployedasacommerceraider,engagingtroopconvoyWS5AonChristmasDay,andlaterthatdaysinkingthearmed
merchantcruiserJumna.SailingfromBrestonFebruary1,1941,HippersankthefreighterIcelandonFebruary11,andthenextdayfellonthenineteenshipsof
unescortedconvoySLS64fromSierraLeonesevenships(32,806grt.)weresunkandthreedamaged.HighfuelconsumptionforcedherbacktoBrest,andfrom
therenorthaboutIcelandtoKiel.OnDecember31,1941,HipperwaspartofafleetthatfoundconvoyJW518intheBarentsSea.TheHipperengagedthe
destroyersHMSOnslow,Orwell,andAchates(thelattersank),beforecomingunderfirefromcruisersHMSSHEFFIELDandJamaica,whichscoredthreehits,
onebelowthewaterline,forcingtheHippertoretire.
TheHipperspenttherestofthewarintheBaltic,andwasincompanywiththeWILHELMGUSTLOFFwhenthatshipwassunkwiththelossofthousandsoflives
onJanuary30,1945.BerthedatKielfromFebruary2,AdmiralHipperwassunkatdockinthelastsortieflownbyRAFBomberCommandonMay3,andwas
brokenuplaterthatyear.
Grner,GermanWarships18151945.Whitley,GermanCruisersofWorldWarTwo.

AdmiralScheer
Deutschlandclassbattleship(1f/3m).L/B/D:616.3'69.9'23.9'(187.9m21.3m7.3m).Tons:15,180disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,1001,300.Arm.:6
11"(32),85.9",68.8cm,474.8cm821"TT2aircraft.Armor:3.2"belt.Mach.:diesel,52,500shp,2screws28.3kts.Built:KriegsmarineWerft,
Wilhelmshaven,Ger.,1936.

Page5

OneofthreeDeutschlandclasspocketbattleships,AdmiralScheerwasnamedforAdmiralReinhardScheer,commanderinchiefoftheGermanNavyduring
WorldWarI.AlthoughshesawrelativelylittleactionatthestartofWorldWarII,herantiaircraftgunnerswerethefirsttoshootdownaBritishbomber.Originally
classedasapocketbattleship,shewasdesignatedaheavycruiserinFebruary1940,presumablytodownplaytheimportanceofthevesselinthewakeofthelossof
ADMIRALGRAFSPEE.Afteranextensiverefit,inOctober1940sheembarkedonafivemonthraidingvoyageduringwhichshesanksixteenAlliedmerchant
shipstotalingover100,000tonsintheAtlanticandIndianOceans.HermostcelebratedvictimwasthearmedmerchantcruiserJERVISBAY,sunkindefenseofa
convoyonNovember5,1940.MovedtoNorwayin1941,AdmiralScheersankthreeSoviettankersintheKaraSeathefollowingyear.ConfinedtotheBalticSea
from1943,shewasusedinsupportofGermangroundforcesduringtheretreatfromtheEasternFrontinthewinterof194445.OnApril9,1945,shewashitfive
timesduringanRAFraidandcapsizedintheDeutscheWerkefittingoutbasinatKiel,withthelossofthirtytwocrew.
Krancke&Brennecke,PocketBattleship.

Advance
Brigantine.L/B/D:88'21.8'8.4'dph(26.8m6.6m2.6m).Tons:144tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:17.Built:NewKent,Maryland1847.
Originallybuiltasamerchantship,AdvancebecametheflagshipofthefirstU.S.Arcticexpeditionin1850whenshewaspurchasedbyNewYorkmerchantHenry
GrinnellanddispatchedwithRescuetotakepartinthesearchforSirJohnFranklin'sHMSEREBUSandTERROR.UndercommandofLieutenantEdwinJ.De
Haven,USN,AdvancedepartedNewYorkonMay23,1850,andsailedforDavisStraitandBaffinBay.FromtheretheshipsheadedwestthroughLancaster
SoundnorthofBaffinIsland.OnAugust25,theexpeditionreachedDevonIslandwhereashorepartyfoundtheremainsofacampsiteaswellasanumberofBritish
shipsalsoengagedinthesearchforFranklin.InSeptember1853thetwoshipswerecaughtinpackicewithwhichtheydriftedthroughWellingtonChannelasfaras
thenortherntipofDevonIsland,whichtheynamedCapeGrinnell.TheicecarriedtheshipssouthagaintoLancasterSoundandtheneasttoBaffinBayandDover
StraitbeforereleasingitsgriponJune7,1854.TheshipsreturnedtoNewYork,andoverthenexttwentymonthsAdvancewasfittedoutforasecondexpedition,
thistimeunderAssistantSurgeonElishaKentKane,aveteranofthefirstvoyage.
TheSecondGrinnellExpeditionsailedthroughSmithSoundattheheadofBaffinBayandintoKaneBasin.TherethemembersoftheexpeditionsawHumboldt
Glacier,thenthelargestknown,andattained7843'N,farthernorththananyEuropeansbeforethem.DuringtheirfirstwinterinRensellaerHarborallbutsixoftheir
sleddogsdiedandthecrewmemberswerelaidupwithscurvy.InMarch,twomenwerekilledinanattempt(madetooearlyintheseason)toestablishaforward
depotforoverlandexpeditions.AlaterexpeditionreachedCapeConstitution,whichKanemistakenlybelievedledtoawarmerOpenPolarSeahypothesizedby
CommanderEdwardInglefieldin1852.ThelatterhadsailedinsearchoftheFranklinexpeditioninthesteamyachtIsabel,andconfirmationoftheOpenPolarSea
wasprobablytherealobjectofKane'smission.FacedwiththeprospectofanotherwinteraboardAdvance,eightofthecrewattemptedtomaketheirwayoverland
toUpernavik.Theyfailed,butwiththeassistanceofEskimosatEtahandothersettlements,returnedsafelytotheship.Thewinterwasoneofhorrifyingprivation,and
theexpedition'ssurvivalwasduealmostentirelytotheEskimosfromwhomthemenwereabletoobtainfood.ReducedtocannibalizingAdvanceforfuel,the
survivorsabandonedshiponMay17andoverthenextmonthhauledtheirthreeboats,supplies,andfourinvalidcrew80milestoopenwater.Sailingsouthandeast
alongthecoastofGreenland,theyreachedUpernavikonAugust6,1854,andbyOctobertheywerebackinNewYork.
Berton,ArcticGrail.Kane,U.S.GrinnellExpeditioninSearchofSirJohnFranklin.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSAdventure
(exRaleigh,MarquisofRockingham)Bark(3m).L/B/D:97.3'28.4'13.2'dph(39.7m8.7m4m).Tons:336tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:81.Built:
Fishburn,Whitby,Eng.1771.
WithinafewmonthsofhisreturnfromhisfirstvoyagetotheSouthSeasinHMSENDEAVOUR,JamesCooknewlypromotedtoCommanderwasassigned
toundertakeasecondvoyagetodeterminetheexistenceofasoutherncontinent,orTerraAustralis,longhypothesizedbynavigatorsandgeographers.Asthiswould
entailanextensivesurveyofthesouthernocean,hewasgiventwoships,RESOLUTION,theflagship,andAdventure,whichsailedundercommandofCommander
TobiasFurneaux,aveteranofCaptainSamuelWallis's176668circum

Page6

navigationinHMSDOLPHIN.LikeEndeavourandResolution,AdventurewasoriginallyaNorthSeacollierriggedasabarkshewasreriggedbythenavy
followingherpurchasein1771.
ThetwoshipsdepartedfromPlymouthonJuly13,1772,andremainedincompanyforsevenmonths,stoppingattheAzores,CapeVerdeIslands,andCapeTown,
InNovembertheydepartedCapeTownandsailedsouth.Aftercruisingamongtheicefields,thetwoshipscrossedtheAntarcticCircleonJanuary17,1773,
reachingasfarsouthas6715'S.OnFebruary8thetwoshipsseparatedinafog,andbypriorarrangementFurneauxturnedAdventureforNewZealand,about
4,200milesaway.TheycalledfirstatVanDiemen'sLand(Tasmania)visitedbyAbelTasmaninHEEMSKERCKandZeehaenin1642andchartedthe
southerncoast,althoughtheyfailedtorealizethatitwasanislandandnotpartofNewHolland(Australia).(AdventureBaytakesitsnamefromtheship,andCook
namedtheFurneauxIslandsnortheastofTasmaniaonhisthirdexpeditioninResolutionandDISCOVERY.)
AdventurearrivedinQueenCharlotteSound,NewZealand,onMay7andwasjoinedtendayslaterbyResolution.Theships'crewstradedwiththeMaori,whom
CookhadvisitedinEndeavourin176970.AmonthlatertheysailedforTahitienroutemanyofAdventure'screwbecameillwithscurvyandonedied.Theships
arrivedatTahitionAugust15andremainedthereuntilSeptember7.Upontheirdeparture,theyembarkedamannamedOmai,ofHuaheine,whoreturnedinthe
AdventuretoEnglandandspenttwoyearsinLondonunderthepatronageofSirJosephBanksandLordSandwich.Sailingwest,theshipscalledatTonga(Friendly
Islands)beforeshapingacourseforQueenCharlotteSound.
AstheyweresailingdownthecoastofNewZealandattheendofOctober,thetwoshipswereseparatedinastorm.AdverseweatherpreventedAdventure'sreturn
toQueenCharlotteSounduntilNovember30,fourdaysafterResolutionhadsailed.FurneauxdecidedtoreturntoEnglandalone,butonDecember17,oneday
beforetheirplanneddeparture,tenoftheship'scompanyweresenttogatherfreshvegetablesforthevoyageandwerekilledinafightwithsomeMaoris.Fivedays
latertheremaindersaileddueeast,roundingCapeHornonJanuary10,1774,andanchoringonMarch19atCapeTown,wheretheystayedonemonth.Aftera
voyageoftwoyearsandthreedays,AdventureanchoredatSpitheadonJuly14.Thoughthevoyagewasnotthesuccessitmighthavebeen,Adventurehadthe
distinctionofbeingthefirstshiptocircumnavigatetheglobefromwesttoeast.TheshipwassubsequentlytakenoverbythenavyforuseasastoreshipinNorth
Americauntil1783,whenshewasbrokenup.
Brock,"Cook'sEndeavourandOtherShips."Cook,JournalsofJamesCook.McGowan,"CaptainCook'sShips."

AdventureGalley
Galley(3m).L:ca.124'(38m).Tons:285bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:152.Arm.:3412pdr.Built:CastleYard,Deptford,Eng.1695.
AdventureGalleywasathreemastedshipequippedwiththirtysixoarsasauxiliarypropulsion.In1696,CaptainWilliamKiddwasmadecaptainand,armedwitha
privateer'scommissionfromWilliamIII,setoutfromEnglandtocaptureenemycommerce,mainlythatofFranceandSpain.Ofobscurebackground,theScottish
bornKiddhadsettledinNewYorkafteryearsasapirateintheCaribbean.In1695,KiddhadsailedhismerchantshipAntiguatoLondonwithaviewtoacquiringa
letterofmarquethatwouldenablehimtosailasaprivateer.Kidd'sbriefalsoincludedtherighttoattackpiratesofanynationality,especiallythosewhopreyedonthe
valuabletraderoutesoftheIndianOcean.
AdventureGalleysailedonApril6,1696,andcapturedaFrenchfishermanintheNorthAtlantic.OnSeptember6,havingrecruitedafurtherninetycrewinNew
York,shesailedfortheIndianOceanviaMadeiraandtheCapeVerdeIslands,landingatTulear,Madagascar,onJanuary27,1697.Enroute,Kiddfellinwitha
squadronofRoyalNavyshipsandimpressedtheofficersasawouldbepirateratherthanaprivateerwiththeKing'scommission.Rumorsofthisspreadquicklyand
Britishmerchantskepttheirdistance.AfterrepairsintheComoros,AdventureGalleysailedfortheBabalMandabStraitatthemouthoftheRedSeatointercept
oneoftherichlyladenshipsoftheMuslimpilgrimfleet,whichsailedundertheprotectionofEuropeantraders.OnAugust15,AdventureGalleyslippedinamonga
convoyguardedbytwoDutchshipsandtheEastIndiaCompany'sSceptre,whosecaptainintimidatedKiddintowithdrawing.KiddthenheadedfortheMalabar
CoastofIndiawherehecapturedanumberofprizes,foughtofftwoPortuguesewarshipsfromGoa,andhadseveralruninswiththeEastIndiaCompany.InMarch
1698,AdventureGalleyincompanywiththeprizesQuedahMerchantandRupparellsailedfortheislandofSaintMarieoffthenortheastcoastof
Madagascar.AdventureGalleywasinwretchedconditionandeventuallysankthere.KiddlefttheislandinQuedahMerchant,whichranagroundandwasburned
onHispaniolaafterKiddhadsoldoffwhatremainedofhervaluablecargooftextiles.
UponhisreturntoNorthAmerica,KiddwasimprisonedandreturnedtoEngland.Avaluablepawnina

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politicalgamebetweenWilliamIII'sWhigsupporters,whohadbackedhisventure,andtheoppositionTories,whowerenowintheascendancy,Kiddwastriedfor
andfoundguiltyofmurderandpiracy,andthentwicehanged(theropebrokethefirsttime).HisremainswereputondisplayatTilburyPointontheThamesasa
warningtoothers.
Ritchie,CaptainKiddandtheWaragainstthePirates.

AfChapman
(exG.D.Kennedy,Dunboyne)Ship(3m).L/B/D:257'37.5'21.5'(78.3m11.4m6.6m).Tons:1,428grt.Hull:iron.Built:WhitehavenShipbuildingCo.,
Whitehaven,Eng.1888.
Laiddownduringtheshipbuildingslumpofthemid1880s,theshiplaterknownasAfChapmanwaspurchasedbyMessrs.CharlesE.Martin&Company,of
Dublin,andnamedDunboyne.Aftertwentyyearsinserviceasamerchantship,shewaspurchasedbyLeifGundersenofPorsgrun,Norway,whosailedherforsix
years.ShewasthenacquiredbytheRederiakliebTransatlantic(TransatlanticLine)ofSweden,whorenamedherG.D.Kennedyandsailedherasacargo/training
shipforthecompany'sofficercadets.SoldtotheSwedishNavyin1924andrenamedAfChapman,inhonoroftheeminenteighteenthcenturynavalarchitect,she
wasusedstrictlyforsailtraining,carryingasmanyas200cadetspervoyage.DuringWorldWarII,AfChapmanservedasabarracksshipafterthewarshepassed
totheSwedishTouristUnionandwasopenedasatouristhostelin1949.ShehasbeenonviewinStockholmeversince.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Imagenotavailable.
TheSwedishthreemastedtrainingshipAFCHAPMANleavingPlymouth,
England,in1928.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

L'Afrique
Passengership(1f/2m).L/B/D:408.5'48.3'27.7'(124.5m14.7m8.4m).Tons:5,404grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:127crew458pass.Mach.:tripleexpansion,
3,000ihp,2screws11kts.Built:Swan,Hunter,&WighamRichardson,Ltd.,WallsendonTyne,Eng.1907.
ThesceneofoneoftheworstdisastersintheFrenchmerchantmarine,L'AfriquewasownedbytheCompagniedesChargeursRunisandsailedinitsservice
betweenFranceandportsinFrenchWestAfrica.TheshipdepartedBordeauxforDakaronJanuary10,1920,withacomplementof458passengersinfourclasses
and127crew.Onedayout,shewascaughtinaseveregaleintheBayofBiscayandbegantoexperienceenginetrouble.CaptainLeDuradioedforhelpand
L'Afrique'srunningmateCeylanresponded,butbecauseofhighseas,Ceylanwasunabletosecureatow.Thenextday,theBelgianpassengershipAnversvilleand
theRedStarLine'sLaplandwerealsostandingbyastheshipwasdrivennorthinthestorm.Atabout0300onJanuary12,L'AfriquewasdrivenontotheRoche
Bonniereefs,about50milesfromLaRochelle,whereshefilledandsank.TwoofL'Afrique'slifeboatswerelaunchedjustaftermidnight,butonlythirtytwo
peoplethreepassengersfromthirdclass,andtherestcrewmembersandSenegalesesoldierstravelinginsteeragesurvivedtobetakenaboardCeylan.In
humanterms,thelossofL'AfriquewasFrance'sworstmaritimedisastersincethatofLABOURGOGNEin1898.
Hocking,DictionaryofDisastersatSea.Watson,DisastersatSea.

HMSAgamemnon
3rdrate64(3m).L/B:160'45'(48.8m13.7m).Tons:1,348bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:520.Arm.:2624pdr,2612pdr,126pdr.Built:HenryAdams,
Buckler'sHard,Eng.1781.
HMSAgamemnonfirstsawactionintheWestIndieswithRearAdmiralRichardKempenfelt'ssquadronwhenitcapturedfifteenshipsfromaFrenchconvoyunder
Admi

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ralCountLucUrbaindeGuichen,whowasboundfortheCaribbean.FourmonthslatershewasinAdmiralSirGeorgeRodney'ssquadronattheBattleofthe
Saintes,April11,1782,inwhichtheBritishdefeatedtheFrenchfleetunderRearAdmiralCountFranoisJ.P.deGrasse,recoupingalittleoftheglory(butnoneof
thenation)theyhadlostattheBattleoftheChesapeaketheprevioussummer.WhentherevolutionaryFrenchgovernmentdeclaredwaronGreatBritainin1793,
AgamemnoncameundercommandofCaptainHoratioNelson.NelsonsailedwithLordHowe'sMediterraneanFleetintheblockadeofToulonandinthecaptureof
theCorsicanportsofBastiaandCalvi,whereNelsonlosthisrighteye.AgamemnonremainedintheMediterraneanuntil1796,aperiodduringwhichNelsonmolded
his"bandofbrothers"andbegantoestablishhimselfasaninnovative,resolute,anddaringcommander.Nelsonwasquitefondofhiscommand,anddescribed
Agamemnonas"withoutexceptionthefinest64intheservice."
Thefollowingyear,AgamemnonwaswiththeChannelFleetwhenhercrewwereimplicatedinthemutinyoftheNore.PresentatNelson'sgreatvictoryintheBattle
ofCopenhagenin1801,hernextsignificantassignmentwasin1805whenshesailedwithViceAdmiralSirJohnOrde'sfleetoffCadiz.InJulyshetookpartin
AdmiralSirRobertCalder'sactionwiththeCombinedFleetoffElFerrol.HersquadronlatercameunderthecommandofAdmiralLordNelson.DuringtheBattleof
TrafalgaragainsttheFrancoSpanishfleet,AgamemnonsailedinNelson'sweathercolumnbutescapedwithrelativelyfewcasualties.AfterfurtherserviceoffCadiz,
shesailedfortheWestIndieswhereshetookpartinseveralengagementsagainstFrenchnavalunitsandprivateers.Overthenextfewyearsshesailedvariouslyinthe
WestIndies,theBaltic,offPortugal,andoffSouthAmerica.OnJune20,1809,whileputtingintotheRiverPlateinastorm,shegroundedonanunmarkedreefand
waslost,thoughwithoutlossoflife.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Mackenzie,TrafalgarRoll.

HMSAgamemnon
JamesWattclassbattleship(1f/3m).L/B/D:230.3'55.3'24.1'(70.2m16.9m7.3m).Tons:5,080disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:860.Arm.:348",56
32pdr,168pdr.Mach.:Penntrunkengine,2,268ihp,singlescrew11.24kts.Built:WoolwichDockyard1852.
Laiddownin1849,launchedin1852,andcommissionedthefollowingyear,theshipriggedsteambattleshipAgamemnonwasthefirstwarshipbuiltwithscrew
propulsion,thoughothersailingvesselshadbeenfittedwithenginesaftercommissioning.Agamemnon'ssuccesswassuchthatsheremainedthebasicmodelforthe
firstdecadeofBritain'ssteambattlefleet.AsflagshipofRearAdmiralSirEdmundLyons'sBlackSeafleet(CaptainWilliamMendscommanding)duringtheCrimean
War,shetookpartinthebombardmentofSevastopolonOctober17,1854.ShealsotookpartintheshellingofFortKinburn,atthemouthoftheDnieperoneyear
later.
In1857theBritishgovernmentfittedoutAgamemnontocarry1,250tonsoftelegraphiccablefortheAtlanticTelegraphCompany'sfirstattempttolayatransatlantic
telegraphcable.Althoughthiswasunsuccessful,thefollowingyeartheprojectwasresumed.AgamemnonandherAmericancounterpartUSSNiagarasplicedtheir
cableendsinmidatlanticonJuly29andthensailedfortheirrespectivecontinents.WithWilliamThompson,thefutureLordKelvin,monitoringtheprogressofthe
1,020milesofcable,AgamemnonreachedValentiaBayinCountyKerry,Ireland,onAugust5,1858.NiagarareachedTrinityBay,Newfoundland,thesameday.
Elevendayslater,QueenVictoriasentaninetyninewordmessagetoPresidentJamesBuchanan,aprocessthattookmorethansixteenhours.(Threeweekslaterthe
cablefailedandservicewasinterruptedforeightyears.)AfterserviceontheCaribbeanandNorthAmericanstations,Agamemnonwaspaidoffin1862andsoldin
1870.
Clarke,VoiceacrosstheSea.Lambert,BattleshipsinTransition.

AgayWreck
L/B:6580'23'(2024m7m).Built:mid10thcent.
SituatedintheBayofAgaysoutheastofCapeDramont,France(in4325'N,652'E),the"wreckofthejars"wasfirstnoticedbyfishermanwhopulledupamphorae
intheirnets.Lyingsome300metersoffshoreatadepthof4050meters,theAgaywreckwasexcavatedbyAlainVisquisandP.Danneyrolbeginningin1968.The
Agayshipwasamerchantvessel,probablyArab,andtherecoveredcargoconsistedprimarilyofamphoraeandotherjars,mostifnotallofwhicharethoughttohave
originatedinSpain.Othermiscellaneousitemsincludedbasaltgrindingstones,coppervessels,andsome250bronzeingots.Alsofoundwiththelargervesselwasthe
ship'sboat,inwhichlaytheremainsofamanagedtwentyfivethirtyfiveyears.Boththeshipandtheboatareearlyexamplesofthe"skeletonfirst"hullconstruction
thatoriginatedinthisperiodandwhichformsthebasisofcontemporarynavalarchitecture.Therearenojointsin

Page9

theplanking,whichisattachedtotheframeswithironnails.
Parker,AncientShipwrecksoftheMediterranean.

A.G.Ropes
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:258'44.7'28.5'(78.6m13.6m8.7m).Tons:2,342reg.Hull:wood.Des.:JohnMcDonald.Built:I.F.Chapman&Co.,Bath,
Me.1884.
ConsideredamongthefinestDownEasterseverbuilt,thethreeskysailyardshipA.G.RopeswasbuiltbyI.F.Chapman&CompanyfortradebetweenNewYork,
SanFrancisco,andGreatBritain,inwhichshespentmostofhercareer.TheshipwasnamedforChapman'spartnerandsoninlaw.Ropes'sfirstvoyageunder
thenotedsailcarrierCaptainDavidH.RiverswascelebratedfortherescueofthecrewofthebarkGlenperisoffCapeHorn,anactforwhichRopes'screwwere
recognizedbytheBritishgovernment.ThemostcuriousvoyageofA.G.Ropestookplacein188990.AftersustainingdamagetotherudderheadoffCapeHorn,
RopeswasforcedbacktotheFalklandIslands.Repairstothesteeringgeartookelevendays,andwhentheshipresumedhervoyageitwasbywayoftheCapeof
GoodHope.TheshipfinallyarrivedinSanFranciscoonFebruary21,1900,afteravoyageof204daysfromNewYorkand104daysfromtheFalklands.Ropes
wasseverelydamagedinaPacifictyphoonenroutefromBaltimoretoHongKongin1906afterputtingintoKobe,Japan,CaptainRiverstookhisjuryriggedship
backtoNewYork.ThereshewassoldtotheLuckenbachTransportationandWreckingCompanyandcutdownforuseasabarge.A.G.Ropessankwiththeloss
ofthreehandsoffForkedRiver,NewJersey,onDecember26,1913.
Lubbock,DownEasters.Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

Aid
Ship.Tons:300.Hull:wood.Comp.:115120.Arm.:26pdr,44pdr,4small.Built:DeptfordDockyard1562.
TheQueen'sshipAidwasoneofthreebuiltin1562aswarwithFrancethreatened.InthefallofthesameyearAidwasassignedtohelpsupplytheEnglishgarrisonat
LeHavreuntilthecaptureoftheHuguenotheldportbyloyalistforcesinAugust1563.Aid'snextimportantmissioncamein1577,whentheAdventurerstothe
NorthWestfortheDiscoveryoftheNorthWestPassage,ortheCompanyeofKathai,wasformedtofollowupSirMartinFrobisher'sdiscoveryofFrobisherBay
onBaffinIslandinGABRIELthepreviousyear.TheinletpromisedtobethemuchsoughtafterNorthwestPassage,butmoreimportantwashisdiscoveryofwhat
waswidelybelievedtobegold.AidsailedasflagshipofanexpeditionthatincludedGabrielandMichaelandabout150men.DepartinginmidMay,theships
arrivedatBaffinIslandonJuly17.TheyreturnedhomeattheendofthesummerwiththreeEskimosamanandawomanwithherchild,allofwhomdiedaftera
monthinEnglandand200tonsoforeassayedasyieldingaprofitof5ingoldandsilverperton.
Onthebasisofthishopefulbuterroneousassessment,FrobishersailedattheheadofsixteenshipswithaviewtoexploringtheNorthwestPassage,miningore,and
establishingamannedsettlement.AftertakingpossessionofGreenlandrenamedWestEnglandinthenameoftheQueen,Frobisherandcompanycontinuedto
thewest.In1578FrobisherBaywasfilledwithiceandafterlosingoneshiptoafloe,theysailedwestintowhattheycalledMistakenStrait,nowHudsonStrait.The
fleetdoubledbacktoFrobisherBay,whereAidwashulledbelowthewaterlinebyanicefloeandrepairedwithasheetoflead.Aftermining1,350tonsoforeand
erectingahouseforfutureuse(immediateplansforleavingapartytherethroughthewinterwereabandoned),theysailedhome.Fiveyearsoftryingtoextract
preciousmetalsfromtheorebroughthomeonthesecondandthirdvoyageswerefruitlesstheCompanyofCathaywentunderandtheBaffinIslandrockswere
"throwneawaytorepayrethehighwayes."
AstensionsbetweenSpainandEnglandworsened,AidwasrebuiltandinNovember1580tookpartinthereductionofSmerwickFortinIrelandwhereacombined
SpanishPapalforcehadtakenrefuge.AgainunderFrobisher'scommand,AidwasoneoftwoQueen'sshipscontributedtoSirFrancisDrake'stwentyfiveship
expeditiontotheSpanishWestIndiesin1585.InOctober,thefleetanchoredatBayonne,Spain,whereDrakecompelledthegovernortoallowhisshipstowater
andprovisionbeforetheydepartedagainonOctober11.ProceedingtotheCapeVerdeIslands,DrakeputSantiago,PortoPraya,andSantoDomingotothetorch
whentheirinhabitantsfailedtoransomtheirtowns.TheEnglishwentontoransomSantoDomingoandCartagena,andsackedSt.Augustine,Florida.Theythen
sailedforSirWalterRaleigh'scolonyatRoanoke,andreturnedtoEnglandwiththecolonistsinJuly1586.
Twoyearslater,AidwasoneofsixshipsinDrake'swesternsquadronbasedatPlymouthtoawaitthearrivaloftheSpanishArmada.SheremainedwiththeEnglish
fleetfromthedayofthefirstactiononJuly31through

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thefinaldefeatoftheSpanishshipsattheBattleofGravelinesonAugust8.In1589,AidagainsailedwithDrakeaspartofthepoorlyexecuted''CounterArmada."
ThetripleaimofthisventurewastodestroytheremainingArmadashipsintheirhomeportsinSpainandPortugal,restorethepretenderDomAntoniotothe
Portuguesethrone,andseizetheAzoresasabasefromwhichtoattacktheSpanishtreasurefleetsfromtheWestIndies.Theoverlyambitiousplanfailedinallits
primaryobjectivesandreturnedtoEngland.In1590,AidwasbrokenupafteraquartercenturyofservicetotheElizabethannavy.
Glasgow,"NavyintheFrenchWars."Stefansson,ThreeVoyagesofMartinFrobisher.Sugden,SirFrancisDrake.

HMSAjax
Leanderclasscruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:554.5'56'19'(169m17.1m5.8m).Tons:9,144disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:570.Arm.:86"(42),44",120.5"
mg821"TT1aircraft.Armor:3.5"belt,1"deck.Mach.:"steamturbines,72,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:VickersArmstrong,BarrowinFurness,Eng.
1935.
OnSeptember3,1939,threehoursaftertheBritishAdmiraltybroadcasttheopeningofWorldWarIIwiththesignal"TotalGermany,"HMSAjax(CaptainCharles
Woodhouse)interceptedandsanktheGermanmerchantshipOlinda,thefirstmerchantcasualtyofthewaroneitherside.OnOctober27Ajaxbecametheflagship
ofCommodoreHarryHarwood'sSouthAmericaDivision.TheBritishknewaGermanpocketbattleshipwasprowlingtheSouthAtlantic,andonDecember2
HarwooddirectedAjaxandEXETERtorendezvouswithACHILLESofftheRiverPlate.AtdaybreakonDecember13theyencounteredADMIRALGRAF
SPEE.Inaclassiccruiserdeployment,AjaxandAchillessailedtogetherastheFirstDivisiontosplitGrafSpee'sfirebetweenthemandExeter.At0725,Ajaxwas
straddledbyasalvoofGrafSpee's11inchshellsthatknockedoutbothafterturretsalittlelateranothersalvodestroyedtheradioaerials.WithExeteralsoheavily
damaged,at0740HarwooddecidedtopullbackandshadowGrafSpeeintoMontevideo.Fourdayslater,GrafSpee'sCaptainHansLangsdorffscuttledhisshipin
theestuary,andtheBattleoftheRiverPlatewasover.AjaxsubsequentlywasdeployedtotheeasternMediterraneanandtookpartintheDdaylandingsin
NormandyonJune6,1944.Followingthewar,AjaxwasstationedintheMediterranean,andin1947shewaspartoftheflotillathatdoggedtherefugeeship
EXODUS1947.ShewasbrokenupatCashmore,Newport,in1949.
Pope,BattleoftheRiverPlate.

A.J.Fuller
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:229.3'41.5'26'dph(69.9m12.6m7.9m).Tons:1,849grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:23.Built:JohnMcDonald,Bath,Me.1881.
OwnedprimarilybyFlint&CompanyofNewYork,andnamedforashareholderwholivedinBath,Maine,thethreeskysailyardA.J.Fullerwasoneofadozen
DownEastersbuiltin1881.UndertheFlinthouseflagshesailedbetweenNewYork,SanFrancisco,andLiverpoolfortenyears.In1892,shewasputintradefrom
EastCoastports,wheresheloadedcaseoilfortheOrientorgeneralcargoorcoaltoHawaii,generallyreturningwithsugarcane.Itwaswhileshewasinthattrade
thatFelixRiesenberg,wholaterbecameamastermarinerinhisownright,sailedinherbeforethemast.ShewassoldtotheCaliforniaShippingCompanyin1902and
usedintradebetweenthePacificNorthwestandAustralia,exportinglumberandimportingcoal.In1912,shewaspurchasedbytheNorthwesternFisheries
CompanyofSanFrancisco,whoemployedherintheirseasonalsalmonfisheriessailingnorthinthespringwithfishermen,canneryworkers,andsupplies,and
returninginthefallwithafullloadofcannedsalmon.OnOctober18,1918,whileinwardboundtoSeattleinaheavyfog,shewasrammedbytheJapanesesteamship
MexicoMaruandsankin40fathoms.
Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.Riesenberg,UnderSail.

Akagi
Aircraftcarrier.L/B/D:855.2'102.7'28.6'(260.7m31.3m8.7m).Tons:41,300disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,000.Arm.:66aircraft68",124.7",28
25mm.Armor:10"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,133,000shp,4screws31kts.Built:KureNavalDockyard,Kure,Japan1927.
NamedforamountainnorthwestofTokyo,theAkagiwaslaiddownin1920asoneoffourAmagiclassbattlecruisers.Thesewereabandonedinaccordancewith
theWashingtonNavalConferenceof1922,butthehullofAkagiwaskeptandredesignedasanaircraftcarrier,builtwithoutanisland.(TheoriginalAkagiwasto
havereceivedthesametreatmentbutwasdestroyedinthe1922earthquakeandreplacedbyKAGA.)Akagiwasreconfiguredin193538,theprimarychanges
beingtheadditionofafulllengthflightdeckandasmallportsidesuperstructure,theonlyinterruptiontoherotherwiseplainprofile.
AkagisawserviceinChinaduringthe1930s.In1941shewastheflagshipofViceAdmiralChuichiNagumo'sFirstAirFleetunderCaptainKiichiHasegawa.
TrainingfortheattackontheAmericanfleetatPearlHarborbe

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Imagenotavailable.
FlagshipoftheJapanesefleetatPearlHarbor,theAKAGIwasoneoffourJapanesecarriers
sunk,sixmonthslater,attheBattleofMidway,thefirstdecisiveAmericanvictoryofWorld
WarII.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

ganinSeptember1941.OnNovember26afleetofthirtyshipsincludingthecarriersAkagi,KAGA,HIRYU,SORYU,SHOKAKU,andZUIKAKU,andthe
battleshipsHieiandKIRISHIMA,departedfromitsstagingareaatHitokappuBayatEtorufuIslands(oneoftheKurileIslandssubsequentlylosttotheSoviet
Union).ThetaskforcesailedeasttowardsapointnorthofHawaiibeforeturningsouth.Shortlyafter0600onDecember7,1941,thefirststrikeof183planeslifted
fromthedecksofAkagiandtheothercarriers,thenabout220milesnorthofOahu.Akagi'scontributionincluded15divebomberstoattackbattleshiprow,12
torpedoplanestoattackbattleships,cruisers,andothershipsinPearlHarbor,and10fighterstoattackFord,Hickham,Kaneohe,andWheelerairfields.Akagi's
secondwave,launchedat0705,consistedof18divebombersand9fighters.
At0753,theflightradioed"Tora,Tora,Tora"("Tiger,Tiger,Tiger"),signalingthattotalsurprisehadbeenachieved.Thedestructionwasappallingandincluded2,403
U.S.dead(2,008fromtheNavyalone)and1,178wounded.ShippinglossesincludedthecompletelossofthebattleshipsARIZONA,CALIFORNIA,Nevada,
Oklahoma,andWestVirginia,theminelayerOglala,andthetargetshipUtah(formerlyBB31).Inaddition,thebattleshipsMaryland,Pennsylvania,and
Tennessee,lightcruisersHELENA,Honolulu,andRaleigh,threedestroyers,andfourauxiliarycraftwerelightlydamaged.NavalandArmyaviationlosses
amountedto239of447planes.Japaneselossestotaled9fighters,15bombers,5torpedobombers,and55airmenoutof353sortiesflown.
OnJanuary20,1942,Nagumo'sFirstAirFleet,includingAkagi,Kaga,Shokaku,andZuikaku,carriedoutattacksinsupportoftheJapaneselandingsatRabaul,
NewGuinea,whichfellthreedayslater.InApril,aforcesimilartotheonethatattackedPearlHarbor,lessKaga,attackedColombo,Ceylon(SriLanka),onApril5,
andTrincomalee,onApril9.AlthoughtheJapanesesanktheaircraftcarrierHMSHERMESandtheCountyclasscruisersHMSDorsetshireandCornwall,from
AdmiralSirJamesSomerville'sBritishFarEasternForce,itwasaPyrrhicvictory.Thelossof59aircraftforcedAkagiandtwoothercarriersbacktoJapanfor
planesandnewpilotswhoseinexperiencewassorelyfeltatMidway.
AkagiwasonceagainNagumo'sflagshipattheBattleofMidway,foughtonJune45,1942.ForthefirstattackonMidwayIsland,whichconsistedoflandbased
targetsandnotships,theplaneswerearmedwithbombs,butNagumotooktheprecautionofhavingasecondwavearmedwithtorpedoes,incasetheU.S.fleet
appeared.At0700,strikeleaderLieutenantCommanderJoichiTomonagareportedtheneedforasecondattackonMidwayitself,andanattackbyMidwaybased
planesfiveminuteslater,thoughineffectual,convincedNagumothatMidwaystillneededattention.At0715heorderedtheplanesonAkagiandKagatoberearmed
withbombs.At0728,areconnaissanceplanereportedaU.S.fleet240milesfromMidwayandat0809confirmedthisasbeingfivecruisersandfivedestroyers.At
thispointNagumoorderedthesecondstrikeonMidway,onlytolearnelevenminuteslaterthat"theenemyisaccompaniedbywhatappearstobeacarrier."
Nagumo'sdilemmawhethertoattackMidway,orthecarrier(infacttherewerethree,USSENTERPRISE,HORNET,andYORKTOWN)wascompounded
bythefactthattherewasprobablyacarrierbasedstrikeonitswaytowardshim,andonlyhalfofhisplaneswerenowequippedwithtorpedoesthathecouldnot
launchuntilhehadrecoveredthefirstwaveofMidwayplanes,whichbeganlandingat0837.Rejectingthe

Page12

ideaofsendingtorpedoplanesfromHiryuandSoryubecausetherewasnofightercoveravailable,hescheduledafullfledgedtorpedoattackfor1030.
Atalittlepast0930,15torpedobombersfromHornetmadeadesperaterunattheJapanesefleetnonesurvived.FourteentorpedoplanesfromEnterprisewentin
next(4survived),followedby17fromYorktown(2returned).TheJapanesefleetremainedunscathed.Inpreparationforthe1030launch,theJapaneseplaneswere
linedup,fullyarmed,andfueled,whenatabout1025divebombersfromEnterpriseandYorktownstruckfrom18,000feet.Thetorpedoattackshadforcedthe
Japanesecombatairpatrolpracticallydowntosealevel,andtheywerenotpreparedfordivebombers.Withinthreeminutes,Kaga,Akagi,andSoryuhadbeenput
outofoperation.NagumotransferredhisflagtothelightcruiserNagaraatabout1100,andat0455,June5,thestillburninghulkwastorpedoedbythedestroyers
NoakeandArashiinposition3030'N,17940'W,andshesankwiththelossofmorethan270crew.TheoutcomeatMidwayturnedthetideofthePacificwar
decisivelyinfavoroftheUnitedStates.
Prange,AtDawnWeSleptMiracleatMidway.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

CSSAlabama
(exEnrica)Auxiliarybark(1f/3m).L/B/D:220'31'9"14'(67.1m9.7m4.3m).Tons:1,050tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:148.Arm.:632pdr,1110pdr,1
68pdr.Mach.:directactingengine,600ihp,1screw13kts.Built:LairdBros.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.1862.
Inthehistoryofcommercewarfare,CSSAlabamawasthemostsuccessfulraiderintermsofnumbersofvesselsseizedcapturingandburning55ships,seizing
andbonding10more.JamesDunwoodyBulloch,theConfederatenavalagentinEuroperesponsibleforcreatingaviablehighseasfleetfromscratch,orderedHull
No.290shewaschristenedEnricaandputdowntheMerseyRiveronJuly29,1862.CharlesFrancisAdams,theU.S.ministerinLondon,insistedthatthesaleof
theshipviolatedBritain's1861declarationofneutrality.Inamannerofspeaking,shedidnot,foritwasnotuntilaftertheshiphadbeenarmedfromthesupplyships
AgrippinaandBahamaofftheAzoresthatCaptainRaphaelSemmescommissionedherasCSSAlabamaonAugust24,1862.
Imagenotavailable.
"TheFightbetweentheALABAMAandtheKEARSARGE,"
awoodcutfromtheIllustratedLondonNewsshowingthe
endoftheConfederacy'smostsuccessfulcommerceraider
offCherbourg,France,June19,1864.
CourtesyLibraryofCongress.

CruisingfromtheAzores,toNewfoundland,andsouthtotheCaribbean,Alabamasank27shipsbetweenSeptemberandDecemberof1862.OnJanuary11,1863,
shesanktheauxiliaryschoonerUSSHATTERASoftheGulfCoastBlockadingSquadronabout20milessouthofGalveston.AfterputtingthecapturedUnioncrew
ashoreinJamaica,Alabamacontinuedonherway.OnJune20,whilecruisingoffBrazil,sheoverhauledthePhiladelphiamerchantbarkConrad,whichSemmes
armedandcommissionedasCSSTuscaloosa,LieutenantJohnLowcommanding.(TuscaloosacruisedintheSouthAtlanticforsixmonthsbeforebeingseizedby
theBritishinSimon'sBay,SouthAfrica,onDecember26.)VisitingSouthAfricaintheautumnof1863,AlabamasailedintotheIndianOceanandasfareastas
Singapore.SemmesthenreturnedtoEuropeforanextensiverefit,anchoringatCherbourgonJune11,1864.
SemmesfullyintendedtoremainatCherbourgforseveralmonths,buttheUniongovernmenthadrecentlypersuadedtheFrenchtoimposea24hourlimitonthestay
ofConfederateflagshipsinFrenchports.Inthemeantime,thescrewsloopUSSKearsargeunderCaptainJohnA.WinslowarrivedatCherbourgfromFlushing,
Belgium,onJune14.AttemptingtoembarkU.S.sailorslandedfromAlabama,WinslowwastoldhewasviolatingFrenchneutralityandleft.Preferringthathisship
sufferhonorabledefeatratherthananignominiousblockade,SemmesisreportedtohavetoldhisLieutenantJohnM.Kell,"AlthoughtheConfederategovernmenthas
orderedmetoavoidengagementwiththeenemycruisers,Iamtiredofrunningfromthatflauntingrag!"OnJune19,AlabamasailedoutofCherbourgand,stillwithin
sightofthespectatorsliningtheshore,openedfireonKearsargeat1057.Aftersolongatsea,AlabamawasnomatchforKearsargeandwasreducedtoasinking
conditioninanhour.Semmesrepeatedlystruckhisflag,butbeforeKearsargecouldact,heandsome40otherswererescuedbytheBritishyachtDeerhounda
crimeforwhichSemmeswasarrestedinDecember1865onordersfromU.S.

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NavySecretaryGideonWelles.WhilethesinkingoftheAlabamadidnotaffecttheoutcomeoftheCivilWar,herlosswasablowtoConfederatemorale.
ThedevastationcausedbytheAlabamaandhersisterraiders,especiallyFLORIDAandSHENANDOAH,hasfrequentlybeencitedasonecauseofthedeclineof
U.S.internationalshippinginthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcentury.Animmediateconsequenceoftheireffortswasthe900percentriseininsuranceratesforU.S.
flagships,andtheresultingtransferofsome900shipstoforeignregistry.Followingthewar,theUnitedStatesinsistedthatBritainbeheldliableforthedestruction
wroughtbyBritishbuiltcommerceraiders.TheseproceedingscametobeknownastheAlabamaclaims,asAlabamaaloneaccountedforasmuchas$5millionin
losses.Afterseveralfalsestarts,theclaimswerefinallyresolvedundertheTreatyofWashington(1871),bywhichtheUnitedStatesandGreatBritainsubmittedto
arbitrationbyaninternationaltribunalcomposedofrepresentativesfromBritain,theUnitedStates,Italy,Switzerland,andBrazil.ThetribunalfoundthatBritainhad
notexercised"duediligence"andawardedtheUnitedStates$15.5millionindamages.
Alabama'sstorydidnotendthere.OnNovember7,1984,FrenchdiversfromtheminesweeperCircdiscoveredtheremainsoftheshiplyinginabout195feetof
watersixmilesoffCherbourg.ThesiteisundertheprotectionofajointFrenchandAmericanauthority.
Gurout,"EngagementbetweentheC.S.S.AlabamaandtheU.S.S.Kearsarge."Leary,"'Alabama'vs.'Kearsarge.'"Robinson,SharkoftheConfederacy.Semmes,Memoirsof
ServiceAfloat.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.

USSAlabama(BB60)
SouthDakotaclassbattleship.L/B/D:680'108.2'29.3'(207.3m33.2m8.9m).Tons:35,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,793.Arm.:916"(33),20
5",2440mm,4020mm.Armor:12.2"belt,5.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,130,000shp,4screws28kts.Built:NorfolkNavyYard,Portsmouth,Va.
1942.
USSAlabama'sfirstoverseasassignmentwaswiththeBritishHomeFleetinthesummerof1943,whensheandhersistershipSouthDakotasailedonArctic
convoysandindiversionarymaneuversaimedatdivertingGermanattentionfromtheAlliedlandingsinSicily.DetachedfromthisdutyinAugust,shesailedforthe
SouthPacific,arrivingintheNewHebridesinSeptember.Alabama'ssubsequentcareerinthePacifictheaterofWorldWarIIfairlymirrorsthecourseoftheAllied
advanceagainstJapan.SheescortedfastcarrierforcesinoperationsintheGilbertIslandsinNovembertheMarshallIslandsinlateJanuaryandFebruarythe
CarolineIslandsinMarchandonthecoastofNewGuineainApril1944.FollowingamonthofrepairsinMajuro,MarshallIslands(capturedonJanuary31),
AlabamarejoinedTaskForce58fortheinvasionoftheMarianaIslandsinJune,takingpartintheBattleofthePhilippineSea,June1920,andsupportingthe
landingsonSaipanandelsewhere.AfterupkeepatEniwetokintheMarshalls,shebecameflagshipofRearAdmiralE.W.Hanson'sBattleshipDivision9.She
supportedlandingsintheCarolinesbeforeheadingeastfortheinvasionofthePhilippinesinmidOctober.SheoperatedinthePhilippinesthroughDecember.After
weatheringthetyphoonofDecember18,inwhichthedestroyersUSSHull,Monaghan,andSpenceweresunk,shereturnedtoPugetSound,Washington,for
overhaul.AlabamarejoinedTF58inMay,providinggunfiresupportagainststubbornJapanesepositionsonOkinawa(fiveweeksaftertheAmericanlandingson
April1)andsupportedcarrieroperationsintheRyukyusandKyushu,thesouthernmostoftheJapanesemainislands.Aspartofthe3rdFleet,inJulyAlabamatook
partinthebombardmentoftargetsintheheartofJapan,includingindustrialsitesonlyeightmilesnorthofTokyo.
FollowingtheJapanesesurrenderonAugust15,AlabamaremainedinJapanesewatersuntilSeptember20,whensheembarked700sailorsenroutetoSanPedro
aspartofOperationMagicCarpet.DecommissionedatSeattlein1947,sheremainedinreserveuntil1962.TwoyearslatershewastowedtoMobile,Alabama,
whereshewasopenedtothepublicasafloatingmemorialandmuseumship.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSAlbacore(AGSS569)
Submarine.L/B/D:203.8'27.3'18.6'(62.1m8.3m5.7m).Tons:1,242/1,837disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:36.Mach.:diesel/electric,1screw25/20+kts.
Built:PortsmouthNavalShipyard,Kittery,Me.1953.
Thethirdnavalvessel(andsecondsubmarine)sonamed,USSAlbacorewasbuiltspecificallyasatestmodelfornewconceptsinsubmarinedesign.Oneofthe
Navy'sprimaryaimswastodevelopahullofoptimalhydrodynamicefficiencythatcouldalsoaccommodateanuclearpropulsionplant,thedesignforwhichwasjust
underway.Sincenuclearpowerrequirednooxygen,asdieselenginesdid,andastherewerewaysofconvertingcarbondioxidetooxygenforthecrew,thiswould
meanthatsubmarinescouldoperatesubmergedforalmostunlimitedperiods.OneofthemostobviousdifferencesbetweenAlbacoreandherpredecessorsisthe
roundedsurfacesofherhull

Page14

andtheabandonmentofdeckgunsandotherfittingsthatimpedehydrodynamicefficiency.Thisdesignconceptlaterbecameuniversal.WorldWarIIsubmarines,by
contrast,lookedlikenarrowboatswithpointedbowsandflatdecks.Albacoreundertookavarietyofcruisestotestpropeller,rudder,anddiveplaneconfigurations,
soundreductionmaterials,sonarandradiosystems,andemergencyrecoverydevices.Theseresultedinfaster,quieter,safer,andmuchmoremaneuverable
submarines.Albacorewasdecommissionedin1972andisnowonexhibitatthePortsmouthNavalShipyard.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Albatros
(exAlk)Schooner(2m).L/B/D:82.8'20.8'9.8'(25.2m6.3m3m).Tons:93grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:19.Mach.:aux.,1screw.Built:Rijkswerf,
Amsterdam1920.
OriginallynamedAlk,theschoonerlaterknownasAlbatrosspenttwodecadesworkingtheNorthSeabeforebeingpurchasedbytheGermangovernmentin1937.
TwelveyearslatershewaspurchasedbyRoyalRotterdamLloydforuseasatrainingshipforfutureofficers.Hersmallsizemadeheridealforthiskindofworkasthe
dozentraineescouldreceivepersonalattentionfromthesixorsoprofessionalcrew.WhileunderDutchownershipshesailedextensivelyintheNorthSea,with
occasionalvoyagesasfarasSpainandPortugal.
TheAmericanyachtsmanErnestK.GannpurchasedAlbatrosin1956,reriggedherasabrigantine,andspentthreeyearscruisinginthePacific.In1959,Ocean
Academy,Ltd.,ofDarien,Connecticut,acquiredtheformertrainingshipwiththeintentofputtingherbackinthatlineofwork.Overthenextthreeyears,Dr.
ChristopherB.Sheldonandhiswife,Dr.AliceStrahanSheldon,ranprogramsforuptofourteenstudentsintheCaribbeanandeasternPacific.OnMay3,1961,
whileenroutefromProgreso,Mexico,toNassau,theBahamas,shewashitbyawhitesquallabout125mileswestoftheDryTortugasandsankalmostinstantly,
takingwithherfourstudents,AliceSheldon,andthecook.ThelossofAlbatrospromptedtheU.S.CoastGuardtoundertakeathoroughreviewofthestabilityand
designrequirementsforsailingschoolships,thenewrulesforwhichwerecodifiedintheSailingSchoolVesselsActof1982.WhiteSquall,afilmbasedontheship's
tragicloss,wasreleasedin1995.
Pressreports.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.Film:WhiteSquall.

Albengawreck
Hull:wood.Built:Mediterraneanca.100BCE.
TheAlbengawreckisthatofasailingmerchantshipthatsankin443'N,815'Eabout1kilometereastofAlbenga,Italy,intheGulfofGenoa.Lyingatadepthof
4042meters,thewreckwasfirstlocatedinmoderntimeswhenfishermenrecoveredamphoraefromthesitein1930.Thewreckwasfurtherexaminedin1950,and
systematicarchaeologicalexcavationsunderthedirectionofDr.NinoLambogliabeganin1957.Becausethewrecksettledintoabedofriversilt,thehullandbottom
werewellpreserved.Lamboglia'sinvestigationsrevealedthattheframeswereofoak,theplankingofsoftwood,andthehullwassheathedwithleadsheetsfastened
withcoppernails.Themainmast,whichsurvivedinsitu,wassquareinsectionasfarasthemainbeamandroundabove.TheAlbengaship'soriginalcarryingcapacity
hasbeenestimatedat11,000to13,500amphorae,implyingagrosstonnageofasmuchas500to600tonsinmodernterms.Approximately1,200amphoraewere
recoveredfromthewreck,andaredresiduefoundinmanyofthejarssuggeststhatthemaincargowaswine.Thejarswerewedgedinplaceintheholdwithpumice,
ratherthantheusualbrushwood.Somefinetablewares,foundstackedbetweentheamphorae,werealsopartofthecargo,whilecoarsercookingpots,jugs,and
storagevesselsprobablybelongedtothegalley.
Parker,AncientShipwrecksoftheMediterranean.Taylor,ed.,MarineArchaeology.Throckmorton,ShipwrecksandArchaeology.

AlbertBallin
(laterHansa,SovietskySojus)Liner(2f/4m).L/B/D:602.2'78.7'(183.6m24m).Tons:20,815grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st2502nd340,3rd1,060.Mach.:
steamturbines,2screws16kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1923.
In1913,theHamburgAmerikaLinie(Hapag)wasthelargestmerchantshippingfleetintheworld,thanksingreatparttothecompany'sbrilliantgeneraldirector,
AlbertBallin,thedrivingforcebehindsuchworldclasstransatlanticlinersasImperator(latertheBERENGARIA),Vaterland(LEVIATHAN),andBismarck
(MAJESTIC).OverwhelmedbythelossesoftheGreatWar,Ballinkilledhimselfin1919.Whenthecompanybeganbuildingnewshipsforthetransatlantictradein
1923,thefirstpairwerethesistershipsAlbertBallinandDeutschland.(TheslightlylargerHamburgandNewYorkenteredservicein1926and1927.)Albert
Ballinmadehermaidenvoy

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Imagenotavailable.
NamedfortheprincipalarchitectofGermany'sgreat
passengershippingfleetintheyearsbeforeWorldWarI,
ALBERTBALLINisseenherebeforeherfirstrenaming
in1934.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

agefromHamburgtoSouthamptonandNewYorkin1923.Sheunderwentseveralmodificationsinthelate1920s.Touristclassaccommodationswereaddedin
1928(thesecondclasswasdroppedaltogetherin1930),andshewasreenginedin1929toachieveaspeedof19knots.In1934shewaslengthenedto645'8"and
herspeedincreasedto21.5knots.Thefollowingyear,Germany'snewlyinstalledNazigovernmentorderedherrenamedonthegroundsthatBallinwasJewishin
1936herfirstclassaccommodationswerechangedtocabinclass,tourist,andthirdclass.Herlasttransatlanticvoyagewascompletedin1939,afterwhichsheserved
asanaccommodationandtrainingship.MinedoffWarnemndeonMarch3,1945,whiletakingpartintheevacuationofGdynia,shewastakenoverbytheSoviet
UnionafterthewarandenteredservicewithonefunnelastheSovietskySojus,sailingoutofVladivostok.Overhauledin1971,shewasscrappedin1981.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

HMSAlecto
Steamsloop(1f/3m).L/B/D:164'32.7'12.6'(50m10m3.8m).Tons:796bm.Hull:wood.Mach.:directactingengine,280ihp,sidewheels8.5kts.Built:
ChathamDockyard1839.
NamedforoneofthefuriesofGreekmythology,Alectowasabrigantineriggedsidewheelsteamer.SheservedforsixyearswiththeMediterraneanfleet.Builtata
timewhentheAdmiraltywerebeginningtobelievethatscrewpropulsionwasmoreefficientthanpaddlewheels,Alectoisbestrememberedforherroleinaseriesof
trialsagainstHMSRATTLER,anearsistershipfittedwithasinglescrewinsteadofpaddles.Inthespringof1845,theAdmiraltysponsoredaseriesoftwelvetrials
betweenthetwoships.Theseincludedracesundersteam,undersailalone,oneundersteamtowingtheothernotunderpower,andthemostfamous,atugofwar
heldonApril3.Inthis,thetwoshipswerejoinedbyalinerunningfromsterntostern.Alectogotsteamupfirst,towingRattleratabout2knotsbeforethelatter's
engineswereengaged.Withinfiveminutes,RattlerhadbroughtAlectotoastandstillandsoonmanagedtopullthesidewheelersternfirstatabout2.8knots.Although
theresultsseemtohavebeenaforegoneconclusion,thedemonstrationsweregoodpublicityfortheAdmiralty'ssubsequentadoptionofthescrewasthepreferred
meansofauxiliary,andlaterprimary,propulsion.Attheendof1845,Alectoresumedmoreregularassignments,includingfiveyearsontheAmericanstation,and
severalyearsonthecoastofAfrica.Shewasbrokenupin1865.
Brown,BeforetheIronclad.

HMSAlert
Screwsloop(1f/3m).L/B:160'32'(48.8m9.8m).Tons:751bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:1732pdr.Mach.:steam,1screw.Built:PembrokeDockyard,Wales
1856.
FollowingthesearchforSirJohnFranklin'sexpeditioninthemidnineteenthcentury,BritishinterestinArcticexplorationwaned.WhentheBritishagainturnednorth,
itwastoconductresearchinterrestrialmagnetismandthesearchforthenorthmagneticpole.In1875,theAdmiraltydispatchedHMSAlertandDiscoveryunderthe
commandofCaptainGeorgeS.Nares.AveteranofHMSRESOLUTEinthelastgovernmentsponsoredsearchforFranklin,Nareswasreassignedfromcommand
oftheCHALLENGERexpeditionspecificallytotakechargeoftheBritishArcticExpedition.
ThetwoshipsleftPortsmouthonMay29,1875,andaftertakingaboarddogsinGreenland,proceededuptheDavisStraitasfarasEllesmereIsland'sLadyFranklin
Bay.DiscoveryremainedtherewhileAlertpressedontoCapeSheridan(8224'N),53milestothenorthanewfarthestnorthpoint.Sheremainediceboundfrom
September1,1875,toJuly31,1876.InApril1876,separatepartiesweresentouttoexplore.CommanderMarkhamandhismenreached8320'N400miles
shyofthe

Page16

Imagenotavailable.
Thisphoto,byeitherThomasMitchellorGeorgeWhite,showsmenfromtheALERTcuttingiceblocksduringan
expeditiontoGreenlandinthe1870s.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

NorthPole,andLieutenantBeaumont'sexpeditiontonortheastGreenlandreached8218'N.Thesepartiesandtheships'companieswerestrickenwithscurvy,and
severalmendiedbeforetheexpeditionwasbroughtundercontrol.AlertbegandriftingsouthinJulyinAugustsheandDiscoverygotunderwayagainfrom
DiscoveryHarbor,reachingEnglandinOctober.TheexpeditionprovedthatGreenlandwasanislandandlaidtorestthetheoryofanicefreepolarsea.(Inhonorof
Alert'sachievement,theworld'snorthernmostpermanentlymannedsettlement,onEllesmereIsland,isnamedAlert.)
NaresagaincommandedAlertin1878,onatwoyearhydrographicsurveyoftheStraitofMagellan.LaidupatChathamonherreturn,theshipwasrefittedand
donatedtotheUnitedStatestosailinCaptainWinfieldScottSchley'sexpeditionforthereliefofthestrandedAdolphusGreelyexpeditiononEllesmereIsland.
Nares,NarrativeofaVoyagetothePolarSea.

Alfred
(exBlackPrince)Ship(3m).Tons:440.Comp.:220.Arm.:209pdr,106pdr.Built:JohnWharton(?),Philadelphia1774.
ThemerchantmanBlackPrincemadetwovoyagestoEnglandbeforebeingrequisitionedforawarshipbytheContinentalCongressonNovember4,1775.
RenamedforAlfredtheGreat,theninthcenturyBritishkingcreditedwithbuildingEngland'sfirstfleet,AlfredwasputundercommandofCaptainDudleySaltonstall.
ShewasmadeflagshipofCommodoreEsekHopkins'seightshipsquadron(includingColumbus,Cabot,AndrewDoria,PROVIDENCE,Fly,HORNET,and
WASP),whichoccupiedNassaufortwoweeksinMarch1776.OnOctober26,CaptainJohnPaulJones(alieutenantonherfirstvoyage)leftNewLondonfora
cruiseoffNovaScotiaduringwhichAlfredcapturednineshipsbeforereturningtoBostononDecember26.ThefollowingAugust,underCaptainElishaHinman,
AlfredandRaleighsailedforFranceformilitarysupplies.ReturningviatheWestIndies,the

Page17

twoshipswereengagedbytheBritishshipsHMSAriadne(20guns)andCeres(14)onMarch29,1778.AlfredwascapturedandacquiredbytheRoyalNavyat
Barbados.Shewassoldoutofservicein1782.
McCusker,"Alfred,"theFirstContinentalFlagship"AmericanInvasionofNassauintheBahamas."

AliceS.Wentworth
(exLizzieA.Tolles)Schooner(2m).L/B/D:73.2'bp23.7'7.5'dph(22.3m7.2m2.3m).Tons:68grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:2.Built:SouthNorwalk,
Conn.1863.
BuiltoriginallyforthebricktradebetweentheConnecticutshoreofLongIslandSoundandtheHudsonRiver,LizzieA.TolleswaspurchasedbytheStevensfamily
ofWells,Maine,inthe1890s.In1905,CaptainArthurA.Stevenssothoroughlyrebuiltherthatwasshewasdocumentedasnewhealsorenamedtheschoonerfor
hisniece.AliceS.WentworthworkedinthecoastaltradesoutofKennebunkandPortlanduntilherpurchasebyZebulonTiltonofMartha'sVineyardin1921.
Together,thetwowentontobecomethemostcelebratedschoonerandmasteroftheirday.
Thetruckingindustryhadalreadybeguntomakeitspresencefeltamongtheworkingfleets,buttherewasstillmoneytobemadetradinginlumberandnails,Long
Islandoysters,pavingoilfromNewJersey,plumbingsuppliesandshinglingfromNewYork,and,ononeoccasion,ten10,000gallonfueltanks,carriedtwoata
time,fromNewBedfordtoNantucket.Zebdisdainedmechanicaldevicesandonlyacquiredanauxiliaryyawlboatwhenitbecameclearthathecouldnottrade
competitivelywithoutone.Duringthedepression,healsocarriedpassengersforafternooncruises.Longpopularwithcelebritiesandthewelltodo,theVineyard
offeredupaninterestingcastofdaytrippers,includingthestarsofstageandscreenJamesCagneyandKatherineCornell.
In1939,ZebwasindebtandWentworthwasseizedandsoldataMarshall'sauctiontoCaptainRalphParker,whoformedtheSchoonerAliceS.Wentworth
AssociatesandhiredZebascaptain.ShareholdersincludednotonlyCagney,Cornell,andtobaccoheirGriswoldLorillard,butshopkeepersandotheradmirersfrom
NewBedfordtoNantucket.ZebandtheWentworthworkedtogetheruntil1942,whenZeb,ageseventyfive,waslaidupafteraneyeoperation.Bythetimehewas
readytoputtoseaagain,AliceS.WentworthhadbeensoldtoParkerJ.Hall,thefirstofeightownerswhowouldsailherinavarietyoftradesinMainewaters.
Fromabout1959sheoperatedasapassengerboatoutofRocklandandlaterBoston.In1974,whileawaitingrestoration,shewasdestroyedinagale.
Burroughs,Zeb.Leavitt,WakeoftheCoasters.

Alliance
(exHancock)Frigate(3m).L/B/D:151'36'x12.5'(46m11m3.8m).Tons:900.Hull:wood.Comp.:300.Arm.:2812pdr,89pdr.Built:William&
JamesK.Hackett,Essex,Mass.1777.
LaunchedasHancock,butrenamedinrecognitionoftheFrenchentryintotheAmericanRevolutionagainstBritain,Alliancewasoneofthemostcelebrated
Americanshipsofthewar.Herfirstmission,underCaptainPierreLandais,wastocarrytheMarquisdeLafayettetoFrancetopleadformoresupportforthe
colonists.SheleftBostononJanuary4,1779.AmutinybyproBritishcrewwasdiscoveredandsuppressedandtheshipwentontocapturetwoprizesbefore
landingatBrestaftertwentythreedaysatsea.BenjaminFranklinthenassignedtheshiptoCaptainJohnPaulJones'ssquadron.Landaisresentedtheassignment,and
heisbelievedtohavedeliberatelyrammedtheflagship,BONHOMMERICHARD,duringtheconvoy'spassagefromBresttoBourdeauxinJune.Whiletakingpart
inJones'sraidingcruisearoundtheBritishIslesinAugustandSeptember,LandaiswasrepeatedlyinsubordinatethoughAlliancecapturedthreeshipsbeforerounding
thenorthofScotland.DuringBonhommeRichard'sepicfightwithHMSSerapisonSeptember23,Landaisatfirststoodofffromthebattleandthenfired
broadsidesintothegrappledshipsthatcausedasmuchdamageanddeathtotheAmericansastotheBritish.Afterthebattle,AlliancesailedwithJones'ssquadronto
theNetherlands,whereLandaiswasrelievedofcommand.
OnDecember27,flyingJones'sflag,AllianceslippedtheBritishblockadeofftheTexelandsaileddowntheEnglishChannelandthensouthtoLaCorua,Spain,
beforereturningtoBrest.AlthoughFranklinurgedJonestoloadacargoofarmsandsuppliesandreturntotheUnitedStatesatonce,Jonesdelayedandtraveledto
Paris.Whilehewasaway,LandaisappearedatBrestandusurpedcommandofhisoldvessel.AlthoughtheFrenchofferedtostopAlliance,byforceifnecessary,
JoneslettheshipsailunderLandais,whoseshipmateslaterlockedhimupbecausetheythoughthewasinsane.
CaptainJohnBarryassumedcommandofAllianceatBostoninSeptember1780,buttheshipwasnotreadyforseauntilFebruary1781.Whenshesailedfor
France,her

Page18

passengersincludedGeorgeWashington'sformeraidedecampColonelJohnLaurensandThomasPaine.AfteronlythreeweeksatBrest,shesailedforhomein
companywiththeformerFrenchEastIndiamanMarquisdeLafayetteloadedwitharmsandsuppliesfortheContinentalArmy.OnApril2,Alliancecapturedthe
privateerbrigsMarsandMinerva.Prizecrewswereputaboardboth,butagaintheFrenchprovedfickleallies.MinervasailedforFrance,andMarquisde
LafayettelaterabandonedBarry,onlytobecapturedbytheBritish.
OnMay27,stillstrugglingforhome,AlliancewasengagedbytheBritishsloopsHMSTrepassyandAtalanta(both14guns).Unmaneuverableinthelightairs,
AlliancecouldnotpositionherselfagainsttheBritishships,whichpoundedherrepeatedlyfrompositionsastern.Barrywasseriouslywoundedbutrefusedto
surrender,andwhenthewindsprangupheworkedhisshipbetweenhisopponentsandforcedthembothtosurrender.AlliancefinallyreturnedtoBostononJune6.
TheAmericanRevolutionendedwiththesurrenderofGeneralCornwallis'sarmyatYorktownandonDecember24,sheembarkedtheMarquisdeLafayetteforhis
returntoFrance,arrivingatBrestonJanuary17,1782.Twomonthslater,shesailedforhomewithdispatchesfromBenjaminFranklin,butcontraryweathermadefor
alongcrossingtoNewLondon,whereshearrivedonMay13.AllianceputtoseaagaininAugustand,aspeacestillwasnotformallydeclared,tookeightprizes.
TwowerereturnedtotheUnitedStatesandtheothersaccompaniedAlliancetoFrancewheretheyarrivedinOctober.TwomonthslaterBarrywasorderedtothe
WestIndiesforaconsignmentofgold,onlytofindthatithadalreadybeenloadedaboardtheAmericanwarshipDucdeLauzan.Sailingasanescort,Alliancefought
offanattackbythefrigatesHMSAlarm(32guns)andSybil(28)andthesloopofwarTobago(14)onMarch11,1783.Noneofthecombatantsknewthatpeace
hadbeenachievedthroughtheTreatyofParisinJanuary.ThesewerethelastshotsoftheAmericanRevolution.
AlliancereturnedtoNewport,andinJunewasorderedbyCongresstocarryacargooftobaccofromPhiladelphiatoFrance.TheshipgroundedleavingNewport,
butnodamagewasdetecteduntilaftershehadlefttheDelaware,whenaleakforcedherbacktoPhiladelphia.Fundswereunavailableforherrepair,andthelastship
oftheContinentalNavywassoldoutofserviceinAugust1785,toJohnCoburn,whointurnsoldhertoRobertMorris,formerlyAgentofMarineoftheContinental
Congress.MorrisconvertedherformerchantservicetoChinaandunderCaptainThomasReadAlliancesailedforCantoninJune1787,becomingonlytheeighth
U.S.flagvesseltoenterthatport,onDecember22.ShereturnedtoPhiladelphiaonSeptember17,1788.Hersubsequentcareerisunknown,exceptthatshewas
finallyabandonedonPettyIslandontheDelawareRiver.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Aloha
Bark(3m).L/B/D:216'35'16'(65.8m10.7m4.9m).Tons:659grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:39crew.Mach.:steam,1screw.Des.:ClintonCrane.Built:Fore
RiverShipbuildingCo.,Quincy,Mass.1910.
ThebarkAlohawasthesecondyachtofthenameownedbyArthurCurtissJames,aprominentindustrialistandcommodoreoftheNewYorkYachtClub.James's
previousyachtsincludedCORONETandthefirstAloha,a160footsteambrigantineinwhichhehadsailedtoJapan.HeintendedtosailAlohaonaroundthe
worldvoyage.AlohamadeseveralvoyagestotheMediterraneanandtheRedSeabeforeWorldWarIrestrictedhertoAmericanwaters.In1917,shewas
transferredtotheU.S.NavyandservedastheflagshipofRearAdmiralCameronMcRaeWinslow,InspectorofNavalDistricts,EastCoast,until1919.
InSeptember1921,Jamesandapartyoffriendsembarkedonhislongawaitedworldcruise,sailingfromNewYorktotheCaribbean,throughthePanamaCanal,
acrosstheNorthPacifictoJapanandcontinuingwestacrosstheIndianOcean,uptheRedSeaandtoMarseilles,wherethepassengers'voyageofficiallyended.
Alohametfickleorcontrarywindsandwasforcedtomotormuchoftheway,stoppingatexoticports.Followingthisvoyage,shecontinuedtosailonextended
cruisestoEuropeandalongtheEastCoastuntilshewasbrokenupin1938.
Robinson,LegendaryYachts.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Altmark
(laterUckermark)Tanker.L/B/D:463'68'x27'(141.1m20.7m8.2m).Tons:7,021grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:130.Mach.:gearedturbines22kts.Built:
Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1938.
NamedforaregionofGermany,AltmarkwasanunarmedGermantankerthatservedasasupplyshipandrepositoryforcapturedseamenforanumberofGerman
surfaceraiders.OnAugust3,1939,shesailedfromWilhelmshavenunderCaptainHeinrichDau.AfterrefuelinginPortArthur,Texas,sherendezvousedwiththe
pocketbattleshipADMIRALGRAFSPEEneartheAzoresonAugust28.AfterGrafSpee'slossinDecember,Altmarkre

Page19

Imagenotavailable.
ThispaintingbyNormanWilkinson,oneofthefinest
BritishwarartistsofWorldWarII,showstheBritish
destroyerCOSSACKcomingalongsidetheauxiliary
oilerALTMARK,sterntotheland,toliberatehundreds
ofPOWsoriginallycapturedbytheGermanraiderGRAF
SPEE.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

mainedintheSouthAtlanticforamonthbeforemakingforhomeandenteredNorwegianwatersinFebruary.Knowingtherewere299Britishmerchantseamen
aboard,HMSArethusaattemptedtosearchtheship,butwaspreventedfromdoingsobytheNorwegiantorpedoboatsKjellandSkarv.PrimeMinisterWinston
ChurchillthenorderedthedestroyerHMSCOSSACK,underCaptainPhilipVian,toviolateNorwegianneutralityandrescuethemen.OnFebruary16,1940,
CossackenteredJssingFjordnearBergen.AcrewboardedAltmarkwiththecry,"TheNavy'shere!"andrescuedtheircompatriots.Otherwiseunscathed,
AltmarkreturnedtoGermanyand,renamedUckermark,wasassignedtothecruisersGNEISENAUandSCHARNHORSTandcommerceraiderMichel.On
November30,1942,shewasberthedatYokohama,Japan,whensheblewup.
Bennett,BattleoftheRiverPlate.Frischauer&Jackson,TheNavy'sHere!

Alvin
Submersible.L/B/D:22'8'7'(7m2.4m2.1m).Tons:16disp.Hull:steelspherealuminumframe.Comp.:3.Mach.:leadacidbatteries,3screws1kt.
Des.:BudFroelich.Built:GeneralMills,Minneapolis,Minn.,andHahn&Clay,Houston,Tex.(sphere)1964.
Irkedbythefactthatoceanographershadnowaytoobservetheworkingsoftheoceandepthsexceptthroughwhattheycouldmeasureorcapturefromthedeckofa
surfaceship,AllynVineproposedthedevelopmentofasubmarinewithwindows.AtameetingofoceanographersheldinWashington,D.C.,in1956,Vine,aWoods
HoleOceanographicInstituteoceanengineer,observedthat
agoodinstrumentcanmeasurealmostanythingbetterthanapersoncanifyouknowwhatyouwanttomeasure....Butpeoplearesoversatile,theycansensethingstobedone
andcaninvestigateproblems.IfinditdifficulttoimaginewhatkindofinstrumentshouldhavebeenputontheBEAGLEinsteadofCharlesDarwin.

Sixyearslater,theOfficeofNavalResearchandWoodsHolecontractedwithGeneralMills/LittonIndustriestobuildtheNavy'sfirstDeepSubmergenceResearch
Vessel,whichwascommissionedonJune5,1964,withthenameAlvin,forALlynVINe.
ThoughdesignedspecificallyforoceanographicresearchtobeoperatedbyWoodsHole,AlvinhadbeenpaidforbytheNavy,forwhichshehasundertakenseveral
searchandrecoverymissions.ThefirstofthesewastofindahydrogenbomblostintheseaaboutfivemilessoutheastofPalomares,Spain,afteraU.S.AirForceB
52collidedwithaKC135tankerplaneduringrefuelingonJanuary17,1966.Lessthanamonthlater,AlvinandthelessmaneuverableAluminautbegansearching
forthemissingbombinanarea135milessquareandover2,600feetdeep.OnMarch15,duringthenineteenthdive,MarvinMcCamis,CalWilson,andArtBartlett
locatedthebomb,whichwasfinallyrecoveredfromadepthof2,800feetonApril7.
In1985,AlvinveteranBobBallardbeganplanningasearchforRMSTITANIC.OnAugust31,followinginitialsiteresearchbyaFrenchteam,camerasonthe
Argo,aremotelyoperatedvehicle(ROV)tetheredtotheresearchshipKnorr,locatedthesunkenlineratadepthof3,780meters.ThenextJuly,Ballard,Dudley
Foster,andRalphHollisdescendedinAlvin,towhichwastetheredtheROVJasonJunior.Afterathreehour,fiftyminutesearchontheirfirstdive,theybecamethe
firstpeopletoseethemajesticlinersincehertragicsinkingonApril14,1912.
WhilethesetwospectacularinvestigationsarethebestknownofAlvin'sresearch,thesubmersiblehasbeenusedinmorethan2,000scientificdivessince1967.
OperatingfirstfromamakeshiftpontoonmothershipnamedLulu(forVine'smother),andsince1982fromavarietyofothervessels,Alvinhasservedasavehicle
forgroundbreakingresearchoftheoceanfloorandsubmarinecanyons,examininggeologicalfeaturesandgatheringbiologicalspecimensincludingaswordfishthat
wedgeditsswordbetweenAlvin'spassengersphereandtheouter

Page20

frameatadepthof2,000feet.OnOctober16,1968,Alvinslippedoutofhercradlewhilebeinglaunchedandsankin1,535metersshewasrecoveredonLabor
Day,1969,afterbeinglocatedbyAluminaut.In1974theoriginalspherewasreplacedbyatitaniumone,andthesameyearAlvinconductedjointresearchofthe
MidAtlanticRidgewiththeFrenchvesselsArchimedeandCyanainProjectFamous.ThreeyearslaterAlvinundertookherfirstresearchinthePacific,offthe
GalapagosRift.LaterresearchhastakenherasfarnorthastheStraitofJuandeFuca,inthePacific,andtheGulfofMaineintheAtlantic.
Kaharl,WaterBaby.

AlvinClark
Topsailschooner(2m).L/B/D:105.8'25.4'9.4'(32.2m7.7m2.9m).Tons:220grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:7.Built:JosephM.Keating,Trenton,Mich.
1846.
TheGreatLakesschoonerAlvinClarkwasageneraltraderbuiltforJohnPearsonClarkofDetroit.Shecarriedavarietyofcargoesbetweenportsontheupper
lakes,loadinglumberforBuffaloandOswegototheeast,returningwithsalt,barrelstaves,andmanufacturedgoodsforWhitefishBayandTwoRivers,Wisconsin.
ThereshewouldloadlumberandshinglesforChicago,orcallatWhitefishBayforwheatorfish.Manysmallercommunitieswerealsoserved.OnJune29,1864,
AlvinClarkwassailingfromChicagotoOconto,Wisconsin,onGreenBay.ShehadjustpassedthroughDeath'sDoorPassagebetweentheDoorPeninsulaand
PlumIslandwhenshecapsizedinasquallandsankrapidlywiththreeofherfivecrew.
InNovember1967,scubadiverFrankHoffmannwasaskedtofreeafisherman'snetfromanobstructioninGreenBayandsodiscoveredtheremainsofAlvin
Clark,hermastsinplaceandthehullinexcellentshapethankstothepreservativepropertiesofcold(3040F),freshwater.WithapermitfromtheU.S.Army
CorpsofEngineers,Hoffmannasometimejanitorandsaloonkeeperandacrewofamateurdiversbegantoraisethevessel.Twoyearslater,AlvinClarkwas
towedintoMarinette,Wisconsin,greetedby15,000people.TheSmithsonianInstitution'sHowardChapellewrote:
ThisisatruetreasureoftheGreatLakes.Yourrecoveryoftheschoonerisoffargreaterimportancethanafewgoldcoinsorahullfragmentofasupposedtreasureship.Inyour
findwewillnowbeabletoputtogetheringreatparttherealworkingcraftofthepast.

Unfortunately,Hoffmannwaspreparedneitherprofessionallynorfinanciallytomaintainhisfind.Despitehiseffortstofindqualifiedorganizationswhowouldreimburse
himforhisexpensesandlookaftertheship,nonewasforthcoming.Overtheyears,thehullbegantodryout,andHoffmannwasforcedtopreserveAlvinClark
himself.WithnotouristbasetodrawoninMarinette,theincomefortheship'smaintenancewasfarshortoftheneed.Bythemid1990s,theschooner'sdesiccated
remainswashedashoreinMenominee,Michigan,justovertheborderfromMarinette.
Spectre,''AlvinClark."

Amarylis
Catamaran(1m).L/D:25'4"(7.6m0.1m).Hull:wood.Des.:NathanaelG.Herreshoff.Built:JohnBrownHerreshoff,Bristol,R.I.1875.
In1875,NathanaelG.HerreshoffwasanemployeeoftheCorlissSteamEngineCompany,inProvidence,RhodeIsland,whenhedesignedthecatamaran,Amarylis.
Whiletheconceptofthecatamaranwasbynomeansnew,Herreshoff
deviseda[patented]systemofjointedconnectionsbetweenthehullsandintermediatestructurethatcarriedtherig,sothehullscouldpitchanddiveindependentlywithbutlittle
restraint.Thesecatamaranscouldsailveryfast,andwouldmake20m.p.h.onaclosereach,also8m.p.h.deadtowindward.

HerreshofffullyintendedAmarylistobesailedforcruising,andhewasupsetwhenin1876theCentennialRegattaracecommitteeinNewYorkdisqualifiedhis
catamarantheoutrightwinneronthegroundsthathistent(thepeakofwhichwaslashedtotheraisedboom)didnotconstitutepropercruisingaccommodation.
Herreshoffattemptedtogointobusinessforhimselfonthestrengthofthecatamarandesign,buttherewasvirtuallynomarketandonlythreesuchcraftwerebuiltafter
heandhisbrotherformedtheHerreshoffManufacturingCompanyin1877.AmaryliswassoldtoFredHughesbuthereventualfateisunknown.In1933,K.T.
Keller,presidentoftheChryslerCorporation,orderedanearreplicanamedAmarylisII.AfterhalfacenturyattheFordDearbornMuseum,thisvesselwasgivento
theHerreshoffMarineMuseuminBristol,RhodeIsland.
Bray&Pinheiro,HerreshoffofBristol.Pinheiro,"HerreshoffCatamaransAmarylis."

Page21

Ambrose(LV87)
Lightship(1f/2m).L/B/D:135.4'29'12.8'(41.2m8.8m3.9m).Tons:683disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:9.Mach.:compoundengine,325ihp,1screw10kts.
Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,Camden,N.J.1907.
In1823,theU.S.governmentestablisheditsfirstlightshipstationoffSandyHook,NewJersey,tomarktheentrancetotheportofNewYork.Sixyearslater,the
stationwaswithdrawnfromservice.Between1839and1967,sevenshipswereassignedtothestationcontinuously,includingbothworldwars.Knownfirstasthe
SandyHooklightship,in1908thestationwasrenamedAmbroseChannelinhonorofJohnW.Ambrose,aNewYorkbusinessmanwhowasinstrumentalingetting
thefederalgovernmenttoimproveshippingchannelsintoandoutofthecountry'sbusiestport.Nolessimportantthanchannelmaintenancewasthelightmarkingthe
approachestoNewYorkthroughoutitshistory,theAmbroselightwasanimportantleadingmarkforcoastwiseandtransatlanticshipping.
TheoldestsurvivingoftheshipsthatservedAmbroseChannelwasthefourth,LV87,whichwasonthestationcontinuouslyfrom1908to1932.Originally(andonly
briefly)schoonerriggedtoprovidebalancingsailsforheavyweather,shebeganhercareerwithoillenslanterns,whichwereeventuallyreplacedbyincandescentlights
withtwo375mmlenslanternsproviding15,000candlepower.In1921,shebecamethefirstlightshipequippedwitharadiobeacon.From1932to1936,sheserved
asareliefvesseloutofNewYork,andfrom1936to1962shewasassignedtotheScotlandlightshipstation(about4.5mileswestofAmbroselightship),exceptfor
twoyearsasanexaminationshipandthreeyearsatVineyardSound(194447).In1967,LV87wasdonatedtoNewYork'sSouthStreetSeaportMuseumforuse
asafloatingexhibit.ThelastshiptoserveAmbroseChannel,WLV613,builtin1952asNantucket,isalsousedasafloatingexhibitattheNewEnglandHistoric
SeaportinBoston.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Flint,LightshipsoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.

America
(laterCamilla,Memphis,America)Schooner(2m).L/B/D:101.8'23'11'(31m7m3.4m).Tons:180disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:25.Des.:GeorgeSteers.
Built:WilliamH.Brown,NewYork1851.
In1851,theNewYorkshipbuilderWilliamH.Brownconceivedaplantobuildanoceangoingracingschoonerfortheexpresspurposeofracingandbeating
EnglishyachtsinEnglishwaters.TothisendheproposedtobuildsuchavesselontheunderstandingthatasyndicateheadedbyNewYorkYachtClubCommodore
JohnCoxStevenspurchasetheschoonerfor$30,000ifsheprovedfasterthanthelocalcompetition,andthatBrownwouldbuyherbackifshelostinEngland.
UnderlyingBrown'sconfidentchallengewashisdesiretobuildavesseltorepresenttheUnitedStatesinracesheldinconjunctionwithBritain'sGreatExhibition,
whichopenedattheCrystalPalaceonMay1,1851,twodaysbeforeAmericawaslaunchedintotheEastRiver.
DesignedbythesuperintendentofBrown'smoldloft,thethirtyoneyearoldGeorgeSteers,America'sdesignrepresentedasignificantdeparturefromthetraditional,
bluffbowed"cod'sheadandmackereltail"model.AsJohnRousmanieredescribesit,"America'smostnotablefeaturewasthecombinationofsharp,wedgeshaped
bowtaperingverygraduallytoherwidestpointabouthalfwaybackfromthestem,andanothersubtletaperbacktoabroad,roundedtransom."Hertwomasts,with
arakeofabout2.75inchestothefoot(foranangleofabout14degrees),carriedamainsail,boomlessforesail,andsinglejib.Intrials,AmericalosttoMaria,a
Coxownedcenterboardsloopdesignedforinshoreracing,butthesyndicateofferedBrown$20,000forthejauntyschooner.ShesailedforFranceonJune21,
bearingaheavyresponsibilityforhercountry'shonor,forasHoraceGreeleydeclaredtosyndicatememberJamesHamilton(thesonofAlexanderandaformer
SecretaryofState),"Theeyesoftheworldareonyou.Youwillbebeaten,andthecountrywillbeabused...Ifyougoandarebeaten,youhadbetternotreturn.''
AfterfinetuninginLeHavre,AmericaanchoredofftheRoyalYachtSquadronatCowes,IsleofWight,onJuly31.
Unfortunatelyforthesyndicate,whohopedtorecouptheirexpenseswithwinningsfrommatchraces,America'smereappearancescaredoffbettors,andshelay
unchallengeduntilStevensdecidedtocompetefortheRoyalYachtSquadron's100CuponAugust22.Thiswasa53mileracearoundtheIsleofWight,without
timeallowance,and"opentoyachtsbelongingtotheclubsofallnations."AmericawastheonlynonEnglishentrantinthefleetofsevenschoonersandeightcutters.
Despiteabadstartat1000,anhourintotheraceshewasinfifthplace.AfterroundingNoman'sLandbuoy,thewindpickedupandshesteppedoutinfrontofthe
fleet.Althoughshebrokeajibboom(acquiredinEngland),whenshepassedtheNeedlesat1750,shehada7.5mileleadoverthesecondplaceAurora.Fifteen
minuteslater,AmericadippedherflagasshepassedtheroyalyachtVICTORIAANDALBERT,anhonorreturnedthefollowingdaywhentheQueenandPrince
Consortvisitedthevictoriousschooner,whichhadcrossedthefinishlineat

Page22

2053.America'striumphwasadmiredinEnglandandgreetedwithraptureintheUnitedStates.AddressingtheMassachusettsHouseofRepresentatives,anexultant
DanielWebsterdeclared,"LikeJupiteramongthegods,Americaisfirstandthereisnosecond!"
Withaneyetothebottomline,however,thesyndicatesoldAmericatoAngloIrishmanJohndeBlaquiere,whosetoffonaMediterraneancruise.InasecondIsleof
Wightracethenextyear,Americacameinlessthantwominutesoutoffirstplace.Laidup,shewassoldtoHenryMontaguUptonin1856,twoyearslaterto
shipbuilderHenrySothebyPitcher,andthentoHenryEdwardDecie,whoinApril1861sailedhertoSavannah.RenamedCamilla,shereturnedtoEnglandwith
ConfederategovernmentagentsDecieracedherafewmoretimesnearCowesbeforesailingforFranceinAugust.BytheendofOctobershewasatJacksonville,
Florida,whereshewassoldtotheConfederategovernmentand,possiblyrenamedMemphis,usedasablockaderunner.ScuttledintheSt.JohnRiver,Florida,
whentheUnionArmycapturedJacksonville,shewassalvagedbyLieutenantJohnStevens(norelationtoJohnCoxStevens).Reriggedandarmedwitha12pdr.
muzzleloadingrifleandtwo24pdr.smoothboreguns,USSAmericawascommissionedforservicewiththeSouthAtlanticBlockadingSquadron,inwhichshe
capturedorcausedtorunagroundthreeConfederatevessels.
AfterarefitatNewYorkin1863,shebegandutyasaschoolshipforU.S.NavalAcademymidshipmen.LaidupatAnnapolisin1866,shewasrecommissioned
fouryearslaterinordertocompeteinthefirstraceforthecupnamedinherhonor.Americaplacedfourthinthefleetoftwentyfourschoonersandcenterboard
sloopstheracewaswonbythecenterboardsloopMagic,andthesoleforeigncontestant,theschoonerCambria,cameintenth.Threeyearslater,shewassoldon
thegroundsthatherupkeepwastoocostly.Nonetheless,hernewowner,GeneralBenjaminButler,racedherfortwomoredecades.Asanunofficialcontestantinthe
1876America'sCuprace,shecameinonlyfiveminutesbehindMadeleineandnineteenminutesaheadoftheCanadianCountessofDufferin.AfterButler'sdeathin
1893,shepassedtohisgrandnephewButlerAmes,whoracedherforthelasttimein1901.
Laidupforfifteenyears,shewasdonatedtotheNavalAcademy.Illmaintained,in1940shewashauledandstoredunderashed.Whentheshedcollapsedin1942,
America'sfatewassealed,thoughitwasnotuntil1945thattheNavyorderedherbrokenup.Anearreplicawasbuiltin1967,andanotherin1995.
Rousmaniere,LowBlackSchooner.

America
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:233'43'28'(71m13.1m8.5m).Tons:2,054grt.Hull:wood.Built:GeorgeThomas,Quincy,Mass.1874.
BuiltfortheBostonmerchantfirmofThayer&Lincoln,theDownEasterAmericawaswellknownforherclipperlikespeedandfinelines.Crossingthreeskysail
yards,AmericamadehermaidenvoyagefromNewYorktoSanFranciscoin110days,andfromthereproceededtoLiverpool.Thisroute,betweenNewYork,the
WestCoast,andEurope,remainedheritinerarythroughthe1880s.AftergroundinginastormatSanPedroonFebruary8,1887,shewassoldtothePacificSteam
WhalingCompany,workinginthatcompany'sAlaskansalmoncanneriesfleetandinthecoaltrade.ShewaslatersoldtotheNorthwesternFisheriesCompany,of
Seattle,andthentoJamesGriffithsforuseasacopperorebargerunningbetweenAlaskaandTacoma.ShewasabandonedinFalseBay,SanJuanIsland,after
strandinginthesummerof1914.Shehadatotalofsevencaptainsinhercareer,fiveasadeepwatermerchantshipandtwointhecoastwisetradethelongestserving
washerlast,CaptainNoahS.Harding,whocommandedherforfourteenyears.
Lyman,"LargestWoodenShip."Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

America
(laterUSSWestPoint,America,Australis,America,Italis,AmericanStar,America)Liner(2f/2m).L/B:723'loa93.5'(220.4m28.5m).Tons:26,594grt.
Hull:steel.Comp.:1st516,cabin371,tourist159.Mach.:steamturbine,2screws22kts.Des.:WilliamFrancisGibbs.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&Dry
DockCo.,NewportNews,Va.1940.
DesignedfortheNorthAtlanticpassengertrade,AmericawasintendedtotaketheplaceoftherecentlyretiredLEVIATHANastheflagshipoftheUnitedStates
Lines'prewarfleet.Laiddownin1938,shewaslaunchedonAugust31,1939,onedaybeforetheGermaninvasionofPolandplungedEuropeintoWorldWarII.
RatherthanentertheprestigiousNorthAtlanticpassengertrade,AmericafirstsailedfromNewYorkforcruisestotheCaribbeanandCalifornia.Recalledto
NewportNewsinMay1941,shewascommissionedasthetroopshipUSSWestPoint(AP23)inJune,withacapacityfor8,750troops.InNovember1941,she
sailedaspartofaconvoyofCanadiantroopsboundforSingaporeviaCapeTown,whereshearrivedtwodaysafterPearlHarbor,andBombay.Sheevacuated
1,276peoplefromSingaporetwoweeksbeforethefalloftheportinFebruary.Thereafter

Page23

Imagenotavailable.
FlagshipoftheAmericanmerchantmarine,thepassenger
linerAMERICAisseenonthewaysduringconstruction
attheNewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.in1939.
CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

shesawextensiveservicebetweentheMediterraneanandAustraliaandNewZealand,followedbytroopingdutiestothePacificandEurope.
In1946WestPointwasdroppedfromtheNavylistandaftera$6millionrefitenteredtheserviceforwhichshewasoriginallyintended,leavingNewYorkforher
firstpeacetimevoyagefromNewYorktoCobh,Southampton,andLeHavreonNovember10.AmericalatercalledatCherbourgand,after1951,Bremen.Butas
passengerjetsbegantocutintoNorthAtlanticpassengertraffic,intheearly1960s,AmericawasforcedtoaugmentherNorthAtlanticservicewithcruisestothe
Caribbean.In1964shewaswithdrawnfromNorthAtlanticservice,soldtotheChandrisGroup'sOkeaniaS/A,andrenamedAustralisforserviceintheimmigrant
tradefromBritaintoAustralia.Shecarried2,658passengersinoneclass,morethananyotherpassengershiptheninservice,departingfromSouthamptonand
proceedingviaPiraeusandtheSuezCanal,Australia,thePanamaCanal,PortEverglades,andSouthampton.(FollowingtheclosingoftheSuezCanalduringthe
ArabIsraeliWarin1967,shesailedviaCapeTown.)
After1976,thefateoftheformerflagshipoftheUnitedStatesmerchantmarinebecameincreasinglyfrenetic.ShewastransferredfromPanamaniantoGreekregistry,
andmadeherlastvoyagefromSouthamptontoNewZealand,whereshewaslaidupatTimaru.In1978,shewassoldtoNewYorkbasedVentureCruiseLines,
whichwentbustaftertwoincompetentlymanagedcruisesofthenowrenamedAmerica.RepurchasedbyChandrisin1978,shewasrenamedItalis,herforward
dummyfunnelwasremoved,andsheenteredserviceasacruiseshipfromBarcelona.Laidupformostofthe1980s,shewaseventuallyrenamedAmericanStarand
purchasedbyThaiinterestsforconversiontoafloatinghotel.WhileundertowtoAhuketinJanuary1994,shewasblownashorebyahurricaneontheislandof
Fuertaventura,CanaryIslands,andsplitintwo.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Miller,SS"UnitedStates."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

AmericanPromise
Cutter.L/B/D:60'17.2'10.3'(18.3m5.2m3.1m).Tons:38.7tons.Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:1.Des.:FrederickE."Ted"Hood.Built:LittleHarborBoat
Yard,Marblehead,Mass.1985.
In1983,businessmanandveteransolosailorDodgeMorganresolvedtofulfilladecadesoldambitiontosailaroundtheworldsinglehanded.Tothatend,heenlisted
navalarchitectTedHoodtodesignaboatcapableofcompleting"asolo,nonstop,easterlycircumnavigationin180to220days...Aboattobeartherigorsofsix
months'continuoussailinginvariedweatherconditionsaboattoaverage6.25knotsorbetteroverthatspanoftime."AmericanPromisewascompletedinnine
monthsandreadyfortrialsinMay1985.Fivemonthslater,onOctober14,1985,MorgandriftedinauspiciouslyoutofPortlandinadeadcalm.Twonightslater
AmericanPromisewasintheteethofgale,herautopilotsfailedtowork,andaftersixdaysatseaMorganknewhehadtoputintoBermuda.Withtheproblems
solved,hestartedoutagainfromBermudaonNovember12,1985.
VirtuallyeveryaspectofAmericanPromiseandthevoyagewasplannedinminutedetail.Aconsummatesailor,Morganmadethemostofhisadvantagestoturnina
staggeringperformanceasthethirteenthperson(andfirstAmericanever)tocompleteasolononstopcircumnavigation.Firstandforemost,thevoyagewasthefastest
timeforasinglehandedtruecircumnavigationofonly150days,1hour,and6minutes,foranaveragespeedof7.13knots,or171.1milesperday.Thisrecordisa
measureofseatimeonly,andthereforeincludescircumnavi

Page24

gationswithstopovers,includingthoseofPhilippeJeantotinthemonohullCRDITAGRICOLE(159daysin198283)andAlainColasinthetrimaranManureva
(exJOSHUA169daysin197374).Alongtheway,hebrokeanumberofotherrecordsforpointtopointsailing,andday'sandweek'sruns.Morgan'smemoirof
thevoyageanditspreparationoffersanunusuallyfranklookatthetechnicalandpersonalaspectsofsolovoyagingthatcombinesbothobservationswrittenonboard
andanalysesofvariousaspectsoftheundertakingwrittenafterthevoyage.
Morgan,Voyageof"AmericanPromise."

AmerigoVespucci
Ship(3m).L/B/D:269.5'51'22'(82.1m15.5m6.7m).Tons:4,100disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:450.Mach.:dieselelectric,1,900hp,1screw10.5kts.Built:
RoyalShipyard,CastellamarediStabia,Italy1930.
Inthelate1920s,theItaliannavybeganconstructionoftwoshipsfortrainingtheirofficercadetsatsea,CristoforoColomboandAmerigoVespucci.Thedesign
chosenwasthatofaseventyfourgunfrigate,thoughtheyhadsteelhullsandcarrieddoubletopgallants,auxiliarypower,andothermoderndevices.Amerigo
VespucciwasnamedfortheFlorentineexplorerforwhomthesixteenthcenturyGermancartographerMartinWaldseemllernamedthenewlydiscoveredlandmasses
tothewest.AmerigoVespucci'sfulllinesareinsharpcontrasttothemajorityofsailtrainingvessels,whichgenerallyfollowthefinermodeladaptedfromnineteenth
centurymerchantshipdesign.HaroldUnderhillrecordsaletterfromaNorwegiansubmarinecommanderaboutanencounterwiththetwoshipsinthe1930s:
IdivedonanortherlycourseaboutmidwatersoftheSkagerrakandwentdeepforaboutanhourinordertokeepthelunchonthetables.Onbreakingsurfaceagainwiththe
periscope,Itookaquicklookallroundandgotashock.Ihadgonedowninthe20thcenturyandcomeupagaininthe18th,forthere,somemilesaway,weretwomajesticmenof
war,underapressofcanvasandsailingproudlyinlineastern.

FollowingWorldWarII,CristoforoColombowasacquiredbytheSovietUnion.AmerigoVespucciresumedhersailtrainingmissionfortheItaliannavywellinto
the1990s.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

HMSAmethyst
ModifiedBlackSwanclasssloop(1f/1m).L/B/D:299.5'38'11'(19.5m6m3.3m).Tons:1,430disp.Comp.:192.Arm.:64"(32),640mm
hedgehogs.Mach.:gearedturbines,4,300shp,2screws19kts.Built:AlexanderStephen&Sons,Ltd.,Glasgow1943.
FollowingWorldWarII,HMSAmethystwasstationedwiththeBritishfleetintheFarEast.DuringtheChineseCivilWarbetweentheCommunistPeople's
LiberationArmy(PLA)andtheNationalistKuomintang,theBritishkeptavesselatNankingontheYangtzeRivertolookafterBritishinterests.OnApril19,1949,
AmethystwasdispatchedtorelieveHMSConsort.Thedangerofbeingbroughtintothefightingwashigh,andafteranchoringthefirstnightatKiangyin(Chiangyin),
theshipwaspipeddownforaction.PLAforcesopenedfirewithmachinegunsandartilleryatabout0830thenextmorning,andatabout0930ahitonthe
wheelhouseinjuredthecoxswain,whoinadvertentlythrewthehelmtoport,groundingAmethystonRoseIsland.AsecondshellmortallywoundedLieutenant
CommanderB.M.Skinner,afterwhichLieutenantGeoffreyWestonassumedcommand.Whenhewasinjured,JohnSimonsKeranstookover.Shellingstoppedat
1100,and6570ratingsleftAmethystinhopesofmakingtheNationalistlinestwentytwomenhadbeenkilledandthirtyonewounded.Consortwasforcedback
underheavyfire,andthenextdaythecruiserHMSLondonsufferedthreekilledandfourteenseriouslyinjuredbeforeretiringincompanywithBlackSwan.
Despitediplomaticoverturestoallowhertowithdrawfromtheriver,AmethystremainedimpoundedontheYangtzeforanothertenweeks.At2012onthemoonless
nightofJuly30,AmethystslippedheranchorandturneddownstreaminthewakeofthefreighterKiangLingLiberation.AfterrunningpastbatteriesatKiangyin
andWoosung(thelatterweresilent),Amethystwasfreeoftheriverby0530thenextmorning.Returningtoahero'swelcomeinBritain,hercrewwerereceivedby
GeorgeVIatBuckinghamPalace.AfterarefitatDevonport,AmethystreturnedtotheFarEastin1950.Sheplayedherselfina1957filmcalledYangtzeIncident
(alsoreleasedasBattleHellandEscapeoftheAmethyst).ShewasscrappedatPlymouththenextyear.
Murfett,HostageontheYangtze.

Page25

Amistad
Topsailschooner(2m).L/B/D:64'19.8'6.2'dph(19.5m6m1.9m).Tons:ca.60grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:5crew.Built:Baltimore<1839.
InAugust1839,reportsofaschoonerofdistinctiveBaltimoreclipperlinesandmannedbytwentyfivetothirtyAfricansbegancirculatingaroundthewaterfrontsof
NewYorkandNewEngland.Thevesselhadrequestedfoodandwaterfromseveralpassingships,andsomeofitscrewhadlandedalongtheeasternendofLong
Island.OnAugust26,astheshiplayatanchoroffCullodenPoint,theschoonerandhercrewwereseizedbytherevenuecutterWashingtonunderLieutenant
ThomasGedney.
TheshipturnedouttobeacoastalslavetraderofCubanregistry.OnJune28,shehadembarkedfiftythreeslavesnewlylandedatHavanafromthePortugueseslave
shipTeoraandpurchasedbyJosRuizandPedroMontes,whohiredAmistadforthetwodaysailtoPuertoPrncipe.Undertheleadershipofaslavenamed
Cinque,whohadbeencapturedfromhishomeinKawMendiinwhatisnowSierraLeone,theslavesseizedtheship,killingthecaptainandhiscookandwounding
MontesandRuizintheprocesstwosailorsalsodisappeared,possiblydrowningwhentheyleapedoverboard.CinqueorderedhiserstwhilecaptorstosteerAmistad
totheeast,thedirectionfromwhichheknewtheyhadsailedinTeorabutbynight,MontesandRuizsailednorth,hopingtomakelandfallinoneoftheslaveowning
statesoftheUnitedStates.
AfterseizingAmistad,whosenameisSpanishfor"friendship,"GedneyhadtheshiptakentoNewLondon,where,becauseslaverywasstilllegalinConnecticut,he
couldclaimsalvageontheshipandhercargo,includingtheslaves,whohadbeenpurchasedfor$450eachinHavana.Intheopeningroundoflegalproceedings,Ruiz
andMontesarguedthattheirpropertyshouldbehandedovertotheSpanishconsulandthattheslavesbechargedwithmurderandmutinyinaSpanishcourt.In
supportoftheircase,theyinsistedthattheslaveswerenotfromAfrica,butthattheyhadbeenslavespriortothebanningoftheslavetrade.Owningslaveswasnot
illegalunderSpanishlaw,buttraffickinginslaveshadbeensince1817.Gedneybroughtsuitonbehalfofhimselfandhiscrewseekingcompensationforsalvage.The
plightoftheAfricans,whosedefactoleaderwasstillCinque,immediatelyarousedtheinterestoftheabolitionistmovement.Theirintentwastodemonstratethatthe
Spaniardswereguiltyofpiracyforengagingintheslavetrade.TheAfricanswouldthenbefreetoreturntotheirhomesinAfrica.
Theabolitionists'biggestobstaclewasPresidentMartinVanBuren,whowaseagertoavoidaconfrontationwiththeSpanishgovernment,whichsoughtarulingin
favorofRuizandMontes.Moreimportant,hewasupforreelectionandhadnointentionofalienatingsouthernvoters.Articulatinghisadministration'scasewas
SecretaryofStateJohnForsyth,himselfaGeorgiaslaveowner.AdistrictcourtrulingfoundthattheAfricanshadbeenbornasfreemenandwerekidnappedinto
slavery.However,thecourtalsodecidedthatCinqueandtheothersshouldbeturnedovertotheadministrationtobereturnedtoAfrica.FearingthattheVanBuren
administrationmightjustaseasilyreturntheAfricanstoSpain,theabolitionistsenlistedtheservicesofRepresentativeJohnQuincyAdams,himselfaformerpresident
andsecretaryofstate,toarguetheAfricans'casebeforetheSupremeCourt.ThehighcourteventuallyruledinfavoroftheAfricans,andinNovember1841the
thirtyfivesurvivorsoftheoriginalfiftythreetakenaboardAmistadreturnedtoSierraLeoneinthebarkGentleman,undertheauspicesoftheAmericanColonization
Society.AmistadwasreturnedtoCuba,butthelegalentanglementsdidnotendthere:althoughCongressvoted$70,000tobepaidtoSpainin1844,reparations
werenotpaiduntil1860.
In1995theConnecticutAfroAmericanHistoricalSocietyandMysticSeaportMuseumannouncedplanstobuildareplicaofAmistad.
Jones,Mutinyonthe"Amistad."Smith,"OntheDesignoftheAmistad."

AmocoCadiz
Tanker(1f).L/B/D:1,095.5'167.6'85.9'(334m51.1m26.2m).Tons:109,700grt233,690dwt.Hull:steel.Comp.:44.Mach.:diesel,30,400hp,1
screw15kts.Built:AstillerosEspaoles,SA,Cadiz1974.
Theverylargecrudecarrier(VLCC)AmocoCadizwasbuilttocarryoilbetweenthePersianGulfandEurope.InearlyFebruary1978,sheloaded121,157tonsof
oilatRasTanara,SaudiArabia,andthentoppedoffwith98,640tonsatKhargIsland,Iran.(Atonofcrudeis7.3barrels,or306.6gallons.)SheleftthePersianGulf
onFebruary7,boundforRotterdam,viaLymeBay,England,acustomarystoptolightentankersbeforethepassageuptheNorthSea.RoundingtheCapeofGood
Hopeonthe28th,shemadeafuelingstopatLasPalmasonMarch11.ThreedayslaterAmocoCadizbegantoencounterheavyweather,whichcontinuedthrough
March16,bywhichpointshewasenteringtheEnglishChannel,dueinto

Page26

Imagenotavailable.
TheoiltankerAMOCOCADIZlieswithherbackbroken
afterrunningagroundontherockycoastofFrancein
March1978.Anestimated223,000tonsofoilwashedup
along125milesoftherockyBretoncoast.Photoby
PimKorver,Rotterdam,courtesyAmocoCorporation.

LymeBaylaterthatday.Atabout0916,thetankerwasabouteightmilesnorthofUshantwhenhersteeringgearfailed.AlthoughCaptainPasqualeBandarihoisted
theinternationalsignalfor"NotUnderCommand"almostimmediately,hedidnotrequestassistanceuntil1120,whenhisengineerdeterminedthatthedamagewas
irreparable.TheGermansalvagetugPacific,undercommandofCaptainWeinert,arrivedonthesceneat1220.Thefirsttowwassecuredat1425butpartedat
1719.AsAmocoCadizdriftedtowardshore,theportanchorwasletgoatabout2004,butitdidnothold.Asecondtowwassecuredat2023,butthesheermass
ofAmocoCadizintheteethofForce10weatherconditionsmadeitimpossibleforPacifictodomorethanslowtheship'scoastwarddrift.
At2104,AmocoCadiztouchedbottomforthefirsttime,andherhullandstoragetankswererippedopen.HalfanhourlatershegroundedonMenGoulvenRocks
in4836'N,446'W.Hercrewwererescuedbyhelicopter.At1000onMarch17thevesselbrokeintwo,spilling223,000tonsofcrudeoil.Theoilslickspread
across125milesofthecoastofBrittany,destroyingfisheries,oysterandseaweedbeds,andbathingbeachesdespitetheeffortsof10,000Frenchsoldiersdeployed
tocleanthebeaches.Thestormcontinuedtopoundtheship,andonMarch28shebrokeintothreesections.TheFrenchNavysubsequentlydestroyedtheremainsof
theshipwithdepthcharges.Itwouldbeanothertenyearsbeforetheresultinglawsuitswerewoundup,andin1988aU.S.federaljudgeorderedAmocoOil
Corporationtopay$85.2millioninfines$45millionforthecostsofthespilland$39millionininterest.
Chelminski,Superwreck:"AmocoCadiz."Hooke,ModernShippingDisasters:19631987.

Amsterdam
Ship(3m).L/B/D:157.5'38.2'19.5'dph(48m11.6m5.9m).Tons:1,110disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:191crew123soldiers3pass.Arm.:812pdr,16
8pdr,84pdr,10swivels.Built:OostenburgShipyard(VOC),Amsterdam1744.
Between1602and1799,theVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(UnitedEastIndiaCompany,orVOC)built1,700EastIndiamenforthelongdistancetrade
betweentheNetherlandsandtheEastIndies.Amsterdamwasoneofthelargestofthe150voetclassapprovedin1742.(Onevoetequals1.05feet.)Laiddownin
Aprilof1744,shewasfinishedintimetojointheVOC'sautumnfleettoBataviaandloadedinthedeepwateranchorageofftheTexel.UnderCaptainWillemKlump,
shesailedonNovember15butwasthreetimesforcedbackbyNorthSeagales.OnJanuary8,1745,shesailedincompanywithfiveotherships,onlytoencounter
moregalesofftheDownsintheEnglishChannel.Whentheweathercleared,shesailedfartherdownchanneluntilshegroundedandlostherrudderKlumpthen
anchoredoffHastings.PerhapsthreatenedbymutinyhissailorshadbeendyingattherateofaboutthreeperdayKlumpattemptedtorunhisshipagroundinan
efforttosaveher,whichhedidJanuary26,offBulverhithe,justwestofHastings.Thepassengersandmostofthecrewlandedsafely,althoughwithintwodaysfifty
morecrewhaddiedashoreandmanyweretooilltoleavetheship.Amsterdamsettledintothebeachattherateofabout6inchesaday,andherkeelcametorest
about20feetbelowthesurface.Thewreckwasneverforgotten,andduringthesummerof1969curiousworkerslayingasewagepipebeganexploringtheareawith
abackhoeandlocatedtheshipbeneaththesandin5050'N,0031'E.Atthispoint,thankslargelytotheenergeticeffortsofmaritimearchaeologistPeterMarsden
andothers,theshipwaslegallysecuredwhenBritainacceptedtheDutchgovernment'srighttothewreck.Althoughmuchoftheship'scontentshadbeensaved
(includingmorethan300,000florinsworthofsilver)orplunderedatthetimeofthewreck,Amsterdam'sremainingstores,includingmedicalsupplies,clothing,wine
andbeer,andotherartifactsofshipboardlifeprovideafineviewoflifeaboardtheselumberingmerchant

Page27

menthatspentmorethanninemonthsatseainaquestforthespicesoftheOrient.In1989thecityofAmsterdamlaunchedafullscalesailingreplicaoftheEast
IndiamancalledAmsterdamII.
Friedman,"AmsterdamII."Marsden,TheWreckofthe"Amsterdam."VanRooij&Gawronski,EastIndiamanAmsterdam.

AndreaDoria
Liner(1f/2m).L/B:630.1'79.8'(192m24.3m).Tons:29,082grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st218,cabin320,tourist703563crew.Mach.:gearedturbines,2
screws26kts.Built:AnsaldoSocietperAzioni,Genoa1953.
AndreaDoriawasthefirstpassengerlinerbuilttoruninNorthAtlanticservicefortheItaliaSocietperAzionidiNavigazione(ItalianLine)afterWorldWarII.
NamedforthesixteenthcenturyGenoeseadmiral,theluxurylinerenteredservicebetweenGenoaandNewYorkonJuly25,1953,makingintermediatestopsat
CannesandNaples.ShesharedthisroutewithhersistershipCristoforoColombo,whichenteredserviceayearlater.OnJuly17,1956,AndreaDoriadeparted
GenoaonherfiftyfirstcrossingoftheAtlantic,andbytheeveningofthetwentyfifthshewasspeedingthoughthefoggyapproachestoNantucketSoundwhenshe
wasrammedbytheSwedishAmericaLinepassengershipSTOCKHOLM,outwardboundfromNewYork.AlthoughtheSwedishAmericaLineshiphadappeared
onAndreaDoria'sradarscreen,therewasnoefforttotakeevasiveactionuntilitwastoolate.At2345,StockholmknifedthirtyfeetintoAndreaDoria'sstarboard
sideandfortythreepeopleaboardtheItalianlinerwerekilledinstantly.Awatertightbulkheadwasalsodestroyedinthecollision,andtheshipbegantolistso
severelythatshewasunabletolaunchherstarboardlifeboats.CaptainPieroCalamaiissuedadistresscallandby0430,the1,663passengersandcrewwhohad
survivedthecollisionhadbeentakenaboardtheFrenchLine'sILEDEFRANCE,thefreighterCapeAnn,thenavytransportPvt.WilliamH.Thomas,and
Stockholm.TheprideoftheItalianmerchantfleetsankat1009thefollowingmorning.Aninquiryintothecauseofthedisasterwassettledoutofcourtbetweenthe
twolines.Inthemid1980s,PeterGimbelledaseriesofdivesonthewreck.Theship'ssafewassalvaged,butmoreimportant,hisphotographsdemonstratedthatthe
ship'swatertightintegrityhadbeendestroyedinthecollisionandthattheship'slosswasnotanengineeringdefect,assomehadsuspected.
Hoffer,Saved!

AndrewDoria
(exDefiance)Brigantine(2m)L/B/D:ca.75'25'10'(22.9m7.6m3m).Tons:ca.190tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:112.Arm.:144pdr.Built:<1775.
TheContinentalCongressauthorizedthepurchaseofthemerchantbrigDefianceinOctober1775.ArmedandrenamedAndrewDoriainhonorofthefifteenth
centuryVenetianadmiral,shewasplacedundercommandofCaptainNicholasBiddle.InJanuary1776shetookpartinCommodoreEsekHopkins'scaptureofFort
NassauintheBahamasandreturnedwiththefleettoNewLondoninApril.Overthenextsixmonths,AndrewDoriacapturedtenships,includingfoursupplyvessels
belongingtoVirginia'sLoyalistgovernorJohnMurray,EarlofDunmore.InOctober,BiddletookcommandofthefrigateRANDOLPHandwassucceededby
CaptainIsaiahRobinsonwhowasdispatchedtoSt.Eustatius,DutchWestIndies,formilitarystores.HerarrivalattheportonNovember16,1776,wasmetwiththe
firstsalutetotheAmericanflagrenderedbyaforeignpowerinaforeignport.Onthesamevoyage,AndrewDoriacapturedtheBritishsloopRacehorse(12guns),
whichenteredtheContinentalNavyasSurprize,andamerchantship.AndrewDorianeverlefttheDelawareafterherreturntoPhiladelphia.Followingthelossof
FortMercer,NewJersey,CaptainRobinsonorderedhisshipburnedtopreventherfallingintoBritishhands.
Fowler,RebelsunderSail.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

AndrewJackson
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:220'41.2'22.2'dph(67.1m12.5m6.8m).Tons:1,679om.Hull:wood.Built:Irons&Grinnell,Mystic,Conn.1855.
AndrewJacksonwaslaunchedasBelleHoxiebutrenamedwhenpurchasedbytheNewYorkfirmofJohnH.Brower&Company.Amediumclipper,she
combinedcomparativelylargestowagecapacitywithveryfinelines.Shehadaroundstern,adesignelementfoundonlyinMysticbuiltsailingshipsintheUnited
StatesandnotusedinBritainuntiltheadventofironinshipbuilding.ShemadeanumberoffastpassagesbetweenNewYorkandSanFrancisco,averaging106days
oversixvoyagesascomparedwith104daysforFlyingFishandonly103forFLYINGCLOUD.ShewastheonlyshiptomaketherunbetweenNewYorkand
SanFranciscoinlessthan110daysfouryearsrunning.Thiswasduetoanumberoffactors,notleastherharddrivingCaptainJohnWilliams,

Page28

aveteranoftheBlackBallLineoftransatlanticpackets,whowasmemorializedinaseachantey:
'Tislarboardandstarboardondeckyouwillsprawl,
ForkickingJackWilliamscommandsthatBlackBall.

OnDecember25,1859,WilliamsdroppedthepilotatNewYorkenrouteforSanFrancisco.AndrewJacksonarrivedatthepilotstationontheCaliforniacoast89
days,4hourslater,apassagecreditedasbeingfourhoursfasterthantherecordsetbyCaptainJosiahCressyinFlyingCloudin1854.UponhisarrivalatSan
Francisco,Williamswasawardedacommodore'spennantforthefastestrunbetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscoanduponhisreturntoNewYork,JohnBrower
presentedhimwithachronometerwatchengraved"89days4hours."AlthoughclipperhistoriansOctaviusHoweandFrederickMatthewsignitedadebatesixty
sixyearsafterthefactoverwhetherAndrewJacksonwasentitledtotherecord,thereisnorecordofanyofFlyingCloud'snumeroussupporterscontestingthe
validityofWilliams'sclaimofarecordfrompilottopilot,althoughFlyingCloudholdstherecordfromanchortoanchor.(Attheendofherrecordrun,Andrew
Jacksonhadtowaituntilthefollowingmorningforapilot.)ItisalsoworthnotingthatFlyingCloudtwicemadethepassageinunderninetydays,andheroverall
averageof103daysbetweenthetwoportsistwodaysbetterthanAndrewJackson's.
ThesetimesremainedthefastestbyanysailingvesselontheCapeHornroutefor140years,whenaseriesofpurposebuiltyachtsemployingthemostsophisticated
constructionmaterialsandnavigationandweatherforecastingsystemsbeganvyingforthehonor.TherecordwasbrokenfirstbyWarrenLuhrs'sThursday'sChild,
thenbythetrimaranGeorgeKolesnikov'sGreatAmericanin76days,23hours,andagainin1994,byEucureuilPoitouCharentes2,a60footmonohull
skipperedbyIsabelleAutissier,in62days,5hours,55minutes.ThelattertimewasfasterthanthatofthebattleshipUSSOREGON,whichsteamedfromSeattleto
Floridain1898.
In1860AndrewJacksonestablishedanuncontestedtransatlanticrecordbysailingfromLiverpooltoSandyHookin15days(November318).Shehadalsosailed
toLiverpoolin15daystwodaysshyoftherecordatthestartofthesamevoyage,andtheNewYorkHeraldreportedthatonthevoyageoutandhomeshe
was"only30daysatsea,includingtwodaysofcalms,andsailedover6500miles,thusaveragingnearly220milesadaythroughoutarateofspeedrarely,ifever,
equaled,continuouslyinasailingvesselbefore."
AndrewJacksonmadeherlastpassageundertheAmericanflagin1863,carryingsparsfromPugetSoundforSpain.SoldtoH.L.SeligmanofGlasgow,shecame
undercommandofCaptainMcCallumandwasputintradetotheOrient.OnherfirstvoyageundertheRedDustersheloadedlumberatNewBrunswickforthe
Orient,returningfromJavain1865.Threeyearslater,whilehomewardboundfromSingapore,shewaswreckedonareefintheGasparStraitsonDecember4,
1868.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

AngloSaxon
Freighter.L/B/D:440.2'58'25.2'(134.2m17.7m7.7m).Tons:5.596grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:40.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,453nhp.Built:ShortBros.,
Sunderland,Eng.1929.
AngloSaxonwasatrampfreighterownedbytheNitrateProducersS.S.Company.OnAugust8,1940,shesailedfromNewport,England,forBahaBlancawitha
cargoofcoalincompanywithConvoyOB195.Aftertheconvoydispersed,shesailedsouth.At2020hoursonAugust21,shewasattackedbytheGermanraider
WIDDERherlocationwas2610'N,3409'W,about900milesWSWoftheCanaryIslands.Theshipwasdestroyedtogetherwiththelifeboats,butsevencrew
threeseriouslyinjuredfoundtheirwaytotheship's18footjollyboat.Theboathadalugrig,butitcarriedaminimumofsuppliesandnonavigationalaids.Fiveof
thecrewdiedinthefirstweekofSeptember,leavingonlyRobertTapscottandRoyWiddicombe,bothofwhomhadsignedonasableseamen.Thetwomen
survivedwithoutshelterfromtheelementsorsufficientfood,untiltheysightedlandonOctober30.Afterseventydaysduringwhichtheyhadsailedanddrifted2,775
miles,theymanagedtoputashoreinEleuthera,theBahamas.Bothmenreturnedtothemerchantmarine.Tapscottsurvivedthewar,butenroutehomefromNew
York,Widdicombe'sship,FurnessPrince,wastorpedoedoffScotlandonFebruary18,1941therewerenosurvivors.
Jones,TwoSurvived.Lund,RaiderandtheTramp.

AnnMcKim
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:140.6m27.5'13.7'(42.8m8.4m4.2m).Tons:493bm.Hull:wood.Built:Kennard&Williamson,Baltimore1833.
Describedas"thelongestmerchantshipintheUnitedStates"atthetimeofherbuilding,theshipriggedAnnMcKimisoftensaidtobethefirstclippership.Builtfor
IsaacMcKimofBaltimore,andnamedforhiswife,she

Page29

hadfinerlinesthananylargevesselofherday,althoughtherewasnothingespeciallynovelinherdesignorconstruction.ThecelebratedBaltimoreclippersoftheearly
nineteenthcenturywereusuallybrigorschoonerriggedCarlCutlercitesanumberofexamplesofsharpbuiltshipsoftheperiod,fromtheVirginiabuiltPaulSieman
(1800)toCorinthian(1822).Unlikethefullblownclippershipsofthe1850s,builtforservicetoChinaandCalifornia,AnnMcKimwasintendedfortradetoSouth
America,andonherfirstvoyagesailedforCallao,Peru,andHuasco,Chile,underCaptainMartin,sailingoutin89daysandhomein72.
IsaacMcKimdiedin1837,andthesameyearshewassoldtoHowland&Aspinwall.In1837and1838,shedemonstratedherselfacrackship,returningfrom
ValparaisototheVirginiaCapesin59daysand53days,respectively.TheBaltimoreSunwasjustifiablyproudoftheaccomplishment,noting,"TheAnnMcKimisa
Baltimorevesseloutandout,builtandownedhere.Baltimoreshipbuildersagainsttheworldforbuildingfleetcraft."Thenextyearshemadeherfirstvoyageinthe
Chinatrades,inwhichshewouldremainfortherestofhercareerasanAmericanflagvessel.Herfirsttwovoyagesweresailedintheoffseasonandasaresultwere
longerthanaverage.In1842,shesailedfromNewYorktoAnjerinthethenrecordtimeof79days,returningin93days.FiveyearslatershewassoldtoChilean
interestswhokeptherinthePacifictrades.In1849,shesailedfromValparaisotoSanFranciscofollowingthediscoveryofgoldthere,andremainedonthatroute
until1852whenshewasbrokenupatValparaiso.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Antikytherawreck
Hull:wood.Built:ca.85BCE.
TheAntikytherawreckisafirstcenturyBCEmerchantshiplyingin3552'N,2320'EneartheislandofAntikytheraoffthenorthwesttipofCrete.Inthespringof
1900,spongediversfromSymediscoveredthewrecksiteatadepthof50to60meters.Thesitewastheobjectofoneoftheearliestunderwaterexcavations,
conductedbythespongediversworkingundertheircaptain,DimitriosKondos,withtheassistanceoftheGreeknavy.Providedwithonlyprimitivehelmetdiving
equipment,thediverssufferedfromthebendsandnarcosisandcouldremainonthebottomonlyforshortstretchesoftime.Theeffortisbetterdescribedasasalvage
operationthananarchaeologicalexcavation.AsPeterThrockmortonlaterwrote,
Itwas...asifthetombofTutankhamenhadbeenexcavatedinfiveminuteshiftsbydrunkenstevedoreswhohadneverseenanEgyptiantomb,workinginsemidarkness,
dressedinAmericanfootballpadswithcoalscuttlesontheirheads.

SmallsectionsofelmplankingfromthehullwererecoveredandstoredattheNationalMuseuminAthenshowever,theoriginalshapeordimensionscannotbe
determined.Theplankswerefastenededgetoedgebymortisesandtenons,andcoppernailswereusedtoattachasheathingoflead.Thewrecksitewasrevisitedby
JacquesYvesCousteauandthecrewofCALYPSOin1953.Usingaportableairlift,diverslocatedthewellpreservedhullunderabout40centimetersofsand.A
secondvisitbyCousteauin1976resultedinthediscoveryofatreasureofgoldbars.
TheAntikytheraship'slastportofcallisunknown,butanintriguingpossibilityisthatshewascarryinglootfromPergamon(inwhatisnowwesternTurkey)to
RomepartofthemassivereparationsexactedbyRomeafterhervictoryintheFirstMithradaticWar(8885BCE).ThisideaissuggestedbyPergamenecoins
dated8886BCEfoundduringCousteau's1976excavation.Thesiteisbestknownforitsremarkablecargoofbronzeandmarblesculpture,amphoraefromRhodes,
Kos,andTaranto,pottery,glassvesselsfromAlexandria,andabronzebedsteaddecoratedwithanimalheads.The"AntikytheraYouth,"alargerthanlifesizebronze
statueofanudeathleteorhero,datesprobablyfromthe4thcenturyBCE.Alreadyanantiquewhentheshipsank,thisworkisnowashowpieceoftheNational
MuseuminAthens.Stillmoreinterestingisanastronomicaldevicewithaclockworkmechanismusedtopredictthemotionofthesunthroughthezodiac,therisingand
settingofthestars,constellationsandplanets,andthephasesofthemoon.Carefulstudyofthisartifact,whichisthemostcomplexscientificinstrumentpreservedfrom
antiquity,indicatesthatitwasprobablymadein82BCEand"set"in80BCE.
Price,"AnAncientGreekComputer."Throckmorton,ed.,ShipwrecksandArchaeology.Weinberg,"AntikytheraWreckReconsidered."

Aquitania
Liner(4f/2m).L/B/D:901'97'(274.6m29.6m).Tons:45,647grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st618,2nd614,3rd1,998crew972.Mach.:steamturbines,4screws
23kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1914.
NamedforaRomanprovinceinsouthwesternFrance,CunardLine'sAquitaniawasbuilttocomplementthetransatlanticservicebetweenLiverpoolandNewYork

Page30

Imagenotavailable.
Aship'sofficerstandsneartheforwardfunnelofthe
BritishspeedqueenAQUITANIAinBedfordLemre's
famousphotoof1914.Notetheyawningbellsofthe
ventilatorcowlsdesignedtoforcefreshairbelow
decks,acommonsightinallprewarliners.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

offeredbyLUSITANIAandMAURETANIA.ItwasneverintendedthatshetryfortheBlueRibandasherolderrunningmateshad,butshewashalfagainaslarge
andintimeshewouldbeconsideredthemostsuccessfulofthegreattransatlanticliners.CommissionedonlythreemonthsbeforetheoutbreakofWorldWarI,in
August1914shewasrequisitionedasanarmedmerchantcruiser.Aftershewasinvolvedinacollisionthesamemonth,theAdmiraltydecidedtoputherinserviceas
atroopshipand,briefly,asahospitalship.Laidupformostof1917,sheresumedworkasatrooperin1918.
InJune1919shereenteredthetransatlanticpassengertrade.Duringamajoroverhaulin1920,heroriginalcoalpoweredengineswerereplacedwithoilburning
enginesandherhandsomefittingsandfurnishingswerebroughtoutofstorage.HeropulentdesignincludedarestaurantinLouisXVIstyle,aJacobeansmokinglounge
modeledonaroominGreenwichHospital,andatwodeckhighPalladiansmokingroom.Overthenexttwentyyearsshewasthemostpopularshiponthe
transatlanticrun,sailingintandemwithBERENGARIAandMauretaniaandsheconductedoffseasoncruisestoMediterraneanports.
From1936to1939shewaspairedwithCunard'sQUEENMARY.AquitaniawastohaveretiredfollowingcompletionofQUEENELIZABETHin1940,butthe
outbreakofWorldWarIIgaveheranewleaseonlifeandshewasrefittedasatroopcarrierwithacapacityfor7,724passengers.Theonlypre1914shiptowork
thewholewarinthisservice,shecarriedmorethan300,000servicemenchieflybetweenAustraliaandSuezandbetweentheUnitedStatesandBritain.In1948,she
wasreturnedtoCunardandmadetwentyfivevoyagesbetweenSouthamptonandHalifax,carryingimmigrants,displacedpersons,andreturningveterans.In
December1949,shesteamedintoSouthamptonattheconclusionofher443rdtransatlanticcrossing.Afterthirtyfiveyearsofservice,thelastofthefourstackers
wasmovedtoFaslaneandbrokenupinFebruary1950.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard,LivesoftheLiners.ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,TheCunardQuadrupleScrewAtlanticLiner"Aquitania".

Arabic
(exMinnewaska)Liner(1f/4m).L/B/D:600.7'bp65.5'(183.1m20m).Tons:15,801grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,2screws16kts.Built:
Harland&Wolff,Ltd.,Belfast,Ireland1903.
LaiddownfortheAtlanticTransportLineasMinnewaska,thisshipwaspurchasedbytheWhiteStarLineandlaunchedasArabic.Shecarriedpassengersinthree
classesbetweenLiverpoolandeitherNewYorkorBoston.OnAugust19,1915,whileenroutetoNewYork,Arabicwastorpedoedandsunkoffthecoastof
IrelandbyLieutenantRudolphSchneider'sU24,withthelossofaboutfortypassengersandcrew,includingthreeAmericans.Theincidentfollowedbylessthanfour
monthsthesinkingofLUSITANIA,anditwascondemnedbytheUnitedStatesasanunprecedentedviolationofneutralrights.WhenPresidentWoodrowWilson
threatenedtoseverdiplomatictieswithGermany,AmbassadorCountJohannHeinrichvonBernstorffprofferedthesocalledArabicPledgeunderwhichGerman
submarineswouldnotattackunarmedpassengershipswithoutwarningandwouldprovideforthesafetyofpassengersandcrewswhentheydidattack.Wilson
acceptedtheproposal,andGermanyaffirmedthepledgeonOctober5andagreedtopayanindemnityfortheU.S.passengerslost.Exceptfortwomonthsin
1916duringwhichtheFrenchlinerSUSSEXwassunkGermansubmarinesrefrainedfromunrestrictedsubmarinewarfareuntilFebruary1917.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

Page31

ArchibaldRussell
Bark(4m).L/B/D:291.4'43.2'24.1'(88.8m13.2m7.3m).Tons:2,385grt.Hull:steel.Des.:Scott'sShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Greenock,Scotland
1905.
ArchibaldRussellwasbuiltforJohnHardie&Sons,oneofthelastBritishshippingcompaniestoremaininsailandwhoseothervesselsincludedHOUGOMONT
andKILLORAN.TheshipwasnamedforamemberofthefamilywhosebusinessHardiehadtakenoverin1885.ThelastlargesquareriggerbuiltontheClyde,she
wasoneofthefewsuchshipsfittedwithbilgekeelstoreducerolling.OnherfirstvoyagesheloadednitratesinChileandproceededfromtheretoAustraliaforwheat,
returningtoFalmouthinthegoodtimeofninetythreedays.SheremainedingeneraltradebetweenEurope,Australia,andWestCoast(U.S.)portsfromIquiqueto
TacomarightthroughWorldWarI.
Laidupin1923,shewassoldtoGustafEriksonofMariehamn,land,whohadpreviouslyacquiredHougomontandKilloran.Afterherfirstvoyageunderthe
Finnishflag,shewasrefittedtoaccommodatecadets,mostofwhomwereLithuanianstrainingforthemerchantmarine.AmainstayofthegrainracefleetsuntilWorld
WarII,in1929ArchibaldRussellhadthefastesthomewardpassageofthefourteenshipssailingthatyear.SeizedbytheBritishatHullin1939,shewasusedasa
storageshipduringthewarandreturnedtoEriksonin1947.ThecostofrefittingherwasprohibitiveandshewasbrokenupatDunstonin1949.
Hurst,SquareRiggers:TheFinalEpoch.Lubbock,LastoftheWindjammers.

Archimedes
Dredge.L/B:125'62'(38.1m8.9m).Mach.:steamengine,paddlewheels.Des.:HenryM.Shreve.Built:Dohrman&Humphries,NewAlbany,Ind.1831.
ArchimedeswasthesecondsnagboatofthesamedesignbuiltfortheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.Thefirst,Heliopolis,wasacatamarandesignconsistingoftwo
125footby25foothullsseparatedby12footbeams.Poweredbytwopaddlewheels(oneoneitherhull),thevesselwasfittedwithasteampulley,cables,chains,
andotherdevicesforsnaggingtreetrunksandotherobstacles.Theprocedurewassimple,evenprimitive:thevesselwasdrivenintoatree,whichwasthengrappled,
hauledaboard,andcutintosmallerpiecesthatwerethenthrownoverboardtofloatdownriver.Theimportanceofthesnagboatswasimmense.Steamingtimesonthe
Mississippiwerecutinhalf,fromasmuchasfifteendaystoonlysixorsevendaysbetweenNewOrleansandLouisville.
TheworkforwhichArchimedesisbestrememberedisclearingthe''greatraft,"a200milelongthicketoftrees,mud,andothergrowththatmadeinaccessiblethe
upperreachesoftheRedRiver,whichflowedfromeasternTexastotheMississippi.ThatpartofTexaswasthenownedbyMexicobutinhabitedbyalarge
populationofdisplacedCherokeesandsettlersfromtheUnitedStates.Shrevestartedworkontheraftin1833andsixyearslatertheRedRiverwasopenedto
navigationalongitsentire1,200milelengthtoFortTowson.Alongtheway,ShrevealsohelpedfoundShreveport,Louisiana.
McCall,ConqueringtheRivers.

Arctic
Sidewheelsteamship(1f/2m).L/B/D:284'46'(72'ew)7'(86.6m1.9m(21.9m)2.1m).Tons:2,856grt.Mach.:sideleverbeamengine,1,000hp,
sidewheels13kts.Built:WilliamH.Brown,NewYork1850.
TheArcticwasoneoffoursidewheelsteamshipsbuiltfortheNewYorkandLiverpoolUnitedStatesMailSteamshipCompany,betterknownastheCollinsLine.
Onepassengerdescribedtheshipashaving"anairofalmostOrientalmagnificence,"andtheshipwasknownastheClipperoftheSeas.OnSeptember20,1854,the
ArcticleftLiverpoolwithbetween322and389peopleaboard,includingabout150crew.Oneweekoutinreducedvisibility,theArcticcollidedwiththeFrench
screwsteamerVESTAinabout4645'N,5260'W.Aswaterpouredintotheuncompartmentalizedhull,CaptainJamesC.LuceattemptedtorunforCapeRace
about45or50milesaway.Theshipsankanhourlater,andtheundisciplinedcrewmadeoffwiththelifeboats,whichwere,inanycase,inadequateforthenumberof
peopleaboardtheship.Amongthe85orsosurvivorsnotonewomanorchildamongthemwere11people,includingCaptainLuce,whohadclungtothe
remainsofapaddlebox.
TheArcticdisasterledtocallsforimprovementsinnavigationalpracticesandforgreatercorporateresponsibility.MississippiCongressmanWilliamT.S.Barry
castigatedtheCollinsLine:"Iftheyhadspentinlifeboatsforthatvesselthemoneywhichtheyspentingingerbreadornamentsanddecorations,theremighthavebeen
hundredsofvaluablelivessaved."Amongthesafetymeasuresimplementedinthewakeofthetragedywerethemorewidespreaduseoflifeboatsandsteamwhistles
and,undertheaegisofLieutenantMatthewFontaineMaury,the

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Imagenotavailable.
J.W.Hill'spencilandwatercolorsketchofthewoodhulledCollinsLinesteamerARCTIC,whosecollisionwiththe
ironhulledVESTAledtoahideouslossoflifeand,incidentally,theinstitutionofmuchneededreformsinthe
maritimeindustry.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

establishmentofseparatetransatlanticlanesforeastboundandwestboundsteamertraffic.
Brown,WomenandChildrenLast.

Arend
Ship(3m).L:120'(36.6m).Hull:wood.Comp.:110.Arm.:32guns.Built:Netherlands<1675.
In1675,ArendRoggeveenappliedtoStatesGeneralforachartertosearchforunknownorunconfirmedlandsintheSouthPacific.Althoughhediedbeforehecould
undertakethemission,in1721hissonJacobmadeasimilarproposaltotheDutchWestIndiaCompany.TheyfittedhimoutwithDenArend("TheEagle"),
Thienhoven(100feet/30.5meters,24guns,80crew),andDenAfrikaanscheGalei(92feet/28meters,14guns,33crew).Inparticular,Roggeveenintendedto
searchforDavis'sLand,reputedlyseeninlatitude27Sabout1,500milesfromthecoastofSouthAmericabyEnglishbuccaneerEdwardDavisin1687.Theships
sailedfromtheTexelonJuly26,1721,andafterastopinBrazilroundedCapeHorn.Sailingnorthwest,Roggeveen'smenwerethefirstEuropeanstovisitEaster
IslandonApril5(EasterSunday),1722.ThereaftertheshipssailedwestfollowingthetracklaiddownbyWillemSchoutenandJacobLeMaireinEENDRACHTin
1616.OnMay19,theGaleiwaslostonTakapotoIslandintheTuamotuArchipelago,andfivesailorsdesertedtheexpedition.Havingmadenosubstantial
discovery,Roggeveenwasboundtoreturnhome.DecidingthatroundingCapeHornagainwouldbeimpossiblewithasickanddisabledcrew,hedeterminedtosail
westandthennortharoundNewGuineatoBatavia,wheretheyarrivedonOctober3.There,theEastIndiaCompanyconfiscatedtheshipsandpropertyoftherival
WestIndiaCompanycrewsbeforesendingthemontotheNetherlands.
Roggeveen,JournalofJacobRoggeveen.

Arethusa
Bark(3m).L/B/D:231'36.1'20.5'dph(70.4m11m6.2m).Tons:1,279grt.Comp.:21.Built:ArchibaldMcMillan&Son,Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland
1890.
Builtasageneralcargocarrier,ArethusatradedtotheFarEast,thecolonialtradetoAustralia,andthenitratetradefromChile.Shegainedlastingfamewhenthe
youngRexClements,whosignedaboardherasanapprenticeinabout1901,wroteofhisfirstvoyageinhereighteen

Page33

monthsfromLondontoAdelaide,Newcastle,Callao,Pisco,andhomeagaininGipsyoftheHorn:ANarrativeofaVoyageRoundtheWorldina
Windjammer,publishedin1924.ArethusacarriedonthroughWorldWarI,untilshewasinterceptedandsunkbyaGermansubmarineabout15milesnorthwestof
AchillIsland,onApril24,1917.
Clements,GipsyoftheHorn.

Argo
Galley(1m).L/B/D:54'9.3'2'(16.5m2.8m0.6m).Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Des.:ColinMudie.Built:VasilisDelimitros,Spetses,Greece1984.
Intheearly1980s,TimSeverindecidedtoretracethevoyageofJasonfromtheAegeantoColchisontheeasternshoresoftheBlackSea.Themostcomprehensive
versionoftheGoldenFleecemythisrecordedinApolloniusofRhodes'Argonautica,fromthethirdcenturyBCE.AccordingtoApollonius,inordertoreclaimthe
thronefromhisuncle,JasonwassentbyPeliasofIolcustocapturetheGoldenFleecefromColchis.HisshipwasbuiltbyArgosandcrewedbyanumberofGreek
heroesincludingArgosandJason.PassingthroughthenorthernAegean,theytraversedtheDardanelles,SeaofMarmara,andBosporusandproceededeastalong
thesouthernshoreoftheBlackSeatoColchis,inwhatisthoughttobepresentdayGeorgia.There,KingAeetestoldJasonthathecouldhavetheGoldenFleece
onlyifheyokedtwofirebreathingoxen,plowedafield,soweditwithdragon'steeth,andslewthewarriorswhowouldspringfromtheseedonthesameday.Aided
byAeetes'daughterMedea,Jasonsucceededinhistask.AccordingtoStrabo(fifthcenturyBCE),thelegendoftheGoldenFleeceoriginatedintheColchians'practice
ofusingwooltofiltergolddustfromtherivers.
Workingfrompictorialandotherevidence,ColinMudiedrewplansforagalleyfromabout1200BCE.ThenewArgodepartedVolosonMay2,1984,andafter
crossingtheAegean,sheenteredtheDardanellesnineteendayslater.ByJune15theshipwasintheBlackSea,andproceedingunderoarsaloneformostofthetime,
shemadeherwayslowlyeastward.AmongtheportsofcalltheycouldidentifywithGreekmythwereEregli,nearwheretheRiverAcheronflowsandwhereHerakles
descendedintotheUnderworldtocaptureHades'watchdog,Cerberus,andwhereIdmonthesoothsayerandTiphys,Jason'shelmsman,died.OnceeastofSinope,
ArgoencounteredfavorablewindsalthoughthestormsofthefirstthirtysixhourstestedthemettleoftheBronzeAgedesignandthetwentiethcenturycrewtothe
utmost.TendayslatertheyarrivedatGiresunIsland,knownastheIslandofAres,whereJasonhadmetfourofhisColchiancousins,whohadbeenshipwreckeden
routetoGreeceandwhoagreedtoaccompanyhimbacktotheirhome.OnJuly19,thenewArgodepartedHopa,Turkey,thefirstshiptocleartheportforthe
SovietUnionsinceWorldWarII.OnceintoSovietterritorialwaters,thecrewweregreetedbythesailtrainingbarkTovarischandacrewofprofessionaloarsmen
andotherathleteswhohelpedrowArgotherestofthewaytoPoti,wherethelatterdayArgonautswerewelcomedbythousandsofGeorgiansforwhomthelegend
ofJasonandtheGoldenFleeceremainsverymuchapartofthepopularculture.Afterseveraldaysofcelebration,ArgowastowedandroweduptheRhioniRiver
(asthePhasisisnowknown)untilsheranagroundonamudbankabreastofJaladdi,theoldestBronzeAgesettlementyetfoundontheRhioniRiver.
Jason'sroutehomevariesdependingontheversionofthemyth.Somesayhereturnedthewayhecame,whileothershavehimascendingtheDanubeorotherrivers
andproceedingoverlandtotheMediterranean.Severinandhiscrewreturnedviamoreconventionalmeans,andArgowaseventuallytakentotheExeterMaritime
MuseuminEngland.
ApolloniusRhodius,Argonautica.Severin,JasonVoyage.

ArgoMerchant
(exArcturus)Tanker(3m).L/B/D:641.3'84.3'34.8'(195.5m25.7m10.6m).Tons:18,743grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:38.Mach.:16kts.Built:
Howaldtswerke,AG,Hamburg1953.
ThevehicleofwhatmighthavebeenoneoftheworstecologicaldisastersintheUnitedStates,thetankerArgoMerchantwaslaunchedasArcturus.Sheledan
uneventfullifeduringherfirstelevenyearsatsea,butin1964shebegantoexperiencechronicproblemswithherengines,machinery,andcrew.Between1964and
1973theshipwasinvolvedinfourteenshippingcasualtiesfiveandahalftimestheaverageincludingonecollisioninJapanandtwogroundingsinIndonesia
(underthenamePerminaSamudraIII)andSicily(asVari).In1973shewasboughtbyThebesShipping,Inc.,andrenamedArgoMerchant.In1975shereceived
BureauVritas'shighestrating,butfollowingsmalloilspillsatPhiladelphiaandBoston,thecommanderoftheFirstCoastGuardDistrictrecommendedbarringher
fromU.S.waters,thoughthatcouldn'tbedonelegally.
InearlyDecember1976,ArgoMerchantloaded7.7milliongallonsofcrudeoilatPuertoLaCruz,Vene

Page34

zuela,forBoston.UnderCaptainGeorgiosPapadopoulos,theshipcarriedtwounqualifiedcrewashelmsmen,abrokengyroscope,inadequatecharts,andan
inaccurateradiodirectionfinder.At0600onDecember15,thetankerranagroundonMiddleRipShoalinposition4102N,6927'Wabout25milessoutheast
ofNantucketandmorethan24milesoffherintendedcourse.Thethirtyeightcrewwererescued,buttheshallowwatersandtheseasonmadeitimpossibletooffload
theoilormovetheship.OnDecember21,1976,ArgoMerchantbrokeapartandspilledenoughoiltoheat18,000homesforayear.Northwestwindsblewthe60
by100mileslickoffshore,andcoastalfisheriesandbeachesweresparedtheworst.
Hooke,ModernShippingDisasters.Winslow,HardAground.

USSArgus
Brig(2m).L/B/D:95.5'27'12.7'(29.1m8.2m3.9m).Tons:31bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:142.Arm.:1824pdr,212pdr.Built:EdmundHartt,Boston
1803.
Oneoftwoships,withUSSHORNET,authorizedbyCongressin1803,USSArguswaslaunchedandcommissionedthesameyearandsailedforthe
MediterraneanstationunderLieutenantStephenDecatur,whorelinquishedcommandtoLieutenantIsaacHullatGibraltar.ArgusremainedintheMediterraneanfor
threeyearsandwaspresentatmanyofthedefiningmomentsintheBarbaryWars:thebombardmentofTripoliinAugust1804theillfatedattempttodestroythe
TripolitanfleetwiththebombshipINTREPID,whichsheescortedintotheportandthecaptureofDerna.In1804,ColonelWilliamEatonconceivedaplanto
restorethedeposedPashaHametKaramanlitothethroneofTripoli.RaisingamixedforceofGreeks,Italians,Arabs,andtenAmericans,Eatonmarched600miles
acrossNorthAfricafromEgypttoDernawhere,supportedbygunfirefromArgusandHornet,theycapturedthefortonApril27,1805.(Thisactioninspired"The
MarineHymn"verseabout"theshoresofTripoli.")
Thefollowingyear,ArgusreturnedtotheUnitedStatesandafterabrieflayup,shewasassignedtohomewatersalongtheEastCoast.Sheremainedinthiswork
throughtheopeningoftheWarof1812.InthefallofthatyearshecapturedsixBritishprizes.OnJune19,1813,MinistertoFranceWilliamH.Crawfordembarked
inArgusforthevoyagetoL'Orient,France,whereshearrivedonJuly11.Ninedayslater,LieutenantWilliamH.Allenembarkedonacommercedestroyingmission
intheEnglishChannelandthenintotheIrishSea.Argus'screwcaptured20ships11ofthemafterAugust10ofwhich13weresunkandtheremainderused
ascartelships,mannedandkept.Atdawnonthe14th,ArguswasbroughttobattlebyHMBrigPelican(18guns),CommanderJohnFordyceMaples.Thecontest
wasbrief,PelicangainingtheweathergaugeandrenderingtheAmericanunmaneuverablewithin15minutes.Arguslost10menkilled(includingAllen)and13
wounded.Shewasbroughtbacktoplymouthandsoldtoanunknownbuyer.
Dye,FatalCruiseoftheArgus.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Argus
Schooner(4m).L/B/D:188.8'32.5'19.5'dph(63.7m9.9m5.9m).Tons:696grt.Comp.:70.Hull:steel.Mach.:oilengine,475hpdiesel.Built:DeHaan
&OerlemansScheepsbauwerft,Heusden,Neth.1939.
OwnedbytheParceriaGeraldePescariasofLisbon,ArgusandthirtytwoothersailingshipswereavitalpartofthepostWorldWarIIPortugueseGrandBanks
fishingfleet.TheirstoryiscelebratedinAlanVilliers'sQuestoftheSchooner"Argus."Withhischaracteristicrespectforshipsandmen,Villiersrecordshowhe
sailedunderCaptainAdolfofromPortugaltotheGrandBanksandthennorthintoBaffinBay.EverydayfromApriluntilOctober,Argus's53codfishermentookto
14foot,flatbottomeddoriesfromwhichtheypaidoutandhauledin,byhand,600hooklonglines.Eventuallyconvertedforsidefishing,Argusremainedunder
Portugueseownershipuntil1976whenshewassoldtoWindjammerCruisesforuseasacharterboatintheCaribbean.RenamedPolynesiaII,sheremainedinthat
workthroughthe1980s.
Villiers,QuestoftheSchooner"Argus."

Ariel
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:197.4'33.9'21'(60.2m10.3m6.4m).Tons:853net.Hull:composite.Des.:WilliamRennie.Built:RobertSteele&Co.,Greenock,
Scotland1865.
OrderedbyShaw,Lowther&MaxtonfortheChinateatrade,Arielwasbuiltofcompositeconstruction,withironframesandwoodplanking.Namedfor"anayrie
spirit"inShakespeare'sTempest,shewasconsideredoneofthemostbeautifulclipperseverbuilt,andherlongtimecaptainJohnKeaylaterwrotetoBasilLubbock:
Arielwasaperfectbeautytoeverynauticalmanwhoeversawher:insymmetricalgraceandproportionofhull,spars,sails,riggingandfinish,shesatisfiedtheeyeandputallin

Page35

Imagenotavailable.
PearlHarbor's"BattleshipRow"duringthesurpriseattackontheHawaiiannavalbase,December7,1941.Fromleft
torightareUSSNEVADA,VESTALandARIZONA,WESTVIRGINIA(listingtoportafteratorpedohit)and
TENNESSEE,OKLAHOMAandMARYLAND,fleetoilerNEOSHO(sunk5monthslater),and,farright,CALIFORNIA.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenterFoundation,Washington,D.C.
lovewithherwithoutexception.Thecurveofstem,figureheadandentrance,theeasysheerandgracefullinesofthehullseemedgrownandfinishedaslifetakesshapeand
beauty.Theproportionandstandofhermastsandyardswereallperfect.
Itwasapleasuretocoachher.VerylightairsgaveherheadwayandIcouldtrustherlikealivethinginallevolutionsinfactshecoulddoanythingshortofspeaking.

Thoughhercareerwasshort,Arielleftanimpressiverecord.HerfirstreturnfromFoochow,underKeay,establishedherasoneofthefastestclippers.OnMay29,
1866,shecrossedthebaratFoochowfourteenhoursbehindFIERYCROSS(thoughshehadfinishedloadingfirst)andlessthanadayaheadofSerica,Taitsing,
andTaeping.Shecarried615tonsofteaat5perton,withaguaranteedpremiumof"10spertonextraiffirstsailingvesselindock[atLondon]withnewteasfrom
Foochow."TheshipswerevirtuallyneckandneckdowntheChinaSea,acrosstheIndianOcean,anduptheAtlantic.ArielwasoffDealat0800September6,
followedtenminuteslaterbyTaepingand,laterthatnight,Serica.(AllthreewerefromSteele'syard.)ArielandTaepingsplitthepremium,butthesimultaneous
arrivalofsomuchteadrovedownthemarketpriceandtheofferofapremiumwasthereafterdropped.
Onhersecondpassageout,ArielleftGravesendonOctober14,1866,andanchoredatHongKongonJanuary5,1867,afterapassageof83days,thefastestever
madeagainstthemonsoonandlessthanaweekofftherecordof77daysmadebyCairngormin1853.TheaverageofAriel'sotherthreeoutwardpassageswas
106days.CaptainKeay'sfirstmateCourtenaytookcommandofArielin1868,andfouryearslatershewaslostatseaenroutefromLondonforSydneyunder
CaptainCachevaille.
Lubbock,ChinaClippers.MacGregor,TeaClippers.

Page36

USSArizona(BB39)
Pennsylvaniaclassbattleship.L/B/D:608'106.3'28.8'(185.3m32.4m8.8m).Tons:36,567disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:9151,358.Arm.:1214"(34),
225",43".Armor:13.5"belt,4"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,31,500shp,4screws21kts.Built:NewYorkNavyYard,Brooklyn1916.
USSArizonawasoneoftwoPennsylvaniaclassdreadnoughtbattleshipsbuiltduringWorldWarI.BecauseofthescarcityoffueloilinBritain,shewasunableto
serveinEuropeandherfirstwartimeservicewasspentpatrollingtheEastCoast.WithWoodrowWilson'sflotillaenroutetotheillfatedVersaillespeaceconference,
ArizonawaslaterdispatchedtotheMediterranean.InMay1919,theshipprovidedprotectionforU.S.interestsduringtheGreekinvasionofSmyrna.Returningto
homewaters,Arizonaspentmostofthe1920sattachedtothePacificFleetatSanPedro.Amodernizationprogramin193031sawtheremovalofheroriginal
tripodmastsandtheadditionofantitorpedoblisters.In193839,shewasflagshipofRearAdmiralChesterW.Nimitz,CommanderofBattleshipDivision1.
InApril1940,ArizonawaspartofthefleetsenttoPearlHarborasaforwarddeterrenttoJapaneseexpansioninthePacific.Asfatewouldhaveit,shebecameone
ofthefirstU.S.casualtiesofJapaneseaggression.OnDecember7,1941,USSArizonawasoneofsevenbattleshipsmooredalongBattleshipRowonthesoutheast
shoreofFordIsland.(HersistershipPennsylvaniawasindrydock.)At0755,thefirstwavesofcarrierplanes81fighters,135divebombers,104highlevel
bombers,and40torpedoplanesfrom6aircraftcarriersroaredoverhead.Aboutoneminuteintotheraidanarmorpiercingbombexplodedinherforward
magazineandArizonabecamethefirstshipsunkintheattack.Althoughtheshipsettledquickly,trappingmanyofhercrewbelowdecks,Arizonawasnot
abandoneduntil1032.Thefinaldeathtollwas1,103officersandcrewoutof1,358aboard,includingCaptainFranklinVanValkenburghandRearAdmiralIsaacC.
Kidd,CommanderofBattleshipDivision1,bothofwhomwerekilledintheinitialexplosion.AlthoughFleetAdmiralIsorokuYamamoto'saudaciousattackmauled
theU.S.fleetseverely,thethreePacificbasedaircraftcarriersUSSENTERPRISE,LEXINGTON,andSARATOGAwereatseaandformedthenucleusofthe
hugearmadathatwouldfinallydefeatJapanthreeandahalfyearslater.
AlthoughUSSArizonawasofficiallylistedassunkbyenemyaction,theshipwasneverformallydecommissioned.Since1950,thenationalensignhasbeenraisedon
theshipeverydayasonanyothercommissionedshipintheNavy.In1962,theArizonaMemorial,awhitebridgespanningthehullofthesunkenship,wasopened
anddedicatedasanationalshrine.
Delgado,"RecoveringthePastofUSSArizona."Stillwell,Battleship"Arizona."

Ark
L/B/D:300cubits5030(dph).Hull:gopherwood.Comp.:8peopleanimals.Built:Noah.
TheArkwasthevesselthatGodcommandedNoahtobuildinpreparationfortheflood,whichHesentbecause"Godsawthatthewickednessofmanwasgreatin
theearth,andthateveryimaginationofthethoughtsofhisheartwasonlyevilcontinually."GoddeterminedtodrownallofmankindexceptforNoah,whomHe
orderedtobuildavesselinwhichhisfamilyandrepresentativesofallthespeciesoftheEarthcouldliveforthedurationoftheflood.God'sbuildinginstructionswere
explicit:
Maketheeanarkofgopherwoodroomsshaltthoumakeintheark,andshaltpitchitwithinandwithoutwithpitch.Andthisisthefashionwhichthoushaltmakeitof.Thelength
ofthearkshallbethreehundredcubits,thebreadthofitfiftycubits,andtheheightofitthirtycubits.Awindowshaltthoumaketotheark,andinacubitshaltthoufinishit
aboveandthedoorofthearkshaltthousetinthesidethereofwithlower,secondandthirdstoriesshaltthoumakeit.

AfterNoahhadgatheredhiswife,hissonsShem,Ham,andJaphethtogetherwiththeirwives,and"livingcreaturesofeverykind,twoofeachkind,maleand
female"birds,beastsandreptiles"andeverykindoffoodthatcanbeeaten,"Godsenttheflood.Therainitselflastedfor40daysandeventuallycoveredthe
earthwithwatertoadepthof15cubits.Thereremainedtheproblemoffiguringout"ifthewaterswereabatedoffthefaceoftheground."Noahinvestigatedthisby
sendingoutadovefromtheArk.Onthefirsttry,shefoundnothing,andonthesecondshereturned"and,lo,inhermouthwasanoliveleafplucktoff."Onthethird
try,shefailedtoreturn.Nonetheless,theArkdriftedfor150daysbeforefinallycomingtorestonthemountainsofArarat,inwhatisnoweasternTurkey.Afterone
year,onemonth,andtendays,NoahandhisfamilylefttheArk,whereuponGodestablishedwithNoahthecovenantoftherainbow,andhissonswentforthto
populatetheearth.
ThehistoricityoftheArkhasbeenthesubjectofendlessspeculationsincebiblicaltimes,andseveralexpeditionshavesetoutinsearchofthevessel'sremainsinthe

Page37

twentiethcentury.Thelengthtobeamratioof6:1isplausibleforavesselofthesixthcenturyBCE(thedateofthecompositionofGenesis).Butifacubitisabouthalfa
meter(1.5feetsomeestimatesputitatabout0.6m,or2feet),alengthof140meters(450feet)wouldmaketheArkmanytimesbiggerthanthelargestknown
vesselsfromantiquity.(Asimplifiedmeasurementoflengthtimesbeamtimeshalfthebeamdividedby100yieldsagrosstonnageofabout12,000tons.)
OfmoreimmediaterelevancetohistoriansoflatermaritimehistoryisthefactthattheArkisthemostcommonlyillustratedvesselinEuropeanart.Takentogether,
theseimagesinfrescoes,stonecarvings,manuscripts,andothermediacompriseavisualencyclopediaofshipbuildingthatshowsthetransitionfromshellfirst
constructionwithframesinsertedlater(clinkerinthenorth,carvelinthesouth)totheskeletonfirstconstructionthatpredominatedafterthefifteenthcentury.
Genesis6:18:17.Unger,TheArtofMedievalTechnology.

CSSArkansas
Arkansasclassironclad.L/B/D:165'35'11.5'(50.3m10.7m3.5m).Hull:woodandiron.Comp.:200.Arm.:29",29",26",232pdr,2
64pdr.Armor:18"ironandwood.Mach.:lowpressureengines,900ihp,2screws8mph.Built:J.T.Shirley,Memphis,Tenn.1862.
CSSArkansaswasapowerfulcasemateironcladramdistinguishedparticularlyforwhatsheaccomplished,despitebeingsoimperfectlyandincompletelyfinishedthat
ajuniorofficer,GeorgeW.Gift,describedherasa"hermaphroditeironclad."Platedoverwithrailroadironandironplate,shehada9tonrammingbeakandwas
consideredfastforhersize.LaiddownatMemphisandcompletedatYazooCity,shewascommissionedinMay1862,LieutenantIsaacNewtonBrown
commanding.OnJuly15sheengagedtheironcladsTyler,BelleoftheWestandCARONDELET,thelatterbeingrunagroundwith35casualties.Shethenentered
theMississippiandranthroughFlagOfficerDavidFarragut'sfleetaboveVicksburgtotakerefugebeneaththebatteriesofthatcity.Thesamenightshewasagain
engagedbyFarragut'sfleetasitputdowntheriver.Afterrepairs,ArkansasleftforBatonRougeonAugust3,butherenginesfailedthreedayslater,andshewas
abandonedandsetafiretoavoidcapturebyUSSEssex.
Milligan,GunboatsdowntheMississippi.Still,IronAfloat.

ArkRoyal
(exArkRaleigh)Galleon(4m).Tons:694burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:460pdr,430pdr,1218pdr,129pdr,66pdr,17small.Built:Deptford
Dockyard1587.
BuiltforSirWalterRaleighatDeptford,ArkRaleighwastakenoverbyQueenElizabethbeforecompletionandrenamed.DuringtheSpanishArmadathefollowing
year,ArkRoyalsailedasflagshipofCharlesHoward,LordHowardofEffingham.Withhighsterncastlesbutacutdownforecastlethatmadehermoreweatherly
thanthehighchargedvesselsofthepreviouscentury,shehadfourmaststheforeandmainweresquareriggedandsettopsails,whilethemizzenandbonaventureset
singlelateensails.
WhentheSpanishArmadaarrivedintheEnglishChannelonJuly30,1588,HowardledhisfleetofmorethanfiftysixshipsoutofPlymouth.Thefollowingday,his
shipscameasternofthelarger,lessmaneuverableSpanishfleet,andArkRoyalwasthefirstEnglishshiptoengagetheSpanish,attackingthe820tonRataSanta
MariaEncoronadauntilotherSpanishshipscouldcometoheraid.OnAugust2,theSpanishfleetwascaughtoffPortlandBillbetweentheEnglishfleetandtheland.
MartndeBertendona'sRegazonaattemptedtoboardArkRoyal,whichslippedaway.WhenthewindchangedinHoward'sfavor,heattackedMedinaSidonia's
flagship,SANMARTN,thoughtolittleeffect.
ThefollowingthreedaysbroughtonlylightwindsandthetwofleetsmadetheirwayslowlytowardsCalais,wheretheyanchoredonAugust6.Thenextnight,Howard
orderedafleetoffireshipssentdownontheSpanishfleet,whichescapedindisorderbutotherwiserelativelyunscathed.Thenextmorning,HowardledanEnglish
forceinboardingthegalleassSanLorenzo,whichhadgroundedonasandbarintheescape,andArkRoyalmissedthemainactionoftheBattleofGravelines.Bythe
nextday,theSpanishfleetwasblownpasttherendezvouswiththelandforcesoftheDukeofParmaandintotheNorthSea.AlthoughtheEnglishcouldnotdestroy
theSpanishfleet,theelementsdid.
ArkRoyal'snextmajorengagementcamein1596,whenshewaspartofafleetthatattackedtheSpanishatCadiz.ShewasreadiedtorepelanotherSpanishthreatin
1599,althoughtheanticipatedinvasionneverhappened.In1608,ArkRoyalwasrebuiltasAnneRoyal,andassuchsheremainedonthenavylistuntilshesankat
TilburyHopein1636.
Mattingly,Armada.Sugden,SirFrancisDrake.

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HMSArkRoyal
ArkRoyalclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:800'94.8'22.8'(243.8m28.9m6.9m).Tons:27,720disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,580.Arm.:72aircraft164.5",
482pdr,620mm.Armor:4.5"belt,3.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,102,000shp,3screws30.8kts.Built:CammellLaird&Co.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.
1938.
Thethirdshipofthename,HMSArkRoyalwasoneoftheRoyalNavy'smostmodernaircraftcarriersatthestartofWorldWarII.AttachedtotheHomeFleetand
undercommandofCaptainA.J.Powerin1939,ArkRoyalwasinvolvedinvirtuallyeverymajornavalcampaignduringthewar'sfirsttwoyears,andmanyenduring
carrieraviationtechniquesweredevelopedandperfectedonherdecks.OnSeptember14,1939,planesfromArkRoyalscoredthefirstAlliedvictoryagainstthe
Germansubmarinecorps,sinkingU39northwestofIreland.Onthe27th,herSkuasshotdownthefirstGermanplanesofthewarovertheNorthSea.Ina
retaliatoryattack,theGermansclaimednotforthelasttimetohavesunkthecarrier.Soonafter,ArkRoyalandthebattleshipRENOWNweredispatchedto
theSouthAtlantictolookforthepocketbattleshipADMIRALGRAFSPEE,andfromOctobertoFebruary1940sheremainedstationedatFreetown,Sierra
Leone,patrollingtheseasbetweenBrazilandWestAfricabeforereturningtoPortsmouth.
ArkRoyalwasnextdispatchedtotheMediterraneantojointheaircraftcarrierGLORIOUSatAlexandria.NosoonerhadshearrivedwhenonApril7theGermans
invadedNorway.TwoweekslatershewasbackintheClydeandonApril23shesailedforNorwayCaptainC.S.Hollandforthestartoftenweeksof
operations,ultimatelyfruitless,intendedtokeepNarvikfromfallingintoGermanhands.OnJune8,GloriouswassunkbySCHARNHORSTandGNEISENAU,
andfourdayslaterArkRoyallaunchedretaliatorystrikesagainstGermanshippingatTrondheim,losingeightoffifteenplanesinaninconclusiveraid.
AfterfourdaysatScapaFlow,ArkRoyalreturnedtotheMediterranean.FollowingthesurrenderofFranceandtheadventoftheVichygovernmentofMarshal
Ptain,theBritishrealizedthattheymusteithercaptureordestroytheFrenchfleettopreventitfallingintoGermanhands.OnJuly2,ViceAdmiralSirJames
SomervillehoistedhisflaginthebattlecruiserHMSHOODtoformForceHconsistingalsoofbattleshipsValiantandResolution,ArkRoyal,andcruisers
ArethusaandEnterprise,amongotherships.ThenextdayForceHarrivedoffMerselKbiratthestartofOperationCatapult,wherebytheBritishintendedto
neutralizethepotentialthreatposedbytheFrenchfleet.IntheportjustthreemilesfromOran,Algeria,laythebattlecruisersDunkerque,STRASBOURG,battleships
PROVENCEandBRETAGNE,seaplanecarrierCommandantTeste,andsixdestroyers.AdmiralMarcelGensoulwasgivenanumberofoptions:fight,sailtoa
Britishport,theFrenchWestIndies,ortheUnitedStates,orscuttlehisshipswithinsixhours.WhenGensouldeclinedtoheedtheBritishdemands,Somervilleopened
theattack.Bretagneblewup,Provencewasbeached,andDunkerquewasdamagedandfinishedoffthenextdaybyaircraftfromArkRoyal.OnlyStrasbourg
escapedtoToulon.
WithItaly'sdeclarationofwaronJune10,1940,theAdmiralty'smainprioritybecamethemaintenanceofitsMediterraneansupplylineandespeciallyMalta,which
layhalfwaybetweenGibraltarandEgypt.InJuly,ArkRoyalflewthefirstofmanyoperationsagainstItalianairfieldsnearCagliari,Sardinia.InlateSeptember,she
wassenttoWestAfricainafailedattempttolanddeGaulle'sFreeFrenchforcesatDakar,Senegal.InearlyOctobershewasatLiverpoolforseveralweeksof
maintenance,butbyNovember7shewasbackintheMediterraneanattackingCagliari.Attheendofthemonth,shetookpartintheBattleofSpartivento,engaginga
fleetthatincludedthebattleshipsVITTORIOVENETOandGiulioCesare,althoughtherewerenolossesoneitherside.Thefollowingspringshewasused
frequentlytodeliverplanestothebeleagueredgarrisonatMalta,andinMarchshebrieflytookpartinthesearchforthebattlecruisersGneisenauandScharnhorst
intheAtlantic.
InApril1941,CaptainL.E.H.Maundassumedcommand.WhenitwaslearnedthatBISMARCKwasatlargeintheNorthAtlantic,ArkRoyal,RENOWN,and
SHEFFIELDwereamongtheshipsofForceHmobilizedtosearchforthecrippledGermanbattleshipasshemadeherwaytowardsFrance.At0835onthemorning
ofMay26,tenSwordfishflewoffthedecksofArkRoyal,whichwaspitchingsome50feetinhighwindsandseas.At1115Bismarckwassighted,andfromthenon
untilhersinkingthenextday,Britishforceswerecontinuouslyincontactwithher.Thatnight,planesfromArkRoyalscoredtwotorpedohitsthatknockedout
Bismarck'ssteeringgear,andthenextmorningshewasfinishedoffbyBritishsurfaceunits.
ArkRoyalreturnedtotheMediterranean,dedicatedespeciallytothereliefofMalta.At1541onNovember13,shewastorpedoedbyU81aboutthirtymileseast
ofGibraltar.Despitevalianteffortstokeepherafloat,ArkRoyalsankthenextmorningat0613,withonlyonemanlost,offGibraltarin3606'N,507'W.
Jameson,ArkRoyal19391941.

Page39

Arktika
(exLeonidBrezhnev)Arktikaclassicebreaker(1f/2m).L/B/D:435.3'91.9'30.1'(148m28m11m).Tons:18,172grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:nuclear
reactors,steamturbines,75,000shp,3screws18kts.Built:BalticShipbuilding&EngineeringWorks,Leningrad,USSR1974.
ThesecondnuclearpoweredicebreakerbuiltbytheSovietUnionafterLENIN,Arktikawasthefirstoffivevesselsinherclass.OriginallynamedfortheGeneral
SecretaryoftheUSSR,shewasdesignedforthesearoutesoftheNortheastPassageacrossthetopoftheSovietUnionin1975shebecamethefirstsurfaceshipto
reachtheNorthPole.SponsoredbyT.B.Guzhenko,ministerofthemerchantfleetoftheSovietUnion,theexpeditionwasdescribedsimplyasa"scientificpractical
experimentalvoyage"intendedtotestthenewicebreakerinmoreextremeconditionsthantheshipwouldordinarilyencounter.UndercommandofCaptainO.G.
Pashnin,ArktikasailedfromMurmanskonAugust9,1975,andreachedtheNorthPoleeightdayslater.
Thistripwasnotrepeatedforanotherdecade,butsincethe1980s,thevoyagehasbecomeoneofincreasingpopularityfortouristswhotravelingreatcomforttothe
topoftheworldaboardRussian,Swedish,German,andotherships.
Gardiner,ed.,ShippingRevolution.

Asgard
Ketch.L/B/D:44'13'7.5'(13.4m4m2.3m).Tons:18grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:6.Built:ColinArcher,Larvik1905.
In1903,flushwiththesuccessofhisclassicespionagethrillerRiddleoftheSands,whichhadawakenedtheEnglishpublictothethreatposedbyamilitarized
GermanyjustacrosstheNorthSea,ErskineChildersmarriedtheIrishAmericanMaryOsgoodofBoston.Asaweddingpresent,herparentsgavetheChildersesthe
ketchriggedyachtorderedfromthegreatNorwegiandesignerColinArcher.Overthenextdecade,thecouplecruisedaroundEngland,Ireland,theNorthSea,and
theBaltic.Inthemeantime,theybecameincreasinglyinvolvedinIreland'sHomeRulemovement.ShortlybeforetheoutbreakofWorldWarI,ArmyofUlster
VolunteersintheNorthofIrelandbroughtfromGermany35,000riflesand3millionroundsofammunition.BeforetheIrishNationalistsmightdothesame,theBritish
governmentmadesuchimportsillegal.Nonetheless,ChildersbecameinvolvedinaschemeinvolvingmostlyAngloIrishProtestantslikehimselftoimportMauserrifles
andammunitiononbehalfoftheIrishVolunteersinthesouth.OnJuly3,1914,AsgardsailedfromConway,Wales,withacrewofsixincludingMollyChildersand
MarySpringRice,whohadsuggestedtheideatoIrishnationalistRogerCasement.AfterrendezvousingatCoweswithConorO'BrieninKelpie(withacrewof
four),onthenightofJuly12thetwovesselsloaded1,500riflesfromtheGermantugGladiatoroffRuytigenLightshipnearthemouthoftheScheldt.Theyreturnedto
IrelandunchallengedandtheMausersweredistributedtotheIrishVolunteers,Asgard'satKingstown(DunLaoghaire),andKelpie'satKilcoole,Wicklow.
WorldWarIbeganaweeklater.AlieutenantintheRoyalNavyVolunteerReserve,ChilderswasawardedtheDistinguishedServiceCrossforhisworkasan
reconnaissanceexpert,hisfirstassignmentbeingaboardtheseaplanecarrierHMSEngadine.In1921,Childersrefusedtoacceptthetreatyleadingtothecreationof
theIrishFreeStateandjoinedtheIrishRepublicanArmy.ThefollowingyearhewasarrestedbyFreeStatesoldiersand,foundguiltyofaweaponscharge,executed
byfiringsquadafterfirstshakinghandswitheachofitsmembers.(Halfacenturylater,hissonbecamepresidentofIreland.)FollowingChilders'sdeath,Asgardwas
usedasasailtrainingvesselbytheIrishgovernment.Declaredanationalmonument,in1980shewaslaidupandpreservedashoreattheKilmainhamMuseum,
Dublin.
Childers,HowthGunRunningThirstfortheSea.Leather,ColinArcherandtheSeaworthyDoubleEnder.

HMSAssociation
2ndrate90(3m).L/B/D:165'45.3'18.2'dph(50.3m13.8m5.6m).Tons:1,459bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:680.Arm.:2632pdr,2618pdr,269pdr,
186pdr.Des.:Bagwell.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1699.
TheflagshipofAdmiralSirCloudisleyShovellwhenhewassentouttotheMediterraneanintheWaroftheSpanishSuccession,Associationtookpartinthecapture
ofGibraltaronAugust4,1704,andthesubsequentbattleofMalaga,againsttheFrenchfleetonAugust24.Theshipisbestrememberedforthetragedythatbefell
Shovell'ssquadronuponitsreturnfromtheMediterraneanintheautumnof1707underCaptainEdmundLoades.AfterlyingtonearthemouthoftheEnglishChannel
whilewaitingforafreshbreeze,the12shipsproceededontheeveningofOctober22.However,theshipswereoffcourse,andtheysoonranagroundontheBishop
andClerksRocksofftheScillyIsles.Associationwasquicklysmashedontherocks,withthelossofherentirecomple

Page40

mentof800men.Threeothershipswerealsolostthatnight:the3rdrateEagle,CaptainRobertHancock,withmorethan500menthe4thrateRomney,Captain
WilliamConey,withabout250crewandthefireshipFirebrand,CommanderFrancisPiercey,fromwhichtherewere24survivors.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Powell,"WreckofSirCloudesleyShovell."

L'Astrolabe
(exL'Autruche)Frigate(3m).Tons:450.Hull:wood.Comp.:109.Built:France1781.
L'AstrolabewasthesecondoftwoshipsintheComtedeLaProuse'sexpeditiontothePacificin178588.Aformersupplyvessel,L'Astrolabesailedunder
commandofPaulAntoineMarieFleuriotdeLangle.IncompanywithLABOUSSOLE,shesailedfromBrestonAugust1,1785,callingatBrazil,Chile,Easter
Island,andHawaiibeforemakinganextensivesurveyofthePacificcoastofNorthAmericafromMountSt.EliastoMonterey.ThetwoshipsthencrossedtoMacao
andstayedforthefirsttwomonthsof1787beforesailingtothePhilippines,theSeaofJapan,andSakhalinIsland(wheredeLanglewashonoredwiththenameofa
bay),andalongtheKurileIslandstotheremoteRussiansettlementatPetropavlovskontheKamchatkaPeninsula.
InSeptember,theysailedsouthanddidnotmakelandfalluntilDecember6,whentheylandedintheSamoanIslands(whichBougainvillehadcalledtheNavigators)
andanchoredatTutuila.OnDecember11,deLanglewentashoretogetfreshwaterandwasattackedbymorethan1,000Samoanswhokilledhimand11ofhis
crew,andwounded20others.Althoughtheattackseemedunprovoked,LaProuserefusedtoallowanyreprisals,carryingouttotheletterLouisXVI'sinjunction
that"hewillhaverecoursetoarmsonlyasalastextremity,onlyasameansofdefense,andincircumstanceswhenanytolerancewouldinevitablyplacetheshipsand
theKing'ssubjectsindanger."
LaProuseappointedRobertSuttondeClonardtocommandL'AstrolabeandtheshipssailedforBotanyBay,Australia,wheretheyarrivedonJanuary24,1788.
TheFrenchsenttheirlastdispatcheshome,announcingtheirintentiontovisitTonga,NewCaledonia,theSolomonIslands,theLouisiadeArchipelago,andthewest
coastofAustraliabeforereturningtoFranceinJune1789.NothingwasheardfromtheshipsaftertheirdeparturefromBotanyBayinMarch,andin1791,theFrench
governmentdispatchedasearchexpeditionunderChevalierd'EntrecasteauxinLaRechercheandL'ESPERANCE.NosignoftheLaProuseexpeditionwas
discovereduntilCaptainPeterDillonrecoveredartifactsfromtheshipsontheislandofVanikoroin1826.
LaProuse,JournalofJeanFranoisdeGalaupdelaProuse.Shelton,FromHudson'sBaytoBotanyBay.

L'Astrolabe
(exCoquille)Corvette(3m).Tons:380.Hull:wood.Comp.:7079.Built:France1811.
ShortlyafterreturningtoFrancefromathreeyearcircumnavigationaslieutenantinLouisdeFreycinet'sL'URANIE,LouisI.DuperreyandhiscolleagueJulesS.
Dumontd'UrvillemadeaproposalforanewcircumnavigationtotheMinisterofMarine,theMarquisdeClermontTonnerre.Thetwinaimswerescientific
includingstudiesofterrestrialmagnetismandmeteorologyandgeographic,withaviewespeciallytoconfirmingorcorrectingthepositionofislandsandother
landmarksessentialtosafenavigation.DepartingToulononAugust11,1822,Coquille("Shell")sailedviaAscensionIsland,St.CatherineIsland(arrivingtheweek
thatBrazildeclareditsindependencefromPortugal),andtheFalklandswheretheshipwreckedUraniestilllaybeforeroundingCapeHorn.OnceinthePacific,
CoquillesailedalongthecoastofSouthAmericaasfarasPaita,Peru,andthenheadedwestthroughtheTuamotustoTahiti,arrivingonMay3.Theexpedition
continuedwestwardthroughtheSociety,Friendly(Tonga),andFijiIslands.ThoughboundforAustralia,horrendousweatherforcedthemtosteernorthwest,andthey
passedtheSantaCruzandSolomonIslandsbeforelandingatLouisdeBougainville'sPortPraslin,NewBritain.FromthereCoquillecontinuedacrossthetopof
NewGuineatotheDutchentreptatAmboinawheretheFrenchspentmostofOctober.
CoquillesailedtoPortJacksonviathewestandsouthcoastsofAustralia,andafteratwomonthlayovercontinuedtoNewZealandinApril1824.Aftertwoweeks
visitingwiththeEnglishmissionaries,whohadbeenestablishedtherefornineyears,theFrenchsailednorththroughtheElliceandGilbertIslandsandwestthroughthe
CarolinestoNewGuinea,wheretheyarrivedattheendofJuly.AfterastopattheDutchsettlementofSurabaya,CoquilleturnedforFranceviatheBritishislandof
MauritiusformerlytheFrenchIledeFranceandSt.Helena,wheretheBritishhadimprisonedFrenchemperorNapoleonBonapartefrom1815tohisdeathin
1821.TheshiparrivedatMarseillesonMarch24,1825.
UponreturningtoFrance,CoquillewasrenamedL'As

Page41

Imagenotavailable.
TheFrenchfrigateL'ASTROLABEandcorvetteLA
ZLEagroundintheTorresStraittowardstheendof
L'ASTROLABE'sthirdandlastcircumnavigation,
undertakenin183740.ThepaintingisbyLouisLe
Breton,officialartistoftheexpedition.Courtesy
PeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

trolabe,inhonorofoneofLaProuse'sshipswhichhaddisappearedin1788.UnderDumontd'Urville,whoseinterestsweremoregeographicandethnographicthan
Duperrey's,Astrolabewouldundertaketwofurthervoyagesofdiscovery.Thefirst,from1826to1829,wasconcentratedinAustralianandwesternPacificwaters,
withaviewespeciallytolocatinganytraceoftheLaProuseexpedition.AfterasurveyofAustralia'ssouthcoast,AstrolabesailedtoNewZealand,wherehercrew
madeextensiveethnographicandzoologicalstudies.TheFrenchcontinuedtoTongaandFijiIslands,wheretheycharted120islandsmanyofthempreviously
unknownbeforeheadingwesttothewatersaroundNewGuinea.AfterrepairstotheshipatAmboina,Dumontd'UrvillesailedeastthroughtheTorresStraitand
southtoTasmania,whereDumontd'UrvillelearnedthattheEnglishcaptainPeterDillonhadfoundrelicsofLaProuse'sexpeditiononVanikoro.SailingtotheNew
Hebrides,theFrenchconfirmedthesefindingsandgatheredartifactswithwhichtheyreturnedtoMarseillesonFebruary24,1829,afterfurtherstopsatGuam,inthe
EastIndies,andatIledeFrance.(DillonhadreturnedearlierandCharlesXappointedhimtotheLegionofHonor.)
AlthoughEnglishandAmericanwhalersandsealershadbeenhuntingintheSouthernOceanforthehalfcenturysinceCook's1774voyageintotheicein
ENDEAVOUR,andBellingshausenhadsailednearAntarcticain1820/21inVOSTOKandMirny,theFrenchhadplayednoactiveroleintheexplorationofthe
SouthSeas.In1836,France'sEmperorLouisPhilippedecidedtomountanexpeditiontolocatethesouthmagneticpole,withDumontd'Urvilleasitsleaderin
Astrolabe.Unliketheship'sprevioustwoexpeditions,shewouldbeaccompaniedbyLaZle,underCharlesHectorJacquinot,aveteranofthepreviousexpedition
betweenthem,theshipsembarkedsevenscientistsandnaturalists.DepartingToulononSeptember7,1837,thetwoshipssailedviaTenerifeandRiodeJaneirofor
theStraitofMagellanwheretheyremainedfromDecemberthroughJanuary1838,takingaboardaSwissandanEnglishmanwhohadbeenlivingamongthe
Patagonians.OnJanuary22,theshipswereconfrontedwithanimpenetrablemassoficethatDumontd'Urvilledescribedas
amarvelousspectacle.Moresevereandgrandiosethancanbeexpressed,evenasitliftedtheimaginationitfilledtheheartwithafeelingofinvoluntaryterrornowhereelseisone
sosharplyconvincedofone'simpotence.Theimageofanewworldunfoldsbeforeus,butitisaninert,lugubrious,andsilentworldinwhicheverythingthreatensthedestruction
ofone'sfaculties.

Theshipswereunabletomakemuchprogresssouthward,althoughtheysightedthepreviouslynamedPalmerPeninsula,andsailedforChileinApril1838,wheretwo
mendiedofscurvyandtwentytwootherseitherdesertedorweretooilltocontinue.FromSouthAmericatheexpeditionsailedthroughthemanyofthelargerPacific
IslandgroupstheMarquesas,Tahiti,Samoas,Tongas,Fiji,thennorthwestthroughtheSantaCruzIslands,Solomons,andCarolinesbeforecomingtotheSpanish
islandofGuam.AstrolabeandZlecontinuedtothePhilippines,theDutchEastIndies,andthenwestabouttoTasmaniawheretheyarrivedinNovember1839.On
thefirstofthenewyear,thetwoshipssailedsouthandonJanuary19theysawthepartofAntarcticatheycalledTerraAdlie(ford'Urville'swife),thoughtheywere
unabletoland.TheyalsocrossedthepathofUSSPorpoise,oneoftheshipsintheexpeditionledbyCaptainCharlesWilkesinUSSVINCENNES.
Afterdeterminingapproximatelythepositionofthesouthmagneticpole,theshipsreturnedtoTasmaniawheretheyreembarkedsomeoftheirsickcrewbeforesailing
forNewZealand.TheFrenchwerealsochagrinedtofindthattheEnglishhadmadesignificantadvancesinsettlingthelandtheyhadonceconsideredforaFrench
colony.FromtheretheshipsmadetheirwaybacktoFrance,arrivingatToulononNovember7,1840.Althoughtwentytwocrewhaddied,andanothertwenty
sevenhadlefttheexpeditionbecauseofillnessordesertion,theshipshadbroughtbackthelargestquantityofnaturalhistoryspecimensevergarneredinasingle
expedition.AlthoughDumontd'Urvillediedbeforeitspublication,hisaccountofAstrolabe'sthirdvoyagerantotwentythreevolumes,withfiveatlases.Theship's
pre

Page42

vioustwovoyagesresultedinsevenvolumesandfouratlasesbyDuperreyandfourteenvolumesandfiveatlasesbyDumontd'Urville.
Brosse,GreatVoyagesofDiscovery.Dumontd'Urville,TwoVoyagestotheSouthSeasbyCaptainJulesSCDumontd'Urville.Dunmore,FrenchExplorersinthePacific.

Atago
Takaoclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:668.7'59.2'20.1'(203.8m18m6.1m).Tons:15,490disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:733.Arm.:108'',44.8",2
40mm824"TT3aircraft.Armor:5"belt,1.4"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,130,000shp,4screws35.5kts.Built:KureKaigunKosho,Kure,Japan1932.
Oneoffourheavycruisersbuilttothesamedesign,Atagoandhersistershipsunderwentasubstantialrebuildin193839,emergingwithawiderbeam,more
antiaircraftguns,andaslightlyalteredprofile.AtagowastheflagshipofViceAdmiralNobutakeKondo'sThirdFleetduringtheinvasionofthePhilippineson
December8,1941(December7atPearlHarbor,Hawaii).Followingthesuccessofthatinvasion,sheprovideddistantcoverforMalayaandBorneooperations
thoughJanuary1942,andthensailedaspartofadetachedforceduringoperationsintheDutchEastIndiesthroughMarch.InlateMay1942,Atagosailedas
flagshipofKondo'sMidwayOccupationForce,whichwastooccupythestrategicislandfollowingitsreductionbycarrierplanesfromAKAGI,HIRYU,SORYU,
andKAGA,allofwhichweresunkbyU.S.forcesonJune45.
AfterweatheringtheBattlesoftheEasternSolomons(August2325)andSantaCruzIslands(October2627),AtagowasdamagedattheNavalBattleof
GuadalcanalonNovember14byshellingfromtheU.S.battleshipsWashingtonandSouthDakota.InNovember1943,shewasoneofsixcruisersunderVice
AdmiralTakeoKuritaatRabaulknockedoutofactionatRabaulbyplanesoffUSSSARATOGAandPRINCETON.Nearlyayearlater,Atagowasflagshipof
Kurita'sFirstStrikingForce,themostpowerfulpartoftheJapaneseNavyatthetime:sevenbattleships,elevenheavycruisers,twolightcruisers,andnineteen
destroyersanchoredatLinggaRoadsnearSingapore.OnOctober18,1944,thisfleetweighedanchoratthestartofSHO1,thedefenseofthePhilippines.Five
dayslater,theshipswerefollowedbythesubmarinesUSSDace(LieutenantCommanderClaggett)andDarter(LieutenantCommanderMcClintock)alongthe
PalawanPassage.At0632onOctober23,DartertorpedoedAtagoatadistanceof980yards.AlthoughKuritasurvived,hisflagshipsank18minuteslaterwiththe
lossof320livesin0928'N,11717'E.Atago'ssistershipsfarednobetter:MayawassunkbyDaceTakaowasforcedbacktoBruneiafterbeingtorpedoedby
Darter(laterscuttledafterrunningontoareef)andtwodayslaterChokaiwaslostattheBattleoffSamar.
Jentschura,Jung,&Mickel,WarshipsoftheImperialJapaneseNavy.Morison,TwoOceanWar.

Athenia
Liner(1f/2m).L/B:526.3'bp66.4'(160.4m20.2m).Tons:13,465grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:cabin5163rd1,000.Mach.:steamturbines,2screws15kts.Built:
FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1923.
AtheniawasbuiltfortheAnchorDonaldsonLimited'sservicebetweenBritainandCanada,andformostofhercareersailedbetweeneitherGlasgoworLiverpool
andQuebecandMontreal,withoccasionalstopsatHalifaxandSt.John.Attheheightofthewinterseasonshefrequentlyoperatedasacruiseship.In1935,the
AnchorLinewentoutofbusiness,andherownersbecametheDonaldsonAtlanticLineLtd.
AtheniawasthefirstBritishshipsunkbyaGermanUboatinWorldWarII.GermanyhadinvadedPolandonSeptember1andBritaindeclaredwaronGermanyat
1115onSeptember3,shortlyafterAtheniasailedfromGlasgowenroutetoMontrealwith1,100passengersembarked,morethan300ofwhomwereAmerican
citizens.ThatafternoonshewasspottedbyU30about250milesnorthwestofInishtrahull,NorthernIreland.AlthoughGermanUboatsweresupposedtobe
operatingunderprizeregulationsthatobligedthemtostopandsearchanypotentialtargets,LieutenantFritzJuliusLempdecidedAtheniawasanarmedmerchant
cruiserandfiredtwotorpedoeswithoutwarning.Theshipsankwiththelossof112passengersandcrew,butdespitethefactthatamongthesewere28Americans,
withinhours,PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelthadannouncedthathisgovernmentwaspreparing"adeclarationofAmericanneutrality."
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Terraine,BusinessinGreatWaters.

AthlitRam
Built:2ndcent.BCE.
In1980,whileconductingaroutineunderwatersurveynearAthlitontheIsraelicoast,marinearchaeologistYehoshuaRamondiscoveredabronzeramfroman
ancientwarship.Thepartiallycoveredramlayabout200

Page43

metersoffshoreatadepthof3meters.Theramwaslifted,conserved,andisnowonpermanentdisplayattheNationalMaritimeMuseum,Haifa.Ateamfromthe
UniversityofHaifalaterinvestigatedtheseafloorinthearea,butnoshiporrelatedartifactshaveyetbeenfound.
Therammeasures2.26meterslong,0.76meterswide,and0.96meterswide,andweighsabout465kilograms.Thesurvivingwoodenarmaturetowhichthebronze
wasfittedwasbuiltupof16piecesofcedar,elm,andpine.Thecentralwedgeshapedrammingtimberwasconnectedbymortiseandtenontotheship'sstema
secondheavytimber,rakedaft,formedanangleof71degreeswiththetopoftherammingtimber.Thisarmaturewasenclosedinabronzejacketaveraging2
centimetersinthicknessandfastenedwithcoppernails.Theasymmetriesoftheconstructionsuggestthatthebronzepiecewascustomcasttofitthepreexistingbow
timbers.
TheAthlitramisofatypefamiliarfrompictorialrepresentationsoftheClassicalandHellenisticperiods.Threebladelikeprotrusionsrunhorizontallyalongeachside.
Attheheadthethreehorizontalbladesarecrosseddownthecenterbyasolidverticalsection,formingagridlikestrikingsurface.Drivenbyoarpower,thisancient
"warhead"wasdesignedtosmashtheenemyship'splankingatthewaterline.Theramisdecoratedwithavarietyofsymbolsinreliefthathavebeenidentifiedwiththe
HellenistickingsofEgyptPtolemyVEpiphanesandhissuccessor,PtolemyVIPhilometor,whoreigned204164BCE.Adatefortheraminthefirsthalfofthesecond
centuryBCEissupportedbytreeringanalysisofthewood.
Casson&Steffy,AthlitRam.

CSSAtlanta
(exFingal)Casemateironclad(1f).L/B/D:204'41'15.8'(62.2m12.5m4.8m).Tons:1,006grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:145.Arm.:27",26.4",spar
torpedo.Armor:4"casemate.Mach.:verticaldirectactingengines,3screws8kts.Built:J.&G.Thomson,Govan,Scotland1861.
ThecasemateironcladCSSAtlantabeganlifeastheschoonerriggedScottishcoastalsteamerFingal.CharteredbyConfederateagentJamesD.Bulloch,shesailed
fromScotland,pickedupBullochinHolyhead(wheresheinadvertentlyrammedandsankthebrigSiccardi),andsailedforSavannah.Hercargoincluded14,000
Enfieldrifles,onemillioncartridges,sabers,uniforms,andothermateriel.BythetimeFingalwasreadytoreturntoEnglandwithacargoofcotton,Unionforceshad
blockadedSavannah,andinthespringof1862shewaspurchasedbytheConfederategovernment.Cutdowntothewaterlineandconvertedtoacasemateironclad
byNelsonandAsaTift,shewasarmedwithtwo7inchandtwo6.4inchguns,aram,andspartorpedo.
CommissionedCSSAtlantain1862,onJune17,1863,Atlanta(LieutenantWilliamA.Webb,commanding)attemptedtoattacktheUnionfleetinWassauSound.
AsshemoveddownontheUnionmonitorsNahantandWeehawken,sheranagroundandcameunderdevastatingfirethatcompelledWebb'ssurrender.After
repairsatPhiladelphia,AtlantawascommissionedintheUnionnavyandassignedtotheNorthAtlanticBlockadingSquadronin1864,withwhichshesawextensive
serviceontheJamesRiverbelowRichmond.DecommissionedaftertheCivilWar,sheisbelievedtohavebeensoldtoHaitianinterestsinJune1869and,renamed
Triumph,lostatseaoffCapeHatterasinDecember.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.Still,IronAfloat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Atlantic
Steamship(1f/4m).L/B:435'40.9'(128m12.5m).Tons:3,707grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:140crew1st166,3rd1,000pass.Mach.:compoundengines,600hp,
singlescrew14kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Ltd.,Belfast,Ireland1871.
ThesecondshipbuiltforThomasIsmay'sWhiteStarLineformallyknownastheOceanicSteamNavigationCompanyLtd.theluxuriouslyappointedAtlantic
sailedbetweenLiverpool,Queenstown,andNewYork.AlthoughitwasintendedthatsheenterservicetoChileinJanuary1873,thecompany'splanstodevelopthat
routewereabandonedandshecontinuedintransatlanticservice.OnMarch20,1873,AtlanticleftLiverpoolonher19thvoyage.Fourdaysoutsheencounteredthe
firstofasuccessionofseverestormsandonApril1CaptainJohnA.WilliamsdecidedtomakeforHalifaxtoreplenishhercoal,asrequiredbycompanyregulations.
At0312thenextmorning,AtlanticdrovehardontothereefsofMarr'sIsland,eastofHalifaxHarbor(4426'N,6344'W).Beatenbythewaves,within10minutes
theshipwasheeledoverabout50degreesandpassengerstooktotheriggingtoavoidbeingsweptintothesea.Intheensuingchaos,thebosunmanagedtoswim
ashorewithalinealongwhichanestimated250crewandpassengerscrawledtoland.Ahandfulofothersgotawayinoneoftheship'slifeboats,andtheremainderof
thesurvivorswererescuedthefollowingmorningbyfishermen.Accountsdifferastothenumberofliveslost,withestimatesrunningfrom454of981passengersand
crew,to

Page44

560ofonly931.Incredibly,notoneofthesurvivorswasawoman,andonlyonewasachild.AcourtofinquiryfoundCaptainWilliamsnegligentforrunningtheship
towardsthelandatspeedandforfailingtosoundthebottomashenearedshore.However,inrecognitionofhisoutstandingconductduringtherescueoperationsand
followingtheaccident,hislicensewassuspendedforonlytwoyears.
Eaton&Haas,FallingStar.

Atlantic
Schooner(3m).L/B/D:185'29.5'17.5'(56.4m9m5.3m).Tons:303grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:7+crew.Mach.:tripleexpansion.Des.:WilliamGardner
(Gardner&Cox).Built:Townsend&DowneyS.&R.,Co.,ShootersIsland,N.Y.1903.
BuiltforWilsonMarshall,Atlantic'sgreatestclaimtofamecamein1905whenshewasoneofelevenyachtstocompetefortheEmperor'sCupputupbyKaiser
WilhelmforaracebetweenNewYorkandLizardHead,England.AmongtheeightAmerican,twoBritish,andoneGermanentrantswereLordBrassey's
SUNBEAMandthe239footfullriggedBritishshipValhalla.Atlantic'sprofessionalcaptainCharlesBarraveteranofAmerica'sCupcampaignsinColumbia
(1899and1901)andRELIANCE(1903)drovethepowerfulschoonerthroughaviolentgaletoacrossingin12days,4hours.Her348mileday'srunonMay
2324hasneverbeenbettered,andheroveralltimewasnotbeatenuntil1968,whenEricTaberly's58foottrimaranPaulRichardmadethepassagein10days,5
hours,and14minutes.DuringWorldWarI,MarshallpubliclysmashedtheEmperor'sCupwiththeintentofdonatingthegoldtotheRedCrossitturnedouttobe
goldplatedpewterworthabout$35.
SoldtoJamesCoxBradley,Atlanticsawdutyasasubchasertender,andafterWorldWarIshewassoldtoCorneliusVanderbilt.UnderGerardB.Lambert,heirto
thecompanythatmadeListerine,shewasafavoritetowinthe1928transatlanticracefortheKing'sCupsponsoredbyAlfonsoXIIIofSpain.ShelosttoElena,and
inthesamerace,PaulHammond'sNIAwontheQueen'sCupforsmallerboats.In1935,sheescortedLambert'sJBoatYankeetoEnglandforaseriesofraces.
AtlanticdidlittleracingthereafterandinWorldWarIIshewastransferredtotheU.S.CoastGuardforuseinantisubmarineduty.Followingthewarshewasbrought
totheU.S.CoastGuardAcademyforsailtraining.TowedtotheDelawareRiverforbreakingupafewyearslater,shewassavedfromthebreakersbyWardBright.
Hisplanstorestorethe
Imagenotavailable.
ThethreemastedschoonerATLANTICduringthe1928
transatlanticracesponsoredbytheKingofSpain.
LithographbyBurnellPoole,courtesy
thefamilyofBurnellPoole.

vesselcametonaught,butherremainscouldstillbeseenontheriver'sJerseyshorefollowinghisdeathin1968.
Parkinson,HistoryoftheNewYorkYachtClub.Robinson,LegendaryYachts.Stevenson,RacefortheEmperor'sCup.

L'Atlantique
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:744'92.1'(226.7m28.1m).Tons:42,512grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st414,2nd158,3rd584663crew.Mach.:gearedturbines,50,000
shp,4screws23kts.Built:Chantiers&AteliersdeSt.Nazaire(Penhot),France1931.
AtthetimeofherlaunchingfortheCompagniedeNavigationSudAtlantique,L'AtlantiquewasthelargestandmostluxuriousshipontheSouthAmericanrun.Built
forservicebetweenFranceandArgentina,shemadehermaidenvoyagefromBordeauxtoBuenosAiresonSeptember29,1931.Unfortunately,hercareerwas
destinedtobeashortone.OnJanuary3,1933,afterscarcelyafullyearinservice,shesailedfromBordeauxtoLeHavreforarefit.At0330thenextmorning,she
wasabout22milesfromtheislandofGuernseywhenafireofunknownoriginbrokeoutinapassengercabinonEdeck.Therewerenopassengersaboard,butthe
shorthandedcrewwasunabletocontaintheblaze.Nineteenofthecrewwerekilledbeforetheorderwasgiventoabandonshipat0800.L'Atlantiqueburnedand
driftedonthetidewithoutsinking,andonJanuary6shewastakenintowtoCherbourgbyasmallfleetofDutch,German,andFrenchtugs.Theshipwasabandoned
byherowners,andthe

Page45

burnedouthulklanguishedatCherbourguntil1936whenshewassoldforscraptothePortGlasgowfirmofSmith&Houston.
Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

Atlantis
(exGoldenfels)Merchantraider(2f/2m).L/B/D:488.1'61.3'31.1'(155m18.7m8.7m).Tons:7,862grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:351.Arm.:66",1
7.5cm,13.7cm,22cm,4TT2aircraft.Mach.:diesel,7,600bhp,1screw16kts.Built:BremerVulcanSchiffbau&Maschinenfabrik,Vegesack,Hamburg
1937.
BuiltfortheHansaLineasafreighter,Goldenfelswasconvertedtowartimedutyin1939.KnownbyGermanintelligenceasSchiff16anddesignatedRaiderCby
theBritish,theHelfskreuzerAtlantisbecamethemostsuccessfulGermanmerchantcruiserofWorldWarII,creditedwiththesinkingorcaptureoftwentytwoAllied
merchantshipstotaling145,697grt.SailingunderthecommandofCaptainBernardRoggeonMarch31,1940,theAtlantisoperatedintheAtlanticandIndian
OceansbeforecrossingtheSouthPacificandreturningtotheAtlantic.OnNovember22,1941,whilerendezvousingwithU126,theAtlantiswasscuttledafter
beingengagedbyheavycruiserHMSDevonshirein0402'S,1829'W,about300milesnorthwestofAscensionIsland.Eightmenwerelostthesurvivorswere
ultimatelyrescuedbyasuccessionofGermanandItaliansubmarines.
Muggenthaler,GermanRaidersofWorldWarII.Schmalenbach,GermanRaiders.

HMSAudacious
KingGeorgeVclassbattleship(2f/1m).L/B/D:597.6'89'28.8'(182.1m27.1m8.8m).Tons:23,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:782.Arm.:10
13.5"(52),164",43pdr321"TT.Armor:belt12",deck4''.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,31,000ihp,4screws21kts.Built:LairdBros.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,
Eng.1913.
AttheoutbreakofWorldWarI,HMSAudaciouswaspartoftheSecondBattleSquadron.FearfuloftheGrandFleet'svulnerabilitytotorpedoattack,inSeptember
1914AdmiralSirJohnJellicoeorderedthefleetmovedfromScapaFlowtoLochEweandthentoLochSwilly.Nonetheless,onOctober27,Audaciousstrucka
minelaidbytheoceanlinerturnedminelayerBerlinoffToryIslandnorthofIreland.TakenintowbytheWhiteStarlinerOLYMPIC,Audacioussanktwelvehours
later.Almostimmediately,JellicoewrotetheAdmiraltythatgiventheGermanuseof"submarines,mines,andtorpedoes...[i]ftheenemyturnedawayfromus[ina
fleetaction]Ishouldassumetheintentionwastoleadusoverminesandsubmarines,anddeclinetobedrawn."Itwasjustthisfearthatunderlayhiscontroversial
decisiontoturnhisshipsawayfromwhatmighthavebeenacompleteroutoftheretreatingHighSeasFleetatJutlandratherthanriskamassedtorpedoattack.
AudaciouswasinfacttheonlyBritishdreadnoughtlosttoeitherminesorsubmarinesduringWorldWarI.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.O'Connell,SacredVessels.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

USSAugusta(CA31)
Northamptonclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:600.3'66.1'23'(183m20.1m7m).Tons:11,420disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:7351,200.Arm.:98"(3x3),8
5",3240mm,2720mm621"TT4aircraft.Armor:3"belt,1"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,107,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:NewportNews
Shipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,Va.1931.
Whilemanyshipshavebeenaheadoftheirtimeinatechnologicalsense,USSAugustaisbestrememberedforherinvolvementinincidentsthatprefiguredgreat
events,especiallytheUnitedStates'warwithJapanandthefoundingoftheUnitedNationsafterWorldWarII.ThethirdshipnamedforthenorthernGeorgiacity,
AugustawasofficiallyclassifiedasaheavycruiserfollowingtheWashingtonNavalConferenceof1930.FirstdeployedasflagshipoftheScoutingForce,sheentered
thePacificin1932totakepartinfleetmaneuvers.Whenthesewerecompleted,sheandotherunitsremainedontheWestCoastasadeterrenttoJapanese
aggressioninManchuria,whichhadbeeninvadedin1931.Thefollowingyear,sherelievedhersistershipUSSHOUSTONasflagshipoftheAsiaticFleet.Operating
outofthePhilippines,shevisitedportsinAustralia,China,andthroughoutsoutheastAsia,whereshewasknownas"AugieMaru."InAugust1933,shecarriedthe
U.S.delegationtothefuneralofJapan'sFleetAdmiralHeihachiroTogo,heroofTsushimaandPortArthur.FlyingtheflagofAdmiralHarryE.Yarnell,inJuly1937
AugustawaspartofthefirstU.S.fleettovisittheSovietportofVladivostokinfifteenyears.
ReturningtoTsingtaojustashostilitiesbetweenJapanandChinawereintensifying,AdmiralYarnellorderedAugustatoShanghaitoprotectU.S.intereststhere.
ChinesebombersmistakenlyattackedtheshiponAugust14andsixdayslateraChineseantiaircraftshelllandedontheship,killingonesailor.Augustaremainedat
Shanghai

Page46

throughthenewyear,whenshecarriedsurvivorsofUSSPANAY,sunkbyJapaneseaircraftonDecember12,tothePhilippines.ShereturnedtoChinesewaters
untillateSeptember1940beforesailingfortheUnitedStates.
AfteranextensiveoverhaulatMareIsland,AugustasailedforNewport,RhodeIsland,whereAdmiralErnestJ.King,CommanderinChief,AtlanticFleet,brokehis
flaginherinMay1941.Thatsummer,AugustacarriedPresidentRoosevelttotheAtlanticConference,aseriesofshipboardmeetingswithPrimeMinisterWinston
Churchill(aboardHMSPRINCEOFWALES)atPlacentiaBay,Newfoundland.TheleadersdiscussedgreaterU.S.involvementagainstGermanUboats,drewup
asetofaimsforthewar(inwhichtheUnitedStateswasstillneutral),andestablishedbroadprinciplesforpostwarpolicies.TheprinciplesreleasedonAugust14
wereendorsedbytheantiAxisnationsandbecamethebasisoftheUnitedNationsDeclarationofJanuary1942.
AugustasawnocombatuntilOctoberofthatyear,whenshesailedforFrenchMoroccoasflagshipofRearAdmiralH.KentHewitt'sTaskForce34inOperation
TorchamongherdistinguishedcomplementwasMajorGeneralGeorgeS.Patton.Followingthiscampaign,AugustatookpartinanumberofNorthAtlantic
convoysandotheroperationsbetweenNewEngland,Newfoundland,andIceland.OnJune6,1944,AugustawasoneofthreeU.S.cruisersintheEasternNaval
TaskForcesupportingBritishDdaylandingsonNormandy.GeneralOmarBradleyandhisstaffwereaboardfromJune5untiltheywentashoreonthe10th.
AugustathenproceededtotheMediterraneanwhereshetookpartinOperationDragoon,theAlliedlandingaroundToulonandMarseilles,duringwhichNavy
SecretaryJamesForrestaljoinedtheship.
FollowingVEDay,whichfoundheronceagainstateside,onJune13AugustaembarkedPresidentHarryS.Truman,SecretaryofStateJamesF.Byrnes,andFleet
AdmiralWilliamD.Leahy,boundforAntwerpenroutetothePotsdamConferencetheyreembarkedonJuly28atPortsmouth,England.Decommissionedin1946,
AugustaremainedpartofthereservefleetatPhiladelphiauntil1959,whenshewassoldforscraptoRobertBenjaminofPanamaCity,Florida.
Morton,AtlanticMeeting.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Augustus
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:711'82.7'(216.6m25.2m).Tons:32,650grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st302,2nd504,3rd1,404crew500.Mach.:MANdiesel,28,000shp,
4screws20kts.Built:Gio.Ansaldo&Co.,SestriPonente,Genoa1927.
Theworld'slargestpassengermotorship,theAugustuswasbuiltfortheNavigazioneGeneraleItaliana(NGI)ofGenoa.AlthoughshewasintendedfortheSouth
AmericanrunandspentmostofherfirstyearsailingbetweenGenoaandtheRiverPlateportsofMontevideoandBuenosAires,in1928shemadeherfirstvoyageto
NewYork.In1932,NGImergedwithLloydSabaudoandCosulichtoformItaliaFlottaRiunite(laterItaliaSAN),andAugustusspentthemajorityofhertimeon
theNorthAtlantic,withoccasionalvoyagestoSouthAmericaandincruiseshipservice.
In1934theship'spassengeraccommodationswerereconfigured,themostsignificantchangebeingthedivisionofthethirdclassintotouristandthirdclasswith454
and766passengers,respectively.Fiveyearslater,Augustuswastakenoutofserviceinordertoconverthertoturbinepropulsion.TheoutbreakofWorldWarIIled
toacancellationofthisplanbutin1943,shewastakenoverbytheItalianNavy,whichwantedtoconvertherforuseasanaircraftcarriertobenamedSparviero.
WorkonthisprojectendedwithItaly'ssurrenderinJune,andinSeptemberofthesameyearshewastakenoverbytheGermans,whoin1944sankherasa
blockshipatGenoa.Afterthewarshewasraisedandbrokenup.
Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

Aurora
Cruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:415.7'55'21.5'(126.6m16.8m6.6m).Tons:6,823disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:571.Arm.:86",243",81pdr315"TT.
Armor:2.5"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,11,600ihp,3screws19kts.Built:NewAdmiralty,St.Petersburg,Russia1900.
In1904AurorawasincompanywithanothercruiserandsometorpedoboatsenroutetojoinRussia'sPacificFleetatVladivostokwhenwarwithJapanbegan.
OrderedbacktotheBaltic,shewasassignedtotheSecondPacificSquadron10battleships,12cruisers,7destroyers,andothervesselswhichsailedforthe
FarEastinSeptemberunderViceAdmiralZinoviPetrovichRozhestvensky.SteamingacrosstheDoggerBankintheNorthSea,theRussianfleetopenedfireonwhat
theysuspectedmightbeJapanesetorpedoboats,butwhichturnedouttobeEnglishfishingboats.Russianmarksmanshipwasappallingandonlyonetrawlerwas
sunk,withthelossoftwofishermen.However,theRussiangunsalsofiredoneachother,andAurorawashitbyfiveshellsfromtheflagshipKniazSuvorov.
(JapaneseshipswerenotunknowninEuropeanwaters.BritainandJapanhadbeenalliessince1902,andtheRussianshadreceivedreportsofJapanese

Page47

Imagenotavailable.
ThecruiserAURORA,whosegunsfiredtheopeningsalvooftheBolshevikRevolution,
whichoverthrewtheprovisionalgovernmentofAlexanderKerenskyatSt.Petersburgin
November1917.TheshipisstillpreservedasamemorialinSt.Petersburg.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

torpedoboatsintheBalticandtheNorthSea.Twelveyearslater,seventeenJapanesedestroyerswouldbedeployedintheMediterraneanduringtheGerman
submarinecampaignagainstAlliedshippinginWorldWarI.)
WarwithBritainwasnarrowlyaverted,andthefleetsailedon,coalingatTangier,Dakar,Madagascar,Singapore,andSaigonbeforepassingintotheStraitsof
Tsushima.There,inthewaterydefilebetweenJapanandtheKoreanpeninsula,AdmiralHeihachiroTogo'sfleetannihilatedtheRussianfleet.Battlebetweenthetwo
cruisersquadronswasjoinedatabout1330onMay27,1905,andtheRussianssoonhadtheworstofit.Withtendead,includingCaptainEgorev,andeightysix
wounded,AuroraretiredfromthebattlewithZemchugandsquadronflagshipOleg.ThreeweekslaterthethreeshipsputintoManila,wheretheywereinternedby
theUnitedStatesuntiltheconclusionofhostilities,whenAurorareturnedtoEuropeanRussia.
AuroraremainedintheBalticthroughWorldWarI.FollowingtheabdicationofNicholasIIandtheinstallationoftheprovisionalgovernmentonMarch15,1917,
AurorawasundergoingrepairsatSt.Petersburg.Thegovernmentorderedhertoseafortrialsasawayofremovingherandherrevolutionarycrewfromthecapital.
TheseorderswerecountermandedbytheCentralCommitteeoftheBalticFleetandshetookupstationontheNevaRiver.WhenLeninstagedacoupagainst
AlexanderKerensky'sgovernmentonNovember6(October24intheRussiancalendar),Aurora'sproBolshevikcrewrespondedbyanchoringtheirshipnearthe
strategicNikolaevskyBridge.At0210onNovember7,AurorafiredblankstosignaltheBolsheviks'determinationtoforcetheousterofthegovernment.Gunsfrom
thePeterandPaulfortressthenopenedfireontheWinterPalace,andthegovernmentresignedthatday.AuroraplayednofurtherroleintheRussianRevolution,but
theBolshevikgovernmentorderedherpreservedasamemorialandmuseumontheNeva,wheresheisstillopentothepublic.
Mawdsley,TheRussianRevolutionandtheBalticFleet.Watts,ImperialRussianNavy.

AustraliaII
12metersloop.L/B/D:63.1'12'8.5'(19.2m3.7m2.6m).Tons:21.8disp.Hull:aluminum.Comp.:11.Des.:BenLexcen.Built:SteveE.Ward&Co.,
Perth,Cottesloe,Australia1982.
In1983,the12metersloopAustraliaII,skipperedbyJohnBertrand,brokethelongestrunningwinningstreakinthehistoryofsportbydefeatingtheUnitedStates
defenderLibertyandtakingtheAmerica'sCupfromtheUnitedStatesforthefirsttimein132years.Oneoftwo12metersbuiltforasyndicateheadedbyAustralia's
AlanBond(theotherwasChallenge12),AustraliaII'sdesignincludedaradical"wingedkeel,"whichenhancedhermaneuverabilityandwastheobjectof
considerablecontroversyduringtheCupseason.AsBenLexcendescribedit,
Thekeelissomewhatshorterthanaregularkeel....It'snarrowerwhereitleavesthehull,andlongatthebottom....Forabouthalfofitslengthonthebottomithasprotrusions
thatstickoutoneachsidetheypokedownatabout20degrees,andtheyareaboutameterwideandabouttwoorthreemeterslong.

AlthoughAustraliaIIwasmeasuredfortheTwelveMeterRuleinAustraliaandagainafterarrivingintheUnited

Page48

States,asshechalkedupastringofvictoriesagainstotherprospectivechallengers,theNewYorkYachtClubbegantodisputethelegalityofthekeel'sdesign,the
secretofwhichtheAustraliansguardedjealously,shroudingtheunderbodyofthehullfrompryingeyes.(NYYCrepresentativesfailedtoattendtheboat's
measurementinNewport,astheywereentitled,wheretheycouldhaveseenthekeelforthemselves.)ThenuboftheproblemwasarticulatedbyAmericandesigner
HalseyHerreshoffinalettertotheInternationalYachtRacingUnion:"IfthecloselyguardedpeculiardesignofAustraliaIIisallowedtoremainincompetition,or
is...ratedwithoutpenalty,theyachtwilllikely...wintheAmerica'sCupinSeptember."TheNYYCwasforcedtoacceptindependentverificationthatAustralia
II'skeelwaspermissibleundertheInternationalTwelveMeterRule.AsHerreshofflaterexplained,though,thewingedkeelwasonly"themostconspicuousfeature"
ofAustraliaII'sradicaldesign.
TheballyhooaboutthatmaskedthesignificantfactsthatAustraliaIIwasthefirstboattogotominimum12Meterlengthanddisplacementandthatshehadsignificantlyless
wettedsurfacethananyotherTwelvethislatterfactwontheCup!

The1983challengeincludedmoresyndicatesthananyofthe24previousCupraces,withCanada1,France3,Italy'sAzzurra,Britain'sVictory83,and,from
Australia,AustraliaII,Challenge12,andAdvance.ThechallengematcheslastedfromJune18toSeptember5,withthefinalseriesbeingdecidedbetweenVictory
83(whichwon30of54racesoverthesummer)andAustraliaII(48of54).ThefirstofthesevenAmerica'sCupracestookplaceonSeptember14,withthe
defenderLiberty,DennisConneratthehelm,defeatingAustraliaIIbyamarginof1minute,10seconds.Libertytookthesecondracewithaleadof1:33,butthe
thirdracewascalledbecauseneithervesselfinishedwithinthe5hour,15minutetimelimit.Whentheracewascalled,AustraliaIIwasnearly6minutesaheadof
Liberty.Thenextday,AustraliaIIwonherfirstraceby3:14,arecordmargininCupcompetition.Thefourthrace,whichConnerissaidtohavesailed"perfectly,"
broughttheseriesto31infavorofLiberty.Inracefive,AustraliaIIpostedacommandingleadof1:47,andinthesixth,sheestablishedanewrecordmarginof
3:25.Intheseventhandlastrace,Libertyleduntilthefourthmark,whenAustraliaIIbegantopullaway.Onthelastlegoftherace,Connertriedtobeatthe
Australiansinatackingduel47tacksinallbutthechallengersnippedacrossthelineinatimeof4hours,15minutes,and29seconds,43secondsaheadof
Liberty.ShewasthefirstchallengertotaketheAmerica'sCupsincetheschoonerforwhichitwasnamedbroughthometheHundredGuineaCupin1851.Uponher
returntoAustralia,AustraliaIIwasexhibitedattheNationalMaritimeMuseuminSydney.
Herreshoff,"HistoryofAmerica'sCupYachtRacing."Levitt&Lloyd,Upset:AustraliaWinstheAmerica'sCup.

L'Avenir
(laterAdmiralKarpfanger)Bark(4m).L/B/D:285.3'45.1'24.9'(87m13.7m7.6m).Tons:2,754grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:32160.Built:Rickmers
ReismhlenRhederei&Schiffbau,AG,Bremerhaven,Ger.1908.
L'Avenir,whosenamemeans"futureprospects,"wasthethirdshipownedbytheAssociationMaritimeBelge(ASMAR)ofAntwerpasacargocarrying,sailtraining
ship.(Thefirst,ComtedeSmetdeNaeyer,waslostonhersecondvoyagein1906,andtheotherwasLinlithgowshire.)Ahandsomeship,shewassimilarindesign
totheRickmersbuiltHERZOGINCECILIE,andwasoneofthefirstsailingshipsfittedwithawirelessradio.ShemadesixvoyagesforASMARbeforethestartof
WorldWarI,whichfoundheratLeHavre.Duringthewarshetradedwitharegularcrew,returningfrequentlytoEuropeanwatersdespitethedangerofUboatsand
merchantraiders.In1920sheresumedsailtraining,carryingasmanyaseightycadetspervoyageinthe1920s.
In1932,L'AvenirwassoldtoGustavEriksonofMariehamnwhoputherintotheAustraliangraintradebutalsofittedherwithaccommodationsforpassengers.
AlthoughsomepeopletookadvantageoftheopportunitytosailtoAustralia,mostofherpassengerssailedonlyontheshorthomewardlegfromEnglandtoFinland.
Toosmalltobeprofitableinthebulkgraintrade,in1936shewassoldtotheHamburgAmerikaLinietotrainfuturesteamshipofficers.RenamedAdmiral
Karpfanger,shesailedfromHamburgtoAustraliawithoutincident.ClearingWallarooonFebruary8,1938,sheradioedherpositiononMarch1,butwasposted
missinglaterthatyear.WreckagefromtheshipwasfoundinthevicinityofTierradelFuego.
Butlin,WhiteSailsCrowding.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Page49

B
BadenBaden
Rotorship(2m).L/B/D:155.8'28.6'12.5'dph(48.2m4m3.8m).Tons:497grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:15.Mach.:2rotorcylinders.Des.:AntonFlettner.
Built:FriederichKruppAGGermaniawerft,Hamburg1920.
TherotorvesselBadenBadenwastheinventionofGermanphysicistAntonFlettner,foundingdirectoroftheInstituteofHydroandAerodynamics.After
experimentingwiththeuseofmetalsails,whichincreasedsailingshipefficiencybyfiftypercent,Flettnerturnedtotheuseofrotatingcylinders.Thesewereapractical
applicationoftheMagnusEffect,discoveredin1852,whichholdsthat"asphereorcylinderspinninginamovingairstripdevelopsaforceatarightangletothe
directionofthemovingair."Whenthewindblowsatrightanglestothecylinders,itcreatesavacuumontheforwardsideoftherotor,andahigh(orpositive)pressure
abaft,sothatthevesselisliterallypushedforward.
Imagenotavailable.
AntonFlettner'sexperimental"rotor"shipof1920.
Althoughsheishardlya"tallship"ofthekind
envisionedbyJohnMasefield,herclipperbowisa
reminderthatshe,too,isawindjammer.Courtesy
PeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Todemonstratethepracticalityoftherotorship,FlettnerstrippedthebarkentineBuckauofhermastsandriggingandfittedherwithtworotorcylindersfiftyfeethigh
andninefeetindiameter.Thisnewrigweighedonlyseventons,comparedwiththethirtyfivetonsofthesailingrig,andbecauseitwasfortytwofeetshorter,italso
improvedthevessel'sstability.Onedifficultyoftherotorshipwasthatinordertotack,thecylinders(whichwerepoweredby45hpmotors)hadtobestoppedwhile
theshipwasturnedacrossthewindusingherauxiliarymotors.However,therotorshipcouldsailwithintwentyfivedegreesofthedirectionofthewind,whilethe
barkentinecouldsailonlytowithinfortyfivedegreesofthewind.
Todemonstratethefeasibilityofhisnewship,FlettnerracedheragainsthertraditionallyriggedsistershipAnonfromDanzigtoLeithwithacargooftimber.Although
thewindswereatonepointsostrongthattherotorshadtobeshutdown,Buckauwon.HamburgAmerikaLinieorderedtenrotorships(althoughonlyone,
Barbara,wasactuallybuilt).FlettnereventuallyacquiredfullownershipofBuckau,whichherenamedBadenBaden.OnApril2,1926,shesailedfromHamburg
undercommandofCaptainPeterCallsen,andafterastopintheCanaryIslands,sailedintoNewYorkHarboronMay9.Althoughtheshiphaddemonstratedher
worth,theabundanceofcheapfuelandthedemandforsteadyservicecondemnedtheshiptoonlytheoreticalsuccess.In1929,BadenBadenwassold,reriggedas
anauxiliaryschooner,andtradedintheCaribbeanuntil1931,whenshewasabandonedatsea.
Thepotentialoftherotorshiphadyettobefullyrealized.Duringtheoilcrisesofthe1970s,theideawasrejuvenatedbyanumberofcommercialcompaniesand
nonprofitgroups,thebestknownofwhichweretheCousteauSociety'sMoulinVent("Windmill")andAlcyone.
Rogers,FreakShips.

Page50

Balclutha
(exPacificQueen,StarofAlaska,Balclutha)Ship(3m).L/B/D:256.3'38.5'22.7'(78.1m11.7m6.9).Tons:1,862grt.Hull:steel.Built:CharlesConnell
&Co.Ltd.,Glasgow1886.
BuiltforRobertMcMillanofDumbartonasageneraltrader,BalcluthawasnamedforatowninNewZealand.SheroundedCapeHornseventeentimesinthirteen
yearsfromEuropeandtheEastCoastoftheUnitedStates,shecarriedgeneralcargoes,includingwine,caseoil,andcoal.HerportsofcallinthePacificincluded
Chilefornitrate,AustraliaandNewZealandforwool,Burmaforrice,SanFranciscoforgrain,andthePacificNorthwestforlumber.Afterthirteenyearsunderthe
Connellflag,shewassoldtoWestCoastinterestsandcarriedlumberfromtheWestCoasttoAustralia,returningwithcoal.In1902shewassoldtotheAlaska
PackersAssociationofSanFranciscoandforthenexttwentyeightyearsmadetheannualtripnorthtoserveasafloatingbarracksandstoreshipfortheAlaska
salmonfisheries.UnderthenameStarofAlaska,eachspringshewouldsailwith300fishermenandcanneryworkers(theformerweremostlywhitesandthelatter
wereChinese)togetherwithsupplies,returninginthefallwithasmanyas78,000casesoftinnedsalmon.In1905,sheranhardagroundnearKodiakIsland,butthe
AlaskaPackerssuperintendentatKarluk,75milesaway,wasabletosalvageherandpatchherupenoughforthereturntoSanFranciscowithoutassistance.In
1930,StarofAlaskawasthelastoftheAlaskaPackerssailingshipstomaketheAlaskarun.StarofAlaskawaspurchasedbyacarnivalpromoternamedTex
KissingerwhorenamedherPacificQueenandusedherasagarishwaterfrontattractioninportsupanddowntheWestCoast.Althoughitwasdemeaningwork,it
keptherfromtheshipbreakers,andwhenKissingerdiedintheearly1950s,shewasstillinonepiece,beachedinSausalito.
OntheothersideofSanFranciscoBaywasthefledglingSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum,whosefoundingpresidentwasKarlKortum,whohadsailedbeforethe
mastinKAIULANI.WiththesupportofHarryLundeberg,secretarytreasurerofthepowerfulSailorsUnionofthePacific,Kortumwasabletopersuadehisboard
topurchasetheshipfor$25,000.Overthenextyear,Balcluthawasrestoredtoherformerappearance,thankstoanestimated13,000manhourscontributedby
fourteenSanFranciscolaborunionsandsuppliesdonatedfrombusinessesaroundthecity.In1955,hergangwayopenedtothepublic,andinherfirstyearasa
museumsheearnedthemuseum$100,000,firmlyestablishingtheviabilityofmuseumshipsandhelpingtopavethewayforsavingscoresofhistoricshipsaroundthe
worldinthedecadessince.
Heine,HistoricShipsoftheWorld.Huycke,"ColonialTradertoMuseumShip""TheShipPacificQueen."

USSBaltimore(C3)
Protectedcruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:335'48.7'20.5'(102.1m14.8m6.2m).Tons:4,413disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:386.Arm.:48",66",46pdr,2
3pdr,21pdr.Armor:4"belt,4"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws20kts.10,750ihp.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShip&EngineBuildingCo.,
Philadelphia1890.
USSBaltimorefirstgainedrenowninthesocalledBaltimoreaffair,duringtheChileancivilwarof1891.ShortlyafterthestartofhostilitiesinJanuary,Baltimore
wasoneofseveralshipsdispatchedtoChileanwaterstoprotectAmericaninterests.Inthespringofthatyear,theU.S.governmentdetainedthesteamerItataanda
cargoofweaponsandammunitionsmuggledoutofthecountrybyChileaninsurgents,whowereledbyAdmiralJorgeMontt.Somewhatlater,theBaltimorestood
guardwhilerepairsweremadetoaprivatelyownedsubmarinecableanoperationalsoviewedasfavorabletoPresidentJosManuelBalmaceda.Theseand
similaractionsconvincedChileanrebelsthattheUnitedStatesfavoredtheBalmacedaregime,whichfellinSeptember.Laterthatfall,theBaltimorewasorderedto
ValparaisotoprovideprotectionfortheU.S.legationatSantiago.There,onOctober16,amobattacked117sailorsonshoreleaveandtwosailorswerekilled.
Afteratwomonthtrial,inwhichthreeChileansandoneAmericansailorweresentencedtojail,BaltimorewasorderedtoSanFrancisco.Diplomaticwrangling
betweenChileandtheUnitedStatesdraggedonuntilJanuary1892.
In1898,amidescalatingtensionbetweentheUnitedStatesandSpain,BaltimorewasdispatchedwithammunitiontoCommodoreGeorgeDewey'sAsiaticSquadron
atHongKong,arrivingthereonApril22.FivedayslaterthesquadronsailedforthePhilippines,andattheBattleofManilaBay(May1),BaltimoresanktheSpanish
DonAntoniodeUlloa.Overthenexttwentyfiveyears,Baltimorewasinandoutofcommissionseveraltimes.DuringWorldWarI,sheoperatedaspartofthe
NorthernBarrage,theAlliedefforttoclosethe350milegapbetweenOrkneyandNorwaytoGermansubmarines.ShewassoldoutoftheNavyin1942.
Goldberg,"Baltimore"Affair.Hopkins,"SixBaltimores."

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Banshee
(laterJ.L.Smallwood,Irene)Sidewheelsteamship(2f/2m).L/B/D:214'20.3'10'(65.2m6.2m3m).Tons:325grt.Hull:iron&steel.Comp.:6089.
Arm.:130pdr,112pdr.Mach.:oscillatingengines,sidewheels12kts.Built:JonesQuiggin&Co.,Liverpool1862.
BuiltasablockaderunnerfortheAngloConfederateTradingCompany,BansheewasthefirststeelhulledshiptocrosstheAtlantic.Herdesignsetthepatternfor
aboutahundredfurtherpaddlewheelblockaderunners,includingoverthirtybuiltofsteel,thatfollowedfromBritishandScottishshipyards.Capturedonherfifteenth
tripbyUSSGrandGulfandtheU.S.armedtransportFultonboundfromNassau,Bahamas,toWilmingtononNovember21,1863,shewascondemnedbyaprize
courtandboughtbytheU.S.NavyonMarch12,1864.CommissionedasUSSBansheeinJune,shewasassignedtotheNorthAtlanticBlockadingSquadronand
tookpartintheunsuccessfulattackonFortFisher,NorthCarolina,onDecember2425.ReassignedtothePotomacRiverFlotillainJanuary1865,shewassoldon
September30,1865,andcarriedfruitandothercargounderthenameJ.L.Smallwood.SoldagaintoBritishinterestsandrenamedIrene,sheisknowntohave
survivedatleastaslateas1895.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.Spratt,TransatlanticPaddleSteamers.Taylor,RunningtheBlockade.

HMSBarfleur
2ndrate90(3m).L/B/D:177.5'50.2'21'(54.1m15.3m6.4m).Tons:1,947bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:750.Arm.:2832pdr,3018pdr,3012pdr,2
6pdr.Des.:SirThomasSlade.Built:ChathamDockyard1768.
HMSBarfleurwasnamedfortheAngloDutchvictoryovertheFrenchatCapeBarfleurin1692.InSeptember1780,shewasmadeflagshipofViceAdmiral
SamuelHood,secondincommandtoAdmiralGeorgeBrydgesRodneyontheWestIndiesstation.InAugust1781,Barfleurand13shipssailedtoNewYork,
HoodnowservingassecondincommandtoRearAdmiralThomasGravesinHMSLONDON(90guns).ChargedwithpreventingtheFrenchAdmiralFranois
JosephPauldeGrasse,flyinghisflaginthe120gunVILLEDEPARIS,fromcuttingoffMajorGeneralCharlesCornwallis,thenduginontheYorktownpeninsula,
the19BritishshipsturnedsouthonAugust30andarrivedoffthemouthofChesapeakeBayonSeptember5.AlthoughBarfleurwassupposedtosailfourthinline,
astheFrenchfleetstoodoutofthebayGravesorderedhisshipstowear,sothatHood'ssquadronwasnowintherear.Asaresultofacautiousadherencetooneof
twoconflictingsignalsfromGraves,fewofhisshipsactuallyengagedtheFrenchfleet,whosecontinuedcontroloftheBayforcedthesurrenderofCornwallissix
weekslater.
ThoughAmericanindependencewasallbutassured,warbetweenBritainandFrancecontinuedintheWestIndies.OnJanuary25,1782,Hoodseizedtheanchorage
atBasseTerrefromdeGrasse,althoughtheEnglishgarrisononSt.KittswasforcedtosurrenderonFebruary12.Twonightslater,Hoodslippedawayfromthe
superiorFrenchfleet(29shipstohis22),andonFebruary25herendezvousedwith12shipsunderRodney.TheirobjectivewastopreventdeGrassefromjoininga
FrancoSpanishforceatHaiti,whichwouldhavegiventhelatterafleetof55shipsofthelineand20,000troopswithwhichtoattackJamaica.OnApril9,thefleets
metoffDominica,eachabout30shipsstrong,butlightwindsallowedthemonlyaminorskirmishandtheFrenchwithdrewtoprotecttheirconvoy.Threedayslater,
the36shipsunderRodneyinFormidable,withHoodagainsecondincommand,metdeGrasse's31shipsoffTheSaintes,agroupofthreeislandssouthof
Guadeloupe.At0700theFrenchweresailingsouthinlineaheadwhiletheBritishweresailingnorth.Battlebeganat0740,thetwofleetspassingeachotheron
oppositetacks.At0905,thewindhauledtothesouthsoutheast,andgapsopenedintheFrenchline.Seizingtheinitiative,Rodneyluffedandwithsixshipspassed
throughtheFrenchlinefourshipsasternofVilledeFrance.Atthesametime,HMSBedfordledthe13shipsofHood'srearsquadronthroughtheFrenchline
betweenDauphinandRoyalCsar,secondandthirdshipsaheadofVilledeParis.Unabletoregroup,theFrenchwereatthemercyoftheconcentratedfireofthe
Britishships.At1800,VilledePariswassurroundedbynineBritishshipsandstruckherflagtoBarfleurfourotherFrenchshipsfollowedsuit.Thoughthebattle
forestalledaFrenchinvasionofJamaica,theovercautiousRodneyrestrainedHoodfromcapturingmoreshipsandtherebydestroyingFrenchseapowerinthe
Caribbean.
Peacewasachievedin1783,buttenyearslaterBritainjoinedtheFirstCoalitionagainstRevolutionaryFrance.BarfleurwaspartofAdmiralRichardHowe'sfleetat
theGloriousFirstofJune,1794,againstFrance'sRearAdmiralVillaretdeJoyeuse,andonJune23,1795,shewasinAdmiralAlexanderHood'sactionagainst
VillaretdeJoyeuseoffIledeGroix.BarfleurflewtheflagofViceAdmiralW.WaldegraveattheBattleofCapeSt.Vincent,foughtonFebruary14,1797.Herlast
significantactioncamein1805,whenshetookpartintheblockadeof

Page52

Rochefortand,onJuly22,1805,inViceAdmiralSirRobertCalder'sdesultoryactionagainstViceAdmiralPierreVilleneuveoffCapeFinisterre,Spain.Barfleur
continuedinserviceformorethanadecade,andwasbrokenupin1819.
Larrabee,DecisionattheChesapeake.Mahan,TheInfluenceofSeaPoweruponHistory.

HMSBarham
QueenElizabethclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:645.9'90.6'30.8'(196.9m27.6m9.4m).Tons:33,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,120.Arm.:8
15"(4x2),146",23",43pdr.Armor:13"belt,3''deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,75,000hp,4screws24kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,
Scotland1915.
OneoffiveQueenElizabethclassbattleships,HMSBarhamwasthethirdBritishshipnamedforAdmiralCharlesMiddleton,LordBarham,FirstLordofthe
AdmiraltyatthetimeofTrafalgar.CommissionedasflagshipofRearAdmiralH.EvanThomas'sFifthBattleSquadron,BarhamwasstationedatRosythwhenthe
BattleofJutlandwasfought.TheFifthBattleSquadronsailedinsupportofViceAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'sBattleCruiserForce.Duringthe"runtothenorth,"
BarhamcameunderfirefromthebattleshipsofAdmiralReinhardScheer'sHighSeasFleet,around1700,andnarrowlyescapedamassiveinternalexplosion
followingahitnearBturret.
OndutyintheMediterraneanandAtlanticintheinterwarperiod,Barhamunderwentamajorrefitfrom1930to1933.InDecember1939,shewasrecalledfrom
AlexandriatotheHomeFleet.Onthemorningofthe12thshewasofftheMullofKintyrewhensheaccidentallyrammedthedestroyerHMSDuchess,whichsank
withonly24survivorsfromhercrewof146.Twoweekslater,shewasonpatrolintheDenmarkStraitwhenshewastorpedoedbyFritzJuliusLemp'sU30,in
position5834'N,630'W.SheproceededtoGreenockunderherownpowerandafterthreemonthsofrepairsshejoinedtheMediterraneanFleet.Inthenight
actionattheBattleofMatapanonMarch2829,1941,shehelpedsinktheItaliancruiserZaraanddestroyerAlfieri.Twomonthslater(May27)Barhamwas
severelydamagedduringtheGermaninvasionofCreteandsailedtoDurban,SouthAfrica,forrepairs.
ShereturnedtotheMediterraneanandonNovember25,1941,becameflagshipofViceAdmiralH.D.PridhamWippell.DuringoperationsagainstFieldMarshal
Rommel'sNorthAfricanconvoys,at1625onNovember25,1941,shewastorpedoedoffAsSallum,Egypt,bytheGermansubmarineU331,underH.D.Freiherr
vonTiesenhausen.FiveminuteslaterBarhamcapsized,exploded,andsankinposition3234'N,2624'E.Theofficialdeathtollwas862men,with487survivors,
PridhamWippellamongthem.
Jones,BattleshipBarham.

Batavia
Ship(3m).L/B/D:150'36'14'dph(45.7m11m4.3m).Tons:600tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.300.Arm.:28guns.Built:VOC,Amsterdam,Neth.
1628.
NamedfortheDutchentreptontheislandofJava,theDutchEastIndiaCompany's(VOC's)retourship(thatis,onedesignedfortheroundtripbetweenthe
NetherlandsandtheEastIndies)BataviasailedfromtheTexelinafleetofelevenshipsonOctober29,1628.Batavia'scaptainwasAdriaenJacobsz,buttheoverall
commanderwasFleetPresidentFranciscoPelsaert.Thetwomendislikedeachotherandtherewasconsiderablefrictionbetweenthem,especiallyaftertheship's
boatswainwasincriminatedintheassaultofLucretiaJansdr,awidowwhohadspurnedhisadvances.AfterroundingtheCapeofGoodHope,VOCshipswere
orderedtosaileastfor2,400to3,000miles(dependingontheseason)between36Sand42SbeforeturningnortheastornorthforJava.Astherewasnowayto
determinelongitudeatsea,shipwrecksonthewestcoastofAustraliawereinevitable.Jacobszunderestimatedhisship'sprogress,andinthemiddleofthenighton
June4,1629,BataviaranagroundonwhatPelsaertdescribedas"theperilousshallowsoftheAbrolhos,otherwisecalledbytheDutchtheFrederickHoutmann's
rocks"about2857'N,11410'E.("Abrolhos"isacorruptionofthePortuguesefor"Watchout!")Effortstosavetheshipwereuseless,andtheship'scompany
wasdividedbetweentwonearbyislands,with180placedonone,and40ontheother.Twodayslater,Pelsaertsetouttolookforwaterwithtwooftheship'sboats,
thesmallerofwhichwaslostonthemainland40milesaway.Findingnowater,onJune16PelsaertheadedforJavaandwith48peopleinoneboatmanagedtoreach
BataviawithoutincidentonJuly8.Aweeklater,SardamsailedfortheAbrolhoswithacrewof26,includingsomeGujaratidivers,butadversewindskeptthemat
seauntilSeptember17.
Inthemeantime,amutinyledbyJeronimusCorneliszhadledtothemurderofmorethan100castaways,including12womenand7children.AsSardam
approached,aboatputouttowarnPelsaertthatCorneliszintendedtoseizehisshipandsailawaywithouttheother

Page53

survivors.ThemutineerswerecapturedandimmediatelytriedaboardSardam7ofthemwerehangedonSealIslandonOctober2,and2morewereordered
maroonedonthemainland.OfBatavia'soriginalcomplement,60haddrownedinthewreckand125weremurdered.OnNovember15,Sardamsailedwiththe74
survivorsaswellas9chestsofsilver,2cannon,andothersalvageditemswithacombinedvalueof210,500guilders.
In1648,JoostHartgerspublishedthebestsellingUnhappyVoyageoftheShipBataviatotheEastIndies,sailingundertheHon.FranoisPelsaert,butthe
shipwasallbutforgottenuntilvariousartifactswerefoundintheAbrolhosin1960.DiversfoundthepartialremainsoftheshipitselflodgedonMorningReef.
Between1973and1976archaeologistsrecoveredalargeportionofthesternandsideofthehull,cannon,and,amongotherartifacts,128sandstoneblockslater
usedintheconstructionofaporticoattheWesternAustralianMaritimeMuseumatFremantle.AreplicaoftheBataviawaslaunchedatLelystad,Netherlands,in
1995.
DrakeBrockman,VoyagetoDisaster.Green,LossoftheRetourship"Batavia."Pelsaert,TheVoyageofthe"Batavia."

Bathysphere
L:4.8'dia(1.4m).Tons:2.5tons.Hull:steel.Comp.:2.Des.:OtisBartonandCox&Stephens.Built:WatsonStillmanHydraulicMachineryCo.1930.
Inthelate1920s,theNewYorkZoologicalSocietybeganaconcentratedstudyoftheoceandepthsninemilesoffthecoastofNonsuchIsland,Bermuda,in32
12'N,6436'W.Disappointedwiththemeagerreturnsfromdeepseatrawls,Dr.WilliamBeebesoughttodevelopawayofobservingthedeepfirsthand.Because
pressureincreasesby14.7poundspersquareinchforevery33feetindepth,theobservationplatformhadtobestrong,compact,andround,todistributethe
pressureevenly.WiththehelpofOtisBarton,abathysphere(fromtheGreekfor"deepsphere")wasbuiltin1929.Itprovedtooheavyforthetender,Ready,anda
secondwascompletedin1930.Withaskin1.5inchesthickandtwo8inchwidefusedquartzobservationwindows,thetwomanobservationballwasattachedtoa
cableandloweredfromthetender.Asecondcableprovidedelectricityandatelephoneconnectiontothesurface.Oxygenwassuppliedbytwocylinders,andcarbon
dioxideandmoisturewereabsorbedbytraysofsodalimeandcalciumchloride,respectively.
Imagenotavailable.
TheQueenElizabethclassbattleshipsofwhich
BARHAMwasonewereamongthemostsuccessful
everbuilt,seeingactioninbothworldwars.BARHAM
wastheonlyoneofthe5sistershipslosttoenemy
action,whentheU331torpedoedheroffEgypt,
November25,1941.CourtesyNationalMaritime
Museum,Greenwich.

ThefirstdescentwasmadeonJune6,1930,toadepthof800feet.FivedayslaterBathyspherewentdownto1,426feet,andonAugust15,1934,reached3,028
feet,theextremelimitofthetether.(Thepreviousrecorddepthswere383feetforasubmarineand525feetforanarmoredsuiteddiveronaBavarianlake.)
However,recorddepthswereonlyincidentaltotheworkathand."Everydescentandascentofthebathysphere,"wroteBeebe,"showedafauna,richbeyondwhat
thesummaryofallour1,500[sampling]netswouldleadustoexpect."Inadditiontodiscoveringandphotographingweirdandhithertounknownspeciesofeels,
lanternfish,squid,andjellyfish,Beebewasfascinatedbytheamountoflightgeneratedbyanimalsinthedeep,especiallybeyond1,700feet,theabsolutelimittowhich
sunlightpenetrated.ThelastdivesintheBathyspherewerecompletedin1934,andcomparabledepthswerenotattaineduntilafterWorldWarII,whenAugust
Picarddevelopedthefirstselfpropelledbathyscaph("deepboat"),TRIESTE.
Beebe,HalfMileDown.

Batory
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:525.7'70.8'(160.2m21.6m).Tons:14,287grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:tourist3703rd400.Mach.:motorship,2screws17kts.Built:Cantieri
Riunitidell'Adriatico,Monfalcone,Italy1936.
ThesecondoftwonewshipsbuiltfortheGdyniaAmericaLine,BatorywasnamedforthesixteenthcenturyPolishkingStefanBatory.Shecarriedimmigrants
betweenGdynia,Copenhagen,Halifax,andNewYork,withcruisestotheCaribbeanduringthewinterseason.Batory'slastprewarvoyagetoNewYorkendedon
September5,1939,

Page54

fourdaysaftertheGermaninvasionofPoland.LaidupatNewYork,sheenteredserviceasanAlliedtroopshipin1940,continuinginthatworkuntil1946whenshe
wasrefittedatAntwerp.SheresumedherprewarschedulefromGdynia,addingastopatSouthampton,butastheColdWarintensifiedin1951,American
longshoremenrefusedtohandleBatory.ThenowrenamedPolishOceanLineputherinservicefromGdyniaandSouthamptonviatheSuezCanaltoBombayand
Karachi.In1957,shewasreconfiguredtocarry76firstand740touristclasspassengersandputontheNorthAtlanticrunbetweenGdynia,Quebec,andMontreal.
Takenoutofservicein1968andreplacedbyStefanBatory(exMaasdam),afterafewcruisestotheCanaryIslandsandCaribbean,Batorywasfittedoutasa
floatinghotelatGdansk.In1971,shewasscrappedinHongKong.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

HMSBeagle
Bark(3m).L/B/D:90.3'24.5'12.5'(27.5m7.5m3.8m).Tons:235bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:75.Arm.:56pdr,29pdr.Des.:SirHenryPeake.Built:
WoolwichDockyard1820.
HMSBeaglewasoriginallylaunchedasoneof115Cherokeeclass10gunbrigsbuiltbytheRoyalNavybetween1807and1830andusedinavarietyofroles
includingsurveyingandantislaverpatrols.BythetimeofherfirstvoyageBeaglehadbeenconvertedtoabarkrig.HerfirstmajorvoyagewasfromMay1826to
October1830withHMSAdventure,tochartthestraitsandpassagesofthesoutherntipofSouthAmericaitwasduringthisvoyagethattheBeagleChannel,skirting
thesouthernedgeofTierradelFuego,wasexploredandnamed.UnderthestressofarduousconditionsinthewatersaroundTierradelFuego,CaptainPringle
StokeskilledhimselfinAugust1828.Shortofprovisionsandwithmanyofthecrewill,BeaglereturnedtoBuenosAireswhereLieutenantRobertFitzRoytook
commandforthehomewardvoyage.
FitzRoycommandedBeagleonhersubsequentcircumnavigationduringwhichshewastocompletethesurveyofTierradelFuego,theChileancoast,andanumberof
Pacificislands,andtocarryoutchronometricobservationsshecarried22chronometers.Amongthe74crewandpassengerswerethreeFuegianswhohadbeen
takentoEnglandandwerereturninghome.Alsoassignedtotheshipwasatwentyoneyearoldbotanystudent,CharlesDarwin,whoseprofessor,J.S.Henslow,
consideredhimnota"finishednaturalist,but...amplyqualifiedforcollecting,observing,andnoting,anythingnewtobenotedinNaturalHistory."Beagledeparted
DevonportonDecember27,1831,andafterstopsintheCapeVerdeIslandsandBahaarrivedatRiodeJaneiroonApril4.Afterthreemonthsofhydrographic
surveysoftheBraziliancoast(Darwinwasoccupiedinresearchingtherainforest),BeagleproceededtoBahaBlanca,Argentina.ItwastherethatDarwinfirst
uncoveredfossilsthatledhimtoquestiontherelationshipoflivingandextinctspecies.
OnJanuary19,1833,BeaglearrivedatPonsonbySound,TierradelFuego,whereJemmyButtons,YorkMinster,andFuegiaBasketreturnedhome.Richard
Matthews,amissionarysenttoministertotheFuegians,quicklyabandonedhiscallingtoreturntotheship.InFebruary,BeaglereturnedtoUruguay,viatheFalkland
Islands.TheconditionsatthesoutherntipoftheAmericasrequiredtheuseofasecondship,andFitzRoytookituponhimselftopurchaseanAmericanvessel,
renamedAdventuretheAdmiraltylatermadehimselltheshipinChile.SurveysoftheArgentinecoastresumedfromAprilthroughJuly,whentheshipreachedEl
Carmen,ontheRioNegro,thenthesouthernmostoutpostinArgentina.DarwinreturnedoverlandfromtheretoBahaBlanca,thenuptheRioParantoSantaFeand
finallytoMontevideo,whereherejoinedtheshiponOctober21.BeaglereturnedtoTierradelFuegotocompletehersurveyworkinJanuary,thensurveyedthe
FalklandIslandsinMarchandApril.ShesailedthroughtheStraitofMagellanintoChileanwatersinJune1834,andarrivedatValparaisoonJuly23.Asbefore,
BeagleconductedcoastalsurveyswhileDarwinmadeoverlandtreksintheChileanAndes.AftervisitingtheChonosArchipelagoinNovember1834,Beagle
returnedtotheChileanmainlandinFebruaryandsurveyedthereuntilJuly.AfterstopsatIquiqueandCallao,Peru,BeaglesailedfortheGalpagosIslands,600miles
westofEcuador.
TheshiparrivedthereonSeptember17,andthoughtheexpeditionremainedonlyonemonth,itwasherethatDarwinmadetheobservationsparticularlyofthe13
differentspeciesoffinchesthatprovedthefoundationforhistheoryofnaturalselection.BeaglelefttheGalpagosonOctober20boundforTahiti.Forthe
remainderofthevoyagetheexpedition'sprimarymissionwastomakechronometricobservations,thoughtherewasmuchofinteresttooccupyDarwinattheir
remainingstops,whichincludedNewZealand,Australia,Tasmania,theCocos(Keeling)Islands,Mauritius,andCapeTown,andthenintheAtlantic,St.Helenaand
Baha.
BeaglefinallyreturnedtoFalmouthonOctober2,1836.AlthoughhisOriginofSpecieswasnotpublisheduntil1859,hisvoyageinBeagle(duringwhichhehad
beenbadlyaffectedbyseasickness)laidthefoundationforhistheoriesofevolutionandnaturalselection,

Page55

andprofoundlyaffectedthecourseofmodernscientificthought.AsDarwinhimselfwrote,"ThevoyageintheBeaglehasbeenbyfarthemostimportanteventinmy
lifeandhasdeterminedthewholeofmyexistence."
Sixmonthsafterherreturn,BeaglewasofftoAustraliaunderthecommandofCaptainJohnLordStokes,aveteranoftheFitzRoyDarwinvoyage.Aftersurveying
thewesterncoastbetweentheSwanRiver(Perth)andFitzroyRiver(namedforhisformercommander),shesailedaroundtothesoutheastcornerofthecontinent.
There,BeagleconductedsurveysalongbothshoresoftheBassStrait,andtheninMayof1839sailednorthabouttotheshoresoftheArafuraSeaoppositeTimor.
Hercrewnamedanumberofgeographicalfeatures,includingPortDarwin(fortheirformershipmate)andtheFlindersRiver,aftertheindomitablesurveyorofHMS
INVESTIGATOR.Insohonoringhispredecessor,Stokesreflectedthat"monumentsmaycrumble,butanameenduresaslongastheworld."
HerworkinAustraliadone,BeaglereturnedtoEnglandin1843,after18years'hardservicetohernationandtheworld.TransferredoutoftheRoyalNavyin1845,
BeagleendedherdaysasthePreventiveService'sstationaryBeagleWatchVessel(renamedW.V.7in1863)mooredatPagelshamPoolonthecoastofEssex.She
wassoldandprobablybrokenupin1870.
Darwin,DiaryoftheVoyageofH.M.S."Beagle."FitzRoy&King,NarrativeoftheSurveyingVoyagesofH.M.S."Adventure"and"Beagle."Thomson,HMS"Beagle."

Imagenotavailable.
AphotobyAmoryH.Waite,Jr.,oftheBEARatDiscoveryInlet,thefarthestpointsouth
reachedbytheshipduringRearAdmiralRichardByrd'ssecondAntarcticexpedition,1932.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Bear
Barkentine(3m).L/B/D:198.5'29.8'18.8'(60.5m9.1m5.7m).Tons:1,675disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:3540.Mach.:steam,300ihp,1screw.Built:
AlexanderStephen&Sons,Ltd.,Dundee1874.
Builtforthetendaylongsealingseasonin1883,herbestyear,shebroughthomemorethan30,000peltsBearwasdesignedforworkamidArcticicefields.
In1884,shewassoldtotheU.S.governmentandtookpartinthesearchfortheGreeleyExpedition,whosesevensurvivorswerefoundatCapeSabine.From1885
to1927,BearservedasaU.S.RevenueMarinecutterstationedinAlaskawhereshelookedoutforsealpoachers,shipwreckedwhalers,andillicittradewithnative
Alaskans,ferriedreindeerfromSiberiatoAlaska,andservedasafloatingcourthouse.LaidupatOaklandin1926andtransferredtothecityforuseasamuseum
ship,BearstarredasthesealerMacedoniainthe1930filmversionofJackLondon'sSeaWolf.RearAdmiralRichardByrdacquiredherforhissecondAntarctic
expeditionin1932,andBearsailedthereagainwiththeU.S.AntarcticServicein1938.From1941to1944,USSBearservedintheNortheastAtlanticPatrol.
Purchasedforthesealingtradein1948,herrefitprovedtoocostlyandshewaslaidupinHalifax.In1963,whileintowtoPhiladelphiaforuseasafloatingrestaurant,
shefounderedabout250miles(400kilometers)eastofNewYorkin4240'N,6511'W.
Bixby.Trackofthe"Bear."Boroughs,GreatIceShip"Bear."

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Beaver
Steamship(1f/2m).L/B/D:100.8'20'(33'ew)8.5'(30.7m6.1m(10.1m)2.6m).Tons:187om.Hull:wood.Comp.:31.Arm.:4brasscannon.Mach.:
sidelever,35hp,sidewheels.Built:Green,Wigrams&Green,Blackwall,Eng.1835.
Intheearly1800s,thepowerfulHudson'sBayCompany(HBC)hadextendeditscontrolacrossCanadatothePacificcoast,andby1821ithadboughtoutor
mergedwithitschiefrivals,JohnJacobAstor'sPacificFurCompanyandtheCanadianNorthWestCompany.FromitsheadquartersatFortVancouver(now
Vancouver,Oregon)ontheColumbiaRiver,itcontrolledanextensivenetworkofoutpostsalongthecoast.Thelossoftwosailingvesselsin1829and1830forced
thecompanytoconsidertheadvantagesofsteam,andin1834Hudson'sBayorderedapaddlesteamerfromtheLondonfirmofGreen,Wigrams&Green.
OnAugust29,1835,thebrigantineriggedBeaversailedfortheNorthwestincompanywiththebarkColumbia.AfterstopsintheJuanFernndezIslandsand
Hawaii,theyarrivedatFortVancouveronMarch19,1836.Theretheenginewasassembledandthepaddlewheelsweremounted,andonMay16,thelogbook
records,"theengineersgotthesteamupandtriedtheengines."Thoughshehadavoraciousappetiteforwoodandcoal,thefirststeamshiponthewestcoastofNorth
Americaquicklyprovedherworth,andforseventeenyearssheservedtheHBCwell,openingremotereachesofthecoasttothefurtradeandenabling"the
HonorableCompany"toextenditsauthorityovertheIndianswithwhomittraded.
AlthoughsheworkedchieflyintheGulfofGeorgiaandPugetSound,in1840BeavercarriedcompanyrepresentativestoSitka,Alaska,fornegotiationswiththe
RussianAmericanCompany.FollowingtheOregonTreatyof1846,herhomeportwasmovedfromFortVancouvertoFortVictoria(nowVictoria)onVancouver
Island.In1853,thecompanysentoutthenewscrewsteamerOtter,andBeaverwasrelegatedtopassengerandcargowork.
Laidupfrom1860to1862,shewascharteredbytheRoyalNavyforsurveyworkandfrom1863to1870,shewasemployedinchartingtheheavilyindentedcoasts
ofVancouverIslandandcontinentalBritishColumbiaasfarasAlaskaundercommandofLieutenantDanielPender.Beaverwaslaidupagainin1871andthreeyears
latertheHBCsoldhertoaconsortiumthateventuallybecametheBritishColumbiaTowingandTransportationCompanyShetowedbarges,logbooms,andsailing
vesselslyingoffCapeFlahertyuntilFebruary1883,whenshewentagroundoffBurrardInlet.Changinghandsseveraltimesthereafter,Beaverwasnotputbackin
serviceuntil1888.Thatyear,onthenightofJuly25,sheranagroundonProspectPointintheBurrardInletinVancouver.
CitizensofVancouverrecognizedthehistoricimportanceoftheBeaver,butdespitevariousappealsthecitygovernmentfailedtoactandtheshipwasgradually
strippedofherfittingsandmachinery,partsofwhichweremelteddown.Thehulkeventuallysank,buttheship'sboiler(thelastoffivefittedduringhercareer)and
paddlewheelshaftsweresalvaged.Diversvisitedthenowsubmergedvesselinthe1960sand1980s,andinthe1990s,thewrecksitewasmappedbythe
UnderwaterArchaeologySocietyofBritishColumbia.
Delgado,"Beaver."

Belem
(exGiorgioCini,FantmeII,Belem)Bark(3m).L/B/D:162.7'28.9'11.5'(49.6m8.8m3.5m).Tons:562grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:diesel,1screw.Built:
A.Dubigeon,Nantes,France1896.
BuiltfortheNantesfirmofDenisCrovan&Company,forthecocoatradefromBelm,Brazil,toNantes.LaterpurchasedbythefirmofH.Fleuriot&Company,she
remainedinthesametrade(whichcateredtoParisianchocolatiers)until1913.Inthatyear,theDukeofWestminsterboughtherforuseasayacht.Fittedwith
auxiliaryengines,hermostobviousexternalchangesweretheextensionofherdeckhouseforwardasfarastheforemastandtheerectionofadistinctive,if
uncharacteristic,teakbalustradearoundthepoop.
TenyearslatershewassoldtoSirA.E.Guinness,thebrewer,whorenamedherFantmeIIandkeptherasayachtuntilhisdeathin1950.Thereafter,shewassold
totheFondazioneGiorgioCiniinVeniceforuseasasailtrainingship,chieflyfororphanedboysboundfortheNavy.Reriggedasabarkentine,shespentthenext
threedecadesintheAdriatic.Inthemid1980sshewaspurchasedbytheParisbasedFondationBelem.Restoredtotheoriginalrigandname,sheisusedasasail
trainingvesselinEuropeanwaters.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

HMSBelfast
Edinburghclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:613.5'66.3'23.2'(187m20.2m7.1m).Tons:13,385disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:780850.Arm.:126"(4x3),12
4",162pdr,80.5"mg621"TT3aircraft.Armor:4.5"belt,3"deck.Mach.:gearedtur

Page57

bines,80,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Ltd.,Belfast,N.Ireland1939.
ThelargestcruiserintheRoyalNavywhencommissionedinAugust1939,HMSBelfastwasnearlysunkthreemonthslaterwhenonNovember21amagneticmine
intheFirthofForthbrokeherback.AfterextensiverepairsatDevonport,shewasrecommissionedinNovember1942.AsflagshipoftheTenthCruiserSquadronat
ScapaFlow,CaptainFrederickParhamcommanding,BelfastcoveredtheRussianconvoyroute.OnDecember26,1942,shetookpartintheannihilationofthe
GermanbattlecruiserSCHARNHORST.ThefollowingSeptember,BelfastsailedinsupportoftheunsuccessfulnavalaviationattackontheGermanbattleship
TIRPITZinAltenfjord.DuringOperationNeptunethenavalendoftheDdayinvasioninJune1944BelfastwaspartofRearAdmiralF.H.G.Dalrymple
Hamilton'sbombardingforce,andforfiveweeksshehitGermanshoreemplacementsattheSwordandJunolandingzonesandinland.PriortotheAlliedinvasion,
PrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillhadannouncedhisintentiontowatchtheinvasionfromthedecksofBelfast,arecklesssuggestionthatwasonlydroppedwhenKing
GeorgeVsaidthatifChurchillwent,hewouldtoo.
Refittedfortropicalduty,BelfastwasdispatchedtothePacific,butshearrivedwhenthewarwasallbutover.From1946to1948sheoperatedinthePacificand
thenreturnedtohomewatersforarefit.AssignedasflagshipoftheBritishfleetinChinaduringtheAMETHYSTcrisisin1949,sheremainedinthePacificthroughthe
KoreanWar(195052),andintwoyearsfiredmoreroundsagainstenemyshoreemplacementsthanshehadinallofWorldWarII.Followingseveralshowtheflag
cruisesaroundtheworld,HMSBelfastwaspaidoffin1963.AfterseveralyearsasanaccommodationvesselinPortsmouth,aprivatecitizens'groupbanded
togethertosaveBelfastundertheauspicesoftheImperialWarMuseum.ShehasbeenopentothepublicintheThamesRiver,oppositetheTowerofLondon,since
1971.
Watton,Cruiser"Belfast."

Belgica
(exPatria)Screwsteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:118'25'13.4'(36m7.6m4.1m).Tons:336grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Mach.:compoundengine,30nhp.
Built:K.Jacobsen,Svelvig,Norway1884.
BuiltfortheNorwegiansealtrade,BelgicawasacquiredandrenamedforCommandantAdriendeGerlache'sBelgianAntarcticExpedition,thechiefobjectofwhich
wastodeterminethepositionoftheSouthMagneticPole.Outfittingtheshiptooklongerthanintended,andtheshipdidnotarriveoffPalmerLanduntilJanuary1898,
lateintheAntarcticsummer.ByMarch,theshipwasiceboundnearAlexanderIsland,andoverthecourseofthenextthirteenmonthsshewasheldfast,drifting600
milesalongtheAntarcticPeninsulashoreoftheBellingshausenSeatowardsPeterIIsland.Unpreparedforsuchanextensivestayinthatclimate,mostofthecrew
werestrickenwithscurvy,andcommandoftheexpeditiondevolvedtemporarilyonBelgica'sfirstmate,RoaldAmundsen,whowasassistedbyship'sdoctor
FrederickA.Cook.InApril1899,thecrewusedexplosivestofreetheshipfromtheice,andBelgicareturnedtoBelgium.AlthoughtheBelgicaexpeditionwasonly
aminorsuccess,beingthefirsttowinterinAntarctica,itdidsetthestagefortheswiftadvancesinAntarcticexplorationthatculminatedinAmundsen'sascenttothe
SouthPolefromtheshipFRAMin1911.
AcquiredbyN.C.Halvorsenin1902,andthenbytheDucd'OrlanswhoembarkedinherforresearchintheKaraandGreenlandSeasin1905,Belgicaremained
inservicethrough1913.
Cook,ThroughtheFirstAntarcticNight.

Belle
Barquelongue(2m).L/B:51'14'(15.5m4.3m).Tons:45tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:2030.Arm.:6guns.Built:HonorMalet,Rochefort,France1684.
DiscoveredintheshallowwatersofMatagordaBayofftheTexascoast,BellewastheflagshipofRobertCavalier,SieurdeLaSalle'sillfatedexpeditiontoestablish
FrenchcoloniesatthemouthoftheMississippi.OneofthemostimportantFrenchexplorersofNorthAmerica,LaSalleprosperedasafurtraderontheGreat
Lakes,andhisGRIFFONof1679wasthefirstshipbuiltontheLakes.In1682,heandHenrideTontybecamethefirstEuropeanstosaildowntheMississippiRiver
toitsmouth,afterwhichheclaimedtheterritoryLouisianaforFrance.ReturningtoFrance,LaSallereceivedthebackingofLouisXIVtosecuretheclaim.
OnJuly24,1684,hesailedfromLaRochelleattheheadofafleetoffourshipsBelle,agiftfromLouis,Joly(36guns),theketchSt.Franois,andthestoreship
Aimable.AfteratwomonthstayinSt.Domingue(Haiti)duringwhichSt.Franoiswasseizedbypirates,thefleetsailedintotheGulfofMexicoinNovember.
Guidedby

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inaccuratemaps,theylandedjustwestoftheMississippibut,uncertainoftheirposition,theypressedon,onlytoreachMatagordaBay,400mileswestofthe
Mississippi,inJanuaryof1685.TheinhospitablelandwasmadealmostunbearablebythelossofAimableandthebulkoftheexpedition'ssuppliesassheenteredthe
bay.Shortlythereafter,JolysailedforFrance,leavingBelleandsome180ailinganddisgruntledsettlers.LaSallemadeseveraloverlandexpeditionsinsearchofthe
MississippiofwhichhebelievedMatagordaBaytobeabranchbutthesettlersleftatFortSt.Louis(nearpresentdayPortLavaca)werereducedbydisease
andinskirmisheswiththenativeinhabitantsofthecoast.
Belleremainedmooredinthebaywithacrewofabouttwenty.Runninglowonwater,inJanuary1686thecaptaintriedtosailforFortSt.Louis.Theshipwasblown
eastacrossthebay,ranaground,andsankonlysixofhercrewsurvived.Ayearlater,withnoendoftheirordealinsight,thewouldbecolonistsnumberedfewer
thanforty.LaSalleandabouthalfthecompanysetoutinsearchofhelp,buttwomonthslaterhewasmurderedbyhisownmenneartheTrinityRiver.Ofthisgroup,
onlyfivereachedFrancethefateofthosewhoremainedatFortSt.Louiscanonlybesurmised,asnoeffortwasmadetofindthem.
Inthe1970s,theTexasHistoricalCommissionbeganasystematicefforttofindBelle.In1995,whilesweepingthebaywithamagnetometer,archaeologistsledby
BartoArnoldfoundtheshiplyinginabouttwelvefeetofwaterjusteastoftheMatagordaPeninsula.Acofferdamwaserectedaroundthesiteandthewaterpumped
outsothatwhatamountedtoadrylandexcavationofthesitecouldbecarriedout.Avarietyofhumanremainsincludingonecompleteskeletonandartifacts
havebeenrecovered,amongthemeightywholeorsemiwholecaskscontainingcargo,gunpowder,leadshot,foodstuffs,andpitchemptycasksthatoncecontained
wineandwaterseveralboxescontainingmusketsandtradegoodssuchasbeads,rings,combs,andknifebladesoneironswivelgun,twobronzecannon,anda
carriagegunriggingfittingscookingimplementsandpersonaleffectssuchasacrucifix,bowls,andpipes.
Followingtheexcavationofthesmalleritems,theremainsofthehullwerecompletelydisassembledandremovedfromthesite.Aftercarefulconservationashore,they
willbecompletelyreassembledandopentopublicview.
LaRoe,"LaSalle'sLastVoyage."

LaBellePoule
Frigate(3m).L/B:140'38'(42.7m11.6m).Tons:902bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:260.Arm.:2612pdr,46pdr.Built:Bourdeaux1768.
LaunchedduringtherelativelylongpeacebetweentheendoftheSevenYears'WarandtheAmericanRevolution,LaBellePoulewasafastfrigateandoneofthe
firstFrenchwarshipswithacopperbottom.By1778,relationsbetweenFranceandBritainhadbecomestrainedowingtotheformer'ssupportfortheAmerican
colonists'fightforindependence.OnJune16,asquadroncomposedofthefrigateBellePouleandLaLicorneandtheluggerLeCoureurwerecruisinginthe
westernapproachestotheEnglishChannelwhenitcameinsightofRearAdmiralAugustusKeppel'sChannelFleet,whichhadbeenorderedtoblockadeBrest.
Ratherthanclosewiththesuperiorforce,CaptainIsaacJeanTimotheChadeaudelaClocheteriesignaledforhisconsortstoscatter.ThefastBritishfrigateArethusa
(28guns)caughtupwithBellePouleandCoureur,anddemandedtheirsurrender.WhenChadeaudelaClocheterierefused,Arethusaopenedfireat1800.The
battlelastedfivehoursastheshipsdriftedtowardsthecoastofBrittany.ArethusafinallywithdrewtothesafetyoftheBritishfleet.Thenextmorning,BellePoule
eludedtwootherBritishshipsandreturnedtoBrestwith40deadand61woundedLicorneandCoureurwerebothcaptured.
ChadeaudelaClocheterie'ssuccessintheunprovokedattackwonhiminstantcelebrityatcourt,andBellePoulewasassignedtoanewcaptain.OnJuly15,1780,
shewascapturedbyHMSNonsuchofftheLoireandbroughtintotheRoyalNavyratedasa36gun,5thratefrigate.Sometimeafter1781shebecameareceiving
ship.Shewassoldoutoftheservicein1801.
Culver,FortyFamousShips.

HMSBellerophon
Arrogantclass3rdrate74(3m).L/B/D:168'46.8'19.8'(51.2m14.3m6m).Tons:1,643bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:550.Arm.:2832pdr,2818pdr,
189pdr.Des.:SirThomasSlade.Built:Greaves&Co.,Frindsbury,Eng.1786.
NamedforthemythicalGreekherowhowasthecompanionofthewingedhorsePegasus,HMSBellerophonwasthesecondshipofthename.Herfirstfleetaction
waswithLordHoweattheGloriousFirstofJune,1794,againsttheFrenchfleetofAdmiralVillaretdeJoyeuse,duringwhichsheforcedthe74gunEoletostrike.
She

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Imagenotavailable.
Thethirdrate74gunHMSBELLEROPHONwastheveteranofmanynavalactionsduringtheNapoleonic
Wars.JohnJamesChalonpaintedheratPlymouth,whereshehousedtheimprisonedNapoleonfromJuly
25toAugust14,1815,priortohispermanentexileontheremoteislandofSt.Helena.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

subsequentlydistinguishedherselfinseveralactionsduringtheblockadeoffFrance.In1797,underCaptainHenryd'EsterreDarby,shewasassignedtoRearAdmiral
HoratioNelson'ssquadronsenttofindtheFrenchfleetboundforEgypt.AttheBattleoftheNileontheeveningofAugust1,1798,Bellerophonengagedthe120
gunL'ORIENT.Withinthehourshewasdismastedandhadtodisengage,comingunderfirefromTONNANT(80guns)asshedidso.Hercasualtiesincluded193
killedorinjured.
Overthenextfouryears,sheservedvariouslyintheMediterranean,withtheChannelFleet,andintheWestIndies.AttheBattleofTrafalgaronOctober21,1805,
"BillyRuffian,"asshewasknownamongthelowerdeck,sailedintheleedivision.InspiredbyNelson'ssignalthat"Englandexpectsthateverymanwilldohisduty,"
herguncrewschalkedonthegunbarrels,"Bellerophon:DeathorGlory."Despitecasualtiesnumbering132,includingCaptainJohnCooke,shetooktheFrench
Aigle(74).
From1806to1809,shesailedwiththeChannelFleetandintheBaltic.FollowinghislossatWaterlooin1815,Napoleonwascompelledtosurrenderto
Bellerophon'sCaptainFrederickLewisMaitlandatRochefort,andshecarriedthedefeatedemperortoEnglandpriortohisexiletoSt.Helena.Thefollowingyear
shebecameaprisonhulk,whichsheremaineduntilbrokenupin1836.AmongotherswhoservedinBellerophonasyoungmenwereMatthewFlinders,a
midshipmanattheGloriousFirstofJune,whosurveyedAustraliainHMSINVESTIGATOR(18013),andJohnFranklin,whocommandedtheillfatedArctic
expeditioninHMSEREBUSandTERROR(184547).
Culver,FortyFamousShips.Mackenzie,TrafalgarRoll.Schom,Trafalgar.

BenjaminF.Packard
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:244.2'43.326.7'(74.4m13.2m8.1m).Tons:2,076reg.Hull:wood.Built:Goss,Sawyer&Packard,Bath,Me.1883.

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Namedforthejuniorpartneroftheyardthatbuilther,BenjaminF.PackardwasathreeskysailyardDownEasterbuiltforCaptainJohnR.Kelley.Inthe1920s
and1930s,promotersseekingtoprofitfromtheship'suseasashoresideattractioncreatedstoriesaboutherfastpassagesintheteaandwooltrades.Inpointoffact,
PackardneversailedtoeitherAustraliaorChina,andshewasaslowship.HeraveragerunsfromEastCoastportstoSanFranciscowithgeneralcargowere148
daysonthereturn,sheshippedgrainfromCalifornia.Shealsocarriedotherbulkcargoes,includingcaseoilandlumber,andservedportsinEngland,British
Columbia,andJapan.ThankstoCaptainZaccheus"Tiger"Allen,hermasterfrom1889to1904,Packardhadareputationasahardshipandwasknowntosomeas
the"BattleshipoftheAmericanMerchantMarine."BoughtbyArthurSewall&Companyin1887,shewassoldtotheNorthwesternFisheriesCompanyofSeattlein
1907,andlatertotheBoothFisheriesCompany,forwhichcompaniesshesailedintheAlaskasalmonfisheriesuntil1924.ShewasthensoldandtowedtoNew
YorkviathePanamaCanalwithacargooflumber.Asuccessionofbuyerskeptherfromthebreakers,andin192728,shewasloanedtotheUnitedStates
JuniorNavalReserveandmooredontheHudsonRiverat96thStreetinManhattan.AuctionedoutoftheestateofmarineantiquecollectorMaxWilliamsin1929,
shewassoldfor$1,000inaneveninginwhichmodelshipswentformorethantwicethat.PackardwaseventuallymovedtoPlaylandParkonLongIslandSoundin
Rye,NewYork.Gaudilydeckedoutasa"pirate"ship,"thislastremnantofthegreatdaysofAmericansailingships"attractedtoofewvisitorstobeprofitable,andin
May1939,shewastowedintoLongIslandSoundandscuttledin190feetofwateroffEaton'sNeck.Variousartifactshadbeensalvagedfromtheship,includingthe
afterhouse,whichwasdismantledandtakentoMysticSeaportMuseum.
Morris,PortraitofaShip.

Berengaria
(exImperator)Liner(3f/2m).L/B/D:919'98.3'(268.2m29.9m).Tons:51,680grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st908,2nd592,3rd962,4th1,7721,180crew.
Mach.:steamturbines,4screws,60,000hp22.5kts.Built:AGVulcan,Hamburg1913.
ThefirstoftheAlbertBallininspiredtrioofHamburgAmerikasuperlinersbuilttochallengeBritishdominationoftheNorthAtlanticpassengertrade,Imperatorwas
originallytohavebeencalledEuropa,butshewasgivenhermaidennameindeferencetoWilhelmII'senthusiasticinterestinherconstruction.Thelargestshipofher
day,shewaschristenedbytheKaiserlessthansixweeksafterthelossofTITANIC,andenteredserviceonJune10,1913,whenshedepartedCuxhavenfor
Southampton,Cherbourg,andNewYork.Elegantthoughshewas,Imperatorwasatopheavyship,aflawcorrectedthatNovemberwhenhertoweringfunnels(one
ofwhichwasadummy)wereshortenedbynearly10feetandsomeofherheavierfixtureswereremovedorreplacedwiththoseoflightermaterials.
TheoutbreakofWorldWarIfoundheratHamburg,whereshewaslaidupandallbutabandonedforthedurationofthehostilities.TakenoverbytheU.S.Navy
followingtheArmistice,shewascommissionedasUSSImperatoronMay5andmadethreevoyagesinwhichshecarried25,000soldiersandcivilianstotheUnited
States.InNovember,ImperatorwastransferredtotheBritishgovernment,andthefollowingyearshewasgiventoBritainasreparations.Shesailedbrieflyunder
leasetoCunardbeforethatcompanypurchasedheroutrightandrenamedherBerengaria,forthewifeofRichardI(LionHeart).Beginningin1921shewasgivena
completeoverhaul,andherfuelwaschangedfromcoaltooil.AsflagshipoftheCunardfleet,sheresumedweeklyservicebetweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,and
NewYorkinconcertwithAQUITANIAandMAURETANIA.
TheGreatDepressionforcedBerengariatosupplementhertransatlanticworkwithcruisestoBermuda,theCaribbean,andtheCanadianMaritimes.Although
CunardintendedtokeepherinserviceuntilshecouldbereplacedbyQUEENELIZABETH,aseriesoffirestracedtoherdeterioratingelectricalwiringledtothe
revocationofherpassengercertificatebytheAmericanauthorities,finallyforcingCunardtosellherin1938.BerengariawastakentoJarrowinDecemberofthat
yearandcutdownshewasnotcompletelybrokenupuntil1946.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard,ClassicOceanLiners.

Bergensfjord
(laterArgentina,Jerusalem,Aliya)Liner(2f/2m).L/B/D:512.1'61.2'(161.5m18.7m).Tons:10,666grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st100,2nd250,3rd850.
Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,2screws15kts.Built:Cammell,Laird&Co.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.1913.
ThesecondshipbuiltforNorwegianAmericaLine,Norway'spremiertransatlanticpassengerline,BergensfjordenteredserviceinSeptember1913.Hernormal
servicewasbetweenChristiania(nowOslo),Kristiansand,Stav

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anger,Bergen,andNewYorkthankstoNorway'sneutrality,thisservicecontinuedthroughWorldWarI.NorwegianAmerica'sfirstship,Kristianiafjord,had
wreckedin1917,andfollowingthewarBergensfjordmaintainedsteadyservice,withStavangerfjord,until1940.InJuly1924,anengineroomexplosionforcedthe
beachingoftheshipnearBergen,andduringrepairsshewasconvertedfromcoaltooilfuel.
Bergensfjord'slastpassagefromNorwayendedatNewYorkonApril15,1940,oneweekaftertheGermaninvasionofNorway.Pressedintoserviceasatroop
ship,shesailedinthisworkforthedurationofWorldWarII.In1946,NorwegianAmericasoldhertoHomeLines,whogaveheraccommodationsfor32
passengersinfirstclassand969intouristclass.RenamedArgentina,sheenteredtheburgeoningimmigranttradebetweenItalyandBrazil,UruguayandArgentina
threeyearslatershebegansailingtotheCaribbeanandVenezuela.AfterbriefservicetoNewYorkandHalifax,HomeLinesputtheshipintocharterwork,andon
onevoyageshecarriedFrenchForeignLegionnairesfromAlgeriatoIndochina.
In1953ArgentinawassoldtotheZimIsraelNavigationCompanyandenteredservicebetweentheMediterraneanandNewYork.From1955shesailedbetween
HaifaandMarseilles,andtwoyearslatershewasrenamedAliyawhenanewJerusalemwascommissionedforZimLines.Laidupin1958,shewasscrappedatLa
Speziathenextyear.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners2.

Berkshire
Sidewheelsteamer(2f/6m).L/B/D:422.4'50.6'12.9'(128.7m15.4m3.9m).Tons:2,918grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:beamengines,5,000nhp,sidewheels.
Built:NewYorkShipBuildingCo.,Camden,N.J.1913.
ThelargestnightboatevertorunontheHudsonRiver,andoneofthelasttoruninthatservice,BerkshirewaslaiddownastheHudsonNavigationCompany's
Princetonbutunderwentachangeofnamebeforelaunching.Allfourofthecompany'slastnightboats,whichalsoincludedC.W.Morse,Rensselaer,and
Trojanhadbeamenginesratherthanthemoreefficientandmoderncompoundortripleexpansionengines.Althoughshewasoftenknownasthe"mighty"
Berkshire,orbysomeequallyfittingepithet,hergrandsizewastoppedbytwodwarfsmokestacks.Herstateroomswereplain,withbunkbeds,asink,andchamber
pot,althoughdeluxesuitesincludedtwotwinbedsandaprivatebathroom.Theinteriordecorationwasalsohighlyrefinedanditsclassicalsimplicitylackedthe
ebullienceofFallRiverLineboatssuchasPURITAN.
BuiltforservicebetweenNewYorkCityandAlbany,afterWorldWarI,Berkshireandhersistershipsfacedincreasingcompetitionfromroadtraffic.In1926,the
companyreorganizedandwasrenamedtheHudsonRiverNightLine.Thislinewentbankruptin1932andtheshipswereinandoutofserviceastheychangedhands
severaltimes.Berkshirewaswithdrawnfromservicein1937,returnedthefollowingyearasareplacementforRensselaer,andwaswithdrawnagainwhennight
serviceendedin1939.
Hilton,NightBoat.

Bertrand
Sternwheelsteamer(2f).L/B/D:161'32.9'5.2'dph(49.1m10m1.6m).Tons:251grt.Hull:wood.Built:Dunlevy&Co.,Wheeling,W.Va.1864.
TheonlyAmericansteamboattheremainsofwhichhavebeenfullyexcavatedasanarchaeologicalsite,theBertrandwasa"mountainboat"designedforworkonthe
shallowwatersofthewesterntributariesoftheMississippiRiver.MountainboatshadanextremelyshallowdraftBertrandreportedlydrewaslittleaseighteen
incheswithoutcargoandwereequippedwith"grasshopper"polesforgettingoverrapidsandshallows.Mountedoneithersideofthebow,thepolesweredriven
intotheriverbed,andthenusedtohoistthevesselupasitdroveforward.Theprocesswasrepeateduntiltheobstaclewascleared.
TakentoSt.Louis,BertrandwassoldtotheMontana&IdahoTransportationCompany,whichhadfivevesselsplyingtheMissouriRiverbetweenSt.Louisand
FortBenton,MontanaTerritory.(Theremoteheadofnavigationliesatanelevationof3,300feetabovesealevelsome3,600milesfromthemouthoftheMississippi
River.)In1864,goldandotherminingstrikeshadcreatedaboomintradeontheMissouri,andahandbillfortheMontana&Idahoadvertised"1865,1865!Ho!For
theGoldMines!ThroughBills[of]LadingGiven...toVirginiaCity,BannockCity,DeerLodgeandAllPointsintheMiningDistricts."Loadedwithquicksilver(used
forseparatinggoldfromitsore)andmyriadothersuppliesforthefledglinguprivercommunities,BertrandsailedfromSt.LouisonMarch16underCaptainJohn
Jacobs.OnApril1,shehitasnagandsankatPortageLaForce,about

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twentyfivemilesnorthofOmaha,Nebraska,and640milesfromSt.Louis.
Althoughnoonewaskilled,theeconomicconsequencestotheminingdistrictsmusthavebeenconsiderable,asBertrandcarriedabout13percentofallthegoods
consignedtoFortBentonin1865.Muchofthedeckcargowasapparentlysalvagedafterherloss,butthesternwheelereventuallydisappearedfromviewassiltfrom
themeanderingMissouriburiedher.In1968,twosalvorshopingtolocatetheshipmentofquicksilver,aswellaswhiskeyandgoldthoughttobeaboard,discovered
thewreck,whichbythenwascoveredbytwentysixfeetofsediment.Fortunatelyforposterity,thesitewaslocatedwithintheDeSotoNationalWildlifeRefuge.
WorkingunderthedirectionofaNationalParkServicearchaeologist,thesalvorsexcavatedthesitewiththeunderstandingthatthegovernmentwouldretain40
percentofthebulkitemsaswellas''anyartifacts(toincludeallmanmadeobjectsorpartsthereof)orothervaluablehistoricalitems."
Althoughmostoftheengineanddeckstructureshadbeenremoved,thehullwasinremarkablygoodcondition.Mostimportant,however,wastherecoveryofnearly
2millionindividualitemsfromthecargo,about300,000ofwhichmeritedconservation.Includedinthehoardwasastaggeringarrayofmidnineteenthcentury
Americana,fromfoodstuffs,personaleffects,andclothingtominingsupplies,tools,andartifactsofiron,leather,andwood,glassandceramicbottles,textiles,
hundredsofcasesofwine,ale,champagne,patentmedicines,ketchup,andsauces.
Petsche,Steamboat"Bertrand."

Bessemer
Screwsteamer.L/B/D:349.6'40.2'(54'ew)11.5'(106.6m12.3m(16.5m)3.5m).Tons:1,974grt.Hull:iron.Mach.:oscillatingsteamengines,800hp,4
screws.Des.:SirHenryBessemer.Built:Earle'sCo.,Hull,Eng.1875.
AlthoughheisbestrememberedtodayforhisinventionoftheBessemerprocessofmakingsteel,theinventionforwhichSirHenryBessemerwasbestknowninhis
owndaywasacrosschannelsteamshipdesignedtoreduceasfaraspossibletheconditionsthatcausedseasicknessinpassengers.Theshipwaspoweredbytwo
pairsofpaddlewheelsmounted106feetapart.Themostinnovativeaspectoftheship'sdesignwasa180tongimbaledsaloonmeasuringseventyfeetlong,thirtyfeet
wideandtwentyfeethigh.Thiswasmountedontrunnionsandthemotionwascontrolledbyhydraulicmachinerysothatitwouldremainlevelrelativetothemotionof
theship,Lavishlydecorated,thesaloonwasalsoequippedwithforcedventilationtoalleviatestuffiness.Therewerealsorowsofprivatecabinsoneithersideofthe
shipwhichincreasedtheoverallbeamtofiftyfourfeet.BessemermadehermaidenvoyagebetweenDoverandCalaisonSaturday,May8,1875,buttheresultsfell
farshortofexpectations.SirHenrywasquicklyforcedtoabandonthegimbaledsaloon,andtheshipwasrefittedwithmoretraditionalaccommodations.Shewas
finallywithdrawnfromservicein1880.
Rogers,FreakShips.

Betsy
Merchantman(2m).L/B:74.7'23.8'(22.8m7.3m).Tons:171burthen.Hull:wood.Built:<1781.
In1781,BritishMajorGeneralEarlCharlesCornwalliswasorderedtoestablishanicefreeportinVirginia,towhichtheRoyalNavy'smainfleetbasedatNewYork
couldwithdrawinwinter.AlthoughensconcedatPortsmouthandHamptonRoads,CornwallisdecidedtoshifthisbaseacrossthepeninsulatoYorktown,which
providedabetterandmoreeasilydefendedanchorage,thoughfromthelandwardsideitwasinferiortohispreviousposition.Hehadathisdisposalafleetofmore
thanfifty,includingsevenarmedshipsandupwardsoffortytransportsandsupplyships,prizes,andhiredvessels.OnSeptember5,aBritishfleetunderRearAdmiral
ThomasGravesinHMSLONDONwasdefeatedbyRearAdmiralComtedeGrasseinVILLEDEPARIS,attheBattleoftheChesapeake.ThisleftCornwallisto
facetheFrenchfleetandacombinedFrancoAmericanforceledbyGeneralGeorgeWashington,withtheMarquisdeLafayetteandLieutenantGeneralCountJean
BaptistedeRochambeau.Inanefforttosecurehisseawardflank,Cornwallisorderedfifteenvesselsscuttledasclosetoshoreaspossible,andhedeployedhis
heaviestshipswheretheirgunscouldbearonthelandforces.OnOctober10,hisheaviestship,thefortyfourgunHMSCharon,burnedtothewaterlineunderfire
fromland.SixdayslatertheBritishtriedtowithdrawupriver,buttheywereboggeddowninathunderstorm,andthenextdayCornwallispresentedaflagoftruce.
WithCornwallis'ssurrenderonOctober19,theUnitedStateshadwontheindependencesobrazenlydeclaredfiveyearsbefore.
Cornwallis'sships,manydamagedbyWashington'sguns,werehandedovertotheFrench,whosalvagedanumberofthevesselsthroughoutthesummerof1782.
Abouttwentysixoftheshipswereabandoned.Thesub

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mergedfleetwastheobjectofoccasionalinterestoverthenexttwocenturies.In1976,diversfromtheAmericanInstituteofNauticalArchaeologybeganexcavation
ofsomerecentlyfoundwrecksites.Thebestpreservedofthosediscoveredturnedoutbearelativelysmallmerchantman(Shipwreck44Y088)lyingin20feetof
waterabout500feetoffshore.Thisshiphadbeenfairlywellpreservedinsiltandclay.In1982,acofferdamwaserectedtoisolatethehullfromtheriverand
otherwisefacilitatetheexcavationandconservationofthesite.AseithertheBritishortheFrench(orboth)hadstrippedtheshippriortoitssinking,thesurviving
artifactscomprisemostlysmallitems,suchascoathooksandpiecesoffurniture.Nonetheless,theYorktownshipisoneofthebestpreservedeighteenthcentury
merchantshipseverfound,andithasthrownconsiderablelightonthedetailsofmerchantshipconstructioninthisperiod.
Broadwateretal.,"YorktownShipwreckArchaeologicalProject."Johnstonetal.,"CornwallisCaveShipwreck,Yorktown,Virginia."Sands,Yorktown'sCaptiveFleet.

HMSBirkenhead
Paddlefrigate(1f/2m).L/B/D:210'36.7'(60.5'ew)15.8'(64m11.2m(18.4m)4.8m).Tons:1,918disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:250crew.Arm.:410",4
68pdr.Mach.:sideleversteamengines,536nhp,2paddles13kts.Des.:J.Laird.Built:LairdBros.,Birkenhead,Eng.1845.
NamedfortheBritishport,HMSBirkenheadwastheRoyalNavy'sfirstironhulledfrigate,originallyriggedasabrigbutconvertedtoabarkentine.OnAugust27,
1847,shewasusedtofreeBrunel'sGREATBRITAIN,whichhadstrandedinBelfastLoughtheyearbefore.GunnerytrialsledtheAdmiraltytotheconclusionthat
ironwasunsuitableforwarshipconstructionbecauseitcouldbepiercedorshatteredbyshot,andBirkenheadwasconvertedtouseasatroopshipin1848.In
January1852,underMasterRobertSalmondshesailedforSouthAfricawith487officersandmenofthe74thHighlandersandotherregimentscommandedby
ColonelAlexanderSeton,togetherwith25womenand31children.AftertouchingatCapeTown,theshipsailedontoAlgoaBay.At0200onthemorningof
February26,BirkenheadhitarockinFalseBay.Threeboatswerelaunchedfromtheship,andasBirkenheadbegantobreakupandsinkthesoldiersheldtheir
ranksinalegendarydisplayofvalorandchivalry.Inall,438menlosttheirlivesthe193survivorsincludedallthewomenandchildren.Theremainsoftheship,which
hadbrokenintothreepieces,werediscoveredbydiversinthe1980s.
Bevan,Drumsofthe"Birkenhead."Brown,BeforetheIronclad.Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.

Bismarck
Bismarckclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:813.8'118.1'28.5'(251m36m9.9m)Tons:50,300disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,065.Arm.:815.2"(42),12
6",1610.5cm,163.7cm,782cm6aircraft.Armor:12.8"belt,4.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,150,170shp,3screws30kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,
Hamburg1940.
NamedforOttovonBismarck,thenineteenthcenturyPrussianstatesmanwhoforgedtheGermannation,Bismarckwas,withhersistershipTIRPITZ,oneofthe
twolargestGermanwarshipseverbuilt.CommissionednearlyayearaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarII,Bismarck'sfirstcombatmissionwasalsoherlast.OnMay
18,1941,undercommandofCaptainErnstLindemannandflyingtheflagofViceAdmiralGntherLtjens,shesailedfromtheBalticseaportofGdyniawiththe
pocketbattleshipPRINZEUGENonacommerceraidingmissioncodenamedOperationRheinbung.PuttingintoBergen,theshipswerespottedbyRAFplanes
andtheBritishfleetmobilizedtopreventtheirbreakoutintotheAtlantic.Undercoverofnightandbadweather,theshipsslippedintotheNorwegianSeaandsailed
northandwestaroundIceland.OnMay23,BismarckandPrinzEugenweresightedintheDenmarkStraitnorthwestofIcelandbytheBritishcruisersHMS
SuffolkandNORFOLK.OnMay22,theBattleCruiserForceofHMSHOODandPRINCEOFWALEShadsailedfromScapaFlowandwasnowsouthwestof
Icelandabout300milesaway.ViceAdmiralL.E.Hollandsteeredaninterceptioncourseandcontactbetweenthetwoforceswasestablishedat0537on
Imagenotavailable.
TheGermanbattleshipBISMARCKsailedononlyonecombatmission,
inMay1941.OnlythreedaysaftersinkingtheBritishbattlecruiser
HMSHOOD,shewasherselfsunkbyaBritishtaskforcein
midatlantic.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

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May24.PrinceofWalesopenedfireat0553atarangeofabout12miles.BismarckengagedHood,andat0600a15inchshellfromherfourthsalvotorethrough
theship,whichsplitintwoandsankwiththelossof1,415men.PrinceofWaleswashitrepeatedlybeforebreakingoffaction13minuteslater,thoughnotbefore
landingthreecrucialhitsonBismarck.Withhisshipdowninthebowandleakingoil,LtjensdecidedtomakefortheFrenchportofSt.Nazaire.
SuffolkandNorfolkcontinuedtoshadowtheGermans,whileAdmiralSirJohnTovey'sHomeFleetincludingbattleshipsHMSKINGGEORGEVand
REPULSE,aircraftcarrierVICTORIOUS,andfivecruisersandForceHfromGibraltarbattlecruiserRENOWN,aircraftcarrierARKROYAL,andcruiser
SHEFFIELDweredeployedtointercept.(Alltold,Bismarckwasactivelypursuedbyatotaloffivebattleships,twoaircraftcarriers,ninecruisers,andeighteen
destroyers.)DuringabriefeveningactionagainstSuffolk,theundamagedPrinzEugenpartedcompanyandproceededalonetoBrest.Anighttimeairstrikefrom
Victoriousfailedtoinflictanydamage,andallcontactwithBismarckwaslostafter0300onMay25.Shewasnotlocateduntil1030onMay26,andintheintervalit
hadbeenwronglybelievedthatshehadchangedcourseforGermany.
At2047thatnight,torpedobombersfromArkRoyalscoredhitsthatdamagedBismarck'ssteeringgearandforcedhertosteamnorthnorthwest,directlytowards
theoncomingKingGeorgeVandRODNEYandshadowedcloselybythecruiserHMSSheffieldandfivedestroyersledbyCaptainPhilipVianinHMS
COSSACK.Atthispoint,withBismarck'sspeeddownto10knots,LtjensradioedtoGermany:"Shipnolongermaneuverable,wefighttothelastshell."Torpedo
attacksthroughoutthenightscorednomajordamage,butthedestroyers'persistentharryingexhaustedtheGermancrew.
At0847onMay27,Rodneyopenedfireatarangeof25,000yards,KingGeorgeVaminutelater,andthecruisersHMSNorfolkandDorsetshiresomewhat
later.Therangequicklyclosedtoonly8,600yardsandby0930Bismarck'smainarmamenthadbeensilenced.DorsetshirewasorderedtosinkBismarckwith
torpedoes,thoughsurvivorsmaintainedthatscuttlingchargesandnottorpedoessanktheship.Whatevertheultimatecause,Bismarcksankat1036in4810'N,16
12'W.DorsetshireandthedestroyerMaorirescued115survivors,butasuspectedsubmarinesightingforcedthemtobreakofftheirsearch.Atotalof1,977of
Bismarck'screwwentdownwiththeirship.
Ballard&Archbold,Discoveryofthe"Bismarck."MllenheimRechberg,Battleship"Bismarck."Film:Sinkthe"Bismarck"!(1960).

BlackfriarsBarge
Sailingbarge.L/B:5055'22'(1517m6.5m).Tons:ca.92tons.Hull:wood.Built:England(?)100200CE.
TheBlackfriarsvesselwasaRomanoBritishsailingbargeofthesecondcentury,whichsankintheRiverThameswhilecarryingacargoofbuildingstone.Itis
especiallynoteworthyasanexampleoftheancientshipbuildingtraditionofCelticnorthwesternEurope,whichdifferedfromtheGrecoRomantraditionofthe
Mediterranean.ThewreckwasdiscoveredinSeptember1962duringconstructionworknearthenorthendoftheBlackfriarsBridgeinLondon.Archaeological
excavationswerecarriedoutbytheGuildhallMuseumin1962and1963underthedirectionofPeterMarsden.Thesiteisapproximately130yardssouthofpresent
dayThamesStreet,whichisthoughttorepresentthelineoftheRomanerawaterfront.OnthebasisofRomanpotsherdscollectedfromthestratifiedgravel
surroundingthewreck,theexcavatorsbelievethattheBlackfriarsbargesankinthesecondcentury.
Likeitsmoderncounterparts,theBlackfriarsbargeisbeamy,keelless,andflatbottomed.Thesidestrakesmeetthebottomstrakesata3035degreeangle,or
chine,ratherthancurvingtoformroundedbilges.UnlikecontemporaryshipsfromtheMediterranean,theBlackfriarsbargewasbuiltskeletonfirst.Strakeswerenot
edgejoinedbymortiseandtenonbutwereattacheddirectlytothefloortimberswithironnails.Thenailingtechniquewascomplex:first,aholeaboutthreequarters
ofaninchindiameterwasdrilledverticallyintothefloortimberandanoakpegwasinserted.Alongnailwasthenclenched.Gapsintheseamsinplacesasmuch
asonehalfinchwidewerecaulkedwithhazeltwigshammeredinfromtheoutboardside.
Cutintothemiddleofafloortimberaboutonethirdthelengthoftheshipfromthebow,but5inchesoffcenter,isasocketthatmarkstheapproximatepositionofthe
mastpillar.Themastitselfwouldhavebeenfittedintoatabernacleattheupperendofthepillar.Thepositionofthemastforwardofamidshipssuggeststhattheship
wasriggedwithasinglesquaresail.AtthebottomofthesocketwasabronzecoinoftheemperorDomitian,mintedatRomein88or89CE.Thereverseofthecoin
depictsthegoddessFortunaholdingasteeringoar.
Immediatelyabaftthesocket,thefloortimbersandsideframeswerecoveredbyoakplanksthatformedthebottomofthehold.Overlyingthisholdareawasapileof
Kentishragstone,usedextensivelyasabuildingmaterialinRomanLondon.Thestoneprobablycamefromthe

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neighborhoodofMaidstone,whereragstonewasquarriedcommerciallyinrecenttimes.TheBlackfriarsbargethusmayhavebegunitslastvoyageontheMedway
River,nearMaidstone,Kent,thenfollowedtheThamesestuarytoLondontodeliveritscargo.
Marsden,ShipoftheRomanPeriod.

HMSBlossom
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B:108.5'30'(33.1m9.1m).Tons:427bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:100.Arm.:1818pdr.Built:Guillaum,Northam,Eng.1806.
AmongthemostambitiousnineteenthcenturyplanstodiscovertheNorthwestPassagewasathreeprongedventureinvolvingJohnFranklin,EdwardParryand
CommanderFrederickWilliamBeechey.WhileFranklinattemptedtocompleteanoverlandsurveyoftheArcticcoastfromtheMackenzieRivertoIcyPoint(James
Cook'sfarthestnorthwithRESOLUTIONandDISCOVERYin1778),ParrywouldpenetratetheArcticfromtheeastinHECLAandFury,andBeecheya
veteranofFranklin'sAdvancein1818andParry'sHeclain1819wouldsailthroughtheBeringStraitandeastwardtorendezvouswiththeotherparties.
Afterfittingoutfortheexpedition,Beechey'sHMSBlossomdepartedSpitheadonMay19,1825,sailingsouthwestdowntheAtlanticwithstopsatTenerifeandRio
deJaneiro,roundingCapeHornviatheFalklandsandTierradelFuego.AftercallingatConcepcinandValparaiso,Chile,sheproceededwesttoconfirmorcorrect
theexistenceofvariousislandsreportedfrompreviousvoyages.AftervisitstoEasterIslandandPitcairnIsland,BlossomcontinuedthroughtheSocietyIslandsto
arriveatTahitionApril18,1826.Turningnorth,theysailedtoOnorooroo,Woahoo(Honolulu,Oahu)onMay20,andleftfromthereforPetropavlovskonthe
KamchatkaPeninsula,wheretheyarrivedonJune29.TheretheylearnedthatParry'sFuryhadbeencrushedintheicebutthathercrewhadreturnedtoEnglandin
Hecla.PassingthroughtheBeringStraitonJuly19,BlossomarrivedatChamissoInletinKotzebueSoundonJuly25,1826,onlyfivedayslaterthanthedateagreed
toinEnglandeighteenmonthsbeforeanastonishingfeatofseamanship.TherebeingnosignofFranklin,Beecheyproceededtoexplorethecoastasfaras70
38'N,36milesnortheastofIcyCape,wheretheyarrivedonAugust15.Fromthere,ThomasElsontooktheship'sbargetolookforFranklinandonAugust23,he
reachedPointBarrow(7123'N,15621'W),thefarthestintotheArcticanyoneexceptEskimoshadeverpenetratedandwhichhenamedforSirJohnBarrow,the
SecondSecretaryoftheAdmiralty.(Perhapsdiscouragedby"themostdreary,miserableanduninterestingportionsoftheseacoastthatcanperhapsbefoundinany
partoftheworld,"FranklinturnedbacktotheGreatBearLakefromReturnPointfivedaysbeforeElsonreachedPointBarrow,146milestothewest.)
SailingfromKotzebueBayonOctober14,BlossomheadedforYerbaBuena(nowSanFrancisco),whereshearrivedonNovember7.Aftersixweeksinthetiny
Spanishport,whichBeecheypredictedwouldbecome"agreatnavalestablishment,"theexpeditioncalledbrieflyatMontereyandthencrossedthePacifictoMacao,
arrivingonApril11,1827.AftercallingagainatPetropavlovsk,theyreturnedtoKotzebueSound.Theicewasworsethisseason,andtherewasnonewsofFranklin.
OnOctober5,Beecheyturnedforhome,callingatMonterey,YerbaBuena,andSanBlas,Mexico,enroute,andarrivedinEnglandonOctober12,1827.In
additiontothegeographicalknowledgegained,thetwoyearvoyageresultedinthepublicationoftwoimportantworksonbotanyandzoology.Blossomremainedin
serviceasasurveyshipuntil1833whenshewashulkedshewasbrokenupin1848.
Beechey,NarrativeofaVoyagetothePacificandBeering'sStrait.Brock,"DossierHMSBlossom18061848."Peard,TothePacificandArcticwithBeechey.

SMSBlcher
Blcherclassarmoredcruiser.L/B/D:525.9'x79.6'28.6'(161.8m24.5m8.8m).Tons:17,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:929.Arm.:128.4"(62),8
6",168.8cm418"TT.Armor:7.2"belt,2.8"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,38,323ihp,3screws25.4kts.Built:KaiserlicheWerft,Kiel,Ger.1909.
NamedforGebhardLeberechtvonBlcher,PrussianherooftheBattleofWaterloo,SMSBlcherwassomewhatstrongerthantheScharnhorstclassbutsmaller
thanSMSVONDERTANNandhersuccessorheavycruisers.TheseshortcomingsprovedfatalwhenonJanuary23,1914,RearAdmiralFranzvonHippersailed
withBlcherasareplacementforVonderTanninhissquadron'ssortietotheDoggerBank.TheBritishmusteredanoverwhelmingforcetoopposeHipper,key
amongthemViceAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'sBattleCruiserFleet.TheDoggerBankactionopenedonthe24thbetweenthelightcruisersHMSAuroraandSMS
Kolberg,butsuspectingatrap,Hipperturnedforhome,pursuedbytheBritish,whoopenedfireat0905.PoorsignalingledtoBritishfirebeingconcentratedon
Blcher,intherearoftheGerman

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line,andshortlybeforenoonshesuccumbedtotheconcentratedfireofIndomitableandNewZealandandcapsizedinposition5420'N,0543'E.Thelossof
Blcherand792crewreinforcedtheGermaninstinctnottoriskcapitalshipsinageneralengagement.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.VanderVat,GrandScuttle.

Blcher
Blcherclassheavycruiser.L/B/D:674.5'69.9'25.3'(205.9m21.3m7.7m).Tons:18,208disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,400.Arm.:88.1"(4x2),12
10.5cm,123.7cm,82cm,1221"TT3aircraft.Armor:3.2"belt,2.2"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,131,821shp,3screws32.5kts.Built:DeutscheWerke,
Kiel,Ger.1939.
TheillfatedBlcherwasthefirstofafiveshipclassofheavycruiserslaiddownbetween1936and1939.UnderCaptainHeinrichWoldag,Blchertookpartinthe
GermaninvasionofNorwayin1940,sailingfromKielincompanywithEmdenandLtzow.BlcherencounteredsomeresistanceuponenteringOslofjordonthe
nightofApril8,butat0521,whiletryingtoforcetheDrbakNarrows,theshipwasmauledatpointblankrangeby11.2inchand6inchgunsandlandbased
torpedoes.Blcheranchoredabout2.5kilometersbelowAskholmenIslandwhileitsturbineswererepaired,butsuccessiveexplosionsforcedWoldagtoabandon
shipat0700.Twentythreeminuteslater,Blchercapsizedandsankin5944'N,1036'E,thelargestofthethreesurfaceunitswithKARLSRUHEand
KNIGSBERGlostinOperationWeserbung.ADMIRALHIPPERandPRINZEUGENwerealsocommissionedintheGermanNavyLtzowwassoldtothe
SovietUnioninFebruary1940andrenamedPetropavlovsk,andin1942anattemptwasmadetoreconfigureSeydlitzasanaircraftcarrier,althoughtheshipwas
nevercompleted.
Grner,GermanWarships.Whitley,GermanCruisersofWorldWarTwo.

Bluenose
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:143'27'15.8'(43.6m8.2m4.8m).Tons:285disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:2228.Des.:WilliamJ.Roue.Built:Smith&Rhuland,
Lunenburg,NovaScotia1921.
BluenosewasdesignedspecificallytoracefortheInternationalTrophy,aprizeestablishedbyW.H.Dennis,publisheroftheHalifaxHerald,toanswerthecomplaint
thattheAmerica'sCupraceswerebetweenyachtsratherthanworkingvesselsthatcouldstanduptoagoodwind.HerdesignerwasWilliamJ.Roue,aself
describedamateurnavalarchitectwellknowninNovaScotia.HerfirstskipperwasAngusWalters,oneofthemostsuccessfulfishermenontheGrandBanks,who
hadacquittedhimselfwellinthetrialsforthefirstInternationalFishermen'sTrophyraceheldinOctober1920.(Thewinner,Delawana,losttworacestothe
GloucesterschoonerEsperanto.)Bluenosebeatallcomershandily,andshewaschosentorepresentCanadaintheraceagainsttheU.S.defender.Esperantohad
beenlostthatsummeroffSableIslandandtheAmericanstriedtoputforwardtheW.StarlingBurgessdesignedMayflower.Herbidwasrejectedonthegrounds
thatshewasnotaworkingfisherman.ThehonorfelltoElsie,underEsperanto'sMartyWelch.BluenosebeatElsiebymarginsofmorethantwomilesinracesheld
onOctober22and24.Thefollowingyear,shebestedthenewThomasMcManusdesignedHenryFord,skipperedbyClaytonMorrissey.The1923racewas
againsttheBurgessdesignedCOLUMBIAandendedinadraw.Columbiawonthefirstrace,andinthesecondthetwoboatsfouledeachotherandBluenosewon
byaminuteandahalf.Shealsowonthethirdrace,butbecauseWaltersfailedtoroundoneofthemarkstoseawardasthecommitteehadordered,followingthe
earliercollision,hewassaidtohaveforfeitedtherace.ButWaltersrefusedtoraceagainandsailedawaythenextday.
ItwaseightyearsbeforetheInternationalTrophywascontestedagain,butin1930,BluenoseracedtheGERTRUDEL.THEBAUDunderCaptainBenPineforthe
SirThomasLiptonCupandlost.ThefollowingyeartheThebaudchallengedfortheInternationalTrophyinHalifaxandwasbeatenhandilybymarginsof29minutes
and12minutes.Twoyearslater,theprideoftheCanadianfishingfleetsailedtoChicagotorepresentCanadaattheCenturyofProgressExposition.Thereandin
Toronto,theprideoftheCanadianfishingfleetwasvisitedbythousandsofadmirers.In1935shewasagainonexhibit,thistimeinEngland,whereshecameinthirdin
aracearoundtheIsleofWight.OnedayoutofFalmouth,BluenoseencounteredaForce11hurricaneandwasforcedbacktoFalmouthforrepairs,whichlasteda
month.Duringthenextseasondieselengineswereinstalled.Twoyearslater,thelastoftheInternationalTrophyraceswasheldinMassachusetts.Bluenoseretiredthe
trophybywinningthreeracesoffiveagainstThebaud.WiththeoutbreakofWorldWarIIandGermanUboatsathreateventotheGrandBanksschooners,
BluenosewastiedupuntilsoldtotheWestIndiesTradingCompanyin1942.UnderCaptainWilsonBerringer,shesailedintheinterislandtradeuntil1946whenshe
groundedoffHaiti,brokeherback,andsank.
Althoughbuiltforracing,firstandforemostBluenose

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wasaworkingvessel,andshespentthebulkofhercareerinthelonglinecodfisheriesontheGrandBanks,racingonlywhenthefishingseasonwasover.Even
beforeWorldWarII,imagesofthegracefulschoonerhadadornedCanadianstampsandcoins,andafterherlosshermemoryremainedverymuchaliveinthe
Canadianimagination.In1963,thegovernmentofNovaScotiabuiltBluenoseII,areplicaoftheoriginal,whichsailsasagoodwillambassadorfortheprovince.
Darrach,RacetoFame.Merkel&MacAskill,Schooner"Bluenose."

LeBon
3rdrateship(3m).L/B:135.5'36'(41.3m11m).Tons:850bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:500.Arm.:50guns.Built:Hubac,Brest1672.
BuiltduringtheexpansionoftheFrenchNavyunderLouisXIV'sMinisterofMarineJeanBaptisteColbert,LeBon("TheGood")firstsawactionduringtheFranco
DutchWarof167280.AtthetwobattlesofSchooneveldt(June7and14,1673)andtheTexel(August21),shefoughtwiththecombinedAngloFrenchfleet
againsttheDutch.SheremainedintheBrestfleetandwasflagshipofViceAdmiralFranoisLouisRousseletdeChteaurenaultinskirmisheswiththeDutchoff
Ushantin1677and1678.FollowingthePeaceofNijmegeninFebruary1679,shewasstationedwiththefleetofViceAdmiralJeand'EstresintheFrenchWest
Indies.
ReturningtoEurope,in1683LeBonsailedundercommandofCountFerdinanddeRelingueintheBalticbeforejoiningtheFrenchMediterraneansquadron.Atthe
timeFrancewasatwarwithSpain,particularlywithrespecttoSpanishterritoriesinItaly.In1684,theFrenchcapturedGenoa,andinresponse,Spainalliedwith
Naples,Sicily,andSardiniatocombattheFrenchthreat.OnJuly10,LeBonandaconvoywerebecalmedoffnorthernCorsicawhenacombinedfleetof33galleys
undertheMarquisdeCenturionesurroundedtheFrenchwarship,12lyingasternand21blockingheradvance.Inthecourseofabrilliantlyfoughtfivehourbattle,de
Relingueoutshotandoutmaneuveredthegalleys,twoofwhichhesank,onebyrammingandanotherbygunfire,andthreeofwhichwerecompletelydisabled.Badly
damagedherself,with90ofhercrewdead,LeBonlimpedintoLivornopursuedbythegalleys,whoonlycalledofftheirattackwhenaDutchwarshipthreatenedto
defendLeBon.
Theship'snextmajorengagementwasduringtheFrenchcampaigntorestoretheCatholicJamesIItotheEnglishthroneinplaceoftheDutchProtestantWilliamIIof
Orange.OnJuly10,1690,shewaspartofComtedeTourville'sfleetintheFrenchvictoryovertheEnglishattheBattleofBveziers(BeachyHead).Shelaterjoined
d'Estres'sMediterraneansquadron,butwhileenroutetorejoinTourvilleatBrestbeforethebattlesofBarfleurandLaHogue,shewreckedoffCeuta,Spain,inMay
1692.
Culver,FortyFamousShips.

BonhommeRichard
(exDucdeDuras)Frigate(3m).L/B/D:145'36.8'17.5'(47m11.9m5.7m).Tons:700tonsburthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:322.Arm.:618pdr,28
12pdr,68pdr,10swivels.Des.:N.Groignard.Built:M.SegondatDuvernet,L'Orient,France1765.
BuiltforLaCompagniedesIndesandoriginallynamedforoneoftheFrenchEastIndiaCompany'sshareholders,DucdeDurasmadetworoundtripstoChina
beforethecompanywasdissolvedin1769.TakenoverbytheFrenchgovernment,shemadeonevoyagetoIledeFranceasatrooptransportbeforebeingsoldto
SieurBernierandSieurBrardthelattereventuallytakingfullownership.DuringtheAmericanRevolution,theContinentalNavyofficerJohnPaulJonesa
veteranofthefledglingrepublic'sALFRED,PROVIDENCE,andRANGERhadbeenpromisedashipbytheFrenchgovernment,andin1778,themerchant
LeraydeChaumontintervenedwiththegovernmenttosecureDucdeDurasforhim.
Afterorderinghisshipsrefitwithtwentyeight12pdr.andsix8pdr.gunsandten3pdr.swivels,JonesnamedhisshipBonhommeRichardafterBenjamin
Franklin'sowntranslationofPoorRichard'sAlmanac.OnAugust14,1779,BonhommeRichardsailedattheheadofasevenshipsquadron,includingALLIANCE
(36guns),Pallas(32),andVengeance(12).Jones'ssquadronspentthreeweeksraidingmerchantshippinginandaroundtheIrishSea,andthensailedaround
IrelandandnorthernScotlandintotheNorthSea.AftersailingintotheFirthofForthtothreatenEdinburgh,onSeptember23,theywereoffFlamboroughHeadwhen
theyencounteredaconvoyof41merchantshipshomewardboundfromtheBalticandescortedbyHMSSerapis,a44guntwodeckfifthratefrigateunderCaptain
RichardPearson,andbythearmedmerchantshipDuchessofScarborough(20).Alertedtothepresenceofenemyships,theconvoywasorderedtoscatter.Jones
maneuveredBonhommeRichardtowardsSerapisbutrefusedtoanswerthelatter'ssignalsuntilthetwoshipswerelessthan50metersapart.
Thebattleeruptedwithsimultaneousbroadsidesatabout1915.Onthesecondround,twoofBonhomme

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Richard's18pdr.gunsexplodedandJonesorderedthegundeckcleared.Withinhalfanhour,Serapis'srepeated18pdr.broadsidesonthestarboardhullandstern
haddevastatedBonhommeRichard,leaving60deadandasmanywounded,andsevenholesalongthewaterline.Atabout2000,thetwoshipswerelying
starboardtostarboard,andrealizingthattheironlyadvantagelayinkeepingSerapisclose,JonesorderedhismentograppletheBritishship.NonethelessSerapis
gunscontinuedtofire,sodestroyingBonhommeRichard'shullthatmuchoftheshotpassedthroughthehullwithouthittinganythingbeforefallingintothewater.One
observerlaterremarked,"Onemighthavedriveninwithacoachandsix[horses],atonesideofthisbreach,andouttheother."
Serapiscontinuedfiringwithsuchintensitythatbothshipsweresoonablaze.Meanwhile,theFrenchmarinesinthetopshadeffectivelyclearedtheBritishtopsand
preventedtheBritishcrewfromsecuringthequarterdeck,acrosswhichtheAmericanswerenowattemptingboard.Atabout2110,Alliance,whichhadbeen
standingofffromtheaction,closedthetwoshipsandfiredbroadsidesofcanisterandgrapeshotthatinflictedseriousinjuriesonbothcombatants.Although
BonhommeRichardwasnoweffectivelyreducedtotwo18pdr.guns,whenaskedbySerapis'sCaptainRichardPearsonifhewantedtosurrender,Jonesreplied,
"No.I'llsink,butI'mdamnedifI'llstrike."
At2200,BonhommeRichard'squartermasterreleasedthe100orsoBritishprisonersinthehold.Atthesametime,agrenadethrownintothemainhatchofSerapis
explodedinthegundeck,knockingouttheentirebattery.Reckoningthathehadsecuredthesafetyofhisconvoy,andthatfurtherfightingwouldonlyresultinthe
needlessslaughterofhismenhalfofwhomwerealreadydeadCaptainPearsonstruckhisflag.JonesacceptedPearson'ssurrenderwithgrace,invitinghimto
shareaglassofwineinwhatwasleftofhisquartersafterthreeorfourbroadsides.
Ofthe322crewwithwhichJoneshadstartedthebattle,140diedduringorshortlyafterthebattle.BonhommeRichardwassobadlyholedthatJonestransferredhis
flagtoSerapisthefollowingmorning.OnJanuary25,BonhommeRichardsankinabout200metersafewmilesoffFlamboroughHead,fromwhichtheentirenight
engagementhadbeenwatched.SerapislandedatTexel,theNetherlands,onOctober4,andfrom1779to1781shewasonthelistsoftheFrenchNavy.Thevictory
ofBonhommeRichardoverSerapiswasachievedneitherbysuperiortactics,norsuperiortraining,norcertainlybetterships.AsCaptainEdwardBeachhaswritten,
itwas"duetosheerpowerofwill."Butofsuchintangiblesarelegendsmade,andaboveanyotherachievement,itisfortheBattleofFlamboroughHead,neither
strategicallynortacticallysignificantinitself,thatJohnPaulJonesisrememberedasthefatheroftheUnitedStatesNavy.
TherehavebeentwoattemptstofindthewreckofJones'scommand,bothfundedbytheAmericanauthorCliveCussler.Thefirstwasmountedin1978byEnglish
historianSydneyWignall.Thenextyear,anexpeditionheadedbyLieutenantCommanderEricBerryman,USN,"coveredtentimesasmuchterritorywithacost
factorlessthanhalfthefirsteffort,"accordingtoCussler.But"evenwithatopratedteam,wefailedtofindtheelusiveBonhommeRichard."
Boudriot,JohnPaulJonesandthe"BonhommeRichard"1779.Cussler,SeaHunters.Morison,JohnPaulJones.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

BonPortWreck
L:33'(10m).Built:ca.550525BCE.
ThisimportantearlywreckwasfoundintheBayofBonPortnearSt.Tropez,France(4310'N,639'E).Identifiedin1971byamateurdiversatadepthof
approximately50meters,theshipwasfirstexcavatedbynauticalarchaeologistJeanPierreJoncherayin1974,butnotbeforethecargoofEtruscanandGreek
amphoraehadbeenextensivelylooted.Thedateofthewreck,establishedonthebasisoftheceramicfinds,wasconfirmedbycarbon14analysisofthewood.The
preservedtimbersincludea3meterlongfragmentofthekeeland6ribs.The9.6centimeterhighby6centimeterwidekeelservedtoaligntheframesbutadded
littletothestrengthoftheship.Theframesarewidelyspaced,thedistancebetweenthemvaryingfrom0.92metersto1.00meters.Thestrakeswerejoinedatwide
intervalsbytreenailsdrivenintotheiredgesandfurtherheldtogetherbystitcheswedgedtightbytreenailshammeredintothestitchholes.Thereisnoevidenceforhow
theplankingwasattachedtotheframes.Thesmallvesselmusthavehadadistinctivelyroundedprofilebothathwartshipsandforeandaft.
Basch,"SewnShipofBonPort."Parker,AncientShipwrecks.

Bordein
Riversteamer.Hull:iron.Mach.:steam,sidewheel.Built:BulaqDockyard,Egypt1869.
BuiltforSirSamuelBaker'sexpeditiontotheUpperNilein1869,BordeinwassubsequentlyemployedasariverferryontheNilebetweenDongalaandKhartoum.
She

Page69

wasalsooneofafleetofsteamersusedtocleartheBahrelJebelfornavigation.In1884,shewaspressedintoservicebyBritain'sGeneralCharlesGeorge"Chinese"
GordonforhisascentuptheNiletoKhartoumduringtheSudaneseWar.OneofseveralsteamerssentuptheBlueNileonforagingexpeditionsforfood,shebecame
Gordon'sonlylifelinetotheoutsideworldwhentheMahdi'sforcesbesiegedKhartoum.OnNovember25,shewassentnorthforthelasttime,bearingurgent
dispatchesabouttheplightofthegarrisonsatOmdurmanandKhartoum,aswellassixvolumesofGordon'sjournal.OnJanuary25,1885,shewassouthboundagain
withthesteamerTalatweinand20desperatelyneededRedcoatsand200nativesoldierswhenthevesselhitarockattheSixthCataractoftheNileabout55miles
northofKhartoum.Bordeinremainedfastfor24hoursandfinallyreachedthevicinityofKhartoumonJanuary28,twodaysafterthesackofKhartoumbytheforces
oftheMahdi.ShewasscuttledbytheBritish,butrepairedforserviceundertheMahdi,untilrecapturedbytheAngloEgyptianArmyaftertheBattleofOmdurmanin
1898.ThesteamercontinuedinserviceforseveralyearsintheSudanandherhullandpaddleboxeswereeventuallypreservedashoreatKhartoum,underthe
auspicesoftheRiverTransportCorporation.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Jamesetal.,JuanMariaSchuver'sTravels.Nutting,GordonofKhartoum.

USSBorie(DD215)
Clemsonclassdestroyer(4f/2m).L/B/D:314.3'31.8'9.9'(95.8m9.7m3m).Tons:1,215disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:154.Arm.:44"(22),13"12
21"TT.Mach.:gearedturbines,27,700shp,2screws35kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShipandEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1920.
NamedforAdolphEdwardBorie,PresidentUlyssesS.Grant'ssecretaryofthenavyin1869,USSBorie'sfirstassignmentwastotheU.S.NavalDetachmentin
TurkishwatersintheBlackSea.In1921,shetransferredtotheAsiaticFleetwheresheremained,exceptfortwoyearswiththeAtlanticFleet,until1939.Afterwork
withtheNeutralityPatrol,designedtokeepEuropeancombatantsoutofAmericanwaters,whentheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarII,Boriemovedtoconvoy
dutyintheCaribbean.
OnJuly30,1943,shejoinedtheescortcarrierUSSCard,flagshipofoneofthenewlyformedhunterkillerantisubmarinegroupsintheAtlantic.BetweenAugustand
October,theCardgroupincludingalsothedestroyersBarryandGoffsankeightsubmarines.OnNovember1,Boriewassearchingforoneofapairof
submarinesthathadescapedthegroupthenightbefore.Atabout0145thatmorningsheforcedadifferentsubmarine,U405,tothesurfacein49N,3114'W.
LieutenantCommanderCharlesH.HutchinsrammedtheUboatandBorieremainedlodgedonherforedeckfor10minutes,theguncrewsofthetwovesselsfiringat
eachotherwitheverythingavailable.CommanderHopmanfinallyfreedhissubmarine,butbeforeshecouldescape,Boriestraddledherwiththreedepthchargesand
theU405sankwiththelossofall49crew.With27ofherownmenkilled,andtoobadlydamagedtobetakenintowintheheavyseas,Boriehadtobesunkat
0945,onNovember2,byUSSBarry.
Morison,TwoOceanWar.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

LaBoudeuse
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:134.5'35.1'17.7'(41m10.7m5.4m).Tons:550.Hull:wood.Comp.:214.Arm.:268pdr.Des.:Raffeau.Built:Nantes1766.
TheFrenchwererelativelatecomerstoglobalcircumnavigationandPacificexploration,buttheirfirstmajorexpedition,ledbyLouisAntoinedeBougainvillewiththe
shipsBoudeuseandEtoile,setanewstandard.Thepurposeofthevoyagewasnotonlytheincreaseofgeographicalknowledge,butthestudyofastronomy,botany,
andzoology.Theship'scompanyincludedthenaturalistPhilibertdeCommersonandastronomerC.F.P.Vron.Therewerediplomaticandcommercialaspectstothe
voyageaswell.BoudeusesailedfromBrestonDecember5,1766,arrivingatMontevideoonJanuary31,1767.FromthereshesailedwiththeSpanishfrigates
LiebreandEsmeraldatotheFalklandIslandswheretheFrenchcolonywasformallytransferredtoSpanishrule.Bougainvillehadfoundedthecolonyin1764,witha
viewtoestablishingaFrenchpresenceontheCapeHornroute,andtheislandswerecalledLesMalouinescorruptedbytheSpanishtoMalvinasaftertheSt.
Malomerchantswhounderwrotetheenterprise.AfterrendezvousingwiththestoreshipEtoile,whichhadsailedtwomonthsafterBoudeuse,theshipssailedfrom
MontevideoonNovember14.TheirpassagethroughtheStraitofMagellantookfiftytwodaysduringwhichtheFrenchchartedthewatersandstudiedtheinhabitants
oflowerPatagoniaandTierradelFuego.
EnteringthePacificonJanuary26,1768,theshipsheadednorthwestto20Sbeforeturningwest.Theships'firstlandfallwasintheTuamotus.Unabletoanchor,
BougainvillecalledthemcollectivelytheDangerousAr

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chipelago.Continuingwest,onApril6,1768,theyarrivedatTahiti,thesecondEuropeanstodoso,onlytenmonthsafterHMSDOLPHIN.Enchantedwiththe
islandanditspeopleespeciallythewomenBougainvillegaveitthenameNewCythera,forthebirthplaceofAphroditeofGreekmyth,andclaimeditfor
France.Afteronlyninedays,theshipssailedon,thecompanynowincludingAhutoru,thebrotherofthelocalchieftain,whovolunteeredtojointheexpeditionand
laterlivedinParis.BougainvilleneglectedtodiscussthebleakeraspectsofTahitianlife,andhisreportsoftheFrenchexperiencehadaprofoundinfluenceon
EnlightenmentthinkerssuchasRousseauandhisconceptofthenoblesavage.
Atthispoint,asHelenWallishaswritten,Bougainvillebecamethefirstexplorer"toresistthelureofthesaferroutesandbearsteadilywestwardfromTahiti,thefirst,
asheclaimed,tomaintainawesterlycoursein15SintothelittleknownseasofthesouthwesternPacific."ThiscoursetooktheFrenchthroughtheSamoanIslands
(whichtheycalledtheNavigators)andonMay22,totheNewHebrides(Vanuatu).ThesewerelastseenbyEuropeansin1606,whenSANPEDROYSAN
PABLOandSanPedricohadlandedthereduringPedroFernndezdeQuirs'ssearchfortheSolomonIslands.Astheislanderswerenoteagerfortheirtradeand
therewerefewplacestoanchorsafely,BougainvilleclaimedthelandforFrancebeforeturningagaintothewest.Again,unlikeanyofhisknownpredecessors,
BougainvillewasintentondeterminingwhethertherewasapassagebetweenNewGuineaandAustralia.AlthoughSanPedricohadsailedthroughtheTorresStraitin
1605,adescriptionofthatvoyageremainedburiedinSpanisharchives,andeigtheenthcenturygeographerswereignorantofthefact.
June4broughtthetwoshipstotheGreatBarrierReef,whichin15Sisabout30milesfromthecoastofAustralia.ThoughBougainvillewassurethattheywerein
"thevicinityofagreatland...nothinglessthantheeasterncoastofNewHolland,"thedangertohisshipswastoogreattojustifytheriskoffurtherexplorationhere:
"Theseabrokewithgreatviolenceupontheseshoals,andsomesummitsofrocksappearedabovewaterfromplacetoplace.Thislastdiscoverywasthevoiceof
God,andwewereobedienttoit."TheyworkedtothenorthandJune10foundtheminNewGuinea'sGulfoftheLouisiade,inwhichtheywereembayedfortendays
beforeroundingCapeDeliverancetotheeast.AnothertendaysbroughtthemtoChoiseulIsland,wheretheirreceptionwasfarfromfriendly.Thoughthiswasthe
westernSolomons,theelusiveislandsofAlvaroMendaa's1568voyageinLOSREYES,Bougainvilledidnotrealizeit,justasCarterethadfailedtowhenhepassed
thesamewayinHMSSWALLOWonlyfourmonthsearlier.
Sorelyinneedoffreshfood,theFrenchpressedontoNewBritainwheretheyhappenedtoanchorwithinafewmilesofCarteret'scamp.SailingaroundNew
Ireland,theyshapedacoursefortheMoluccasandarrivedattheDutchsettlementatBoeroeonSeptember1.BytheendofthemonththeywereatBatavia,where
BougainvillelearnedthenameofhisEnglishpredecessorCarteretwhohaddepartedjusttwelvedaysbefore.Althoughasecretaimoftheexpeditionhadbeen
toobtainspicesfortransplantationonIledeFrance(Mauritius),BataviawassodiseaseriddenthatBougainvillesailedonOctober18afteronlyahastyrefit.The
slowerEtoilewaslefttoproceedatherownpace.AfteramoreextensiverefitatIledeFrance,theysailedfortheCapeofGoodHopeinJanuary.OnFebruary26,
BoudeusecaughtupwithSwallowandBougainvilleinquireddiscreetlyintotheparticularsofSwallow'svoyagewhiledissemblingabouthisown.Inexchangeforhis
offerofhelp,Carteret"presentedmewithanarrowwhichhehadgotinoneoftheisleshehadfoundonhisvoyageroundtheworld,avoyagethathewasfarfrom
suspectingwehadlikewisemade,"LeavingSwallowintheirwake,theFrenchpressedontoSt.MalowhereBoudeusearrivedonMarch16,1769,havinglostonly
sevenmeninmorethantwoyearsatsea.InadditiontocorrectingoraddingtochartsofthePacific,theexpeditionreturnedwithspecimensofmorethan3,000
speciesofplantsandanimals.
Bougainville,VoyageRoundtheWorld.Brosse,GreatVoyagesofDiscovery.

HMSBounty
(exBethia)Ship(3m).L/B/D:91'24.3'11.3'dph(27.7m7.5m3.5m).Tons:220burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:46.Arm.:44pdr,10swivels.Built:Hull,
Eng.1784.
In1775,theSocietyforWestIndiaMerchantsproposedthatbreadfruittrees,nativetotheSouthPacific,betransplantedtotheWestIndiestobegrownasafood
stapleforslaves.TwelveyearslatertheRoyalNavypurchasedthemerchantshipBethiaespeciallyforthepurposeofsailingtotheSocietyIslands"where,according
totheaccountswhicharegivenbythelateCaptainCook,andPersonswhoaccompaniedhimduringhisVoyages,theBreadFruitTreeistobefoundinthemost
luxuriantstate."AfterthevesselwasapprovedforthepurposebythebotanistJosephBanks,aveteranofCaptainJamesCook'sfirstvoyage,Bethiawaspurchased
fromMessrs.Wellbank,Sharp,andBrowninMay1787.AtDeptfordDockyardtheshipwasrefittedtocarry300breadfruittrees,itsupperdeckbeingrebuilt"to
haveasmanyGratings...as

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convenientlycanbetogiveairlikewisetohaveScuttlesthroughthesideforthesamereason."HalfthetreesweredestinedforJamaica,andhalffortheRoyal
BotanicalGardenatSt.VincentathisdiscretionLieutenantWilliamBlighcouldtakesometreesforKewGardensonhisreturntoBritain.TheAdmiraltyalsoordered
theshipsheathedincopper.ThreeboatswerealsoorderedfromnavalcontractorJohnBurr,a16footjollyboat,a20footcutter,andthe23footBOUNTY
LAUNCH.
OnAugust17,BlighwasappointedtocommandHMArmedVesselBounty,astheshipwasofficiallydesignated.AveteranofCook'sthirdvoyagetothePacific,
duringwhichheservedasmasterofHMSRESOLUTION,Blighwasanaccomplishedhydrographer.SailingfromPortsmouthonDecember23,1787,Bountywent
toTahiti,arrivingthereonOctober26,1788.Afterfivemonthsintheislandparadise,whichthecrewseemthoroughlytohaveenjoyedexceptforBligh'sincreasingly
harshdiscipline,BountyweighedanchoronApril6,1789,withmorethanathousandbreadfruittrees.Twentytwodayslater,5membersofthe43mancrewseized
theshipinabloodlessmutiny.TheringleaderwasFletcherChristian,whomBlighhadappointedtheship'ssecondincommandandwhonowputBlighand19ofhis
supportersintotheship'slaunch,whichBlighsailedtotheDutchentreptatTimor.
ChristianattemptedalandingonTubuai,about400milessouthofTahiti,wheretheyarrivedonMay28.Thecrewmetwithapoorreceptionandsoonreturnedto
Tahiti,wheretheystayed10dayswhiletheyloaded460hogs,50goats,andembarked28Tahitians9men,8boys,10women,and1girl.Asecondvisitto
Tubuaiwasnobetter,andafterapitchedbattlewithabout700Tubuaians,66ofwhomwerekilled,themutineersandtheirTahitianshipmatesdepartedon
September17.AccompaniedbytheTubuaianchiefTaroa,3men,and12women,whohadbefriendedthem,theyarrivedbackatTahitionSeptember20.Sixteenof
themutineers(someofwhomseemtohavebeenunwillingaccessoriesfromthestart)remainedontheisland,andthenextdayChristiansailedwiththeTubuaians,a
fewTahitians,and8ofthecrew.Navigatingwithadefectivechronometerandinsearchofanuninhabitedislandwhosepublishedpositionwas200mileseastofits
actualposition,themutineersreachedPitcairnIslandinJanuaryorFebruaryof1790.Thenextday,theyburnedtheirshipandattemptedtosettletheisland.Asthe
EnglishpromptlydividedtheislandamongthemselvesandrelegatedtheTahitianstosecondclassstatus,relationsbetweenthementurnedviolentandseveralwere
killed.Thesurvivorsgraduallyacclimatedthemselvestotheirnewsituation.Eighteenyearslater,onFebruary6,1808,PitcairnwasvisitedbytheNantucketsealer
TopazunderCaptainMatthewFolger.ThesolemalesurvivoroftheoriginalbandofsettlerswasAlexanderSmith,whomFolgergavethenewnameJohnAdams,to
lessenhischanceofarrestshouldtheislandbevisitedbyaBritishwarship.FollowingthepublicationofCaptainFrederickWilliamBeechey'sreportofhisvisitaboard
HMSBLOSSOMthirteenyearsafterthat,PitcairncameundertheprotectionoftheBritishcrownin1825.
FourteenmutineerswereeventuallyarrestedinTahitibythemenofHMSPANDORA,whichhadbeendispatchedforthepurpose.OnAugust28,1791,Pandora
strucktheGreatBarrierReefandsankfourofthemutineersweredrowned.Pandora'ssurvivorssailedtoTimorandthetensurvivingmutineerswereultimately
broughttotrialinEngland.ThomasEllison,JohnMilward,andThomasBurkittwerehanged.Blighwasalsogivenasecondchancetocompletehismission,whichhe
didinHMSProvidencein1792.(Providencewaslaterwrecked,onMay17,1797,when,undercommandofCommanderWilliamBroughton,sheranagroundin
theSakashimaIslandseastofTaiwanduringasurveyingvoyageoftheNorthPacific.)
ThestoryofthemutinyontheBountyhasinspiredcountlessretellingsandfictionalaccounts.Thefirstofseveralmoviesofthemutiny,TheMutinyontheBounty,
appearedin1935,starringCharlesLaughtonandClarkGable,andfeaturedtheLillyastheBounty.ReplicasofBountywerebuiltforthe1962remakestarring
MarlonBrandoandTrevorHowardandforBounty(1985)withMelGibsonandAnthonyHopkins.
Barrow,MutinyandPiracticalSeizureofHMS"Bounty."Bligh,NarrativeoftheMutinyonthe"Bounty."Knight,"H.M.ArmedVesselBounty."Smith,"SomeRemarksaboutthe
MutinyoftheBounty.''

BountyLaunch
Launch(1m).L/B/D:23'6.8'2.8'dph(7m2.1m0.8m).Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Built:JohnSamuelWhite,Cowes,IsleofWight,Eng.1787.
WhenFletcherChristianralliedhissupporterstomutinyaboardHMSBOUNTYonApril28,1789,therewasnothoughtofkillingLieutenantWilliamBligh.Instead,
theyputhimand19supportersintotheship'slaunchtogetherwith28gallonsofwater,5bottlesofwine,4quartsofrum,150poundsofbiscuit,and20poundsof
pork.Blighwasalsogivenasextantand4cutlasses.Fullyloaded,the23footlonglaunchhadafreeboardofonly7inches.Thedayafterthemutiny,thelaunch
landedatthenearbyislandofTofoa,intheFijiIslands,butoneofthecrewwaskilledbytheinhabitantsastheypreparedtoleavethenext

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day.Withrationslimitedtooneounceofbreadandfourouncesofwaterdaily(laterreducedtohalfanounceofbreadandoneounceofwater),Blighdecidedtosail
directfortheDutchsettlementatTimor,3,600milestothewest.ThelaunchpassedthroughtheNewHebrides(May1415),alongtheGreatBarrierReef(May16
June4),throughtheTorresStraitbetweenAustraliaandNewGuinea,andontoTimor,arrivingonJune12.Miraculously,insailing43daysthroughunchartedwaters
inanopenboatovercrowdedwithdesperatelyillprovisionedmen,Blighhadnotlostasingleoneofhiscrew.Recognizedthenandnowasanoutstandingfeatof
navigation,thevoyageoftheBountylaunchremainsalmostwithoutpeerinthehistoryofnavigation.
Bligh,NarrativeoftheMutinyonthe"Bounty."Fryer,Voyageofthe"Bounty"Launch.

LaBourgogne
Liner(2f/4m).L/B/D:494.3'52.2'(150.7m15.9m).Tons:7,395grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st390,2nd65,3rd600crew220.Mach.:compoundengine,1
screw17kts.Built:Forges&ChantiersdelaMditerrane,LaSeyne,France1886.
Thefastestoffoursistershipsbuiltin188586forCompagnieGnraleTransatlantique(FrenchLine)servicebetweenFranceandNewYork,LaBourgognemade
hermaidenvoyagefromLeHavretoNewYorkonJune19,1886.Herservicewasuneventfuluntil10yearslaterwhensherammedandsanktheAtlasLine
steamshipAilsaofftheU.S.coast.Thefollowingyearsheandhersisters(LaChampagne,LaBretagne,andLaGascogne)weregivenquadrupleexpansion
enginesandherrigwasreducedtotwomasts.OnJuly4,1898,LaBourgognewasrammedandsunkbytheBritishsquareriggedshipCROMARTYSHIREoff
CapeSablein43N,61Wwiththelossof549passengersandcrewfromatotalcomplementof726people.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Gibbs,PassengerLinersoftheWesternOcean.

LaBoussole
(exLePortefaix)Ship(3m).Tons:450tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:113.Built:France1781.
BuiltasthefisherysupplyshipPortefaix,therefittedLaBoussole("Compass")wastheflagshipofJeanFranoisdeGalaup,ComtedelaProuse,ononeof
France'smostfamouseighteenthcenturyexpeditionstothePacific.TheexpeditionhaditsoriginsintheAngloFrenchrivalryfordominanceinthePacificfollowingthe
AmericanRevolution.TheFrenchhadalreadysentoutseveralexpeditionstothePacific,includingthoseofLouisAntoinedeBougainville'sLABOUDEUSEand
L'Etoilein176669andJeanFranoisdeSurville'sST.JEANBAPTISTEin176977.Bythe1780s,theFrenchhadatwofoldinterestinsuchavoyage:to
investigatecommercialpossibilities,especiallyinthePacificNorthwestfurtradeandtoexpandonCaptainJamesCook'sgeographic,scientific,andethnographic
discoveries.PlanningfortheexpeditioninvolvedboththeFrenchNavyandscientists,includingnaturalistLeclercdeBuffon,chemistAntoineLaurentLavoisier,and
mathematiciantheMarquisdeCondorcet.TheexpeditionalsohadthepersonalendorsementofLouisXVI.
LaBoussoleandL'ASTROLABEsailedfromBrestonAugust1,1785,callingatMadeira,Tenerife,andSantaCatarinaIslandnearRiodeJaneirobeforeacalm
roundingofCapeHorn.InFebruaryatConcepcinandTalcahuano,Chile,LaProusetookcarefulnoteoftheSpanishadministrationwhosepolicieshecredited
withstiflingthegrowthofacountry"whoseproducts,iftheyreachedtheirmaximum,couldsupplyhalfEurope."TheshipssailedforEasterIsland,wheretheyspenta
day,andthensailedontotheislandofMaui.Althoughfrequentlycriticalofthehabitsandtraditionsofnativepeople,anddismissiveofthefashionableideaofthe
noblesavage,LaProusewasclearinthepurposeofhisvoyageandobservedthat"modernnavigatorshavenootherpurposewhentheydescribethecustomsof
newlydiscoveredpeoplethantocompletethestoryofmankind."ReflectingonhisstayintheHawaiianIslands,hewrote:
AlthoughtheFrencharethefirsttohavesteppedontotheislandofMoweeinrecenttimes,IdidnottakepossessionofitintheKing'sname.ThisEuropeanpracticeistooutterly
ridiculous,andphilosophersmustreflectwithsomesadnessthat,becauseonehasmusketsandcanons,onelooksupon60,000inhabitantsasworthnothing,ignoringtheirrights
overalandwhereforcenturiestheirancestorshavebeenburied.

AfterlessthantwodaysatMaui,thetwoshipstooktheirdeparturefromtheislandsonJune1.ThreeweekslatertheymadealandfalloffMountSt.Elias,Alaska
(firstnamedbyVitusBeringin1741),andfollowedthecoasteastandsouthabout200milestoPortdesFranais(LituyaBay),wheretheyestablishedacamponan
islandpurchasedfromtheTlingit.OnJuly13,twentyonesailorsandofficersweredrownedwhentheirboatsoverturnedatthemouthofthebay.
TheexpeditionsailedsouthonJuly30andarrivedat

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theSpanishsettlementatMontereyonSeptember14,huggingthecoastformuchoftheway.Tendayslatertheshipssailedwest,namingFrenchFrigateShoalsand
NeckerIslandandstoppingatuninhabitedAsuncionIslandintheMarianaschainbeforearrivingatMacaoonJanuary2,1787.Theyremainedtherefortwomonths,
duringwhichtheFrenchsoldthefurstheyhadcollectedinthePacificNorthwestandrecruitedtwelveChineseseamen.AftersailingtothePhilippinesforabriefstay,
inAprilLaBoussoleandL'Astrolabeturnednorth,passingintotheSeaofJapan,previouslyunexploredbyEuropeans.SailinguptheStraitofTartarybetweenthe
mainlandandSakhalinIsland,theylandedatTernei,SuffrenBay,andCastriesBayontheAsiancoast,andDeLangleBay(namedforL'Astrolabe'scaptain)on
Sakhalin.TheshipsthentransitedtheStraitofLaProusebetweenthatislandandHokkaido,andsaileduptheKurileIslandstoPetropavlovskontheKamchatka
Peninsula,wheretheywerefetedbyRussianofficialsfortwentyfourdays.
AttheendofOctober,thetwoshipsheadedfortheSouthPacific,thoughitwasnotuntilDecember6thattheyencounteredlandagain,anchoringofftheislandof
Tutuila,oneofagroupthatBougainvillehadnamedtheNavigatorIslandsandwhichnowformspartofAmericanSamoa.Despitereservationsabouttheislanders'
intentions,LaProusealloweddeLangletogetfreshwaterfromanislandcreek,adecisionthatcostthelivesofdeLangleand11othersinaseeminglyunprovoked
attackbymorethan1,000islandersonDecember11.Therewerenoreprisals,andhavingconfirmedthepositionoftheremainingislandsofthegroup,theexpedition
sailedfortheEnglishsettlementatBotanyBay,NewHolland,arrivingthereonJanuary26,1788,justastheBritishwereshiftingtheoutposttonearbyPortJackson
(Sydney).
LaBoussoleandL'AstrolabestayedontheAustraliancoastforsixweeks.AsatMacaoandPetropavlovsk,copiesoftheships'logsandchartsofthevoyagewere
senthome,thistimeviaaBritishship.OnMarch10,1788,thetwoshipsweighedanchor.TheplanwasfortheshipstosaileastasfarasTonga,thenwestpastNew
Caledonia,theSolomonIslands,thenalongthenortherncoastofAustraliafromCapeYorkcounterclockwiseasfarasTasmania,andthenwestagaintoRunionat
theendoftheyearbeforereturningtoFrancein1789.Whentheyfailedtoreturn,asuccessionofsearchexpeditionsweresentout,startingwithd'Entrecasteauxin
LaRechercheandL'ESPERANCEin179194.In1826CaptainPeterDillonhappenedonartifactsfromtheshipsontheislandofVanikoronorthofNew
Caledonia.HisfindswereconfirmedbyDumontd'Urvillein1828,andin1959,aNewZealanddivernamedReeceDiscomblocatedtheremainsoftheshipsinFalse
(Wreck)PassagenearAmbi.Theshipsapparentlyhadgroundedonasubmergedcoralformation.Localtraditionsuggeststhatthereweresurvivors,thoughtheirfate
isunknown.
[LaProuse],JournalofJeanFranoisdelaGalaupdelaProuse.Shelton,FromHudson'sBaytoBotanyBay.

Bowdoin
Gaffschooner(2m).L/B/D:88'21'10'(26.9m6.4m3m).Tons:66grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:716.Mach.:diesel,190hp,1screw.Des.:WilliamHand.
Built:HodgdonBros.Shipyard,BoothbayHarbor,Me.1921.
BowdoinwasbuilttodesignsworkedoutbyDonaldB.MacMillan,aveteranofseveralvoyagestotheArctic,includingRobertPeary'ssuccessfulefforttoreachthe
NorthPolein1906andafouryearstayinGreenlandin191317.NamedforMacMillan'salmamater,Bowdoinwasstoutlybuilt,withasteelsheathedbow,simple
polemasts,andnobowsprit.OnJuly16,1921,shedepartedWiscassetonthefirstofhertwentysixvoyagesnorth.SponsoredbytheCarnegieFoundationand
plannedforastudyofterrestrialmagnetismandatmosphericelectricity,thevoyagetookBowdoinnorthalongLabradorandwestthroughHudsonStraitandinto
FoxeBasin.There,onSeptember21,sheenteredSchoonerHarboronFoxePeninsulaandquicklybecamethefocalpointforasmallvillageofnomadicInuitswho
joinedheroverthewinter.
ReturningtoMainethefollowingsummer,shehadaseventeenmonthlayoverbeforeembarkingonherfirstexpeditiontonorthernGreenland,undertheauspicesof
theCarnegieFoundationandNationalGeographicSociety.CrossingtheArcticCirclealongthecoastofGreenlandonAugust2,1923,Bowdoinandhercrew
winteredinRefugeHarbornorthofEtah,685milesfromtheNorthPole.Frozeninfor320days,theymadeshorttripsawayfromtheship,againinthecompanyof
localInuits,andinAprilerectedaplaquecommemoratingthemenwhohaddiedintheGreeleyExpeditionof188184.
Onhernextexpedition,sponsoredbytheU.S.NavyandNationalGeographicSociety,BowdoinsailedincompanywithUSSPeary.Membersofthecrew
performedexperimentswithradiocommunicationsfromthefarnorth,triedtoconfirmordisprovetheexistenceoflandsreportedbyearlierexpeditions,studied
barometricpressure,andmadethefirstcolorphotographicrecordofArcticfloraandfauna.UsingthreeamphibiousplanescarriedaboardPeary,Lieutenant
CommanderRichardByrdalsomadethefirstaerialsurveysofwesternGreenland.In1929,MacMillanandBowdoincarriedsuppliestotheMoravianmissionat
Nain,innorthernLabrador,

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beginningarelationshipthatwouldlastanotherfifteenyears.Thenextyear,onwhatprovedtobeheronlytriptoIceland,Bowdoincarriedstudentsforthefirsttime,
andfrom1934onshealwayssailedwithstudentswhopaidfortheprivilegeofsailingwith"Mac"tothehighnorth.
Afewyearslater,MacMillanmarried,anddespitehispreviousinsistencethatnowomanevenhiswifewould(orcould)sailtotheArctic,in1938Miriam
accompaniedhimasfarasNainandthen,attheinsistenceoftherestofthecrew,ontoGreenland.(Inall,"LadyMac"wouldmakeninevoyageswithherhusband
aboardBowdoin.Herglowingaccountsofthevoyagestendedtoglossoverthehardships,andveteransofthenorthernvoyagesreferredtoherbookas"GreenSeas,
WhiteLies.")Thefollowingyear,MacMillansoldBowdointotheNavy.In1941,hecommandedheronavoyagetoGreenlandwheretheNavywasbuildingair
basesatSondrestromontheArcticCircleandNarsarssuak.MacMillanjoinedtheHydrographicServicein1942,butBowdoinreturnedtoGreenlandforsurvey
workthroughmostof1943,afterwhichshewaslaidup.
In1946,MacMillanrejoinedhisoldship,andtheyresumedtheirannualtripstoLabradorandGreenland.MacMillanmadehislastvoyageinBowdoinin1954,atthe
ageofeighty,andBowdoinwassoldtoMysticSeaportMuseumforuseasamuseumship.Nineyearslater,insadneedofrepair,shewassoldtotheSchooner
BowdoinAssociationandusedforcharteringinMainewaters.Afteralengthyrebuildfrom1980to1989,shejoinedtheMaineMaritimeAcademyatCastineand
resumedheroriginaleducationalmissionintheArctic,visitingLabradorforthefirsttimeinaquartercenturyin1990.
MacMillan,EtahandBeyond.MacMillan,GreenSeas,WhiteIce.Thorndike,ArcticSchooner"Bowdoin."

HMSBreadalbane
Bark(3m).L/B/D:125'24'18'dph(38.1m7.3m5.5m).Tons:428bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:21.Built:Hedderwich&Rowan,Glasgow1843.
OriginallybuiltforaconsortiumofScottishmerchants,BreadalbanespenttenyearstradingbetweenEnglandandCalcutta.In1853,shewashiredbytheBritish
AdmiraltytocarrycoalandothersuppliestotheNorthStar,adepotshipfortheshipssearchingtheArcticforSirJohnFranklin'sHMSEREBUSandTERROR.On
May19,1853,BreadalbanesailedwithCaptainInglefield'sHMSPhoenix(thefirstpropellershipintheArctic)andarrivedatBeecheyIslandonAugust8.Thetwo
shipswereanchoredtoanicefloewhen,atabout0330onAugust21,"Theicefromtheoffingclosed,andsoeffectuallycrushedthetransportastocompleteher
destructionintheshortspaceoffifteenminutes."ShesankinthirtyfathomsofwaterabouthalfamilesouthofBeecheyIsland.
Whiledivingbeneaththeicein1975,JoeMacInnisfoundafragmentofashipthatresearchsubsequentlyrevealedtobefromBreadalbane.In1978hebegan
searching,thoughitwasnotuntilAugust11,1980,thatdiversworkingfromtheCanadianCoastGuardCutterJohnA.Macdonaldfoundtheshiplargelyintact,two
mastsstillstandingandthehullingoodconditionexceptwhereshehadbeenhulledbytheice.Becauseofthedepthandicyconditionsonthesurface,prolonged
workonthesitewasimpossible,althoughtheship'swheelwasrecoveredandgiventoParksCanadaforconservation.
MacInnis,TheLandthatDevoursShips.

Brederode
Ship(3m).L/B/D:132'32'13.5'(40.2m9.8m4.1m).Tons:800tons.Hull:wood.Arm.:56guns.Built:Rotterdam1644.
NamedforJohanWolfertvanBrederode,brotherinlawofstadtholderFrederickHendrickandpresidentoftheAdmiraltyofRotterdam,Brederodesailedas
flagshipforasuccessionofadmiralsinthefirstAngloDutchWarofthemidseventeenthcentury.AfterthreeyearsundertheflagofViceAdmiralWittedeWith,in
1647shewasputundercommandofAdmiralMaartenHarpertszoonTromp.Fouryearslater,asantagonismbetweenBritishandDutchmerchantsgrew,theBritish
institutedtheNavigationActsonOctober9,1651.Amongotherthings,theserestrictedBritishgoodsforBritishshipsandcalledforforeignshipsintheEnglish
ChanneltodiptheirflagstoBritishwarshipsasamarkofrespect.Afewminorincidentsoccurredoverthewinter,butonMay18,1652,Tromp'sfleetwasinthe
ChannelprotectingconvoysofDutchtraderswhenitwasforcedtoseekshelterintheDowns.Orderedtoleave,TrompsailedforFrance,butthenextdaysawthe
EnglishfleetunderAdmiralRobertBlakebearingdownonhim.Tromp,hisfleetinsomedisarray,turnedtomeettheEnglish.HealmosthadthebetteroftheEnglish
untilAdmiralBournearrivedwithnineshipsfromtheDowns.TheBattleofDovercosttheDutchtwoships,butTromphadcarriedouthisorders,namely,toprotect
Dutchtradeandtodonothingtodiscredithisownflag.
ShortlybeforetheofficialdeclarationofwaronJuly8,TrompwasrelievedofhiscommandforhisfailureagainstanEnglishfleetunderAdmiralSirGeorgeAyscue.
HissuccessorwasMichielAdrienszoondeRuyter,whom

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theEnglishnavalhistorianWilliamLairdClowesdescribedas"thegreatestnavalleaderofhiscentury."PoliticalconsiderationsledtodeRuyter'sservingunderWitte
deWithinSeptember,butthismovewassounpopularthatwhentheDutchfleetattackedtheBritishintheThamesestuaryonOctober8,Brederode'screwrefused
toallowWittedeWithtoshifthisflagtotheship.TheDutchfoughtlistlesslyattheBattleoftheKentishKnocktwentyshipsrefusedtofightaltogetherand
Blake'sfleetsankthreeDutchshipsanddamagedmanyothers.OnDecember10,withTrompagainattheheadofthefleetinBrederode,theDutchattackedamuch
smallerforceunderBlakeintheBattleofDungeness.Althoughhisflagshipwasnearlycaptured,TromptookfiveEnglishships(outoffortytwo)andthenshepherded
oneoutboundandoneinboundconvoythroughtheEnglishChannel.Accordingtolegend,hereturnedtoportwithabroomlashedtothemasttosignifythathehad
swepttheChannelclean.
Suchconfidencewasshortlived,andonFebruary18,1653,theEnglishattackedTrompasheescortedanoutboundconvoypastPortland.ThesocalledThree
Days'FightcosttheDutchfourwarshipscaptured,fivesunk,andthreeburned,andthirtytofiftymerchantmencaptured,althoughBlakewasseverelywoundedinthe
action.ThenextandmostdecisiveengagementofthewarcameattheBattleoftheNorthForelandonJune2.TheDutchhadbeenofftheEnglishcoastwithabout
ninetyeightshipsandsixfireships,andtheEnglishofftheDutchcoastwithmorethan100ships.(TheEnglishadvantagewasgreaterthanthenumbersimply,because
manyoftheDutchshipswereconvertedorhiredmerchantmen,andDutchwarshipstendedtobesmallerowingtotheshallowdraftnecessitatedbytheshallowDutch
waters.)ThefleetsmetoffNorthForeland,England,theEnglishunderAdmiralSirWilliamPenn(intheJames).Thebattleseemstohavetakenplacebetweentwo
moreorlessparallelbattlelines,andTrompisoftencreditedwithhavingdevelopedthistactic,whichtheEnglishadoptedandrefinedoverthenext250years.The
flagshipsclosedwithoneanother,butneitherTrompnorPenncouldgaintheupperhand.Attheendoftheday,theDutchretiredtothesouth,theirammunitionalmost
exhausted,butthenextdaytheEnglishboredownontheminlightairs,andbytheendofJune3theyhadsunksixDutchships,burnedtwo,andcapturedeleven
togetherwith1,350prisoners.DeRuyterwassodisgustedwiththeoutcomethatheleftthenavyuntilimprovementsweremade.
TromprefithisfleetintheMaasandonJuly24sailedouttolifttheblockade.Twodayslater,WittedeWithlefttheTexel,whereupontheEnglishmovedtopreventa
junctionofthefleets.Althoughtheyfailedinthisandwereoutnumberedbyaboutseventeenships,theEnglishfoughtwellandTrompwaskilled.Althoughbothfleets
sufferedheavily,theDutchcouldillaffordtheirlosses,andtheBattleofScheveningenprovedthelastmajorfightofthewar.TheEnglishlossesforcedthemtolifttheir
blockade,althoughmanyDutchmerchantshipssubsequentlyfellpreytoEnglishprivateers,andtherewereanumberofsingleshipactionsbeforepeacewasfinally
concludedinApril1654.
TheDutchhadbeensupportedbyDenmark,andthreeyearslatertheysentshipstosupportDenmarkinitswaragainstSweden'sKarlXGustaf.Inthefallof1658,
theSwedesbesiegedCopenhagen,andtheDutchdispatchedthirtyfiveshipsunderJacobWassenaervanObdaminEendracht.OnNovember8,theDutchand
SwedishfleetsmetintheBattleoftheSoundoffHelsingr.AlthoughtheDutchlostfiveshipsBrederodeamongthemtotheSwedes'three,Copenhagenwas
relieved,andtheDutchmaintainedcontroloftheSounduntilpeacewasnegotiatedin1660.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.

Bremen
Liner(2f/2m).L/B/D:939.1'101.9'(286.3m31.1m).Tons:51,656grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st600,2nd500,tourist300,3rd600crew990.Mach.:steam
turbines,4screws27kts.Built:AGWeser,Bremen,Ger.1929.
OneoftwoexpresssteamerslaiddownforNorddeutscherLloyd'stransatlanticpassengerservice,thesleekhulled,squatfunneledBremenwaslaunchedonAugust
16,1928,onedayafterhersistershipEUROPA.Initiallyconceivedas35,000tonshipstosailinconsortwithNDL'sColumbus,whilestillonthewaysitwas
decidedtoenlargetheshipsto50,000tonsinadirectbidtorivalCunardLine'sMAURETANIA,queenoftheAtlanticsince1909.Bremen'smaidenvoyagefrom
BrementoSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkbeganonJuly17,1929,andendedfivedayslater,afteracrossingfromCherbourgtoAmbroseLightata
speedof27.83knots(4days,17hours,and42minutes)morethanoneknotfasterthanMauretania'srecordoftwentyyearsbefore.Shesurrenderedthe
westboundhonortoEuropathefollowingyear,butonthereturnlegofhermaidenvoyage,shesetaneastboundrecordof27.91knotsbetweenAmbroseand
EddystoneLight,apassagenextbetteredbyherselfin1933,at28.5knots.Inanefforttofurthercapitalizeontheirships'considerablespeed,NorddeutscherLloyd
fittedBremenandEuropawithseaplanesthat

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enabledthetwoshipstodelivermailasmuchasfortyhourspriortotheirarrivalinport.Thisextravagantinnovationwasdroppedin1935.
Bremen'slastwestboundpassageendedatNewYorkonAugust28,1938.TwodayslatershesailedforEuropewithoutpassengersandwhenwarwasdeclared
shewasdivertedtoMurmanskshefinallyreturnedtoBremeninDecember.AlthoughtheintentwastouseherasatroopshipforOperationSealion,whenthe
GermaninvasionofEnglandwasabortedinSeptember1940,shebecameanaccommodationship.OnMarch16,1941,adisgruntledseamansetafirethat
destroyedtheship.Bremenwasnotbrokenupuntilafterthewar,between1952and1956.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

BremenCog
Cog(1m).L/B/D:77'25'7.4'(23.3m7.6m2.25m).Tons:5056tonburden.Hull:wood.Built:Bremen,Ger.1379/80.
ThemostcompleteextantrepresentativeofashiptypeonceubiquitousinnorthernEurope,thefourteenthcenturyCogofBremenwasdiscoveredtwokilometers
belowthemedievalcityofBremenduringdredgingoperationsontheWeserRiverin1962.Theunballastedvesselappearstohavebeensweptawayinaspringflood
andcometorestonasandbaraboutfourkilometersfromtheshipyardwhereshewasbuilt.Althoughthehullwasessentiallycomplete,workonthesterncastlewas
notfinished.Amongtheartifactsfoundinorneartheshipwereabarreloftarandanumberofshipbuildingtools.
TheBremenCogisespeciallyimportantbecausepriortoitsdiscovery,theonlyavailableevidenceofwhatcogslookedlikecamefromtheofficialsealsofHanseatic
townsandtheircoinage.Thehullformhadbeenevolvingfor1,500years(theearliestevidenceisa200BCEclaymodelfoundatthetownofLeeseontheWeser),and
fromthethirteenthtofifteenthcenturiesthecogdominatedtradebetweentheBalticandNorthSeaportsoftheHanseaticLeague.Thetypewasfoundmostly
betweenEnglandandBrugesinthewestandalongthesouthernshoreoftheBalticSeaasfarasElbing(nowElblag,Poland)intheeast,butcogsalsotradedtothe
Mediterranean,andbytheearly1300sthetypewasbeingcopiedbyshipwrightsfromSpaintoVenice.LikeVikingships,cogswerebuilthullfirst,withreinforcing
framesaddedlater.InnorthernEurope,thepracticeofskeletonfirst,carvelbuiltshipsbecamemorecommonafterabout1470.Byabout1400,thecog'schiefrival
wasthemorefullbodied,onemastedhulk.Thecogseemstohavedisappearedbyabout1450,followedwithinahalfcenturybythehulk,whichwasinturn
supersededbythethreemastedcarrack.
EasilydistinguishedfromitsbetterknownVikingcontemporaries,theBremenCogisarelativelysquat,boxlikevesselofheavierandmorerigidconstruction.The
keelis15.6meterslong,andthereareoverhangsof4.8metersforwardand2.4metersaft.Theheightfromkeelsontodeckis3.14meters.Withacarryingcapacity
oflittlemorethan50tons,theBremenCogwasnotsmallforherday,althoughthelargestcogscouldcarrythreetimesasmuch.Herconstructionincludesa
combinationofstylesofwoodjoinery.Therearetwelvestrakesoneithersideofthekeel,eachmadeupofthreeorfourplanks.Interestingly,WernerLahndescribes
that
inthefirstfourstrakeswefindauniquefeaturethecogbuildersdeemeditnecessarytochangefromthecarveltotheclinkeredplankingmethodwithinthesestrakes.Inmost
casesthechangetookplacenotonlywithinonestrake,butonasingleplank.Theforeshipisstrictlyclinkerplanked,amidshipstheplankingisstrictlycarvel.Thusoneachside
oftheship,thefirstfourstrakesconsistofoneclinkered,eightmixedandfivecarvelplanks.

Thesidesofthehullarecontinuedwithfourclinkerlaidstrakesoneitherside.TheBremenCog'shullisalsostrengthenedbyfivetransversecrossbeamsthatprotrude
fromeithersideofthehull.Theinnerplankingisincomplete,butwhatthereisattachedtothefuttocksandthenfastenedwithtreenailsthatwentthroughtotheouter
planking.Littleofthedeckplankinglaidcrosswiseratherthanforeandaftiscomplete.Someofthedeckplankswouldhavebeennaileddownandotherskept
loose,withfingerholesforeasyremovaltoexpeditethestowageandoffloadingofcargo.Thecog'spropulsionwasasinglesquaresailonasinglemaststepped
amidships.ThesailsoftheHanseaticLeaguevesselsweretraditionallypatternedwithbold,verticalredandwhitestripes.Thehelmsmanmanipulatedthetillerforthe
centerlinerudderfromthemaindeckjustbelowthesterncastle.
OnlythestarboardsideoftheBremenCog'ssterncastlesurvived,butitispossibletoreconstructthewhole.Thedeckwastrapezoidal,withthenarrowerpart(6.4
meterswide)overhangingthesternandthewiderpart(6.8m)forwardthelengthwas4.6meters.Toportandstarboardtherewereextensionsmeasuringabout3.5
meterslongand1.8meterswide.Theareabeneaththemaincastledeckwasopenandhousedthe3.5meterlongwindlass,whiletheareabeneaththestarboard
deckwas

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enclosed.Thecastledeckwastheonlycaulkeddeckonthevessel.Otherfeaturesofthesterncastlewereasmalltoilettostarboardandacapstan.Thecapstanand
thewindlasswouldhavebeenusedforweighinganchor,steppingthemast,loadingheavycargo,andtrimmingthesail.Theworkmanshiponthecapstanandthe
windlasssuggestthattheseweremadebyspecialist"subcontractor"suppliersandnottheshipwrights.
ExcavationoftheBremenCogunderSiegfriedFliednertookfrom1962to1965,andthepreservationandassemblyofthemorethan2,000piecestookWerner
Lahn'steamsevenyears.In1982,theremainsweresoakedinapreservativesolutionofpolyethyleneglycolattheDeutschesSchiffahrtsmuseum,Bremerhaven,which
wasfoundedin1971asadirectresultoftheBremenCogproject.TwofullscalereplicasoftheBremenCoghavebeenbuilt.TheoneinKielwasconstructed
employingfourteenthcenturytechniquestothedegreepossible.ThatatBremerhavenwasconstructedwithaviewtocontemporarysafetystandardsandhasamotor
sothatitcanretracetheoldHanserouteswithouttheassistanceoftugs.Bothreplicashaveperformedwellinavarietyofconditionsandcontributedsignificantlyto
ourunderstandingofhowtheseshipswerehandled.
Gardiner,Cogs,Caravels,andGalleons.Lahn,DieKoggevonBremenTheHanseCogofBremen.

Brendan
Sailingcurragh(2m).L/B/D:36'0.8'(11m2.4m).Tons:2,400lbs.Hull:cowhideonwoodframe.Comp.:5.Des.:ColinMudie,basedonwrittenevidence.
Built:CrosshavenBoatyard,Cork,Ireland1976.
BrendanwasarecreationofamedievalIrishcurraghbuiltbyTimSeverintodemonstratethattheNavigatioSanctiBrendanAbbatistheVoyageofSt.Brendan
theAbbotcouldbeafactbasedaccountofatransatlanticvoyagefromIrelandtoNorthAmericamadesometimebetween500and1000CE.OnMay17,
1976,withacrewoffive,BrendansailedfromBrandonCreek,Ireland.FollowingtheSteppingStoneroute,thecurraghstoppedintheAranIslands,ToryIsland,
andBallyhooriskybeforecrossingtoIona,Tiree,andStornoway.FromtheIsleofLewis,Brendansailedacross200milesofopenoceantotheFaeroeIslands.They
sailedfromThorshavnonJuly4andmadethe500milepassagetoReykjavikin13days.Brendanwashauledandstoredforthewinterinanairplanehangar.On
May17,1977,fouroftheoriginalcrewGeorgeMolony,ArthurMagan,TrondurPatursson(whohadjoinedatThorshavn),andSeverinsailedfromReykjavik
forNorthAmerica.CrossingtheDenmarkStrait,theyroundedthesoutherntipofGreenlandandsailedintotheDavisStraitwheretheyexperiencedabout10daysof
gales.NearlycrushedbyiceofftheeasternmosttipofLabrador,theywereabletopatchtheleatherskinandstoptheleaking.OnJune26,Brendanlandedon
PeckfordIslandintheOuterWadhamGroup,about150milesnorthwestofSt.Johnsaftera50day,1,300milejourneyacrosstheNorthAtlantic.
Severin,"Brendan"Voyage.

SMSBreslau
(laterMidilli)Magdeburgclasslightcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:450.8'43.9'16.9'(138.7m13.5m5.2m).Tons:5,281disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:354.Arm.:12
10.5cm220"TT.Armor:2.4"belt,2.4"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,33,482shp,4screws27.5kts.Built:AGVulcan,Stettin,Ger.1912.
NamedfortheGermancity,SMSBreslauwasaconsortforthebattlecruiserGOEBENinGermany'sMediterraneanSquadron.Breslau'scareerparalleledthatof
hermorefamousrunningmate.WhilemakingtheirwayeastwardtowardsConstantinople,BreslaubrieflyengagedtheBritishcruiserHMSGloucesteronAugust7,
1914,butshereachedtheOttomancapitalunscathed.RenamedMidilli(theTurkishforMitylene,ontheislandofLesbos),shefirstsawactionundertheTurkishflag
onOctober29whenshebombardedtheRussianportofNovorossisk.ShetookpartinseveralengagementsagainsttheRussianfleet.InApril1916,shewas
straddledby12inchshellsfromtheRussiandreadnoughtEkaterinaIIaftersignalsofficerKarlDnitzflashedamessageinGerman,whenthedistancebetweenthe
twoshipswasbelievedtobesafeforsuchimpertinence.In1916and1917shewasrearmed,andinherfinalconfigurationher10.5centimetergunswerereplacedby
eight6inchguns.AtdawnonJanuary20,1918,Goeben,Breslau,andfourTurkishdestroyerssteamedoutoftheDardanellestoharasstheAngloFrench
blockadingfleet.Breslauscoredseveralhitsonthe14inchgunmonitorHMSRaglanbeforeshewasfinishedoffbyGoeben.BreslauthensankthemonitorM28
withadirecthit.Aboutanhourlater,BreslaustruckasuccessionofminesoffLemnosandwasabandonedat0810in4005'N,2602'Ewiththelossofabout330
menabout150ofthecrewweresaved.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.VanderVat,TheShipthatChangedtheWorld.

Page78

Bretagne
Provenceclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:551'91.5'29.5'(168m27.9m9m).Tons:28,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,190.Arm.:1013"(52),14
5",475mm.Armor:10.8"belt,1.6"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,28,000shp,4screws20kts.Built:Forges&ChantiersdelaMditerrane,LaSeyne,France
1916.
NamedfortheFrenchprovinceofBrittany,BretagnewasoneofthreePROVENCEclassbattleshipslaiddownin1912thethirdwasLorraine.Completedin
1916,shespentWorldWarIoperatingagainsttheAustroHungarianfleetintheAdriatic.Allthreeshipsunderwentmajorconversionsduringtheinterwaryears,in
1921,1925,and193234.Bretagneemergedfromthelastconversionwithnewoilburningenginesthatgenerated43,000shp.ThestartofWorldWarIIfound
BretagneintheMediterranean,andaftertheestablishmentoftheVichyFrenchgovernment,shewassenttoMerselKbir,nearOran,Algeria.FearingaGerman
takeoveroftheFrenchNavy,theBritishlaunchedOperationCatapult,designedtogivetheFrenchcommandersatMerselKbirtheopportunityeithertodemilitarize
theirships,dispersethemtooverseasports,orsurrenderthemoutright.AdmiralMarcelGensoulrefusedtocomplywiththeBritishultimatumandbeganpreparingto
takehisshipstosea,andonJuly3,1940,ViceAdmiralSirJamesSomervilleorderedhisshipstoengage.Withinminutes,Bretagnewassunkwiththelossof1,012
livesbyfirefromtheBritishbattleshipsHOOD,BARHAM,andResolution.Provence.andDunkerqueweredamagedbutlaterreturnedtoToulon,wherethey
werescuttledinNovember1942.STRASBOURGescapedunscathed.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.

Briggboat
L/B:40'7.5'(12.2m2.3m).Tons:7disp.Hull:oak.Built:England800650BCE.
TheBronzeAgeBriggboatwasdiscoveredbyworkmenonthebankoftheAncholmeRiveronemilenorthwestofBrigg,Humberside,inApril1888.After
investigationbythecountysurveyor,asmallportionofthehullwenttotheLincolnMuseumandtheremainderwasreburied.In1974,thesitewasreexaminedby
SeanMcGrailandtheremainsofthehullwereremovedtotheNationalMaritimeMuseumforconservation.Furtherstudyofthe"raft"revealedthatitwasconstructed
ofoakplankssewntogetherwithstitchesmadeofwillow.Theseamswerecaulkedwithmossandcoveredwithlathsmadeofhazel.Eachplankalsohasasetof
integralcleats(sixoneachplanksurvive)throughwhichholeswereboredandoakbattensinsertedtokeepthefiveplankssomewhatrigidandflat.Althoughonlyone
sidestrakehassurvived,thefinishedboatseemstohavehadtheshapeofalong,thintoplessbox,withadepthof0.34metersto0.55meters.Thesurvivingside
strakealsohasholesonbothsides,whichsuggeststhatitwasattachedbothtothebottomofthehullandtoasecondsideplank.Variousestimatesastothedepthof
thefinishedcraftareputatbetween0.34meters(foronesideplank)and0.55meters(fortwo).Thevesselwasprobablypoledasariverferry,andvarious
calculationssuggestthatitcouldcarryasmanyastenmenandfortysheep,ortwentymenandthirtycattle,dependingontheheightofthesquaresides.
McGrail,"TheBriggRaft."McGrail&Kentley,SewnPlankBoats.

Brilliant
Gaffschooner(2m).L/B/D:61.5'14.7'8.8'(18.7m4.5m2.7m).Tons:38disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:12.Mach.:diesel,97hp,1screw.Des.:Olin
Stephens.Built:HenryB.Nevins,CityIsland,N.Y.1932.
OneofonlyafewyachtsconstructedtoLloyd'sA1specifications,BrilliantwasbuiltasagiftbyMrs.WalterBarnumforherhusband.Barnum'srequirementsfora
cruisingboatwereexacting,andhewrotetoOlinStephensthat"IfeelweshouldalwayskeepbeforeusamentalpictureofherhovetointhemiddleoftheNorth
Atlantic,withthewindat80milesanhourandseasinproportion."Atthesametime,heaskedthatthe"hullandrigdesignbeinnowayadverselyaffectedbyany
accommodationrequirement."DespiteBarnum'savowedintentiontouseherforcruising,sheprovedaremarkablycompetitiveboat.Inherfirstseason,sheplaced
secondbehindHighlandLightintheBermudaRace,andthefollowingyearshesailedtoEngland.Enroute,shemadethetransatlanticcrossingfromNantucket
LightshiptoBishopRockin15days1hour23minutes,arecordforavesselofhersize.ShewentontowinanumberofracesinEnglandandelicitedthehighest
praisefromYachtingWorld'sWestonMartyr:"Ineversawafinerandmorehonestpieceofboatbuildingandrigginginmylife."
BarnumsoldBrilliantin1939,andshechangedhandsseveraltimesbeforeandduringWorldWarII,whenshesailedasaCoastGuardpicketboatonantisubmarine
patrol.Followingthewar,BrilliantwasboughtbyBriggsCunninghamwhotriedtorerigherforracing,butowingtochangesinracingrulesBrilliantcouldnotstand
uptothenewbreedofracersandmeasurementrules.In1952hedonatedtheschoonertoConnecticut'sMysticMari

Page79

timeMuseumforuseinthemuseum'ssailtrainingprogram,worktowhichsheisadmirablysuitedandwhichshehasadvancedformorethanhalfacentury.
Gerard,BrilliantPassage.Wilson,"SailingtheSchoonerBrilliant."

Britannia
Liner(1f/3m).L/B/D:212.2'bp30.5'(17.1'ew)x16.6'(64.7m9.3m(16.5m)5.2m).Hull:wood.Tons:1,156grt.Comp.:115pass89crew.Mach.:side
leverengine(RobertNapier),440nhp,sidewheels8.5kts.Built:Messrs.RobertDuncan&Co.,Glasgow1840.
Theoldestpassengershiplineinexistencetoday,CunardLinewasamongthefirsttoentertheNorthAtlanticpassengertrade,andthefirsttodosowithaviewto
maintainingregularserviceprovidedbyafleetofships.ThemanbehindthisventurewasHaligonianentrepreneurJohnCunard,whowontheBritishAdmiralty'sfirst
contractforamailsubsidytenderedin1838,shortlyafterthevoyagesofSIRIUSandGREATWESTERNhadestablishedconclusivelythefeasibilityoftransatlantic
steamnavigation.AlthoughCunard'slinewasoftenknownbyhisname,from1840to1878itwasofficiallytheBritishandNorthAmericanRoyalMailSteamPacket
Company.
Cunard'sfirstfourvesselswereBritannia,Acadia,Caledonia,andColumbia,andthelastenteredserviceinJanuary1841.Britannia'smaidenvoyage,from
LiverpooltoHalifax,wasmadein12days,10hours,oranaveragespeedofabout8.5knotsafteran8hourlayover,theshipproceededtoBostonwhereshe
arrivedafter34hours.Shecontinuedinthistradefor9years(frequentlycallingatNewYork)andperformedwithremarkableregularityfortheline.Suchwasthe
imperativeofherschedulethatwheninFebruary1844theportofBostonwasfrozenover,citizensofthetownpitchedintohelpcutachannelthroughtheicetothe
sea.Threeyearslater,onSeptember14,1847,shestrandedatCapeRace,butshewasabletocontinuetoNewYorkandreenteredserviceafterrepairsthere.All
told,Cunardhadanexemplarysafetyrecord.AlthoughColumbiawreckednearCapeSablein1843(withoutlossoflife),itwasnotuntil1872thatasecondCunard
shipwaslostagain,withoutfatalities.
Fromtheoutset,Cunard'ssteamersattractedthedignitariesandcelebritiesoftheday,thoughnotallwerefavorablydisposedtothecomparativelymeagercomforts
theshipsaffordedtoeventheirmostcelebratedguests.InJanuary1842,CharlesDickensandhiswifetookBritanniatoAmericafortheauthor'sfirsttourofthe
UnitedStates.Singularlyunimpressedwithhisaccommodations,hecomplained,"Anythingsoutterlyandmonstrouslyabsurdasthesizeofourcabin'Nogentlemanof
Englandwholivesathomeatease,'canforamomentimagine.Neitheroftheportmanteauswouldgointoit."
By1849,Cunard'sfleethadgrownto16shipsandBritanniaandAcadiaweresoldtotheGermanFederalfleetandrenamedBarbarossaandErzherzogJohann,
respectively.TransferredtoBremerhaven,Barbarossa'sarmamentconsistedofnine68pdr.guns.In1851hermainmastwasremoved,in1873herremainingtwo
mastswereremoved,andinthefollowingyearshewastransferredtothePrussianNavyforuseasabarracksshipandguardship.Thirteenyearslater,herengines
wereremovedandsheremainedatKielforafurther15years,duringwhichtimeherremainingmastswereremoved.In1880,shewasfinallystrickenfromthelists
andusedasatargetship.OnJuly28,shewassunkbythetorpedoboatSMSZieten.HerhullwassalvagedandbrokenupattheImperialDockyardatKiel.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Grner,GermanWarships.

Britannia
Gaffcutter.L/B/D:100'23.3'12.6'(30.5mx7.1m3.8m).Tons:221TM.Hull:composite.Des.:G.L.Watson.Built:D.&W.HendersonCo.,Glasgow
1893.
BuiltforthePrinceofWales(laterKingEdwardVII)in1893,Britanniawasoneofthemostsuccessfulandfamousyachtsofherday.Duringherfirstseason,she
placedfirstintwentyracesninemorethanhernearestchallengerandoverherentireracingcareer,whichlastedoffandonuntil1935,shewon231firstprizes
in635starts.ChangesintheracingrulesmadeBritannialesscompetitiveandin1897thePrinceofWalessoldher.Shepassedthroughseveralownersuntil1902,
when,afterhisascensiontothethrone,EdwardVIIboughtherbackforcruising.Britanniaremainedintheroyalfamily,passingtoGeorgeVuponthedeathofhis
father.In1921,shewasreriggedforracing,andtherefollowedseveralmodificationsuntilhergaffrigwasreplacedbyamorestreamlinedmarconi(orBermuda)rigin
1931.FollowingthedeathofGeorgeVfouryearslater,BritanniawastowedintodeepwaterofftheIsleofWightandsunk.Inherlongcareershehadamasseda
racingrecordof231victoriesand129secondorthirdplaceshowingsin635starts.
Kemp,ed.,OxfordCompaniontoShipsandtheSea.Underhill,SailingShipRigsandRigging.

Page80

Imagenotavailable.
Oneofthegreatracersofherday,BRITANNIAwas
ownedbythePrinceofWales,laterEdwardVII.This
photoshowshertowardstheendofhercareerinthe
1930s.Althoughhergaffrigwasreplacedwitha
Bermudarig,shestillpresentedaformidablesight.
CourtesyNewYorkYachtClub.

Britannia
Yacht(3f/1m).L/B/D:412.3'55'15.6'(125.8m16.8m4.8m).Tons:5,796grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:gearedturbines,12,000bhp,2screws22.75kts.Built:
JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1954.
ConceivedofasareplacementforthethirdVictoriaandAlbert(1899)inthelate1930s,constructionoftheRoyalYachtBritanniawaspostponeduntilafterWorld
WarII.Inanefforttocounterpublicoppositiontotheexpenseinvolvedinherconstruction,theshipwasdesignedforeasyconversiontoahospitalshipinan
emergency.(Criticshaveobservedthatshewasneversoemployed.)AsthepersonalyachtoffirstGeorgeVIandlaterElizabethII,Britanniahasbeenusedtoshow
theflaginmanyremoteandnotsoremotepartsoftheworld,fromAustraliatoAfrica,CanadaandtheUnitedStates.Thesignificanceofflagsisinherentinherthree
otherwiseanachronisticmasts.Whenthemonarchisaboard,BritanniafliestheflagoftheLordHighAdmiral(fore),theRoyalStandard(main),andUnionJack
(mizzen).Ononeofherlastofficialdutiesbeforeherretirementin1997,BritanniaembarkedtheoutgoinggovernorofHongKong,ChrisPatten,followingthereturn
oftheBritishcolonytoChineserule.
Morton,RoyalYacht"Britannia."

BritanniaII
L:37'(11.3m).Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:2.Des.:UffaFox.Built:England1971.
BritanniaIIwasasophisticatedrowingboatdesignedforJohnFairfaxwho,withSylviaCook,soughttomakethefirstcrossingofthePacificOceanunderoars
alone.TheboatwasnamedforanotherFoxdesignedboatthatFairfaxrowedsinglehandedacrosstheAtlantic.AftercompletioninEngland,BritanniaIIwas
shippedtoSanFrancisco,whereFairfaxandCookembarkedonApril26,1971.StoppingatEnsaada,Mexico,inJunetheythenheadedwest,arrivingonOctober
6attheallbutinaccessibleWashingtonIsland.OnNovember12,theyresumedtheirjourney,whichwasnearlycutshortwhenBritanniaIIwreckedonOnotoain
theGilbertIslandsonJanuary9,1972.TheboatwastowedtoTarawaforrepairsandtheduodepartedonFebruary7,1972.Reprovisionedfromashipeastofthe
SantaCruzIslands,theywerenearingAustraliaamonthlaterwhenJohnwasbittenonthearmbyashark.AweeklatertheywerecaughtinCycloneEmilyforfour
days.Havingsurvivedthat,theycrossedtheGreatBarrierReefonwhichtheylosttheiranchorandarrivedfinallyatHaymanIslandonApril22,1972.
EvenasBritanniaIIwascompletingthisepicpassage,DerekKingwasenvisioningaroundtheworldvoyage.FairfaxandCookofferedhimtheuseofBritanniaII
assoonasshereturnedfromatourofAustralia,andshewasrefittoaccommodatethreerowerstheotherswerePeterBirdandCarolMaystone.BritanniaII
clearedGibraltaronMarch24,1974,buttherewasdissensionamongthethreefromthestart.DuringalayoveratCasablanca,Maystonelefttheexpedition,and
KingandBirdcontinuedonthe3,545milecrossingtotheCaribbean.Halfwayover,thetwodecidedtoabandontheprojectwhichtheyestimatedwouldtake
threeyearsoncetheyhadcrossedtheAtlantic.OnAugust10,after93daysatsea,theymadelandfallatSt.Lucia.

Page81
Fairfax&Cook,OarsacrossthePacific.King&Bird,SmallBoatagainsttheSea.

Britannic
Liner(4f/2m).L/B:852'bp94'(259.7m28.7m).Tons:48,158grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:3,109patients489medics675crew.Mach.:tripleexpansion&steam
turbines,3screws21kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Belfast,Ireland1915.
Thelastofthefifteenfourfunnelshipslaiddownfortransatlanticpassengerservice,BritannicwasaslightlyenlargedversionofWhiteStarLine'sOLYMPICand
TITANIC.UnfinishedbytheoutbreakofWorldWarI,shewasrequisitionedinNovember1915andcommissionedasthehospitalshipHMHSBritannic.Inthe
nextyearshemadeatotalofsixvoyagestotheMediterraneanunderCaptainCharlesA.Bartlett,andbroughthomemorethan15,000soldierswoundedinthe
Gallipoli,Salonika,andEgyptiancampaigns.WhileoutwardboundfromNaplestoLemnosonhersixthvoyage,shestruckamineprobablylaidbytheGerman
submarineU73at0812onNovember21,aboutfourmileswestofKeaIsland(3738'N,2430'E).Shesankinlessthananhourwiththelossoftwentyoneof
hercrew.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Mills,''Britannic."

BritishIsles
Ship(3m).L/B/D:308.9'43.9'24.8'dph.Tons:2,394grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:31.Built:JohnReid,PortGlasgow,Scotland1884.
OneofthelargestsquareriggedshipstocomefromtheClyde,BritishIsleswasthelastsailingshipbuiltfortheBritishShipownersCompany,Ltd.,ofLiverpool.Her
builder,JohnReid,wasgivencarteblanchetobuildthebestfullriggedshiphecould,andnoexpensewassparedinherconstructionorfittings.Builtentirelyofsteel,
includinghermastsandyards,herhullwasdividedintothreeseparatecompartmentsasasafetymeasurewhencarryingcombustiblecargoessuchascoal.British
Isleswasalsocapableofagoodturnofspeed,andin1898shesailedfromLondontoSydneyinarecordeightydaysunderCaptainJ.M.Stott.In1903,while
outwardboundintheBayofBiscayonherfirstvoyageunderCaptainJamesP.Barker,sheoverhauledthefivemastedbarkPREUSSEN,andonthesamevoyage
shepostedherbestday'sruneverof383milesintwentyfourhours.
AfterfifteenyearsingeneraltradeforBritishShipowners,shewassoldtoThomasShuteandCompany,ofLiverpool,forwhomshesaileduntil1914.Inthatyearshe
wassoldtoNavigazioneGeneraleItalianaforuseasahulkatGenoa.TenyearslatershewassoldtoArgentineinterests,andrenamedfirstTigreandthenOlivos.
SheendedherdaysintheRiverPlatein1934.
Barker,LogofaLimejuicer.Jones,CapeHornBreed.Lubbock,LastoftheWindjammers.

BritishSteel
(laterBritishSoldier)Ketch.L/B:59'12.8'(18m13.9m).Tons:17.Hull:steel.Comp.:110.Des.:RobertClark.Built:Dartmouth,Eng.1970.
In1968,ChayBlythwasoneoffivesailorswhosailedtowintheGoldenGlobe,putbytheLondonSundayTimesforthefirstpersontosailalonearoundtheworld
withoutstopping.AlthoughBlythwascertainlyupforthevoyagein1966heandJohnRidgwayhadrowedfromCapeCodtoIrelandinENGLISHROSEIII
histhirtyfootDytiscuswasnot,andhepulledoutoftheraceoffSouthAfrica.(ThesolefinisherwasRobinKnoxJohnston'sSUHAILI.)Nothingdaunted,Blyth
decidedtosailaroundtheworldalone,nonstop,fromeasttowest,againsttheprevailingwesterlywinds.Forthisvoyage,hebuiltthesteelhulledyachtBritishSteel,
namedforhisprimarycorporatesponsor.
BritishSteellefttheHambleonOctober18,1970,boundforCapeHornonthefirstlegofhis30,000milevoyage.RoundingtheHorninafullgaleonDecember
24,helosthisselfsteeringgear."WrongWay"Chay,asthepressdubbedhim,describedBritishSteelas"fantasticatgoingtowindward,"andaftertackingback
andforthagainsttheRoaringForties,bythebeginningofMarchhewasoffNewZealand.TwoweekslaterhehadpassedTasmania,andanothertenweeksbrought
himacrosstheIndianOceanandintotheSouthAtlantic,wherehecrossedhisoutwardtrackonJune29.BritishSteelreturnedtoEnglandonAugust6,1971,after
292daysatsea21daysfasterthanKnoxJohnston.
Thenextyear,BritishSteelplacedfourthintheObserverSinglehandedTransatlanticRace(OSTAR).BlythlaterloanedhisboattotheBritishArmyfortheWhit
breadRoundtheWorldRace.RenamedBritishSoldier,shewassailedbyfourinterservicecrewsoftenmen,onecrewforeachlegoftherace.
Blyth,ImpossibleDream.

USSBrooklyn(AC3)
Brooklynclassarmoredcruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:400.5'64.7'26.2'(122.1m19.7m8m).Tons:9,215disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:516.Arm.:86",125",
126pdr,41pdr,4mg,23"4

Page82

18"TT.Armor:3"belt,6"deck.Mach.:4VTE,18,770ihp,2screws22kts.Built:WilliamCramp&Sons,Philadelphia1896.
AnimprovedversionoftheNewYorkclassarmoredcruiser,USSBrooklynwasthefirstAmericanshipwhosecontractspecifiedthatallmajorcomponentsbemade
intheUnitedStatesratherthanbeingimportedfromabroadtherulebeforethecountry'sindustrialmaturity.Thoughherhullwasdistinguishedbyapronounced
tumblehomeandrambow,Brooklyn'sdesignwasinnovativeinseveralrespects.Moreheavilyarmedthanothercruisers,shecarriedeightratherthanfour6inch
guns,mountedinturretsforward,aft,andtwowingturretsamidships.Thisconfigurationenabledhertotrainsixgunsforward,aft,oroneitherbroadside.Inaddition,
Brooklynwasthefirstshiptoemployelectricitytoturntheturrets,whichwerepreviouslytrainedbyeitherhydraulicorsteampower.Theexperimentwasagreat
successandelectricpoweredturretswereadoptedforsubsequentwarships.
Commissionedin1986,BrooklynrepresentedtheU.S.NavyatceremoniesmarkingQueenVictoria'sDiamondJubilee.ReturningtotheUnitedStates,shepatrolled
ontheAtlanticcoastandWestIndiesuntil1898,whenshebecameflagshiptoCommodoreW.S.Schley'sFlyingSquadronduringtheSpanishAmericanWar.At
theendofMay,SchleyinstitutedblockadesfirstofCienfuegosandthenofSantiago,wherethebulkofAdmiralPascualCervera'sfleetofantiquatedcruiserslay.On
July3,Cerveraattemptedabreakoutfromtheportand,afternearlyrammingUSSTEXAS,Brooklynledthechasethatresultedinthedestructionoffourarmored
cruisersand350SpanishdeadontheCubancoast.TheBrooklynsufferedonefatalitytheonlyU.S.crewmankilledinthebattle.
From1899to1902shewasflagshipoftheAsiaticSquadronbasedatManila,fromwhereshevisitedChina,theDutchEastIndies,andAustralia.In1902,she
returnedtoHavanaforceremoniesmarkingthetransferofgovernmentfromtheUnitedStatestoanativeCubangovernment,andthereafterdividedhertimebetween
theNorthAtlanticFleetandtheEuropeanSquadron.In1905,shewasdispatchedtoFrancetoreceivetheremainsofRevolutionaryWarCaptainJohnPaulJones
forentombmentattheU.S.NavalAcademyinAnnapolis.Brooklynwasinandoutofcommissionfrom1906to1914,whenshejoinedtheNeutralityPatroloff
BostonbeforeasecondassignmentasflagshipoftheAsiaticFleet.SheremainedinthePacificuntil1921,whenshewassoldoutofthenavy.
Emerson,"ArmouredCruiserUSSBrooklyn."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Brown'sFerryvessel
L/B/D:50.4'14'3.8'dph(15.37m4.2m1.7m).Tons:25longtons.Hull:wood.Comp.:23.Built:SouthCarolinaca.1740.
TheBrown'sFerryvesselisasmallcargoboatfoundbyHamptonShupingwhiledivingintheBlackRiveratBrown'sFerry,SouthCarolina,in1976.AlanAlbright
arrangedfortheproperexcavationofthesiteandtheconservationofthehullattheUniversityofSouthCarolina'sInstituteofArchaeologyandAnthropologyin
Columbia.Datingfrom1740,theBrown'sFerryvesselistheoldestextantAmericanbuiltvessel,aboutfiftyyearsolderthantheRevolutionaryWargundalow
PHILADELPHIA.Thebottomofthevesselwasflatandconsistedofthreeplanks,thekeelsonbeingmadeofonepiecetherewasnokeel.Partsoftwelvestrakes
survive,fivetoportandseventostarboard,andthesewerefastenedwithtreenailsandironnailstotwentyframes.Thereweretwomaststepsinthekeelson,one
forwardandoneamidshipsandithasbeenconjecturedthatthevesselsportedaspritsailrig.
Thevessel'scargoconsistedofmorethan10,000bricksweighingatotalof25tons,togetherwithfourmillstones,twodozenbottlesandthreeironpots.Therewere
alsoanumberofpersonaleffectsincludingapipe,arazor,andaquadrant.Damagefromteredowormsinthehullsuggeststhatthevesseloperatedalongthecoastal
routetoCharlestonaswellasonrivers.
Albright&Steffy,"Brown'sFerryVessel."

Bucintoro
Statebarge.L/B/D:143.7'23.9'27.6'(43.8m7.3m8.4m).Hull:wood.Comp.:168oarsmen.Built:Arsenale,Venice1728.
In1100,theVenetianDogePietroOrseolobegantheconsolidationofVenetianpowerwiththedefeatofDalmatianpirateswhohadlonginfestedtheAdriatictrade
routes.AsthepoweroftheMostSereneRepublicgrew,herannualriteoftheblessingoftheseaevolvedintoamorecomplexandelaborateceremonybywhich
VenicewasspirituallywedtotheAdriatic.Thesposalizialiterally,theweddingannuallytookplaceonAscensionDay,theanniversaryofthedepartureof
Orseolo'sfleet.TheDoge,hisretainers,membersoftheclergy,andthevariousambassadorstoVenicewouldputoutintheBucintoro,rowedby168oarsmen
pullingon42oars.AftertheblessingoftheringbythePatriarchofSanElena,theBucintorowouldcontinuepasttheLido,andtheDogewoulddropthemarriage
ringintotheAdriatic

Page83

withthewords:"Disponsamuste,Mare,insignumveriperpetuiquedominii"(Wewedthee,Adriatic,asasignofourtrueandperpetualdominion).Thepresenceof
ambassadorsensuredthatthiswasnoidlecovenant,andindeedtheHolyRomanEmperorFrederickIII,amongothers,soughtpermissionforhisshipstopass
throughtheAdriatic.
Justwhenthesposaliziaformallybeganisunknown.TherewasaritualblessingoftheAdriaticinOrseolo'stime,andthiswouldhavetakenonaddedimportance
followinghisvictoryoverthepirates.Twocenturieslater,in1177,thestatureofVenicewasfurtherenlargedwithPopeAlexanderIII'sofficialrecognitionofherrole
inmediatingalongstandingdisputebetweenthepapacyandtheHolyRomanEmpire."Bucintoro"isalsoofuncertainorigin.Onetheoryisthatitreferstoa
figureheadcombiningelementsofacowandacentaur.Itmayalsobeacorruptionforeitherducentorum,meaningaboatcarrying200men,orcintod'oro,meaning
girdledwithgold,asthelatervesselscertainlywere.ThelastofthestatebargestobearthenameBucintorowasbuiltin1728.Inadditiontothesposalizia,shewas
alsousedforimportantceremoniesofstate.Herendcamein1797whentheFrenchseizedtheRepublicofVenice.Inariteofritualistichumiliation,General
NapoleonBonaparteorderedhistroopstomeltdownthegolddecorationanddestroythebarge'sadornments.Thehullwassparedandfittedoutasafloatingbattery
intheAustrianNavy.TherenamedHydramayhaveremainedinserviceuntil1824.
Senior,"Bucentaur."

Buffel
Turretram(1f/2m).L/B/D:205.8'40.4'15.9'(62.7m12.3m4.8m).Tons:2,198disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:159.Arm.:29.2",430pdr.Armor:6.1"belt.
Mach.:compoundengine,2,000ihp,2screws12.4kts.Built:RobertNapier&Sons,Glasgow1868.
DesignedforcoastaldefenseserviceintheNorthSea,theturretramBuffelwasoneofseveralsuchshipsbuiltfortheRoyalNetherlandsNavybetween1866and
1890,andtheonlyonetohavesurviveduntiltheendofthetwentiethcentury.Asthenameimplies,theturretramcarriedtwodistinctweapons.Thesubmergedbow
ramwasaninstrumenttheoriginsofwhichcanbetracedtoantiquity.Itsfunctionwastodisableanenemywarshipeitherbymakingholesinitbelowthewaterline,or
bysheeringoffitsrudder.Therotatingturretmountedgunwasanewdevelopmentthatincreasedthearcoffirewhileprovidingaprotectiveshelterforthegunand
gunners.Buffel(thenameisDutchforbuffalo)carriednosails,butshewasintendedforworkinhomewaterswithineasyreachofcoalsupplies.
After17yearsinactiveservice,BuffelbecameanaccommodationshipberthedfirstatGellevoetsluisandlateratDenHelder.ShesurvivedWorldWarIIlaidupat
Amsterdam,andtodaysheispreservedattheMaritiemMuseumPrinsHendrickinRotterdam.
Heine,HistoricShipsoftheWorld.Silverstone,DictionaryoftheWorld'sCapitalShips.

Imagenotavailable.
ThecruiserUSSBROOKLYNseenattheendoftheSpanishAmericanWarin1898.Thoughthoroughlymodernin
herownday,sheboastedanumberoffeaturesthatwouldvanishfromwarshipdesignwithinadecade,inparticular
thepronouncedtumblehome,"ram"bow,andmixedarmament,includinggunsofsixdifferentcalibersandtorpedoes.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Page84

HMSBulwark
Londonclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:431.8'75'26.8'(131.6m22.9m8.2m).Tons:15,460disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:780.Arm.:412"(22),12
6",1612pdr,63pdr418"TT.Armor:9"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,15,000ihp,2screws18kts.Des.:SirWilliamWhite.Built:DevonportDockyard,
Plymouth,Eng.1902.
HMSBulwarkwasoneoffivepreDreadnoughtbattleshipslaiddowninresponsetoFrance'sturnofthecenturyshipbuildingprogram.Oneofthefirstmajorunits
fittedwithMarconiwirelesstelegraph,BulwarkservedasflagshipoftheMediterraneanfleet,basedatMalta,from1902to1907.DetailedtotheHomeFleet,
formedasacounterbalancetoGermany'sNorthSeafleet,Bulwarkservedasdivisionalflagshipuntil1911whenshewastransferredtotheFifthBattleSquadronof
thereservefleet.MobilizedandfullymannedupontheoutbreakofWorldWarI,shewasassignedtotheChannelFleet,whichcomprisednineteenpreDreadnought
battleships.OnNovember26,1914,BulwarkwasanchoredoffSheernesswhenat0753theshipwas"rentasunder"byamassiveinternalexplosioncausedbythe
poorstorageofcorditecharges,someofwhichweretwelveyearsold.Theshipsankinstantly,takingwithherafullcomplementof781ranksandratings.
Ball,"LifeandDeathofanEdwardianFlagship."Parkes,BritishBattleships.

Page85

C
USSCairo
Cairoclassironcladgunboat.L/B/D:175'51.2'6'(53.3m15.6m1.8m).Tons:512disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:251.Arm.:38",642pdr,632pdr,1
12pdr.Armor:2.5"casemate.Des.:JohnLenthall,SamuelM.Pook&JamesB.Eads.Mach.:horizontalengines,centerwheel9kts.Built:JamesEads&Co.,
MoundCity,Ill.1862.
Cairowasoneofsevenrivergunboatsknownas"PookTurtles"afterthedesignerSamuelM.PookandcompletedbyJamesB.EadsforservicewiththeU.S.
Army'sWesternGunboatFlotilla.NamedfortheOhioRiverportinIllinois,CairowasoriginallycommissionedasaU.S.ArmyshipbutwastransferredtotheU.S.
Navy'sMississippiSquadrononOctober1,1862.TheironcladsawextensiveactionontheCumberlandandMississippiRiversfromFebruaryon,andonJune6,
1862,CairowasoneofsevenUniongunboatsthatsankfiveandseverelydamagedoneofeightConfederategunboatsduringthecaptureofMemphis.InOctober
1862,shewastransferredtotheU.S.Navy'sMississippiSquadron,andherarmamentwaschangedsothatshemountedthree42pdr.gunsinsteadofsix,and
carriedanadditional30pdr.CairosawlittlefurtheractionuntilDecember,when,aspartofanexpeditionontheYazooRiverunderCommanderThomasO.
Selfridge,shehittwostationarytorpedoesandsankbelowHainesBluff,Mississippi,onDecember12,1862.In1956,theremainsoftheCairowerefoundand
identifiedbyEdwinC.BearssoftheVicksburgNationalMilitaryPark,wherethevesselisnowonpublicdisplay.
Bearss,HardluckIronclad.

Imagenotavailable.
IroncladgunboatssuchasCAIROwereamainstayofthe
UnionArmy'soperationsonthewesternriversduringthe
CivilWar.CAIROwaslostafterlessthanayearinservice,
butherremainswerediscoveredin1956.CourtesyU.S
NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

USRCCalebCushing
Revenuecutter(2m).L/B/D:100.3'23'9.6'(30.6m7m2.4m).Tons:153disp.Hull:wood.Arm.:132pdr,112pdr.Built:J.M.Hood,Somerset,
Mass.1853.
TheU.S.revenuecutterCalebCushingwasthelastinalonglineofcapturedUnionshipsthatbeganwiththeConfederateraiderCSSFLORIDA'sseizureofthe
BaltimoreboundbrigClarence(exCoquette)onMay6,1863.ArmedasacommerceraiderunderLieutenantCharlesW.Read,Clarencewentontocapturesix
moreshipsuntilReaddecidedtotransferhiscrewtothebarkTacony(knownbrieflyasFlorida2)onJune12.CruisingNewEnglandwaters,Taconycaptured
fifteenvessels,mostlyfishingschooners,overthenexttwelvedays.OnJune24,ReadtransferredhiscrewtotheschoonerArcherandburnedTacony.Learningthat
therevenuecutterCalebCushingandapassengersteamerwerelyingoffPortland,Maine,inCascoBay,Readdecidedtocapturetherevenuecutterfirst,andthen
toseizethepassengerboat.HesucceededintheformereffortonJuly29,butthenextdaythepresenceofasuperiorUnionfleetforcedhimtoburnhisprizeandtake
tohisboats,althoughheandhiscrewwerequicklycaptured.Inacurioustwist,therevenuecutter'snamesake,adistinguishedcongressmananddiplomatwho
negotiatedtheTreatyofWhangiaopening

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ChineseportstoU.S.shipping,laterplayedaleadingroleinnegotiatingthesettlementoftheALABAMA'sclaimswithGreatBritain.
Canney,U.S.CoastGuardandRevenueCutters.Smith,ConfederatesDownEast.

California
Sidewheelsteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:200'33'22'(61m10.1m6.7m).Tons:1,057grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:200pass75crew.Mach.:sideleverengine,250
nhp,2paddles.Built:WilliamH.Webb,NewYork1848.
In1847,thePostmasterGeneraloftheUnitedStatesissuedthefirstcontractsformailtobecarriedbysteamshipbetweenNewYorkandChagres,onthe
PanamanianIsthmus,andinthePacific,betweenPanamaandOregon.Earlyin1848,theNewYorkshippingcompanyHowlandandAspinwallsecuredthelatter
contract,despitethefactthattherewasthenneithercoalnorportstospeakofontheWestCoast,norevenprofitsforthatmatter.Thesameyear,thePacificMail
SteamshipCompanywascharteredandthreesidewheelsteamshipswereordered,CaliforniaandPanamafromWilliamH.Webb,andOregonfromSmith&
Dimon.
LaunchedonMay19,CaliforniasailedfromNewYorkonOctober6undercommandofCaptainClevelandForbes.Althoughcapableofcarrying200,shehad
onlysevenpassengers,noneofwhomwasgoingfartherthanPeru.Onceatsea,theengineandpipingprovedfaulty,andthegenerallayoutoftheshipandmachinery
didnottakeintoconsiderationtheinconveniencesofsteamengineering.Nonetheless,progresswassteadyandtwentyfivedaysout,CaliforniaputintoRiode
Janeiroforfuelandprovisions.ThethirdsteamshiptopassthroughtheStraitofMagellan,shearrivedatValparaisotwentyfourdaysoutfromRio.Stoppingnextat
Callao,between50and100PeruviansembarkedintheshiponthestrengthofrumorsthatgoldhadbeendiscoveredinCalifornia.
WhenCaliforniareachedPanamaonJanuary17,1849,shewasmetbymorethan1,500AmericanswhoformedthefirstwaveofFortyNinersspurredwestby
PresidentJamesK.Polk'sofficialannouncementoftheCaliforniagoldstrikesearlierthatyear.Forcedtorepelsomewouldbepassengersbyforce,Californiafinally
sailedwith375passengersonJanuary31.TheclienteleembarkedatPanamawasamixedlot,accordingtoForbes.
[W]ehavemanyonboardofveryhighstanding,bothinCabin&Steerage,butwealsohavemanyofthescumofcreation,Blacklegs,gamblers,thieves,runners&Drunkards,
andifwemakethetripwithoutdifficulty&greatlosstotheshipbytheiractsofpilfering&waste,Iwillbemuchsurprised...allseemtobeboundtoCaliforniawiththeideathat
lowconduct&uncouthdeportmentisnecessarytomakethemappearofimportance.

Intheevent,itwasashortageofcoalthatcontributedmosttothesuperficialdestructionoftheshipaswoodfurnitureandspareyardswerebrokenuptokeepthe
enginesgoing.
OnFebruary28,1849,CaliforniabecamethefirststeamshiptoenterSanFranciscoBay,havingmadethe14,000milevoyageafter76daysatseaand144days
overallfromNewYork.ThepassengerslefttheshipandtoamanthecrewdesertedforthediggingsForbesaloneremained,buthelaterresignedforreasonsof
healthandreturnedEast.CaliforniaremainedinserviceontheWestCoastforafurtherfortysixyears,sailingunderthePacificMailflaguntil1875,saveforeight
yearswiththeMexicanCoastSteamshipCompany(186068).ShewasthenboughtbyGoodall,Nelson&PerkinsSteamshipCompany,whotookoutherengine
andreriggedherasabark.ShesailedwiththatrigfortwentyyearsuntilsheranagroundatPacasmayo,Peru,in1895.
Berthold,PioneerSteamer"California."Somerville,AspinwallEmpire.

USSCalifornia(BB44)
Tennesseeclassbattleship.L/B/D:624.5'97.3'30.3'(190.3m29.7m9.2m).Tons:32,300disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,0832,200.Arm.:1214"(43),
145",43"221"TT.Armor:13.5"belt,3.5"deck.Mach.:turboelectric,28,500shp,4screws21kts.Built:MareIslandNavyYard,Vallejo,Calif.1921.
OneoffourU.S.battleshipslaunchedinthemonthsfollowingtheendofWorldWarI,USSCalifornia(thefifthshiptocarrythatname)servedasflagshipofthe
PacificFleetandlateroftheBattleFleet(BattleForce),U.S.Fleet,forthenext20years.In1940,herhomeportwasmovedtoPearlHarbor,anditwastherethat
theplanesofAdmiralChuichiNagumo'sPearlHarborStrikingForcefoundheronthemorningofDecember7,1941.MooredatthesouthernendofBattleshipRow,
Californiawaspreparingforamaterielinspectionandherwatertightintegritywasseverelycompromised.At0805,10minutesafterthefirstattackbegan,an
armorpiercingbombexplodedbelowdeckssettingoffanantiaircraftmagazine.Asecondbombstartedleaksatthebow,andtheshipsankinherberth.Whenthe
attackwasover,shehadlost98crewkilled,and61wounded.
RefloatedattheendofMarch,shesailedforBremertonforfullrepairsandimprovementsinJune1942.Fol

Page87

lowingtrialsinthespringof1944,shejoinedthePacificFleetintimefortheinvasionoftheMarianaIslandsinJune,takingpartintheshorebombardmentofSaipan,
Guam,andTinianbetweenJuneandAugust.Thatfall,shetookpartintheBattleofSurigaoStrait(October25)andtheinvasionofLuzonatLingayenGulf(January
9,1945),whereshewashitbyakamikazethatkilled44crewandwounded155.AfterrepairsatBremertonfollowingthisaction,shereturnedtodutyintimeforthe
bombardmentofOkinawainJuneandJuly.ReturningtoPhiladelphiainDecember,shewasplacedinreservethefollowingAugustandsoldforbreakingupin1959.
Morison,TwoOceanWar.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Californian
Liner(1f/4m).L/B/D:447.6'54.2'30'dph(136.4m16.5m9.1m).Tons:6,223grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st60,3rd35050crew.Mach.:tripleexpansion,1
screw13.5kts.Built:CaledonShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Dundee,Scotland1902.
TheLeylandLine'sfreighterCalifornianwasbuiltforservicebetweenEnglandandCaribbeanandGulfCoastports,butshesailedoccasionallyonNorthAtlantic
routesaswell.At2021ontheeveningofApril14,1912,shewasenroutetoBostonwhenshehovetoinamassiveicefieldintheNorthAtlantic.Abouthalfanhour
later,abrilliantlylitvesselappearedonthehorizontheTITANIC,boundforNewYorkonhermaidenvoyage.Californianattemptedtocontacttheunknown
shipbyradioshortlyafter2300towarnherofice,butshewasbrushedoffbyTitanic'sharriedwirelessoperator,JohnPhillips,whowasbusytransmittingpassenger
messagestoCapeRace,Newfoundland.Halfanhourlater,at2340,theprecisetimethattheTitanicstruckaniceberg,Californian'screwnoticedthatthemystery
shipseemedtostopandextinguishsomeofherlights.At0015,April15,justafterCalifornianturnedoffherwirelessforthenight,PhillipssenttheTitanic'sfirst
distresscall.
Californian'sCaptainStanleyLordandhiscrewcontinuedtopuzzleovertheactionsofthesteameronthehorizon,particularlywhenshebegantofirerockets
eightinallbetween0045and0140.Lordandhisofficersdiscussedthestrangeship,therockets,herfailuretorespondtotheMorselamp,andthe"queer"wayshe
looked,likeshehada"bigsideoutofthewater."Yetnoonethoughttotrytoraisethemysteriousshipbywireless.(Afterthedisaster,allshipswererequiredtoman
theirradios24hoursaday.)NordidanyonesurmisethattheshipwasinfactTitanic,withwhichCalifornianexperiencedsuchabrusquecommunicationearlierthat
evening.At0240,thecrewofCalifornianspottedmorerockets(presumablyfiredfromCARPATHIA,whichwasrespondingtoTitanic'sdistresscallsatfull
speed),butitwasnotuntil0520thatCalifornian'swirelessoperatorwasreturnedtoworkandlearnedoftheTitanic'ssinkingascantfifteenmilesaway.
NewsofCalifornian'sproximitytothedisastercreatedasensationwhentheshipdockedatBostononApril19.Lordinitiallydeniedthatanythingunusualoccurred
onthenightinquestion,butseveralofhiscrewtestifiedaboutseeingtheeightrockets.TheU.S.SenateCommitteeinvestigatingthetragedyfoundthatLordhadfailed
torespondtoTitanic'srockets"inaccordancewiththedictatesofhumanity,internationalusage,andtherequirementsoflaw."TheBritishBoardofTradewent
further,chargingthathadLordrespondedappropriately,Californian"mighthavesavedmanyifnotallthelivesthatwerelost."
Lordclaimedinhisdefensethatdespitehisship'sgeneralproximitytoTitanic,iceconditionsdictatedbehaviorthatwasunfairlysecondguessed.Healsosaidthat
therewasanothervesselbetweenhisshipandTitanic,lateridentifiedastheNorwegiansealerSamson.(SubsequentresearchfoundthatSamsoncouldnothave
beenintheareaatthetime.)DespitethecensureoftheAmericanandBritishinquiries,Lordhadhisapologists,ledbytheMercantileMarineServiceAssociationand
afewwellplacedmembersoftheBritishParliamentandthepress.AlthoughheresignedfromLeylandLineinAugust1912andspenttherestofhislifeansweringfor
hisconductduringtheTitanicsinking,hehadalongandrespectedcareerwiththeNitrateProducersSteamShipCompany.Californiancontinuedinserviceasa
merchantshipuntilNovember9,1915,whenshewastorpedoedintheMediterranean61milessouthsouthwestofCapeMatapan,Greece.
Reade,ShipThatStoodStill.

HMSCalliope
Calliopeclasscorvette(1f/3m).L/B/D:235'44.5'19.1'(71.6m13.6m5.8m).Tons:2,770disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:317.Arm.:46"(41),125",6
mg214"TT.Mach.:compoundengine,4,023ihp,1screw14.7kts.Des.:NathanielBarnaby.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1884.
Oneofthelasttwocorvettespoweredbysteamandsail(shecarriedabarkrig)intheRoyalNavy,HMSCalliopewassimilartotheComusclasscorvettes
commissionedforlongrangecommerceprotectionbetween1879and1881.DispatchedtotheAustralianstationfrom1886to

Page88

1890,sheachievedlastingfamein1889astheonlyoneofsevenwarshipstoescapeseriousdamagewhenahurricanehitApia.Calliopehadbeensenttoprotect
BritishinterestsinSamoainthefaceofmountingtensionbetweentheUnitedStatesandGermany.OnMarch14,theweatherbegantodeteriorate,butadvisedby
localpilotsthatthestormseasonwasover,thefleetspreparedtorideoutthestormatanchor.Thestormcontinuedunabatedthroughthesixteenth,wreckingtwelve
ofthethirteenshipsintheharbor,includingthreeGermanandthreeAmericanwarships.OnlyCalliopewasabletogetunderwayand,narrowlymissingboththereefs
andUSSTrenton,struggleintoopenwaters.FourdayslatershereturnedtoasceneofutterdevastationRobertLouisStevensondescribedtheaftermath:"nosail
afloatandthebeachpiledhighwiththewrecksofshipsanddebrisofmountainforests."
The"HurricaneJumper,"asshecametobeknown,returnedtoBritainin1890andwaslaidupforsevenyears.Aftereightyearsasatender,shebecameareserve
trainingshipintheTynein1906.RenamedHeliconfrom1915to1936,sheremainedthereuntilbrokenupin1951.
Brown,"Seamanship,SteamandSteel."Osbon,"PassingoftheSteamandSailCorvette."

Calypso
(exJ826)Researchship(1f/1m).L/B/D:139'25'10'(42.4m7.6m3m).Tons:402disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:27.Mach.:diesels,580hp,2screws10
kts.Built:BallardMarineRailway,Seattle1942.
Commissionedin1942,J826wasoneof561yardmotorminesweepers(YMS)builtduringWorldWarII.TurnedovertotheBritish,sheoperatedoutofMalta,
Taranto,andNaplesuntiltheendofthewar.In1947sherevertedtoU.S.Navycontrol,buttwoyearslatershewassoldforuseasaferryoperatingbetweenMalta
andGozo.RenamedCalypso,shehadacapacityfor400peopleand11cars.Thenextyear,shewaspurchasedbyLieutenantCommanderJacquesYvesCousteau,
whohadhelpedfoundtheFrenchNavy'sUnderseaResearchGroupin1945,butwhowasthenonleavetofurtherdevelopSCUBA(selfcontainedunderwater
breathingapparatus)divingandothermeansofunderwaterinvestigation.
Calypsoprovedanidealplatformforsuchwork.Cousteauandhiscrewspioneeredawidevarietyoftechniqueswithwhichtheyexploredthe"silentkingdom"ofthe
world'soceans,coastalwaters,andrivers.Theirinnumerablediscoveriesfocusedworldattentiononthevarietyandfragilityoftheworld'soceanenvironmentandthat
ofthesurroundingshores.Overthenextfortysixyears,theshiploggedmorethanonemillionmiles,chieflyintheMediterranean,thecoastofAfrica,NorthandSouth
America,Oceania,theEastIndies,andAntarctica.TheprimaryvehicleofFrance'soceanographiceffortuntil1966,Calypsocarriedstateoftheartequipment,
includingoneandtwopersonminisubs,divingsaucers,andunderwaterscooters.Inaddition,theshipwasfittedwitha"falsenose"anobservationchamberten
feetbelowthewaterlineandshecarriedhelicoptersandequipmentformonitoringmeteorologicalconditions.PerhapsmostsignificantwastheCousteauSociety's
disseminationoftheresultsofitsresearchthroughperiodicals,books,anddocumentaries.Thefirstofthese,TheSilentWorld,tookfouryearstofilm,andin1957
Cousteauandhisyoungcodirector,LouisMalle,wontheCannesFilmFestival'sGoldenPalm.ThiswasfollowedbyBeneaththeFrozenWorld(aboutAntarctica),
RediscoveryoftheWorld(abouttheislandsofthewesternPacific),andmorethansixtyothers,includingthe1960stelevisionseries,TheUnderseaWorldof
JacquesCousteau.
OnJanuary8,1996,abargetowhichCalypsowasmooredbrokelooseanddrovethevesselontoapilinginSingaporeHarbor.Shewasraised,butthenearlossof
thefiftysixyearoldshipledtheSocietytoproceedwithplanstocommissionCalypsoII,speciallydesignedasaplatformforoceanographicresearchandpowered
bydieselenginesandatwentysixmeterhighTurbovoileatypeofrotorcylindersimilartothatdesignedbyAntonFlettnerforhisBADENBADENin1920.
Richards,"SisandJ826."Traonouletal.,"RevivingaLegend."

HMSCampbeltown
(exUSSBuchanan)Wickesclassdestroyer(2f/2m).L/B/D:314.4'31.8'9'(95.8m9.7m2.7m).Tons:1,090disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:113.Arm.:4
4"(22),11pdr,23pdr,2.30cal1221"TT.Mach.:gearedturbines,26,000shp,2screws35kts.Built:BathIronWorks,Bath,Me.1919.
NamedforAdmiralFranklinBuchanan,whoservedintheU.S.Navyfrom1815untiljoiningtheConfederateStatesNavyin1861,USSBuchanan(DD131)
servedwiththePacificFleetoutofSanDiegofortwodecades.AtthestartofWorldWarII,shewasputontheAtlanticNeutralityPatroldesignedtokeepEuropean
combatantsoutofAmericanwaters.TurnedovertotheBritishaspartofthelendleaseprograminSeptember1940andrenamedHMSCampbeltown,sheworked
asaconvoyescortontheAtlantic.

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ConcernedaboutthepotentialthreatposedbyTIRPITZshouldshebreakoutintotheAtlantic,theBritishlaunchedOperationChariot,todestroytheNormandie
dock(namedfortheFrenchoceanliner)atSt.Nazaire,theonlydocklargeenoughtoholdtheGermanbattleship.Packedwithexplosivesandescortedby
commandosingunboats,motortorpedoboats,andmotorlaunches,onthenightofMarch28,1942,Campbeltownwasdrivenintothedockcaisson.Elevenhours
later,thetimedelayedexplosivesdestroyedthedockandotherportfacilities.Onlyfourofthemotorlaunchesreturnedfromthechaoticoperation,forwhichfive
VictoriaCrosseswereawarded,includingonetoCampbeltown'sLieutenantCommanderS.H.Beattie.
Wingate,HMS"Campbeltown."

HMSCamperdown
Admiralclassbattleship.(2f/1m).L/B/D:330'bp68.5'28.4'(100.6m20.9m8.7m).Tons:10,600disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:525536,Arm.:413.5"(2
2),66",126pdr,103pdr514"TT.Armor:18"belt,3"deck.Mach.:compoundengine,7,500ihp,2screws15.7kts.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.
1889.
HMSCamperdownthenamecelebratesaBritishvictoryoveraDutchfleetonOctober11,1797wasoneoffourAdmiralclassbarbetteships(later
classifiedasbattleships)laiddownin188283.CamperdownspentsixmonthsasflagshipoftheMediterraneanFleetandwasnextflagshipoftheChannelFleetuntil
1892,whenshereturnedtotheMediterranean.OnJune22,1893,CamperdownwasflyingtheflagofRearAdmiralA.H.MarkhamduringmaneuversoffTripoli,
Lebanon.TheshipsweresteamingintwocolumnsaboutsixcablesapartwhenViceAdmiralSirGeorgeTryon,CommanderinChief,Mediterranean,orderedthe
twodivisionstoturninwards,amaneuverthatmostofficersonthebridgecouldseewouldresultinacollision.CamperdownrammedVICTORIA,whichsankwith
thelossof358ofherofficersandcrew,Tryonamongthem.Camperdownnearlysank,too,butstaggeredintoport.Followingrepairsshewasputintoreserve.After
aturnasaCoastGuardshipandsubmarineberthingshipatHarwich,shewasbrokenupin1911.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.

HMSCanopus
Canopusclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:418'74'26.5'(127.4m22.6m8.1m).Tons:14,320disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:750.Arm.:412",126",12
12pdr,63pdr418"TT.Armor:6"belt2.5"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,13,500ihp,2screws18.3kts.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1899.
NamedfortheancientEgyptiancitynearAlexandriawhereNelsondefeatedtheFrenchattheBattleoftheNile,theCanopuswasthefirstofsixlightlybuiltpre
Dreadnoughtbattleshipsorderedin1896.CanopusspenttwotoursintheMediterranean(1903and1908),andtheoutbreakofWorldWarIfoundherlaidupand
scheduledforscrappingin1915.TheBritishAdmiraltysentCanopus,CaptainHeathcoteGrantcommanding,toreinforceRearAdmiralChristopherCradock's
SouthAmericansquadronagainstViceAdmiralGrafvonSpee'sEastAsiaCruiserSquadron.ButCradockdetachedhertoescortcolliersandshemissedthe
disastrousBattleofCoronel.FirstSeaLordFisherthenorderedtheshipbeachedatStanleyasadefensefortheFalklandIslandsportandonDecember8,Canopus
firedtheopeningshotsofthebattleoftheFalklandsagainstthescoutingGNEISENAUandNurnberg.AfterserviceintheDardanellesin1915,shewastakenoutof
activeserviceandbrokenupinFebruary1920.
Marder,FromtheDreadnoughttoScapaFlow.

CapArcona
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:643.6'bp84.6'(196.2m25.8m).Tons:27,561grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st575,2nd275,3rd465.Mach.:steamturbines,2screws20kts.
Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1927.
BuiltforHamburgSouthAmericanLine'spassengertradebetweenHamburg,RiodeJaneiro,andBuenosAires,CapArconaremainedinthattradeforherwhole
civiliancareer.ShegenerallymadethepassagebetweenHamburgandBrazilin12days,andin15toArgentina.FollowingtheoutbreakofWorldWarIIin
September1939,CapArconawaskeptatHamburguntilthefollowingyearwhenshemovedtoGotenhafen(Gdynia)foruseasanaccommodationship.In1945,
shewaspressedintoactiveserviceandwasusedtorepatriaterefugeesfromthecollapsingEasternFronttowesternGermany.Shecarriedanestimated25,000
evacueesinherfirstthreevoyages.ShewassunkinaBritishbombingraidonLbeckharboronMay3,onedayafterthefallofBerlinandfivedaysbeforetheendof
thewarinEurope.Fromamongtheestimated6,000passengersaboardtheship,therewereonlyabout350survivors.
Bonsor,SouthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

Page90

CapeGelidonyawreck
L:2632'(810m).Hull:wood.Built:Phoenicianca.1200BCE.
ThefirstBronzeAgeshipwreckeverexcavatedliesoffCapeGelidonya(GelidonouBurnu,or"CapeofSwallows")onthesouthwestcoastofTurkey,in3611'N,
3025'E.Withitsstrong,unpredictablecurrentandjagged,halfsubmergedrocks,theareais"extremelyhazardoustomariners,"astheRomanencyclopedistPliny
notedinthefirstcenturyCE.Arowoffiverocky,uninhabitedislandsextendssouthfromthecapeandtheremainsoftheshipliebetweenthetwoislandsclosestto
themainland.Sheprobablywreckedonthenorthsideofthemoresoutherlyoftheseandsankinabout90feetofwater.
Thewreckwasdiscoveredin1954byKemalAras,thecaptainofaspongeboatfromBodrum.In1959,followingdirectionsprovidedbyAras,PeterThrockmorton
locatedandphotographedthesite.Inthesummerof1960,archaeologistGeorgeF.BassdirectedanexpeditionfromtheUniversityMuseumoftheUniversityof
Pennsylvaniatoinvestigatetheshipanditscargo.Asecondexpeditionwasmountedin198788.TheGelidonyashipwasthefirstwrecktobeexcavatedinits
entiretyontheseabedfollowingarchaeologicaltechniquesadaptedtoanunderwatersite.
Becausetheshipsettledonarockybottomcoveredbyonlyafewinchesofsand,littleofthestructurewaspreserved.Bassandhisteamfoundjustahandfulofwood
fragments,includingsomepiecesthathavebeenidentifiedasceilingplanks,apparentlyjoinedtothestrakesbytreenails.Oakbrushwoodwasusedasdunnage,
cushioningthehullfromtheheavycargo.Thelengthoftheshipwasestimatedfromthedispositionofthecargoonthebottom,notonthebasisofthesurviving
woodenelements.
Thecargoconsistedofatleastonetonofmetal:88completeandpartialbronzeingotsandanindeterminatequantityoftin,alongwithbronzefarmtools(picks,hoes,
axes,pruninghooks),weapons(knives,spearheads,asword),andhouseholdobjects(amirror,aspit,fragmentsofatripod).Mostofthebronzeobjectswere
broken,suggestingthattheywerebeingtransportedasscrap.Equipmentformetalworking,includingaswageblock,stonehammers,andwhetstone,wasfoundamid
thewreckage.Threesetsofbalancepanweightsandafinelycarvedhematitecylindersealwereprobablythepersonalpossessionsofthemerchantwhoownedthe
ship.
Theapproximatedateofthewreckhasbeenestablishedbystudyofthesmallfindsandpotteryandbycarbon14analysisofthebrushwood.Bassbelievesthe
GelidonyashipwasaPhoenicianvessel,outboundfromaSyrianhomeport.Fiveamulets,perhapscarriedbythecrewmembersasgoodluckcharms,appearSyro
Palestinianinform,asisthemerchant'scylinderseal.ThevesselwasmostlikelysailingwestalongtheAnatoliancoast,enroutetotheAegeanSea.Itslastportofcall
mayhavebeenontheislandofCyprus(about150milestothesoutheast),amajorcenterforancientbronzeproductionanddistribution.
Bass,"CapeGelidonya:ABronzeAgeShipwreck""ReturntoCapeGelidonya."Throckmorton,ed.SeaRemembers.

CapPilar
Barkentine(3m).L/B/D:117.8'27.5'12.7'dph(35.9m8.4m3.9m).Tons:295grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Built:G.Gautier,St.Malo,France1911.
BuiltfortheFrenchGrandBanksfishingfleet,CapPilarwaspurchasedfromLouisLaisneyin1936byAdrianSeligman,anEnglishveteranofthreeyearsinGustaf
Erikson'sships,includingOLIVEBANK.Evenbeforehehadaship,Seligmanadvertisedforsixcrewtojoinhimandhisprospectivebride,JaneBatterbury(whom
hemarriedshortlythereafter),onavoyageroundtheworld.CapPilar,namedforthepromontoryatthewesternendoftheStraitofMagellan,waslaterfoundinSt.
Malo.OnSeptember29,1937,CapPilarleftLondonwithacrewofnineteen"afewcheerfulidiotswholiketoseeGoddoingthework"theexperienced
handsincludingSeligmanandhisoldEriksonshipmate,LarsPaersch.TheysaileddowntheAtlanticwithstopsatMadeira,Tenerife,CapeVerde,RiodeJaneiro,
TristandaCunha,CapeTown,andSimonsTown,gainingandlosingcrewastheywent.AfterrunningdowntoSydney,theybeganaleisurelytranspacificvoyage,
stoppingatAucklandwhereJanegavebirthtoJessicaJane,whoremainedwiththeshipmostofthewayhometheGambierandMarquesasIslands,Peru,and
theGalpagos.TheythensailedthroughthePanamaCanal,andaftercallsatJamaica,theCaymanIslands,NewYork,andHalifax,CapPilarlandedatFalmouthon
September12,1938,andreturnedtoLondontwelvedayslater.
In1939,CapPilarwasduetobesoldtotheNauticalCollegeofHaifa,Palestine,butthisprojectwasabandonedatthestartofWorldWarII.Sheneverwentto
seaagain,andwaslefttorotatWyvenhoe.
Seligman,Voyageofthe"CapPilar."

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Imagenotavailable.
OriginallypartoftheFrenchGrandBanksfishingfleet,thebarkentineCAPPILARachievedacertain
celebrityforhertwoyearcircumnavigationby''afewcheerfulidiotswholiketoseeGoddoingthe
workinthelate1930s."CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

HMSCaptain
Canadaclass3rdrate74(3m).L/B/D:170'46.7'20.5'(52.4m14.5m6.2').Tons:1,632bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:550.Arm.:2832pdr,2818pdr,18
9pdr.Des.:WilliamBately.Built:Batson,Limehouse,Eng.1787.
Thethirdofsixshipstobearthename,HMSCaptainwaslaunchedmidwaybetweentheAmericanandtheFrenchRevolutions.Atthestartofthelatter,shewas
partofViceAdmiralSamuelHood'sMediterraneanfleetwhenFrenchRoyaliststhrewopentheportofToulontotheBritishbetweenAugustandDecember1793.
OnMarch14,1795,shewasheavilydamagedoffGenoawhen13shipsinViceAdmiralHotham'ssquadronbestedaFrenchforceof15shipsunderViceAdmiral
Martin.OnJune11,1796,CommodoreHoratioNelsonwastransferredfromHMSAGAMEMNONintoCaptainonordersofAdmiralJohnJervis.Nelson's
squadronwasfirstdeployedoffLivornoduringNapoleonBonaparte'smarchthroughnorthernItalyattheheadoftheArmed'Italie,andinSeptemberheoversaw
Britain'sstrategicwithdrawalfromCorsica.
ByFebruary1797,NelsonhadrejoinedJervis'sfleet25mileswestofCapeSt.VincentatthesouthwesttipofPortugal,justbeforeitinterceptedaSpanishfleet
underAdmiralDonJosdeCordobaonFebruary14.TheSpanishwereenroutefromCartagenatotheEnglishChanneltosupportaFrancoSpanishamphibious
invasionofEnglandtheyhadplannedtostopatCadiz,butovershottheportandwerenowdoublingback.Jervis'sfleetconsistedof15shipsofthelinewhile
Cordobacommanded27ships.TheSpanishcrewswereinexperiencedandpoorlytrained,whichJervisdidnotknowbutthefleet'sdisorganizationwasapparent,
andhelostnotimeinexploitinghisadvantage.
ThebattleopenedwiththeBritishsailingsouthsouthwesttopassbetweentwogroupsofSpanishships.Thebulkofthefleetwasheadingnorthnorthwestwhileeight
shipssailednorthnortheastwithaviewtocirclingbehindtheBritishtorejointhemaingroup.Atabout1300,theBritishlinebeganturningtochasethelargerSpanish
squadron.RealizingthattheywereindangeroflosingtheSpanishfleettoleeward,andtopreventapossiblejunctionwiththeeightshipstotheeast,Nelsononhis
owninitiativeworeshipCaptainwasthirdfromthelastinlinetointercepttheSpanishvan.JervisimmediatelyapprovedthemovebyorderingExcellent,inthe
rearoftheBritishline,tojoinCaptainagainstCordoba'simmenseflagship,SantsimaTrinidad,whichmounted136

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gunsonfourdecks.ThebattlequicklybecamegeneralandCaptaincameunderfirefromsevenSpanishships,sufferedmanykilledandwounded,andhadmuchof
herriggingshotaway.At1530,shewascloselyengagedwithSanNicols(80guns)whentheSpaniardwasdisabledbyabroadsidefromExcellentandraninto
SanJos(112).WithCaptainnolongermaneuverable,NelsonranhisshipalongsideSanNicols,whichhiscrewseizedinaboardingactioninwhichhe
participated.HewaspreparingtoorderhismenintoSanJoswhenthecaptainofthatshipsignaledhisintenttosurrender."Idesiredhim,"wroteNelson,
tocallonhisofficers,andonthequarterdeckofaSpanishfirstrate,extravagantasthestorymayseem,didIreceivetheswordsofvanquishedSpaniards,which,asIreceived,I
gavetooneofmybargemen,whoputthemwiththegreatestsangfroidunderhisarm.

Laterintheevening,NelsonwasinvitedaboardVICTORYwhereJervis,soontobeEarlSt.Vincent,embracedhimandsaid"hecouldnotsufficientlythankme,and
usedeverykindexpression,whichcouldnotfailtomakemehappy."
HavingbeenresponsibleforhalftheSpanishshipscapturedoffCapeSt.Vincent,CaptainwasthemostseverelydamagedoftheBritishshipsandtheonlyone
dismasted.Shereturnedtoservicefollowingrepairs,butheronlyotherbattlehonorswereforherpartinthecaptureofMartiniquein1809.Thesameyearshewas
putintoharborservice,andfouryearslatersheburnedatPlymouthwhileundergoingconversiontoasheerhulk.
Bennett,NelsontheCommander.

HMSCaptain
Captainclassturretship(1f/3m).L/B/D:334'53.3"25.5'(101.8m16.2m7.8m).Tons:7,767disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:500.Arm.:412"(22),27".
Armor:7"belt.Mach.:trunkengines,5,400ihp,2screws14.25kts.Des.:CowperColes.Built:LairdBros.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.1870.
HMSCaptainwastheinspirationoftheRoyalNavy'sCaptainCowperColes,anearlyadvocateofcenterlineturretsforwarships.Unlikethetraditionalbroadside
battery,turretsenabledaship'sgunstobebroughttobearwithoutchangingtheship'sheading.Coles'sideaswerenotreadilyacceptedbythenavalestablishment,
whichhadmodifiedhisideasintheirdevelopmentofHMSMonarch.ButpublicsupportfromtheBritishpressandmembersofparliamentfinallypressuredthe
AdmiraltyintoacceptinghisdesignforHMSCaptain,whichwaslaiddownbyLairdsin1867.
Althoughdesignedwithafreeboardofonly8.5feettheintentwastominimizetheareaofhullexposedtoenemyfireCaptainwassoheavilybuiltthather
upperdeckrestedonly6.5feetabovethewaterlineatfulldraft,whichmadeherawetshipinallbutthecalmestweather.Theprimaryarmamentwascontainedintwo
revolvingcenterlineturretsontheupperdeck,butaforecastleandpooponthesamedeckeffectivelyreducedthearcoffireofthefour12inchgunstobroadside
positions.AlthoughColeswasinfavorofeliminatingsailpropulsionaltogetheramonghisotherinnovationswastheadoptionoftwinscrewstheAdmiralty
insistedthatCaptain'slimitedcoalcapacitybeaugmentedbyanauxiliarysailrigforoceanvoyaging.ForhismasterpieceColesinsistedonarigthatspread50,000
squarefeetofsail.Tripodmastseliminatedamassofstandingrigging,buttheyvirtuallyguaranteedthattheshipwouldcapsizebeforethemastswouldbreak.
Withherexcessivedraftandherloftyandrigidmasting,theshiphadamaximumstabilityangleofonly21degreesasagainstmorethan60degreesforvirtuallyall
otherRoyalNavycapitalships.Theseproblemsnotwithstanding,theshipwasacceptedandjoinedtheChannelSquadroninthesummerof1870underCaptainHugh
BurgoyneColeshimselfsailedinherasanobserver.ThesquadronsailedtoGibraltartojoinAdmiralSirAlexanderMilne'sMediterraneanfleetformaneuversinthe
Atlantic.OnSeptember6,MilneboardedCaptainintheBayofBiscaytoobservegunnerypractice.Towardseveningthewindfreshenedandhereturnedtohisflag
ship,LordWarden.Thefleetwasabout20mileswestofCapeFinisterre,Spain,whenshortlyaftermidnightablastofwindwhippedthroughthefleet,blowingout
sailsaboardall11shipsinthefleetexceptCaptain.Shewasknockeddownandsankwiththelossofallbut18ofher499crewinabout43N,906'E.
Inthecourtmartialthatfollowed,blameforthetragedyflowedfreelybetweentheAdmiralty,Colesandhissupporters,andthebuilders.Thecourtavoided
castigatinganyoftheprincipalsinvolvedwiththecontroversialship.Itsmutedfindingasserted:"theCaptainwasbuiltindeferencetopublicopinionexpressedin
Parliamentandthroughotherchannels."AlthoughHMSCaptaincanhardlybesaidtohavevindicatedallofColes'sinnovationstheRoyalNavyhasneveragain
usedthenameforoneofitsshipscenterlineturretedgunsquicklybecamethenormforcapitalships.
Ballard,BlackBattlefleet.Sandler,"'InDeferencetoPublicOpinion.'"

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CapTrafalgar
Linerarmedmerchantcruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:612.7'27.9'x27.9'(186.8m22m8.5m).Tons:18,710grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st400,2nd275,3rd900
crew330.Arm.:210.5cm,63.7cm.Mach.:tripleexpansion&steamturbine,3screws17kts.Built:AGVulcan,Hamburg1914.
BuiltfortheHamburgSouthAmericanSteamshipCompany,duringherbriefcareerbetweenMarchandAugust1914,CapTrafalgarwasoneofthelargestliners
ontheSouthAmericanrunfromEurope.OnAugust18,twoweeksafterWorldWarIbegan,CapTrafalgarsailedfromMontevideoforarendezvouswiththe
GermanSouthWestAfricabasedgunboatSMSEber,fromwhichshereceivedhermodestarmamentandherwartimemaster,LieutenantCommanderJuliusWirth.
RemovingherthirdfunnelanddisguisingherselfasaUnionCastleLineship,shetookupstationontheBraziliancoast.OnSeptember14,whilerefuelingoffTrinidad
Island,shewassurprisedbytheBritishmerchantcruiserCARMANIAatabout1100.Intheensuingbattle,thefasterandbetterarmedCapTrafalgarwassunk
after1hour,40minutes.Theloss,whichcouldhavebeenavoided,wasdueinparttothefactthatwhileWirthorderedhisship'sfiredirectedatCarmania'sbridge,
Carmaniaaimedatthewaterline.CapTrafalgarbrokeoffthefightat1330andturnedforTrinidadshesankat1350,inposition2010'S,2951'W.Seventeenof
hercrewdied,includingWirth300escapedtothecollierEleonoreWoermannandwerelandedatBuenosAires.
Bonsor,SouthAtlanticSeaway.Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

Imagenotavailable.
BuiltforHamburgSouthAmericaLine'spassengerservicebetweenGermanyandSouth
America,duringWorldWarICAPTRAFALGARwasfittedoutasanarmedmerchant
cruiser.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

Carmania
Linerarmedmerchantcruiser(2f/2m).L/B:650.4'72.2'(198.2m22m).Tons:19,524grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st300,2nd350,3rd2,000.Arm.:84.7cm.
Mach.:steamturbines,3screws18kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1905.
Onlythethirdtransatlanticlinerfittedwithturbinepropulsion,CunardLine'sCarmaniawasbuiltfortherunbetweenLiverpool,Queenstown,andNewYork.On
August7,1914,threedaysafterBritaindeclaredwaronGermany,CarmaniaarrivedatLiverpoolafteraregularcrossingtoNewYork.Shewasconvertedtoan
armedmerchantcruisermountingeight4.7inchgunsandsailedonAugust16,CaptainNoelGrantcommanding,fordutyintheSouthAtlantic.Whileonroutinepatrol
offthecoastofBrazilwiththecruiserHMSCornwall,CarmaniawassenttoTrinidadIslandwhere,at1100onSeptember14,shefoundtheGermanauxiliary
cruiserCAPTRAFALGARrefueling.Carmaniaopenedfireat1203.TheGermansconcentratedtheirfireonCarmania'sbridge,butGrantaimedforCap
Trafalgar'swaterline.AlthoughCarmaniawashit80timesandlost9crew,thestrategyworkedandCapTrafalgarbrokeoffthefightat1330andsankat1350.
CarmaniaunderwentrepairsatGibraltar.In1916shereturnedtothetransatlanticrun,continuinginthatservicethroughthewarandforafurther13years.Shewas
soldandscrappedatBlythin1932.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

Carnegie
Brigantine(2m).L/B/D:155'33'14'(47.2m10.1m4.3m).Tons:568disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:8scientists,17crew.Des.:HenryJ.Gielow.Built:Tebo
YachtBasinCo.,Brooklyn,N.Y.1909.

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Imagenotavailable.
Awoodenshipnamedforamanofsteel,thebrigantineCARNEGIEof1909wasbuilt
withtheexpresspurposeofinvestigatingvariationsintheEarth'smagneticfield.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

TheproblemsofEarth'smagnetismhavebedevilednavigatorseversincetheinventionofthecompass,becausethecompasspointsnottotheNorthPole,ortrue
north,buttothemagneticnorthpole,thelocationofwhichchangesovertime.(In1992,themagneticnorthpolewaslocatedatabout7824'N,10418'W,about
1,000milessouthoftheNorthPole.)Todetermineanaccuratecoursewithacompass,oneneedstoknowthehorizontalanglebetweentruenorthandmagnetic
northknownasvariation,ordeclinationwhichvariesaccordingtowhereoneisinrelationtothemagneticpoleandothervariables.
OneofthefirsttoexaminethisproblemhadbeenEdmundHalley,inPARAMORE,butbythetwentiethcentury,theproblemremainedtobeaddressedfully.In
1904,theCarnegieInstitutionbeganamassivesurveyofmagneticvariationwiththeestablishmentofobservatoriestheworldover.From1903to1908,theinstitution
employedthebrigantineGalileetoconductmagneticsurveysatseabutasherhullincludedsomemagneticmaterials,sheprovedlessthanperfectfortheassignment.
Thuswasborntheideaforavesseldesignedsolelyformagneticresearch.Completelyironfree,herengines,propellershaft,anchors,andotherfittingswereof
bronze,heranchorhawserwashemp,andshemountedawoodenfisherman'swindlassonherforedeck.(Itisaniceirony,andspeaksvolumesofherbenefactorand
namesake'shumanitarianvision,thatAndrewCarnegiemadehisfortuneinsteel.)
Between1909and1921,Carnegiemadesixvoyagesduringwhichsheconductedmagneticsurveysacrossalltheoceansoftheworldfromasfarnorthas80Nand
asfarsouthas60S.Theprimarymagneticsurveycompletedin1922,shewaslaidupatWashington,D.C.Sixyearslater,shewasrecommissionedforathreeyear
cruisethepurposeofwhichwasbothtocheckpreviousmagneticreadingsandtoconductbasicoceanographicresearch.Equippedwithinstrumentsforbottom
sampling,meteorologicalmeasurements,andotherobservations,shedepartedWashingtononMay1,1928,underCaptainJamesPercyAult,whohadcommanded
heronthreepreviousexpeditions.AftersailingtoHamburgviaPlymouth,England,sherecrossedtheAtlanticviaIcelandandBarbadostoPanama.Transitingthe
Canal,CarnegieenteredthePacificinOctoberandsailedforEasterIsland.FromtheretheshipsailedeasttoPeru,andthenwestagainforYokohama,viaSamoa
andGuam.FromJapanshereturnedeasttoSanFranciscoandthensailedforHawaii,AmericanSamoa,andWesternSamoa.OnNovember9,1929,whileloading
drumsofgasolineinpreparationforthedeparturefromApia,theshipwasdestroyedinanexplosionthatkilledCaptainAultandthecabinboy.
Paul,LastCruiseofthe"Carnegie."

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Caroline
(exCarolina)Sidewheelsteamboat(1f).L/B:71'20.5'(21.6m6.2m).Tons:46grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:sidewheel.Built:NewYork1822.
ThediminutivepassengersteamerCarolinepossiblynamedforGeorgeIV'sQueenCarolinewasbuiltforserviceinNewYorkintheearly1820s.Soldto
NorthCarolinainterestsforserviceonAlbemarleSound,by1834shewasbackontheHudsonferryingbetweenAlbanyandTroy,NewYork.Soldagainand
renamedCaroline,shewastowedthroughtheErieandOswegoCanalsandputinserviceontheSt.LawrenceRiver.StilllatershepasseduptheWellandCanalto
LakeErieforservicebetweenBuffaloandPortRobinson.OnDecember1,1837,WilliamWellsofBuffaloboughtCarolineandlaidherupintheNiagaraRiver.
Thatyear,thefirstofQueenVictoria's64yearreign,tensionsbetweentheUnitedStatesandBritainwereaggravatedbytherisingsecessionistfeelinginUpperand
LowerCanada(nowOntarioandQuebec,respectively).AfterafailedattackonTorontoonDecember5,thePatriots'leaderWilliamLyonMackenziefledtoa
generallysympatheticBuffalo,NewYork,andestablishedhisheadquartersonNavyIslandintheNiagaraRiver.ThePatriotshiredCarolinetotransportsuppliesto
theirbase,andsoshewashackedoutoftheiceonDecember28.ThefollowingdayshemadeseveralrunstoNavyIslandbeforetyingupatSchlosser,NewYork.
Thatnight,while33peoplesleptaboard,CommanderAndrewDrewand45menrowedoverfromChippewa,Ontario,andattacked.AmosDurfeeofBuffalowas
killed,andCarolinewastowedintothestreamandburned.AmericanswereincensedbyBritain'sviolationofAmericansovereigntyandGeneralWinfieldScottwas
dispatchedtomaintaincalmnonethelessCarolinewasavengedintheburningofSIRROBERTPEELinMay1837.Carolineranagroundbeforegoingover
NiagaraFalls,andherengineandfigureheadwereeventuallysalvagedandpreservedintheBuffaloHistoricalSociety.
Musham,"EarlyGreatLakesSteamboats:TheCarolineAffair."

USSCarondelet
Cairoclassironcladgunboat(2f/2m).L/B/D:175'51.2'6'(53.3m15.6m1.8m).Tons:512.Hull:wood.Comp.:251.Arm.:632pdr,38",642pdr,
112pdr.Armor:2.5"casemate.Mach.:horizontalbeamengines,centerwheel4kts.Built:JamesEads&Co.,St.Louis,Mo.1862.
NamedforavillageinSt.LouisCounty,Missouri,USSCarondeletfirstsawactionwiththeU.S.Army'sWesternGunboatFlotillaatthecaptureofFortHenry,on
theTennesseeRiver,onFebruary6,1862.Aweeklater,shewasatthefallofFortDonelson,ontheCumberland.MovingtotheMississippi,underCommander
HenryWalkeCarondeletcontributedtothecaptureofIslandNo.10,FortPillow,andMemphis,Tennessee.InJulysheranagroundandwasheavilydamagedon
theYazooRiverinanengagementwithCSSARKANSASwhenthatironcladescapeddowntheYazooandpasttheUnionfleetaboveVicksburg,Mississippi.In
October1862,theWesternGunboatFlotillawastransferredtotheNavyandbecametheMississippiSquadron.Carondeletsubsequentlytookpartinseveral
engagementsontheYazoo,Mississippi,andRedRiversaimedatweakeningVicksburg'sdefenses.Bythebeginningof1864,herarmamentconsistedoftwo100
pdr.,one50pdr.,one30pdr.,three9inch,andfour8inchguns.(The8inchwerelaterremoved.)ThesurrenderofthatConfederatestrongholdonJuly4,1864,
andofPortHudson,Louisiana,twodayslater,gavetheUnioncompletecontroloftheMississippi,andCarondeletreturnedtotheCumberland.Herlastmajor
engagementwasatBell'sMill,belowNashville,onDecember3,1864.SoldinNovember1865,herhullwaslaterincorporatedintoawharfatGallipolis,Ohio.
Anderson,BySeaandRiver.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Caronia
Liner(1f/1m).L/B:715'91.4'(217.9m27.9m).Tons:34,183grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st581,cabin351.Mach.:steamturbines,2screws22kts.Built:John
Brown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1947.
ThesecondCunardLineshipofthename,Caroniawasoneofthefirstshipsbuiltforserviceprimarilyasacruiseship.Althoughmanylinershadbeenemployedin
cruising,thiswasseasonalworkforwhichNorthAtlanticpassengershipswerenotwellsuited.Paintedthreeshadesofgreen,Caroniabegansummertimeservice
betweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkin1947,withcruisesfromNewYorkduringthewinter.Aspassengerjetscutintothetransatlantictrade,the
"GreenGoddess"wasturnedincreasinglytocruising,andshewaswellknownforherroundtheworldcruises.Amongtheamenitiesaddedwereairconditioning,in
1956,andalidodeckadeckwithapool,namedfortheresortareanearVenicein1965.ThreeyearslaterCunardsoldher

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toStarLine,andshewasrenamedColumbiaandlaterCaribia.Laidupformuchofthetime,shewasnotasuccessforhernewownersandwasfinallysoldto
Taiwaneseshipbreakers.WhileenroutetoKaohsiungin1974,shestruckthebreakwateratGuamandbrokeapart.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Watson,DisastersatSea.

Carpathia
Liner(1f/4m).L/B:540'bp64.5'(164.6m19.7m).Tons:13,555grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:2nd204,3rd1,500.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,2screws14kts.
Built:Swan,Hunter&WighamRichardson,Ltd.,WallsendonTyne,Eng.1903.
NamedfortheregioninCentralEurope,theCunardLine'sCarpathiawasoriginallybuiltfortwoclass(secondandthird)passengerservicebetweenTriesteand
NewYork,withstopsatFiume,Naples,andGibraltar.(Shelatercarriedthreeclasses.)OnApril15,1912,enroutetotheMediterraneanwith750passengers
undercommandofCaptainArthurRostron,shereceivedthefirstdistresscallfromTITANICwhile58milesor4hours'steamingfromthedoomedship'sposition.
About1530,anhouraftertheTitanicsank,Carpathiacameonwiththefirstofthefewlifeboatsfromwhichshewouldrescueatotalof706survivorsofthe2,223
passengersandcrewwhohadsailedfromSouthampton.CarpathiaputbacktoNewYorkandarrivedthereontheeveningofApril18.AfterloweringTitanic's
lifeboatsattheWhiteStarpiershereturnedtoCunard'sPier54whereshewasgreetedbyacrowdofsome30,000people.
DuringWorldWarI,CarpathiacontinuedinserviceontheNorthAtlantic.OnJuly17,1918,shewastorpedoedbyU55about120mileswestofFastnetenroute
fromLiverpooltoBoston,withthelossoffivepeople.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Lynch&Marschall,Titanic.

USSCassinYoung(DD793)
Fletcherclassdestroyer(2f/2m).L/B/D:376.5'39.7'17.8'(114.8m12.1m5.4m).Tons:2,050disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:320.Arm.:5x5"1021"TT6
dcp,2dct.Mach.:gearedturbines,60,000shp,2screws36kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,SanPedro,Calif.1943.
USSCassinYoungwasnamedforanavalofficerawardedaMedalofHonorforhisactionsatPearlHarbor,andaNavyCrossascommanderofthecruiserUSS
SanFranciscoatthebattlesofCapeEsperanceandGuadalcanal,wherehewaskilledonNovember13,1942.CommissionedonDecember31,1943,shejoined
ViceAdmiralMarcMitscher'sFastCarrierForce(TaskForce58)asapicketshipintimefortheinvasionoftheCarolineIslandsinApril,andfromJunethrough
August,oftheMarianas.AftertheattacksonthePalauIslands(JulythroughOctober),shesailedwiththecarriersintowhatwouldbecometheFormosaAirBattleof
October1013.AtthefarflungBattleofLeyteGulf,CassinYoungwaspartofTaskGroup38.3attheBattleofCapeEngano(October25)inwhichfourJapanese
carriersweresunk.AttheendofMarch1945,shewasatOkinawawhereshewasusedforinshoresupportandasaradarpicketagainstkamikazes.OnApril12,
shedownedfivesuicideplanesbeforebeinghitbyone.AfterrepairsatUlithi,shereturnedtoOkinawaandremainedthereoffandonuntilJuly29,whenshewashita
secondtimeandlost22deadand45woundedinthelastkamikazeattackofthewar.Placedinreservefrom1946to1952,afteraroundtheworldcruiseshespent
theremainderofhercareerintheAtlanticandMediterranean.Decommissionedagainin1960,CassinYounghasbeenamuseumshipattheCharlestown
(Massachusetts)NavyYardsince1978.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Catalpa
Bark(3m).L/B/D:90'25'12'dph(27.4m7.6m3.7m).Tons:260net.Hull:wood.Comp.:22.Built:Medford,Mass.1844.
Catalpa(thenameisthatofaspeciesoftree)sailedasamerchantshipforNewYorkownersuntil1852,whenshewaspurchasedbyI.Howland,Jr.&Company
(ownersofCHARLESW.MORGAN)andputintoserviceasawhaleship.ShemadetwogoodvoyagesfromNewBedfordtothePacificgrounds(185256and
185660)beforebeingsoldtoSanFranciscointerestsforuseasamerchantshipin1862.Fouryearslatersheresumedwhaling,undertheownershipofN.T.
Gifford.Afteronevoyageshewassoldin1873toF.W.HomanofGloucester,whoputherinthelumbertradetotheWestIndies.Thefollowingyearhesoldherto
JohnT.RichardsonofNewBedford.
Thoughalegitimatewhalingagentinhisownright,RichardsonpurchasedthebarkonbehalfoftheClannaGael,anIrishAmericanorganizationwhoseleadershiphad
aboldplantorescuesixFenianconvictsinFremantle,WesternAustralia.ThomasDarragh,MartinHogan,MichaelHarrington,ThomasHassett,RobertCranston,
andJamesWilson,BritishArmyveteransall,hadbeen

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givenlifesentencesin1866fortheirinvolvementinaplanneduprisingbytheUnitedIrishBrotherhood,foundedbyJamesStephensin1858.Fittedoutforwhalingin
theAtlantic,CatalpasailedfromNewBedfordonAugust29,1874,withacrewof22.TheonlymanwhoknewofhertruemissionwasCaptainGeorgeS.
Anthony,aveteranwhalerandRichardson'ssoninlaw.Theshiplanded200barrelsofoilatFayalinOctobershortlythereafterAnthonyconfidedhissecretmission
tohisfirstmate,SamuelSmith,beforemakingforAustralia.OnFebruary16,theyfellinwiththeBritishshipOceanBeauty,whosecaptaingaveAnthonyachartof
Australia.HealsorelatedtotheastonishedAmericanthathehadusedthesamechartascaptainofHougoumontonthatship'svoyagetoAustraliain186668,with
383convicts,includingthesixwhomAnthonywastorescue!
Inthemeantime,JohnBreslin(mastermindofJamesStephens'sbrilliantescapefromDublin'sRichmondGaolin1865)andJohnDesmondhadbeensentaheadvia
steamertolayplansfortheactualrescue.TheyhadgrownquiteanxiousoverCatalpa'sdelaywhen,after11monthsatsea,shelandedatBunbury,about85miles
fromFremantle,onMarch28,1876.Bythistime,BreslinandDesmondhadbeenjoinedbytwootherrescuers.Astheprisonerswereonaticketofleaveandfreeto
workoutsideoftheprisoneachday,theescapeitselfwasrelativelyeasy.OnApril17(EasterMonday),thesixmenwalkedawayfromtheirvariousassignments,and
werespiriteddowntoRockinghambeach.TherethetenembarkedinawhaleboatmannedbyfiveoarsmenandAnthony.After28hoursrowingafterCatalpawhile
evadingapolicecutterandthemailsteamerGeorgette,theywerebroughtaboardthewhaleship,whichpromptlyhoistedtheAmericanflagandstoodouttosea.
Thenextmorning,Georgette,nowarmedwithasingle12pdr.gun,resumedthechase.At0800shefiredawarningshotacrossCatalpa'sbowandorderedherto
stop."Youhavesixescapedprisonersaboard.Igiveyoufifteenminutestoconsider,andifyoudon'theaveto,I'llblowthemastsoutofyou."CaptainAnthony
replied,"That'stheAmericanflag.Iamonthehighseas.Myflagprotectsme.IfyoufireonthisshipyoufireontheAmericanflag."Afteratensehourandahalf,
GeorgetteputaboutforFremantleandCatalpawasonherway.
AnthonywassupposedtolandhispassengersinFernandina,Florida,andresumewhaling,partlytoraisemoneytodefrayexpensesofthevoyage.Instead,owingto
therescuedmen'scomplaintsofillness,poorfood,andanxietyshouldtheybecapturedonthehighseas,AnthonysteeredCatalpaforNewYork,wheretheylanded
onAugust19,1876.Newsoftheirarrivalspreadquickly,andwhenCatalpaputintoNewBedfordfivedayslater,shewasgreetedwitha71gunsaluterepresenting
everystateintheUnionandeverycountyinIreland.
Althoughhewasonlyminimallycompensatedforhisvoyage,AnthonywasheldinspecialrespectbyIrishFenians.OnatouroftheUnitedStatesin1920,IrishFree
StatePresidentEamonDeValeravisitedAnthony'sgraveinthecompanyofhiswidowanddaughter.AmongtheothersinvolvedintheFremantlemission,thesix
erstwhileconvictssettledintheUnitedStates,andJohnBreslinwentontoassistintheconstructionofJohnHolland'ssubmarine,FENIANRAM.
Ling,FremantleMission.Pease,CatalpaExpedition.Starbuck,HistoryoftheNorthAmericanWhaleFisheryto1872.

USSCavalla(SS244)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.3'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,526disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:60.Arm.:1021"TT13".Mach.:
diesel/electric,6,500hp21kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1944.
Namedforaspeciesoffish,USSCavalladistinguishedherselfbyearningaPresidentialUnitCitationonhermaidenvoyagewarpatrol.LeavingPearlHarborunder
LieutenantCommanderH.J.KossleronMay31,1944,eighteendayslatershemadecontactwithViceAdmiralJisaburoOzawa'sFirstMobileFleetasitsteamed
towardstheU.S.FifthFleetoffGuam.InthebattleknownastheGreatMarianasTurkeyShoot,inwhichJapanesenavalaviationwasvirtuallyannihilated,Cavalla
herselftorpedoedandsankthecarrierSHOKAKUonJune19in1150'N,13757'E.OfCavalla'ssixwartimepatrols,onlythisandthethirdwereratedsuccessful.
Inthelatter,CavallasankthedestroyerShimotsukiinasurfaceactionnearSingapore(221'N,10720'E)onNovember25.OnJanuary5,1945,shesanktwo
cargoshipsin5S,11216'E.TheendofthewarfoundCavallapatrollingoffJapan,whenshewasattackedbyaJapaneseplaneshortlyaftertheceasefirewas
announcedonAugust15.Unscathed,shejoinedtheU.S.fleetatTokyoBayduringthesurrenderceremoniesonSeptember2.Putinreservein1946,shewas
reactivatedin1951andin1953wasreclassifiedasahunterkillersubmarine(SSK244).InserviceintheAtlanticthrough1963,shewaslatertransferredtotheU.S.
SubmarineVeteransofWorldWarII.Placedashore,shewasopenedtothepublicin1971.
Roscoe,UnitedStatesSubmarineOperations.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

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C.B.Pedersen
(exSvecia,Elsalander,Ferm,EmmanueleAccame)Bark(4m).L/B/D:289'40'25'(88.1m12.2m7.6m).Tons:2,142grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:32.
Built:ContinentalIronCo.,Pertusola,Italy1891.
OneofthemostfamousItaliansquareriggersofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,EmmanueleAccamewasnamedforthefounderofEmmanuele
Accame&FigliofGenoa.Thecompany'sonlyfourmastedvessel,shesailedingeneraltradeworldwide.In1912shewassoldtoMarjussen,Jorgensen&Company
ofGrimstad,Norway,and,renamedFerm,continuedingeneraltrade.Between1916and1923shechangedhands(andnames)severaltimes,finallywindingupwith
AlexPedersenofStockholm,whogaveherthenamebywhichsheisbestremembered.
Mannedbytwentyfivetothirtycadetsandtencrew,C.B.PedersenenteredtheAustraliangraintrade,carryinglumberoutfromtheBaltic.Hertimeswerenever
exceptional,andin1930and1932,shewassobadlydamagedinstormsthatshesailedviathePanamaCanalratherthanbywayofCapeHorn,andin1933she
sailedforEuropeviatheCapeofGoodHope.In1934,shecollidedwiththesteamerHalmstadintheSkagerrakandreturnedtoGothenburgforrepairs.Bythetime
shegottoAustraliatherewerenograincharters,soCaptainDahlstromdecidedtoembarkeightpassengers,fourmenandfourwomentothesewasaddedawoman
stowawaywhoearnedherkeepasastewardess.TheSwedishNavydroppedtheirsailtrainingprogramin1936,andthenextyearC.B.Pedersensailedfor
Australiawitheveryprospectofbeingscrappeduponherreturn.OnApril25,about600milessouthwestoftheAzores,shecollidedwiththeElders&Fyffessteamer
Chagresandsankwithintwentyminutesinposition3546'N,3548'W.Thecrewwererescued,butthecaptainofChagressufferedaheartattackanddied.
Bednall,StrangeSeaRoad.Hurst,SquareRiggers:TheFinalEpoch.

Centaur
Hospitalship.L/B/D:315.7'48.2'21.5'(96.2m14.7m6.6m).Tons:3,066grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:332.Mach.:steamturbines,355nhp,2screws.Built:
Scott'sShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Greenock,Scotland1924.
TheBlueFunnelLine'spassengercargoshipCentaurwasbuiltforregularservicebetweenFremantleandSingapore.Herfirstwartimeexperiencecamein
November1941whenshetowedalifeboatwith62survivorsfromtheGermancommerceraiderKormorantoCarnarvon.ShelastcalledatSingaporeinDecember
1941andsailedfromtheresixweeksbeforetheislandfelltotheJapanese.AfterbriefservicetoBroome,shewasmovedtothesafetyofAustralia'seastcoast.In
January1943,Centaurwasconvertedtoahospitalshipequippedtocarry200patients.OnMay12,sheleftSydneyonhersecondtriptoPortMoresbywithatotal
complementof332,themajorityofwhomweremembersofthe2/12FieldAmbulanceCorps.Againststandingorders,CaptainMurrayfollowedaninshoreroute,
andat0410onMay13shewastorpedoedabout28milessouthofMoretonIslandshebrokeintwoandsankintwominutes.The64survivorswererescuedbythe
destroyerUSSMugfordtwodayslater.TheJapanesedeniedanyinvolvementinthetragedyuntilpublicationoftheofficialhistoryofWorldWarIIin1979.Centaur
hadbeensunkbyI177,whoseCaptainHajimeNakagawaservedsixyearsinprisonforunrelatedwarcrimes.
Plowman&Zammit,"SinkingoftheCentaur."

CentralAmerica
(exGeorgeLaw)Sidewheelsteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:278'40'32'(84.7m12.2m9.8m).Tons:2,141grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:545.Mach.:steam,
sidewheels.Built:NewYork1853.
ThesidewheelsteamshipGeorgeLawwasbuiltforservicebetweenNewYorkandAspinwall,Panama.Fromthatterminus,goldseekerswouldcrosstheIsthmusof
PanamatocatchanothershipnorthboundforSanFrancisco.Onherreturnpassage,theLawinvariablycarriedsuccessfulprospectorsfreshfromthediggings,aswell
aslargeconsignmentsofgoldboundfortheNewYorkmoneymarkets.ShortlyafterbeingrenamedCentralAmericain1857,shebeganher44thpassagefrom
PanamatoNewYork,viaHavana,withpassengersandanestimated$1,600,000worthofgold,thenvaluedatabout$20anounce.UndercommandofCaptain
WilliamLewisHerndon,shewasoffSouthCarolinawhen,onSeptember8,shewascaughtinahurricanethatstartedafatalleakinthehull.Afterthreedaysof
furiouswindsandhighseas,shelostallpower.Thenextday,theBostonbrigMarine,herselfbadlydamagedinthestorm,stoodbytoreceive148ofCentral
America'scomplement,includingallofthewomenandchildren.Thatnight,theshiptippedherbowskywardandsank,takingwithher423passengersandcrew.
AlthoughitwastheUnitedStates'worstmaritimedisastertodate,CentralAmerica'slosseswerenotonlycountedinhumanlives,forthelossofthemonthly
shipmentofgoldfromtheSanFranciscoMint

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toNewYorkbankshelpedtriggerthefinancialpanicof1857.
Forthenext130years,theshiplayundisturbedatadepthof8,000feet,200milesoffthecoastofSouthCarolina.Inthe1980s,TommyThompson,BobEvans,and
BarrySchatzformedtheColumbusAmericaDiscoveryGroup(namedforthetrio'shometown).WorkingfromthedeckoftheresearchvesselArcticDiscoverer,
thegroupfoundthewreckabout160mileseastofCharleston,SouthCarolina.UsingaremoteoperatedvehiclecalledNemo,theyrecoveredanundisclosedquantity
ofgold,including$20goldDoubleEagles(valuedtodayat$8,000apiece)anda62poundgoldbar,togetherwithpersonalartifacts,includingtwotrunksofclothes
andotherpersonaleffects.In1992,aFederalAppealsCourtruledthatthesalvorsdidnothavecleartitletothetreasurevaluedatabout$1billiontherightto
whichwascontestedbyeightofthecargo'soriginalinsurancecompanies.Furtherworkonthesitewassuspendedpendingaresolutionofthedispute.
Delgado,MurderMostFoul.Klare,FinalVoyageofthe"CentralAmerica."

HMSCenturion
4thrate60(3m).L/B:144'40'(43.9m12.2m).Tons:1,005bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:2424pdr,269pdr,106pdr.Built:PortsmouthDockyard1732.
AtthestartoftheWaroftheAustrianSuccessionin1739,CommodoreGeorgeAnsontookcommandofasquadronthatwasgiventhetaskofharassingSpanish
shippingonthecoastofSouthAmericaandcapturingtheManilagalleon,theannualshipmentofgoldandsilverfromMexicotothePhilippines.Hissixshipswere
HMSCenturion,Severn(50guns),Pearl(40),WAGER(28),Tryal(8),andthesupplyshipAnnaPink.DespitethesupportofFirstLordoftheAdmiraltySir
CharlesWager,Ansonwasunableproperlytomanhisship.Short300sailors,Ansonwasgivenonly170:32fromChathamhospital,and98marines,manyofthem
novices.Inlieuofalandforceof500men,hewasgiven"invalidstobecollectedfromtheoutpensionersofChelseacollege...whofromtheirage,wounds,orother
infirmities,areincapableofserviceinmarchingregiments."Ofthese,allbut259desertedbeforetheywereembarkedintheships.
TheseandotherdelayspostponedthesailingdatetoSeptember1740,bywhichtimetheSpanishhaddispatchedtothePacificasquadronofsixshipsunderDon
JosephPizarro.AfterstopsatMadeira,Brazil,andArgentina,theBritishshipswereseparatedinawitheringautumnroundingofCapeHorn.Worse,thecrewsbegan
tosufferfromscurvy,andthediseasewassovirulentthatCenturion'slieutenant"couldmusternomorethantwoQuartermasters,andsixForemastmencapableof
workingsothatwithoutassistanceoftheofficers,servantsandtheboys,itmighthaveprovedimpossibleforustohavereached[JuanFernndez]Island,afterwe
hadgotsightofit"onJune9,1741.TheywerejoinedtherebyTryal,Gloucester(whichhad"alreadythrownoverboardtwothirdsoftheircomplement"),and
AnnaPink.(WagerwaslostonthecoastofChileonMay15,thoughmanyofhercrewsurvived.SevernandPearlturnedbackfromtheHorn.)Bythetimethe
survivingshipsleftJuanFernndez,theyhadlostastaggering626ofthe961crewtheyhadsailedwiththeremaining335menandboyswere"anumber,greatly
insufficientforthemanningofCenturionalone."
OnSeptember9,CenturionlefttheislandandthreedayslatercapturedthemerchantmanNuestraSeoradelMonteCarmelo,fromwhichAnsonlearnedthat
PizarrowasstillintheAtlantic.Overthenexttwomonths,theEnglishtookthreeSpanishmerchantmen,oneofwhich,NuestraSeoradelArranzaz,wasrenamed
TryalPrizeandusedasareplacementfortheabandonedTryal.OnNovember13,theyseizedPaita,burningthetown,sinkingfiveshipsandtakingone.Fromthere
theysailednorthtokeepwatchoffAcapulcointhevainhopeofcapturingtheManilagalleon.Afterdestroyingtheirprizesandmakingwhatrepairstheycouldmanage
onthehostileMexicancoast,onMay6,1742,CenturionandGloucestersailedforChina.ByAugust15,thelatterwasinsuchastateofdecaythatshehadtobe
scuttledelevendayslaterCenturionlandedatTinian,whichwasinregularcontactwiththeSpanishgarrisonatGuam.Halfofthecrewwereashore,Ansonincluded,
whenatyphoonstruckonSeptember21.Theship'scablespartedandCenturiondisappeared.Believingtheymightneverseeheragain,Ansonandhis113crewset
abouttolengthenasmallSpanish"bark"inwhichtheyplannedtosailtoChina.ThreeweekslaterCenturionreturned,andonOctober21thereunitedcrewsailedfor
Macao,wheretheyarrivedonNovember12.
AstheChineselookedonallshipsnotengagedintradeaspirates,fittingoutatMacaoprovedextremelydifficult,andCenturionwasnotreadyforseauntilApril6.
RatherthansaildirectlyforEngland,AnsonintendedtointercepttheManilagalleonoffthePhilippines.KeepingstationoffCapeEspirituSantoforamonth,onJune
20theyoverhauledNuestraSeoradelaCovadonga(36guns)sixleaguesfromtheCape(inabout1235'N,12510'E).TheSpanishshipwasnomatchforthe
determinedCenturion,andCaptainJernimodeMonterolostsixtysevencrew

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killedandeightyfourwoundedcomparedwithonlytwoEnglishkilledandseventeenwounded.ThetwoshipsarrivedatCantononJuly11andAnson'seffortsto
provisionhisshipwereagainfrustrated.Covadongawassoldfor$6,000tolocalmerchantsandCenturionsailedforhomeonDecember15,1743.
Centurion'snearlyfouryearcircumnavigationendedatSpitheadonJune15,1744.Despitethelossofthreeshipsandmorethan1,300crew(onlyfourtoenemy
action),Anson'scaptureoftheManilagalleonwith1,313,843piecesofeightand35,682ouncesofvirginsilveroutshoneanyotherachievementofEngland'stenyear
warwithSpainandwasrankedtheequalofDrake'scircumnavigationinGOLDENHIND160yearsbefore.Ansonachievedflagrankthefollowingyear,and
CenturionwasinasquadroncommandedbyhimattheBattleofCapeFinisterreinwhichtheEnglishdefeatedAdmiraldelaJonquireonMay3,1747,and
capturedsevenmerchantmen,fourshipsoftheline,andtwofrigates.DuringtheSevenYears'War,CenturionwasatthecaptureofLouisburgin1758,andQuebec
thenextyear.In1762,sheparticipatedinthecaptureofHavana.Shewasbrokenupsevenyearslater.InadditiontoeyewitnessaccountsofAnson's
circumnavigation,PatrickO'Brian'sTheGoldenOceanisareadableandaccurate,thoughfictional,accountofthevoyage.
Anson,VoyageRoundtheWorld.

HMVSCerberus
Coastaldefensemonitor(1f/2m).L/B/D:225'45'15.3'(68.6m13.7m4.6m).Tons:3,340disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:155.Arm.:410"(22)Armor:8"
belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:horizontalsteam,1,369ihp,2screws9.75kts.Built:PalmerShipyard,Jarrow,Eng.1870.
NamedforthethreeheadeddogofGreekmythwhoguardstheunderworld,HMVSCerberuswasoneofsevennearsistershipsdesignedforcoastaldefense
aroundtheempire.ThefirstBritishwarshipdesignedwithoutmasts,shewasfurtherdistinguishedbyalowfreeboard,breastworkarmor,andacentralsuperstructure
withturretsforeandaft.Cerberus'smainarmamentconsistedoffour10inchgunsmountedintwoturrets,forwardandaft,whichcouldbetrainedoveranarcof270
degrees.Shealsohadballasttanksthatcouldbefilledtosinkthehullandlowerherfreeboardtofurtherreduceherprofileinbattle.Describingtheclassofungainly
ships,AdmiralG.A.Ballardwrotethat"nocontemporaryopponentoftheirowntonnage...wouldhavestoodmuchchanceagainstthem.Theymightbesaidto
resemblefullarmedknightsridingondonkeys,easytoavoidbutbadtoclosewith."
FirstassignedtoHerMajesty'sVictoria(State)Navyandin1901tothefledglingAustralianNavy,shewasintendedforthedefenseofMelbourne'sPortPhilipBay.
DuringWorldWarIshewasusedasaportguardshipandmunitionsship.In1921,renamedHMASPlatypusI,shewasemployedasasubmarinedepotship.In
1926,herhullwaspurchasedbythecityofSandringhamandsunkasabreakwaterfortheBlackRockYachtClub.Sheremainsthereinadeterioratedstate.
Ballard,BlackBattlefleet.Herd,HMVS"Cerberus."

Challenge
(laterGoldenCity)Clipper(3m).L/B/D:224'43'25'dph(68.3m13.1m7.6m).Tons:2,006bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:4060.Built:WilliamH.Webb,
NewYork1851.
Thecelebrated,ifillstarred,clipperChallengewasdesignedandbuiltfortheCaliforniatradebyWilliamH.WebbfortheNewYorkmerchantfirmofN.L.&G.
Griswold.ThelargestmerchantsailingshipeverlaunchedwhenshetookthewatersoftheEastRiveronMay24,1851,shewas27.5feetlongerthanUSS
Pennsylvania,thelongestshipintheU.S.Navy.BuiltexpresslytodominatetheCaliforniatrade,GeorgeGriswoldaskedCaptainRobertWatermantocomeoutof
retirementtotakeChallengearoundtheHorntoSanFrancisco,andofferedhimabonusof$10,000ifhecoulddosointheunheardoftimeof90daysorless.Best
knownforhisrecordpassagesinNATCHEZandSEAWITCH,WatermanwasplanningtosettleinCaliforniatoexploithisconsiderablerealestateinvestments,but
heacceptedGriswold'sChallenge.Watermansupervisedthedesignofhertoweringrig,thedimensionsofwhichwereawesomebyanystandard:themaintruckwas
230feethigh,hermainyardwas90feetlong,elongatedto160feetwithstuddingsailsset,andshespread12,780squareyardsofcanvas.
Ironically,intheperiodthatmarkedtheacmeoftheAmericanmerchantmarine,whenhervisionarydesigners,determinedmerchants,anddrivingcaptainswerethe
envyoftheworld,theonethinginperilouslyshortsupplywasastockofcompetent,willingseamen.OnceinCalifornia,manydesertedforthediggingsafterPresident
JamesPolkannouncedthediscoveryofgoldatSutter'sMill.OnJuly13,1851,ChallengestooddownNewYorkharborwith56menwhomWatermanlater
describedas"theworstcrewIeversaw."Onlysixhadevertakenthehelm,halfhadneverbeentosea,andafewunderstoodnoEnglish.OnAugust17,whenthe
shipwasoffBrazil,

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Imagenotavailable.
ApaintingofthelegendaryclipperCHALLENGEbytheChineseshipportraitandchart
painterHinQua.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

thefirstmate,JamesDouglass,whohadareputationasabrute,wasknifedbyoneofthecrewinanattemptedmutiny.Theringleader,FredBirkenshaw,escaped
immediatepunishmentbyhidinginawellintheforecastleuntilafterChallengehadthrashedherwayaroundCapeHorn.Watermandrovehisshiprelentlesslyto
makehiswestingagainstthewintergalesofthesouthernocean,sailingasfarsouthas75Sinsearchofafavorablewind.
Intheend,ChallengearrivedatSanFranciscoonOctober29,afterapassageof108days.(Addinginsulttoinjury,SeaWitchhadbrokenthe90daymarkforthe
firsttimeascanttwomonthsbefore.)Ofmoreimmediateconcern,though,withindaysChallenge'screwhadinflamedthewaterfrontwithtalesoftheofficers'
brutalitytenofChallenge'screwdiedfromdisease,occasionallylacedwithroughjustice,andtheelements.Watermancounteredwithchargesofmutiny.The
crewwereexoneratedandDouglassgotoffwithalightsentence.YetChallengewasamarkedship,andCaptainJohnLandhadtooffer$200perheadforthe40
crewheneededtosailtoShanghai.
Watermanretiredfromthesea,butChallengesailedon.DismastedintheChinaSeain1859enroutetoHongKong,shewassoldthefollowingyeartoThomas
Hunt,whorenamedherGoldenCityandsailedherbetweenChinaandIndia.In1866,theLondonbasedshipperCaptainJosephWilsonpurchasedGoldenCity
andsailedhertotheOrientfortenyearsbeforeshewentagroundnearUshantandsankafterbeingtowedofftherocks.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Whipple,''Challenge."

HMSChallenger
Screwcorvette(1f/3m).L/B:200'40.5'(61m12.3m).Tons:2,306disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:243.Arm.:208",268pdr.Mach.:compoundengine,1,200
hp,1screw.Built:WoolwichDockyard,Eng.1858.
Intheearly1870s,theRoyalSocietybeganpushingforamassiveoceanographicexpeditiontoprobeallthreeoftheworld'smajoroceanstheAtlantic,Pacific,
andIndian.TheRoyalNavysuppliedthescrewcorvetteChallengerthelargestvesselusedforanoceanographicexpeditiontodateandacrewunderCaptain
GeorgeStrongNares.Theteamofsixcivilianscientists,ledbynaturalistCharlesWyvilleThomson,includedH.N.MoseleyandJohnMurray.Fittedwithawide
arrayofequipmentfortakingsoundingsofupto6,000fathoms(36,000feet),aswellastemperaturereadings,currentmeasurements,andbottomsamplesfrom
depthsofupto4,000fathoms,shesailedfromSheernessonDecember7,1872.

Page102

ThefirsttenmonthsofthevoyagewerespentintheAtlantic,whichtheshipcrossedthreetimes,visitingtheCaribbean,Halifax,Bermuda,Madeira,theCanary
Islands,Brazil,andTristandaCunha.Duringthistime,thescientistsestablishedtheroutinetheywouldmaintainthroughouttheirvoyage,dredgingforanimal
specimens,takingsoundings,andgaugingwatertemperaturesandcurrents,amongothermeasurements,aboutonceevery200miles.(Inthecourseofthevoyage,
theymadesuchobservationsat362stations.)Observationswerenotlimitedtooceanographicmattersaloneand,whileashore,extensivefindingsoffloraandfauna
weremade.AftersevenweeksatCapeTown,ChallengersailedonDecember17,1873,boundfortheSouthernOcean.
NinedayslatershelandedatuninhabitedMarionIsland,thencontinuedeastpasttheCrozetsandontoKerguelen,roughlymidwaybetweenSouthAfricaand
Australia,inlatitude50S,andthentoHeardIsland,300milestothesoutheast,whereshewasgreetedbysomeresidentsealers.FromhereChallengersailedsouth,
encounteringiceinabout61S,80E,onFebruary11,1874.ShethreadedherwaythroughtheicefieldsuntilMarch1,whensheshapedacourseforMelbourne.
ChallengerspentamonthinAustralia,andanotherfiveweeksatSydney,beforecrossingtheTasmanSeaforWellington.
FromNewZealandtheexpeditionsailednorthtoTongaandthenheadedwestcallingintheTongaIslands,attheCapeYorkPeninsula,Australia.Fromthere
scientistsandcrewmadetheirwaynorthandwestthroughtheinnumerablearchipelagosoftheEastIndiesandPhilippinesbeforearrivingatHongKong.
Challenger'sstayattheBritishCrownColonywasmarkedbythedepartureofCaptainNares,orderedhometocommandanAntarcticsurveyinHMSALERTand
Discovery,andthearrivalofhisreplacementCaptainFrankTurleThomson.AfterbacktrackingthroughthePhilippines,theysailedeasttoHumboldtBay,onthe
northcoastofNewGuinea,andtheAdmiraltyIslands,wheretheynamedNaresHarbourinhonoroftheirformercommander.TurningnorthforJapan,onMarch23,
thirteendaysout,theyrecordedtheirdeepestsounding,4,475fathoms,inposition1124'N,14316'E.TheshipandhercompanyspenttwomonthsinJapan,where
ChallengerwasdrydockedatYokosuka.
OnJune15,theexpeditionsailedeasttoconductobservationsalonglatitude35NbetweenJapanandHawaii.OntheirpassagesouthtoTahiti,theexpedition
discoveredthatthePacificseabedwascoveredwithmanganesenodules,thecommercialexploitationofwhichfirstcameunderconsiderationinthe1950s.From
Tahiti,withitsrichcoralfinds,ChallengerheadedforJuanFernandezIslandandthentoChile,wheretheshipwasreadiedforthepassagethroughtheStraitof
Magellan.ThepassagenorththroughtheAtlanticOceanwasinterruptedonlybybriefcallsatPortStanley,Montevideo,Ascension,andVigo,Spain.Shedropped
anchoratSpitheadonMay24,1876,afteravoyageof68,890milesinthreeandahalfyears.FacilitatedinlargepartbyexpeditionmemberJohnMurray,the
publicationofthefiftyvolumeexpeditionreportwascompletednineteenyearslater.
TheresultsoftheChallengerexpeditioncannotbebrieflysummarized,butofmostgeneralinterestwerethediscoveryofmorethan4,000previouslyunknown
specimensofmarinelife,thefirstcomprehensivestudyofoceancurrentsandtheterrainandcompositionoftheseabed,andthediscoverythattheaveragedepthof
thePacificOceanissignificantlygreaterthanthatoftheAtlantic.Challengerherselfwashulkedin1880,butremainedinnavalserviceuntilsoldtoJ.B.Garnhamin
1921.
Buchananetal.,NarrativeoftheVoyage.Linklater,Voyageofthe"Challenger."

Champigny
(laterFennia)Bark(4m).L/B/D:312.1'45.9'23.8'(95.1m14m7.2m).Tons:3,112grt.Hull:steel.Built:ChantiersdelaMditerrane,LeHavre,France
1902.
BuiltforLaSocitdesLongCouriersFranaisofLeHavre,ChampignymadeelevenvoyagesfromFrancetothePacific,callingatHonolulu,Melbourne,Sydney,
Newcastle,Valparaiso,PugetSound,SanFrancisco,andVancouver,amongotherports.In1917,sheputintoBourdeauxandwassoldtotheSocitGnrale
d'ArmamentofNantes.SailingforMelbourne,shemadetworoundtripvoyagestoSanFranciscobeforereturningtoSt.Nazairein1919.Shemadeonefinalvoyage
undertheFrenchflag,andwaslaidupatNantesin1922owingtothepostwarshippingglut.ThefollowingyearshewaspurchasedbytheFinnishSchoolShip
AssociationofHelsinkiforuseasacadettrainingship.RenamedFennia,shereplacedanearliertrainingshipofthesamename.Shemadetworoundtheworld
voyagescarryingdiversecargoes,includingnitrate,lumber,andcoal.InFebruary1927,FenniawasdismastedoffCapeHornwhileboundfromCardifffor
Valparaisowithacargooffueloilandcoke.CaptainRagnarChristerssonputbacktotheFalklandIslandswhereFenniawaswrittenoffasatotalloss.Purchasedby
theFalklandIslandsCompany,sheremainedatStanleyuntil1967whenKarlKortumacquiredherforpreservationattheSanFranciscoMaritimeMu

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seum.RepairstotheshipwereundertakenatMontevideo,butadequatefundingfailedandshewasbrokenupin1977.
Lille&Gronstaad,FinnishDeepWaterSailers.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

ChampionoftheSeas
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:252'45.6'29.2'(76.8m13.9m8.9m).Tons:2,447burden.Hull:wood.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,Mass.1854.
ThesecondoffourlargeclippersorderedbyJamesBainesforhisBlackBallLineofpassengershipsrunningbetweenLiverpoolandAustralia,thethreedecked
ChampionoftheSeasenteredservicein1854.ShewassimilarinappearancetoMcKay'sLIGHTNINGandJAMESBAINES,butunlikethosetwovessels,she
setnosailsabovetheroyals.Althoughshehadnorecordpassagestohercredit,ChampionoftheSeasiscreditedwiththefastestday'srunin24hours,465miles
fromnoontonoononDecember1011,1854,underCaptainAlexanderNewlands.DuringtheIndianMutinyof1857,theBritishgovernmentcharteredthethree
BlackBallclipperstocarrytroopstoCalcutta.Beforeembarkingabout1,000troops,sheandJamesBaineswerereviewedbyQueenVictoria.Herbestknown
commanderswereNewland,JohnMcKirdy,andJ.M.Outridge,whojoinedtheshipin1860andremainedwithherfortwoyearsafterhersalein1866toCassell&
Company.SoldagaintoT.Harrison&Company,Liverpool,in1873,shewasthenengagedingeneraltrade.InDecember1876,sheloadedguanoatPabellonde
Pica,Chile,forCork.OnJanuary3,1877,shewasabandonedoffCapeHorninasinkingconditionin3340'N,310'WallhandsweresavedbytheBritishbark
Windsor.
Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.Stammers,PassageMakers.

USSCharlesAusburne(DD570)
Fletcherclassdestroyer(2f/2m).L/B/D:376'39.7'17.8'(11.6m12.1m5.4m).Tons:2,050disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:273.Arm.:55"(51),10
40mm,720mm1021"TT6dcp,2dct.Mach.:gearedturbines,60,000shp,2shafts36.5kts.Built:ConsolidatedSteelCorp.,Orange,Tex.1942.
USSCharlesAusburnewasthesecondshipnamedforElectricianFirstClassCharlesLawrenceAusburne,whostayedatthewirelessstationoftheU.S.Army
transportAntilleswhenthatshipwastorpedoedonOctober17,1917.AfteravoyageasaconvoyescorttoCasablancaandback,shewasassignedasflagshipof
DestroyerDivision45andsailedforNewCaledonia,herfirststopinthelongstruggleuptheSolomonIslandstoNewGuinea.AfteraminorengagementoffVella
LavellaonSeptember2728,duringwhichshesanktwotroopbarges,CharlesAusburnebecametheflagshipofCaptainArleighBurke,whose"LittleBeavers"
becamethemostcelebratedU.S.destroyersquadronofWorldWarII.
OnthenightofOctober31,DestroyerSquadron(DesRon)23bombardedJapaneseshoreinstallationsatBunaandtheShortlandIslandsontheeveofAlliedtroop
landingsatEmpressAugustaBay.Thenextnight,DesRon23helpedtorepulseaJapaneseforcesenttodisruptthelandings,sinkingthecruiser,Sendai,andthe
destroyer,Hatsukaze.TheLittleBeaverscontinuedtosupporttheAmericanforcesashoreandcarriedoutperiodicattacksagainstJapanesepositionsatBonis.On
thenightofNovember2425,thefiveshipsofDesRon23weresenttointerceptaJapaneseforceoffCapeSt.George,duringwhichtheysankdestroyersOnami,
Makinami,andYugiriandseverelydamagedafourth,whileemergingfromthecontestunscathed.CharlesAusburnecontinuedintheadvanceupthrough
BougainvilleandNewBritainuntilMarch1944,whenshewasdetachedtothe5thFleet.Atthesametime,hercaptain,nowknownasArleigh"31Knot"Burkefor
thehighspeedatwhichheconductedhiscombatoperations,becameChiefofStafftoViceAdmiralMarcA.Mitscher.
AssignedtoTaskForce59,CharlesAusburnesailedinsupportofcarrierstrikesintheCarolineIslandsandatHollandia,NewGuinea.ShethenjoinedTaskForce
58fortheassaultontheMarianaIslands.AfteroverhaulontheWestCoast,shereturnedtothePhilippines,helpingtosinkthedestroyerHinokiafterthelandingsat
LingayenGulfinJanuary1945.CharlesAusburneendedthewaronpicketdutyoffOkinawa,butshewasspareddamagefromkamikazes.Awardedthe
PresidentialUnitCitationforherserviceasflagshipofthe"LittleBeavers,"thedestroyerwaslaidupinreservein1946.In1960,shewassoldtoWestGermanyand
recommissionedasZ6.Sheremainedinserviceuntil1967andwasscrappedin1969.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

CharlesCooper
Packetship(3m).L/B/D:166'35.8'17.9'(50.6m10.9m5.5m).Tons:977grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:260+pass.Built:WilliamHall,BlackRock,Conn.
1856.
BuiltfortheSouthStreetmerchantfirmofLayton&Hurlbutandnamedforatwosixteenthsshareowner,

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CharlesCooperistheonlyAmericanpacketshiptosurviveinthelatetwentiethcentury.Theship'scareerwaslongandvaried.Herfirsttwoyearswerespentin
transatlanticservicebetweenNewYorkandBelgium.Eastboundshecarriedrawgoodssuchascotton,codfish,mahogany,andtobacco,whilewestboundshe
carriedpassengersandcargosuchaswine,glassware,tin,andlead.In1859,herhullwassheathedincopperandsheenteredtradetotheMediterranean.Thenext
year,shewassoldtoBostonmerchantAlonzoHamilton,whokeptheringeneraltrade,callingfirstatNewOrleansforcottonandcornbeforesailingforEngland.
FromLiverpoolshecontinuedontoCalcuttaandmadeapassagetoCeylonbeforereturningtoBostonin1862.ShesailedagainforCalcuttathesameyear,and
continuedwestacrossthePacificOceantoSanFrancisco,thenontoBritishColumbiatoloadlumberforMelbourne,beforereturningtoNewYorkviaCalcuttain
1866.
Thusendedherlastcompletevoyage.AfewmonthslatershesailedforSanFranciscoviaCapeHorn,butonSeptember25,1866,shewasforcedintoPortStanley
inaleakingcondition.Soldforuseasastoragehulk,shesurvivedasafloatingwarehouseuntil1968whenshewaspurchasedbyNewYork'sSouthStreetSeaport
Museum.Aquartercenturylater,sheremainsinPortStanley,preservedasadisusedstoragehulkclosetoshore.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips"1856PacketShipCharlesCooper."

CharlesW.Morgan
Whaleship(3m).L/B/D:111'27.7'13.7'dph(33.8m8.4m4.2m).Tons:314grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:26.Built:HillmanBros.,NewBedford,Mass.1841.
NamedforCharlesWalnMorgan,whoownedhalfthesharesinthenewship,CharlesW.Morganbecameoneofthemostsuccessfulandeventuallythelast
survivingAmericansailingwhaleshipeverbuilt.Between1841and1886shemadetwelvevoyagesunderninedifferentmasters.SailingfromNewBedford,she
wouldroundCapeHornandworkherwaynorththroughthePacificinsearchofspermwhales.(HerlatermastersalsotookheroutviatheCapeofGoodHopeand
IndianOcean.)AlthoughshewouldcallonportsinSouthAmerica,Hawaii,andotherPacificislands,andtheWestCoastoftheUnitedStates,thesevoyageskeptthe
shipandhercrewsawayfromhomeforanaverageoffortymonths.Itisatestamenttotheskillwithwhichsuchshipsweresailedthatdespitethelengthofthe
voyages,Morgancouldbereadyforseaagainafternomorethansevenmonths,andontwooccasionsinlessthansixweeks.
Builtatacostof$52,000,shereturnedfromherfirstvoyagewithacargoofwhaleoilandbonevaluedat$56,000,andinthirtysevenvoyagesovereightyyears,she
grossedover$1,400,000inprofitsforhervariousowners.Morgan'smostprofitablevoyagewashersixth.Inavoyagelastingthreeyears,sevenmonths,Captain
JamesA.HamiltonreturnedtoNewBedfordin1863havinggrossedover$165,000.EdwardMottRobinsonhadacquiredacontrollinginterestinMorganafterthe
firstvoyage,anditwasatthispoint,afterfivevoyages,thathesoldhissharesandtheshipcameundertheownershipofJ.&W.R.Wing,whomaintainedaninterest
intheshipuntil1906.ThiswasnottheendoftheRobinsonfamily'sconnectionwiththeMorgan.HisdaughterHenriettaHowlandRobinsonknownafterher
marriageasHettyGreenparlayedhersubstantialinheritanceintoafortuneworthmorethan$100million,whichsheguardedwithlegendarythrift.Herson,H.W.
Green,undertookthefirstefforttopreserveCharlesW.Morgan.
Onthenextvoyage,LydiaGodspeedFlanders,thesecondwifeofCaptainThomasC.Landers,becamethefirstwomantosailintheMorgan,whichshejoinedafter
anoverlandjourneytoSanFrancisco.Flanders'ssonbyhisfirstmarriagewaslostoverboardinJuly1864,butLydiagavebirthtoanothersonlaterthatyear.
FollowingherreturntoNewBedfordin1867,theMorganwasremeasuredaccordingtonewgovernmenttonnagerulesandreriggedasabark.Thefollowingvoyage
wastheworstofhercareerthusfar,grossinglessthan$50,000.Hernextvoyage,underJohnM.Tickham,washerfirstviatheCapeofGoodHope.Hehadherfor
twosuccessfulvoyages,butthefollowingvoyage,underCharlesF.Keith,wasrelativelyspeakingadisaster,grossinglessthan$27,000afteravoyageoffiveyears,
elevenmonths.
Afteronlythreemonthsinport,CharlesW.Morganbeganherthirteenthvoyage.Bythistime,inadditiontotheincreasinglyscarcespermoil,therewasagreat
demandforwhalebonefromrightandbowheadwhales,whichweremostplentifuloffthecoastofJapanandnortheastAsia.Afterayear'ssailing,theMorganoff
loadedcargoworth$50,000atSanFrancisco.Thatcityremainedherbaseforeighteenyears,duringwhichshehadonlyfivemastersbetween1888and1904
commandwastradedfairlyregularlybetweenJohnS.Layton,JamesA.M.Earle,andThomasScullun.Thewhalingfraternitywasalwaysaninternationalone,and
amongtheMorgan'screwinthisperiodweremenfromCapeVerde,NewZealand,theSeychelles,Guadeloupe,andNorfolkIsland,thelastrepresentedbyGeorge
ParkinChristian,greatgrandsonofBOUNTYmutineerFletcherChristian.
TheMorganleftSanFranciscoforthelasttimein1904,arrivingatNewBedfordinJune1906.Twomonthslater

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shesailedfortheSouthAtlanticandIndianOceans,withPortNatalafrequentportofcall.Bythistime,competentandwillingcrewswerescarceanddesertionsand
dischargeswerefrequent.HalfwaythroughhisninthvoyageincommandoftheMorgan,Earlequittheshipin1907whenthevoyageended,underCaptainHiram
Nye,onlyabouttenoftheoriginalcrewremainedwiththeship.CharlesW.Morgancompletedtwomorevoyagesbeforeshewaslaidupin1913.Threeyearslater,
shegotanewleaseonlifewhenCaptainBenjaminClevelandacquiredacontrollinginterestinherwiththeintentoftakinghertoDesolationIslandintheSouth
Atlanticforseaelephants.Shortlybeforethisvoyage,heleasedtheMorganforuseasthewhaleshipHarpooninthesilentmovieMissPetticoats(1916).Theship
changedhandsagainwhenshewassoldtoJohnA.CookofProvincetown,whereshewasregistered,andwhosailedheronherlastthreecommercialvoyages.
In1922,theMorganwasagainatworkasamovieset,inElmerClifton'sDowntotheSeainShips,ClaraBow's(the"It"girl's)firstfilm.StilllatertheMorganwas
featuredinthescreenadaptationofJosephHergesheimer'sJavaHead(1935).Againlaidup,shewassavedfromoblivionbymarineartistHarryNeyland,who
persuadedEdwardGreen,Hetty'swelloffheir,toacquiretheship.GreenconvertedhertoafloatingmuseuminSouthDartmouth,Massachusetts,undertheaegisof
GeorgeFredTilton,aveteranwhalingcaptainwhosebrotherZebTiltonwasthecelebratedowneroftheschoonerALICES.WENTWORTH.FollowingGreen's
deathin1935,theMorganpassedintothehandsofawellintentionedbutinadequatelyfundedpreservationgroupcalledWhalingEnshrined.Threeyearslater,
MysticMuseumcuratorCarlCutlerarrangedforthepurchaseofCharlesW.Morgan,andtherefurbishedshiphasbeenonpublicviewinMysticsinceNovember8,
1941.Duringamajorrestorationinthe1970s,theMorganwasreriggedasabark,therigthatshehadsportedformuchofhercareer.
Leavitt,"CharlesW.Morgan."Stackpole,"CharlesW.Morgan."

CharlesW.Wetmore
Whalebackfreighter(1f/4m).L/B/D:265'38'16.4'(80.8m11.6m5m).Tons:1,399grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:22.Mach.:tripleexpansion,725hp,1screw.
Des.:AlexanderMcDougall.Built:AmericanSteelBargeCo.,WestSuperior,Wisc.1892.
In1872,ScottishborncaptainAlexanderMcDougalldevisedanewfreighterhulldesignedtomaximizecarryingcapacitywhileatthesametimeminimizingresistance
fromwindandwater.Thehullhadaflatbottomandaroundeddeck(toshedwater),and,becauseofitsappearancewhenfullyladen,thetypebecameknownasa
whaleback.Otherobservers,lookingheadonattheconoidalbow,dubbedthempigboats.ShipbuildersrefusedtohaveanythingtodowithMcDougall'snovel
design,soheestablishedhisownshipyardatWestSuperior,Wisconsin.Thefirstvessel,launchedin1888,wasnamed101,supposedlybecauseafriendhadgiven
10to1oddsthatthenewshiptypewouldnotsucceed.Itdid,andby1898McDougallhadbuilt17whalebackshipsand25barges,mostlyfortheoretrade,
althoughCHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUSwasapassengership.
NamedforoneofthefinancialbackersofAmericanSteelBarge,CharlesW.WetmorebecamethefirstwhalebacktooperateoutsidetheGreatLakes.InJune
1891,loadedwith95,000bushelsofwheat,shesailedfromDuluth,shottheSt.LawrenceRiverrapids(shewastoobigforthelocksontheriver),andproceededto
England.Thisvoyageremovedanydoubtastotheseaworthinessofthewhalebacks,anditwasdecidedtobuildthemforthetranspacifictrade.TheWetmoreloaded
materialsforbuildingawhalebackatNewYork,Philadelphia,andWilmington,roundedCapeHorn,andproceedednorthtoPugetSound.OnDecember6,shelost
herrudderofftheOregoncoast,butafterrepairsinAstoriashearrivedatEverett,Washington,onDecember21.TheWetmoregroundedandwaslostinCoosBay
onSeptember8,1892,whileoutwardboundfromTacomaforSanFranciscowithcoal.Twoyearslater,thefirstandonlyWestCoastwhalebackwaslaunched,the
361footCityofEverett.ThisshiphadthedistinctionofbeingthefirstAmericansteamshiptotransittheSuezCanalandcircumnavigatetheworld.InOctober1923,
shewaslostwithouttraceenroutefromHavanatoNewOrleans.
Wilterding,McDougall'sDream.Inkster,"McDougall'sWhalebacks."

CharlotteDundas
Steamboat(1f/1m).L/B/D:56'18'8'(17.1m5.5m2.4m).Hull:wood.Mach.:horizontalengine,sternwheel3.5kts.Des.:WilliamSymington.Built:
AlexanderHart,Scotland1801.
OneoftheforemostadvocatesofsteampropulsioninthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturieswastheScottishengineerWilliamSymington.Inthe1780s,he
hadtakenoutapatentforanenginetobeusedinasteamdrivencarriage.Heinterruptedthisworkatthebehestofanotherinventor,PatrickMiller,whowastryingto
developpaddlewheelsasameansofpropellingavesselthroughthewater.In1788,theybuiltatwohulledsteam

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boatpropelledbytwopaddlewheelsmountedbetweenthehulls.ThisunnamedvesselworkedwellintrialsinOctober1788,andalargerenginedroveaForthand
Clydecanalboatataspeedofsevenmilesperhourintrialsin1789.Millerremainedunconvincedoftheengine'sutilityandabandonedtheproject.
In1801,ThomasLordDundasapproachedSymingtonwithaviewtodevelopinganenginesuitableforusebytheFarthandClydeCanalCompany,ofwhichhewas
agovernor.Symingtondevisedanengineinwhichthepistonrodwasattachedbyaconnectingrodtoacrankattacheddirectlytothepaddlewheelshaft.Thisbecame
thestandardarrangementtoworkthepaddlewheelshaft.Fittedwiththeseengines,inMarch1802thetugboatCharlotteDundastowedtwo70tonbargesfrom
Lock20toPortDundas(19.5miles)insixhoursagainstastrongheadwind.ThevesselsoimpressedFrancisEgerton,DukeofBridgewater,thatheorderedeight
vesselsforuseonthecanal.HissuddendeathmeanttheendofSymington'sfundingbecauseothercanalofficialsfeltthatthewashthrownoutbysteamvesselswould
erodethebanksofthecanal.CharlotteDundaswasleftinabackwaterofthecanaluntil1861,whenshewasbrokenup.
Baker,EnginePoweredVessel.DictionaryofNationalBiography.

Chasseur
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:85.7'keel26'12.6'(26.1m7.9m3.8m).Tons:356burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:115.Arm.:1612pdr.Built:ThomasKemp,
FellsPoint,Baltimore1812.
BuiltasaprivateerduringtheWarof1812,ChasseurwasthemostfamousofthesocalledBaltimoreclippers,sharp,heavilyevendangerouslycanvassed,but
lightlysparredvesselsbuiltaroundChesapeakeBayinthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies.Chasseur'sexploitsonbothsidesoftheAtlanticearnedher
thenickname"PrideofBaltimore."WhileprivateeringinEnglishwaters,CaptainThomasBoyleimpetuouslydeclaredablockadeoftheBritishIsles,andonherlast
cruiseofthewar,shetook18prizes.Thelastwasthe16gunschoonerHMSSt.Lawrence(LieutenantJamesGordon)offMantazas,Cuba,onFebruary26,1815,
twomonthsaftertheTreatyofGhenthadendedthewar.
UponherreturntoBaltimore,ChasseurwassoldtothemerchantsGeorgePattersonandGeorgeStevensontosailintheChinatrade.Reriggedasabrigandunder
commandofCaptainHughDavey,sheclearedBaltimoreonMay19,1815.AfterastopatBostontotakeonmorecargo,shesailedforCantononJune12.Her
progresswasgood,andshepassedtheequator25daysout(asagainstthe35or40daysitnormallytook)androundedtheCapeofGoodHopeonAugust1.From
thereshewasanother35daystoJavaHead(whereshestoppedbrieflyforprovisions)andwasatWhampoaonSeptember25.Afterthreemonthsinport,she
clearedonDecember30and,returningthewayshehadcome,sailedhomeinarecord95daysfromCantontoBoston,and84daysfromJavaHeadtheserecords
werenotbettereduntil1832.
Althoughthevoyagewasaprofitableone,ChasseurwassoldtoThomasSheppardfortradetotheWestIndies.AfteronevoyagetoHavana,oneofthefew
SpanishAmericanportsopentoforeignshipsduringthisrevolutionaryperiod,ChasseurwassoldtotheSpanishNavy.Armedwith21gunsandmannedbyacrew
of180,shewasrenamedCazador(Spanishforchasseur,orhunter).BecausetherewasalreadyaCazadorintheSpanishNavy,shewascarriedonthelistsas
Almirante.OnAugust27,1816,CazadorwaspartofasquadronthatfiredonUSSFirebrand,aNewOrleansbasedschoonersuspectedofescortingsmugglers
inthepayofMexicanrevolutionaries.Thenextyear,onJune29,1817,CazadorandConsuladoattemptedtocaptureHotspuroffMorroCastle,buttheColombian
privateermanagedtoescape.Thenextyear,shesucceededincapturingaprivateerthathaditselfjustcapturedaslaver.Thewholecrewwerehangedandtheslaves
returnedtoHavana.
CazadorremainedontheSpanishlistsuntil1824hersubsequentfateisunknown.Thesameyear,aSpanishvesselofthatnamewasreportedatCharlestonin
distress,butitisnotknownifthisisthesameship.In1835,asuspectedslaverofthesamenamewasseizedatGibraltarandtwoyearslaterauctionedbytheRoyal
NavyatLloyds.However,theconnectionbetweentheCazador/Chasseurandthisvesselhaseludedconfirmation.
Hopkins,"Chasseur:ThePrideofBaltimore."Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

ChaunceyMaples
Steamer(1f/2m).L/B/D:127'bp20'5.9'(38.7m6.1m1.8m).Tons:250disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:12cabin,70deck.Mach.:highpressuresteam,200hp,
1screw8kts.Des.:AlexanderJohnson.Built:Messrs.Alley&MacLellan,Glasgow1899.
ThesteamerChaunceyMapleswasnamedforthelateBishopofLikoma,LakeNyasa,whoworkedintheterritoryofwhatisnowMalawi,EastAfrica,fortwo
decades.BuiltinsectionsinScotland,shewasshippedtoChinde,atthemouthoftheZambesi,andcarriedfromtheretoMalindionLakeMalawi.Shestartedlifeas
asteamerfor

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theUniversities'MissiontoCentralAfrica(UMCA),asafloatingschoolforthetrainingofclergyandamobilemissionstation.Inaddition,sheservedasamailboat
andtransport.DuringWorldWarI,shewasrequisitionedforuseasatransportinthecampaignsacrossBritishandGermanEastAfricaandononevoyagecarriedas
manyas500troops.Armedwithasingle1pdr.,hercrewtwicetookpartinoperationsagainsttheGermansteamerHermannvonWissmann.Afterthewarshe
resumedherworkfortheUMCA,whooperatedheruntil1953,whenfinancialdifficultiesforcedthemtosellher.
In1956,ChaunceyMapleswaspurchasedbyaRhodesianbasedfirmthatoperatedherasafactoryshipforitssmallfleetofLakeMalawifishingboats.In1965,
shewassoldtotheFederationofRhodesiaandNyasalandtorunasapassengersteamerinconjunctionwithMalawiRailways.Completelyoverhauled,shewasfitted
withdieselenginesandaccommodationsfor44firstclassand180otherpassengers.
Garland,LadyoftheLake.Mackenzie,"NavalCampaignsonLakesVictoriaandNyasa."

CheopsShip
L/B/D:143'18.7'4.9'(43.6m5.7m1.5m).Tons:94disp.Hull:wood.Built:Egyptca.2500BCE.
Theoldest,largest,andbestpreservedvesselfromantiquity,theCheopsshipwasfoundaccidentallyduringthecourseofaclearanceexcavationattheGreatPyramid
atGizain1954.TheoperationwasdirectedbyKamalelMallakh,anarchitectandEgyptologistworkingfortheEgyptianAntiquitiesService.Whileremovingdebris
justsouthofthepyramid,excavatorsdiscoveredtwolongpitscarvedinthebedrockandsealedwith14tonlimestoneblocks.Onopeningasmallholeintothefirst
pit,elMallakhnoticedanodorofcedarwood.Thefirstglimpsesintothedarknessrevealedacomplete,dismantledboat,superblypreservedinitsairtighttomb.
Accordingtooneinvestigator,theboat'stimbers"lookedashardandasnewasiftheyhadbeenplacedtherebutayearago."Theboatwasalmostcertainlybuiltfor
Cheops(Khufu),thesecondpharaohoftheFourthDynastyoftheEgyptianOldKingdom.TheGreatPyramidwasCheops'tomb,andthecartoucheofhisson,
Djedefre,wasfoundonseveralofthelimestoneblocksthatsealedtheboatpit.
Thepainstakingprocessofdocumentationandexcavationfollowedtheinitialdiscovery.Morethan1,200separatepiecesofwoodwererecovered,ranginginsize
frompegsafewcentimeterslongtotimbersofmorethan20meters.About95percentoftheshipwasbuiltofcedar,probablyimportedfromLebanon,withthe
remainder,includingacacia,usedforcrossbracinginsomedecksections,sidderfortenons,hornbeamforoarblades,andsycamoreforbattens,pegs,andother
details.
Afterthepieceshadbeenremovedfromthepitandconserved,thecomplexworkofreconstructionbegan.Thejigsawpuzzlewasputtogetheroveraperiodof13
yearsbyHajAhmedYoussefMoustafa,directorofrestorationfortheAntiquitiesService.Thecarefulrecordingofeachpieceinitsinitialpositionprovedcrucialto
thereconstruction,sincetheelementsoftheshiphadbeenarrangedlogicallyinthepit:prowatthewestend,sternattheeast,starboardtimbersonthenorthside,
porttimbersonthesouth,hullpiecesatthebottomandsidesofthepit,andsuperstructureelementsontopofthepile.Ancientcarpenters'marksintheformof
symbolsinthehieraticEgyptianscriptgaveadditionalcluesaboutthepositioningofindividualpieces.In1982,almost28yearsaftertheoriginaldiscovery,theCheops
boatwasopenedtothepublicinaspeciallybuiltmuseumnexttothepyramid.
TheCheopsshipisanexampleofthe"shellfirst"constructionthatlasteduntilabout1000CE.Thebuildersfirstputtogetherthehull,addingtheinternalstructural
membersonlyaftertheexternalshellwascomplete.Theboathasnokeel.Instead,thehullisbuiltaroundaflatbottommadeupof8timbers,averaging13metersin
lengthand13centimetersinthickness.Twonearlysymmetricalsetsofplankingformtheremainderoftheshell,with11largeplanksoneachside.Thesestrakesare
lashedtogetherfromrailtorail,scarfedtogetherattheirends,andfurthersecuredwith467tenons.Inthewater,thetimberswouldexpandandtheropelashings
shrink,resultinginastrong,watertightfit.Thinwoodenstrips(battens)covertheinboardfacesoftheseamsbetweentheplanks.Overthebattensarefitted16floor
timberslarge,curvedpieces,eachshapedfromasinglepieceofcedar,lashedtothestrakestostrengthenthehull.Thelongsturdycentergirder,orspine,runs
longitudinallyamidships,heldupbyforkedstanchionsattachedtothefloortimbers.The66deckbeamsaresupportedbythespineandnotchedsheerstrakes.The
deckbeams,inturn,aredadoedtoreceivethesquareandtrapezoidalsectionsofdecking.
Thehullanddecksupportthreeindependentstructures.Ontheforedeck,tenslimpoleswithelegantpapyrusbudfinialssupportasmall,lightweightcanopywitha
plankroof.Aftofmidshipsisthemaindeckcabin,consistingofananteroomandmainchamber.Itsouterwallsareconstructedoftwelvecrossbracedwooden
panelsfiveoneachsideandtwoateachend.Builtdirectlyoverandforwardofthemaincabinisthethirdsuperstructure,

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acanopybelievedtohavebeencoveredbyreedmats.Thegracefulformsofthehighprowandsteeplyrakedsternarederivedfromraftsofbundledreeds,the
earliestformofNileboat.Thestempostiscarvedinhighrelieftoresembleabundleofpapyrusstalkslashedtogetherwithrope.
Theboatwasequippedwithfivepairsofoars,varyingfrom6.58to8.35metersinlength.Anadditionalpairofsteeringoarswasmountedontheafterdeck.The
positioningoftheoarsinthereconstructionisconjecturalandthequestionofhowthevesselwasactuallypoweredhasbeenmuchdiscussed.Thetwelveoarsseeman
inadequatesourceofpropulsionforacraftthissize.Ithasbeensuggestedthattheroyalboatwouldhavebeentowedbysmallercraft,withitsownoarsusedonlyfor
steeringandmaneuvering.
Thereareseveraltheoriesaboutthepurposeoftheboat.Althoughithasbeensuggestedthattheshipwasintendedonlyasa"solarbarque"tocarrytheresurrected
kingwiththesungodReinaneternalcircuitoftheheavens,someofthebattensshowclearimprintsofropesthiscouldonlyhaveresultedwhentheboatwasafloat,
asthecordageshrankandthewoodsoftenedandswelled.Itisspeculatedthattheshipwaseitherafunerarybargeusedtocarrytheking'sembalmedbodyfrom
MemphistoGiza,orthatCheopshimselfuseditasapilgrimageboattovisitholyplacesandthatitwasburiedforhisuseintheafterlife.
Jenkins,BoatbeneaththePyramid.Landstrm,ShipsofthePharaohs.Lipke,RoyalShipofCheops.

USSChesapeake
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:152.5'bp40.9'13.8'dph(46.5m12.5m4.2m).Tons:1,244bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:340.Arm.:2818pdr,2032pdr.Des.:
JosiahFox.Built:GosportNavyYard,Norfolk,Va.1800.
ThelastandleastfortunateoftheoriginalsixfrigatesorderedbyCongresstodealwiththeBarbarycorsairsintheMediterranean,USSChesapeake'sconstruction
proceededfitfully.Laiddownin1795,shewasonlycompletedafterthestartoftheQuasiWarwithFrance.ThefrigatesincludedtheheavilybuiltUNITED
STATES,CONSTITUTION,andPRESIDENT,ratedas44gunfrigates,andCHESAPEAKE,CONSTELLATION,andCongress,ratedas38sanddesignedto
carrytwentyeight24pdrs.andeighteentotwenty12pdrs.
ChesapeakesailedfromNorfolkonJune6,1800,underCaptainSamuelBarrontopatroltheWestIndiesduringtheQuasiWarwithFrance.ShetookoneFrench
privateerbeforethecessationofhostilitiesin1801.InApril1802,shewasflagshipoftheMediterraneanSquadronunderCommodoreRichardV.Morrisuntilhis
replacementbyCommodoreEdwardPreble,inConstitution.AmongtheothercomplaintsleveledagainsttheineffectualMorriswasthathepaidmoreattentiontohis
pregnantwife,whosailedwithhim,thantoprosecutingthewaragainstthecorsairs.
ChesapeakewaslaidupatWashingtonfrommid1803to1807,whenshewasreadiedforatwoyearassignmentasflagshipofCommodoreJamesBarron(younger
brotherofSamuel)intheMediterranean.Inadditiontothesuppliesneededforthelengthyspellonforeignstation,theshipcarriedanumberofimportantpassengers
andtheirbelongings,whichcustomarilytookpriorityoverthebattlereadinessofAmericanwarshipsnotsailingthroughhostilewaters.Asthecountrywasatpeace,
therewaslittletofear.However,theRoyalNavywashardpressedinitswaragainstNapoleonicFrance,andinitsefforttokeepitsshipsmannedhadresortedto
impressment,firstathomeandamongitsmerchantfleets,andthenamongU.S.flagships.ShortlybeforeChesapeakesailed,twoFrenchshipshadsoughtshelter
fromastormintheChesapeakeandaBritishsquadronhadanchoredinLynhavenRoadstopreventtheirescape.Inthemeantime,fiveBritishdesertershadjoined
Chesapeakeand,despiteanapparentdiplomaticsettlementoftheissue(andthefactthatfourhadsubsequentlydesertedChesapeake),HMSLeopardhadbeen
dispatchedfromHalifaxwithorderstotakethemenfromChesapeakewhenshesailed.
OnJune22,ChesapeakeclearedthebaywhosenameshecarriedandLeopardfollowedherpastthethreemilelimit.WhenBarronrefusedtoaccedetotheBritish
demandtohavehisshipsearchedforRoyalNavydeserters,LeopardfiredsevenunansweredbroadsidesintotheunreadyChesapeakeonlyasinglegunwasfired
inreplykillingfourmen,woundingeighteen,includingBarron,anddamagingtheshipseverely.Herboardingpartythencarriedofffourmen.Onewashanged,two
died,andthetwosurvivorswerereturnedatBostonin1812shortlyafterthecommencementofhostilitiesforwhichtheircapturewasbutadistantprelude.After
repairsatNorfolk,ChesapeakewasassignedtopatrolNewEnglandwaterstoenforcetheembargolaws,undercommandofCaptainStephenDecatur.
WiththeoutbreakoftheWarof1812,Chesapeake,SamuelEvanscommanding,madeanextendedcruiseagainstBritishshippingbetweenDecember1812and
April1813sherangedfromtheWestIndiestoAfrica,takingfiveBritishprizes,andthroughskillfulseamanshipevadingthepursuitofaBritish74.BackatBoston,
Cap

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tainJamesLawrencetookcommandandonJune1,puttoseatomeetHMSShannon,acrack38gunfrigateundercommandofCaptainPhilipBowesVereBroke.
AcceptinganimplicitchallengefromBroke(whohadactuallyissuedawrittenone,whichLawrenceneverreceived),Lawrencesailedforarendezvousoutsideof
BostonHarborandshortlyafter1600camealongsideShannon.Meticulouslypreparedforthisbattle,Shannon'screwkilledorfatallywoundedmostof
Chesapeake'sofficers,includingLawrence(whosedyingwordswere"Don'tgiveuptheship"),shotawayherheadsails,boardedher,andhauleddownthe
Americanflagtoreplaceitwiththeirown.Thebloodiestnavalbattleofthewar,andoneoftheshortestitlastedonly15minuteshadcostthelivesof48U.S.
crewand30British,with98woundedinChesapeakeand56inShannon.
ChesapeakewastakentoHalifaxwhereshewasrepairedandbroughtintotheRoyalNavy.Byastrangetwistoffate,shewasthesiteofthecourtmartialofCaptain
EdwardCrofton,HMSLeopard(convertedtoatroopshipin1812),whohadrunhisshipagroundonAnticostiIslandintheGulfofSt.LawrenceinJune1814.Later
thatyear,ChesapeakesailedforEnglandandranagroundoffPlymouth.Bymid1815shewasatCapeTown,whereshelearnedthatBritainandtheUnitedStates
werenolongeratwar.ShewassoldatPortsmouthandbrokenupin1820.Thesameyear,theghostoftheillstarredChesapeakestirredonelasttime,whenher
mostdisgracedcaptain,JamesBarron,killedhermostadmired,StephenDecatur,inaduel.
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.Strum,"LeopardChesapeakeIncidentof1807."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSChicago(CA29)
Northamptonclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:600.3'66.1'23'(183m20.1m7m).Tons:11,420disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:7351,200.Arm.:98"(3x3),8
5",3240mm,2720mm621"TT4aircraft.Armor:3"belt,1"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,107,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:MareIslandNavy
Yard,Vallejo,Calif.1931.
ThesecondUSSChicagospentmostofthe1930sintheeasternPacific,withoccasionalcruisesintheCaribbeanandtheAtlantic.TransferredtoPearlHarborin
1940,theJapaneseattackfoundheratseawithUSSENTERPRISE.FromMarchtoAugust1942sheoperatedbetweenNewGuineaandNewCaledonia,first
comingunderairattackwhilesearchingoutthePortMoresbyinvasionfleetonMay7.TwodaysafterthefirstAmericanlandingsonGuadalcanalonAugust7,
Chicago'sCaptainH.D.BodewasincommandofacruisersquadronoperatingatthesouthernentrancetoIronbottomSoundbetweenSavoIslandand
Guadalcanal.At0136,aJapanesecruiserforceunderViceAdmiralGunichiMikawaattacked.Chicagowashitbyasingleshellandatorpedoassheracedaftera
Japanesedestroyer,whichescaped.TheBattleofSavoIslandthefirstnavalbattleforGuadalcanalsawthedestructionofthecruisersHMASCanberra,USS
Astoria,andQuincy,andthedestroyerUSSJarvis.Inadditiontofivemajorsurfaceunits,theAllieslost1,534sailorskilledandhundredsmoreseverelywounded,
allinlessthananhour.FearingforwhatremainedofhisTaskForce62,RearAdmiralRichmondKellyTurnerwithdrew,temporarilyabandoningthe16,000Marines
onGuadalcanaltotheirfate.Nonetheless,theJapanesefailedtocapitalizeontheirvictory,andtheAmericansduginforthesixmonthstruggleforcontrolofthe
island,thefirstbitofterritorytobewrestedfromtheJapanese.ThelossessustainedatSavoIslandresultedinlargemeasurefromthefailureofAmericancommand
andcontrol.TorepairthedamagedonetoAustralianAmericanrelationsbythelossoftheCanberra,inAprilof1943,theU.S.Navynamedanewcruiserforthe
Australiancapital.
Byastrangecoincidence,thelastmajornavalcasualtyoftheGuadalcanalcampaignwasnoneotherthantheChicago.AfterrepairsatSanFrancisco,Chicago
returnedtothesouthwestPacificinJanuary1943.BoundforGuadalcanalonthenightofthe29th,shewashitbyanaerialtorpedoandtakenintow.Thenext
evening,nineJapaneseplanesattackedandsankheroffRennellIslandinposition1125'S,16056'E.
Loxton,ShameofSavo.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Chile
Paddlesteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:198'29'(50'ew)18'(60.4m8.8m(15.2m)5.5,).Tons:682tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:150cabin,150deck.Mach.:side
leversteam,sidewheels,90hp.Built:London1840.
AlthoughthefirstthreesteamvesselsinthePacificarrivedin1822,1825,and1836respectively,permanentservicewasnotachieveduntil1840,onlytwoyearsafter
SIRIUSandGREATWESTERNinauguratedregularsteamserviceontheNorthAtlantic.Inthatyear,CaptainWilliamWheelwright,entrepreneurandonetime
AmericanconsulatBuenosAires,broughtoutthepaddlesteamersChileandPeruundertheflagofthePacificSteamNavigationCompanywiththeintentof
establishingservicebetweenValparaisoandPanama.ChileleftEnglandonJuly2,twoweeksaheadofPeru,andafterstopsatRiode

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JaneiroandPortFaminearrivedatValparaisoonOctober6.PerucontinuedtoCallao,theportofLima,arrivingthereonNovember3.ServicebetweentheChilean
andPeruvianportsopenedonNovember15,butthefirsttwoyearswereplaguedbyavarietyofdifficulties,mostsignificantthelackofcoal.Wheelwrightestablished
Chile'scoalindustrynearTalcahuano,whichhelpedgettheshipsonschedulefromMay1841,butattheendofthemonthChileranagroundatValparaiso.Itwas
severalmonthsbeforeshecouldsteamunderherownpowertoGuayaquil,Ecuador,whereshewasescortedbytheEcuadorianNavy'sGuayas,thefirstoceangoing
steamshiplaunchedinLatinAmerica.AstopatGuayaquilwasaddedbrieflytothePSNCroute,andinFebruary1842ChilereachedPanamaforthefirsttime.By
year'send,theservicewasagainlimitedtotheCallaoTalcahuanoroute,thereturnvoyagetakingfortydays.Servicewasputonamorecertainfootingwiththe
commissioningofthenewironhulledEcuadorin1845.Sevenyearslater,Perubecameatotallossafterstranding,andChilewassoldtoGeneralJuanJosFlores,
thedeposedconservativepresidentofEcuador.ChilewasseizedduringanabortiveraidonGuayaquil,butshereturnedtoCallaoinAugustofthatyear.Her
subsequentfateisunknown.
Duncan,"ChileandPeru."

Chitose
Chitoseclasslightaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:631.6'68.3'24.7'(192.5m20.8m7.5m).Tons:13,647disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:800.Arm.:30aircraft8
12.7cm,3025mm.Mach.:gearedturbines&diesels,44,000shp,2screws28.9kts.Built:SaseboDockyard,Sasebo,Japan1938.
NamedforariverinHokkaido,Chitosewasbuiltasaseaplanecarrierandcompletedin1938.Modifiedtocarrymidgetsubmarinesin1941,shewasheavily
damagedbyaircraftfromUSSSARATOGAattheBattleoftheEasternSolomons(Guadalcanal)onAugust24,1942,andsubsequentlyconvertedtoalightaircraft
carrier,aswashersistershipChiyoda.StruckbytwodudtorpedoesfromUSSBonefishinFebruary1944,shewasoneoffourcarriersinViceAdmiralJisaburo
Ozawa'sNorthernForceattheBattleofCapeEngao(LeyteGulf).ThereshewassunkonOctober25,1944,bycarrierplanesfromUSSESSEXinabout19
20'N,12620'E.Chiyodawassunklaterthesamedaybycruisershellfire.
Morison,TwoOceanWar.

ChristianRadich
Ship(3m).L/B/D:192.1'32'16'(58.6m9.8m4.9m).Tons:676grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:115.Mach.:diesel,450hp,1screw8kts.Built:FramnaesMek.
Verstad,Sandefjord,Norway1937.
CompletedonlytwoyearsbeforethestartofWorldWarII,thesailtrainingshipChristianRadichwasnamedforapatronoftheChristiania(laterOslo)Schoolship
Associationwholeftabequestof90,000Norwegiancrownsin1915forthebuildingofaschoolship.Theshipmadeoneshortcruisein1938,followedthenextyear
byherfirsttransatlanticvoyage,toNewYorkfortheWorld'sFair.ChristianRadichreturnedtoNorwayinlate1939,onlytobetakenoverbyGermanoccupation
forcesatHorteninApril1940.WhentheNorwegianNavyrefusedtorunasailtrainingprogramintheBalticforGermannavalcadets,theRadichwasusedasa
submarinedepotship.
War'sendfoundhercapsizedatFlensburg,Germany,strippedofvirtuallyallmetalandfittingsexcepthershellplatinganddecks.After70,000worthofsalvageand
repairatherbuildersinSandefjord,sheresumedsailtrainingin1947.OneofthemostregularparticipantsintallshipsracesandothereventsinEuropeandNorth
America,bythestartofhersecondhalfcenturyundersail,ChristianRadichhadbeenbothwitnesstoandacatalystfortheremarkableresurgenceofinterestinsail
trainingandtraditionalsailgenerallyworldwide.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

ChristopherColumbus
Whalebackpassengersteamer(1f).L/B/D:362'42'24'dph(110.3m12.8m7.3m).Tons:1,511grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:5,000pass.Mach.:triple
expansion,3,040hp,1screw18kts.Des.:AlexanderMcDougall.Built:AmericanSteelBargeCo.,WestSuperior,Wisc.1893.
Theworld'sonlywhalebackpassengervessel,ChristopherColumbuswasbuiltfortheChicagoWorld'sFairCommemoratingthequadricentennialofher
namesake'stransatlanticvoyagein1492.Theintentofherdesigner,AlexanderMcDougall,wastopublicizehisradicalnewwhalebackhulldesign.Thewhaleback
wassocalledbecausewithitsroundeddeckandconoidalbow,whichofferedlittleresistancetotheelements,thehullresembledabreachingwhale.Observers
lookingatthemheadoncalledthempigboats.BuiltwithfourdecksafifthwasaddedlaterChristopherColumbuscarriednearlytwomillionpassengerson
thesixmilerunbetweenRandolphStreetindowntownChicagoandtheexpositiongroundsatJacksonPark.Whenthefairended,shewas

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acquiredbytheHursonLineforthe170milepassengerrunbetweenChicagoandMilwaukee.SoldtotheGoodrichTransitCompanyin1909,in193233shewas
featuredattheCenturyofProgressexhibitioninChicago.Itisestimatedthatinherfortyfouryearsofservice,shecarriedmorepassengersthananyotherGreat
LakespassengervesseleverbuiltbeforebeingbrokenupbytheManitowocShipbuildingCompanyin1936.Althoughmorethanfortywhalebackswerebuilt
includingtheMeteor,preservedinSuperior,WisconsinMcDougall'sconceptnevergainedwidespreadacceptance.
Wilterding,McDougall'sDream.Inkster,''McDougall'sWhalebacks."

CityofBenares
Passengership(2f/2m).L/B/D:486.1'62.7'28.5'(148.219.1m8.7m).Tons:11,081grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:285pass.209crew.Mach.:gearedturbines,
1,450nhp,1screw15kts.Built:Barclay,Curle&Co.,Ltd.,Glasgow1936.
ThelargestofEllerman'sCityLineships,CityofBenareswasbuiltforservicebetweenEnglandandIndia,andsheremainedsoengageduntiltheoutbreakofWorld
WarII.OnFriday,September13,1940,shesailedfromLiverpoolunderCaptainLandlesNicoll,embarkingRearAdmiralEdmundMackinnonascommodoreof
OB213,aconvoyofnineteenshipsboundforCanada.Amongher406crewandpassengerswere101adultsand90childrenbeingevacuatedtoCanadabythe
Children'sOverseasReceptionBoard,orCORBotherCORBdestinationswereSouthAfrica,Australia,NewZealand,andtheUnitedStates.Fourdaysout,in
about17W,thedestroyerHMSWinchelseaandtwosloopslefttheconvoytomeeteastboundConvoyHX71.Despiteastandingordertodispersetheconvoyand
letallshipsproceedontheirown,Mackinnondelayedtheorder.Shortlyafter2200,inposition5643'N,2115'W,CityofBenareswastorpedoedbyU48under
LieutenantCommanderHeinrichBleichrodt,oneofGermany'smostsuccessfulsubmarinecommandersononeofhismostsuccessfulmissions.ThefreighterMarina
fellvictimshortlythereafter,whereuponMackinnongavetheordertodisperse.TheordertoabandonCityofBenarescamenext,butinForce5conditions,lowering
theboatswasdifficultandseveralcapsized.ManyofthosewhodidnotdrownoutrightdiedofexposurebeforethedestroyerHMSHurricanearrivedthenext
afternoonat1415.Beforedark,102peoplefromBenareshadbeenrescuedonly7ofthemchildrenandoneboatofsurvivorsfromMarina.Asecondboat
fromMarinasailedtoIrelandwith16crew,includingthecaptain,andoneboatfromCityofBenaresinitiallythoughtlostwasrescuedbyHMSAnthonyon
September26,with45people,only6ofthemCORBchildren.Inall,ofthe406peoplesailinginCityofBenares,245werelost,andofthe90children,allbut13.
AlthoughtheCORBschemewaseventuallyabandoned,onepositiveresultofthetragedywasthedecisiontohaveallconvoysaccompaniedbyrescueescorts.
Collectively,thesetrawlers,tugboats,andcoastingvesselswereresponsibleforrescuingmorethan4,000seamenbywar'send.
Barker,Childrenofthe"Benares."

CityofBerlin
(laterBerlin,Meade)Liner(1f/3m).L/B:488.6'bp44.2'(148.9m13.5m).Tons:5,491grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st170,2nd100,3rd1,500.Mach.:compound
engine,1screw15kts.Built:Caird&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1875.
TheInmanSteamshipCompany'sCityofBerlinwasaremarkableshipinmanyrespects.Mostnoticeably,shehadthehighestlengthtobeamratio11to1of
anymajorNorthAtlanticsteamship.(Bycomparison,hercontemporarySCOTIAwasabout8:1,andFRANCE/Norwayisabout9:1.)Onherfifthvoyagebetween
LiverpoolandNewYork,shetwicecapturedtheBlueRiband,crossingfromQueenstowntoSandyHookat15.21knots(7days,18hours,2minutesSeptember
1725,1875)andreturningat15.37knots(7days,15hours,28minutesOctober210).InDecember1879,shebecamethefirsttransatlanticsteamshipfittedwith
electriclightsforinteriorspaces.Tobegin,therewerefourinthemainsaloonandtwointhesteeragecompartments.AstheLiverpoolJournalofCommerce
reported,thelatter"continuouslyshedabrilliancyhithertounknowninthesteeragepartofanyvessel."DuringamajorrefitbyLairdBrothersin1887,CityofBerlin
wasgiventripleexpansionenginesandelectriclightingwasextendedthroughouttheship.Inmanwasdissolvedin1893,andCityofBerlinwassoldtotheAmerican
LineandrenamedBerlin,thoughsheremainedonthesameroute.Twoyearslater,shepassedtotheRedStarLineandmadesevenvoyagesbetweenAntwerpand
NewYork.In1898,shesailedafewtimesbetweenSouthampton,Queenstown,andNewYork,butlaterintheyearshewaspurchasedbytheU.S.governmentand
commissionedastheU.S.ArmyTransportServiceshipMeade.ShesawserviceinboththeSpanishAmericanWarandWorldWarI.DamagedbyfireatSan
Franciscoin1906,shewasscrappedin1921.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

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CityofBrussels
Liner(1f/3m).L/B:390'bp40.3'(118.9m12.3m).Tons:3,081grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:cabin200,3rd600.Mach.:horizontaltrunkengine,1screw14kts.
Built:Tod&MacGregor,Glasgow1869.
ThefirstpassengershiptocrosstheNorthAtlanticinundereightdays,thesleekCityofBrusselswasthefirstshipdesignedandbuiltwithsteamsteeringgear.(Her
owner,theLiverpool,NewYorkandPhiladelphiaSteamShipCompany,wasalsoknownastheInmanLine.)GREATEASTERNhadbeenretrofittedwiththis
laborsavingdevicetwoyearsbefore.FollowinghermaidenvoyagefromLiverpooltoNewYorkinOctober1869,shewasnotlonginshowingherspeed.On
December4,shedepartedSandyHookandarrivedatQueenstown7days,29hours,30minuteslater,havingsetanewtransatlanticrecordwithanaveragespeedof
14.7knotsover2,771miles,ahalfknotfasterthanScotia'srecordof1863.CityofBrusselsneverbetteredScotia'swestboundrecord,whichstooduntil1872.
FollowingthedebutoftheWhiteStarLineintheNorthAtlantictrade,thetwoyearoldCityofBrusselswaswithdrawnfromserviceinNovember1871fora
rebuild.Apromenadedeckthatincreasedhertonnageto3,747grt.wasaddedandheraccommodationscapacitywasincreasedto1,000steeragepassengers.Five
yearslater,in1876,shewasgivenmoreefficientcompoundengines.OnJanuary7,1883,shecollidedwiththesteamerKirbyHallintheRiverMerseyandsankwith
thelossoftenlives.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

CityofNewYork
(laterNewYork,USSHarvard,USSPlattsburg)Liner(3f/3m).L/B:527.6'bp63.2'(160.8m19.3m).Tons:10,499grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st540,2nd200,
3rd1,000.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws20kts.Built:J.&G.Thomson,Govan,Scotland1888.
BuiltfortheInman&InternationalSteamshipCompany,CityofNewYorkremainedintheshadowofherillustriousyoungersister,CITYOFPARIS,untilshe
capturedtheBlueRibandforthefirstandonlytime,sailingbetweenSandyHookandQueenstownatarateof20.11knots(5days,19hours,57minutesAugust
1723,1892).Thiswasthefirsteastboundcrossinginundersixdays.In1893,shepassedtotheAmericanLineand,renamedNewYork,beganservicebetween
NewYorkandSouthampton.(ShehadpreviouslysailedfromLondon.)
In1898NewYorkwasrequisitionedbytheU.S.NavyandcommissionedastheauxiliarycruiserUSSHarvard.Assignedtoscoutandtroopingduties,shewas
presentatthedestructionoftheSpanishfleetoffSantiagodeCubaonJuly3.ThefollowingyearNewYorkreturnedtocivilianserviceontheNorthAtlanticand
remainedinthatworkuntil1918whenshewascommissionedasthetroopshipUSSPlattsburg.FollowingWorldWarI,shewassoldtotheFranklinSteamship
Company,andthentotheshortlivedPolishNavigationCompany.AfteronevoyagetoDanzig,shewasseizedatNewYorkfordebt.Shepassedthrougha
successionofotherownersbutlayidleuntil1922,whenshesailedforIstanbulfortheAmericanBlackSeaLine.ShewasscrappedatGenoain1923.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

CityofParis
(laterParis,USSYale,Philadelphia,USSHarrisburg)Liner(3f/3m).L/B:527.6'bp63.2'(160.8m19.3m).Tons:10,499grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st540,
2nd200,3rd1,000.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws20kts.Built:J.&G.Thomson,Govan,Scotland1889.
Oneoftheforemostoceanlinersofthenineteenthcentury,CityofPariswasoneoftwoshipsbuiltfortheInman&InternationalSteamshipCompanywhich,froman
engineeringstandpoint,signaledthebirthofthetruetransatlanticsteamship.AlthoughsteamhadbeentheprimarymeansofpropulsionformanyshipsontheNorth
Atlanticrunfordecades,CityofParisandhersistershipCITYOFNEWYORKwerethefirsttwinscrewpassengershipsinwhichthesailingrigwasreducedto
littlemorethananornamentalanachronism.OnhersecondvoyagefromLiverpooltoNewYork,CityofParissetnewtransatlanticrecordsbothwestboundand
eastbound,makingthefirstcrossinginundersixdayswithanaveragespeedof19.95knotsbetweenQueenstownandSandyHook,onMay28,andthefirst
crossingatbetterthan20knots20.03knotsonthereturn,May1522.ShecapturedtheBlueRibandforthefifthandfinaltimewithawestboundrunat20.7
knots(5days,14hours,24minutesOctober1318,1892).Asithappened,herowners'faithintheirtechnologicalprogresswasputtothetestinhersecondyearof
service.OnMarch25,1890,herengineroomswerefloodedafterherstarboardpropellercrackedandshehadtobetowedtoQueenstown.
In1893,theBritishflagInmanLinebecametheAmericanLine,andbyanactofCongress,CityofParisandCityofNewYorkwereregisteredintheUnitedStates.
WiththeirnamesshortenedtoParisandNewYork,theycontinuedinserviceontheNorthAtlantic,thoughsailingfromLiverpoolratherthanSouthampton.

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Imagenotavailable.
AntonioJacobsen'spaintingoftheInmanLinesteamerCITYOFPARIS,oneofthefirsttwinscrewshipsin
transatlanticservice.SheandhersistershipCITYOFNEWYORKintroducedaneweraontheNorthAtlantic,and
theyweresohighlyregardedthattheU.S.Congressapprovedlegislationenablingtheforeignbuiltshipstopass
undertheAmericanflag.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

AttheoutbreakoftheSpanishAmericanWar,PariswascommissionedastheauxiliarycruiserUSSYaleandputonpatrolintheCaribbeanbetweenMayand
September1898.Thefollowingmonthsheresumedpassengerservice.OnMay21,1899,shestrandedontheManaclesoffLand'sEnd,Cornwall,anditwasnot
untilJuly11thatshecouldberefloated.RefitatBelfast,shewasgivenquadrupleexpansionenginesandherthreefunnelswerereplacedwithtwolaterstillhermiddle
mastwasremoved.InthemeantimeshewasrenamedPhiladelphiaandputinservicebetweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYork.
DuringWorldWarI,Philadelphia'seasternterminusbecameLiverpool,butshecontinuedincivilianserviceuntilagainrequisitionedbytheNavyinMay1918.
CommissionedasUSSHarrisburg,shemadetenvoyagesasatrooptransportuntildecommissionedin1919.PhiladelphiawassoldtotheNewYorkNaples
SteamshipCompanyin1922.ThecompanyprovedtobebankruptandonherfirstvisittoNaplesshewasseizedfordebt.ShewasscrappedatGenoathefollowing
year.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

CityofRome
Liner(3f/4m).L/B:560.2'bp52.3'(170.7m15.94m).Tons:8,415grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st125,2nd80,3rd1,310.Mach.:compoundengine,1screw15
kts.Built:BarrowShipbuildingCo.,Barrow,Eng.1881.
TheInmanSteamshipCompany'sCityofRomehasthedistinctionofbeingthefirstthreefunnelsteamshiptooperateontheNorthAtlantic.(Shipsofone,two,four,
five,andevensixfunnelshadalreadymadetheirappearance.)Thelargestshipbuilttothatdate,saveforBrunel'sGREATBRITAIN,thebarkriggedlinerwas
widelyconsidered,inthewordsofNigelBonsor,"themoststatelyandwellproportionedsteamshipeverbuilt."Neverthelessshewasadisappointmenttoherowners,
whohandedherbacktoherbuildersafterfourroundtripsbetweenLiverpool,Queenstown,andNewYork.UnderAnchorLinemanagement,shesailedfirstfrom
Liverpool,thenGlasgow,andfinallyLiverpoolagainuntil1898.InthatyearshewascharteredbytheU.S.governmentandusedtorepatriate1,667Spanishprisoners
ofwar.ShealsosailedunderchartertotheBritishgovernmentduringtheBoerWar.Afterabriefreturntotransatlanticwork,shewassoldin1901andscrappedthe
followingyearinGermany.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

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Cleopatra
Barge(1m).L/B/D:93'15'(28.3m4.6m).Hull:iron.Comp.:9.Des.:JohnDixon.Built:London1877.
In1801,theKhediveofEgypt,MehmetAli,offeredGreatBritainoneofthethreestoneobeliskslyingatAlexandriaknownasCleopatra'sNeedles.Weighingsome
240tons,theobeliskswerehewnfromtherockabout700milesuptheNileanderectedbyThotmesIIIatHeliopolis,neartheNileDelta,inabout1500BCE.In
about15BCE,theRomanEmperorAugustusmovedthemtoAlexandriaasagifttoCleopatra.ManyplansweremadetotransporttheNeedletoLondon,butnone
cametofruitionuntilthemid1870s.AlthoughtheFrenchandAmericansmovedsimilarobeliskswithcomparativeease,theBritishapproachwasunnecessarily
complicated.
JohnDixon,anengineer,designedacylindricalhulltobetakenouttoEgyptinsections,builtaroundtheNeedle,andtowedbacktoEngland.Thecylinderhada
verticalstemandstern,arudder,twobilgekeels,amastforbalancingsails,andadeckhouse.OnSeptember21,1877,CleopatrawastowedoutofAlexandriaby
OlgaandarrivedatGibraltarsixteendayslater.OnSeptember14,fivedaysoutofGibraltar,theshipswerehitbyaForce12hurricane.SixofOlga'screwwerelost
tryingtorescuethecrewoftheCleopatra.ThetowwascastoffandCleopatra'sNeedledriftedintheBayofBiscayuntiltowedtoElFerrolbyFitzmaurice,an
Englishshipwhosemaster'sdemandforanexorbitantsalvagefeewasunmitigatedbyanysenseofpatrioticduty.Cleopatrawasrecoveredandafterrepairsarrived
atGravesendonJanuary21,1878.TowedtoLondon,shewasdismantledpriortotheerectionoftheobeliskontheThamesEmbankment.
Rogers,FreakShips.

Imagenotavailable.
AlthoughtheFrenchandAmericansmanagedtotransporttheirancient"Cleopatra's
Needles"ontraditionalships,theBritishoptedforamoreradicalandnearly
disastrouscraft,seenhereatAlexandria,August29,1877,inaphotoby
Borgiotti.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Cleopatra'sBarge
Brigantine.L/B/D:83'22.5'11.5'dph(25.36.9m3.5m).Tons:192grt.Hull:wood.Built:RetireBecket,Salem,Mass.1816.
CaptainGeorgeCrowninshield,Jr.'s,Cleopatra'sBargewasthefirstseagoingyachtbuiltintheUnitedStates.Anintriguingblendofseamananddandy,
CrowninshieldhadacquiredJeffersonforuseasayachtin1801,andhesailedherasaprivateerduringtheWarof1812.Afterthewar,Crowninshield
commissionedRetireBeckettobuildhimayachtfromscratch.Whentheshipwaslaunched,hegavehertheextravagantnameofCleopatra'sBarge,allbutfulfilling
thepredictionofhisbrotherBenjaminthensecretaryofthenavythathewouldchoose"somefoolishnamethatwouldbelaughedat."Laughtheymightbut
whenlaunched,thebrigantineattractedthousandsofvisitorsfromfarandwide,andCrowninshieldwrotehisbrotherattheendofDecemberthatan"averageofover
900[people]perday"hadcometoadmirehisship.
OpulentandextravagantCleopatra'sBargemayhavebeenthehullwaspaintedwithaherringbonepatterntoportandmulticoloredstripestostarboardbut
shewasnonethelessaswiftsailerandsmartlyhandled.

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Imagenotavailable.
BuiltforCaptainGeorgeCrowninshield,Jr.,
CLEOPATRA'sBARGEwasthefirstAmericanpleasure
yachtinthegrandtradition.GeorgeRopes'spainting
showstheeccentricherringbonecolorschemeonthe
porthulltostarboardweremulticoloredstripes.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Armedwithsome300lettersofintroduction,CrowninshieldsailedforEuropeonMarch30,1817,visitingsixteenportsintheAzores,Madeira,Gibraltar,North
Africa,Spain,France,andItaly,beforereturningtoSalemonOctober3.Sixweekslater,Crowninshieldwasdeadofaheartattackattheageoffiftyone.
Cleopatra'sBargewassoldand,strippedofherfinerfittings,sailedasapacketbetweenSouthCarolinaandBoston.In1821,thebrigantinewasboughtbyBryant
&SturgisandsentouttoHawaiiwhereKamehamehaIIboughttheship.RenamedHaaheooHawaii("PrideofHawaii"),thevesselservedasasortofroyalflagship
untilApril4,1824,whensheranagroundonKauiIslandandbecameatotallossdespiteprodigiouseffortstosaveher.
Crowninshield,StoryofGeorgeCrowninshield'sYacht"Cleopatra'sBarge."Whitehead,"GeorgeCrowninshield'sYachtCleopatra'sBarge.

Colorado
Passengersteamer(1f/2m).L/B/D:314'45'31.9'(95.7m13.7m9.7m).Tons:3,357.Hull:wood.Comp.:1st104,steerage1,500.Arm.:220pdr,2
30pdr.Mach.:steam,sidewheels.Built:WilliamH.Webb,NewYork1865.
BuiltforthePacificMailSteamshipCompany'sservicebetweenPanamaandCalifornia,thepassengershipColoradoenteredservicejustbeforetheendoftheCivil
War.Atthetime,therewasstillconcernoverthepresenceofConfederateraidersinthePacific,inparticularCSSSHENANDOAH,andthoughherspeedwas
probablyasmuchdefenseassheneeded,shewasarmedwithtwo20pdr.andtwo30pdr.guns.Beforetheendofthewar,steamnavigationinthePacifichadbeen
confinedtocoastalroutesinboththeAmericasandAsia.Sensinganopportunity,PacificMailbeganplanstoinauguratetranspacificsteamshipservicebetweenSan
FranciscoandHongKong,viaKanagawa,Japan.Colorado'sstabilitywasimprovedandherrangeincreasedbytheremovalofsomesteeragecabinsandthe
enlargementofherbunkersandwatertanks.
ColoradodepartedSanFranciscoamidgreatfanfareonNewYear'sDay1867.Threeweekslater,shearrivedatKanagawa,andeightdayslater,onJanuary30,
shewasatHongKong.ThenewspapersthatshecarriedwerenewerbytwoweeksthanthosebroughtviatheMediterraneanandRedSea.Returningeastbound,
ColoradoembarkedtheentireJapaneseembassythenenroutetoWashington.AlthoughColoradomadeafewmoretranspacificruns,shespentthenextdozen
yearsmainlyinthecoastalworkforwhichshewasbuilt.Shewasbrokenupin1879.Hersuccessfulinaugurationofthetranspacificrouteexpandedfollowingthe
launchofaquartetofPacificsteamersCelestialEmpire,GreatRepublic,Niphon,andAmericawithconnectingserviceinChinaprovidedbyPacificMail's
CostaRica.
Braynard,FamousAmericanShips.

HMSColossus
Leviathanclass3rdrate74(3m).L/B/D:172.3'48'20'8"dph.(52.5m14.6m6.3m).Tons:1,716burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:640.Arm.:2832pdr,
2818pdr,189pdr,2carr.Built:Cleverly,Gravesend,Eng.1787.
ThethirdrateshipofthelineHMSColossussawextensiveactioninthewarswithRevolutionaryFrance,includingthecaptureofToulonin1793andtheBattleof
Groixin1795.ThefollowingyearshejoinedAdmiralSirJohnJervis'sfleetunderCaptainGeorgeMurray,afriendofCommodoreHoratioNelson.OnFebruary14,
1797,whileonblockadeoftheSpanishcoastbetweentheTagusandCadiz,ColossuswasseverelydamagedattheBattleof

Page116

CapeSt.Vincent,whereAdmiralSirJohnJerviswith15shipsofthelineoverwhelmedaSpanishfleetof13shipsofthelineand14frigates.
Herbattledamagerepaired,ColossusjoinedNelson'ssquadronatNaplesasanarmedstoreship.FollowingtheBattleoftheNileonAugust1,1798,Colossuswas
usedtotransportthewounded,bothBritishandFrench,aswellasthetreasuretakenfromthedefeatedFrenchfleet.Thoughvictorious,theBritishshipswerebadly
damagedattheNile,andColossusherselfwassocannibalizedthatMurrayevensurrenderedhisspareanchortoNelson'sVANGUARD.
Orderedhomewithaconvoyofmerchantships,beforeleavingNaplesColossusloadedacargoofantiquitiesthathadbeencollectedbySirEdwardHamilton.This
wasmadepossibleowingbothtoHamilton'spositionastheBritishministertoNaples,andhisandhiswife'sfriendshipwithNelson.AfterstoppingattheTagusfor
fivedays,onDecember7CaptainMurrayledhisconvoyintotheanchorageatSt.Mary'sIslandintheScillyIslands.Threedayslateragalestruck,theanchorcable
parted,andthesheetandboweranchorswouldnotholdandtherewasnospare.ColossuswentashoreonSouthwardWellRock,andthenextmorningallbut
onemanwererescued.Muchoftheshipwassalvagedsoonafter,butHamilton'svaseswerenot.In1968,RolandMorrisbegandivingonthesite(in4955'N,06
21'W)andsixyearslaterbeganrecoveringfragmentsfromHamilton'scollection.OvertheyearsthesewerereassembledbytheBritishMuseumthemostfamous
reconstructedartifactisthesocalledColossusVasedatingfromfifthcenturyBCEAthens.
Morris,HMS"Colossus."

Columbia
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:141.3'25.8'15.8'(43.1m7.9m4.8m).Tons:153grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:2230.Des.:W.StarlingBurgess.Built:ArthurD.
Story,Essex,Mass.1923.
In1921,NovaScotiapublisherWilliamH.DennisputupacupforracesbetweenthebestworkingschoonersintheNovaScotiaandMassachusettsfishingfleets.
ThefirstmatchbetweenCanada'sDelawanaandGloucester'sEsperantowaswonbytheAmericans,butthenextyear,BLUENOSEbeatElsietobringthetrophy
toHalifax.Thatfall,BenPine,aship'schandlerandschooneroperator,formedagrouptobuildaracingfishermantobeatBluenose.LaiddowninDecember,
ColumbiawaslaunchedonApril17,1923,andonMay8headedforthefishinggroundswhereshecaught324,000poundsofcodinherfirsttwomonths.Atthe
endoftheseason,sheproceededtoHalifaxtoraceBluenose.Althoughshewasdefeatedintwo40mileracesbymarginsoflessthanthreeminuteseach,Bluenose's
CaptainAngusWalterlatersaidColumbiawas"thebestboattheAmericanseverproduced."ReturningtoworkasaherringfreighterfromNewfoundlandthat
winter,Columbiaresumedhandlininginthespring,butattheendof1924theenginelessschoonerwaslaidup.Therewerenoracesin1925,butin1926Columbia
wasbackonthefishinggroundsandbeatHenryFordintheAmericans'eliminationmatchof1926,althoughtheCanadiansfailedtocomeupwithacompetitor.
Columbiawasfishingabout40mileswestsouthwestofSableIslandwhenahurricanesweptthroughthefleetonAugust24,1927,andtheschoonerwaslostwithall
22crew.OnJanuary3,1928,thesteamtrawlerVenostawasdraggingin4324'N,6127'Wwhenat0200hertrawlsnaggedonwhatturnedouttobeColumbia
herself.Thetrawlwasbroughtinandtheschoonerbrokethesurfacebeforethelinesbroke.AsCaptainMyhrelaterreported,"Shewasaphantomshipandshecame
upbesideus,andasslowlyassheemergedfromthewateronaperfectlyevenkeel,sodidshegobackagaintothedeep."
Story,Hail"Columbia"!

ColumbiaRediviva
Ship(3m).L/B:83.5'24.2'(25.5m7.4m).Tons:212burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:2750.Arm.:12guns.Built:Plymouth,Mass.1787.
ThePacificNorthwest'simportancetoeasternmerchantsgrewrapidlyfollowingthevisitstotheregionbyHMSRESOLUTIONandDISCOVERYonCaptain
JamesCook'sthirdvoyage.BostonmerchantsquicklysawintheabundanceofseaotterpeltsawayofbreakingintothelucrativeChinatrade,andin1787a
consortiumofsixmerchants,shipowners,andcaptainsunderJosephBarrellpurchasedtheshipColumbiaRedivivaandthesloopLadyWashington.WithJohn
KendrickincommandofColumbia(asshewasusuallyknown)andRobertGrayinLadyWashington,thevesselsdepartedBostononSeptember30,1787.The
shipssailedincompanyuntilseparatedinagaleoffCapeHorn,andLadyWashingtonwasthefirsttoarriveatNootkaSoundaSpanishsettlementonthe
westernsideofVancouverIslandandthenorthernlimitofthechartedcoastonSeptember17,1788,followedonthe24thbyColumbia.WhentheAmericans
arrivedtheyfoundthreeshipsflyingPortuguesecolors,althoughtheywereactuallyEnglishships.TheAmericans

Page117

remainedtherethroughthewinter.InMarch1789,Graysailedinsearchofskins,meetingwithgreatsuccess,especiallyatQueenCharlotteIsland(whichhe
establishedwas,indeed,anisland).ReturningtoNootkaSound,GrayfoundthatKendrickhadmadenoefforttotradefortheskinsthatweretheobjectofthe
voyage.ThetwoshipssailedtoClayoquotSoundonVancouverIslandwhereLadyWashington'scargowastransferredtoColumbia,andGrayandKendrick
tradedcommands.ColumbiasailedforCanton,viatheSandwich(Hawaiian)Islands,tradingskinsfortea.ColumbiasailedforhomeonFebruary12,1790,viathe
CapeofGoodHopeandonAugust9anchoredatBoston,thefirstshiptocircumnavigatetheglobeundertheAmericanflag.
AlthoughKendrick'sdesultorycommandoftheexpeditionensureditwasnotaprofitableonetoallintentsandpurposeshecommandeeredLadyWashingtonand
neverremittedanyprofits,iftherewereany,totheownersBarrellwassufficientlyimpressedbyGraytodispatchColumbiaonasecondvoyage.Sailingon
September28,1790onlysixweeksafterherreturntoBostonColumbiareturnedtoNootkaSoundonJune4,1791,afterapassageofonlyeightmonths.
TheytradedintothefallbeforereturningtoClayoquotSound.OverthewintertheyassembledthesloopAdventure,theframesofwhichtheyhadbroughtoutfrom
Boston.Inthespring,whileAdventuresailednorthinsearchofskins,Columbiasailedsouth.OnMay12,1792,Gray
sawanappearanceofaspaciousharbourabreasttheShip,haul'dourwindforit,observ'dtwosandbarsmakingoff,withapassagebetweenthemtoafineriver.Outpinnaceand
sentherinaheadandfollowedwiththeshipundershortsail,carriedinfrom1/2threeto7fm.Andwhenoverthebarhad10fm.water,quitefresh.

TheexistenceofColumbia'sRiver,asGraycalledit,hadlongbeenpostulated.In1775,BrunodeHezeta(sailinginSantiago)hadestablishedthelocationoftheriver
mouth.Theland,asJohnBoitwrote,
withlittlelabourmightbemadefittoraisesuchseedsasisnessescary[sic]forthesustenanceofinhabitants,andinshortafactorysetuphereandanotheratHancock'sRiverin
theQueenCharlotteIsles,wou'dengrossthewholetradeoftheNWCoast(withthehelp[of]afewsmallcoastingvessels).

ThediscoverywasespeciallyimportantbecauseitgavetheyoungUnitedStatesaclaimtoaregionalreadycontestedbytheSpanishandBritish,andtowhichRussia
wouldsoonadditsvoice.
Returningnorth,ColumbiaresumedthesearchforseaotterskinswithAdventurebutnarrowlymissedbeingwreckedwhenshestruckarockinMilbankeSound.At
theendoftheseason,GraysoldAdventuretotheSpanishandonOctober3sailedforHawaiiandthencetoChina.ArrivingatMacaoonDecember8,Columbia
sailedagainupthePearlRiveronFebruary2.SoendedhercareerinthePacificNorthwestfurtrade.Herexactmovementsinsubsequentyearsisunknown,butin
October1801shewasbrokenup,or,astheofficialregistersays,"ripttopieces."
Howay,ed.,Voyagesofthe"Columbia"totheNorthwestCoast.

Comet
Steamboat(1f/1m).L/B/D:43.5'11.3'5.6'(13.3m3.4m1.7m).Tons:25grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:doubleacting,jetcondensingengine,4nhp,sidewheels6
kts.Built:JohnWood&Co.,Glasgow1812.
CometwasthefirststeamboatincommercialserviceinEurope,andfollowedbyfiveyearstheappearanceofRobertFulton'sNORTHRIVERSTEAMBOATin
theUnitedStates.Longinterestedinsteamnavigation,theScottishengineerHenryBellwasfamiliarwiththeworkofbothWilliamSymington,whobuilt
CHARLOTTEDUNDAS,andFulton.Hefirstinstalledasteamengineinaboatin1802,andasearlyas1803hewastryingtopersuadetheAdmiraltytoemploy
steampropulsioninBritishwarships.FailingtoattracttheirinterestandaftercorrespondingwithFulton,BellorderedCometfromtheGlasgowfirmofMessrs.John
Wood&Company,withanengineofhisowndesignbuiltbyJohnRobertsonofGlasgowDavidNapierbuilttheboiler.Originallybuiltwithtwopaddlewheelshafts
turningfourpaddles,thisdesignwasfoundtobeinefficientandonepairofwheelswasremoved.AnotherunusualfeatureofCometwasthesingletallfunnel,which
doubledasamast.
AftertrialsinAugust1812,Comet'soriginalserviceasaferrybetweenGlasgowandGreenockwasnotasuccess,butatourofScotlandtodrumupinterestin
steamboatswas,andby1815thereweretensteamboatsontheClyde.In1816,CometherselfwassailingontheFirthofForth,andshewaslaterputintoservice
betweenGlasgowandtheWestHighlands.OnDecember13,1820,enroutetoFortWilliam,sheranagroundatCraignishPoint.(Thereisanothertraditionthatshe
sankin1825butwaslaterraised,renamedAnn,andsenttoworkasacoastalschooneruntil1875.)Herverticalsinglecylinderengineisstillpreservedatthe
ScienceMuseuminLondon.
Baker,EnginePoweredVessel.

Page118

Comet
(laterFieryStar)Clipper(3m).L/B/D:241'41.4'22.2'(73.5m12.6m6.8m).Tons:1,836om.Hull:wood.Comp.:525pass41crew.Built:WilliamH.
Webb,NewYork1851.
BuiltfortheCaliforniaandChinatrades,Bucklin&Crane'sCometwasnotedforherfinepassengeraccommodations,whichincludedatoilet,library,andbathrooms.
Anextremeclippership,shewasparticularlygoodsailingtowindward.AlthoughhermaidenpassagetoSanFranciscowasnotespeciallyfast(103days),she
continuedtoHongKongandloadedacargoofteasandsilksthatprovedthemostvaluablecargoeverimportedintotheUnitedStatestothattime.Thenextyear,
CometracedFlyingDutchman,whichleftSanFranciscoonedaybeforeher.Onthreeseparateoccasionstheshipswerewithinsightofoneanother,andComet
arrivedatNewYorkin83days,18hours,adayandahalfbeforeherWebbbuiltrival.WithfreightratestoCalifornialow,in1854shewasdispatchedtoLiverpool.
StillunderCaptainE.C.Gardner,sheproceededfromtheretoHongKonginarecord84days,16hours,anchortoanchor.
Cometcontinuedingeneraltradethrough1862,callinginAustralia,theOrient,California,andSouthAmerica.In1862,theLondonbasedcompanyofT.M.
Mackaypurchasedher.RenamedFieryStar,shewasputinservicewiththeBlackBallLine'simmigrantservicetoAustralia.OnherfirstvoyagefromQueenstown,
shecarriedatotalof525passengers,25infirstandsecondclassaccommodations.Homewardboundfromhersecondvoyageout,FieryStardepartedMoreton
BayonApril1,1865,withacargoofwool.Threeweeksout,theshipcaughtfireand17ofthecrewvolunteeredtostaywiththeshipwhilethecaptain,55
passengers,andremainingcrewtooktotheship'sboats.Althoughthelatterwereneverseenagain,thecrewofFieryStarwererescuedbyDauntlessonlyhours
beforetheshipsank.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.Stammers,PassageMakers.

Concord
Bark(3m).L/B/D:ca.39'(keel)17.5'8'dph(11.9m5.3m2.4m).Tons:55tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:32.Arm.:4falconets.Built:England15901600.
In1602,BartholomewGosnoldsailedtoNorumbega,thelandencompassingtheareaofNewEngland(alsoknownthenasthe"NorthPartofVirginia"),toestablish
anEnglishtradingsettlement.ApartfromConcord'sname,hercomplementthirtytwomenundercommandofBartholomewGosnoldofwhomtwelvewereto
"remaynethereforpopulation"andthefactthatshecarriedadisassembledshallopcapableofcarryingtwentyfivepeople,littleisknownofherdimensionsor
origins.In1974,theAmericannavalarchitectWilliamA.Bakerpositedavesselofthedimensions(andarmament)givenaboveafairlytypicalvesseloftheperiod,
withsquareforesail,mainsailandmaintopsail,lateenmizzen,andaspritsail.
ConcordsailedfromFalmouthonMarch26,1602,andafterpassingtheAzoresinmidAprilmadehernextlandfallnearCapeElizabethorCapeNeddick,Maine.
TheretheEnglishmeteightMicmacswhohadhadpreviouscontactwithEuropeans,probablyFrenchfishermenfromthenorth.Theirleaderwasdressed
inaWastecoateofblackeworke,apaireofBreeches,clothStockings,Shooes,Hat,andBande....[W]ithapieceofChalke[they]describedtheCoastthereabouts,andcould
namePlacentiaoftheNewfoundland,theyspakediversChristianwordsandseemedtounderstandmuchmorethanwe,forwantofLanguagecouldcomprehend.

Turningsouth,ConcordcamenexttoaplacetheEnglishinitiallycalledSholehope,but"wherewetookegreatstoreofCodfish,forwhichwealteredthename,and
calleditCapeCod."TheymadetheirwaysouthoftheCapeandonMay21cameto"adisinhabitedIlandwhichafterwardsappeareduntous:weborewithit,and
nameditMarthaesVineyard."AfterbuildingasmallfortonElizabethsIsle(nowCuttyhunk),theybrieflyvisitedthefarshoreofBuzzardsBay,"thegoodliestcontinent
thateverwesawe,promisingmorebyfarrethenweinanywaydidexpect."Notwithstandingthebeautyandbountyoftheland,andtheirfriendlydealingswiththe
Indians,theintendedsettlersrefusedtobeleftbehind,andonJune18,ConcordsailedfromtheElizabethIslandsandarrivedatExmouthonJuly23.OfConcord's
subsequenthistory,nothingisknown.
Baker,"Gosnold'sConcordandHerShallop."Quinn,ed.,EnglishNewEnglandVoyages,16021608.

HMSConfiance
5thrate36(3m).L/B/D:147.4'37.2'7'dph(44.9m11.3m2.1m).Tons:1,200disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:270300.Arm.:2724pdr,218pdr,4
32pdrcarr.,624pdrcarr.Built:IsleauxNoix,Ont.1814.
ThelargestwarshipeverconstructedonLakeChamplain,HMSConfiancewasbuiltinanswertotheAmericanCommanderThomasMacdonough'sambitiousship

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buildingprogram,itselfdesignedtothwartBritishadvancesintoVermontandNewYorkduringtheWarof1812.CaptainGeorgeDownie'sflagshipattheBattleof
Plattsburg,onSeptember11,1814,ConfiancewasforcedtostrikeafteratwohourbattlewithMacdonough'sSARATOGA,duringwhichshesustainedatleast
105hitsbyroundshot.Fortyofhercrewwerekilled,includingDownie,andanother83wounded.TakenintotheU.S.NavyatWhitehall,NewYork,in1815,she
wasneverfittedandshewaseventuallysoldoutoftheNavyinabout1825.
Heinrichs,"BattleofPlattsburg."

Congress
Galley(2m).L/B/D:72.3'19.6'6.2'dph(22m6m1.9m).Tons:123tons.Hull:wood.Arm.:118pdr,112pdr,29pdr,66pdr,swivels.Built:
Skenesborough,N.Y.1776.
TheContinentalNavy'sCongresswasoneoffourlateenriggedgalleystheotherswereWashington,Trumbull,andGatesbuiltforGeneralBenedictArnold's
LakeChamplainflotilla,withwhichheintendedtohalttheBritishadvancefromCanadatotheHudsonRiverValley.LaunchedjustfivedaysbeforetheBattleof
ValcourIsland,onOctober11,1776,CongresswasseverelydamagedonthefirstdayofthebattlethesameactionsawthelossoftheschoonerRoyalSavageand
thegundalowPHILADELPHIA.ThefollowingdaysheledtheretreatsouththroughtheBritishlineandaroundCrownPoint.PursuedbytheBritishonOctober13,
Arnoldwasforcedtorunfourmoregundalowsandhisflagshipagroundandburnthem.TwentyofCongress'screwhaddiedinthethreedayrunningbattle.Despite
Arnold'slosses,though,hehaddelayedtheBritishadvancefortheseason,andwhentheyadvancedthenextOctober,theAmericansscoredaresoundingvictoryat
Saratoga.
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.Fowler,RebelsunderSail.

USSCongress
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:164'41'13.3'(50m12.5m4.1m).Tons:1,867disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:480.Arm.:48pdr,4932pdr.Built:PortsmouthNavy
Yard,Kittery,Me.1841.
Thefourthvesselofthename,USSCongresssawdutyintheMediterraneanandthen,inthefallof1844,protectedAmericaninterestsatthebeginningoftheeight
yearsiegeofMontevideobyArgentinedictatorJuanManueldeRosas.ThenextyearsheembarkedCommodoreRobertStocktonenroutetoMonterey,whereshe
becameflagshipofthePacificSquadron.DuringtheMexicanWar(184648),shepatrolledthecoastofCaliforniaandMexicoandhercrewplayedanactiverolein
defeatingMexicoandaddingCaliforniatotheterritoryoftheUnitedStates.From1850to1853,sheservedagainontheBrazilstation,wheresheoversawU.S.
interestsinSouthAmericaandenforcedbansontheAfricanslavetrade.From1855to1857shewasflagshipoftheMediterraneanSquadron,and1859foundher
againinBrazilianwatersuntiltheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.
AfterherrecalltotheUnitedStates,shewasassignedtotheNorthAtlanticBlockadingSquadronin1861.OnMarch8,1862,shewasonblockadeinHampton
RoadswhentheironcladCSSVIRGINIAsailedoutofNorfolk.AftersinkingUSSCUMBERLAND,VirginiaturnedonCongress,whosecommandingofficer,
LieutenantJosephSmith,intentionallygroundedhisshipundertheprotectivefireofbatteriesnearSignalPoint.Unfortunately,shecouldbringonlytwoofhergunsto
bearagainstVirginia'sdevastatingfire,whichclaimedthelivesofmorethan120ofhercrew.Unabletotakethestrandedvesselintowduetotheshallowwater,
VirginiariddledthestrickenCongresswithincendiaryshot,andshortlyaftermidnighttheresultingfiresignitedthemagazinesandtheshipblewup.
Still,IronAfloat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSConstellation
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:164'bp40.5'13.5'dph(50m12.3m4.1m).Tons:1,265disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:340.Arm.:38guns.Des.:JosiahFox,Joshua
Humphreys.Built:DavidStodder,SterrettShipyard,Baltimore1797.
KnownastheYankeeRaceHorse,USSConstellationwasthesecondfrigatecompletedundertheCongressionalauthorizationof1794.Shefirstsawactionduring
theQuasiWarwithFranceaspartoftheWestIndiesSquadronunderCaptainThomasTruxton.OnFebruary9,1799,shecapturedthefrigateL'Insurgente(40
guns)inanhourlongengagementoffNevis.HernextmajorcontestwasagainstVengeance(52)inafivehournightactionoffGuadeloupe(February1,1800)during
whichtheFrenchfrigatestruckhercolorstwicebuteventuallyescapedthepartiallydismastedConstellationundercoverofdarkness.DuringtheBarbaryWars,in
1802,ConstellationwasassignedtotheMediterraneanSquadronandtookpartintheevacuationofDernaandinactionsagainstTunisin1805.Blockadedinthe
ChesapeakeduringtheWar

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of1812,shereturnedtotheMediterraneanaspartofStephenDecatur'sMediterraneansquadronandtookpartinthecaptureoftheAlgerianfrigateMashudain
June1815.From1819to1845Constellationservedonavarietyofstations,includingBrazil,thePacific,theMediterranean,theWestIndies,andlast,asflagshipon
theEastIndiaSquadronduringtheOpiumWar.Constellationwasinordinaryfrom1845to1853.
ThereisagreatdealofconfusionastoConstellation'ssubsequentfate.ItisquiteclearthattheNavyestablishmentfeltConstellationoughttobemaintainedinsome
form,anditispossiblethatsometimbersfromtheshipof1797wereincorporatedintheconstructionofthesloopofwarCONSTELLATIONin1854.Butasearly
as1872thehistorianAdmiralGeorgeH.PreblewrotethattheoriginalConstellationwas"nowrepresentedbyanewshipbearingthesamename."Untilrecentlythe
NavyunofficiallyregardedtheConstellationof1854asarebuiltversionofthefrigateof1797.
Dunne,"FrigateConstellationClearlyWasNoMore:OrWasShe?"Randolph,"FouledAnchors?FoulBlow""USSConstellation,17971979."Wegner,''AnAppleandan
Orange."Wegneretal.,FouledAnchors.

USSConstellation
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:176'42'19.3'(53.6m12.8m5.9m).Tons:1,278disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:227.Arm.:168",432pdr,130pdr,1
20pdr,212pdr.Built:GosportNavyYard,Portsmouth,Va.1854.
ThelastshipbuilttobedrivensolelybythewindfortheU.S.Navy,the24gunsloopofwarConstellationsliddownthewaysattheNorfolkNavyYardin1854.
AfterathreeyeartourofdutyintheMediterranean,theoutbreakoftheCivilWarfoundherasflagshipoftheAfricaSquadronpatrollingagainstslavers.Duringthe
warshewasreassignedtotheMediterranean.In1865shereturnedtoNewportandwasdecommissioned.Constellationspentthenext75yearsasatrainingand
receivingship.Duringthisperiodsheundertookanumberofspecialassignments.ShesailedtoEuropefortheParisExpositionof1878andtheColumbianExposition
of1892,toIrelandwithfoodaidin1880,andtoBaltimoreforthecentenaryof"TheStarSpangledBanner"in1914.ConstellationwasrenamedNew
Constellationfrom1917to1925,tofreethenameforacruiserthatwaseventuallyscrappedundertheWashingtonNavalAgreementof1922.Recommissionedin
1940,ConstellationservedasreliefflagshipfortheAtlanticFleetandBattleshipDivisionFivefrom1941to1943.DecommissionedandstrickenfromtheNavylists
in1955,ConstellationiscurrentlyamuseumshipinBaltimore.
Dunne,"FrigateConstellationClearlyWasNoMore:OrWasShe?"Randolph,"FouledAnchors?FoulBlow""USSConstellation,17971979."Wegner,"AnAppleandan
Orange."Wegneretal.,FouledAnchors.

USSConstitution
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:175'43.5'22.5'(53.3m13.3m6.9m).Tons:2,200tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:450.Arm.:3224pdr,2032pdr,224pdr.Des.:
JoshuaHumphreys,JosiahFox,WilliamDoughty.Built:EdmundHartt,Boston1797.
OneoftheU.S.Navy'ssixoriginalfrigates,authorizedbyCongressspecificallyasacountertotheBarbarycorsairsintheMediterranean,USSConstitutionwas
launchedin1797.Thoughallsixwerefast,heavilybuiltfrigateswithaflushspardeckabovethegundeck,UNITEDSTATES,Constitution,andPRESIDENTwere
nominallyratedas44sbutmountedthirty24pdr.andtwentytotwentytwo12pdr.longguns(laterreplacedbyshortrange42pdr.carronades).Theslightly
smallerCONSTELLATION,CHESAPEAKE,andCongress,ratedas38s,carried28longgunsand18to20carronades.InthewordsofJamesHenderson,an
authorityonBritishfrigates,"Classforclass,theyhadnosuperior."
AtemporarypeacewiththeBarbaryStateswasachievedbeforeshewasfinished,butConstitutionwascommissionedintimefortheQuasiWarwithFrance,during
whichshecapturedanumberofsmallershipsandprivateersintheWestIndies.ReturningtotheCharlestownNavyYardin1801,shewasplacedinordinary.The
UnitedStates'nextforeignentanglementwaswiththedeysofAlgiers,Morocco,Tunis,andTripoli.In1803,ConstitutionsailedasflagshipoftheMediterranean
SquadronmaintainingatightblockadeonTripoli,whichwasbombardedinAugustandSeptember1804,andfinallyforcedthedeysofAlgiersandTunistosign
treatiesexemptingAmericanshipsfromtributepayments.WhiletheBarbaryWarsproducedfewopportunitiesfordecisiveshiptoshipengagements,theAmericans
weremuchadmired,andLordNelsonobservedthat"thereisinthehandlingofthosetransatlanticshipsanucleusoftroubleforthenavyofGreatBritain."
FollowingrepairsatNewYork,in1809ConstitutionjoinedCommodoreJohnRodgers'sNorthAtlanticSquadron,andthefollowingyearIsaacHull,hermost
illustriouscaptain,assumedcommand.Thestartofthe

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Warof1812foundheratAnnapolis,Maryland,andsheputtoseaonJuly5.ByJuly17,ConstitutionwasofftheNewJerseycoastwhenshespottedshipsthatall
assumedtobeRodgers'ssquadron.ItsoontranspiredthattheywereinfactHMSAfrica(64guns),thefrigatesShannon,GUERRIRE(38s),Belvedira(36),and
Aeolus(32),andtherecentlycapturedU.S.brig,NAUTILUS(12),undercommandofCaptainSirPhilipBroke.Inaremarkable66hourchasethatbeganinlight
airs,ConstitutionkeptoutofrangeoftheBritishshipsbykedgingaheadwithheranchors,bytowingwiththeship'sboats,and,whenthewindfinallycameup,by
whatBrokedescribedas"verysuperiorsailing."
OnAugust19,ConstitutionwascruisingtheGrandBankssouthofNewfoundlandwhensheencounteredGuerrireinposition4142'N,5548'W.CaptainJames
DacreswasawillingcombatantandhadonlyrecentlyinvitedRogerstomeet"U.StatesfrigatePresident...oranyotherAmericanfrigateofequalforceforthe
purposeofhavingafewminutesttette."At1700,GuerrireopenedfireatlongrangeHullclosedtherangeuntil1805whenatadistanceofhalfapistolshothe
gavetheordertofire.ThefirstbroadsidesmashedintoGuerrireandHullexclaimed,"Byheaven,thatshipisours!"Twentyfiveminuteslater,thedismasted
Guerrirewaswallowingintheheavyseas.Constitution'scasualtiesweresevendeadandsevenwoundedGuerrirehad78deadandwounded,andwasso
shatteredthatHullorderedherblownupthenextday.ItwasduringthisbattlethatConstitutionearnedthenickname"OldIronsides,"aftershotwasseenbouncing
offherhull.ConstitutionreturnedtoaBostonandanationthrilledwiththestunningvictory.AstheLondonTimesobserved,"ItisnotmerelythatanEnglish
frigatehasbeentaken,...butthatithasbeentakenbyanewenemy,anenemyunaccustomedtosuchtriumphs,andlikelytoberenderedinsolentandconfidentby
them.''
FamilyaffairscompelledHulltohandovercommandtothemuchmalignedWilliamBainbridge,whohadlostUSSPHILADELPHIAatTripoliin1803.Enrouteto
joinUSSESSEXandHORNETintheSouthPacific,onDecember29,1812,ConstitutionwasoffthecoastofBrazilin136'S,31W,whensheencountered
HMSJava(38guns)underCaptainHenryLambert.Battlewasjoinedatabout1400,andConstitutionopenedfireatabouthalfamile.Javahadthebetterofitat
first,butby1725Constitution'soverwhelmingfirepowerandsuperiorgunneryhadreducedJavatoamastlesshulk,with124ofhercrewkilledorwounded,
includingCaptainLambert.Constitution'scasualtieswere34(or52,accordingtoBritishestimates)deadandwounded.Javawassoriddledwithshotshehadtobe
blownup.Dramaticthoughthevictorywas,damagetotheConstitutionpreventedBainbridgefromcontinuinghiscruiseagainstBritishshipping.
ConstitutionputbacktoBostonwherethewoundedBainbridgewasreplacedbyCaptainCharlesStewart.AfterabriefcruisetotheCaribbeaninearly1814,she
putbacktoBostonwheresheremaineduntilDecember1814whensheagainslippedtheBritishblockade.OnFebruary20,1815aweekafterthewarformally
endedshesailedintoactionagainstHMSCYANE(22)andLevant(20)offMadeira.Sheforcedbothshipstostrikeandbothshipsweretakenasprizes,though
LevantwasrecapturedbyaBritishsquadrononMarch11.ConstitutionarrivedatNewYorkonMay15,themostcelebratedshipintheU.S.Navy.
Outofcommissionforthenextsixyears,shereturnedtotheMediterraneanbetween1821and1828.Twoyearslatershewassavedfromthescrapyardaftera
publicoutcrysparkedbythepublicationofapoeticencomiumbyOliverWendellHolmes.Constitutionemergedfromherrebuildingin1835andthereaftersailedon
anumberofdiverseassignments,includingtheMediterraneanandHomeSquadron,andontheSouthPacificstations,and,in184446,a29monthcircumnavigation
oftheworld.DuringtheCivilWarshesawdutyasanavytrainingship.Rebuiltinthe1870s,shesailedagainasatrainingshipuntil1881,afterwhichshewasusedas
areceivingshipinNewHampshire.In1897,shewasbroughttoBostonforpreservation.Shemadeanextendedgoodwillvoyagein193134,whenshewastowed
to76portsalongtheAtlantic,Gulf,andPacificcoasts.MaintainedasamuseumshipatBoston,USSConstitutionistheoldestcommissionedshipintheU.S.Navy,
andtheoldestcommissionedwarshipafloatintheworld.Toensureequalweatheringonbothsidesofherhull,sheleavesherdockforaturnaroundcruiseinBoston
HarboroneveryJuly4.
Gillmer,OldIronsides.Martin,MostFortunateShip.Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

ContediSavoia
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:814.6'bm96.1'(248.3m29.3m).Tons:48,502grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st500,2nd366,tourist412,3rd922crew786.Mach.:geared
turbines,4screws27kts.Built:CantieriRiunitidell'Adriatico,Monfalcone,Italy1932.
LaiddownforLloydSabaudointhesameyearasNavigazioneGeneraleItaliana'sREX,ContediSavoiaactuallyenteredserviceunderthehouseflagofItaliaFlotta
Riunite,formedbythemergerofLloydSabaudowithCo

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sulichandNavigazioneGeneraleItaliana.AhandsomeshipdistinguishedfromthelargerRexbyacruiserstern,hermostnovelfeaturewasasetofgyrostabilizers
thatkeptherfromrollingmorethan3degreesinheavyweather.From1932to1940shemaintainedservicebetweenGenoa,Villefranche(changedtoCannesin
1938),andNewYorkincompanywithRexandRoma.HerlasttransatlanticpassagewascompletedinMay1940justbeforeItalyenteredWorldWarII.Laidupat
MalamocconearVenice,shewasconvertedtoatroopshipin1943.OnSeptember11ofthatyear,BritishbomberssankheratVenice.RefloatedonOctober16,
1945,planstorefitherforservicewereeventuallydroppedandshewasscrappedatMonfalconein1950.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

HMSConway
HMSchoolshipConwayisthenamegiventoaseriesofvesselsusedasstationaryschoolshipsforBritain'sMercantileMarineServiceAssociation.TheConway
programwasdesignedtopreparestudentsforcareersinBritain'smerchantnavyandtheRoyalNavy.Thecurriculumcombinedthestudyofliberalartsandnautical
sciencewithanOutwardBoundsegmentforthemasteryofpracticalseamanshipskills.
Theschool'sfirstshipwasthesixthratefrigateHMSConway,whichwasincommissionfrom1832to1857.Afteratwoyearrefit,sheopenedasaschoolshipon
theMerseywithaccommodationsfor150cadets.TheinstitutionprovedsuchasuccessthattheAdmiraltyreplacedtheConwaywiththefourthrateHMS
Winchester,aJavaclassfrigateof1822.Topreserveasenseofinstitutionalcontinuity,shewasrenamedConway.(TheoriginalConwaywasrenamedWinchester
andemployedasanavalreservedrillshipatAberdeen.)Theprogramcontinuedtoprosper,andin1875itacquiredthesecondrate92gunshipHMSNile.This
veteranoftheBalticcampaignintheCrimeanWarhadalonggestation.Laiddownin1827,shewasnotlauncheduntil1839andnotcommissioneduntil1852.
Almostimmediatelyshewasfittedwithanengineandsinglescrew.ThenewConwayopenedin1875withaccommodationsfor265trainees.(ThesecondConway
wasrenamedMountEdgecombandremainedinservicewiththeDevonportandCornwallIndustrialTrainingShipAssociationuntil1920.)
ThenewConwayremainedontheMerseyuntilWorldWarII.Afterseveralincendiarybombslandedontheship,shewastowedtoPlasNewydd,themanorhouse
oftheMarquisofAnglesey.SheremainedthereontheMenaiStraitafterthewar.In1949,theshipwasgivenanextensiverefit,andtheestablishmentwasexpanded
toincludeashoresidefacility.FouryearslatershewasbeingtowedtoLiverpoolfordrydockingwhenshestrandedintheMenaiStrait.Thewreckofthelast
Conwayburnedin1956.
Fay,"CareeroftheConway."Masefield,"Conway."

LACordelire
(exLaMarieCordelire,LaMareschalle)Nef(4m).Tons:1,000tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:900.Arm.:16greatguns,60lesserguns.Built:Morlaix,France
1448.
LaMareschallewasanefbuiltattheendoftheHundredYears'WarshortlybeforeCharlesVIIsucceededinforcingtheEnglishtorelinquishallitsFrenchholdings
exceptCalais.Morethansixdecadeslater,FrenchincursionsintoItalyunderLouisXIIbroughtintobeingtheHolyLeague,consistingofthePapalStates,Venice,
Spain,and,in1512,England'sHenryVIII.AmongtheshipslenttoLouisforthedefenseoftherealmwastheBretonnefnowcalledLaCordelire,commandedby
theveterancorsairHervdePortznoguer,knownalsoasPrimaguet.InAugust1512,afleetoftwentyoneshipswasgatheredatBrestunderAdmiralRende
Clermont.OnAugust9,Portznoguerwasentertainingabout300peopleonboardLaCordelirewhenanEnglishfleetofsomefiftyshipsunderSirEdwardHoward
wasreportedapproachingtheroadstead.Clermontorderedhisfleettoweighanchortoavoidbeingbottledupinport,andLaCordeliresailedwithherguestsstill
aboardandanchoredbetweenCapesSt.MathieuandToulinquet.
Thenextmorning,Clermont("aworsethanbadsailor,"accordingtooneFrenchhistorian)orderedLaCordelireandanothershiptocoverthewithdrawalofthe
FrenchshipsastheEnglishattacked.Howard'sMARYROSEwasdisabledandrunagroundbeforethreeothershipsfellonLaCordelire,MaryJames,
Sovereign,andRegent,thelastcommandedbyHoward'sbrotherinlawSirThomasKnyvet.PortznoguerranhisshipaboardtheRegent,andKnyvet.waskilled
earlyinthefighting.TheEnglishshipskeptupawitheringfireuntilLaCordelire'smagazineblewupandtheshipsankwiththelossofallbut20ofher1,200
soldiers,seamen,andguests.Theoldshipdidnotdieentirelyinvain,forshewassoonfollowedtothebottombyRegent,whichalsoexplodedwiththelossofallbut
afewofhermen.
Culver,FortyFamousShips.Clowes,RoyalNavy.

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Coriolanus
(laterTiburon,EugeniaEmilia,Lina)Ship(3m).L/B/D:217.4'35.2'20.1'dph(66.3m10.7m6.1m).Tons:1,053grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:30.Built:
ArchibaldMcMillan&Son,Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland1876.
BuiltfortheLondonfirmofJ.Patton,Junior,&Company,Coriolanuswasconsideredoneofthefinestironclipperseverbuiltandknownamonghercontemporaries
as"QueenoftheJuteClippers."HermodelreceivedtheGoldMedaloftheWorshipfulCompanyofShipbuildersin1877.NamedfortheRomansoldierin
Shakespeare'splayofthesamename,onhermaidenvoyageshesailedfromLiverpooltoCalcuttaintheunequaledtimeof65days.Coriolanussailedwellonthe
wind,aswellasbeforeit,whichmayhavecontributedtohercollisioninmidatlanticonFebruary4,1890,withthesteamshipClaymore,whosewatchprobably
underestimatedherspeed.BothshipswereabandonedandClaymoresank.Coriolanusdidnot,andafterseveralweeksadriftshewastakenintowtoQueenstown
byLeylandLine'sBostonian.Afterrepairs,shecontinuedtoHamburgtounloadhercargoofnitrates.
In1887shehadbeenboughtbytheJohnStewartLine,butshewastoosmall,andthelinesoldhertoaBremencompanywhoalsofoundherunprofitabletorun.
Thereafter,shechangedhandsthirteentimes,startingwithNorwegianinterestswhocutherdowntoabark.Theship'sluckheld,andshesurvivedafireatseain
1896,andsixyearslateraseveregroundingduringastormatAlgoaBay,SouthAfrica,whichwreckedtwelveoftheseventeenshipsatanchor.In1921shewent
underthePanamanianflagandwasrenamedTiburon.ThefollowingyearshelosthermainroyalmastpassingundertheBrooklynBridgeatNewYork,andshewas
laterimpoundedatBostonwithliquoraboard.SoldintotheCapeVerdepackettrade,shechangedhandsanumberoftimes,finallywindingupunderthePortuguese
flagasLina.ShereturnedtothepackettradeandpliedbetweenNewBedfordwithcargoandasmanyaseightypassengers.In1931shewassoldtotheWest
AfricanPacketCompany,whichhopedtorestoreherfortradebetweenBostonandAfrica.ThecompanywentbankruptandtheoldCoriolanuswasbrokenupat
FallRiverin1936.
Comee,"LastDaysoftheCoriolanus."Course,Wheel'sKickandtheWind'sSong.Matson,Logofthe"Coriolanus."

Coronet
Gaffschooner(2m).L/B/D:133'27'11.6'(40.5m8.2m3.5m).Tons:174grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:24.Des.:Smith&Terry.Built:C.&R.Poillon,
Brooklyn,N.Y.1885.
Oneofthemostcelebratedyachtsofthenineteenthcentury,andasof1996theoldestregisteredyachtintheUnitedStates,CoronetwasbuiltforBrooklynoil
tycoonRufusT.Bush.Generouslyappointedwithamarblestaircase,piano,openfireplace,andsixstateroomsfortheafterguard,CoronetwassailedbyCaptain
ChristopherS.Crosbyfortwentyyears.Notcontentwithamerecruisingyacht,afteravoyagetoEuropeandback,Bushputupa$10,000purseforatransatlantic
racein1887.CaldwellColtacceptedthechallenge,buthisDauntlesswasnomatchforCoronet.TheysailedfromBrooklynonMarch12,1887,andCoronet
reachedQueenstownin14days,9hours,and30minutesaheadofDauntless.TheimportanceofyachtinginthisperiodcanbejudgedbytheNewYorkTimesof
March28,1887,whichdevotedtheentirefirstpagetotherace.
In1888,BushmadeaneastwardcircumnavigationoftheglobeviaCapeHorn,SanFrancisco,Hawaii,andJapan,thenthroughtheIndianOcean,Mediterranean,
andacrosstheAtlantictoNewYork,wherehesoldher.Coronethadasuccessionofowners,themostfamousofwhomwasArthurCurtissJames,whoreceived
thestraightstemschoonerasagiftfromhisfatherin1894.Describedastheperfectvesselfor"ayoungmantolearnaboutseamanshipandnavigation,"thefuture
commodoreoftheNewYorkYachtClubmadeseverallengthyvoyagesinCoronet,includingonetoJapanwithscientistsfromAmherstCollege.In1905,Coronet's
seventhowner,LouisBossert,soldhertotheevangelicalChristiangroup,TheKingdom.TheReverendFrankW.Sandfordsailedheronmissionaryvoyagestothe
MiddleEast,Australia,Africa,andtheCaribbean.In1911,theschoonerputintoPortland,Maine,afterafortydaypassageduringwhichsixoftheship'scompany
diedandmanyotherscamedownwithscurvy.Sandfordwasconvictedofmanslaughter.ThoughCoronetwasrestoredtosailingcondition,detailsofhersubsequent
careerarescant.Refurbishedandfittedwithenginesforthefirsttimein1946,CoronetwasownedbyTheKingdomuntil1993.Inthatyear,shewasacquiredbythe
InternationalYachtRestorationSchoolofNewport,whichplanstorestorehertoherformerglory.
Campbell,"UntiltheOwnersReturn."Murray,"Coronet:WhitherAway?"

Corsair
(laterUSSGloucester)Screwschooner(2f/1m).L/B/D:241.5'27'13'(73.6m8.2m4m).Tons:560grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2,000ihp,1
screw17kts.Des.:J.BeavorWebb.Built:Neafie&Levy,Philadelphia1890.

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ThesecondoffouryachtsofthesamenameownedbyJ.PierpontMorgan(whoownedthefirstthree)andJ.Morgan,Jr.(whobuiltthefourth,in1930),Corsair
hadacelebratedcareerbothasthepersonalyachtofthefinancierandphilanthropistandasacommissionedshipintheU.S.Navy.DuringMorgan'stenureas
commodoreoftheNewYorkYachtClubin189798,Corsairservedasflagshipofthatdistinguishedfleet.Itisinterestingtonotethatdespitehergreatsize,shewas
bynomeansthelargestyachtintheclub.Thatsameyear,therewerefourvesselslongerthan300feet:W.K.Vanderbilt'sValiant(332feet),OgdenGoulet's
Mayflower(320feet)andNahma(306feet),andEugeneHiggins'sVaruna(304feet).
AtthestartoftheSpanishAmericanWar,inApril1898MorganpresentedCorsairtotheU.S.Navy.ShewascommissionedasUSSGloucesterundercommand
ofLieutenantCommanderRichardWainwright.Fittedwithfour6pdr.guns,shejoinedtheBlockadingSquadronoftheNorthAtlanticFleet.AttheBattleof
SantiagoBayonJuly3,shehelpedsinktheSpanishtorpedoboatsPlutonandFuror.ShewaslatercreditedwiththesinglehandedcaptureofGuanica,PuertoRico,
andaidedinthecaptureofArroyo.Followingthewar,GloucesterservedasaNavalAcademytrainingship,andbetween1902and1905sailedintheWestIndies
andSouthAmericaastendertotheCommanderinChief,SouthAtlanticSquadron.AfterservicewiththeNewYorkandMassachusettsstatemilitias,Gloucester
wasrecommissionedin1917.Soldoutoftheservicein1919,shewaswreckedinahurricaneoffPensacola,Florida.
Parkinson,HistoryoftheNewYorkYachtClub.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSCossack
Tribalclassdestroyer(2f/1m).L/B/D:377'36.5'9'(114.9mm11.1m2.7m).Tons:2,559disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:190.Arm.:84.7"(4x2),42pdr,8
0.5"421"TT.Mach.:gearedturbines,44,000shp,2screws36kts.Built:VickersArmstrong,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1938.
PartoftheHomeFleet,HMSCossackwasatthecenterofadiplomaticcrisisinFebruary1940,whenNorwaywasstillneutral.Hercaptain,PhilipVian,sailedinto
JssingFjordnearBergenandillegallyboardedtheGermanauxiliarytankerALTMARKtoliberate299Britishprisonersofwarwhohadbeencapturedby
ADMIRALGRAFSPEE.UnderCommanderR.St.V.Sherbrooke,CossackreturnedtoNorwayaspartofaforceofeightdestroyersandthebattleship
REPULSE.DuringthesecondbattleofNarvik(April13),shewashitsixtimesbythebeachedGermandestroyerDiethervonRoederanddriftedashorerefloated
thatnight,shesteamedoutofOfotfjordsternfirst.Quicklyrepaired,CossackwasoneoffivedestroyersdetachedfromconvoyWS8Btojoininthesearchfor
BISMARCKonMay2526,1940,duringwhichCossackreportedatorpedohitonthedoomedGermanbattleship.DispatchedtotheMediterraneanin1941,
CossackwastorpedoedbyU563onthenightofOctober2324whileescortingconvoyHG74westofGibraltarshesankthreedayslaterwhileintow.
Brice,Tribals.Frischauer&Jackson,Navy'sHere!

CountyofPeebles
Ship(4m).L/B/D:266.6'38.7'23.4'(81.3m11.8m7.1m).Tons:1,691grt.Hull:iron.Built:Barclay,Curle&Co.,Ltd.,Glasgow1875.
Assteamshipsencroachedonsailingships'traditionalmarkets,buildersofdeepwatersquareriggerswereforcedtobuildeverlargervesselstoremaincompetitive.
Butasthehullsgrew,sodidtheneedforsailarea,aproblembestsolvedbyaddingafourthmast.Althoughafewfourmastedshipshadbeenbuiltearlierinthe
nineteenthcentury,includingL'InventionandDonaldMcKay'sGREATREPUBLIC,thefirsttohavealastingimpactonsubsequentshipbuildingwastheironhulled
CountyofPeebles.BuiltfortheIndianjutetradeofR.&J.Craig,Glasgow,hersuccessfuldesignledCraigtoorderadozenmore"fourposters"overthenext20
years.Othersfollowedsuit,andabout90otherfourmastedshipswerebuilt.Evenmorepopularwerethefourmastedbarks,thefirstofwhichwaslaunchedin1877,
becausetheirmanningrequirementsweresignificantlyless.
CountyofPeeblestradedbetweenEuropeanandeasternportsuntil1898,whentheChileanNavyboughther.CutdownforuseasacoalhulkatPuntaArenason
theStraitsofMagellan,shewaseventuallyrenamedMuozGamero,afteranearbyisland.Inthemid1960s,shewassunkatPuntaArenasasabreakwater,buther
livingquarterswerelaterconvertedtoameetingroomwithplumbingandelectricity.AlongsideherareHipparchus,builtasasailcarryingsteamerin1867,andthe
ironshipFalstaffof1875.TheonlyotherextantfourmastedshipsaretherestoredFALLSOFCLYDEandCountyofPeebles'srunningmate,Countyof
Roxburgh,whichin1905groundedonTakaroaIslandintheTuamotus,whereherremainscanstillbeseen.
Brouwer,"FourMastedShipCountyofPeebles."

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HMSCourageous
Courageousclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:786.3'90.5'28.5'(239.6m27.6m8.7m).Tons:26,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,215.Arm.:48aircraft
164.7".Armor:3"belt,1.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,90,000shp,4screws31kts.Built:SirW.G.ArmstrongWhitworth&Co.,Ltd.,Newcastleon
Tyne,Eng.1917.
Courageous,hersistershipGLORIOUS,andFURIOUSwereoriginallyintendedas"largelightcruisers"taskedwithshellingBerlinmorethan80milesfromthe
BalticinsupportofanamphibiousassaultonthecoastofPomeraniaduringWorldWarI.Theinvasionplanwasultimatelydropped,andCourageouswas
commissionedwithfour15inchgunsratherthanthe18inchgunsoriginallyintended.AspartoftheFirstCruiserSquadron,shesustaineddamagefromGermanlight
cruisersintheNorthSeaonNovember27,1917,shebutscorednohitsontheenemy.
In1924,itwasdecidedtoconvertthethreeshipstoaircraftcarriers,andCourageousemergedfromherrebuildtoallintentsandpurposesanewship.Unfortunately
herbattlecareerwasshortandparticularlytragic.AssignedtotheHomeFleetatthebeginningofWorldWarII,shewasonantisubmarinepatroloffthesouthwest
coastofIreland.OnSeptember17,1939,lessthanthreeweeksafterthestartofthewar,shewastorpedoedbyU29(LieutenantCommanderOttoSchuhart).The
firstBritishshiplostinthewar,andonlythesixthshipofanynationalitysunkinaction,Courageoussankin5010'N,1445'W,withthelossof518crew.
Miller,WaratSea.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

LACouronne
Ship(3m).L/B/D:165'lod46'19'dph(50.3m14m5.8mdph).Tons:2,100bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:68guns.Built:CharlesMorieux,LaRocheBernard,
France1635.
Laiddownin1629onthebanksoftheSeudreRiverinBrittany,LaCouronnewasthelargestFrenchwarshipbuilttothattime,25feetlongerand7feetbroaderin
thebeamthanthenextlargestoftheKing'sships.Assignificant,sherepresentedamajorshiftinFrenchpolicy,beingFrenchbuiltratherthananimportfromHolland,
aswasusualatthetime.TheinadequacyofcontemporaryFrenchshipbuildingcanbegaugedbythefactthatLaCouronnewasnotlauncheduntil1635.Sometime
latershewasdismasted,butinthespringof1639,shewasIsaacdeLaunayRazilly'sflagshipwhentheFrenchfleetsailedfromBrestforLaCorua,Spain.The
FrenchfleetsailedagaininJune,andafterstormsarrivedatLaredoinJuly,wheretheycapturedanadmiral'sship.SubsequentlylaidupatBrest,LaCouronnewas
brokenupin1641,eitherbecausetoomanyofhertimberswererottentomakerepairspossible,orpossiblybecauseajealousnavalofficerdeniedcommandofthe
shiparrangedforherscrapping.
Shewasreputedlyagoodsailer,andmuchadmiredinEngland,Holland,andtheothercountriesshevisitedinherbriefcareer.Despitehergreatsize,herarmingwas
anachronisticwhencomparedwithDutchandEnglishpractice.Althoughtheinadequacyofgalleysagainstlargershipshadbeenconfirmedduringthesiegeofthe
HuguenotstrongholdofLaRochellein162728,LaCouronnewasarmedwith12gunsinthesternand8inthebows,asprotectionagainstthemoremaneuverable
galleys.Moreover,shewaslightlyarmedEngland'sSOVEREIGNOFTHESEAS(1637)carried102gunsonahullabout20feetshorterthanLaCouronne.
ItisinterestingtonotethatthetimbersusedforconstructionofLaCouronneweretakenfromtheforestsofthedefeatedHuguenotleader,DucdeRohan.Askedher
opinionofthenewship,theDuchessdeRohanremarked,withapartisanlackofenthusiasm,"ItrulybelievethatthetwoforestsofMonsieurdeRohanwhichhave
beenusedtobuildthisshipweremorebeautifulthanwhatIsee."
Culver,FortyFamousShips.Hancock,"LaCouronne."

CrditAgricole
Sloop.L:56'(17.1m).Hull:aluminum.Comp.:1.Des.:GuyRibadeauDumas.
FollowingRobinKnoxJohnston'snonstop,soloroundtheworldvoyageinSUHAILIin196869,itwasonlyamatteroftimebeforetherewasenoughinterest,and
expertise,towarrantaroundtheworldrace.Thirteenyearslater,theBritishBOCCorporationsteppedforwardwiththeBOCChallenge,whichattracted17
starters.Thevoyagewasconductedinfourlegs:NewporttoCapetown,7,100milesCapeTowntoSydney,6,900milesSydneytoRiodeJaneiro,8,250miles
andRiotoNewport,5,300miles.TheracestartedonAugust28,1982.SkipperedbyPhilippeJeantt,CrditAgricole(namedfortheFrenchbankthatsponsored
her)woneachofthefourlegs,withtimesof47,35,47,and28days,respectively.ShecrossedthefinishlineoffNewportonthemorningofMay8,fivehourslater
thanexpectedbecauseJeantthovetoindirtyweather.Thetotalelapsedtimeof159days,2hours,26minutesover27,550mileswas12days

Page126

aheadofSouthAfrica'sBertieReedinAltechVoortrekkerandshaved10daysoffthepreviousroundtheworldrecordsetin1974bythelateAlainColasinthe
trimaranManureva(exPenDuickIV).Histimewasalso28.5daysfasterthanthepreviousmonohullrecordsettheyearbeforebyAustralia'sNevilleGossonin
LedaPiereOne.Oftheremainingfifteenvessels,twosank,tworanaground,andthreewithdrewbecauseofdamage,butnoliveswerelost.
Pressreports.

Creole
Brig.Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.150.Built:<1841.
OnOctober27,1841,theAmericanbrigCreolesailedfromHamptonRoads,Virginia,boundforNewOrleanswithacargoof135slaves.EarlyinNovember,the
slavesmutinied,killingawhitecrewmember,takingpossessionofthevessel,andforcingthepilottosailforNassau,BahamaIslands.Britishauthoritiesarrested
nineteenoftheringleadersoncriminalchargesbutfreedtherest.AlthoughtheUnitedStateshadoutlawedtheAfricanslavetradein1808(oneyearaftertheBritish),
itwasstilllegaltotransportslavesbetweendomesticportsincoastalwaters.Inthemeantime,Britainhademancipatedslaveswithintheempirein1833andwas
vigorousinitspersecutionoftheslavetrade.Undervariousinternationaltreaties,Britishshipscouldstopandsearchsuspectedslavers,andin1841theUnitedStates
wastheonlymajormaritimenationnotcommittedtohelpingeradicatetheslavetrade.
PresidentJohnTyler'sadministrationwasbynomeansactiveinitsoppositiontoslavery,andSecretaryofStateDanielWebsterdemandedthattheBritishextradite
theslavesasmutineers,claimingthattheywerethelawfulpropertyofU.S.citizens.HealsoinsistedonanindemnityfortheconductoftheofficialsinNassau.Britain's
rejectionofthesedemandsheightenedtensionsbetweenWashingtonandLondon,theninthemidstofnegotiationsovertheWebsterAshburtonTreaty.Theslaves
werenotreturnedandtheUnitedStateshadtobecontentwithan"apologyforthenecessityoftheact."Underthetermsofthetreaty,signedin1842,theUnited
StatesagreedtoformasquadrontopatrolontheWestAfricanStationtosuppresstheslavetrade.In1855,ajointAngloAmericancommissionawardedtheUnited
Statesanindemnityof$110,330forthefreedslaves.
Flanders,DictionaryofAmericanForeignPolicy.

HMSCressy
Cressyclassarmouredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B:472'69.5'(143.9m21.2m).Tons:12,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:760.Arm.:29.2",126",1312pdr,2
18"TT.Armor:6"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws21kts.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1901.
NamedforCrcy,France,whereEdwardIIIdefeatedPhilipVIofValoisin1346,HMSCressyfirstsawserviceontheChinaStationbeforereturningtohome
watersin1904.AspartoftheGrandFleet'sThirdCruiserSquadronbasedattheNore,shewassunk,togetherwithhersistershipsABOUKIRandHOGUE,while
onpatrolagainstGermanminelayersandtorpedoboatsintheBroadFourteensofftheNetherlands.AfterbeinghitbyatorpedofiredbytheGermanU9,Aboukir
signaledherconsortstostandbytopickupsurvivors.ThepossibilityofasubmarinetorpedohavingbeenthecauseofAboukir'sdamagewasnotfullyassessed,and
CressyandHoguestoppedtheirenginesandputouttheirboatstorescuesurvivors.TheU9launchedtwotorpedoesthatsplitCressy'shullandrupturedherboilers
theshipsankat0730withthelossof560crew.
Coles,ThreebeforeBreakfast.

Cromartyshire
Ship(3m).L/B/D:248.8'38.1'22.8'dph(75.8m11.6m6.9m).Tons:1,462grt.Hull:iron.Built:Russell&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1879.
ThoughttobethefastestofThomasLaw'sShireLineships,oneofthelargestsailingshiplinesofitsday,CromartyshirewasthefirstofseveralShirevesselsordered
fromRussell&Company.HervoyagingknewnosetitineraryandamongthepassagesfoundinherlogsareLondonSydneyIquiqueHamburg,Astoria
Queenstown,BarryNagasaki,AstoriaDunkirk,andNewCaledoniaRotterdam.EnroutefromDunkirktoPhiladelphia,CaptainO.H.Hendersoncommanding,on
July4,1898,sherammedthesteelhulledFrenchpassengersteamshipLABOURGOGNE,whichsankwiththelossof549passengersandcrewoffCapeSable,in
43N,61W.TherewerenoliveslostinCromartyshire,andafterathreemonthrefitinHalifaxshewastowedtoPhiladelphiaandthereloadedforValparaiso.On
October24,1906,underCaptainD.Nicholl,whojoinedherin1902,shewaswreckedatPrintabuenroutefromAustraliatoIquique,Chile.
Lubbock,LastoftheWindjammers.

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USSCumberland
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:175'bp45'22.3'(53.3m13.7m6.8m).Tons:1,726tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:400.Arm.:4032pdr,1064pdr.Built:Boston
NavyYard1846.
Laiddownin1826,itwasnotuntil1842thatUSSCumberlandwascommissionedasafrigatemounting50guns.Hervariedserviceincludedtourswiththe
MediterraneanSquadron(twiceasflagship),andasflagshipoftheHomeSquadronduringtheMexicanWar.In1856,shewasrazeedandreclassifiedasasloopof
warmounting24guns.ShesailedasasquadronflagshiptwicemorewiththeAfricanSquadron(185759)andagainwiththeHomeFleetin1860.
ShortlyafterthestartoftheCivilWar,onApril20,1861,CumberlandnarrowlyescapeddestructionattheNorfolkNavyYardwhenUnionsoldiersburnedasmany
shipsastheycould,includingUSSMerrimack,topreventtheircapturebyConfederateforces.AssignedtotheNorthAtlanticBlockadingSquadron,shecaptured
eightprizesandtookpartinSilasStringham'scaptureofFortsClarkandHatterasatHatterasInletonAugust1819.OnMarch8,1862,shewasanchoredatthe
mouthoftheJamesRiveroffNewportNewswhenCSSVIRGINIAasthesalvaged,engined,andironcladMerrimackwasnowknownsortiedfromNorfolk
onherdestructivemaidenvoyage.VirginiaopenedfireonUSSCONGRESSat1400beforeclosingwiththemoreheavilyarmedCumberland,mountingtwenty
two9inchandone10inchsmoothboregunsandone70pdr.rifledgun,andundertemporarycommandofLieutenantGeorgeMorris.Ninetyminuteslater,
Cumberlandsank,herflagstillflying.Intheinterim,Virginia'sbroadsideshadrakedthewoodenship'shullwithdevastatingeffect,whileCumberland'sdefiant
returnfirericochetedoffheropponent.VirginiathenrammedCumberlandonherstarboardside.ThelossofCumberlandandCongressthatdaysignaledthe
beginningoftheendofthe"woodenwalls"frombehindwhichmenhadfoughtatseaforallofrecordedhistory.
Selfridge,MemoirsofThomasO.Selfridge,Jr.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy.DANFS

Curaao
(exCalpe)Paddlesteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:130.5'od26.9'(44.9'ew)13.5'(39.8m8.2m(13.7m)4.1m).Tons:438grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:42.Arm.:2
12pdrcarr.Mach.:sideleverengines,150ihp,sidewheels8kts.Built:J.H.&J.Duke,Dover,Eng,1825.
TheschoonerriggedpaddlesteamerCuraaowasoneofthefirstpoweredvesselstocrosstheAtlanticOcean.ShewaslaunchedasCalpeforservicebetween
GreatBritain,NorthAmerica,andtheCaribbean.TheAmericanandColonialSteamNavigationCompanybuilttheshipbutinOctober1826,thecompanysoldher
totheNetherlands.ThefirststeamvesselintheRoyalNetherlandsNavy,onApril26,1827,therenamedCuraaosailedfromHellevoetsluis,nearRotterdam,for
Paramaribo,Surinam.ThefirststeamshiptooperatebetweenEuropeandSouthAmerica,shemadeonevoyageayeartoParamaribobetween1827and1829.She
madethecrossinginbetweentwentyfiveandthirtytwodays,understeamasmuchaseightypercentofthetime,andcarryingasmanyassixtyeightpassengers.Built
byMessrs.Maudslay,SonsandField,Curaao'stwocylinderenginesweredesignedsothattheshaftscouldbedisengagedandallowedtoturnfreelywhentheship
wasundersailalone.Duringthe1830s,sheremainedinDutchwaters,butfrom1840to1846sheservedontheWestIndiesstation.Laidupforherlastfouryears,
shewasbrokenupin1850.
Spratt,TransatlanticPaddleSteamers.

CuttySark
(exMariadiAmparo,Ferreira,CuttySark)Clipper(3m).L/B/D:212.5'36'21'(64.8m11m6.4m).Tons:963grt.Hull:composite.Comp.:1928.
Des.:HerculesLinton.Built:Scott,Linton&Co.,Dumbarton,Scotland1869.
Amongthemostfamousoldsailingshipsstillextant,CuttySarkwasoneofthelastclippersbuiltfortheChinateatradebetweenthe1840sand1870s.Orderedby
CaptainJohnWillisofLondon,herhullwasofcompositeconstruction,withteakplankingonironframes.HerdesignisthoughttohavebeeninspiredbyWillis'sThe
Tweed,aBombaybuilt,fullriggedshipthatfirstsailedasthepaddlesteamerPunjaub.CuttySark'snameisScottishfor"shortshirt"andcomesfromtheRobert
Burnspoem"TamO'Shanter,"inwhichTamsecretlyspiesonthewitch,Nannie,whoiscladinacuttysarkthereasonsforWillis'schoiceofnameareobscure.
Willis'sinsistencethatonlythefinestmaterialsbeusedintheconstructionofCuttySarkresultedinthebankruptcyofherbuildersbeforetheshipwaslaunched,and
hercompletionwasoverseenbythefirmofDennyBrothers,whichtookovertheScott&Lintonyard.CuttySark'sfirstyearsweredisappointingtoWillis.Shenever
beatherchiefrival,THERMOPYLAE,onthepassagehomefromChina.Theirmostdramaticencountertookplacein

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1872.LoadingtogetheratShanghai,theysailedonthesametideandwereneckandneckdowntheChinaSea.About400milesaheadofThermopylaeintheIndian
Oceanwhenshelostherrudderinaseveregale,CuttySark'screwshippedamakeshiftruddermadefromsparesparsbutthattoocarriedaway,andtheyhadto
fashionathird,withwhichshecompletedthe16,000milepassagein119days,behindThermopylaebutwiththeadmirationofallLondon.
Thegreatestrivalrywasnotbetweenindividualclippers,however,butbetweenclippersandsteamships.UsingthenewlyopenedSuezCanal,steamerscouldreturn
fromChinainonly60days,thusforcingdowntheamountthesailingshipscouldmakeontheircargoes.By1871,CuttySarkwasabletochargeonly3per50
cubicfeetoftea,lessthanhalftheofferintheyearsbeforethecanal.SteamshipshadeasedclippersoutofthegeneralcargotradefromEngland,too,andCuttySark
hadtosailfirsttoAustraliawithageneralcargoandthenwithcoalforShanghai,whichgavehertwopayingcargoesoutbound.Evensuchdesperatemeasureswere
notenough,andby1878clipperswereoutoftheteatrade.CuttySarkwasputtoworkhaulingcoal,jute,hemp,wool,andwhateverothercargoeswereavailable.
Shewasbarelyprofitableeveningeneraltradebecausehercargocapacitywassmallincomparisonwiththeslower,fullbodiedsailingshipsoftheperiod.
In1878,sheloadedcoalinWalesfortheU.S.NavyinShanghai.Thevoyagewasatryingone.ThefirstmatekilledoneofthehandsandlefttheshipatAnjerbefore
hecouldbebroughttotrial.(Hewaslatercaught,triedinLondon,andservedsevenyears'penalservitudeformanslaughter.Laterhereturnedtoseaandretiredas
masterwiththeAngloAmericanOilCompany.)WhenCuttySarkwasbecalmedintheSouthChinaSea,CaptainWallacewentmadandleaptoverboard.She
sufferedtwomoreweakcaptainsbeforecomingundercommandofCaptainW.Moorein1882.AftersailingfromNewYorktoSemarangwithcaseoil,andthen
loadingsuchexoticorientalgoodsasjaggery,myrobalans,anddeerhornatMadras,Bimlipatam,andCoconada,shereturnedtoEnglandin1883.
Sobeganherthirdandmostremarkablecareer.SailingforNewcastle,Australia,sheloadedacargoofwoolandreturnedhomeviaCapeHornintheexcellenttime
of79days.Aswithtea,speedwasacriticalfactorinthewooltradebecausethewoolclipinAustraliaandtheauctionsinEnglandwereheldonlyatspecifictimesof
year.Onhersecondvoyage,sheagainmadethereturnin79days,thesametimeasThermopylae.MoorelefttheshipandwassucceededbyRichardWoodget,
whobecameCuttySark'smostcelebratedmaster.ExceptforonemorestabatthetearecordabortedbecausetherewasnoteatobehadCuttySark
remainedinthewooltradethrough1893.HerbestrunfromSydneytoEnglandwas69days,in1888,andfiveyearslatersheoverhauledtheP&OLinesteamer
BritanniaonherapproachtoSydney.
CuttySarkcompletedherlastvoyagetoAustraliain1895,whenshewassoldtoJ.A.FerreiraofLisbon.AsFerreirashetookupworkingeneraltradebetween
LisbonandtheCapeVerdeIslands,theGulfCoast,Caribbean,Brazil,andPortugueseEastAfrica,withoccasionalrunstoBritishports.In1916shewasdismasted
inahurricaneandreriggedasabarkentine.FouryearslatershewassoldtotheCia.deNavegacodePortugalandrenamedMariadiAmparo.In1922sheputinto
FalmouthwhereshewasseenbyCaptainWilfredDowman.Laterthatyear,DowmanpurchasedherandathisownexpensebroughtherbacktoEnglandwhereshe
wasrenamedCuttySarkandrestoredforuseasafullriggedstationarytrainingshipatFalmouth.WhenDowmandiedin1936,hiswidowdonatedtheshiptothe
ThamesNauticalTrainingCollegeandshewasmooredintheThames.In1952,theCuttySarkPreservationSocietycametogetherundertheauspicesofFrankCarr,
directoroftheNationalMaritimeMuseum,andin1954shewasopenedasamuseumatGreenwich.
CuttySarkhashadtremendousinternationalrenownsince1923whentheLondonvintnersBerryBros.&Rudd,Ltd.,namedtheirblendedScotchwhiskeyCutty
Sark.Twoyearsaftertheshipopenedtothepublic,CuttySarkbeganitssponsorshipoftallshipracesoftheSailTrainingAssociation(nowInternationalSail
TrainingAssociation).
Brettle,"CuttySark."FoxSmith,Returnofthe"CuttySark."Lubbock,Logofthe"CuttySark."

HMSCyane
6thrate22(3m).L/B/D:110'31.5'17.3'dph(33.5m9.6m5.3m).Tons:539tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:180.Arm.:2232pdr,1018pdr,212pdr.
Built:Bass,Topsham,Eng.1806.
OriginallynamedColumbine,HMSCyanewasoneoftwofrigatestakenbytheUSSCONSTITUTIONinasingleactionwhilecoveringaconvoyenroutefrom
GibraltartoEnglandincompanywithHMSLevant.Althoughnominallyratedasa22gunship,shemountedatotalof34guns,whileLevantmounted21.Onthe
afternoonofFebruary20,1815,whileoffMadeira,Cyanesightedashiponthehorizonandsailedtowardsheruntilfailureoftheunknownshiptoanswerrecognition
signalspersuadedCaptainGordonFalcontorejoinLevant.Themystery

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ship,thenominallya44,butmounting50gunsUSSConstitution,caughtupwiththepairatabout1800andopenedfirewithher32pdrs.welloutofrangeof
theBritishships'carronades.ConstitutionforcedfirstCyane(6dead,29wounded)andthenLevant(6dead,16wounded)tostrike.AlthoughLevantwas
recapturedbyHMSAcastaonMarch11,CyanereturnedtotheUnitedStatesandwaspurchasedbytheU.S.Navy.From1819to1821shecruisedbetweenthe
WestIndiesandthenewlyfoundedWestAfricancolonyofLiberia.ShealsosawdutyintheMediterranean(182425)andontheBrazilstation(182527).Laidup
atthePhiladelphiaNavyYard,shewasbrokenupin1836.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSCyane
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:132.3'bp36.3'16.5'(40.3m11m5m).Tons:792om.Hull:wood.Comp.:200.Arm.:1832pdr,424pdr.Built:Boston
NavyYard1838.
FirstassignedtotheMediterraneanSquadron,thesecondUSSCyanewasdispatchedtothePacificSquadronin1841,aperiodofstrainedrelationsbetweenthe
UnitedStates,Mexico,andGreatBritain.Actingonerroneousinformation,onOctober19,1842,Cyane'sCaptainWilliamMervineseizedMontereyandraisedthe
U.S.flag,onlytotakeitdownwhenhelearnedtherewasnowar.AfteravoyagetotheEastCoast,CyanereturnedintimetotakepartintheMexicanWarin1846.
OnJuly6,1847,CyaneagainseizedMontereypermanentlyandthenembarkedLieutenantColonelJohnC.Frmont'sCaliforniaBattalionforSanDiego.In
companywithUSSWarren,Cyaneattemptedtoenforceablockadealong2,500milesofMexicancoastline,seizing30Mexicanvesselsandtakingpartinthe
captureofMazatlnonNovember11withUSSCONGRESSandINDEPENDENCE.From1852to1857,CyanewasassignedtotheHomeSquadronand
cruisedbetweenNovaScotiaandPanama.ShereturnedtothePacificin1858andservedontheWestCoastbetweenPanamaandAlaskauntillaidupatMare
Islandin1871.Shewassoldin1887.
Johnson,ThenceRoundCapeHorn.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSCyclops
Collier.L/B/D:542'65'27.7'(165.2m19.8m8.1m).Tons:19,360disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:236.Mach.:15kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShip&
EngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1910.
TheNavycollierCyclopsservedintheNavyAuxiliaryServiceoftheAtlanticFleetandsawdutyonbothsidesoftheAtlanticaswellasintheCaribbean.Duringthe
Mexicantroublesin191415,shesupportedNavywarshipsstationedoffVeraCruzandalsocarriedrefugeesfromTampicotoNewOrleans.Commissionedasa
U.S.NavyshipfollowingtheAmericanentryintoWorldWarI,shemadeoneconvoyruntoEuropeinJune1917beforereturningtotheEastCoast.InJanuary1918
shewasassignedtotheNavalOverseasTransportationService.StillunderLieutenantCommanderG.W.Worley,hercaptainsince1910,shesailedtoBraziltofuel
BritishshipsstationedintheSouthAtlantic.OnFebruary19,shedepartedRiodeJaneiro,andaftercallingatBarbadosonMarch34,continuedonfortheUnited
States.CyclopssubsequentlyvanishedwithouttraceinwhatremainsoneoftheNavy'smostmystifyingunexplainedlosses.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

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D
Dahshurboats
In1893,FrencharchaeologistJacquesdeMorganfoundsixboatsburiednearthetomboftheMiddleKingdompharaohSesostrisIII(18781842BCE)atDahshur,
southwestofCairo.MorgansurmisedthatthesewerepartoftheburialequipmentofSesostrisandintendedforthepharaoh'sjourneyintheafterlife,aswasthe
CHEOPSSHIPofsevencenturiesbefore.TheoldestshipsknownuntilthediscoveryoftheCheopsship,twooftheboatsareexhibitedinCairo,athirdisatthe
FieldMuseuminChicago,andafourth,whoseexcavationwasnotformallyrecorded,waspurchasedbyAndrewCarnegiefortheCarnegieMuseumofNatural
History.Theirmeasurementsandconstructionaresimilar.TheFieldboatmeasures9.8meterslongby2.5metersbroadby1.2metersdeep(32.1by8.2by3.9
feet)thoseintheCairoMuseumare10.2by2.2by0.9meters(33.5by7.2by3feet),and9.9by2.3by0.7meters(32.5by7.5by2.3feet).Therearethree
strakestoppedbyabulwarklashedtothesheerstrakeoneithersideofthecentralplanktheplanksarefastenedalongtheirlongedgesbymortiseandtenonjoints.
Therearenoribs,butalltheboatshadsomedecking.Insomecasestherearepegholesindeckplankends,butmostpiecesweresimplylaidontothedadoeddeck
edgesslenderstanchionssupportedthebeamsinallboats.Alltheboatshadrudderpoststoppedbyfalconheadsasignofroyaltytosupporttheelaborately
paintedquarterruddersusedtosteertheboat.Theboatsprobablywerefittedwithabaldachinunderwhichacoffinwouldlie,anddecorativeelongatedbowand
sternpieceswereprobablyfittedtogivethevesselsapapyriformshape,socalledfortheirresemblancetopapyrusrafts.LiketheCheopsship,theseboatswere
intendedtobetowed.ThesimilarityofthedesignandfunctionoftheSesostrisandCheopsboatsatteststothecontinuityofthepharaonictraditionovermorethan
sevencenturies.
Ward,SacredandSecular.

Imagenotavailable.
Amongtheoldestshipsintheworldarethosefoundin
theburialtombsofEgyptianpharaohs.TheDhashurboat
nowintheFieldMuseuminChicagoisoneoffourfound
nearthetombofSesostrisIII(18781842BCE).
CourtesyFieldMuseum,Chicago.

HMSDanae
(exLaVaillante)6thrate20(3m).L/B/D:119.2'30.9'8.9'(36.3m9.4m2.7m).Tons:507bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:155.Arm.:2032pdr,612pdr,6
12pdr.Built:Bayonne,France1796.
ThefirstmissionoftheFrenchfrigateLaVaillantewastocarryreactionariesarrestedinthecoupd'tatofSeptember4,1797,toCayenne,FrenchGuinea.Sailing
onSeptember24,1797,shemadethepassageoutinaboutsixweeks,andbyJanuary1798wasbackinFrance.SentoutagainonAugust6,1798,withfiftytwo
dports,includingfourwomenandachild,shewascapturedtwodayslaterbyCaptainSirEdwardPellew'sHMSIndefatigable.TakenintotheRoyalNavyand
renamedDanae(forawomaninGreekmyth),shewasrearmedwithtwenty32pdr.carronades,ten12pdr.carronades,andtwo6pdr."longs,"theweightof
whichmadehertopheavy.
AlthoughDanae'scomplementwastechnically155,BritishshipsoftheerawerechronicallyundermannedandbyMarch1799Danaehadonlyseventyonecrew.
AssignedtooperateagainstFrenchmerchantmenandprivateersbetweenLeHavreandBrest,shereturnedperi

Page131

odicallytoPlymouth,andinNovemberofthatyearshejoinedtheChannelFleettocruiseoffUshant.Allalong,CaptainLordProbyhadaugmentedhercrewby
signingonmencapturedfromFrenchshipsorimpressedfromEnglishmerchantmenandprivateers.BytheendofFebruary1800,Danae'screwhadgrownto130
crewandmarines,includingfiveFrenchprisonersandsevencrewclaimingU.S.citizenship.OnthenightofMarch14,1800,aboutfortyofthecrewmutiniedand
seizedtheshipoffLeConquet,nearBrest,andthenextmorningDanaesailedintoLeConquetaccompaniedbythefrigateLaColombe.Probyandhisloyalcrew
wereexchanged.Therewerefortysixmutineers,manyofAmericanorIrishorigin.MostreturnedtoseaandonlythreewerecapturedbytheBritishandtried.All
werefoundguilty,twowerehanged,andonepardoned.
TheFrenchconsideredDanaenolongersuitablefornavaldutyandshewassoldtoaMorlaixmerchantnamedCooperwhocharteredhertotheFrenchgovernment
asatransport.DanaemadeonevoyagetoHaitiduringtheuprisingledbyToussaintL'Ouverturein1801.Theship'sfateafter1802isunknown.
Lyon,SailingNavyList.Pope,DevilHimself.

Danmark
Ship(3m).L/B/D:178.8'32.8'13.8'(54.5m10m4.2m).Tons:777grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:99.Mach.:diesel,486hp.Des.:AageLarsen.Built:Nakskov
Skibs.,Nakskov,Denmark1932.
BuiltbytheDanishgovernmentasavehiclefortrainingcadetofficersforworkinthemerchantmarine,Danmarkwasbuiltalongthelinesofatraditional
merchantman.Praisinghergracefullines,HaroldUnderhillwrote:''Shehasaperfectlynormalprofilewithpoop,fo'castleanddeckhouse,and,ifonesubstituted
hatchesforthecadets'companion,shewouldbeanordinarytraderwhichisasitshouldbe."HeruneventfulcareerpriortoWorldWarIIculminatedinavoyageto
theNewYorkWorld'sFairin1939.ShewasslatedtoreturntoEuropeinthefall,buthersailingwasputofffollowingthestartofthewarinSeptemberandshe
sailedfortheCaribbean.WhenGermanyinvadedDenmarkinApril1940,shereturnedtoJacksonville,Florida,wheresheremaineduntiltheUnitedStatesentered
thewar,whenCaptainKnudHansenofferedhertotheU.S.government.TheCoastGuardwelcomedtheofferofatrainingshipandDanmarkwashomeportedat
theU.S.CoastGuardAcademyinNewLondon,Connecticut,servingasatrainingshipintherelativelyprotectedwatersofLongIslandSoundforthedurationof
hostilities.ThisexperiencesoconvincedtheCoastGuardofthevalueofsailtrainingthat,followingDanmark'sreturntoEuropeafterthewar,itlobbiedforthe
governmenttoacquiretheGermantrainingshipHorstWesselnowUSCGCEAGLEaswarreparations.Danmarkresumedherregularsailtrainingprogram,
andsheremainsinthatworkmorethanhalfacenturylater.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

DarPomorza
(exPomorzeColbert,PrinzessEitelFriedrich)Ship(3m).L/B/D:239.2'41.1'20.9'(72.9m12.5m6.4).Tons:1,566grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:162.
Mach.:aux.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1910.
AfterfouryearsasatrainingshipforBremen'sDeutscherSchulschiffVerein,preparingcadetsfortheGermanmerchantmarine,PrinzessEitelFriedrichwaslaidup
duringWorldWarI.TransferredtoFranceaswarreparationsin1919,shewaslaidupatSt.Nazaire.Soldin1922totheSocitdesArmateursFranais,three
yearslatershewasacquiredbytheSocitdeNavigation"LesNaviresEcolesFranais"andrenamedColbert.PlanstoconverttheshiptoayachtbyBaronde
Forestcametonothing,andin1929shewassoldforthelasttime,tothegovernmentofPoland.RenamedDarPomorza,shewastakenintowforNakskov,arriving
thereinJanuary1930.
ThusbeganmorethanfivedecadesofacareerasaschoolshipunderthePolishflag,sailingeveryyearfromtheBaltictotheWestIndieswithbetween150and200
cadetsaboard.InternedinSwedenduringWorldWarII,shelaterreturnedtoserviceasasailtrainingshipundertheauspicesoftheWyzszaSzkolaMorskauntil
1981.InthatyearshewasreplacedbythenewDarMlodziezyandpreservedasastationarymuseumshipatGdynia.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

Dartmouth
Ship(3m).L:79'(24m).Hull:wood.Built:<1773.
Inthespringof1773,thenearlybankruptEastIndiaCompanyreceivedpermissionfromParliamenttosellteadirectlytotheAmericanmarket,ratherthanthrough
middlemeninEngland,atpricesthatwouldundercutsmugglerswhoevadeddutiesbyimportingfromHolland.Thequestionofthesurplusteawasitselfincon

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sequential,butthefocusofdebatequicklybecametheTownshendduties,anoneroustaxthatdepressedimportsintothecoloniesandnettedtheCrownonly400.
DespitedirepredictionsfromsuchParliamentariansasWilliamDowdeswell"ItelltheNobleLordnow,ifhedon'ttakeoffthedutytheywon'ttakethetea"
PrimeMinisterLordNorthrefusedtorepealthetaxes.
Sixvesselsleftforthecoloniesinthefallof1773,GeorgeHayley'sshipsDartmouth(CaptainJamesHall)andEleanorandbrigsBeaverandWilliamforBoston,
andtheshipsLondonforCharlestonandPollyforPhiladelphia.Newsofthecompany'splanreachedthecoloniesbeforetheteaitself,andwhenDartmoutharrived
atBostononNovember28,with114chestsoftea,BostoniansrefusedtoallowtheteatobelandedanddemandedthatitbereturnedtoEngland.Aboveall,the
patriotsfearedthatevenifthedutieswerenotpaid,theauthoritieswouldseizetheteaanditwouldeventuallybepaidforanddrunkevenbythoseopposedtothe
duties,thusweakeningtheircause.Dartmouth'sownerFrancisRotchwasunabletogetapasstoclearhisshipwiththeteastillaboard.Astheteawasliableto
seizurebytheauthoritiesafter20days,ontheeveningofDecember16agroupof30to60unknownpatriotscallingthemselvesMohawksbutdisguisedwithnothing
morethanablanket,adaubofpaint,orblackenedfaces,descendedontheships,brokeopentheteachestsaboardDartmouth,Eleanor,andBeaveratGriffin's
Wharf,anddumpedthecontentsintoBostonHarbor.(WilliamnevermadeittoBoston,havingwreckedonCapeCod.AreplicaoftheBeaverisexhibitedatthe
BostonTeaPartyShipandMuseum.)
Despitebeingeyewitnessestotheevent,whichlastedthreehours,nomilitaryauthoritiestookanyactionagainsttheteapatriots.AsJohnAdamsconfidedtohisdiary,
ThisisthemostmagnificentMovementofall.ThereisaDignity,aMajesty,aSublimityinthislastEffortofthePatriotsthatIgreatlyadmire...ThisDestructionoftheTeaisso
bold,sodaring,sofirm,intrepid,&inflexible,anditmusthavesoimportantConsequencesandsolasting,thatIcannotbutconsideritasanEpochainHistory.

Meanwhile,atCharleston,theconsigneesrefusedtopaythedutieswithinthe20dayperiodandonDecember22,London'scargowasseizedbytheauthorities.
Storedingovernmentwarehouses,itremaineduntoucheduntilJuly1776whenitwassoldtoraisefundsforthepatriots'cause.
Labaree,BostonTeaParty.

LaDauphine
Ship(3m).Tons:100tons.Comp.:50.Built:RoyalDockyard,LeHavre1517.
NamedfortheFrenchDauphin,borntheyearbeforetheship'slaunch,LaDauphinewasaFrenchroyalshipsailedbyGiovanniVerrazzanoonhiswestwardvoyage
insearchofCathayandtheextremeeasterncoastofAsia,orapassagethroughanylandthatmightlieinhisway.Provisionedforeightmonths,Verrazzanosailed
fromDieppewithLaDauphineandLaNormande,whichsoonreturnedtoFrance.TakinghisdeparturefromtheMadeiraIslandsonaboutJanuary17,1523,La
DauphinesailedstraightwesttonearCapeFear,NorthCarolina.Theshipthensailedsouthabout225milesbeforeturningnorthagain.LandingbrieflynearCape
Fear,LaDauphinethensailedalongthebarrierislandsthatenclosePimlicoSound,whichVerrazzanoinitiallybelievedtobethePacificOcean,separatedfromthe
AtlanticonlybytheslenderOuterBanks.LaDauphinenextstoppedatArcadia(possiblyKittyHawk),beforesailingoffshoreuntilarrivingatwhatisnowsouthern
NewJersey.ThenextidentifiableanchoragewasNewYorkBay,whereLaDauphineanchoredthenightofApril17intheVerrazzanoNarrows.
HeadingeasttheyroundedthetipofLongIslandandcameintoNarragansettBay,passingBlockIsland,whichVerrazzanocomparedwiththeMediterraneanisland
ofRhodes.(RogerWilliamslaterthoughthemeantAquidneck,andintimethenamewasappliedtoRhodeIslandVerrazzanohadactuallynamedBlockIslandfor
theFrenchqueenmother,Luisa.)AWampanoagpilotedLaDauphineintothefutureNewportharbor,whereVerrazzanoanchoredfortwoweeks.Afterworking
herwaythroughVineyardandNantucketSoundsandroundingCapeCod,LaDauphinenextlandedamongtheAbnakinearCascoBay,andworkedeastfrom
therealongtheMainecoast.Here,onthePenobscotRiver,VerrazzanorecordedtheAbnakiname"Oranbega."Europeanscorruptedthisto"Norumbega"andused
ittorefertothewholeregionnowknownasNewEngland.AfterskirtingNovaScotiaandNewfoundland,wherethePortugueseandEnglishhadprecededhim,he
sailedforhome,arrivingatDieppeonJuly8,1524.LaDauphine'svoyageisimportantbecauseitwasthefirsttodeterminethatNorthAmericawasnotanextension
ofAsia.Verrazzanomadetwosubsequenttransatlanticvoyages,onetoBrazilandhislastin1528whenhewaskilledandeatenbyCaribsonGuadeloupe.
Morison,EuropeanDiscoveryofAmerica:TheNorthernVoyages.Wroth,VoyagesofGiovannidaVerrazzano.

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CSSDavid
Spartorpedoboat.L/B/D:50'6'5'(15.2m1.8m1.5m).Comp.:4.Built:T.Stoney,Charleston,S.C.1863.
PresumablynamedfortheIsraeliteDavidinrecognitionofhisbattlewithGoliath,CSSDavidwasbuiltbyT.StroneyofCharleston,SouthCarolina.Shapedlikea
cigaranddesignedtooperateverylowinthewater,DavidandthetenotherConfederatetorpedoboatsbuiltatCharlestonwereintendedtosinkFederalblockade
shipsbydetonatinganexplosivechargeagainsttheships'hulls,theexplosivebeingcarriedontheendofasparprojectingfromthebow.
OnthenightofOctober5,1863,LieutenantW.T.Glassellcommanding,DavidattackedthecasemateironcladsteamerUSSNEWIRONSIDES.Thetorpedo
detonatedunderNewIronsides'sstarboardquartercausingseriousdamagebutthrowingupacolumnofwaterthatextinguishedDavid'sboilerfires.Allbutthepilot,
W.Cannon,abandonedship,thoughAssistantEngineerJ.H.Tombreturnedtothevessel.TheengineswereeventuallyrestartedandDavidmadeittosafety.
(GlassellandJ.Sullivanwerecaptured.)Davidisknowntohavestagedtwomoreattacks,neithersuccessful.ThefirstwasonMarch6,1864,againstUSS
Memphis,andthesecondwasonApril18,whenshetriedtosinkUSSWabash.Herultimatefateisunknown.
Perry,InfernalMachines.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.

DavidCrockett
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:218.8'41'27'(66.7m12.5m8.2m).Tons:1,679bm.Hull:wood.Built:Greenman&Co.,Mystic,Conn.1853.
NamedforthecelebratedAmericanfrontiersmanandbuiltforHandy&Everett'stransatlanticpackettradebetweenNewYorkandLiverpool,theclipperDavid
Crockettcombinedlargecarryingcapacitywithgoodspeedandwasregardedbysomeas"almostperfect."Asithappened,shemadeonlyafewvoyagesonthe
transatlanticrunbeforeenteringtheCapeHornrunbetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscounderthehouseflagofLawrenceGilesandCompany.Inthishardtrade,
DavidCrockettprovedoneofthemostsuccessfulclipperseverlaunched.Havingcost$93,000tobuild,bythetimeshequittheCapeHorntradein1883,after
twentyfivepassagesfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco,shehadearnedanetprofitof$500,000,andthereisnorecordofanylosstoherinsurersforanycause.Sold
firsttoThomasDunhamsNephew&CompanyandthentoS.W.Carey,shewasreriggedasabarkforserviceintheAtlantic.In1890,afternearlyfourdecades
undersail,shewassoldtoPeterWright&Son,ofPhiladelphia,andcutdownforuseasacoalbarge"toanyportwherethereiswaterenoughtofloather."Withleg
ofmuttonsailssetfromstumpmasts,inthisignominiousworksheendedherdaysaroundtheturnofthecentury.Herfigurehead,whichwasdisplayedonlywhenin
port,survivesintheSanFranciscoChamberofCommerce.
Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

DeBraak
Brigsloop(2m).L/B/D:84'28.9'11.2'(25.6m8.8m3.4m).Tons:255bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:86.Arm.:1624pdr,26pdr.Built:Britain(?)<1784.
Oneofthemostineptmaritimearchaeologicalexcavationseverundertaken,thebungledsalvageofHMSBraakincidentallyhelpedensurethepassageoflegislationto
developarationalapproachtothepreservationofhistoricunderwatersites.TheoriginsofthecutterDeBraak(Dutchfor"TheBeagle")areobscure.Althoughitwas
longbelievedthatshewasDutchbuilt,analysisofthehullsuggeststhatshewasprobablybuiltinBritain.Duringthe1780s,shesailedagainstEnglandundertheDutch
flag,operatingwithaMediterraneansquadronoutofToulon,France.In1793,shetookpartinthedefenseofWillemstad,Curaao,againstaFrenchRevolutionary
army,andattheendof1794,DeBraakwasorderedtoescortaconvoyofEastIndiamentoBatavia.NotrealizingthattheircountrywasagainatwarwithEngland,
theDutchputintoFalmouthwherethetwentyfourmerchantmenandsixwarshipswereseized.
BroughtintotheRoyalNavyasHMSloopofWarBraak,thecutterwasreriggedasabrigandrearmedwithsixteen24pdr.carronades.Sheenteredserviceunder
CaptainJamesDrewonJune13,1797,andremainedondutyuntildismastedinastormattheendoftheyear.UponherreturntoserviceinFebruary1798,Braak
joinedaconvoyboundfortheVirginiaCapes,butonApril2,offtheAzores,shewasseparatedfromtheotherships.Attheendofthemonth,shecapturedaSpanish
shipworth160,000inprizemoneyandonMay25,CaptainDrewputintoDelawareBay.ShortlyafterapilotboardedoffCapeHenlopen,"asuddenflawofwind"
threwthebrigonherbeamendsandBraaksankwiththelossofthirtyfiveofhercrew,includingDrew,andtwelveSpanishprisoners.
Overtheyears,DeBraak'ssevenweeksolocruiseand

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thecertainfactthatshehadcapturedonevaluableprizebecameencrustedwithmyth.Overtheyearsmorethanadozenindividualsandgroupsattemptedtofindthe
ship,andbythe1980sestimatesofthevalueofthetreasureaboardthehumbleconvoyescortexceeded$500million.Wouldbesalvorsranthegamutfromsalvage
expertstocharlatans,"sportsmenandsocialites,"andaconvictedfelonwhoinitiatedhisresearchfromtheMichiganStatePenitentiary.Successofasortfinallycame
in1984whenHarveyHarrington'sSubSal,Inc.,raisedacannon,ananchor,andaship'sbellbearingthename"LaPatrocle."SubSalbecamelegalcustodianofthe
wreckonbehalfoftheU.S.DistrictCourtandwithaoneyearleasebeganworkingroundtheclocktoretrieveasmuchaspossiblefromthesite.Withalmosttotal
disregardforarchaeologicalpractice,diverstaggedaportionofwhattheyrecoveredanddisposedofanythingtheyconsideredworthless,includinghumanremains,a
rarestove,andobjectstoosmalltowarranttheirconsideration.
In1985,SubSalwastakenoverbyaNewHampshireinvestmentgroupledbyL.JohnDavidson.ThestateofDelawarebegantotakeamoreactiveinterestinthe
projectandassignedClaudiaMelsontotagretrievedartifacts,whichultimatelyincluded26,000itemsrangingfromshipfittings,weapons,andammunitionto
toothbrushes,combs,dominoes,asyringe,compassesanddividers,amahoganytelescope,anoctant,asink,150shoes,asailor's"Monmouth"hat,threeanchors,
storagevessels,andhundredsofspecimensoforganicfoodstuffsincludingpeas,corn,andbeans.Determinedatallcoststofindtheship'streasure,Davidsonsecured
permissiontomovethe200yearoldhullashoreandexcavatethesurroundingbottomwithaclamshellbucket.Duringthis"historichumiliation,"asonearchaeologist
describedit,thehullwasraisedatarateofthirtyfeetperminute(ratherthan1.5feetperminute,regardedasthemaximumsafespeed).Theliftingcablescutintothe
hull"likeahotknifethroughbutter"andtonsofartifactrichmudandindividualartifactsslippedbackintothesea.Tocrownthisfolly,thesurroundingmudwassifted
througharoadconstructionrocksorter.Alltold,the"unmitigatedarchaeologicaldisaster"ofDeBraak'ssalvagecost$2.5millionandyieldeda"treasure''of650
gold,silver,andothercoins.ThemajorityoftheartifactswerehousedintheZwaanendalMuseuminLewes,Delaware,andthehullwaseventuallymovedtoaspecial
facilityinCapeHenlopenStatePark.
Whiletheunderfundedconservationofartifactscontinued,theexcavationbroughttotheforetheinadequatestateoflegalprotectionforunderwaterarchaeological
sites.Thelawthenheldthathistoricshipwrecksandtheircontentsenjoyednomoreprotectionthananyotherpropertyabandonedatseahistoricalvaluewasnot
consideredasitwouldbeinthecaseof,forexample,aNavajopuebloondryland.Tocorrectthis,archaeologistsandpreservationistshelpeddraftlegislationto
protecthistoricunderwatersites.TestifyingbeforeCongressinsupportoftheAbandonedShipwreckActof1987,PresidentoftheNationalTrustforHistoric
PreservationJ.JacksonWalteralludedtotheDeBraaksitewhenhearguedthat"wewouldnottolerateacommercialenterprisethatbulldozedGettysburgandthen
dumpedtheremainsthroughasiftingmachinetorecovervaluableobjects.Yetthisisexactlywhatcurrentlawallowstreasurehunterstodotoournation'smaritime
legacy."SignedintolawinApril1988,theactgivesthefederalgovernmenttitletohistoricshipwrecksinstatewaters.
Shomette,HuntforHMS"DeBraak."

HMSDefence
Arrogantclass3rdrate74(3m).L/B/D:168'46.8'19.8'(51.2m14.3m6m).Tons:1,630bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:530.Arm.:2832pdr,2818pdr,
189pdr.Hull:wood.Des.:SirThomasSlade.Built:DevonportDockyard,Eng.1763.
LaunchedinthelastyearoftheSevenYears'WarbetweenFranceandBritain,HMSDefencewasthefirstandmostdecoratedRoyalNavyshiptobearthe
name.Shedidnotseeactionforthefirsttwodecadesofservice,butthereafterherhonorsincludemostofthemajorengagementsoftheFrancoBritishcontestfor
supremacy.In1782,DefencewaspartofAdmiralSirEdwardHughes'sfleetatthebattleofCuddalore,India(asubsidiarytheateroftheAmericanRevolution),
againstAdmiralPierredeSuffrendeSt.Tropez.HerfirstmajorengagementinEuropeanwaterswasontheGloriousFirstofJunein1795,whenaspartofAdmiral
LordHowe'sChannelFleetshemanagedtobreaktheFrenchlineunderAdmiralVillaretJoyeuse.OnFebruary14,1797,DefencewaswithAdmiralSirJohn
Jervis'sMediterraneanFleetwhenitengagedtheSpanishfleetunderAdmiralDonJosedeCordobaattheBattleofCapeSt.Vincent.Thefollowingyearshewasin
RearAdmiralHoratioNelson'sfleetattheBattleoftheNile(August1,1798),andthreeyearsafterthatattheBattleofCopenhagen(April2,1801),aspartof
AdmiralSirHydeParker'ssquadron.UnderCaptainGeorgeHope,DefencesailedinAdmiralCollingwood'sleecolumnattheBattleofTrafalgaronOctober21,
1805,wheresheengagedtheFrenchBerwickandforcedthesurrenderoftheSpanishSanIldefonso,whichsustained

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165deadandwoundedtoherown36.LaterdetailedtotheBalticfleet,onChristmasEve1811,whileenroutefromtheBaltictoBritainincompanywithRear
AdmiralRobertReynolds'sflagship,ST.GEORGE,DefenceranagroundandwaslostnearRingkbing,Denmarkonlyfiveofhercompanysurvived.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Schom,Trafalgar.

Defence
Brigantine.L/B:72'20'(21.9m6.1m).Tons:170burthen.Hull:wood.Arm.:166pdr.Built:JohnCabotandIsraelThorndike,Beverly,Mass.1779.
Defencewasoneofanestimated1,600vesselsissuedwithlettersofmarqueandreprisaltosailasprivateersagainstBritishmerchantshipsduringtheAmerican
Revolution.Hercareerwasveryshortlived,foronhermaidenvoyageshejoinedthePenobscotexpedition.Thisdisastrousundertaking,ledbyCaptainDudley
SaltonstallinWARREN,wasintendedtopushtheBritishoutoftheirnewstrongholdontheBagaducePeninsulainPenobscotBay,175milesnortheastofBoston.
Saltonstall'sforceconsistedoffortyships,includingDefence,whoseownersintendedtocontinuefromMainetotherichprivateeringgroundsoftheGulfofSt.
Lawrence.Despiteearlysuccesses,onAugust13,1779,Saltonstall'sforcescollapsedinthefaceofapowerfulBritishforceandburnedorscuttledtheirwholefleet
toavoidcapture.DefencesankintothesoftpreservingmudofStocktonBayandremainedthereundisturbeduntil1972.Thatsummer,studentsfromtheMaine
MarineAcademylocatedtheremainsoftheshipwithahomemadesonardevicein4430'N,6830'E.ArchaeologistsfromtheInstituteofNauticalArchaeology
excavatedthesiteforsevenseasonsduringwhichtheyrecoveredextensiveamountsofshipfittingsandpersonalpossessions.ThelatterincludedbottlesofFrench
origin,ceramicproductsofdomesticmanufacture,fivecompletemesskits,notionssuchasbuttonsandbuckles,andshoesandotheritemsthatofferarareglimpse
intoshipboardlifeinthelatecolonialperiod.
Smith,"LifeatSea."Switzer,"Privateers,notPirates."

HMSDefence
Minotaurclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:519'74.5'26'(158.2m22.7m7.9m).Tons:16,100disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:755.Arm.:49.2"(22),
107.5",1612pdr518"TT.Armor:6"belt,2"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,27,000hp,2screws23kts.Des.:E.N.Mooney.Built:PembrokeDockyard,
Eng1907.
AssignedfirsttotheHomeFleetandthentotheChinastation(191012),atthebeginningofWorldWarIHMSDefencewastheflagshipofAdmiralErnest
Troubridge'sFirstCruiserSquadronintheMediterranean.Orderedtoavoidasuperiorforce,Troubridgefollowed,butfailedtoengage,theGermanGOEBENand
BRESLAU,whichescapedtoConstantinopleinAugust1914.Althoughclearedbyacourtmartial,hisseadutywasatanend.AfterdutyattheDardanelles,
DefencewassenttotheSouthAtlantic.Recalledtohomewaters,DefencebecametheflagshipofRearAdmiralSirRobertArbuthnot'sFirstCruiserSquadron.At
theBattleofJutlandonMay31,1916,ArbuthnottookDefenceandhersistershipsHMSWarriorandBlackPrincetoattackthelightcruiserSMSWiesbaden,
whichlaydeadinthewaterbetweentheopposingfleets.BroughtunderconcentratedfirefromRearAdmiralPaulBehncke'sThirdBattleSquadron,Defencesank
withthelossofallher893crewat1815.WarriorandBlackPrincewithdrew,butaroundmidnightthelatterblunderedbackintotheGermanlineandwassunkwith
thelossof857men.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

HMSDefiance
Elizabethclass3rdrate74(3m).L/B/D:168.5'46.8'19.8'(51.4m14.3m6m).Tons:1,613bm.Hull:Wood.Comp.:550600.Arm.:2832pdr,28
18pdr,189pdr.Des.:SirThomasSlade.Built:Messrs.Randall&Co.,Rotherhithe,Eng.1783.
Launchedin1783,theRoyalNavy'stenthHMSDefiancewasfirstcommissioned,intotheChannelFleet,in1794.Livinguptohername,theshipwasinvolvedin
threeseparatemutinies:in1794,whenfiveofhercrewwerehanged1797,theyearoftheSpitheadmutiniesand1798,whentwentymembersoftheUnitedIrishmen
inhercrewwerehanged.From1799to1801,DefiancesailedwithLordSt.Vincent'sMediterraneanFleet.InthelatteryearshesailedwithAdmiralSirHyde
ParkertotheBaltictobreakupNapoleon'sNorthernCoalition.OnApril2,DefiancewaspartoftheBritishfleetcommandedbyRearAdmiralNelsonattheBattle
ofCopenhagen.DuringtheengagementagainsttheDanishfleetandshorebatteries,Defiance'scasualtiesincludedseventyfivedeadandwounded.
In1804DefiancejoinedAdmiralSirRobertCalder'sblockadingforceoffElFerrolandCadiz.UnderCaptainCharlesDurham,shetookpartintheinconclusive
actionofJuly22,1805,againstViceAdmiralPierreVilleneuve'sCombinedFleetoffElFerrol.NelsonreplacedCalderin

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September,andonOctober21heledhisfleetagainsttheCombinedFleetatTrafalgar,Defianceintheleecolumn.AfterfirstengagingPrincipedeAsturias(112
guns),sheclosedwiththeFrenchL'Aigle(74),whichstruckafterafuriousengagementthatleftmorethan400ofL'Aigle'screwdeadorwounded.Defiancelater
capturedSanJuanNepomuceno(74).TrafalgarcostDefianceseventydeadandwounded,andshewasallbutdismastedintheaction.
Aninterestingpostscripttotheship'sTrafalgarexperienceoccurredin1841,whenQueenVictoriaorderedthatsurvivingmembersofthelowerdeckbe
acknowledgedfortheirservicetotheRoyalNavybetween1793and1840.AsRobertH.Mackenzierelates,
AmongsttheclaimantsforthemedalandclaspwasJaneTownsend,awomanwhowaspresentintheship[atTrafalgar].Astheregulationsfortheawardofthemedalcontained
noreservationsastosex,andasherserviceswerereportedashighlysatisfactoryanduseful,herclaimwasatfirstadmittedbutonreconsiderationrefused,asitappearedtothe
Boardthatcomplicationwouldariseonaccountoftherebeingsomanyotherwomenintheshipsofthefleetwhoseserviceswerereportedasequallyuseful.

Defiancereturnedtodutyin1806.ShesailedintheBayofBiscayandlandedLieutenantGeneralArthurWellesley(latertheDukeofWellington)atLaCorua,
Spain,atthestartofthePeninsularCampaignin1808.OnFebruary22,1809,shetookpartinanactionwiththreeFrenchfrigatesoffSabled'Olonneandsuffered
thirtydeadandwounded.Afterrepairs,hersquadronsailedintoFerrolandcapturedfiveSpanishships,whichtheBritishriggedandsailedasprizestoCadiz.
DefiancewasusedasaprisonshipatChathamfrom1813to1816,whenshewasbrokenup.
Kennedy,"BlighandtheDefianceMutiny."Longridge,AnatomyofNelson'sShips.Mackenzie,TrafalgarRoll.

USSDelphy(DD261)
Clemsonclassdestroyer(4f/2m).L/B/D:314.4'31.7'9.3'(95.8m9.7m2.8m).Tons:1,190disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:120.Arm.:44",23"421"TT.
Mach.:gearedturbines,26,000shp,2screws35kts.Built:BethlehemShipbuildingCorp.,Squantum,Mass.1918.
MidshipmanRichardDelphyservedinUSSUNITEDSTATESandARGUSduringtheWarof1812,andwaskilledinthelattership'sengagementwithHMS
Pelican.Hisnamesake'scareerwasnolessbriefortragic.CommissionedshortlybeforetheendofWorldWarI,USSDelphyservedbrieflyintheAtlanticFleet
beforetransferringtothePacificFleetbasedatSanDiegoin1919.OnSeptember8,1923,shewassailingastheleadshipofDestroyerDivision31,togetherwith20
othershipsboundfromSanFranciscoforSanDiego.Steamingat20knots,DelphyshapedacoursedowntheSantaBarbaraChannel.Unbeknownsttoanyonein
thefogboundfleet,theshipswere30milesoffcourse.DelphyranontotherocksofPointPedernales,about75milesnorthofSantaBarbara.Withinminutes,six
moredestroyersUSSS.P.Lee,Young,Nicholas,Woodbury,Chauncey(flag),andFullerhadpiledontotherocks.Atotalof22mendiedinthedisaster.
Theshipswereatotallossandsoldforsalvagewheretheylay.
Gibbs,ShipwrecksofthePacificCoast.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

DeltaQueen
Riverboat(1f).L/B/D:285'58'11.5'(86.9m'17.7m3.5m).Tons:1,650grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:200pass.Mach.:compoundengine,2,000ihp,
sternwheel.Built:CaliforniaTransportationCo.,Stockton,Calif.1926.
PrefabricatedattheIsherwoodYardontheRiverClydeinScotland,DeltaQueenandhersistershipDeltaKingwereshippedinpiecestoStockton,California.
TheretheCaliforniaTransportationCompanyassembledthetwovesselsfortheirregularSacramentoRiverservicebetweenSanFranciscoandSacramento,and
excursionstoStockton,ontheSanJoaquinRiver.Atthetime,theywerethemostlavishlyappointedandexpensivesternwheelpassengerboatsevercommissioned.
DrivenoutofservicebyanewhighwaylinkingSacramentowithSanFranciscoin1940,thetwovesselswerelaidupandthenpurchasedbyIsbrandtsenSteamship
LinesforserviceoutofNewOrleans.DuringWorldWarII,theywererequisitionedbytheU.S.NavyfordutyinSanFranciscoBay.
In1946,DeltaQueenwaspurchasedbyGreeneLineSteamersofCincinnatiandtowedviathePanamaCanalandtheMississippiandOhioRiverstoberefurbished
inPittsburgh.In1948sheenteredregularpassengerserviceplyingthewatersoftheOhio,Mississippi,Tennessee,Cumberland,andTennesseeRiversbetween
Cincinnati,NewOrleans,St.Paul,Chattanooga,Nashville,andportsinbetween.Ownershipofthevesselhaschangedanumberoftimesoverthelastfiftyyears,and
since1971,DeltaQueenhasoperatedwithapresidentialexemptiontothelawprohibitingtheoperationofovernightpassengervesselswithwoodensuperstructures.
Greene,LongLivethe"DeltaQueen."Way,Way'sPacketDirectory.

Page137

SMSDerfflinger
Derfflingerclassbattlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:690.4'95.2'31.2'(210.4m29m9.5m).Tons:31,200disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,182.Arm.:812"(42),
126",123.5"421"TT.Armor:12"belt.Mach.:steamturbines,63,000shp,4screws26.5kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1914.
Launchedin1913,SMSDerfflingerwasnotcommissioneduntiljustaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarI,onSeptember1,1914.Shewasnamedforseventeenth
centuryBrandenburgfieldmarshalBaronGeorgvonDerfflinger.ShefirstsawactionduringthebombardmentofScarboroughonDecember16,1914,andon
January24,1915,shewaspartofRearAdmiralFranzvonHipper'sfirstreconnaissancegroupattheBattleofDoggerBank,duringwhichshereceivedonehit.
AlthoughshesawactionagainstRussianunitsintheGulfofRigainAugust,itwasmorethanayearbeforeshesortiedagainintotheNorthSea.OnApril24,1916,
shetookpartinthebombardmentofYarmouthandLowestoft.OnMay31,shewaspartoftheHighSeasfleetattheBattleofJutlandwhere,inconsortwithSMS
SEYDLITZ,shesankthebattlecruiserHMSQueenMaryand,withSMSLTZOW,HMSINVINCIBLE.Derfflingerherselfwasstruckbyseventeenheavyand
fourmediumhitsandlimpedhomewith3,000tonsofwaterinthehold.SheunderwentrepairsatKiel,butexceptforabriefsortieintotheNorthSeainApril1918,
herwarcareerwasover.Followingthearmistice,shewasinternedatScapaFlowwhere,onJune21,1919,shewasscuttled,togetherwiththerestoftheGerman
fleet,andsankin150feetofwater.Derfflingerwasfinallyraisedin1939.ButsalvageoperationswereinterruptedbyWorldWarII,andsheremainedmoored
upsidedownoffRysaIslanduntil1948whenshewasfinallytowedtoRosythandbrokenup.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.vanderVat,GrandScuttle.

DeRuyter
Cruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:560.1'51.1'16.8'(170.7m15.6m5.1m).Tons:7,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:435.Arm.:75.9"(32&11),1040mm,
812.7mm.Armor:2"belt,1.3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,66,000shp,2shafts32kts.Built:NVMijFijenoord,Rotterdam1935.
NamedfortheseventeenthcenturyDutchadmiralMichielAdriaanszoondeRuyter,thislightcruiserwasflagshipofRearAdmiralKarelDoorman'sABDAStriking
Force,annihilatedattheBattleoftheJavaSeaintheAllies'desperateefforttostalltheJapaneseinvasionoftheDutchEastIndies.FormedFebruary3,1942,the
fleetinitiallyconsistedoffourcruisersoflessthan10,000tonsandsevendestroyers,alldrawnfromtheDutchandU.S.fleets.Threeweekslateritincludedfive
cruisersDeRuyterandJava,HMSEXETER,USSHOUSTON,andHMASPERTHandninedestroyers.EffortstostopJapaneselandingsatBaliand
Sumatrawereineffectual.OnFebruary27,DoormantookhisfleetouttoengageafortyoneshipconvoysupportedbyRearAdmiralTakeoTakagi'ssixteen
destroyers,twolightcruisers,andtwoheavycruisers,almostallequippedwithLongLancetorpedoeshavingarangeof22,000yardsat49knotsor44,000yardsat
36knots.(Britishtorpedoeshadamaximumrangeof15,000yardsandamaximumspeedof41knots.)Inadditiontohavingfewer,older,andsmallerships,
Doorman'sfleetwashastilythrowntogetherfromfournavieswithtwodistinctlanguages.Moreover,Doormancouldexpectlittleaircoverandinfactreceivednoneat
all.Battlewasjoinedat1612onFebruary27northandeastofSurabaya.TheABDAforcebegantounravelafterExeterwashitat1708anddroppedoutofline,
confusingtheothercruisers.TheJapanesefiredmorethanninetytorpedoes,whichforcedtheABDAshipsintonearlyconstantevasiveaction.Thisengagementbroke
offat1830,butDoormancontinuedhispursuitofthetransports.By2130,hisactiveforceconsistedofonlyDeRuyter,Java,Houston,andPerth,threedestroyers
havingbeensunk,andsixretired,onetoescortExeter.At2300,thissquadronencounteredtheheavycruisersNachiandHagurowhosetorpedoesstruckfirstthe
Java,whichsankwithin15minuteswithonlynineteensurvivors,andthenDeRuyter,whichsankaboutthreehourslateratabout610'S,11208'E.Onlyninetytwo
ofhercrewsurvivedDoormanwentdownwithhisship.PerthandHoustonescaped,tobesunklateratBantamBay.
Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

Descubierta
Corvette(3m).L/B/D:109.2'28.7'14.1'dph(33.3m8.7m4.3m).Tons:306toneladas.Hull:wood.Comp.:104.Arm.:146pdr,24pdr.Built:Cadiz,
Spain1789.
FlagshipofthemostimportantvoyageofdiscoverydispatchedbySpainintheeighteenthcentury,Descubierta("Discovery")wasoneoftwoshipstheotherwas
Atrevida("Daring")builtforanexpeditionconceivedofandleadbyDonAlejandroMalaspina.MuchinfluencedbythevoyagesofCaptainJamesCookandhis
successors,bothEnglishandFrench,theItalianbornMalaspinaplanneda"ScientificandPoliticalVoyageAround

Page138

theWorld,"thetwofoldaimofwhichwastoincreasegeographicandscientificknowledge,andtocheckonthestatusofSpain'sfarflungpossessions,particularly
thoseonthePacificCoastofNorthAmericawherebothRussiaandEnglandwereexpandingtheirspheresofinfluence.
SailingfromCadizonJuly30,1789,DescubiertaandAtrevida(underDonJosBustamenteyGuerra)madefirstfortheRiverPlate,whichtheysurveyedbefore
followingthecoastofPatagoniasouth.AftercallingintheFalklandIslands(thenaSpanishterritory),theyroundedCapeHornandcalledatseveralportsonthe
ChileancoastandatJuanFernndezIsland.ThetwoshipsthenseparatedandmadetheirwayindependentlytoMexicoattheendofMarch.HereMalaspina
receivednewordersfromMadrid.RatherthangototheSandwich(Hawaiian)Islands,hewastoproceednorthtosouthernAlaskaandsurveythecoastfromMount
St.EliassouthtoNootkaSound,whereinJune1789theSpanishcommanderhadarrestedtwoBritishshipsinthefurtrade,precipitatingtheNootkaSoundcrisis
betweenBritainandSpain.DepartingAcapulcoonMay1,1791,bytheendofJunetheshipswereatYakutatBayintheshadowofMountSt.EliasandMalaspina
Glacier.TheshipsremainedintheareauntilJuly27,exploringasfarnorthandwestasHinchinbrookIslandbeforeturningsouthtoarriveonAugust12attheSpanish
settlementatNootka,onthewesternsideofVancouverIsland.AfterconferringwiththelocalSpanishcommanderandtheNootkasanddispatchingcuttersfor
surveysofthesurroundingislandsandinlets,theshipssailedsouthlookingforthe"EntradadeHezeta"reportedbytheSpanishBrunodeHezetain1774.(Themouth
oftheColumbiaRiverwouldnotbeseenornamedagainuntilthefollowingyearwhenRobertGraycrossedthebarinhisshipCOLUMBIA.)Aftertwoweeksat
Monterey,theshipsheadedsouthtoAcapulcowheretheyhelpedpreparetheschoonersSUTILandMexicanaforavoyagetoNootkabeforeheadingwesttothe
PhilippinesbywayoftheMarianaIslands.
ContinuingtheirsurveyworkinthePhilippinesandovertoMacao,Malaspinaturnedsoutheast,landingfirstatEspirituSanto,andthenwentontosouthernNew
Zealand,callingatCook'sDuskySound.FromtheretheshipsheadedwestagaintoPortJackson(Sydney),NewSouthWales,wherehelandedinMarch1793,five
yearsafterthearrivalofthefirstcolonists.ThesettlementhadlearnedofapossiblevisitfromEngland,andtheSpanishwerewelcomedastheysetaboutconducting
extensiveastronomical,hydrographical,andotherexperimentsandgatheringnumerousspecimensofflora,fauna,andminerals.Malaspinawasalsothoroughinhis
descriptionoftheBritishsettlement,particularlywithaviewtothepotentialofitshinderingSpanishtradebetweenSouthAmericaandthePhilippines,whichhadbeen
conductedalmostfreeofinterferenceformorethan200years.InhisreporttotheNavyminister,hedeclaredthattheBritishgovernmenthadestablisheditspresence
inthePacificinAustralia,theSandwichIslands,andatNootka"intheshadesofrightsusurped...fromtheotherEuropeannations"andestablishedasfar
backastheTreatyofTordesillasin1494.
DescubiertaandAtrevidaleftPortJacksononApril11,sailingnortheastfortheFriendly(Tonga)IslandsandthenceeasttoCallao.Fromtheretheysailedsouthto
doubleCapeHornandafterastopatMontevideoreturnedhometoCadizonSeptember21,1793,endingavoyageofmorethanfouryears.Unfortunatelyfor
Malaspina,hisliberalideaswereatoddswiththeextremeconservatismofCarlosIVandhiscourt,andhewasarrested,strippedofhisrank(hehadbeenpromoted
toAdmiralonhisreturn),andexiled.Asaresult,bothMalaspinaandhisachievementswereneglectedandhisDiariodeviajewasnotpublishedinitsentiretyuntil
1885.
Cutter,MalaspinaandGaliano.King,SecretHistoryoftheConvictColony.Vaughan,etal.,VoyagesofEnlightenment.

Deutschland
Passengership(1f/2m).L/B/D:320'42'38'dph(97.5m12.8m11.6m).Tons:2,800grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st60,2nd120,3rd700100crew.Mach.:
directacting,600hp,1screw12kts.Built:Caird&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1866.
OneoffoursteamshipscommissionedbyNorddeutscherLloydbetween1865and1867,Deutschlandsailedaspartofthecompany'sweeklypacketservice
betweenBremenandNewYork.Builtwithdirectactingengines,shewasrefittedwithcompoundenginesin1872.OnDecember5,1875,shesailedfromBremen
with113passengers,mostofthemGermanemigrants.Withinhoursofherdeparture,theshipencounteredablizzardwithgaleforcewinds.Poorvisibilityforced
CaptainEdwardBrickensteintoreducespeed.DespiteeveryeffortwithhisEnglishpilottodeterminetheship'scorrectposition,shortlyafter0500onDecember6,
DeutschlandranagroundonKentishKnock,oneofthemanytreacheroussandbarsthatguardthemouthofEngland'sThamesRiver.Theshipremainedafloat
throughouttheday,butbyeveningCaptainBrickensteinhadorderedthepassengersandcrewondeck.Sometooktotherigging,butmanydiedofexposureinthe
bittercold.Helparrivedonlythenextmorning,intheformofthesteampaddletugLiverpool,whichrescuedthesurvivors.Alltold,157passengersand

Page139

crewlosttheirlivesinthetragedy,whichinspiredtheyoungGerardManleyHopkinstowritehispoem"TheWreckoftheDeutschland."
Street,Wreckofthe"Deutschland."

Deutschland
(laterVictoriaLouise,Hansa)Liner(4f/2m).L/B:684'bp67.3'(208.5mlbp20.4m).Tons:16,502grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st450,2nd300,3rd350,
steerage1,000crew536.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,37,800ihp,2screws23.5kts.Built:AGVulcan,Stettin,Germany1900.
BuiltspecificallytocapturetheBlueRibandfromNorddeutscherLloyd'sKAISERWILHELMDERGROSSE,HamburgAmerikaLinie's(Hapag's)Deutschland
wasonlythesecondGermanshiptoestablisharecordforthefastestcrossingoftheNorthAtlantic.Thesecondlargestlinerintheworldatthetimeofherbuilding,
onhermaidenpassagetoNewYork,viaPlymouth,shesteamedfromEddystoneLighttoSandyHookatanaveragespeedof22.42knots(5days,15hours,46
minutesJuly612).Herreturneastboundwasmadeatanequallyimpressive22.46knots(5days,11hours,5minutesJuly1824).Ultimately,shewouldincrease
thespeedto23.15knotswestbound,and23.51knotseastbound.Despiteherimpressivespeedandsize,Deutschlandwasplaguedwithmachineryproblems.Her
engineswereextremelyloudandpronetosuchheavyvibrationthatonApril22,1902,shelostherrudderandsternpostmidatlantic.Despiterepairslastingsix
months,theproblemscontinued,andsheprovedtobeHapag'sfirstandonlyattempttocapturethetransatlanticrecord.
In191011,DeutschlandwasconvertedtoaluxurycruiseshiprenamedVictoriaLuise,withaccommodationsfor487firstclasspassengers.AtthestartofWorld
WarI,shewasfittedoutasanauxiliarycruiserbutneverusedbecauseoftheunsatisfactorystateofherengines.Duetoherpooroverallcondition,theAlliesdeclined
totakeheroveraswarreparations,andin1920shewasthelargeststeamshipintheGermanfleet.RenamedHansa,shereturnedtotransatlanticservicein1921.
FouryearslatershewaswithdrawnfromserviceandbrokenupatHamburg.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

Deutschland(U200)
(laterU155)Submarine.L/B/D:213.3'29.2'17.4'/42'(65m8.9m5.3m/9.3m).Tons:1,503/1,880disp.(791grt).Hull:steel160'dd.Comp.:3056.
Arm.:650cmTT.Mach.:diesel/electric,800ehp,2screws12.4/5.2kts.Des.:Dr.Techel.Built:FlensburgerSchiffbauAG,Flensburg,Germany1916.
Imagenotavailable.
ThepassengerlinerDEUTSCHLANDshownoutwardboundfromNewYork,ina1900photobyA.Loeffler.
CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

Page140

Imagenotavailable.
Laiddownasa"merchant"submarine,theDEUTSCHLAND
wasarmedonlyaftertheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarI
in1917.Herethecapturedvesselisseen,lookingaft,near
TowerBridge,London,duringapostwartourofBritain
in1919.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Deutschland,anunarmedcargosubmarine,wasbuiltinresponsetothecripplingBritishblockadeofGermanportsduringWorldWarI.Builtostensiblyforthe
DeutscheOzeanReedereiGmbH(GermanOceanNavigationCompany),shewasundertheultimateauthorityoftheGermanNavywiththecodenameU200and
crewedbyveteransubmarinersunderPaulLebrechtKnig.LaunchedonMarch28,1916,DeutschlanddepartedonhermaidenvoyagetoBaltimoreonMarch23,
carryingchemicaldyesandreturningwithnickel,copper,andzinc.Shereturnedfromhersecondvoyage,toNewLondon,withrubber,oil,andsilver,onDecember
10.FollowingtheinterceptionoftheZimmermantelegramfromGermanytoMexicothefollowingJanuaryandheightenedtensionswiththeUnitedStates,
DeutschlandwasconvertedtoacombatantvesselatWilhelmshaven.Hersixdeckmounted50centimetertorpedotubeswerereplacedbytwo50centimeterbow
tubes,andshewasarmedwithtwo15centimeterdeckguns.CommissionedasU155,shemadethreewarcruisesalthoughshehadgoodendurance,shewastoo
slowtobeveryeffectiveandrequiredextensiverepairs.FromApriltoAugust1917,shesanknineteenshipstotaling53,262grt.Onhersecondcruise(Januaryto
May1918),shebaggedseventeensteamers(50,926grt),andonherlast(AugusttoNovember),shesankonlysevenships(17,845grt).OnDecember2,1918,
Deutschland/U155wastakentoEnglandanddisplayedasawarprize.Soldforscrapin1921,shewasbeingbrokenupatRobertSmithandSons,Birkenhead,
whenanexplosionrippedtheshipapartandkilledfiveapprentices.
Knig,Voyageofthe"Deutschland."Messimer,MerchantUBoat.

HMSDevastation
Turretship(2f/1m).L/B/D:285'bp62.3'26.5'(86.9m19m8.1m).Tons:9,188disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:400.Arm.:412".Armor:12"belt,3"deck.
Mach.:Penntrunkengines,800nhp,2screws13kts.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1871.
Bythe1870s,steampowerwaswellestablishedamongtheworld'sleadingnavalpowers,andanumberofsmallercoastdefensevesselsthatreliedsolelyon
mechanicalpropulsionhadbeenbuilt.Therehadalsobeenanincreasingtendencytowardsturretedgunsinplaceofthebroadsidearrangementtypicalofsailingships
oftheline.However,solongasseagoingshipsreliedonmastsforevenauxiliarypower,aturret'sarcoffirewasnecessarilylimited.Allthischangedwiththe
commissioningofHMSDevastation,"thefirsttruecapitalshipunderanyflagwithoutasinglesail,and...thefirstcompleteapplicationtoaseagoingbattleshipof
theprincipleofmountingthemainarmamentontopofthehullinsteadofinsideit."Herfour12inchgunsthelargestmuzzleloaderseverweremountedintwo
turretseachwithanarcoffireof280degrees.In1891,thesewerereplacedby10inchbreechloaderswithtwicetherangeandthreetimestherateoffire.Inthe
sameyear,shealsoreceivedtripleexpansionenginestheincreasedefficiencyofwhichenabledhertocrosstheAtlanticbothwayswithoutrefueling.
Devastation'sfirsttwocommissionsweredividedbetweenhomewatersandtheMediterranean.Afteratwoyearrefit,shespentfouryearsinreservebeforebeing
assignedtotheFirstReserveFleetinScotland.ShewaslatermadeaportguardshipatPortsmouthandthenatGibraltar.Retiredagainin1902,thefirstmastless
capitalshipwasbrokenupin1908.
Ballard,BlackBattlefleet.

Diana
Sloopofwar(3m).L:90'(27.4m).Tons:300bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:67.Arm.:146pdr,48pdr,4falconets.Built:Sviritsa,Russia1807.

Page141

Oneofthemostcelebratedescapesbyshipeverundertakentookplacein1807,whentheRussiansloopDiana,commandedbyLieutenantVasiliiM.Golovnin,
eludedtheBritishfleetatSimon'sBay,SouthAfrica.AssignedasanescortforthestoreshipNevaintheNorthPacific,DianadidnotsailfromKronstadtuntilJuly
25,1807,ninemonthsafterNeva'sdepartureforKamchatkaandtheRussianAmericancolonies.AfterattemptingtoroundCapeHorn,Golovnindecidedtoruneast
andturnnorthoncepastAustralia.UnawarethatRussiaandEnglandhadgonetowarsincehisdeparturefromKronstadt,GolovninputintoSimon'sBayonApril21,
1808.AlthoughhehaddocumentsguaranteeinghimsafepassagebyEnglishshipsevenintheeventofwar,CommodoreJosiasRowleyrefusedtoreleaseDiana
withoutauthorizationfromEngland.Withneithermoneyforprovisions,norpermissiontosellanythingfromtheshiptoraisemoney,Golovnindecidedhehadno
recoursebuttobreakhisparoleandtrytoescape.Aftercarefulstudyoftidalandwindconditions,at1830onMay19,withafreshnorthwestwind,Golovnin
orderedthetwoanchorscutandsetthestormstaysails.AstheBritishhadpreviouslyorderedthesailsunbentandthetopmastshoused,thenextfewhourswereones
offranticactivity.Golovninrecalled,
Theofficers,marines,pettyofficersandmenallwithoutexceptionworkedthetopmastandyards.WithgreatpleasureIrecallthatwithintwohours,notwithstandingthestrong
wind,rainanddarkofthenight,theysucceededinbendingtheforeandmaintopsails,insettingthemup,hoistingthetopgallantmaststotheirplaces,liftingthetopgallantyards
andsettingupthetop[gallant]sailsliftingthestuddingsailboomstotheirplaces,threadingthroughallthestuddingsailriggingandpreparingthestuddingsailssothat,should
thewindpermit,wewouldbeableatoncetosetallthesails.
By10o'clockintheeveningwewereintheopenocean.Andsoendedourdetention,orrather,arrestintheCapeofGoodHope,whichlastedoneyearand25days.

Imagenotavailable.
Warshipdesignpassedthroughmanyphasesduring
thetransitionfromsailtosteam.Thefirstoceangoing
capitalshipbuiltwithoutauxiliarysailswastheHMS
DEVASTATION,commissionedin1873andseenhere
offSouthendduringQueenVictoria'sDiamondJubilee,June
28,1897.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Headingsouthto40S,DianaranhereastingdownpastTasmaniawhensheturnednorthwardfortheNewHebrides,wheresheanchoredatResolutionHarbor
(namedforCook'sship)onTanaIsland,onJune25.DianafinallyarrivedatPetropavlovskonSeptember25,twoyearsandtwomonthsoutfromKronstadt.From
theretheshipmadearoundtriptotheRussiansettlementonSitkaIsland,andthenspentallof1810atPetropavlovsk.
InApril1811,Golovninwasorderedtosurvey"theSouthernKurileandShantarIslands,andthecoastofTartary,fromlatitude5338'northtoOkhotsk"between
northernJapanandsouthernKamchatka.InearlyJuly,DianastoppedattheislandofKunashirforwaterandprovisions.Despiteeffortstoestablishgoodwillwithhis
hosts,onJuly11thexenophobicJapanesearrestedtheunluckyGolovnin,togetherwithanotherofficer,amidshipman,andfoursailors.TheRussiansremainedunder
arrestinJapanuntilOctober16,1813,whentheyembarkedinDianawhichhadescapedfromKunashirfollowingthearrestsaftertwoyears,twomonths,and
twentysixdaysincaptivity.(Akeenobserver,Golovninlaterpublisheddetaileddescriptionsofthepeople,customs,andhistoryofboththeCapeColonyandof
Japan.)GolovninreturnedtoSt.PetersburgfromOkhotsksevenyearstothedayafterhisdeparture.Dianaremainedineasternwatersandendedherdaysasa
munitionsshipatPetropavlovsk.
Golovnin,DetainedinSimon'sBay:MemoirsofaCaptivityinJapan.Ivashintsov,RussianRoundtheWorldVoyages.

Page142

Dirigo
Bark(4m).L/B/D:312'45.2'25.6'(95.1m13.8m7.8m).Tons:3,005grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:32.Des.:J.F.Waddington.Built:A.Sewall&Co.,Bath,
Me.1894.
AfterlaunchinghismammothfourmastedbarkROANOKEin1892,ArthurSewalldecidedtoswitchfrombuildingwoodenshipstobuildingsteelhulledvessels.
(SewallhadpurchasedtheBritishbuilt,steelhulledKENILWORTHin1889.)ReturningfromaresearchvisittoGreatBritain,heretooledhisshipyardandhiredJ.
F.WaddingtontooverseetheconstructionofDirigo,thefirstAmericansteelhulledsquarerigger,thenameforwhichheaptlyborrowedfromtheMainestatemotto,
"Ilead."Dirigoprovedasuccessfulvessel,carryingavarietyofbulkandgeneralcargoesonanevengreatervarietyofroutesbetweentheEastCoast,WestCoast,
Hawaii,Asia,andEurope.AlthoughSewallbuiltninesteelbarksandoneschooner,hewassoleAmericanbuilderofsteelsquareriggers.
Dirigohadanumberofunusualvoyages.OnMarch3,1912,sheembarkedJackLondon,hiswife,Charmian,andtheirservant,YoshimatsuNakata.Duringtheir
145daypassagefromBaltimoretoSeattle,CaptainOmarChapmanwasincapacitatedbyafatalstomachcancerandcommandofthevesselwasassumedbythe
firstmate.AsCharmianwrote,"JackLondonnovelizedhimin'TheMutinyoftheElsinore,'stressinghisfinerpoints."Threeyearslater,withinternationalshipping
complicatedbyWorldWarI,SewallsoldDirigotoG.W.McNear&CompanyofSanFrancisco.LoadedatSeattle,shesailedforKalmar,Sweden.About400
mileswestoftheShetlandIslands,shewasboardedbyaBritishpatrol.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesandSwedenwerebothneutralatthetime,theBritishhadreason
tosuspectthathercargoofbarleywasultimatelyboundforGermanyandwasthereforecontraband.DirigowaslaterreleasedbyaBritishprizecourt,butinthe
meantimeshehadbeensoldtotheAmericanC.C.Mengel&BrotherCompany,andthenAximTransportation.OnMay3,1917,shesailedfromNewYorkbound
forLeHavretwentyeightdayslatershewasstoppedbyaGermanUboatsixmilessouthwestofEddystoneLight.Asthecrewtooktotheirboats(themate
drownedduringthetransfer),theGermanssankDirigowithgunfireandscuttlingcharges.
Hennessey,SewallShipsofSteel.Lyford,"'LongLifeandSuccess.'"

Discovery
Tons:5570.Hull:wood.Comp.:17.Built:England<1602.
Atthebeginningoftheseventeenthcentury,England'sEastIndiaCompanywaseagertofindasearoutetotheIndiesthatwasnotdominatedbytheSpanishorthe
Portuguese.Atthetime,twoofthemostpromisingalternativesweretheNortheastPassage,overthetopofRussia,andtheNorthwestPassageacrossthetopof
whatbecameCanada.OneofthemosthardworkedshipsinthatexplorationwasDiscovery,whichmadesixvoyagesinquestoftheNorthwestPassage.
In1602,Discoverywasoneoftwo"Flyboates"of70tons(theotherbeingGodspeed)thatsailedunderGeorgeWeymouthwithacombinedcomplementofthirty
fiveprovisionedforeighteenmonthsby"therightWorshipfullMerchantsoftheMoscovieandTurkieCompanies."OnMay2,theysailednorthfromtheThamesto
passthroughtheOrkneys,thensouthofGreenlanduntilJune28,whenthey"descriedthelandofAmerica,inthelatitudeof62.degreesand30minuteswhichwe
madetobeWarwickesforeland"inthesouthernpartofBaffinIsland.Headingsouth,theyapproachedtheentrancetoHudsonStraitbutwerekeptoutbyiceand
fog.Turningnorth,theshipsreturnedto6853'whereonJuly19thecrewmutiniedand''bareuptheHelme"forEngland.Onthereturnsouththeysailedinto
FrobisherBay,pasttheentrancetoHudsonStrait(namedforDiscovery'snextmaster)andUngavaBayinnorthernQuebec.DiscoveryreturnedtoEnglandatthe
beginningofAugustandWeymouthreportedthat"truelythereisinthreeseverallplacesgreathopeofapassage,betweenethelatitudeof62.and54degreesifthe
foggedoenothinderit,whichisallthefeareIhave."
DiscoverynextappearedinsubArcticwatersin1610,sailingfortheNorthwestCompanyundercommandofHenryHudson.Theyearbefore,Hudsonhadsailedin
theDutchEastIndiaCompany'sshipHALVEMAENtoascendtheHudsonRiverasfaraspresentdayAlbany,NewYork.Backintheemployofhisfellow
countrymen,HudsonsailedfromGravesendonApril17,1610,andDiscoverywasthefirstshipdefinitelytoenterHudsonStrait.Hudsoncruisedsouthalongtheeast
coastofthebaythatbearshisnameandintoJamesBaywhereonNovember10,heandhiscrewwerefrozeninwithscantprovisions.Overtheharshwinter,the
nearstarvingcrewbecameincreasinglyhostiletoHudson'scommandandonJune22,1611,theymutinied.LedbyHenryGreene,who"wouldratherbehangedat
homethanstarvedabroad,"themutineersputHudson,hisson,andsevenoftheinfirmcrewinDiscovery'sshallopandsailedaway.Hudsonwasneverheardfrom
again.Enroutehome,fourof

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theremainingcrewwerekilledbyEskimosinHudsonStraitinarareclashbetweenEskimosandEuropeansandonemorediedofstarvationbeforethey
returnedtoEnglandunderthecommandofRobertBylot.DespitetheseverityoftheircrimethemastersofTrinityHousesaid"theydeservedtobehanged"
noneofthemutineerswasbroughttotrialuntil1616,partly,itisbelieved,becauseoftheirclaimthattheyhadindeedfoundHudsonStrait.
BackedbythePrinceofWales,theNorthwestCompanynextdispatchedanexpeditioninsearchoftheNorthwestPassageunderThomasButtoninResolution,
accompaniedbyDiscoveryunderJohnIngramcuriously,Ingram'sordersincludednomentionofasearchforHudsonorhiscrew.TheshipssailedfromLondonon
April14,1612,retracingthenowfamiliarroute.ButtonnamedResolutionIslandattheentrancetoHudsonStraitandthensailedsouthwestacrossHudsonBaytothe
siteofpresentdayFortNelson.Severalofthecrewdiedoverthehardwinter,butinJune1613thesurvivorsresumedtheirsearchfortheNorthwestPassage,visiting
ChurchillRiver,RoesWelcomeSound,andManselIsland.Theship'snextvoyage,underWilliamGibbons,wascutshortbyunusuallysevereicethatembayedthem
fortenweeksatGibbonsHole(possiblySaglekBay).
In1615,theshipwasacquiredbyWilliamBaffin,andonMarch15
againesetforththeDiscovery,ashipoffiftiefivetunnesorthereabouts,whichshiphadbeenethethree[sic]formerVoyagesontheaction.ThemasterwasRobertBileth,aman
wellacquaintedwiththatway:havingbeenemployedinthethreeformerVoyages:myselfe[WilliamBaffin]beinghisMateandAssociate,withfourteenothersandtwoBoyes.

TheyreachedResolutionIsland,sailedalongthesouthcoastofBaffinIslandandMill,Salisbury,andNottinghamIslands,FoxeChannel,andSouthamptonIsland.
BylotandBaffinalsojudged,correctly,thatFrozenStraitofferednooutlettothewestthroughHudsonBay.TheyreturnedtoEnglandonSeptember8.
Thefollowingyear,BylotandBaffinsailedagainundertheauspicesoftheNorthwestCompanyandexploredwesternGreenlandasfarnorthasSmithSound.They
passedCaryIslandanddiscoveredtheentrancestoJonesandLancasterSounds(thetrueentrancetotheNorthwestPassage)andreachedafarthestnorthof77
45'N.ThiswasDiscovery'slastvoyageinsearchoftheNorthwestPassagethoughsheremainedinserviceuntil1620.DespiteBaffin'scarefullychartingofallthe
coastsofBaffinBayoverthecourseoftwoseparatevoyages,geographersdecidedhisdiscoverieswerefalseandtheinformationwasgraduallyremovedfrommaps
untilJohnRoss,sailinginISABELLA,rediscoveredBaffinBayin1819.Discovery'sfarthestnorthwouldnotbeexceededuntilSirGeorgeNares'sexpeditioninthe
shipsALERTandDiscoveryin1876.
Cooke&Holland,ExplorationofNorthernCanada.Johnson,ChartingtheSeaofDarkness.Purchas,HakluytusPosthumus.

HMSDiscovery
(exDiligence)Ship(3m).L/B/D:91.4'27.4'11.4'(27.9m8.4m3.5m).Tons:299tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:75.Arm.:8guns,8swivels.Built:
Langbourne,Whitby,Eng.1774.
DiscoverywasthefourthandsmallestoftheshipsassignedtoCaptainJamesCookonhisthreevoyagesofdiscovery.Builtasabrigriggedcollier,Cookordered
herreriggedasaship,asENDEAVOUR,ADVENTUREandRESOLUTIONhadbeen.ThepurposeofCook'slastvoyagewastofindanorthwestpassage
betweentheAtlanticandthePacificfromthePacificend,forthediscoveryofwhichtheBritishParliamenthadpledged20,000.Twoshipswererequired:
Resolution,flagshipofCook'ssecondvoyage,andDiscovery,commandedbyCaptainCharlesClerke,aveteranofByron'scircumnavigationinDOLPHINandthe
firsttwoCookexpeditions.GeorgeVancouveralsosailedasamidshipman.
DiscoverysailedonAugust1,1776,andjoinedResolutionatCapeTownonNovember10.TheshipscontinuedeastwardstoppingatVanDiemen'sLand
(Tasmania)andspentthreemonthsintheFriendly(Tonga)IslandsandatTahiti.Fromthere,theexpeditionsailednorth.TheywerethefirstEuropeanshipstovisitthe
Sandwich(Hawaiian)Islands,wheretheystayedfromJanuary19toFebruary2,1788.Headingnorthwest,theyarrivedonthecoastofNorthAmericaonMarch7,
cruisingnorthuntiltheycametoNootkaSoundonthe29th,wheretheystayedamonth.TheshipssailednorthwestalongtheAlaskacoast,anchoringinPrince
WilliamSoundonMarch17andexploringCookInlettwoweekslater.RoundingtheAlaskaPeninsula,theysailedintotheBeringSea,northpastCapePrinceof
WalesandthennorthandwestasfarasIcyCape.Headingeast,theshipsmadethecoastoftheChukotskiPeninsulaonAugust29,andthenspentfromOctober3
to26attheRussiansettlementatUnalaskabeforereturningtotheSandwichIslandsforthewinter.TheshipssailedagainonFebruary4,1779,butasprungforemast
inResolutionforcedthembackaweeklater.Onthe14th,analtercationbetweenagroupofHawaiiansandashorepartyledtoaskirmishinwhichfourmarinesand
Cookwerekilled.
LeadershipoftheexpeditionfelltoCaptainClerke,

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whomovedtotheResolutionJohnGoretookcommandofDiscovery.TheshipsailedfromHawaiiagainonMarch22boundfortheRussianoutpostat
PetropavlovskontheKamchatkaPeninsula"afewmiserableloghousesandsomeconicalhuts."InJunetheymadeasecondattempttofindtheNortheast
Passage,sailingpastIcyCapeto7156'NbeforeabandoningtheireffortandturningforhomeonJuly24.Discoveryhadbeendamagedintheice,andtheyturned
forPetropavlovsk.CaptainClerkediedjustbeforetheyreachedPetropavlovskandwasburiedthereonAugust29.CommandoftheexpeditionnowfelltoGore,a
veteranoftwoexpeditionsinDolphinaswellasCook'sfirst,inEndeavour.JamesKingassumedcommandofDiscovery.
WeighinganchoratPetropavlovskonOctober9,theysailedalongtheeastcoastoftheKurileIslandsandJapan,andthenmadeforMacao,wheretheyarrived
December1.Duringtheirsixweeksthere,membersofthecrewhadsoldseaotterpeltsgatheredinCookInletforsuchprofitthatfarfromwantingtoreturnhome
afternearlyfouryearstheywantedtoreturntoAlaskaformore.Nonetheless,onJanuary12theshipsturnedforhome.AfteramonthinCapeTown,they
enteredtheAtlanticOceanonMay9.ForcednorthaboutIreland,DiscoveryandResolutionlandedatStromnessonAugust22,1780,andwerebackintheNore
onOctober4.
Convertedtoaninteryardnavytransport,DiscoverywasbrokenupatChatham,inOctober1797,shortlyaftertheNoreMutiny.
Cook,JournalsofJamesCook.McGowan,"CaptainCook'sShips."

HMSDiscovery
Ship(3m).L/B/D:99.2'keel28.3'15.5'(30.2m8.6m4.7m).Tons:330tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:100.Arm.:104pdr,10swivels.Built:Randall&
Brents,London1789.
In1789,theSpanishandEnglishwereatloggerheadsovercontroloflandsinthePacificNorthwest.InanticipationofafavorableresolutionoftheNootkaSound
controversy,theEnglishpreparedanexpeditiontosailunderCaptainGeorgeVancouver.Theprimaryaimsweretosurvey"thedirectionandextentofallsuch
considerableinlets...asmaybelikelytoleadto"aNorthwestpassagebetweenCapeMendocino(30N)andCookInlet(60N),andespecially"thesupposed
straitsofJuandeFuca."TheAdmiraltyfurnishedtwovesselsforthepurpose,Discovery(namedforthevesselinwhichVancouversailedasmidshipmanonCaptain
JamesCook'slastvoyagetothePacific),andChatham.
TheshipsdepartedFalmouthonApril1,1791,andsailingeastcalledatTenerifeandCapeTown,makingalandfallatCapeChatham,Australia,onSeptember28.
TheythenroundedTasmaniaandlandedatDuskyBay,NewZealand,onNovember2,1791.FromtheretheyproceededtoTahitiand,inearlyMarch1792,
KealakekuaBay,whereCookhadbeenkilledin1779.AftertwoweeksintheSandwichIslands,theshipssailedforNorthAmerica,arrivingoffCapeCabrillo,130
milesnorthofSanFranciscoBay,onApril17,1792.
Sailingnorth,twelvedayslaterChathamandDiscoverymetwithRobertGray'sCOLUMBIA,thefirstshiptheyhadseenineightmonths,andthensailedintothe
StraitofJuandeFucaandproceededtoDiscoveryBayabout70mileseastofCapeFlatteryforrepairs.FromthatbasetheyexploredPugetSound(namedfor
SecondLieutenantPeterPuget,whocommandedChathamfromNovember25,1792)andtheSanJuanIslands.HeretheyencounteredtheschoonersSUTILand
Mexicana,whichwereconductingsurveysofthecoastinconjunctionwithSpanishclaimstothearearelationsbetweentheEnglishandSpanishwerefriendly.
InOctober,Vancouverturnedsouthand,leavingChathamtocrossthebaratthemouthoftheColumbiaRiver,proceededtoYerbaBuena(nowSanFrancisco)
whereonNovember14DiscoverybecamethefirstnonSpanishshiptosailintoSanFranciscoBay.TheshipsremainedontheSpanishcoastuntilJanuary15,1793.
whentheysailedfromMendocinoforHawaii,arrivingonFebruary12.WhileinHawaii,Vancouverwantedtopunishthemurderoftwomenfromthestoreship
DaedaluswhohadbeenkilledenroutetoNootkaSoundthepreviousyear.HealsowantedtomediateatrucebetweenKingKamehamehaandKingKahekili,and
topersuadethemtoaccepttheprotectionoftheKingofEngland.AfterChathamsailedfortheNorthwest,DiscoveryremainedinHawaiimakingsurveysofthe
islands,includingthefirstofPearlHarbor.
DiscoveryreturnedtoNootka,arrivingonMay20,twodaysafterPugethadsailedonanindependentsurvey.TheshipscontinuedtosurveyQueenCharlotteSound,
includingElchoHarbouronDeanChanneljusttwomonthsbeforeAlexanderMackenziecompletedthefirstcrossingofNorthAmericanorthofMexicoonJuly21.
Bytheendofthesecondseason,Vancouver'sexpeditionhadcharted1,700milesofcoastfrom2956'Ntoabout56N.Duringtheexpedition'sthirdvisittoHawaii,
VancouvercompletedhissurveyofallofthemajorHawaiianislandsandKamehamehaformallyputhisislandsundertheprotectionofGreatBritain.
InmidMarch1794,theshipssailedforCook'sInlet,Alaska,whichVancouverhadvisitedin1778.DiscoveryandChathamseparatedshortlyafterdeparting
Hawaii

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anddidnotfindeachotheruntilMay6.DiscoverymadealandfallonChirikofIslandandproceededtoCook'sInletonApril12.Afterdeterminingitwasnota
riverithadbeenthoughtalikelycandidatefortheNorthwestPassageVancouversailedaroundtheKenaiPeninsulaforasurveyofPrinceWilliamSound.
Farthereast,inYakutatInlet,theyencounteredapartyof900RussianledKodiakIslandersemployedinthesealtrade.TheYakutatresentedtheRussianswhom
theyviewed,inthewordsoftheexpedition'ssurgeonbotanistArchibaldMenzies,"asintrudersintheirterritories,drainingtheirshores&coastsofSealsOtter&Fish
onwhichtheirsubsistencechieflyDepends&thattoowithoutmakingtheleastreturnfortheirdepredations."
Inthelatesummer,theycompletedchartingofthenorthernendoftheAlexanderArchipelago,havingstoppedatCapeDecisionatthesouthernendofChichagof
Islandin1793.TheshipssailedforCaliforniaandfinallyleftMontereyonDecember2,1794.AfterstopsatMariaMagdalena,CocosIsland,theGalapagos,and
Valparaiso,theysailedintotheAtlantictoarriveatSt.HelenaonJuly3.TheretheylearnedthatEnglandwasatwarwithHolland,andVancouverseizedtheDutch
EastIndiamanMacassar,whichhadsailedfromCapeTowninignoranceofthefact.ChathamwasdispatchedtoBrazilasanescort.DiscoverysailedonJuly15
andVancouverlandedintheShannononSeptember13,1795.DiscoveryandChathambotharrivedatDeptfordinlateOctober.
ThoughVancouverhopedthathissurveywould"removeeverydoubt,andsetasideeveryopinionofanorthwestpassage,oranywatercommunicationnavigablefor
shipping,existingbetweentheNorthPacific,andtheinterioroftheAmericancontinentwithinthelimitsofourresearches,"thesearchcontinued.Theexpeditiongave
namestoscoresofplaces,manyofwhichareinusetoday.(ThecityofVancouver,BritishColumbia,wasnotsonameduntil1886.)Moreover,inthecourseofthe
fiveyearvoyage,onlyfiveoftheDiscovery'screwdiedonlyonefromdiseaseandnoneofChatham's.Convertedtoabombin1799,Discoverywasmadea
convictshipin1818andbrokenupin1834atDeptford.
Fisher,Vancouver'sChartingtheNorthwestCoast,17911795.Vancouver,VoyageofDiscoverytotheNorthPacificOcean.

HMSDiscovery
Bark(3m).L/B/D:171'33.8'15.8'52.1m10.3m4.8m).Tons:1,570disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:3943.Mach.:tripleexpansion,450ihp,1screw8kts.
Des.:WilliamE.Smith.Built:StevensYard,DundeeShipbuildersCo.,Dundee,Scotland1901.
DespitenumerousexpeditionstothewatersaroundAntarcticainthe1800s,bythecloseofthecenturythecontinentitselfremainedallbutunknown.Toremedythis,
Britain'sRoyalGeographicalSocietyproposedaNationalAntarcticExpeditiontoexploretheinteriorbysledge.Privateandpublicfundswereraisedforthe
constructionofthepurposebuiltresearchvessel,whichwasmodeledonthedesignofthewhaleshipDiscovery(exBloodhound)thathadaccompaniedtheArctic
Expeditionof187576.Designedtobemaroonedintheice,thenew
Imagenotavailable.
Builtin1901forCommanderRobertFalconScott'sexpeditiontoAntarctica,theauxiliary
barkHMSDISCOVERYhashadalongandvariedcareerasaresearchship,training
ship,andnowasafloatingmuseuminherhomeportofDundee,Scotland.
CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

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Discoveryhadamassivelybuiltwoodenhull,andwasequippedwithahoistingpropellerandhoistingrudder.Shewasalsoequippedwithscientificlaboratoriesanda
magneticobservatory.
OnAugust6,1901,shesailedfromCowesandafterstopsattheCapeofGoodHopeandLyttleton,NewZealand,enteredtheRossSeaanddiscoveredEdward
VIILandinJanuary1902.CommanderRobertFalconScottestablishedwinterquartersnearMountErebusonRossIsland,McMurdoSound,inearlyFebruaryand
itwasnotuntilthefollowingSeptember2thattheweatherpermittedthefirstsledgejourney.LaterthatAntarcticsummer,Scott,ErnestShackleton,andEdwardA.
Wilsonreached8216'S,about500milesfromtheSouthPole.Discoveryremainediceboundthrough19023,butshewasresuppliedfromthesupportship
Morning.Amongtheexpedition'sotheraccomplishmentswerethefirstflightinAntarctica,viathetetheredhydrogenballoon,Eva,onFebruary4,1902,andthefirst
useofelectricityinAntarctica,generatedbyawindmill.WithhelpfromthesupplyshipsMorning(whichhadvisitedin19023)andTERRANOVA,Discovery
finallybrokefreeoftheiceinFebruary1904,andafterstopsintheBallenyIslands,MacquerieIsland,NewZealand,andtheFalklands,arrivedatPortsmouthon
September10,1904.
ThefollowingyearshewaspurchasedbytheHudson'sBayCompanyandconvertedforuseasamerchantship.Between1905and1911shemadesevenvoyagesto
CharltonIsland,JamesBay,atthesouthernendofHudsonBay.Laidupfrom1912to1915,duringWorldWarIandinto1920shetradedundercharterto
EuropeanportsfromArchangeltotheBlackSea,andin191819shemadeonelastvoyagetoHudsonBay.In1916,thecompanyloanedhertothegovernmentto
rescueShackleton'spartymaroonedonElephantIslandafterthelossofNIMROD.ThesemenweresavedbeforeDiscovery'sarrival,andsheloadedgraininSouth
Americaforthereturnpassage.
In1923,shewaspurchasedbytheCrownAgentsfortheColoniesforanexpeditiontoundertake"scientificresearchintheSouthSea."DesignatedaRoyalResearch
Ship,between1925and1927shecruised37,000milesbetweenCapeTown,Antarctica,andDrakeStrait,conductingresearchonwhalinggroundsand
oceanographicsurveys.Twoyearslater,shewasemployedintheBritish,Australian,andNewZealandAntarcticResearchExpedition(BANZARE),duringwhichSir
DouglasMawsonandHjalmarRiiserLarsenagreedon45EastheboundarybetweenNorwegianandBritishclaimsinAntarctica,andtheBritishclaimed
sovereigntyoveralllandsbetween73Eand47E.
Discoverywaslaidupfrom1931to1936,whenshewasacquiredbytheBoyScoutsAssociationforuseasastationarytrainingshipandhostelatLondon.During
WorldWarIIshewassimilarlyemployedbytheAdmiraltyandherengineswerescrapped.SherevertedtotheSeaScoutsin1946,andfrom1955to1979was
usedjointlybythemandtheRoyalNavalReserve.TransferredtotheMaritimeTrustandrestoredtoher1925appearance,in1986shewasopenedtothepublicas
amuseumshipinDundee.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Savours,Voyagesofthe"Discovery."

Dokoswreck
Theoldestunderwatershiprelatedarchaeologicalsitesofardiscoveredisthecargoofamerchantshipdatingfromabout2200BCEfoundatadepthof18to26
meters(60to85feet)offtheGreekislandofDokos,about50milessouthwestofAthens.TheexistenceofaflourishingmaritimetradeintheAegeanduringtheEarly
Helladicperiod(70002000BCE)waspreviouslyknownfromthepresenceofobsidianbladesfromMidosonotherislandsandatsitesonmainlandGreece.
TheDokossiteintheBayofSkindoswasfirstidentifiedbyPeterThrockmortonin1975.Subsequentinvestigationsrevealedmorethan500clayvasesofvarious
shapesandsizes,aswellassauceboats,grindstonesforhandmillsforgrindinggrain,amphorae,plates,cups,earthenwinejars,wineskins,aclaybrazierandspit
support,andalargevasefragmentdecoratedwithmultipleconcentriccirclesofatypefoundinthewesternCyclades.Investigationoftheislandledresearchersto
concludethattheseartifactsdidnotoriginateonDokosandthattheymusthavebeenfromaship,theremainsofwhichdonotsurvive.Comparisonofsomeobjectsto
similaronesfoundinAtticasuggeststhattheshipwastravelingawellestablishedsealanebetweensouthernEuobea(northofAttica)andtheGulfofArgosportof
Lerna,acityofmajorimportanceintheEarlyHelladicperiod.
Papathansopoulos,"DokosExcavation'89."

HMSDolphin
6thrate24(3m).L/B/D:113'32'11'(34.4m9.8m3.4m).Tons:508burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:160.Arm.:229pdr,23pdr.Built:Fellowes,
WoolwichDockyard,Eng.1751.
TheninthshipoftheRoyalNavytobearthename,HMSDolphinsawdutythroughouttheSevenYears'Warand

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waspartofAdmiralJohnByng'sfleetattheBattleofMinorca(forwhichtheAdmiralwascourtmartialedandexecuted).Theyearafterthewarended,shewas
madetheflagshipofanexpeditionunderCommodoreJohnByron(aveteranofHMSWAGER).Thevoyagehadseveralpurposesallredoundingto"the
advancementoftheTradeandNavigation"ofGreatBritain.ChiefamongthemwastoestablishabaseintheSouthAtlanticfromwhichBritainmightmonitortraffic
boundforthePacific.
OnJune21,1764,DolphinandthesloopHMSTamarsailedfromPortsmouthandmadetheirwaydowntheAtlanticstoppingattheCapeVerdesandMadeira
islandsbeforecrossingtoRiodeJaneiroanddowntoPortDesire.AfterprovisioningatbountifulPortFamineintheStraitofMagellan,Byronsailedbacktothe
FalklandIslands,whichheclaimedinthenameofGeorgeIII,notrealizingthattheFrenchhadestablishedacolonytheretheyearbefore.ReturningtoPortFaminefor
provisions,ByronwasnexttohavesearchedforotherislandsintheSouthAtlantic.Instead,hesailedthroughtheStraitofMagellanandintothePacificfromwherehe
hadordersto"proceedtoNewAlbion,ontheWesternCoastofNorthAmerica"andthereaftersearchforaNorthwestPassageorreturntoEnglandviatheEast
Indies.
ByronchosetosearchfortheSolomonIslandsdiscoveredbyAlvaroMendaainLOSREYESin1568.ThiscoursetookDolphinfirsttotheislandofMsAfuera
intheJuanFernndezgroup,400milesoffthecoastofChile.Continuingnorth,inthelatitudeoftheTropicofCapricorn,ByronturnedwestnorthwestandonJune
10cametotheislandofTakaroa(1430'S,143W)intheTuamotus.Desperateforfreshprovisions,Byronandhiscrewforcedalandingagainsttheinhospitable
natives.HeretheEnglishfound"thecarvedHeadofaDutchLongboatsRudder,"fromRoggeveen'sAfrikaanscheGaleiwhichhadwreckedin1721.Fromhere
Byronsailedwest,joggingtothenorthjustbeforehehitTahiti,andcontinuinguntilhewasintheTokelaus.OnJune28,"FindingthereisnosuchLandaslaiddownin
the[chartby]NeptuneFranoisforSolomon'sIslands,"hehauledtothenorthwardfortheMarianaIslands.SailingthroughtheGilbertIslands,heturnedwestagain
tolandatTinianonJuly30,wherehespentnineweeks.Nowinrelativelywellknownwaters,theexpeditionsailedtothenorthofthePhilippines,throughtheSouth
ChinaSeatoBataviaandfromthere,viatheCapeofGoodHope,totheDowns,whereDolphinarrivedonMay9,1766.
Dolphinwasinexcellentconditionduemostlytothefactthatbeforehersailing,herhullwassheathedincopper"tocausesomefurtherexperimentstobemadeofthe
efficacyofCopperSheathing"againstteredoworms.ByronhadwrittenfromPortFamine,"MyOpinionofCopperBottomsisthatitisthefinestInventioninthe
World,"andthiswasconfirmedbythemastershipwrightatDeptfordwhodeclaredher"fitforfurtherService."DolphinwasthesecondRoyalNavyshipfittedwith
copper(thefirstwasHMSAlarm,in1761),butdespitethebenefits,coppercladdingwasnotwidespreaduntilafter1783.
Almostimmediately,Dolphinwasfittedoutforasecondvoyage,underCaptainSamuelWallis.AsTamarhadsailedtotheWestIndieswithadamagedrudder,
Dolphin'sconsortthisvoyagewouldbeHMSSWALLOW,underLieutenantSamuelCarteret.IfByronhadaccomplishedlittleelse,hehadforcedaredirectionin
theAdmiralty'sexploratoryfocustotheSouthPacific,andwhenthetwoshipssailedonAugust21,1766,itwastofind"LandorIslandsofGreatextent...inthe
SouthernHemispherebetweenCapeHornandNewZeeland...inClimatesadaptedtotheproduceofCommoditiesusefulinCommerce."
Whilethelackofanysuchlandsmadethisunnecessary,thewesterliesthatpredominateinthesouthernoceanmadeitimpossiblefortheshipstosail100to120of
longitudefromtheCape"losingaslittleSouthingaspossible."SailingfromPlymouthonAugust22,1766,thetwoshipsmadeaslowpassagedowntheAtlanticand
arrivedattheStraitofMagellanonDecember17.Therefollowed,inthewordsofJ.C.Beaglehole,"oneofthelongestandmostunpleasantpassagesofthestraitof
whichthereisarecord...fourmonthsinalmostperpetualdangerofshipwreck."NosoonerhadtheyenteredthePacificonApril11,1767,thanWallislostsightof
Swallowandthetwoshipscarriedonalone.Forcedtothenorthwest,byJune10DolphinwasintheTuamotus,andonJune18shearrivedatTahiti,thefirst
Europeanvesseltodoso.Wallisestablishedexcellentrelationswiththequeen,Oborea,andthecrewsspentsixidyllicweeksrecoveringfromscurvyandmarvelingat
thepeopleandclimateofTahiti.WhentheysailedonJuly26,itwaswithpromisestoreturn.TheEuropeandiscoveryofTahitihadaprofoundeffectnotonlyonthe
subsequentexplorationofthePacificbycoincidence,LouisAntoinedeBougainville'sBOUDEUSEandL'EtoilearrivedatTahitionlyafewmonthsafter
DolphinbutontheEuropeanimaginationaswell.InhisintroductiontoTheJournalsofCaptainJamesCook,Beagleholeexplains:
Sailors...maywellbeforgivenforthinkingthemselvesimparadised.Soalmostsuddenly,sooverwhelmingly,wastheideaofthePacificatlasttoenterintotheconsciousness,
not

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ofseamenalonebutofliterateEurope...ForWallishadnotmerelyfoundaconvenientportofcall.HehadstumbledonafoundationstoneoftheRomanticmovement.

TheremainderofthevoyageparalleledByron's,althoughthewestwardlegwasfarthertothesouth,passingthroughtheSocietyIslands,thenbetweenTongaand
SamoabeforeheadingnorthforTinian.Fromthere,DolphinsailedontoBatavia,thentotheCapeandsototheDownswhereshearrivedonMay20,1768.
Dolphinremainedinserviceasasurveyingshipuntilbrokenupin1770.
Byron,JournalofHisCircumnavigation.Robertson,DiscoveryofTahiti.

USSDolphin
Dispatchvessel(1f/3m).L/B/D:256.5'32'14.2'(78.2m9.8m4.3m).Tons:1,486disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:152.Arm.:16",26pdr,447mm.
Mach.:compoundengine,2,255ihp,1screw16kts.Built:JohnRoach&Sons,Chester,Pa.1885.
In1883,theU.S.NavyconvincedCongressthatitwastimeforthenationtodevelopexpertiseintheconstructionofsteelwarships.Tothisenditsecured
authorizationfortheconstructionofthreearmoredcruisers,USSAtlanta,Boston,andChicago,andthegunboatDolphin,collectivelyknownastheABCDships.
AlthoughdesignedinparttodemonstrateU.S.technologicalcapabilities,Dolphinwasbuiltwithaverydominantbarkrig.Overtheyears,thiswaschangedtoa
threemasted,andultimatelyatwomastedschooner.Thefirst"NewNavy"shipcommissioned,DolphinwassentouttothePacificStationfortwoyearsbefore
returningviaportsinAsia,theIndianOcean,andEuropein1888.ShethenjoinedtheABCshipsinthe"SquadronofEvolution"todeveloptacticsandmaneuvers.In
1895,DolphinwasassignedtotheSpecialServiceSquadron.AftercarryingPresidentWilliamMcKinley'sentouragetothededicationofGrant'sTombin1897,she
waslaidupatNewYork.Recommissionedin1898,shesailedonblockadedutyduringtheSpanishAmericanWar,andfrom1899until1917Dolphinworkedasa
specialdispatchshipfortheNavy.UnderwaytotakepossessionoftheVirginIslands,whichDenmarkhadsoldtotheUnitedStateswhentheU.S.enteredWorld
WarI,DolphinremainedintheCaribbeanaspartoftheSpecialServiceSquadronuntil1922whenshewassold.
Millett,"StateDepartment'sNavy."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

DonaldMcKay
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:266'bp46.3'29.5dph(81.1m14.1m9m).Tons:2,614grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:1,000.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,Mass.
1855.
ThelastofthefourgreatMcKaybuiltclippersbuiltforJamesBaines,DonaldMcKaysailedundertheBlackBallflagfor13years.Thesecondlargestmerchantship
intheworldatthetimeofherbuilding,hermainyardwas115feetlong,andshesetHowes'sdoubletopsails.ThoughnotasfastaseitherLIGHTNINGorJAMES
BAINES,shenonethelessmadeexcellentpassages.OnhermaidenvoyagefromBostontoLiverpool,shewasarecord12daystoCapeClear,makingthe421mile
runin24hoursonFebruary26,1855andinsixvoyagesshepostedaveragetimestoMelbourneof83days,andreturningin85.SoldtoT.HarrisonandCompany
in1868,shecontinuedontheAustraliarununtil1874whenshewassoldtoJ.S.DeWolfewhosailedheringeneraltrade,carryingeverythingfromBritishsoldiersto
petroleum.In1879shewassoldtoB.Barling,ofBremerhaven,andsailedbetweenBremenandNewYork.FiveyearslatershebecameacoalhulkatMadeira.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.MacGregor,BritishandAmericanClippers.

DoaPaz
(exDonSulpicio,HimeyuriMaru).Passengerferry.L/B/D:305.4'44.6'26.6'(93.1m13.6m8.1m).Tons:2,324grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,51860crew.
Built:OnomichiZosenK.K.,Onomichi,Japan1963.
Thesceneoftheworstpeacetimemaritimedisasterintermsofliveslost,DoaPazbeganhercareerastheJapanesegeneralcargo/passengershipHimeyuriMaruin
Japan.After12yearsofserviceingeneraltradingaroundJapanesewaters,shewassoldtotheSulpicioLinesforserviceinthePhilippines,andrenamedDon
Sulpicio.Threeyearslater,onJune5,1979,shewasenroutefromManilatoCebuwhenafirebrokeoutforcinghercaptaintobeachheronthecoastofBatangas,
withoutlossoflife.Theshipwasdeclaredaconstructivetotalloss,butSulpicioLinelaterboughtherbackfromtheirunderwriters,andafteracompleterefitshe
reenteredherformerserviceunderthenameDoaPaz(LadyPeace).
OnDecember20,1987,shewasenroutefromTacloban,ontheislandofLeyte,toManila,viaCatbalogan,Samar.Atabout2200shewasinthe18milewide
TablasStraitbetweenMindoroIslandandMarinduqueIslandwhenshecollidedwithVector,amotortankerbound

Page149

fromBatangas,Luzon,toMashate,CentralPhilippines,with8,800barrelsofpetroleumproducts.Theseignitedandcausedafirefromwhichitwasvirtually
impossibletoescape.Vectorhadacrewof13,only2ofwhomsurvived,whileDoaPaz'ssurvivorsnumberedonly21.Althoughshewaslicensedtocarryonly
1,518passengers,therewereactually1,586passengersonthemanifest.Basedonsubsequentinterviewswithsurvivorsandrelativesofpassengersnotlistedonthe
manifest,thecompanylaterputthetotalnumberoffatalitiesat4,375,about1,000ofthemchildrennoneoftheship's58crewsurvived.Thefirewassointensethatit
allbutannihilatedthetwoships,theircargoesandtheirpassengersandcrews.Only275bodieswashedashore,andaU.S.AirForcespokesmanreportedthat
observerplanesfoundvirtuallynoevidenceoftheships:"Itwasasifithadneverhappened."
Hooke,ModernShippingDisasters.

Dorade
Yawl.L/B/D:52'10.2'7.6'.Tons:19disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:7.Des.:OlinStephens(Sparkman&Stephens).Built:MinnefordYachtYard,Inc.,CityIsland,
N.Y.1929.
OneofthefirstyachtsdesignedbyyoungnavalarchitectOlinStephens,Doradewasaracingcruiserorderedbyhisfather.Herinspireddesignhelpedlaunchthe
careersofbothOlinandhisbrotherRodStephens,oneofthepremieryachtsmenofthemidcentury.OnJuly4,1931,DoradesailedfromBrenton'sReefatthestart
oftheTransatlanticRacewithacrewthatincludedtheStephensbrothers.DoradesweptthefieldoftenboatsandarrivedoffPlymouth'sRamIslandonJuly21,16
days,55minutesouttwodaysaheadofanyotherentrantoncorrectedtimehermarginofvictorywasfourdays.Laterthatsummer,DoradewontheFastnet
Race.DoradereturnedtotheUnitedStatesviasteamshipandupontheirreturntoNewYork,thecrewweregivenatickertapeparadeonBroadwayfromBattery
ParktoCityHall.
ThenextyearDoradefinishedfirstinClassBintheBermudaRace,andin1933RodStephenstookherbackacrosstheAtlantic.AftercruisinginNorway,shewon
theFastnetforasecondtimebeforereturningtotheUnitedStatesundersail.OneofDorade'smostenduringcontributionstoyachtdesignisseennotinherhullbutin
theDoradeventilator,developedoverthecourseofafewseasons,whichbymeansofdiscontinuousairspoutsleadingfromatraditionalcowlventilatorallowsairto
circulatebelowwhilekeepingoutwater.
In1935,DoradewassoldtoJamesFloodofSanFrancisco,whosailedhertovictoryinthe1936HonoluluRace.ShehasremainedontheWestCoastever
sincepickingupanauxiliarydieselenginealongthewaymostrecentlyownedbyMikeDouglasofDeerHarbor,Washington.
Kinney,"YouAreFirst."

Dove
Lapworthsloop.L/B/D:24'7.5'4'(7.3m2.3m1.2m).Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:1.Built:1961.
OnJuly27,1965,sixteenyearoldRobinLeeGrahamsailedoutofSanPedroHarbor,California,tobeginacircumnavigationoftheglobe.Grahamhadsome
experiencesailinginthePacificwithhisfamily,andhefittedoutthesecondhandsloopDovewiththehelpofhisfather.AftersailingtoHawaii,heheadedsouthwest
forSamoa,stoppingenrouteatFanningIsland.FifteenmilesfromTutuila,DovewasdismastedinasquallandGrahamranunderjuryrigtoApia.Afterfivemonthsin
theSamoas,hecontinuedtoTongaandFiji.TherehemetPattiRatterree,whomhelatermarriedinSouthAfrica.AftersailingtotheNewHebrides,Guadalcanal,and
PortMoresby,NewGuinea,hetransitedtheTorresStraitstoDarwin,Australia,wherehearrivedonMay4,1967.Twomonthslater,hesailedfortheCocos
Islands.EighteenhoursafterleavingtheCocos,Dovewasagaindismasted,butwithajuryrig,GrahampressedontoMauritius2,300milestothewest.Afterfittinga
newmast,hesailedtoSouthAfricawherehespentalmostninemonths.SailingfromCapeTownonJuly13,1968,hecalledatAscensionIsland,Suriname,and
Barbados,whereGrahamboughtanew33footsloopasareplacementforDove.AfterayearintheCaribbean,GrahamsailedReturnofDovethroughthePanama
Canal,thensouthwesttotheGalpagosIslandswherehespentnearlythreemonths.HeheadednorthtoarriveatLosAngelesonApril30,1970,afteravoyageof
30,600nauticalmiles.
Graham,Dove.

Dreadnought
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:212'od41.5'26.6'(64.6m12.6m8.1m).Tons:1,414om.Hull:wood.Comp.:34crew.Built:Currier&Townsend,Newburyport,
Mass.1853.
ThemediumclipperDreadnoughtwasbuiltforthe"RedCrossLine"oftransatlanticpacketsthatcarriedimmigrantswestboundbetweenLiverpoolandNewYork.
Her

Page150

Imagenotavailable.
JamesE.Buttersworth'sportraitofthe"RedCrossLine"packetshipDREADNOUGHT,
paintedshortlyafterherlaunchin1853.Thereputationofthesmarttransatlanticclipper
wasmadeundertheredoubtableCaptainSamuelSamuels.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

firstandmostcelebratedmasterwasCaptainSamuelSamuels,wholaterwroteofher,"Shewasbuiltforhardusageandtomakeareputationforherselfandmeand
thatsheshoulddoherduty,orthatweshouldbothsink."Smallwonder,then,thatshewasoneofthemostfamousshipsoftheageandearnedthenicknames"The
FlyingDutchman"and"TheWildBoatoftheAtlantic."DreadnoughtspentnineyearsunderSamuels'scommandfortheRedCrossLine,andinthecourseofmore
than20recordedvoyages(ofacareerof31voyages),sheaveraged19dayseastboundand26dayswestbound.
MuchofDreadnought'sfamederivesfromaremarkablepassagethatbeganatLiverpoolonJanuary16,1863.Bythe21st,theshipwascaughtinafurious
midatlanticgaleinthefaceofwhichshecarriedonlyaclosereefedmaintopsail.(Previously,Samuelsneverreducedsailtoanythinglessthandoublereefedtopsails.)
Onetoweringwavecarriedawaytherudder,stovethehatches,and,perhapsworstofall,brokeSamuels'sleginacompoundfractureandkilledthecarpenter.The
crewattemptedtorigarudder,butitwaslost.Onthefifthdayapassingshipattemptedtorenderassistance.Thefollowingday,Samuelsorderedhissecondofficer
(thefirstofficerwasincompetent)tosailDreadnoughtsternfirsttoFayal,intheAzores,about350milesaway.Theshipcovered183milesintwodaysbeforethe
seascalmedenoughforthecrewtohangajuryrudder.Sixdayslater,theshipsailedintoFayalwhereSamuels,considerablytheworseforwear,recuperatedfor
nearlytwomonthsbeforesailingonApril9forNewYork.FurtherrepairstoDreadnoughttookanothertwomonths,andsheresumedhervoyageforLiverpoolon
June9,1863,undercommandofCaptainLytle.Ontheship'ssecondvoyageunderLytle,shewasreturningfromLiverpoolinDecemberwhenbadweatheragain
forcedtheshipintoFayal,whereLytlediedfrominjuriessustainedatsea.
Thatpassageprovedtheship'slastonthetransatlanticrun,andinthesummerofthefollowingyearshemadeherfirstvoyagetoSanFranciscoandthePacific.
DreadnoughtcompletedthreevoyagesintheCapeHorntrade,callingatHonoluluandCallaoonthereturnpassagestoNewBedford,NewYork,and,in1869,
Liverpool.OnApril28,shesailedforSanFranciscowithacargooffinishedgoodsundercommandofCaptainP.N.Mayhew.Thevoyageproceededwelluntil
dawnofJuly4whentheshipranagroundatCapePeasonthenortheastcoastofTierradelFuego.Therewasnohopefortheship,whichthecrewbarelyescaped
intwoboats.Seventeendayslater,theyhailedtheNorwegianbarkGeneralBirchintheStraitsofLeMairebetweenTierradelFuegoandStatenIslandandwere
takentoTalcahuano,Chile.
Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.Samuels,FromtheForecastletotheCabin.

Page151

HMSDreadnought
Dreadnoughtclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:526'82'29'(160.3m25m8.8m).Tons:21,845disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:657773.Arm.:1012"(52),
1812pdr518"TT.Armor:11"belt,4"deck.Mach.:steamturbine,23,000shp,4screws21kts.Des.:SirPhilipWatts.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.
1906.
ThedecadesfollowingthedevelopmentofHMSWARRIORin1861wereaperiodofexperimentationinwarshipdesign.Steampropulsion,steelprotection,and
breechloading,armorpiercingshellswereendlesslytestedandrefined.Asthecenturyworeon,warshipsshedtheirriggingandcametorelyexclusivelyoncoalfired
compoundandtripleexpansionsteamengines,andtheyexchangedtheirbroadsidebatteriesforcasemates,barbettes,andfinallyturrets.Bytheturnofthecentury,
theidealbattleshipbristledwithabatteryofmixedlargecaliberguns.TheKINGEDWARDVIIclassof1901mountedfour12inch,four9.2inch,andten6inch
guns,andtheLordNelsonsof1904carriedfour12inchandten9.2inchguns.Atthispoint,navalthinkersinvariouscountriesbegantothinkintermsofanallbig
gunshippowerfullyarmed,heavilyarmored,andfast.Withsuchaship,thecaptaincouldchosewhentofightandatwhatrange,thegunneryofficercouldmore
easilyjudgethegunners'accuracy(alltheshellsplasheswouldbefromgunsofthesamecaliber),andonlyonesizeshellwouldhavetobecarried.
Whilehewasnotthefirsttoconceiveofanallbiggunship,FirstSeaLordSirJohnArbuthnot"Jackie"Fisherwasthefirsttogetonebuilt.InDecember1904he
formedacommitteetorefinehisbasicideaforashipmountingasmany12inchgunsaspossibleandcapableof21knots.Sevenweekslaterthecommitteeadopted
aplanforashipmountingten12inchgunsinfiveturrets,drivenbysteamturbinesoneofthefirstlargeshipssopoweredwithwatertightbulkheadsand11inch
beltarmorforprotection.Thefiveturretswerelaidoutinsuchawayastoalloweightgunstofirebroadside,sixforward,andsixaft."A"turretwasontheraisedfore
deck,wingturrets"P"and"Q"weresituatedoneithersideofthebridge,and''X"and"Y"turretsweremountedonthecenterlineaft.Asthelattertwowereonthe
maindeck,"X"hadonlylimitedarcsoffiretoportandstarboard.Inaddition,shecarriedalightarmamentofeighteen12pdr.gunsspecificallyforuseagainst
torpedoboats.
Fisherwantedfast,hardhittingshipsforhisnavy,and
Imagenotavailable.
HMSDREADNOUGHTof1906revolutionizedwarshipdesignbycombiningpowerfularmament,goodspeed,and
thickarmor.Precursorofseveralgenerationsofcapitalships,DREADNOUGHTwasherselfobsoletewithinonlya
fewyears.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page152

heledbyexample.HMSDreadnoughtwaslaiddownonOctober2,1905,launchedonFebruary9,1906,andwenttoseaonOctober3,1906.(Previouslythe
averagebuildingtimeforacapitalshipwas33months,andtherecordonly31months.)InJanuary1906shesailedfortheMediterraneanandthentoPortofSpain,
Trinidad,wherefarfromthepryingeyesofdomesticcriticsandforeignrivals,herenginesandgunsweregivenathoroughworkoutbyCaptainSirReginaldBacon.
HisreportshowedthatinallimportantrespectsDreadnoughtwasasuccess."NomemberoftheCommitteeonDesigns,"hewrote,"daredtohopethatallthe
innovationsintroducedwouldhaveturnedoutassuccessfullyashadbeenthecase."TheRoyalNavy'snextsixbattleshipswerebuiltalongessentiallythesamelines.
ReturningtoPortsmouth,DreadnoughtbecameflagshipoftheHomeFleet.AssuchshespentmostofhertimeinhomewaterswithoccasionalcruisestoSpainand
theMediterranean.
IfoptimisticproponentsoftheallbiggunshipbelievedthattheDreadnoughtwouldgiveBritainaninsuperableleadinnavalconstructionanddesign,Dreadnought's
opponentswerewrongtothinkthatBritaincouldhaveavoidedanarmsracebynotbuildinganallbiggunship.Bothgroupsignoredthedeterminationofothernavies
andoverlookedthegeneraltrendtowardsthedevelopmentofsuchships.TheUnitedStateshadalreadydesignedUSSMichiganandSouthCarolina,which
mountedeight12inchgunsinfourcenterlineturrets,thoughbothwerelaiddownaftertheDreadnought.GermanyrespondedimmediatelytotheBritishchallenge
withordersforfourNassauclassshipsmountingtwelve11.3inchguns,andin1907ItalylaiddowntheDanteAlighieri,thefirstshiptomounttriplegunturrets.
ThesedevelopmentstookplaceagainstthebackdropofthePaxBritannicaaworldwhoseinnocence,comparedtothatofourown,canbeeasilyjudgedfromthe
easewithwhichthecelebrated"DreadnoughtHoax"wascarriedout.In1911,theshipwaslyinginWeymouthBaywhenatelegramarrivedannouncingthe
impendingarrivaloftheEmperorofAbyssiniaandhispartyoffive,includingtwo"translators"fromtheForeignOffice.Conveyedtotheship,theyweregivenaroyal
welcomeandathoroughtouroftheDreadnought,thevariousdetailsofwhichwereexplained,viatheinterpreters,inwhatturnedouttobeamispronounced
recitationofpartofVirgil'sAeneid.Histourcomplete,theemperorandhisentouragedeparted.Severalweekslater,thestoryoftheAbyssinianvisitwasleakedto
theDailyMirrorpresumablybytheemperorhimself,CambridgeUniversitystudentAnthonyBuxton.AmonghissupportingcastwerethepainterDuncanGrant,
AdrianStephen,andStephen'ssisterVirginia,betterknowntoposterityasVirginiaWoolf,whosportedtheatricalmakeupandabeardfortheoccasion.
WhenWorldWarIbegan,Dreadnoughthadbeeneclipsedmanytimesover.AsaunitoftheGrandFleet's4thBattleSquadron,heronlydecisiveactionagainstthe
enemycameonFebruary18,1915,whensherammedandsanktheGermansubmarineU29intheNorthSea.Withdrawnfromthefleetbecauseherlowspeed
madeitimpossibletokeepstation,shebecameflagshipofthe3rdBattleSquadronatSheerness,althoughshereturnedtotheGrandFleetfromMarchtoAugust
1918.PutinreserveatRosythafterthewar,DreadnoughtwaspaidoffonMarch31,1920.SoldtoT.Ward&Company,shewasbrokenupatInvernessin1923.
Massie,"Dreadnought."Roberts,Battleship"Dreadnought."Stephen,"Dreadnought"Hoax.

SMSDresden
Dresdenclasslightcruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:388'44.3'18'(118.3m13.5m5.5m).Tons:4,268disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:361.Arm.:1010.5cm,10mg,8
5.2cm218"TT.Mach.:steamturbines,18,880shp,2screws25kts,Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1909.
AttheoutbreakofWorldWarI,DresdenwasprotectingGermaninterestsinwartornMexicoandcarriedPresidentVictorianoHuertaintoexileinJamaica.She
wasduetoreturntoGermanywhenwarcame,andaftermeetingupwithSMSKARLSRUHEatPortauPrince,Haiti,shecameunderthecommandofCommander
FritzLudecke.(AnotherofherofficerswasLieutenantCommanderWilhelmCanaris,whobecameheadofGermanintelligenceduringWorldWarII.)Turningsouth,
Dresdenprovedalacklustercommerceraider,butinOctobershejoinedViceAdmiralGrafvonSpee'ssquadroninthePacific.Shetookpartinthedestructionof
theBritishfleetattheBattleofCoronelonNovember1andshewastheonlyGermanunittosurvivetheGermans'crushingdefeatattheBattleoftheFalklandson
December8.AfterhidingamongtheChileanislandsforthreemonths,andanabortiverunwestacrossthePacific,DresdenwasforcedintotheJuanFernndez
IslandsonMarch9.Fivedayslater,shewasdiscoveredbyHMSKentandGlasgow.WhentheBritishdemandedunconditionalsurrender,Ludeckescuttledhisship
atMsAfuerain3337'S,7848'W.(AsecondDresdenwascommissionedin1918,internedatScapaFlow,andbeachedthereafterbeingscuttledin1919.She
wasbrokenupforscrapin1921.)
Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

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USSDrum(SS228)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.3'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,256/2,410disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:61.Arm.:1021"TT13",3
mg.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740shp,2screws20/9kts.Built:PortsmouthNavyYard,Kittery,Me.1942.
Namedforatypeoffish,USSDrumwascommissionedfiveweeksbeforetheJapaneseattackonPearlHarborbroughttheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII.
ArrivinginthePacificinApril1942,shemadeatotalofthirteenwarpatrolsinalltheatersofthePacific,andhadoneofthemostsuccessfulrecordsofanyU.S.
submarine,creditedwithsinkingfifteenshipsforatotalof80,580grosstons.Herfirstcruise,offJapan,nettedheraseaplanetenderandthreecargoships.Hernext
warpatrolwashamperedbyfaultytorpedoes,acommoncomplaintofU.S.submarinersthroughoutthewar.OnJanuary24,1943,onherfourthpatrol,Drumhit
Ryuhowithtwotorpedoes,butthecarrierrefusedtosink.Hernextfourpatrols,outofBrisbane,wereinthewatersaroundNewGuinea,whereshesankfiveships
beforeaseveredepthchargeattackforcedherstatesideforrepairs.HernextsuccessfulpatrolwasduringtheBattleofLeyteGulf,whenshesankthreeshipsinthe
SouthChinaSeainOctober1944.Followingthewar,DrumservedasaNavalReservetrainingshipinthePotomacRiveruntil1962.Sevenyearslatershewas
donatedtotheBattleshipAlabamaCommissionfordisplayasamuseumandmemorialinMobile.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Duke
Frigate(3m).L/B:ca.80'keel26'(24m8m).Tons:320tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:183.Arm.:30guns.Built:England<?><1708.
DukewasoneoftwoBristolownedprivateerstheotherwasDuchessfittedoutforanexpeditionagainstSpanishshippinginthePacificOcean,stillregarded
as"aSpanishlake."TheshipssailedonAugust2,1708theofficersincludedWilliamDampier,veteranoftwocircumnavigations,includingoneinROEBUCK
(16991700),andWoodesRogers.AfterstoppingatCorkandtheCanaryandCapeVerdeIslands,theshipscametotheislandofGrande,offBrazil.About
January15,1709,theyroundedCapeHorn,intheprocesssailingto6153'S,"whichforaughtweknowisthefurthestthatanyonehasyetgottothesouthward."
TheshipsmadenextfortheislandofJuanFernndezwhereonFebruary1thecastawayAlexanderSelkirkgreetedthem.Fouryearsbefore,hehadsailedasmaster
oftheprivateerCinquePortsinanexpeditioncommandedbyDampier,whosailedintheSt.George.PreferringtheuncertaintyofexiletoworkwiththeCinque
Ports'CaptainThomasStradling,Selkirkwasputashoreandlefttofendforhimself.OnDampier'srecommendation,RogersappointedSelkirkmateintheDuke,
whichsailednexttothecoastofPeru.HereDampierandcompanycapturedseveralships,includingHavredeGrace,whichtheyarmedandrenamedMarquis.
OnApril22,theEnglishseizedthecityofGuayaquilandeightships,whichtheyransomedforthepaymentof30,000piecesofeight.Theycruisedbetweenthecoast
ofPeruandtheGalapagosIslandsuntilmidSeptemberwhentheysailedfortheTresMariasIslands,100milessouthofMazatln,Mexico.Theretheyawaitedthe
ManilagalleonSpain'sannualshipmentofgoldandsilverfromtheAmericastothePhilippinesuntilDecember21whentheycapturedoneofapair,Nuestra
SeoradelaIncarnacionDisenganio,whichtheyrenamedBatchelor.Sixdayslater,theyengagedthe450tonBigoniabutcouldnotcaptureher.Fromhere,the
shipsturnedwestacrossthePacific.TheirrunfromPortSeguratoGuamlastedfromJanuary11toMarch11,1710theirbestday'srunwas161miles,theirworst
only41.TheywerewellreceivedbytheSpanishgovernor,andafterprovisioning,theycontinuedontheirlongvoyagehome,withstopsatthePortugueseheldButung
Island(May26),theDutchentreptsatBatavia(June20),andtheCapeofGoodHope(December29).SailingwithaDutchconvoy,Rogers'sfourshipsreturnedto
ErithonOctober14,1711.
ThevoyageoftheDukeandDuchesswasafinancialsuccessitgrossedabout800,000fora14,000investmentandspurredfurtherincursionsintothe
Pacific.Rogers'sCruisingVoyageroundtheWorldalsopublicizedtheremarkablestoryofSelkirk'sstayonJuanFernndez,andbecametheinspirationforDaniel
Defoe'snovelRobinsonCrusoeandWilliamCowper's"LinesonSolitude,"whichbegins"IammonarchofallIsurvey."
Rogers,CruisingVoyageroundtheWorld.

HMSDukeofYork
KingGeorgeVclassbattleship.L/B/D:745'103'29'(227.1m31.4m8.8m).Tons.:42,237disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,543.Arm.:1014"(24,12),
165.25",322pdr,4rocketprojectors2aircraft.Armor:14.7"belt,5.9"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,110,000shp,4shafts27.5kts.Built:JohnBrown&
Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1941.
Thesixthshipofthename,HMSDukeofYorkwascommissionedinNovemberof1941.ThenextmonthshecarriedPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchilltotheUnited
StatesforthefirstmeetingoftheAngloAmericanGeneralStaff.Inthespringandsummerof1942,shepro

Page154

videddistantcoverfortheMurmanskconvoys.AftersailinginsupportofOperationTorch,theAlliedlandingsinNorthAfricainNovember1942,shereturnedto
Englandforarefit.InOctober1943,sheresumedoperationsinArcticwaters.OnthemorningofDecember26,DukeofYorkwasprovidingdistantcoverfor
ConvoyJW55BwhenthecruisersHMSNORFOLK,BELFAST,andSHEFFIELDbeganshadowingtheGermanbattleshipSCHARNHORST.At1651,Dukeof
Yorkopenedfireanhourandahalflater,atarangeofmorethan18,000yards(about10miles),shehitScharnhorst'sboilerroom.Thefatalblowenabledthe
Britishshipstocloseto3,000yards,andat1745Scharnhorstsankin7216'N,2841'E.DukeofYorkremainedinArcticwatersuntilSeptember1944.Afteran
eightmonthrefit,shejoinedtheBritishPacificFleetandtookpartinthebombardmentoftheJapanesehomeislandsinAugust1945.Placedinreservein1949,she
wasscrappedatFaslanein1958.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.

Duyfken
Jaght(3m).L/B/D:63'17'7'(19m5m2m).Tons:30lasts/60tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Arm.:10guns.Built:Netherlands<1600.
WhentheNetherlandsdeclareditsindependencefromSpainin1581,PhilipIIretaliatedbyclosingtoDutchmerchantstheportofLisbonwithitsrichtradeinoriental
spices.TheDutchdecidedtotradedirectlywiththeEast,andin1595theshipsHollandia(400tons),Mauritius(400tons),Amsterdam(200tons),andDuyfken
(60tons)sailedforJava.Althoughonly80ofthe249crewsurvivedandAmsterdamwaslost,theventurewasconsideredsuccessful.InDecember1603,another
shipcalledDuyfkenlefttheNetherlandsunderWillemJanszaspartofafleetoftwelveships.OnceintheIndies,Janszwassenttosearchoutotheroutletsfortrade,
particularlyin"thegreatlandofNovaGuineaandotherEastandSouthlands."OnNovember18,1605,DuyfkensailedfromBantamtoBandaandthenthroughthe
KaiIslandsandontoTanjungDeyong,NewGuinea.DuyfkenroundedFalseCapeandthencrossedtheArafuraSeaintotheGulfofCarpentaria(therebymissing
TorresStrait)andcharted200milesoftheAustraliancoast,whichJanszconsideredpartofNewGuinea.Findingthelandbarrenandthepeopleinhospitable(tenof
hismenwerekilledonvariousshoreexpeditions),atCapeKeerveer("Turnabout")southofAlbatrossBay,JanszheadedhomeandarrivedatBantaminJune1606,
twomonthsbeforeSANPEDROtransitedTorresStrait.
Murdoch,"Duyfken"andtheFirstDiscoveriesofAustralia.Sigmond&Zuiderbaan,DutchDiscoveriesofAustralia.

Page155

E
E9
Eclasssubmarine.L/B:176'22.5'(53.6m6.9m).Tons:662disp.Hull:steel.Arm.:112pdr518"TT.Mach.:diesel15kts.Built:VickersLtd.,Barrow
inFurness,Eng.1913.
TheRoyalNavy'sEclasssubmarinesconstitutedoneofsixclassesAthroughFbasedontheHollandprototypedevelopedbyJohnHolland.Between1906
and1914,theRoyalNavyappliedfivepercentofitsshipbuildingbudgettosubmarineconstruction,andatthestartofWorldWarI,ithadthelargestsubmarinefleet
intheworld,thoughoftheNavy's75operationalboats,only20oftheDandEclasswerecapableofsustainedseagoingcruises.(Theotherleadingsubmarine
powerswereFrance,with62inserviceRussia,with36andGermany,with28.)TheBritishsubmarineforcebeganwartimepatrolsonAugust5,1914.Sixweeks
later,onSeptember13,LieutenantCommanderMaxHorton'sE9claimedthefirstGermanvictim,sinkingthecruiserHelaaboutsixmilesoffHelgoland(in5403'N,
755'E),withthelossoftwodead.OnOctober6,E9sankthetorpedoboatS116offthemouthoftheEms(in5342'N,609'E),withthelossofninecrew.
Aweeklater,E9,E1,andE11weredispatchedonaspecialpatrolintotheBalticwithorderstousetheRussianbaseatLibau.(EngineproblemsforcedE11
backtoEngland.)Thesubmarines'arrivalwasacompletesurprisetotheRussians,whowerenevertoldofthedeployment.InMay1915,theGermansoccupied
LibauandthesubmarinesproceededtoLipvakontheGulfofFinland.E9achieveditsfirstBalticsuccessneartheGulfofRigawhenonJune5,shesankthecollier
DoraHugoStinnesanddamagedthedestroyerS.148,andonJuly2,shedamagedRearAdmiralAlbertHopman'sarmoredcruiserPrinzAdalbert.(OnOctober
23,1915,theGermanflagshipwassunkbyE8withthelossof672crew.)ThemostimportanttargetintheBalticwastheironoretradefromSweden,andin
October1915,E9sankthreeoreshipsanddamagedathird.By1916,Germany'suseofconvoysintheBalticandthescarcityofsparepartsmadeoffensive
operationsalmostimpossible,andin1917theRussianRevolutionfurthercurtailedthenavalwar.OnApril3,1918,onemonthaftertheRussiansurrenderatBrest
Litovsk,thefourEclassandthreeCclassBritishsubmarinesatHelsingfors(Helsinki)werescuttledtoavoidcapturebyGermantroopscomingtotheaidofanti
BolshevikWhiteFinnishforces.
Wilson,BalticAssignment.

E11
Eclasssubmarine.L/B:176'22.5'(53.6m6.9m).Tons:662disp.Hull:steel.Arm.:112pdr518"TT.Mach.:diesel.Built:VickersLtd.,Barrowin
Furness,Eng.1914.
E11wasoneoffiftyeightBritishEclasssubmarinesbuiltbetween1912and1917.DeployedfirstwithCommodoreRogerKeyes'sEighthSubmarineFlotillaat
Harwich,LieutenantCommanderMartinNasmith'sE11tookpartinafewunsuccessfulraidsalongtheGermancoast.InthelastweekofDecember1914,shewas
bombedbyaZeppelinwhilerescuingdownedairplanepilotsintheNorthSea.UnabletosailtotheBalticwithE1andE9becauseofenginetrouble,E11wasone
ofseveralBritishsubmarinessentouttotheAegeanislandofLesbosatthestartoftheGallipolicampaigninthespringof1915.
E11enteredtheDardanellesforthefirstofthreepatrolsonMay19,1915.AftersinkinganumberofnavalandmerchantvesselsintheSeaofMarmaraone
carryingaChicagobasedjournalistwhosereportingtransformedE11intoelevensubmarinesshetorpedoedthemunitionsshipStambulalongsidethearsenalat
Constantinople.BritishsubmarinesintheSeaofMarmaracouldonlyoperatesolongastheyhadsuppliesandammunition.Toconservethelatter,Nasmithtrimmed
E11'storpedoessothatiftheymissedtheirtarget,theywouldfloatratherthansink.Oncetheintendedvictimwasoutofsight,hewouldfindthetorpedoand
members

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ofthecrewwouldjumpoverthesideandpushitbackintothebowtube.Havingsunksixsupplyandtroopshipsandanumberofsailingvesselsinthreeweeks,
NasmithwasawardedaVictoriaCrossforhisexploits,thethirdsubmarinersohonoredintheDardanellescampaign.
Onherthirdcruise,E11,togetherwithE14,shelledtroopcolumnsmarchingtowardsGallipoli.OnAugust8,E11torpedoedtheTurkishpredreadnought
HarridanBarbarossa(exKurfrstFriedrichWilhelm),whichsankwith253ofher580crew.Frustratedbythelackofsurfacetargets,Nasmith'screwnext
attemptedtoblowuparailwaybridgeintheGulfofIzmit.WithdrawnattheconclusionoftheDardanellescampaigninearly1916,the"ScourgeofMarmara"was
creditedwith101Turkishvessels.E9wasbrokenupatMaltain1922.
Carr,ByGuessandbyGod.

E.A.Bryan
Libertyship(1f/3m).L/B/D:441.5'57'27'8"(134.6m17.4m8.4m).Tons:7,176grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:81.Arm.:15",1020mm.Mach.:triple
expansion,1screw,2,500ihp11kts.Built:KaiserPermanenteYard2,Richmond,Calif.1944.
ThedeadliestmilitaryaccidentintheUnitedStatesduringWorldWarIIresultedfromtheexplosionoftwomunitionsshipsatPortChicago,California,40miles
northeastofSanFranciscoonSuisunBay.OnJuly17,1944,munitionshandlerswereloadingtheE.A.Bryanwhenthecargodetonated.Thiswasfollowedbya
secondaryexplosionaboardtheVictoryshipQuinaultVictory.Theblasts,whichwerefeltasfarawayasNevada,leveledmuchofPortChicagoandkilled321
people,including69merchantmarinepersonneland203enlistedmenmostofthemblackworkingasstevedores.Thesailorswereorderedbacktoworktwo
weekslater,but258refused,citinginadequatesafetyregulations.(TheCoastGuardhadbannedsmokingaboardmunitionsshipsonlytwomonthsbefore,anditis
thoughtthatacarelesssmokermighthavetouchedofftheexplosionaboardtheE.A.Bryan.)Underthreatofcourtmartial,208didreturntowork50weretried
andfoundguiltyofmutiny.Sentencedtobetween8and15yearsinprisonandgivendishonorabledischarges,theywerereleasedafter16months.Fiftyyearslater,
theNavyrejectedarequestbyfourCaliforniaRepresentativestooverturntheconvictionsonthegroundsthatthesentencesweretaintedbyracialprejudice.While
theNavyfoundthatracismcontributedtothehighproportionofblackenlistedmenworkingasstevedoresatthenavalbase,itdeniedthatracehadanyinfluenceon
thesentencesperse,andtheappealswererejected.
Allen,PortChicagoMutiny.Sawyer&Mitchell,LibertyShips.

USCGCEagle
(exHorstWessel)Bark(1f/3m).L/B/D:277'39.3'17'(84.4m12m5.2m).Tons:1,634disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:212.Mach.:diesel,750hp.Built:Blohm
&Voss,Hamburg1936.
OriginallycommissionedasaGermantrainingship,theHorstWessel(namedforaNazithug)wasthesecondoffournearsistershipsbuiltbyBlohm&Vossinthe
1930s.TheotherswereGorchFock(nowTovarisch),AlbertLeoSchlageter(nowSagres),andRomania'sMircea.HorstWesselmadeonlyafewtraining
voyagesbeforethestartofWorldWarII,whenshesawdutyintheBalticasatransportandtrainingvessel.FollowingthewartheUnitedStatesacquiredtheshipas
partofwarreparationsandturnedherovertotheU.S.CoastGuard,whichhadsailedtheDanishtrainingshipDANMARKduringthewar.HomeportedattheU.S.
CoastGuardAcademyinNewLondon,Connecticut,USCGCEagle(theseventhshipofthename)wasformanyyearsoneofonlyafewsailtrainingshipsofany
sizeintheUnitedStates.Formorethanhalfacentury,shehasshowntheflaginportsthroughouttheUnitedStates,LatinAmerica,andEuropewhileproviding
valuabletrainingforCoastGuardcadets.PresidentJohnF.Kennedyorderedthatherhullbegiventhesameorangechevronandblueshieldthatdistinguishesall
CoastGuardvessels,andsheisreadilyidentifiableinanyfleetofships.
Norton,"Eagle"Seamanship.Putz,"Eagle."

Eastland
Excursionvessel(2f/2m).L/B/D:275'38.2'19.5'(83.8m11.6m5.9m).Tons:1,961grt1,218net.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,9503,300pass70crew.Mach.:
tripleexpansion,3,500hp,2screws24mph.Des.:SidneyG.Jenks.Built:JenksShipBuildingCo.,PortHuron,Mich.1903.
BuiltfortheMichiganSteamshipCompany'sserviceonthe77milerunbetweenChicagoandSouthHaven,Michigan,Eastlandwasthesceneofoneoftheworst
shippingdisastersinGreatLakeshistory.Eastlandwasafourdeckedvesseloriginallyratedtocarry2,800people,thoughactualpassengercapacityfluctuated
betweenahighof3,300in1904andalowof1,950in1908.Access

Page157

wasviafivegangwayssetjustabovethewaterlineandtheshiphadafreeboardoflessthantwofeetwhenfullyloadedasthedoorswereusuallyopen,flooding
threatenedifthevessellistedaslittleas10degrees.In1907,theLakeShoreNavigationCompanyboughtEastlandforserviceonLakeEriebetweenClevelandand
Sandusky,Ohio,wheresheoperatedforfiveyearswithoutincident.However,rumorsoftheship'sinstabilityshetendedtolistwhileloadingpassengersledthe
managementtooffera$5,000rewardtoanycompetentengineerwhocoulddemonstratethatshewasunsafe.Nochallengecameforward.
EastlandreturnedtoLakeMichiganforservicewiththeSt.JosephChicagoSteamshipCompanyin1913.Twoyearslatershewascharteredbyemployeesof
WesternElectricforacompanypicnicinMichiganCity,Indiana.Earlierthatsummer,twodeckswerereinforcedwithconcrete,andthreelifeboatsandsixliferafts
wereaddedtoqualifyforanincreaseinpassengercapacityto2,500people.Theresultingdecreaseinstabilitywentunnoticedforthreeweeks,duringwhichshe
carriednomorethan1,123passengers.PassengersfortheWesternElectricexcursionbeganloadingat0630onJuly24,1915,andwithinfortyminutes,2,501
peoplehadembarked.Aspassengerscongregatedonthestarboardsideoftheship,engineersfloodedthetwoportballasttanks,littlerealizingthattheshipatthis
pointhadlittleornopositivestability.At0723,asthefirstlineswerecastoffandthegangplankwaspulledin,waterbegantofloodthroughthegangwaysandintothe
engineroom.Fiveminuteslater,withthreebowlinesstillinplace,theshipcapsized,quietly,"likeanegginthewater,"accordingtooneobserver.AlthoughEastland
layonlyhalfsubmergedintheChicagoRiver,lessthan20feetfromshore,841passengersdied.Theresultinglawsuits,whichdraggedonformorethantwentyyears,
broughtlittlesatisfactioneithertothesurvivorsorthevictims'familiesasthecourtspinnedthetragedyontheengineerandheldthecompanyblameless.
Salvageoftheshipbeganimmediately,andEastlandwasrightedonAugust14.ThefollowingyearshewasauctionedtoCaptainEdwardA.Evers,whosoughtto
useherasatrainingshipfortheIllinoisNavalReserve.InNovember1917,theU.S.NavypurchasedtheshipandconvertedhertothetraininggunboatUSS
Wilmette,whichservedontheGreatLakesuntil1945.Shewasfinallyscrappedin1947.
Hilton,"Eastland."

EdmundFitzgerald
GreatLakesoreboat(1f/1m).L/B/D:729'75.1'26'(222.2m22.9m8.1m).Tons:13,632grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:28.Mach.:steamturbine,7,500shp,2
screws25kts.Built:GreatLakesEngineeringWorks,RiverRouge,Mich.1958.
NamedforthechairmanoftheNorthwesternMutualLifeInsuranceCompanyofMilwaukee,whichownedtheship,atthetimeofherlaunchEdmundFitzgerald
wasthelargestorecarriereverbuiltontheGreatLakesandthelargestshipeverassembledfromweldedprefabricatedsteelsections.The"QueenoftheLakes"was
notedforherfirstrateguestaccommodationsandcouldcarryasmanyassevenguestsintwostaterooms.OperatedbytheColumbiaTransportationCompany,a
divisionoftheOglebayNortonCompany,whichleasedtheshipfromNorthwesternMutual,sheleftonhermaidenvoyagefromSilverBay,Minnesota,throughthe
SaultSainteMarieCanalsbetweenLakesSuperiorandHuron,andontoDetroit,carryingarecord25,000tonsofironore.Shecontinuedinthattradefor18years,
eventuallyeclipsedinsizeandspeedbynewerships,butshewasalwaysregardedastheepitomeoftheLakesorecarriers.
TheGreatLakesarenotoriousfortheviolenceoftheirwinterstormsandthespeedwithwhichtheydevelop,andnavigationontheLakesallbutstopsforthree
monthsoftheyear.OnSunday,November9,1975,EdmundFitzgeraldsailedfromSuperior,Wisconsin,boundforDetroit700milesalongabroadarctothe
southeastloadedwith26,013tonsoftaconite.Thevoyage,underCaptainErnestMcSorley,a44yearveteranoftheLakeswhowasslatedforretirement,was
intendedasthelastoftheseason.Thatnight,hurricaneforce(6070milesperhour)windsbeganblowingfromthenorth,kickingupsharp30footseasintowhich
thefullyladenFitzcouldbarelymaketwomilesperhour.Althoughvisualcontactwasimpossibleinsuchconditions,theFitzwasinradioandradarcontactwith
othershipsthroughouttheday,includingtheoreboatArthurM.Anderson,whichwasabout10milesastern.Alittlepast1910,onNovember10,Edmund
FitzgeralddroppedoffAnderson'sradarscopewithoutwarningshehadbeenabout13milesnorthofWhitefishPoint,Michigan,and8mileswestofCopperMine
Point,Ontario(inabout4658'N,8458'N).Despiteadesperateairandseasearcheffort,noneoftheship'screwwaseverfound,eitherdeadoralive.Theoriesof
theship'slossrangefromherbeingcapsizedwhenhercargoofironorepelletsshiftedormetalfatiguetoflooding.
WhilethelossofEdmundFitzgeraldwasdramaticinandofitself,itachievedamoreenduringfamethandomostshipwreckswhenGordonLightfootpennedthe

Page158

wordstowhathasbecomeoneofthemostfamiliarAmericanballadsofthetwentiethcentury,"TheLossoftheEdmundFitzgerald."
Hemming,GalesofNovember.Ratigan,GreatLakesShipwrecksandSurvivors.Film:TheMysteryofthe"EdmundFitzgerald."

EdnaHoyt
Schooner(5m).L/B/D:224'41.1'20.8'(68.3m12.5m6.3m).Tons:1,512grt.Hull:wood.Built:Dunn&Eliot,Thomaston,Me.1920.
EdnaHoytwasthelastofthe58fivemastedschoonersbuiltontheEastCoastoftheUnitedStatesbetween1888and1920.Initiallyengagedinthecoaltrade
betweentheChesapeakeandNewEngland,firstforherbuildersandlaterfortheSuperiorTradingandTransportationCompanyofBoston,in1929theHoytwas
soldtoFoss&Crabtree(alsoofBoston)andbegantradingbetweentheEastCoastandtheCaribbean.Hercargoesconsistedofgeneralcargosouthboundand
sheepguanofertilizerfromVenezuelaonherreturn.Duringthehurricaneseason,sheoccasionallysailedonlyasfarsouthasFlorida,fortimber.TheHoytremainedin
thesecoastingtradesuntil1937.InAugustofthatyear,sheloadedamillionboardfeetoflumberatHalifaxandsailedforIrelandonherfirst,andonly,transatlantic
passage.FromBelfast,sheproceededtoNewport,Wales,toloadcoalforVenezuela.WhileatNewport,herhullwasstrainedwhenshegroundedatlowtide,and
CaptainHopkinstookhertothedeeperharboratCardifftocompleteloading.SailingonNovember2,shewasseverelyknockedaboutinastormintheBayof
Biscay.ThehulldamagesustainedatNewportprovingworsethanrealized,shewassooninaleakingconditionandwasfinallytakenintowtoLisbonbythe
NorwegianfreighterSanAmigo.TherethelastEastCoastfivemasterwascondemned.SoldtoJ.Vasconcellosinearly1938,sheendedherdaysasacoalhulkin
Portugal.
Merriam,LastoftheFiveMasters.Morris,AmericanSailingCoasters.

EdwardBonaventure
Ship(3m).Tons:160tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:36.Built:<1553.
In1553,theMysterie[guild]andCompanieoftheMarchantsAduenturersfortheDiscoverieofRegions,Dominions,IlandandPlacesUnknown(headedby
SebastianCabot)dispatchedanexpeditionunderSirHughWilloughbytosailaroundthetopofNorwayforChina,insearchofaNortheastPassage.Thethreeships
wereRichardChancellor'sEdwardBonaventure,undermasterStephenBurroughs,Willoughby's120tonBonaEsperanza,underWilliamGefferson,andthe90
tonBonaConfidentiaunderCornelisDurfoort.TheshipsputtoseainmidJuneandattheendofJulybecameseparatedinastormofftheLofotenIslandsin
northernNorway.EdwardBonaventuresailedforWardhouse(Vrdo)and,despitewarningsfromScottishmerchants,pressedonaloneintotheWhiteSeaatthe
beginningofAugust.TheothershipsmadeittotheLaplandcoast,wheretheircrewsdied.
AtthemouthoftheDvinaRiver,wheretheportofArchangelisnowsituated,ChancellormetwiththelocalgovernorandthroughhimwasinvitedtothecourtofIvan
theTerribleatMoscow,1,500milestothesouth.CordialrelationswereestablishedbetweentheczarandMaryTudor,and,though"robbedhomewardsby
Flemings,"Chancellorreturnedhomeinthesummerof1554withafavorablereportofhismission,whichpromisedtogivetheEnglishafirmholdonthevaluablefur
trade.
In1555,ChancellorreturnedtoMoscowviatheWhiteSeaunderacharterfromMary,andEnglishmerchantsestablishedthemselvesinMoscow.Thefollowingyear,
ChancellormadeathirdexpeditionconveyingthefirstEnglishambassadortotheRussiancourt,whileBurroughsattemptedtosaileastwardacrosstheKaraSeainthe
diminutiveSearchthrift.Inthemeantime,Willoughby'stwoshipshadbeenrecoveredandChancellorsailedforEnglandwithatotaloffourships,conveyingthe
RussianambassadoraboardhisownEdwardBonaventure.Willoughby'sshipssankenroute,andEdwardBonaventurewaswreckedonthecoastofScotland
withthelossofChancellorandhisson.TheRussianambassadorsurvived.
Purchas,HakluytusPosthumus.

EdwinFox
EastIndiamanship.L/B/D:160'29.8'20'(48.8m9.1m6.1m).Tons:836reg.Built:WilliamHenryFoster,Sukeali(Calcutta),Bengal1853.
BuilttoadesignsetbytheBritishEastIndiaCompany(whichhaddroppeditsmerchantoperationsin1834),EdwinFoxwasbuiltforThomasReeves,whoowned
herforonlyayear.Shesubsequentlychangedhandsfivetimes.In1855,shewasemployedasatrooptransportintheBalticduringtheCrimeanWar,thereafter
resumingtradingbetweenIndiaandEngland,andlatercarryingimmigrantsouttoNewZealandandAustralia.Ownedby

Page159

Shaw,Savill&Company(laterShaw,Savill&AlbionLine),from1873to1900shebeganserviceasa"portablebulkfreezer"intheNewZealandinterislandtradein
1885.Reriggedasabarkin1887,atsomepointinthelate1890srefrigerationwasinstalled.In1905EdwinFoxwaspurchasedbytheChristchurchMeatCompany
ofLyttleton,NewZealand,foruseasastoragehulkandlandingstage.In1965shewasacquiredbytheEdwinFoxRestorationSociety,Inc.,ofPicton,New
Zealand.Initialattemptstorestoretheshipfailed,buttheeffortwasresumedin1986,andtheshipisnowafloatinPictonharborandopentothepublic.
Allen,"Answers."Flackman,"Answers."

Eendracht
Hull:wood.Built:Amsterdam,Netherlands<1616.
ThesecondDutchshiptoreachAustraliafollowingDuyfken'svoyageof16056,Eendracht("Unity,"apopularnameforDutchships)wasenroutefromthe
NetherlandstoBataviaunderthecommandofDirckHartogwhenshebecameseparatedfromtherestofthefleet.TracingtheroutepioneeredbyHendrikBrouwer
in1610,EendrachtsailedwestacrosstheIndianOceanfromCapeTownbeforeturningnorthforJava.OnOctober25,1615,Hartogarrivedat"variousislands,
whichwere,however,founduninhabited."TheseprovedtobeDirckHartog'sIsland,offInscriptionPointnearSharkBay,WesternAustralia.Thepointtakesits
namefromthefactthatHartogerectedapostandnailedtoitapewterplatecommemoratinghisvisit:
1616On25OctoberarrivedtheshipEendracht,ofAmsterdam:SupercargoGillesMiebaisofLiege,skipperDirchHatichsofAmsterdam,on27d[itt]o.shesetsailagainfor
Bantam.DeputysupercargoJanStins,uppersteersmanPieterDooresofBil.Intheyear1616.

HartogcontinuednorthalongthecoastthatnowbearshisnameandeventuallyreachedtheDutchsettlementatBatavia.TheplateisnowattheRijksmuseumin
Amsterdam,havingbeenrescuedfromInscriptionPointbyWillemdeVlamingh,who,incommandofGeelvinck,Nyptangh,andHetWeeseltje,visitedthearea
(whichtheVOCcalledEendracht'sLand)onFebruary4,1697,andreplacedHartog'splatewithoneofhisown.ThisinturnwasfoundbyLouisdeFreycinetof
L'URANIEin1801,whoin1820returnedinLeNaturalisteandtookVlamingh'splatetoFrance.ItisnowintheWesternAustralianMaritimeMuseuminPerth.
Sigmond&Zuiderbaan,DutchDiscoveriesofAustralia.

Eendracht
Tons:360.Hull:wood.Comp.:87.Arm.:19guns12swivels.Built:Netherlands<1615.
Intheearlyseventeenthcentury,theVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(VOC,orUnitedEastIndiaCompany)hadexclusiverights,amongDutchships,totheStrait
ofMagellanandCapeofGoodHope.MerchantIsaacLeMaireestablishedtheCompagneAustraletotradeintheSouthSeas,thestillunexploredSouthland
(Australia),Japan,andnorthernAsia,buthisshipscoulddosoonlyiftheyfoundanalternativeroutetotheeast.Thisroute,LeMairebelieved,laytothesouthofthe
StraitofMagellan,andtoproveithefittedoutEendracht,underhissonJacob,andHoorn,underWillemCorneliszSchouten.TheshipslefttheTexelonJune14,
1615,madeastopinSierraLeone,andthensailedforPortDesire,wheretheyarrivedinearlyDecember.Whilecareeningtheshipstocleanthebottomgrowth,
Hoorncaughtfireandwasdestroyed.Embarkingthesmallership'stwentytwocrew,EendrachtputtoseaagainonJanuary13,1616.Elevendayslatershepassed
throughtheStraitofLeMairebetweentheeasternendofTierradelFuegoandStatenIsland(whichthecrewnamed),andonthe29thdoubledCapeHornnamed
fortheirhometownandenteredthePacific.
AftercallingatJuanFernndezIslandinearlyMarch1616,Eendrachtheadedwestinaboutlatitude15S.ThefirstlandfallwasinthenorthernTuamotusinApril,
andfromtherethetrackpassedthroughtheTongasandontotheTabatIslandsnearNewIrelandandNewGuinea.WhenEendrachtarrivedatBantam,Java,in
OctobertheVOCrepresentativedidnotbelievethatSchoutenandLeMairehadfoundanalternativetotheStraitofMagellan,andheconfiscatedEendrachtand
hercargobeforesendingthecrewontotheNetherlands.Perhapsmostremarkableinthispioneeringvoyagearoundwhatlatercenturieswouldcall"CapeStiff"isthat
inmorethansixteenmonthsatsea,onlythreesailorsdied.
Beaglehole,ExplorationofthePacific.Villiers,ed.,EastandWestIndianMirror.

EffieM.Morrissey
(laterErnestina)Schooner(2m).L/B/D:112'13'24.4'(34.1m4m7.4m).Tons:120grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:34.Des.:GeorgeM.McClain.Built:Tarr&
JamesShipyard,Essex,Mass.1894.
BuiltintheheydayoftheGloucesterfishingfleets,theFredoniastyleGrandBanks"highliner"EffieM.MorrisseywasbuiltfortheJohnF.WonsonCompanyand
CaptainWilliamE.Morrissey,forwhosedaughtershewas

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named.ShewasasuccessfulfishermanunderavarietyofcaptainsincludingMorrisseyandhisson,Clayton.In1905,shewassoldtoCaptainAnselSnowofDigby,
NovaScotia,butcontinuedfishingundertheU.S.flag.NineyearslaterHaroldBartlettofBrigus,Newfoundland,boughtherandputherunderBritishregistry.In
1925,BartlettsoldMorrisseytohisbrotherBobBartlett,whohadbeenshipmasterofROOSEVELTonCommanderRobertE.Peary'squestfortheNorthPolein
1909.UnderBartlett,MorrisseywasfittedoutforArcticexploration,whichhardworkshesailedinthroughWorldWarII.In1946,shewaspurchasedforuseasa
yacht,butthisplanwasdroppedafterafireandsubsequentscuttling.
TwoyearslatershewaspurchasedbyCaptainHenriqueMendeswhorenamedherErnestinaandputherintheimmigranttradebetweentheUnitedStatesandthe
CapeVerdeIslands.ErnestinabecamethelastregularAtlanticsailingpacket,carryinggoodsandpassengersontwelve8,000mileroundtripsfromtheislandsto
southernNewEnglanduntil1965.In1982,theRepublicofCapeVerdegavetheschoonertotheCommonwealthofMassachusettstosymbolizethecloseties
betweenthetwolands,withthestipulationthatshebeusedforseafaringeducation.ErnestinawasfullyrestoredandcertifiedbytheU.S.CoastGuardasan
oceangoingsailingschoolvesseltoundertakeavarietyofseaeducationprograms.
Thomas,FastandAble.

Egypt
Passengerliner.L/B/D:499.8'54.3'24.5'(152.3m16.6m7.5m).Tons:7,941grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:335.Mach.:tripleexpansion,1screw,1,355nhp.
Built:CairdandCo.,Greenock,Scotland1897.
OnMay20,1922,theP&OpassengershipEgyptwasonaroutinevoyageboundfromLondonforBombaywithacomplementof335passengersandcrewunder
commandofCaptainAndrewCollyer.ShroudedindensefogoffArmenlight,atFinistre,France,shewasstruckamidshipsontheportsidebytheFrench
icebreakerSeine.TheFrenchship'sreinforcedbowsknifedthroughtheliner,whichsankinonly20minutes,takingwithher86passengersandcrewinposition48
10'N,530'W.Thelossoflifewastragic,butpublicinterestfocusedontheship'scargo,whichincluded8tonsofgoldingotsandcoins,and43tonsofsilver,valued
at1,058,879.Within10daysofthesinking,Lloyd'shadpaidoffontheinsuranceclaims.
Shortlythereafter,salvorsbegansearchingforthewreck,anarduousprocessthatlasteduntilAugust29,1930,whenCommanderGiovanniQuaglia,headofthe
SocietyforMaritimeRecovery(SORIMA),locatedtheshiplyingonanevenkeelabout25milessouthofUshant(4806'N,529'W).Despitethelossofmanyofhis
bestdivers(thecargoofamunitionsshiplyingatadepthof60feethaddestroyedtheirsalvageship,Artiglio),QuagliareturnedtotheEgyptsitethefollowingspring.
Theshiplayatadepthof400feetthegreatestdepthatwhichasalvageoperationhadyetbeenattemptedandtheonlypracticalwaytoenterthebullionroom
wastoblowapartthethreeupperdecksandremovethedebris.Theexplosivesandthegrabsandbucketsweremanipulatedfromthesurfaceunderthedirectionof
anobserverinapressurizedobservationchamberknownasanironduke.Workcontinuedthroughthefallof1931andresumedinMay1932.OnJune22,Quaglia's
teambroughtuptwogoldsovereigns,andfourdayslatertheteamarrivedinEnglandwith80,000ingoldbullion.Workcontinuedthrough1934,bywhichtimemost
ofthetreasurehadbeensalvaged.Proceedsfromtherecoveredtreasureweredividedamongthesalvorsandthevariousclaimants:SORIMAreceived50percent,
SandbergandSwinburne(whohadhiredSORIMAonanocure,nopaybasis),12.5percent,andtheLloyd'sunderwriters,37.5percent.
Gores,MarineSalvage.

ElHorria
(exMahroussa)Royalyacht(1f/2m).L/B/D:421.5'42.6'17.5'(128.5m13m5.3m).Tons:3,762grt.Hull:iron.Mach.:steamturbine,3screws,6,500
bhp15kts.Des.:O.Lang.Built:SamudaBrothers,Poplar,Eng.1865.
Oneoftheoldeststeamvesselsstillafloat,ElHorriawascommissionedfortheKhediveofEgyptastheroyalyachtMahroussa.Completedtenyearsafterthe
secondVICTORIAANDALBERT(andtoplansbythesamedesigner),sheremainedintheserviceoftheEgyptianroyalfamilyuntil1951.Hertwomostsignificant
alterationstookplacein1872,whenshewaslengthened40feet,andin1905whenhertwopaddlewheelswerereplacedwithtriplescrewspoweredbysteam
turbines,andanother16.5feetwereadded.FollowingtheabdicationofKingFarouk,Mahroussawastakenoverbythegovernmentforuseasanavaltrainingship
andrenamedElHorria.AlthoughshespentmostofhercareerintheeasternMediterranean,in1976,attheageof111,ElHorriasailedtoNewYorktotakepart
intheInternationalNavalReviewheldtocommemoratethebicentennialoftheUnitedStates.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Crabtree,RoyalYachtsofEurope.

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Imagenotavailable.
Originallyasidewheelpaddlesteamer,ELHORRIAhasundergonemanychangesin
designsinceherlaunchin1865.BuiltfortheEgyptianrulingfamily,shelaterserved
thegovernmentasatrainingship.CourtesyWrightandLogan,Portsea,England.

Elissa
(exPioneer,Christophoros,Acheos,Gustaf,Fjeld,Elissa)Bark(3m).L/B/D:155'28'10'(47.2m8.5m3m).Tons:411grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:40.
Built:AlexanderHall&Sons,Aberdeen,Scotland1877.
ThelonglivedbarkElissafirstputtoseaundertheBritishflagin1877,sailingforHenryF.WattofLiverpoolwhosailedtwiceashercaptainwithacargoof
coalforPernambuco,Brazil.Overthenexttwodecades,shespunherwebofcommercearoundtheworld,toportsinthePacific,Australia,SoutheastAsia,India,
andtheUnitedStates,includingtwicetoherpresenthomeinGalveston.OnherfinalvoyageundertheBritishflag,shewasenroutefromtheWestIndiestoFrance
withacargoofmahoganywhenshewastowedintoVentry,Ireland,aftersustainingseveredamageinFebruarygales.SoldtotheNorwegianfirmofBugge&Olsen
andrenamedFjeld,sheremainedinserviceasabarkforfourteenyears,whenshewassoldtoaSwede,CarlJohannson.RenamedGustaf,shewasriggeddownto
abarkentineandin1918shewasgivenanauxiliaryengine.Withaprogressivelysimplifiedrig,sheremainedinScandinavianwatersforthenextfortytwoyears,
changinghandsagainin1930,whenshecameundertheFinnishflagasamotorschooner.
In1960,theshipwassoldtoGreekinterestsandrenamedChristophorosandusedasamotorshipintheAegean.There,thefollowingyear,maritimearchaeologist
PeterThrockmortondiscoveredtheshiplyinginPiraeusandquicklyidentifiedthemastlesshullasthatofanineteenthcenturymerchantman.Sixyearslater,hetriedto
buytheship,nowrenamedAcheosandemployedasasmugglerintheAdriatic.Twoyearslater,Throckmortonrenewedhiseffortstobuytheshipandin1970,
thankstotheinvolvementofshippreservationistsfromaroundtheUnitedStates,particularlytheSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum'sKarlKortum,succeeded.Five
yearslater,theGalvestonHistoricalFoundationpurchasedElissa,andtheshipwascompletelyrestoredtoheroriginalrigandputtoseaagainundersailin1982.
Althoughsheisusedchieflyasadocksideattraction,ElissasailsseveraltimesayearintheGulfofMexico.In1986,shevisitedportsalongtheeasternseaboarden
routetoOperationSail/SalutetoLibertyinNewYork.
Rybka,''ElissaSails."Stanford,"Elissa:TheLongSeaCareer."

SMSEmden
Dresdenclasscruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:388'44.3'18'(118.3m13.5m5.5m).Tons:4,268disp.Comp.:378394.Arm.:1010.5cm,10mgs,85.2cm
218"TT.Mach.:steamturbines,16,350ihp,2screws24kts.Built:KaiserlicheWerft,Danzig,Germany1909.
NamedfortheEmsRivercity,thelightcruiserEmdenwascommissionedin1910andassignedtotheEastAsiaCruiserSquadronstationedatTsingtao.InAugust
1913,EmdenwaspartofafourpowerfleetdispatchedtoprotectU.S.,British,German,andJapaneseinterestsontheYangtzeRiver.AstheEuropeancrisis
approachedin1914,CaptainKarlvonMllertookEmdenoutofTsingtaoonJuly31WorldWarIbeganthenextday.IntheStraitofTsushima,Emdencaptured
theRussianmailboatRjasanonAugust4,andreturnedtoTsingtaotwodayslater.TheEastAsiaSquadronthenquitTsingtao,andonAugust12ViceAdmiral
MaximilianGrafvonSpeesteamedeastforhomewaterswithSCHARNHORST,GNEISENAU,andNrnberg.
EmdenandhersupplyvesselMarkomanniathreaded

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Imagenotavailable.
TheGermanlightcruiserSMSEMDENwreakedhavoconAlliedshippingintheIndian
OceanandEastIndiesduringthefirstthreemonthsofWorldWarI.Sheranaground
onNorthKeelingIslandduringanactionwithHMASSYDNEY,November9,1914.
CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

theirwaythroughtheDutchEastIndiesandintotheIndianOcean.IntheshippinglanesbetweenBurmaandIndia,EmdenbegancapturingAlliedshipping,sometimes
attherateoftwoshipsaday.OnSeptember21at2145,EmdenstoodaboutahalfmileoffshoreandshelledtheBurmaOilCompanygastanksinMadras.Aftera
quickvisittoDiegoGarciaonOctober9,whereshenarrowlymissedanencounterwiththearmoredcruiserHMSHAMPSHIREandthearmedmerchantcruiser
EMPRESSOFBRITAIN,sheresumedraiding.OnOctober21,EmdenranintoPenangandtorpedoedtheRussiancruiserYemtschuklaterthatdayshealsosank
theFrenchdestroyerMousquet.NextvonMllerdecidedtocutthetransoceaniccableattheCocosKeelingIslandnorthwestofAustralia.OnNovember9,a
detachmentofabout50menunderHellmuthvonMckelandedatDirectionIsland.Astheydestroyedtheradioshack,theradiooperatorsinformedthemthatthe
KaiserhadhonoredEmden'screwwithIronCrossestheoperatorsdidnotmentionthattheyhadreportedthenewsofEmden'sarrival.Bythistime,Emdenhad
seizedorsunk16merchantshipsandwastheobjectofasearchbymorethan75Alliedships.At0930,thearrivalofthecruiserHMASSYDNEYforcedEmdento
departwithoutthelandingparty.Emdenopenedfireat0940atarangeof5,600yards.SydneywasabletokeepoutofEmden'srange,andatabout1115the
helplessGermancruiserwasintentionallyrunagroundonNorthKeelingIsland.Emden'scasualtiesincluded141deadand65woundedSydneysuffered4deadand
12wounded.VonMckeandhislandingpartymanagedtostealthe97toncopraschoonerAyeshaandsailedtoPedang.Fromheretheymadetheirwayto
Istanbul.
Hoyt,LastCruiseofthe"Emden."

EmpressofBritain
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:790'97.4'(21.8m29.7m).Tons:42,348grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st465,tourist260,3rd470crew740.Mach.:gearedturbines,66,500
shp,4screws26.5kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1931.
FarandawaythelargestandfastestpassengershipeverbuiltfortheCanadianPacificLine,orforservicebetweenEuropeandCanada,EmpressofBritainmadean
impressiveshowinginherfirstyearofservice.OnhermaidenvoyagefromSouthamptontoQuebec,shecapturedthesocalledCanadianBlueRibandbysteaming
betweenCherbourgandFatherPointin4days,18hours,26minutesmorethan10hoursfasterthanthepreviousfastesttimesetbyEmpressofJapanin1929.
Hereastboundpassagewasonly17minutesslower.EmpressofBritaincontinuedtolowerthetimebetweenEuropeandCanadaoverherfirst6voyages,andin
1934madetheeastboundcrossingin4days,6hours,and58minutes,andthewestboundin4days,8hoursflat.Thisperformancewasparticularlysignificant
becauseitenabledCanadianPacifictoattractpassengersfromChicago,whichwasclosertoQuebecthanNewYork.LaunchedbythePrinceofWales(later
GeorgeVI),shewasanopulentshipbyanystandardandthefirsttohaveshiptoshoreradiotelephones.Hermachinerywasalsodesignedsothathertwooutboard
propellerscouldbedetachedwhilecruising,animportantsourceofrevenueduringthewintermonthsasthedepressioncutintoregularpassengertrade.
UpontheoutbreakofWorldWarII,allCanadianPacificshipswererequisitionedforgovernmentduty.OnNovember25,1939,EmpressofBritainbeganworkas
atroopship.HomewardboundfromCanadawithatotalof

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647peopleaboard,onOctober26,1940,shewasabout150milesnorthwestofIrelandwhenaGermanCondorreconnaissanceplaneflownbyLieutenantBernard
Jopeattackedtheshipandsetheronfirewithincendiarybombs.CaptainC.H.Sapsworthgavetheordertoabandonship,and598oftheship'scomplementwere
rescuedbynavalvessels.EmpressofBritainwastakenintowbythePolishdestroyerBursa,buttwodayslatershewastorpedoedbyU32(Lieutenant
CommanderHansJenisch)andsankinposition5516'N,950'W.Fourdaysafterthat,U32wassunkbyHMSHarvesterin5538'N,1215'Wwhiletryingto
shellthesmallfreighterBalzac.
Seamer,FloatingInferno.ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,CanadianPacific...Liner"EmpressofBritain."Turner,"EmpressofBritain."

EmpressofChina
(laterEdgar,Clara)Ship(3m).L/B/D:104.2'28.4'16'(31.8m8.7m4.9m).Tons:300500.Hull:wood.Comp.:53.Hull:wood.Arm.:109pdr,4
6pdr.Built:JohnPeck,Boston1783.
BuiltfortheBostonmerchantsBenjaminGuild,DanielParker,andothers,EmpressofChinabecamethefirstAmericanflagshiptosailtoChina.Theideaforsuch
anexpeditionwasoriginallysuggestedbyJohnLedyard,whohadsailedasamarinewithJamesCook'slastexpeditioninRESOLUTIONandDISCOVERY.
Ledyard'splaninvolvedcollectingfurpeltsinthePacificNorthwestforsaleinCanton.Tellinghisideatoanyonewhowouldlisten,heeventuallysecuredtheattention
ofRobertMorris,thePhiladelphiamerchantknownas"thefinancieroftheRevolution,"andwhoeventuallytookahalfinterestinEmpressofChina'svoyage.The
majorhurdlefacingAmericantraderswasthatthethirteencoloniesproducednothingofvaluetotheChinese,exceptginseng,arootthatgrewwildthroughoutthe
HudsonRiverValleyandthenortheastandwhichtheChineseregardedasindispensabletomedicine.(TheChineseknewaboutginsengbecauseitisalsonativeto
CentralAsia.)
Aftersecuringacargoof57,687pounds(29tons)ofginseng,$20,000insilver,and11pipesofwineandbrandy,togetherwithsomemiscellaneouswares,Empress
ofChinaleftNewYorkonFebruary22,1784GeorgeWashington'sbirthdayundercommandofCaptainJohnGreen.Sailingassupernumerary,or
merchant'srepresentative,wasMajorSamuelShaw,whowouldeventuallybecomethefirstU.S.consulinCanton.AftercallingintheCapeVerdeIslands,shesailed
south,hernextlandfallbeingtheislandofJava,whichshereachedattheendofJuly.ShefinallylandedatWhampoa,belowCantononthePearlRiver,onAugust28,
1784,afteravoyageof18,000milesand128days.EmpressofChinawasoneof34WesternshipstocallatCantonthatyear.Aftersellingtheircargofor
$291,000foraprofitof25percentto30percentthecrewloadedtea,gold,silk,andporcelainforthereturnvoyage,whichbeganonJanuary12,1785.On
March9,1785,theyarrivedatCapeTown,whereCaptainGreenwasinterviewedbythecaptainoftheSalemshipGRANDTURK.EmpressofChinafinally
reachedNewYorkonMay11,1785.
PurchasedbythePhiladelphiamerchanthouseofConstable,RuckerandCompanyinJuly,EmpressofChinamadeasecondvoyagetoCantonbetweenFebruary
1,1786,andMay4ofthefollowingyear.SoldtoWilliamMcIntoshandrenamedEdgar,shesailedtoBordeaux,andthenenteredregulartradebetweenNewYork
andBelfast.InMarch1790,shewassoldagain,toJohnShawofNewYork,andrenamedClara.OnFebruary24,1791,shesankinDublinBay.Therewasnoloss
oflife.
Smith,"EmpressofChina."

EmpressofIreland
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:570'66'(173.7m20.1m).Tons:14,191grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st310,2nd350,3rd800420crew.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,2
screws18kts.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Glasgow,Scotland1905.
ThehighspeedlinersEmpressofIrelandandhersistershipEmpressofBritain(1906)werethefirstshipsbuiltforthenewlyconsolidatedCanadianPacificLine.
TheEmpressclassshipshadthefinestaccommodationsoftheshipsrunningbetweenLiverpoolandQuebectheyalsomadestopsatSt.JohnandHalifax.OnMay
29,1914,EmpressofIrelandwasoutwardboundfromQuebecwith87firstclass,253secondclass,and717thirdclasspassengers.Shortlyafterdroppingthe
pilotnearRimouski,atabout0130onMay30,Empressspottedthe440foot6,028tonNorwegiancollierStorstadinwardboundabouteightmilesoff.Suddenly
engulfedinathickfog,thetwoshipsapproachedeachother.Despitelastminuteevasiveactionbybothvessels,StorstadhitEmpressamidships,andthelinersank
withinminutesin150feetofwaterinabout4830'N,6830E.Thelossoflifewashorrendous,withonly217passengersand248crewsurviving.TheStorstad
survivedthecollision,andanofficialinquiryfoundthecollierentirelytoblame.
VernonGibbs,PassengerLinersoftheWesternOcean.Wood,TillWeMeetAgain.

Page164

EmpressofJapan
(laterEmpressofScotland,Hanseatic)Liner(3f/2m).L/B:665.5'83.8'(203.1m25.5m).Tons:26,032grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st400,2nd164,3rd100,
500steerage.Mach.:steamturbines,2screws22kts.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1930.
Formedin1873tobuildatransCanadarailway,theCanadianPacificCompanyestablisheditsfirstservicebetweenVancouver,BritishColumbia,andYokohama,
Japan,thirteenyearslater.In1903,thecompanyinauguratedserviceontheNorthAtlantic,creatingawhollyBritishwestward"overland"routefromEuropetoAsia.
EmpressofJapanwasoneoftwentynineships"Empresses"builtforserviceonthePacificrun.AfterashakedownvoyagetoQuebecandback,shesailed
forVancouverviatheSuezCanalandHongKongin1930andenteredtranspacificservicein1931.ThefastestandmostluxuriouslinerinthePacific,theEmpressof
Japandominatedthetradethroughthe1930s.
InNovember1939,shewasrequisitionedasatroopshipandsailedbetweenAustraliaandEurope.FollowingJapan'sentryintoWorldWarII,hernamewas
changedtotheEmpressofScotland.Whenfinallyreleasedfromwarrelateddutiesin1948,shewasrefittedforpassengerserviceontheNorthAtlantic,sailing
betweenLiverpool,Quebec,andMontreal.Sheremainedinthisserviceuntil1957,whenshewasacquiredbyHamburgAtlanticLineandrenamedHanseatic.She
emergedfromarefitwithonlytwomasts.ForthenexteightyearsshesailedbetweenCuxhaven,LeHavre,Southampton,andNewYork.Badlydamagedbyfirein
NewYorkinSeptember1966,shewastowedbacktoHamburgandscrapped.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

Enchantress
Brig.Hull:wood.Comp.:14.Built:Baltimore<1861.
OnJune28,1861,theConfederateprivateerbrigJeffersonDavis(exPutnam)sailedfromCharleston,SouthCarolina,tocruiseagainstNorthernmerchantmen.
OneofherprizeswasthebrigEnchantress,boundfromBostontoSantiagodeCubawithgeneralcargo.Theshipwasseizedin3852'N,6915'W(about300
mileseastofDelaware)andaprizecrewwasputaboardforthereturntoCharleston.Theonlymemberoftheoriginalcrewtoremainwastheblackcook,Jacob
Garrick.OnJuly22,theshipwasbeingfollowedbyUSSAlbatrossoffHatterasInletwhenGarrickleapedintotheseaandbeganshoutingthatthevesselwasa
Confederateprize.Theship'smasterWilliamSmithhadnochoicebuttosurrender,andheandthecrewofthirteenwerebroughttoPhiladelphia.
TheLincolnadministrationrefusedtorecognizeeithertheConfederategovernmentor,byextension,lettersofmarquesignedbyPresidentJeffersonDavisfor
Confederateprivateers,andSmithandhismenweretriedforpiracy,acapitaloffense.Inanticipationofsuchamove,theConfederateCongressgrantedDavis
sweepingpowerstoretaliate,andwhenSmithandfourofhiscrewweresentencedtodie,heorderedahighrankingUnionofficertransferredfromaprisonerofwar
camptoacommonprison,"tobetreatedinallrespectsasif[aconvictedfelon],andtobeheldforexecutioninthesamemannerasmaybeadoptedbytheenemyfor
theexecutionoftheprisonerofwarSmith."InFebruary1862,LincolnreluctantlyremandedSmithandhisconfederatestoaprisonerofwarcamp.Laterexchanged
forUnionPOWs,theyreturnedtogreatacclaiminCharleston.
Robinson,ConfederatePrivateers.

HMSEndeavour
(exEarlofPembroke,laterLaLibert)Catbark(3m).L/B/D:97.6'29.3'11.3'dph(29.7m8.9m3.4m).Tons:369tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:8594.
Arm.:64pdr,8swivels.Built:Fishburn,Whitby,Eng.1764.
In1768LieutenantJamesCookwasinvitedtocommandanexpeditiontotheSouthSeassponsoredbytheRoyalSociety.(TheSocietysoughttheappointmentof
AlexanderDalrymple,buttheAdmiraltypreferredCook.)Thevoyagehadatwofoldmission.ThefirstwastovisitTahititoobserve(onJune3,1769)thetransitof
Venusacrossthesun,"aphenomenonthatmust...contributegreatlytotheimprovementofastronomy,onwhichnavigationsomuchdepends."Thesecondmission
wastodeterminewhethertherewas,assuggestedbyearlierPortugueseandDutchnavigators,agreatsoutherncontinent,orTerraAustralis.TheAdmiralty'schoice
ofshipforwhatwouldturnouttobethefirstofCaptainJamesCook'sthreeexpeditionstothePacificOceanwasabluffbowedNorthSea"catbuiltbark"the
nameidentifiesthehullmodelthevesselwasshipriggedwhichwasbuiltoriginallyasacollier.AlthoughtheNavyBoardhadearlierconsideredHMSROSEand
Tryal,thetypewaswellknowntoCook,whohadfirstgonetoseainjustsuchships."FromtheknowledgeandexperiencethatIhavehadofthesesort[sic]of
vessels,"helaterwrote,"Ishallalwaysbeoftheopinionthatonlysucharepropertobesentondiscoveriestodistantparts.''

Page165

RenamedEndeavourandreriggedasaship(althoughshewasreferredtoas"H.M.Bark,"todistinguishherfromanothernavyshipofthesamename),Endeavour
sailedfromPlymouthonAugust25,1768.HerdistinguishedcompanyincludedthenaturalistsJosephBanksandDanielSolander,aswellasSecondLieutenantsJohn
GoreandCharlesClerke,bothveteransofHMSDOLPHIN.AftercallingatMadeira(September12),RiodeJaneiro(November14),andtheBayofGood
SuccessinLeMaireStrait(January15,1769),sheenteredthePacificandarrivedatTahitionApril13.Cook'screwestablishedgoodrelationswiththeTahitians
whohadentertainedthecrewsofBougainville'sLABOUDEUSEandL'Etoiletheyearbeforeandremainedontheislandforthreefullmonths.Whentheyfinally
sailed,theship'scompanyhadbeenaugmentedbyaTahitiannamedTupaiaandhisservant,Taiata.AftercallingelsewhereintheSocietyIslands(sonamed,asthey
laycontiguoustooneanother),theysailedsouthandthenwest,andlandedontheNorthIslandofNewZealandonOctober9.Inthecourseofsixmonths,
EndeavourestablishedthatNewZealandconsistedoftwomainislandsbothofwhichwerecircumnavigatedseparatedbyCookStrait,anamedsuggestedby
Banks.AbandoninghissearchforTerraAustralis,onMarch31,1770,CookweighedanchorandsailedduewestacrosstheTasmanSea,hopingtosailintothe
IndianOceanviaVanDiemen'sLand(nowcalledTasmaniaforAbelTasmanwhoseHEEMSKERCKandZeehaencalledtherein1642).
TheonsetofwinterdroveEndeavouroffcourse,andonApril19,theshiparrivedoffNewHolland(Australia).Ninedayslater,EndeavourenteredBotanyBay
(justsouthofmodernSydney),whichtheynamed"forthegreatquantityofNewPlants&ca"collectedthereoverthenextweek.EndeavoursailedagainonMay6,
skirtingthecoastofAustraliauntilJune10,whentheshipwasholedontheGreatBarrierReefnearCapeTribulation(1547'S,14534'E)."Thiswas,"wroteCook,
"analarmingandImaysayterribleCircumstanceandthreatendimmidiatedestructiontousassoonastheShipwasafloat.''Ittooktwodaystofreetheship,andthe
leakwasonlystoppedbyfothering,thatis,drawingasailimpregnatedwithoakumundertheship'sbottomtostoptheleak.Ninedayslater,Cooklandedatwhatis
nowCooktown.Repairstotheshiplastedsixweeks,duringwhichLieutenantGoreshotandstuffedakangaroo.AfterclaimingNewHollandfortheBritishCrown,
CooksailedEndeavourthroughtheTorresStrait,stoppingatSavuIsland(westofTimor),andthensailingontotheDutchentreptatBatavia(nowJakarta).There,
thankstoan"electricalchain"Cookorderedsetupforthepurpose,EndeavoursurvivedaboltoflightningthatdidseriousdamagetoaDutchEastIndiaman.The
restofthestaywasplaguedwithdifficulty.FurtherrepairstoEndeavour'shullandragingfeveranddysenteryamongtheship'scompanysevenofwhomdied,
includingTupaiaandTaiatakepttheshipatBataviauntilDecember26,1770.ThevoyageacrosstheIndianOceansawthedeathof23ofthecrewfromdisease
contractedintheEastIndies.EndeavouranchoredatCapeTownfromMarch15toApril14,1771,sailedforSt.Helena(May14),andanchoredintheDownson
July12,1771,afteracircumnavigationlastingtwoyears,ninemonths,andfourteendays.Cookwasnotlongathome.Havingdepositedthe"curiosities"gatheredin
hisfirstepicvoyagewithJosephBanks,wholaterleftthemtotheBritishMuseum,hewaspromotedtotherankofcommanderandinJuly1772hesailedagainfor
thePacificwithRESOLUTIONandADVENTURE.Hislast,illfatedvoyage,withResolutionandDISCOVERY,beganin1776.
FollowingarefitatWoolwich,EndeavourmadefourvoyagestotheFalklandIslandsandwaspaidoffinSeptember1774.SoldoutofthenavyonMarch7,1775,
EndeavoursailedonceagainasaNorthSeacollierforfifteenyears.ItisbelievedthatshewaspurchasedbyFrenchinterestin1790,andasLaLibertsailedwitha
cargoofoilforNewport,RhodeIsland.Afterseveralmonthsintheportawaitingacargo,sheranagroundandbrokeupinNarragansettBay.
Cook,JournalsofJamesCook.Knight,"H.M.BarkEndeavour."McGowan,"CaptainCook'sShips."

Endurance
Barkentine(1f/3m).L/B:144'25'(43.9m7.5m).Tons:300grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:28.Mach.:steam,350hp,1screw10.2kts.Des.:AanderudLarsen.
Built:FramnaesMek.Verstad,Sandefjord,Norway1912.
ShortlyafterRoaldAmundsenledthefirstexpeditiontotheSouthPolein191112,SirErnestHenryShackletonstartedplanningtheImperialTransAntarctic
Expedition.AveteranofRobertFalconScott'sHMSDISCOVERY,andleaderoftheBritishImperialAntarcticExpeditioninNIMROD,Shackletonchoseashis
shipanewbarkentinebuiltfortouristcruisesintheArctic.(OneofheroriginalownerswasAdriendeGerlache,captainofBELGICAwhenthatshipwasthefirstto
winterinAntarctica.)ShackletonintendedtolandwithsixmenatVahselBayontheWeddellSea,andfromtheremarchviatheSouthPoletoMcMurdoSound,
wheretheywouldrendezvouswiththeshipAurora.
OnAugust8,1914,threedaysafterBritainentered

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Imagenotavailable.
"Shewasdoomed:noshipbuiltbyhumanhandscouldhavewithstood
thestrain.Iorderedallhandsoutonthefloe."SowroteSirErnest
HenryShackletonofthebarkentineENDURANCE,theshipfromwhich
hehadplannedtolaunchtheImperialTransAntarcticExpeditionin1914.
Herlossthenextyear,afterbeing"nipped"intheice,wasfollowedbyone
ofthemostprolongedandbrilliantrescuesintheannalsofexploration.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

WorldWarI,EndurancesailedfromPlymouthviaMadeiratoBuenosAires,fromwhichtheydepartedonOctober26.AfterseveralweeksattheGrytvikenwhaling
stationonSouthGeorgia,onDecember11Enduranceenteredthepackiceattheunexpectedlylowparallelof59S.Thecompanymaneuveredthroughtheicefor
about1,000milesuntilJanuary19,1915,whenEndurancestuckfastin7630'S,3130'W,withinsightofthecontinentandonlysixtymilesfromherintended
destination.Atthemercyoftheice,theshipdriftedforninemonths,firstwestalongtheLuitpoldCoastandthennorthagainparalleltotheAntarcticPeninsula.Theice
begantorelaxitsgripduringJuly,butoverthenextfewmonths,Endurancewassobatteredandstrainedbytheicethat,asShackletonwrote,onOctober27,1915,
"Shewasdoomed:noshipbuiltbyhumanhandscouldhavewithstoodthestrain.Iorderedallhandsoutonthefloe."
Thecrewabandonedshipin695'S,5130'W,takingoffstoresandsupplies,includingthreeoftheship'sboatsnamedJamesCraig,DudleyDocker,and
StancombWills,forcontributorstotheexpeditionthedogs,and150glassplatenegativesofpicturestakenbyFrankHurley.Thepartycampedneartheruined
ship(whichfinallysankonNovember21)anddriftednorthonthepackiceuntilApril9,1916,whentherewasenoughopenwaterforthemtotaketotheirboats.
Rowingandsailingbyday,andsleepingonortieduptoicefloesbynight,theyworkedtheirwaytowardsuninhabitedElephantIsland,wheretheylandedonApril
15.
Neveronetositstillifhecouldhelpit,ShackletondeterminedtosailJamesCraigat22feetlongby6feet6inchesbroad,thebiggestofthethreeboatsto
SouthGeorgia,andheorderedtheship'scarpentertomaketheboatsomewhatmoreseaworthybytheadditionofacanvasdeck.OnApril24,sixofthemenbegan
the700milepassagethroughsomeoftheroughestandleastknownseasontheplanet.Sailingmoreorlessbydeadreckoning,theybroughttheirboatintoKing
HaakonBayonthesouthsideofSouthGeorgiaIslandonMay10.Havingrestedafewdays,ShackletontookCaptainFrankWorsleyandSecondOfficerTom
Creanwithhimforthe20miletrekoverunchartedmountainsandsnowfieldstowardsthewhalingstationatStromness,whichtheyreachedonMay20,after36
hours.Thenextday,thewhalecatcherSamsonrescuedtheotherthreemenandJamesCraig,onthesouthsideoftheisland,whileShackletontookawhalerto
rescuethemenonElephantIsland.Unfortunatelythepackicewastoothickandhewasforcedback.SeveralmonthsoffalseleadsintheFalklandIslandsandLatin
AmericaensuedbeforehewasabletosecuretheuseoftheChileanlighthousetenderYelchoatPuntaArenas.OnAugust25,theydepartedtheStraitofMagellan,
andafterfivedaysShackleton,Worsley,andCreanarrivedatElephantIsland,128daysaftertheirdepartureforSouthGeorgia.AsShackletonwrotetohiswifeon
theirreturntoPuntaArenas,"Ihavedoneit...NotalifelostandwehavebeenthroughHell."
Thoughhehadfailedinhispurpose,Shackleton'sdeterminationandingenuityontheEnduranceexpeditionearnedhimauniqueplaceinthehistoryofexploration.In
thewordsofSirEdmundHillary,"ForscientificdiscoverygivemeScottforspeedandefficiencygivemeAmundsenbutwhendisasterstrikesandallhopeisgone,
getdownonyourkneesandprayforShackleton."JamesCairdispreservedatDulwichCollege,Shackleton'salmamater.
Huntford,Shackleton.Shackleton,South.

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USSEngland(DE635)
Buckleyclassdestroyerescort(1f/1m).L/B/D:306'37'9.4'(93.3m11.3m2.9m).Tons:1,400disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:186.Arm.:33",11.1",8
20mm321"TT8dcp,1dcp/hh,2dct.Mach.:turboelectric,12,000shp,2shafts24kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,SanFrancisco1943.
NamedforJohnC.England,anensignkilledaboardthebattleshipUSSOklahoma(BB37)atPearlHarbor,USSEnglandfirstoperatedoutofEspirituSantoin
March1944.UnderCommanderW.R.Pendleton,onMay18shesortiedwithUSSHaggardandFrankstosearchforJapanesesubmarinesdeployedtoprevent
theAmericanfleetfromadvancingontheMarianaIslands.Overthenextthirteendays,EnglandsanksixJapanesesubmarines:I16,onMay19(510'S,15817'E)
RO106,May22(140'S,15031'E)RO104,May23(126'S,14920'E)RO116,May24(0053'S,14914'E)andRO108,May26(0032'S,14835'E).
AfterreplenishingherdepthchargesatManus,onMay31,shehelpedsinkRO105(0047'S,14935'E).Reflectingonthisrecord,ChiefofNavalOperations
AdmiralErnestJ.Kingannounced,"There'llalwaysbeanEnglandintheUnitedStatesNavy!"EnglandresumeddutyasanescortuntilApril1945whenshetook
upstationnearKeramaRetto,southofOkinawa.OnMay9,akamikazehitjustbelowthebridgekilled37crewandinjured25.ShereturnedtoPhiladelphiainJuly
andwassoldin1946.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

EnglishRoseIII
Yorkshiredory.L/B:20'5.3'(6.1m1.6m).Hull:wood.Comp.:2.Built:BradfordBoatServices,Bradford,Yorkshire,Eng.1966.
In1966,BritishParachuteRegimentCaptainJohnRidgewaylearnedofaplanbyDavidJohnstonetorowfromtheUnitedStatestoEnglandinaboatcalledPuffin.
Inspiredtodothesame,hepurchaseda20footYorkshiredorymodeledontheseaworthyCapedoriesusedbyGrandBanksfishermen.OnJune4,1966,at1730,
heandhisregimentalcomradeSergeantChayBlyth(anoviceoarsman)pulledawayfromOrleans,Massachusetts,onCapeCod.Althoughtheycarriedprovisionsfor
abouttwomonths,theirprogresswasslowerthanexpected:tendaysouttheywereovertakenbyHurricaneAlma,andtwodayslatertheywereonly120milesfrom
CapeCod.Althoughtheymetseveralshipsenroute,theyboardedonlyone,thetankerHaustellum,whichtheymetonAugust4,inabout46N,23W.On
September3,EnglishRoseIIIfinallylandedatKilronanPier,Inishmore,oneoftheAranIslandsoffGalway,Ireland,havingrowed3,500milesin91days.The
bookthatresultedfromtheireffortisafrankassessmentofthephysicalandmentaltollthatsuchunrelentinglaborexactedonthetwomen.Tragically,Johnstone's
Puffinwaslaterfoundoverturnedinmidatlantic.In1969,Blythattemptedtobethefirstsailortocompleteasolo,nonstopcircumnavigationoftheworldinDysticus
(theGoldenGlobewaswonbyRobinKnoxJohnstoninSUHAILI),andin197071,hesailedBRITISHSTEELonanonstopcircumnavigationfromeasttowest.
Ridgway&Blyth,FightingChance.

USSEnterprise
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:84.6'lod22.5'10'dph(25.8m6.9m3m).Tons:135bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:70.Arm.:126pdr.Built:HenrySpencer,Eastern
Shore,Md.1799.
Thethirdshipofthename,USSEnterprisewasbuiltduringtheQuasiWarwithFrance.OnherfirstcruiseshesailedtotheCaribbeanunderLieutenantJohnShaw,
andbytheendofthewarshehadcapturedeightFrenchprivateersandfreedelevenU.S.merchantmen.Inthesummerof1801,Enterprisejoinedthe"Squadronof
Observation"senttotheMediterraneantoprotectAmericanshippingfromtheBarbarycorsairsofNorthAfrica.Althoughshealternatedbetweenassignmentsasa
dispatchvessel,convoyescort,andblockadeship,shefoughtanumberofTripolitanvesselsinsingleshipengagementsandparticipatedinthebombardmentof
Tripolitanforts.Mostnotable,onDecember23,1803,EnterpriseandCONSTITUTIONcapturedtheTripolitanketchMastico,whichwastakenintothesquadron
asUSSINTREPID.Rearmedwith12pdr.gunsatVenicein1804,EnterpriseremainedintheMediterraneanuntilthewinterof1807.
Laidupfrom1809to1811,afterserviceontheEastCoast,Enterprisewasrefittedasabrigandarmedwithfourteen18pdr.carronadesandtwo9pdr.longs,
puttingtoseajustbeforethestartoftheWarof1812.OnSeptember5,1813,offPortland,Maine,shefoughtHMbrigBoxer(12guns),whichshetookina45
minuteactionthatresultedinthedeathofbothcommanders,LieutenantWilliamBurrowsandBoxer'sCaptainSamuelBlyth.EnterprisenextsailedtotheCaribbean
incompanywithUSSRattlesnake,butthetwowereforcedtoseparateinthefaceofamoreheavilyarmedopponent,andEnterprisereturnedtoWilmington,North
Carolina,havingjettisonedmostofhergunstoavoidcapture.

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EnterprisespenttheremainderofthewarasaguardshipatCharleston.AfterfourmonthswiththenewlyformedMediterraneanSquadronin1815,shesailedonthe
WestIndiesStationoperatingagainstsmugglersandslaversuntilJuly9,1823,whenshestrandedandbrokeuponLittleCuraaoIsland.
Culver,FortyFamousShips.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSEnterprise(CV6)
Yorktownclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:809.5'83'(86'ew)21.5'(246.7m25.3m(26.2m)6.6m).Tons:25,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,919.Arm.:72
aircraft85"(81),161.1",2420mm.Armor:4"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,120,000shp,4shafts32.5kts.Built:NewportNews
Shipbuilding&DryDockCo.NewportNews,Va.1939.
OneoftwoYORKTOWNclassaircraftcarriers,USSEnterprisewastheseventhshipofthename.Popularlyknownas"TheBigE,"shewasassignedtothe
PacificFleetshortlyaftercommissioning.OnDecember7,1941,shehadjustdeliveredaMarineairsquadrontoWakeIslandwhentheJapaneseattackedPearl
Harbor.Sortiesfromthecarrier,stillatsea,failedtolocatetheJapanesefleet,butonDecember10,herplanessankthesubmarineI170northeastofOahu,in
position2345'N,15535'W.
Enterprisespenttheearlymonthsof1942inconvoyoperationstoSamoaandraidsonJapanesestrongholdsintheMarshallIslands.InApril,sheescortedUSS
HORNETfortheDoolittleraidonJapan.ThetwocarrierswerethensenttosupportUSSLEXINGTONandYORKTOWNattheBattleoftheCoralSea,which
wasoverbeforetheyarrived.RecalledtoPearlHarbor,onMay30EnterprisesailedasflagshipofRearAdmiralRaymondA.Spruance'sTaskForce16(including
Hornet,sixcruisers,andtendestroyers)asitsortiedtomeetViceAdmiralChuichiNagumo'sFirstAirFleet,thenapproachingMidway.Nagumosuccessfully
launchedoneattackontheisland,butashepreparedasecond,theU.S.carriers(nowaugmentedbyUSSYORKTOWN)launchedatorpedoplaneattackthatlost
allbut6of46planesandinflictedlittledamageontheenemy.ButtheJapanesecombatairpatrolhadbeenforceddowntolowaltitudeandtheairpatrolwas
unpreparedwhendivebombersfromEnterpriseandYorktownstruckfrom18,000feetat1030.Withinthreeminutes,thecarriersKAGA,AKAGI,andSORYU
hadbeenputoutofoperation,andallthreeeventuallysank,asdidHiryuandthecruiserMikuma,togetherwith250planesand2,200airmenandcrew.Althoughthe
UnitedStateslostYorktownandthedestroyerHammann,MidwayturnedthetideofthePacificwardecisivelyinfavoroftheUnitedStates.
ReturningtothesouthwestPacific,EnterprisejoinedTaskForce61fortheAugust7MarinelandingsonGuadalcanalandTulagiatthestartofOperation
Watchtower.TherefollowedtheBattleoftheEasternSolomons(August24),whereEnterpriselost74crewkilledand95woundedtothreeenemybombs.After
repairsatPearlHarbor,sherejoinedTaskForce61andHornetintimefortheBattleoftheSantaCruzIslandsonOctober26,whereherplanessankViceAdmiral
N.Kondo'sZUIHO.Although44ofEnterprise'screwwerekilledbybomberslaunchedfromZUIKAKUandJunyo,damagetotheshipwasnotsevere,andshe
landedanumberofHornet'splaneswhenHornetwastorpedoed.AfterhastyrepairsatNouma,shereturnedtotheSolomonsforthethreedayNavalBattleof
Guadalcanal.OnNovember13,planesfromEnterprisesankthebattlecruiserHiei,damagedinactionthedaybefore,amongseveralotherships.Enterprisealso
tookpartintheBattleofRennellIsland,onJanuary30,1943,remainingintheSolomonsthroughthespringbeforeareturntotheWestCoastforrepairs.
"TheBigE"wasbackonactivedutyintimeforthenextbigpushacrossthecentralPacific:thelandingsintheGilbertIslandsonNovember20,andintheMarshall
IslandsinlateJanuaryandFebruary1944,andraidsontheJapanesefleetanchorageatTruk,CarolineIslands.There,onFebruary17,shelaunchedthefirstcarrier
based,radardirectednightbombingoperation.HernextmajorassignmentswereinsupportofthelandingsatHollandia,NewGuinea,onApril21and,twomonths
later,thestruggleforSaipan,Guam,andTinianintheMarianaIslands.Forthecarrierforces,thehighlightofthatoperationwasthemomentousBattleofthePhilippine
SeaonJune19.InwhatbecameknownastheGreatMarianasTurkeyShoot,ViceAdmiralJisaburoOzawa'sFirstMobileFleetlostthecarriersTaihoand
SHOKAKU(bothtosubmarines)aswellas426carrierplanesandtheirreplaceablepilotswhoflewthem.AfterarespiteatPearlHarbor,Enterpriseundertook
raidsagainstJapanesepositionsfromtheVolcanoandBoninIslandsinthenorth,tothePalausinthesouthandthePhilippinesinthewest.
DuringtheinvasionofthePhilippines,onOctober2021morethan130,000troopslandedatLeyteGulf.IntheensuingBattleoftheSibuyanSea,oneoffournaval
engagementsthatmadeuptheBattleforLeyteGulf(theothersweretheBattleofSurigaoStrait,theBattleoffSamar,andtheBattleoffCapeEngao),planesfrom
AdmiralMarcMitscher'sTaskForce38includingEnterprise,Cabot,ESSEX,FRANKLIN,INTREPID,andLEXINGTONflewwestfromthePhilippine
Seaacross

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LuzontoattackshipsofViceAdmiralTakeoKurita'sCenterForceintheSibuyanSea.TheretheysankthehugebattleshipMUSASHIandpreventedKuritafrom
joiningotherunitsoftheJapanesecounteroffensive.
EnterpriseremainedinthePhilippinesthroughDecemberwhenshereturnedbrieflytoPearlHarbor.Returningatthestartof1945,shetookpartinoperationsagainst
JapaneseshippingintheSouthChinaSeabetweenIndochina,theChinesecoast,andFormosa.FromFebruary10,1945,EnterprisebegantofocusontheJapanese
HomeIslands,launchingraidsagainsttargetsonKyushu,Honshu,andintheSeaofJapan.HerplanesalsosupportedthelandingsonIwoJimafromFebruary19until
March9,atonepointkeepingaircraftaloftfor174hoursstraight.ProceedingnexttoOkinawa,onMarch18shewashitbyabombthatforcedherbacktoUlithifor
repairs.Backonstationforonlysixdays,onApril11akamikazeknockedheroutofcommissionagainuntilMay6.Sevendayslater,asecondkamikazedestroyed
herforwardelevator,killing14ofhercrewandwounding34.EnterpriseputbacktoPugetSoundforrepairs,whichlasteduntilwar'send.
FollowingworkbringingtroopshomefromEuropeinOperationMagicCarpet,Enterprisewasinactivatedin1946anddecommissionedonFebruary17,1947.In
1958shewassoldandbrokenupatKearny,NewJersey.
Ewing,USS"Enterprise,"Stafford,BigE.

ENZANewZealand
(exTag)Catamaran(1m).L/B/D:97'42'6.8'(29.6m12.8m2.1m).Tons:10tons.Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:8.Des.:NigelIrens&DavidAlanWilliams.
Built:Canadair,Montreal1984.
OriginallybuiltforMikeBirch,thecatamaranTagwasselectedbyRobinKnoxJohnstonandPeterBlakefortheirattempttowintheJulesVerneTrophy,announced
forthefirstboattocircletheworldundersailinlessthan80days.TheireffortwassponsoredbytheNewZealandAppleandPearMarketingBoard,andTagwas
renamedENZANewZealandthebrandnameENZAisanacronymforEatNewZealandApples.In1993,threeboatssetoutinquestofthetrophy.UnderOlivier
deKersauson,CharalleftBrestonJanuary22,andBrunoPeyron'sCommodoreExplorer(exJetServicesV)andEnzasailedincompanyonJanuary31.Inmid
February,bothCharalandEnzawereforcedoutoftheraceafterhittingsubmergedobjectsandlimpingbacktoCapeTown.OnApril20,CommodoreExplorer
claimedthetrophyafterreturningtoBrestin79days,6hours,15minutes.
Enzahadbeenlengthenedfivefeetin1992andshewasgivenanothersevenfeetforhersecondtry.OnJanuary16,1994,withacrewofeight,shedepartedBrestin
companywithLyonnaisedesEauxDumez(theoldCharal).Enzaloggedover400milesadayforthefirstfortnight,andonday6shecoveredarecord520.9miles
in24hours.Thespeedwasphenomenalandsowastheattendantnoise,whichKnoxJohnstondescribedas"somewhatakintoridingasubwaywitheightfirehoses
trainedontheoutside."Onday35theywereabreastofNewZealand.In1969,KnoxJohston'sSUHAILIhadtaken161daystogothesamedistance.Althoughshe
ranunderbarepolesoffCapeHorn,EnzaenteredtheAtlanticseveralhundredmilesaheadofLyonnaise.OnApril1,EnzapassedUshanthavinglogged26,395
milesin74days,22hours,17minutes,atanaveragespeedof14.7knots,or325milesperday.Lyonnaisefinishedlessthanthreedaysbehind,withatimeof77
days,5hours,3minutes.In1997,Kersauson's90foottrimaran,SportElec,circumnavigatedtheglobein71days,14hours,2minutes.
KnoxJohnston,BeyondJulesVerne.Lewis&Levitt,AroundtheWorldinSeventyNineDays.

EppletonHall
Steampaddletugboat(1f/1m).L/B/D:100.5"21'(33.3'ew)10'(30.63m10.13m3.05m).Tons:166grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:sideleversteam,500hp,
sidewheels.Built:Hepple&Co.,SouthShields,Eng.1914.
Namedfora"plainsquarebuildingofthetimeofCharlestheFirst"inYorkshire,thesidewheelsteamtugEppletonHallwasoriginallybuiltforLambtonCollieries,
Ltd.ShespentthefirstandlongestpartofhercareerontheRiverWearandthenwasacquiredbyFrench,Fenwick,Wear&Tyne,Ltd.,forworkontheRiverTyne.
SheallbutendedherdayswiththeSeahamHarborDockCompanywhosoldhertoClaytonandDavies,Shipbreakers,in1968,andpreparedherforscrapping.
ThefollowingyearagroupofSanFranciscoshippreservationists,includingSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum'sKarlKortumandthenewspaperpublisherScott
Newhall,learnedthatthelastworkingsteampaddletugintheworld,Reliant,wasabouttogooutofservice.NewhallflewtoNewcastletobuythetug,onlytolearn
thatshehadbeenpromisedtotheNationalMaritimeMuseum,whointendedtocutherupfordisplayindoorsatGreenwich.Newhallofferedtotradetheworking
ReliantforthederelictEppletonHall,buttherewasnointerest.Asubsequentcloakanddaggerattempttobuythe

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Imagenotavailable.
Withsideleverpaddlewheelenginesofadesignlittle
changedfromtheearliestsuchenginesofthe1820s,
theBritishpaddletugEPPLETONHALLwasbuiltin
1914.ThesagaofherrestorationandpassagetoSan
Franciscoisacredittotheindomitablespiritofship
preservationists.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,
GoldenGateNationalRecreationArea,SanFrancisco.

shipoutfromundertheNationalMaritimeMuseumendedinaconfrontationwithofficialsfromScotlandYard.
TheonlyalternativewastotakeEppletonHall,"halfsunk,filledwithmud,gutted,"restoreher,obtainaseagoingcertificate,andsteamher11,000milestoSan
Francisco.AsNewhalldescribesthescene,
Theship...hadbeencompletelydisemboweled.Allthewoodworkhadbeenburnedout,preparatorytocuttingthevesselapart.Thedeckframeswerewarped.Thepaddlefloats
andpaddleboxeshadbeeneitherrottedorburned.Theengineswerecoveredwithscumandrust,butwerevaguelyintact.AndtheEppletonHall'sbottomwasfullofwater.

Nonetheless,willingandableworkmenatR.B.Harrison&Son,Ltd.,completedtherefitinfourmonths.Theengineswerereassembled,newpaddlefloatsinstalled,
paddleboxesbuilt,deckframesfitted,andasteelplateinsertedtostiffenherfortheoceanpassagesforwhichshewasneverintended.Afterconsiderabledebatewith
theBoardofTrade,EppletonHallwasclassifiedasayacht,embarkedfourteencrew,andsteamedoutofNewcastleonSeptember18,1969.
TheensuingvoyagetoSanFranciscotookEppletonHalldownthecoastofEurope,islandhoppingthroughtheMadeiras,Canaries,andCapeVerdes,acrosstothe
northcoastofSouthAmerica,throughthePanamaCanalandupthecoastofMexicoandtheUnitedStates.Thepassagelastedsixmonthsandsevendays,during
whichsheenduredbreakdownsandseverestorms,landedanillcrewmaninGuatemala,and,aptly,towedanenginelessfishingboatintoSanDiego.Hertriumphant
entryintoSanFranciscoBaysignaledthesuccessfulconclusionofoneofthemostdramaticshippreservationeffortsever.TodayEppletonHallistheonlysteamtug
preservedoutsideofEurope.OwnedbytheSanFranciscoMaritimeNationalHistoricalPark,shestillsteamsunderherownpoweronSanFranciscoBay.
Newhall,"EppletonHall."

HMSErebus
Heclaclassbombvessel(3m).L/B/D:105'28.5'13.8'(32m8.7m4.2m).Tons:372bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:67.Arm.:113"mortar,110"mortar,2
6pdr,824pdr.Des.:SirHenryPeake.Built:PembrokeDockyard,Wales1826.
NamedfortheentrancetoHadesinGreekmyth,Erebuswasabarkriggedvesselwithaprimaryarmamentoftwomortarsweighingthreetonseach.Aftertwoyears
intheMediterranean,shewasadaptedforworkinpolarwatersandsailedtotheAntarcticunderaMr.Rice.In1839shecameundercommandofJamesClark
Ross,aveteranofArcticexpeditionsinISABELLA,HMSHECLA,andVICTORY.Ross'sprimarymissionwastostudyterrestrialmagnetismandlocatetheSouth
MagneticPole,aswellastoundertakeoceanographic,botanical,andzoologicalobservations.
ErebusandTERROR(underFrancisR.M.Crozier)sailedfromChathamonSeptember30,1839,andafterstopsatportsofcallintheAtlanticandIndianOceans,
notablySimon'sBay,SouthAfrica,andKerguelenIsland,theyarrivedatHobart,Tasmania,inAugust1840.TheshipsdepartedforAntarcticaonNovember12and
encounteredicetwodaysafterChristmas.OnNewYear'sDay1841theycrossedtheAntarcticCirclesouthofNewZealand.Theshipsforcedtheirwaysouthward
throughthepackiceuntilJanuary9,whentheyreachedopenwaternowknownastheRossSeain6828'S,17631'E.RoaldAmundsen,wholedthefirst
grouptoreachtheSouthPole,wrote:
Fewpeopleofthepresentday[1912]arecapableofrightlyappreciatingthisheroicdeed,thisbrilliantproofofhumancourageandenergy.Withtwoponderouscraftregular
"tubs"accordingtoourideasthesemensailedrightintotheheartofthepack,whichallpreviousexplorershadregardedascertaindeath...Thesemenwereheroesheroes
inthehighestsenseoftheword.

Afewdayslater,thecrewlandedonVictoriaLand,whichtheyclaimedforGreatBritainandwhoselandscapetheyshoweredwiththenamesofpoliticalfigures,

Page171

scientists,andacquaintances,includingMt.Erebus(anactivevolcano)andMt.Terror(adormantone).OnFebruary1theyencounteredabarrierinlatitude784'S
that,inRoss'swords,"wasabout160feethigh,andextendedasfartotheeastandwestastheeyecoulddiscern."Infact,theimpenetrableRossIceShelfrunsfor
about1,000milesand,asonememberoftheexpeditionputit,"wemightwithequalchanceofsuccesstrytosailthroughtheCliffsofDover."ErebusandTerror
remainedintheRossSeauntiltheendofFebruaryandreturnedtoHobartinAprilforathreemonthrefit.
EnroutetotheirsecondvisittoAntarctica,theshipsvisitedSydneyandtheBayofIslands,NewZealand,whereRossobtainedachartofJ.S.C.Dumontd'Urville's
recentAntarcticvoyagesinASTROLABEandZle.OnDecember18,theyenteredthepackiceinabout6050'S,14725'W.Heldfast,theydriftedsouthatthe
mercyoftheice.OnJanuary19,1842,theships'ruddersweredestroyedbyiceinafuriousgale,anditwasnotuntilFebruary1thattheywereinicefreewaters
again.AfterthreeweekstheexpeditionreachedtheRossIceShelfin789'30"Snoshipwouldsailfarthersouthfornearlysixtyyears.OnMarch13,theshipswere
approachingaheavyiceformationwhenErebuscollidedwithTerror.Asthelattership'sbowspritwassweptaway,thetwoshipsdriftedtowardstwoicebergs
separatedby60feetofopenwater.Terrorpassedthroughfirst,followedbyErebus,whoseyardsstrucktheicebergrepeatedlybeforeRosssailedherthroughthe
gap"bythehazardousexpedientofthesternboard,"thatis,sternfirstwiththesailsaback"whichnothingcouldjustifyduringsuchagalewithsohighasearunning,
buttoavertthedangerwhicheverymomentthreatenedusofbeingdashedtopieces."
TheshipsreturnedtotheFalklandIslands,madeavisittoTierradelFuegoinSeptember,andtheninDecembersailedsouthagain,thistimetotheislandsofthe
AntarcticPeninsula.Turningeast,theicepreventedthemfromsailingthroughtheWeddellSeaandtheygotnofartherthan7130'S,1451'Wbeforeturningfor
home.Afterseveralstops,theyarrivedatFolkestoneonSeptember4,1843,afteravoyageoffouryears,fivemonths.Inadditiontostudiesinmagnetism,theyhad
alsobroughtbackoceanographicdataandextensivecollectionsofbotanicalandornithologicalspecimens.
Thenextyear,ErebusandTerrorwerefittedoutwith20hpenginesandsinglescrewpropellersforanewvoyageinsearchoftheNorthwestPassage.Ross
declinedcommand,whichwenttohisoldfriendSirJohnFranklin,whohadsurveyedAustraliainHMSINVESTIGATOR,sailedtoSpitzbergen,andmadeathree
yeartrektotheCoppermineRiverintheCanadianArctic.WithCrozierstillincommandofTerror,thetwoshipssailedfromGreenhitheonMay19,1845.Erebus
andTerroreachcarriedstoresfortwoyears,andanothertwoyears'worthwerecarriedtotheWhalefishIslandsintheDavisStraitbythesupplyshipBarretto
Junior.ErebusandTerrorwere
Imagenotavailable.
FranoisEtienneMusin's"HMSEREBUSintheIce,1846"depictsSirJohnFranklin's
flagshiponeyearafterthetwoshipexpeditiondisappearedintotheArcticwasteswhile
searchingfortheNorthwestPassage.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page172

lastseeninBaffinBayneartheentranceofLancasterSoundinAugust1845.
TheshipssailedthroughLancasterStraitandaftertryingtosailnorththroughWellingtonChannel,turnedsoutharoundCornwallisIslandandheadedintoPeelStrait
andFranklinStrait,tothewestofSomersetIslandandtheBoothiaPeninsula.Continuingsouthwest,theshipsbecameiceboundinVictoriaStraitbetweenKing
WilliamIslandandVictoriaIsland.FranklindiedofnaturalcausesaboardErebusonJune11,1847,andbythefollowingspring,twentythreeothermembersofthe
crewweredeadofstarvationorscurvy.OnApril22,1848,the105survivorsabandonedtheshipsandattemptedtomarchtoFortResolution,aHudson'sBay
CompanyoutpostonGreatSlaveLakemorethan600milestothesouthwest.Overthenexttwelveyears,morethanadozenexpeditionswerelaunchedtosearchfor
survivors,includingbothmilitaryandciviliangroupsfromBritainandtheUnitedStates.ThemostsuccessfulofthesewasthatofFox,underCaptainFrancisL.
M'Clintock.
Theships'fatewasonlyrevealedbythediscoveryofhumanremains,diaries,andrelicsoftheexpeditionfoundinthecourseofscoresoflandandseasearchessent
outstartingin1848andculminatinginthe1859expeditionofM'ClintockinFox.
Beattie&Geiger,FrozeninTime.Owen,FateofFranklin.Ross,J.C.,VoyageofDiscoveryandResearchintheSouthernandAntarcticRegions.Ross,M.J.,Rossinthe
Antarctic.

E.R.Sterling
(exLordWolseley,Columbia,LordWolseley,EverettG.Griggs)Barkentine(6m).L/B/D:308.2'42.9'25.1'(93.9m13.1m7.7m).Tons:2,518grt.
Hull:iron.Comp.:17.Built:Harland&Wolff,Ltd.,Belfast,Ireland1883.
ThefourmastedshipLordWolseleywasbuiltfortheMessrs.ThomasDixon&Sons,Ltd.,ofBelfast,popularlyknownastheLordLinebecauseitsshipswere
namedforIrishLords.Underthatnameandrig,shetradedbetweenCalcutta,Pacificports,andEurope.In1898shewassoldtoaGermanfirmand,renamed
Columbia,convertedtoabark.AfterbeingdismastedoffCapeFlatteryin1903,shewassoldtotheVictoria&VancouverStevedoringCompanyandreturnedto
heroriginalname.Threeyearslater,shewassoldtoanotherVancouverowner,renamedEverettG.Griggs,andconvertedtoasixmastedbarkentine,thatis,
squareriggedontheforemast,andforeandaftriggedonthemain,mizzen,spanker,jigger,anddrivermasts.
Althoughsomewhatgrandiose,thisrigwaseconomicalandtheshipcouldbehandledbyacrewofonlyseventeen,abouthalfhercomplementasafourmastedbark.
ShesailedinthelumbertradebetweenthePacificNorthwestandAustralia,evenafterbeingsoldtoE.R.Sterlingin1910.Namingtheshipforhimself,Sterling
furnishedtheshiptoaccommodatehisfamilyandgaveherfittingsmorecommononlandthanatsea,includingelectriclight,ashipboardtelephone,thefirstradioona
sailingship,andanautomobileforusewheninport.HissonRaySterlingtookcommandin1910andkeptherinthelumbertradethroughWorldWarIandlaterin
thegraintrade.OnApril16,1927,sheloadedwheatatAdelaideforLondon.TwicedismastedbetweentheFalklandsandCapeVerde,E.R.Sterlingwasforced
intoSt.ThomasintheVirginIslandsinOctober.Therewerenorepairfacilities,andtheDutchtugIndustowedthebarkentinetoLondon,arrivingonJanuary28,
1928.Withonlyherjiggerandpartsofherfore,spanker,anddrivermastsstanding,shewassoldforscrap.
Anderson,SailingShipsofIreland.Rogers,FreakShips.

Ericsson
Caloricship(4f/2m).L/B/D:260'40'17'(79.2m12.2m5.2m).Tons:2,200tons.Mach.:caloricengine,sidewheels.Built:Perine,Patterson&Stack,New
York1852.
TheSwedishbornJohnEricssonwasoneofthegreatinventorsofthemidnineteenthcentury.WorkinginEnglandandtheUnitedStates,hedevelopeddesignsfor
steamengines,screwpropulsion,andships'guns.AmongthebestknownvesselswithwhichhisnameisassociatedaretheROBERTF.STOCKTON,USS
PRINCETON,USSMONITOR,andthecaloricsteamshipnamedforhimself.Thebasicprincipleofthehotair(Ericssonpreferredthetermcaloric)enginewasto
usetheexpansiveforceofhotairdirectly,withoutheatingsteamfirst.Theresultingapparatuswastheoreticallymoreefficientandsaferthanasteamenginefittedwith
aboiler.Thechiefdifficultiesresultedfromtheextremeheatatwhichtheenginesoperatedandthegreaterweightoftheengines.Bythe1840s,Ericssonhadimproved
hisbasicdesigntothepointthathefeltreadyto"constructashipfornavigatingtheocean,propelledbypaddlewheelsactuatedbythecaloricengine."
LaiddowninApril1852,Ericssonmadeherfirsttrialrunonlyninemonthslater,onJanuary4,1853.Themachineryconsistedoffoursingleactingverticalcylinders
offourteenfootboreandsixfootstrokemounteddirectlyoverthefurnaces.Thesewereconnectedtopistons

Page173

thatactuatedthewalkingbeamsattachedinturntosinglecranksoneitherpaddlewheelshaft.ThevesselunderwentsuccessfultrialsonNewYorkBayandto
Washington,D.C.,buttheinitialestimateofthemachinery'sworthquicklyprovedunfounded.Anewenginewasfittedwithtwodoubleactingcylinderssixfeetin
diameterandwithastrokeofsixfeet.Duringthesecondtrialofthenewengine,onApril27,theshipwashitbyatornado,heeledover,andsank.Althoughshewas
raisedfourdayslater,Ericssonwasresignedtothefactthattheengineswouldnotperformaspredicted.Ashelaterwrote,"Theaveragespeedatseaproving
insufficientforcommercialpurpose,theowners,withregret,accededtomypropositiontoremovethecostlymachinery,althoughithadprovedperfectasa
mechanicalcombination."
Ericssonfittedtheshipwithaninclinedcylindersteamengineofhisowndesign,butthisprovedtoounderpoweredtodrivetheshipcompetitively.Nonetheless,
EricssonspentthenextfiveyearsintransatlanticservicesailingforJohnKitchingandunderchartertotheCollinsLine(asareplacementfortheirillfatedPACIFIC),
thoughshewasfarslowerthanthefastestshipsoftheday.
InOctober1861,theU.S.NavycharteredtheEricssonforuseasatransportforitsassaultonPortRoyal,SouthCarolina,andthereaftershewasemployed
sporadicallyonvariousotherassignments.FromJulytoNovembershewascharteredtotheNorthAmericanSteamshipCompanyfortherunbetweenNewYork
andPanama,carryingasmanyas849passengerspertrip.Tosummarizehercareertothatdate,shehadmadetwentytransatlanticvoyagestoLiverpool,Bremen,Le
Havre,andAntwerpunderthehouseflagsofJohnKitching,CollinsLine,NorthAmericanLloyds,Dunham&Company,andWilliamSalem&Company.
In1867,W.W.ShermannacquiredtheEricsson,removedherengines,andreriggedherasathreemastedship.Assuchsheperformedwonderfully,postingtimes
comparabletothoseoffastclippers.Inthespringof1874,sheandtheWilliamWebbclipperYOUNGAMERICA(alsobuiltin1853)sailedfromSanFranciscofor
Liverpoolin103days15daysaheadofDonaldMcKay'sGLORYOFTHESEAS.EricssoncalledatportsontheWestCoast,Europe,Chile,Australia,andthe
Philippines,carryingbulkcargoesofgrain,lumber,andcoalforaquartercentury.ShechangedownershipseveraltimesthelasttimeshewassoldtoBoole&
CompanyofSanFrancisco,in1892.OnNovember19ofthatyear,shewasenroutefromSanFranciscotoNanaimo,BritishColumbia,inballastwhenshestranded
onEntranceIslandnearBarclaySoundonVancouverIslandandsankin4849'N,12514'W.ThesiteoftheEricsson'slosswaspositivelyidentifiedbythe
UnderwaterArchaeologicalSocietyofBritishColumbiain1985.
Griffiths,"Ericsson'sCaloricShip."

Esmeralda
Barkentine(4m).L/B/D:308.5'42.7'19.7'(94m13m6m).Tons:3,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:332.Arm.:45.7cm.Mach.:diesel.Built:Echevarrietay
Larringa,Cadiz,Spain1952.
OriginallynamedfortheSpanishcommanderinchiefoftheHolyLeague'sfleetattheBattleofLepantoin1571,JuandeAustriawasanearsistershipofthe
SpanishtrainingvesselJUANSEBASTIANDEELCANO.Despitetheprovensuccessoftheirfourmastedtopsailschooner,afterafiredestroyedthenewlybuilt
ship,theSpanishdecidednottocommissionher.(ThechiefdifferencebetweenEsmeraldaandJuanSebastiandeElcanoisthattheformerhasnoforeandaftsails
onherforemast.)
In1952,theChileangovernmentboughttherecentlycompletedshipandnameditforaChileancorvettethathadfoughtintheNitrateWarwithPeruin1879.
Esmeralda'sworkasasailtrainingvesseltookhertoportsaroundtheworld.However,duringtheruleofGeneralAugustoPinochetUgarte(197388),theshipand
hercrewwerefrequentlygreetedbydemonstrators,particularlyatsignificantinternationalgatherings,suchasOperationSail1976/InternationalNavalReview
celebratingtheU.S.bicentennial.TheprotestsfocusedespeciallyonreportsthatEsmeraldawasusednotjustforsailtrainingbutasaprisonshiponwhichpolitical
prisonersweretortured.WiththereturnofthedemocracytoChile,Esmeraldaisonceagainbestknownforherroleasoneofthelargestandmostoutstandingnaval
sailtrainingvesselsintheworld.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Schuffelen,GreatSailingShips.Pressreports.

Espaa
(exAlfonsoXIII)Espaaclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:458.9'78.1'25.3'(139.9m23.8m7.7m).Tons:15,840disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:854.Arm.:8
12.2"(42),2010.2cm,24.7cm.Armor:8"belt.Mach.:turbines,15,500shp,4screws19.6kts.Built:SociedadEspaoladeConstructionNaval,El
Ferrol1915.
ThesmallestbattleshipsoftheDREADNOUGHTeraandtheonlyonesbuiltbySpaininthetwentiethcentury,thethreeEspaaclassbattleshipsweredesignedin
Britain

Page174

andbuiltunderBritishsupervisioninSpain.CommissionedasAlfonsoXIII,forthekingwhoreignedfrom1902to1931,shewasrenamedfollowingthewreckofthe
originalEspaaonthecoastofMoroccoin1923.ShetookpartinvariousoperationsduringtheRiffianuprisingagainstSpanishholdingsinMoroccobetween1921
and1926.
AtthestartoftheSpanishCivilWar,EspaawaslyinginElFerrolwhennationalistrebelsseizedtheshiponJuly20,1936.Throughoutthewar,thenationalistnavy
wasmoreeffectivethanthatoftherepublicans,andbyNovember1937,GeneralFranciscoFrancodeclaredablockadeoftheentireSpanishcoast.Inthemeantime,
onApril2,1937,EspaatookpartinthebombardmentofrepublicanpositionsnearBilbao,butonApril30shesankoffSantanderafterhittingamineprobably
laidbythenationalistswiththelossoffew,ifany,ofthecrew.Espaa'ssistership,JaimeI,remainedinrepublicanhandsbutwasputoutofcommissionafteran
internalexplosiononJune17,1937shewasscrappedin1939.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Thomas,SpanishCivilWar.

L'Esperance
(exTruite)Frigate(3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:113.Built:France1791.
Bythebeginningof1789,FrancehadlearnedthatLaProuse'sshipsASTROLABEandBOUSSOLEwereoverdueattheIledeFrance.EvenastheFrench
Revolutiongatheredheadway,therewaswidespreadconcernamongboththenobilityandrevolutionariesforthefateoftheexpedition,andplanswereputinplacefor
thedispatchofasearchparty.OnSeptember29,1791,threemonthsafterthearrestofLouisXVI,twoconvertedstoreshipsL'Esperance(exTruite)andLa
Recherche(exDurance)sailedfromBrestundercommandofA.R.J.deBruni,Chevalierd'Entrecasteaux.ThecrewofRecherchenumbered106,underJ.M.
HuondeKermadec.AlthoughthechiefobjectofthevoyagewastosearchforLaProuse,theexpeditioncarriedafullcomplementofscientistsfivenaturalists,
twohydrographers,twodraughtsman,andabotanist.
Orderscalledford'EntrecasteauxtosailforNewHolland(Australia),butatCapeTownheheardareportthatpeopledressedinFrenchuniformshadbeenseenin
theAdmiraltyIslands,andhealteredhisplansaccordingly.Theships'progresstowardstheMoluccaswassoslow,however,thathedecidedinsteadtomakeforVan
Diemen'sLand(Tasmania),arrivingonApril21,1792.TheFrenchspentfiveweekschartingandexploringthesoutheastcoastbeforestrikingnortheastacrossthe
TasmanSeatowardsNewCaledonia.Reefspreventedalandingthere,sotheycontinuednortheastpasttheSolomonIslandstolandonNewIrelandforaweek.July
26broughttheshipstotheAdmiraltyIslands,buttherewasnosignofLaProuse.
AfterprovisioningattheDutchentreptofAmboina,onOctober13EsperanceandRecherchewereboundforVanDiemen'sLand.RoundingCapeLeeuwin,on
thesouthwestcornerofAustralia,theycametotheRechercheIslandsandthenexploredthebarrenshoreofNuytsLandintheGreatAustralianBight.OnJanuary21,
1793thesamedayasLouisXVI'sexecutiontheshipsanchoredatVanDiemen'sLand.FromtheretheyheadedtoTongatapu,whereLaProusewasknown
tohavesailedafterleavingBotanyBayin1788.AlthoughtheywerewellreceivedbytheTongansfromwhomtheyboughthundredsofpigs,birds,andbreadfruit
trees,therewasnosignofLaProuse,andtheymadeforNewCaledoniawhereHuondeKermadecdiedonMay6.Thirteendayslater,theycametoapreviously
unknownislandsouthofSantaCruzVanikoro,theveryislandonwhichAstrolabeandBoussolehadwrecked.Theinhabitantswerehostile,andtheFrenchsailed
withoutlearninganythingofthefateoftheircountrymen.
SailingthroughtheSolomonsandtheLouisiadesinMayandJune,thecrewsbecameincreasinglyillwithscurvyanddysentery.OnJuly20,d'Entrecasteauxdiedand
commandoftheexpeditionfelltotheailingA.Hesmivyd'Auribeau.TheFrenchsailedthroughTorresStraitandonOctober19reachedSurabaya,onlytolearnthey
wereatwarwiththeDutch.NewsoftheRevolutionalsodividedtheofficersandcrewandtheexpeditiondissolved.Theofficerswerepromonarchyandhadmanyof
therepublicancrewarrestedbytheDutch.ThescientistsmadetheirwaybacktoFranceasbesttheycould,buttheofficershadsenttheircollectionsandmanuscripts
toEngland,fromwhichtheywerereturnedonlyafterinterventionbySirJosephBanksandafterallthechartshadbeencopiedbytheAdmiralty.
Brosse,GreatVoyagesofDiscovery.Dunmore,FrenchExplorersinthePacific.

USSEssex
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:140'bp31'12.3'dph(42.7m9.4m3.7m).Tons:850bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:319.Arm.:4032pdr,618pdr.Des.:William
Hackett.Built:EnosBriggs,Salem,Mass.1799.
BuiltbythecitizensofEssexCounty,Massachusetts,whopresentedhertotheU.S.government,USSEssexwas

Page175

Imagenotavailable.
ThefrigateUSSESSEX(left)devastatedBritishmerchantinterestsinthePacificduring
theWarof1812.ButshestoodnochanceagainstthelongrangegunsofHMSPHOEBE
andCHERUBwhenbroughttobattleoffValparaisoinMarch1814,asseeninthis
paintingbyCaptainWilliamBainbridgeHoff.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

commissionedundercommandofCaptainEdwardPreble.Onherfirstvoyagein1800,duringtheQuasiWarwithFrance,EssexhelpedconvoyafleetofDutchEast
IndiamenthroughtheIndianOcean.In1801,shewasoneofseveralshipssenttotheMediterraneantocontaintheBarbarycorsairsharassingAmericanshipping.She
sailedfirstunderCaptainWilliamBainbridgeandthenunderCaptainJamesBarron.Followingthewar,shewaslaidupfrom1806to1809.
AtthebeginningoftheWarof1812,undercommandofCaptainDavidPorter,Essexcapturedtenprizes,includingHMSAlert(18guns)betweenJulyand
September.OnOctober28,1812,EssexlefttheDelawareRivertorendezvouswithUSSCONSTITUTIONandHORNETforacruiseintotheSouthPacific.
AfterwaitinginvainonthecoastofBrazil,inJanuary1813Portertooktheinitiativeandcontinuedonhisown.Bywayofencouragement,hetoldhiscrewthat
theunprotectedBritishcommerce,onthecoastofChili[sic],Peru,andMexico,willgiveyouanabundantsupplyofwealthandthegirlsoftheSandwichIslands,shallrewardyou
foryoursufferingsduringthepassageroundCapeHorn.

Thepassagewasbleak,buttherewardsmatchedPorter'spromise.Duringthecourseof1813,EssexvirtuallydestroyedBritain'sSouthPacificwhalefishery,and
tookfifteenprizes,includingthewhaleshipAtlantic,whichwasarmedwithten6pdr.longgunsandten18pdr.carronadesandrenamedEssexJunior.InOctober,
thetwoshipssailedtoNukaHivaintheMarquesasIslands.OnFebruary3,1814,theshipsreturnedtoValparaisowheretheshipswereblockadedbyCaptain
JamesHillyard'sHMSPhoebe(36)andCherub(18),whichhadbeendispatchedtothePacificforthepurpose.OnMarch28,Porterattemptedtobreakoutof
Valparaiso,butEssexlosthermaintopmastinagale.DisregardingChileanneutrality,Hillyardattackedand,takingadvantageofhisguns'superiorrange,slowlybut
surelyreducedEssex,whoseprimaryarmamentconsistedonlyofshortrangecarronades.ThreehourslaterPorterwasforcedtostrikeoneofthelastflagsflying
wasoneproclaiming''Freetradeandsailors'rights"thesloganthathadimpelledtheUnitedStatestowar.Essexlost58killed,31drowned,and70wounded
Britishlosseswere5deadand10wounded.EssexwastakenintotheRoyalNavyasa42gunfrigate.In1823shewasmadeaconvictship,andshewassoldin
1837.EssexJuniorsailedtoNewYorkasacartelship,whereshewassold.
Porter,JournalofaCruise.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Essex
Whaleship(3m).Tons:238.Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Built:<1802.
OneofthemostremarkableandgrippingstoriesofshipwreckconcernsthatofthewhaleshipEssex,ofNantucket.Thistragedyoccurredin1820theshiphad
previouslymadefourvoyages,thefirstin1802,tothewhalinggroundsoffsouthernAfrica,forwhaleoil,andtothePacificforspermoil.TheEssexdeparted
NantucketonAugust12,1819,boundagainforthePacificwithacrewoftwenty,GeorgePollard,master.Fifteenmonthslater,onNovember20,1820,theshipwas
about2,700mileswestofEcuador.Twoboatswereout,andCaptainPollard

Page176

hadharpoonedawhalewhiletheboatoffirstmateOwenChasehadbeenstovebyawhale.Hehadjustreturnedtotheshipwhenhenoticedaspermwhalecharging
Essex.Thespermwhale'smassiveheadstrucktheshipinthebows."Welookedateachotherwithperfectamazement,"wroteChase,"deprivedalmostofthepower
ofspeech."Thewhaleturnedandrammedasecondtime,stavingthebowsandforcingthecrewtoabandonship.
Theymanagedtosalvagetwoquadrantsandtwosextants,somefoodandwater,andputoutinthreeclinkerbuiltwhaleboatsbeforetheirshipsank,in040'S,119
W.OnDecember20,theylandedatHenderson'sIsland,whichlackedeithersufficientvegetationorwatertosustainthem,andaftersevendaystheysailedagain
leavingthreecrewbehindattheirownrequest.TheremainingthreeboatsmadefirstforEasterIslandandthentoJuanFernndezIsland.OnJanuary10,1821,the
secondmatedied,andtwodayslater,Chase'sboatwasseparatedfromtheothertwoboats.AsecondmaninhisboatdiedonJanuary20,andathirdonFebruary
8.Desperateforfood,theyelectedtoeatthelatter'scorpse.Onthe18th,thethreeremainingcrewwerepickedupbytheLondonbrigIndianat3345'S,8103'W,
andlandedatValparaisotwodayslater.Meanwhile,theothertwoboatswereseparatedonJanuary28,butnotbeforethebodiesoffourdeceasedcrewwereeaten
bytheirshipmates.OnFebruary1,thefoursurvivorsinPollard'sboatdrewlotstoseewhowouldbekilledtofeedtheothers.Pollard'scabinboy,OwenCoffin,
drewtheshortstrawandwasshot.BrazillaRaydiedonthe11th,andPollardandCharlesRamsdaleCoffin'sexecutionerwererescuedoffSt.Mary'sIsland
bytheNantucketwhaleshipDauphin.ThethreecastawayswhochosetoremainonHenderson'sIslandwererescuedbyanothershipthatwasatValparaisowhen
theirshipmateslandedthere.
ThemostdetailednarrativeoftheseordealswasthatofthefirstmateOwenChase,whopublishedhisaccountin1821in"thehopeofobtainingsomethingof
remuneration,bygivingashorthistoryofmysufferingtotheworld."BrieferaccountsbyGeorgePollardandThomasChapple,whoremainedonHenderson'sIsland,
werealsopublished.Inthoselesssensationaltimes,noneoftheauthorsseemstohaveprofitedfromtheirordeal,althoughcertaindetailsoftheirstories,aswellas
thoseofsimilarwrecksofwhaleships,wereincorporatedbyHermanMelvilleinhisquintessentialwhalingnovel,MobyDick.
Chase,ShipwreckoftheWhaleship"Essex."Starbuck,HistoryoftheNorthAmericanWhaleFishery.

USSEssex(CV9)
Essexclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:872'93'(147.5'ew)28.6'(265.8m28.3(45m)8.7m).Tons:34,346disp.Hull:steel3"belt.Comp.:3,448.Arm.:80+
125",1740mmquad.Mach.:gearedturbines,150,000shp,4shafts33kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.NewportNews,Va.1942.
Thefirstclassofaircraftcarrierbuiltaftertheexpirationoftheinterwarnavalagreements,theEssexclasscarrierswerethelargestcommissionedduringWorldWar
II.Enteringactiveserviceonthelastdayoftheyear,USSEssexarrivedinthePacificinthespringof1943andlaunchedairraidsonMarcusandWakeIslandsin
AugustandOctober,respectively.ThefirstofhermanyoperationsinsupportofamphibiouslandingswasduringtheGilbertIslandscampaigninNovember,followed
upbytheMarshallscampaignattheendofJanuary1944.EssexreturnedtoSanFranciscoforheronlywartimeoverhaulinFebruary,returningtothewesternPacific
inMay.AspartofTaskForce58,herplanescoveredtheinvasionofSaipanonJune15,andfourdayslatertookpartintheBattleofthePhilippineSea"the
GreatMarianasTurkeyShoot"inwhichJapanesenavalaviationwasannihilated.AftertheMarianascampaigninAugust,Essexproceededtotheinvasionsof
Peleliu,PalauIslands,inSeptember,andthePhilippinesatLeyteGulfonOctober2425.WhileoperatingnorthofthePhilippines,onNovember25,akamikaze
struckEssex,killing15andwounding44ofhercrew.Afterbriefrepairs,sherejoinedtheThirdFleetoffMindoroinDecember.Inearly1945,Essexmadeaforay
againstJapaneseshippingintheSouthChinaSeaasfarsouthasHongKong,andalongthecoastofChina.AssignedtoTaskForce58inFebruary,Essexhelped
presstheattackontheJapanesehomeislands,bombingindustrialsitesaroundTokyoasearlyasFebruary,supportinglandingsonIwoJima,andkeepingstationoff
OkinawafromMarchtoMay.ItwasanEssexplanethatfirstspottedYAMATOatthestartoftheJapanesebattleship'slastmissiononApril7.Essexflewherlast
WorldWarIIcombatmissionsonAugust15.
Decommissionedin1947,Essexwasrefitandbackinserviceby1951.SheservedthreetoursofdutyduringKorea,flyingmissionsinsupportofUnitedNations
groundforces.OnSeptember16,sevenofhercrewwerekilledwhenaplanewasforcedtocrashlandondeck.Followingthewar,shereceivedanangledflight
deck,andafteranotherfourteenmonthsinthePacificsailedviaCapeHorntojointheAtlanticFleet.ForthenexttwoyearssheoperatedintheNorthAtlanticand
Mediterraneanwhere,in1958,shelandedtroopsatBeirutduringtheLebaneseintervention.Twoyearslater,Essexwasreclassifiedasanantisubmarinewarfare
carrierandhome

Page177

portedatQuonset,RhodeIsland.Decommissionedin1969,shewasbrokenupin1975.
Raven,"Essex"ClassCarriers.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Estonia
(exWasaKing,SiljaStar,VikingSally)Ferry(1f).L/B/D:509.7'79.4'18.4'(155.4m24.2m5.6m).Tons:15,566grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,000pass.
200crew.Mach.:oilengine,24,000hp21kts.Built:Jos.L.MeyerSchiffwerft,Papenburg,WestGermany1980.
OriginallybuiltfortheRederiABSallyVikingLine,thevehicle/passengerferryVikingSallyenteredservicebetweenbo/Turku,Mariehamn,andStockholmin
1980.AdecadelatershewasacquiredbytheSiljaLineandrenamedSiljaStarandthenWasaKing.In1993,shewassoldtoEstline,acompanyjointlyownedby
thegovernmentofnewlyindependentEstonia,andNordstrmandThulin,aSwedishcompany.RenamedEstonia,shewasputinservicebetweenTallinnand
Stockholm.
At1900onSeptember28,1994,sheleftTallinnonaregularlyscheduled15hourrunhercaptainswereAavoPihtandArvoAndresson.Anhourandahalflater
sheencounteredheavyweather,andshortlyaftermidnightanengineernoticedfloodinginthecardeck.Withinminutesthepumpswereoverwhelmed,butitwasnot
until0124onSeptember29thattheshipbroadcastherfirstdistresscall.HalfanhourlaterEstoniacapsizedandsanksuddenlyinabout220feetofwater.Official
estimatesofthenumberofpeopleembarkedrangedfrom982,accordingtoSwedishauthorities,to1,049(Estonianestimates),notincludinganumberofunregistered
children.Althoughmanyoftheship'scompanywereasleepintheircabinsandhadnochancetosavethemselves,thosethatgotofftheshipwereatthemercyofthe
frigid20foothighseas.Only144peoplesurvivedthesinking.Remotevideotapesofthewreckshowedthatthelocksonthebowdoorhadfailedandthatthedoor
hadseparatedfromtherestofthevessel.Intermsofliveslost,Estonia'ssinkingwasSweden'sworsttragedyinoveracentury.
Bruzelius,MaritimeHistoryVirtualArchive.Pressreports.

Eureka
(exUkiah)Ferryboat(1f).L/B/D:271'42'/78'ew6.5'(82.6m12.8m/23.8m2m).Tons:2,564grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:10trains500pass.Mach.:beam
engine,1,500hp,sidewheels.Des.:P.Tiernan.Built:Tiburon,Calif.1890.
ThelastsurvivingwalkingbeamenginesteamboatintheUnitedStates,thepassenger/carferryEurekabeganlifeastheSanFrancisco&NorthernPacificRailroad
Company'strainandpassengerferryUkiah.Withacapacityfortenrailroadcarsontwoparalleltracksonthemaindeck,shecouldaccommodateupto500
passengersontheupperdeck.OriginallyinserviceonSanFranciscoBaybetweenTiburonandSanFrancisco,shewasalsocharteredforpartiesofdaytrippers
makingexcursionstovariousplacesaroundtheBay.In1909,hernorthernterminuswaschangedtoSausalito,onwhichrunshesteamedabout4,000milesamonth,
oraboutfifteenroundtripsaday.DuringWorldWarI,UkiahwastakenoverbytheU.S.RailroadAdministrationandworkedharderstill,sothatin1920shebegan
atwoyearrefit.NownamedEureka(forthereorganizedNorthwesternPacificRailroad'snorthernterminus),shecouldcarry120automobilesand2,300
passengers,changesinusageandcapacitythatreflectedtheincreasingmobilityoftheBayArea'spopulation.TheopeningoftheGoldenGateandOaklandBay
Bridgesinthemid1930ssignaledthedemiseoftheBaypassengerferries,andEurekamadethelastrunofFebruary28,1941.
Thereafter,EurekawasusedtobringpassengersfromthetranscontinentaltrainterminalinOaklandacrosstheBaytoSanFrancisco.Graduallythisworkfelloffin
thefaceofcompetitionfromairlines,andEurekawaspulledoutofcommercialservicein1958.TheSouthernPacificCompanythenrestoredtheshipanddeededher
totheSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum,whereshewasopenedtothepublicin1963.Sheremainspartofthesamefleetofhistoricships,nowundertheauspicesof
theNationalParkService.
Cullivan,"Eureka:ACentennialRetrospective."Harlan,SanFranciscoBayFerryboats.

Europa
(laterLibert)Liner(2f/2m).L/B:939'101.9'(285.6m31.1m).Tons:49,746grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st723,2nd500,tourist3003rd600.Mach.:steam
turbines,4screws27kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1929.
Intendedtoenterservicetogetherwithhersistership,BREMEN,NorddeutscherLloyd'sEuropawasallbutguttedbyfireatherfittingoutdockinMarch1929.
Despitethissetback,whenshefinallymadehermaidenvoyagefromBrementoSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkinApril1930,shebrokeBremen'srecord
withanaveragespeedof27.91knotsbetweenCherbourgand

Page178

Imagenotavailable.
Builtfortransatlanticservice,thehandsomeGermanlinerEUROPAof1929glides
serenelyonaflatsea.Sheendedherdaysin1961asLIBERTundertheFrenchflag.
CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

AmbroseLight.SheremainedonthetransatlanticrununtilAugust1939,andafterthestartofWorldWarII,shebecameanaccommodationshipatBremerhaven.In
1940shewasconvertedforuseasatroopshipinOperationSeaLion,theabortiveGermaninvasionofEngland,andin1942somethoughtwasgiventoturningher
intoanaircraftcarrier.However,shesurvivedthewarmoreorlessintactandonMay8,1945,shewasseizedbytheUnitedStatesandcommissionedastroopship
USSEuropa(AP177).Decommissionedin1946andhandedovertotheFrenchasreparations,afterfouryearsofrebuildingatSt.Nazaireshemadehermaiden
voyagetoNewYorkasFrenchLine'sLibertinAugust1950.ShemaintainedregulartransatlanticservicewithILEDEFRANCEandFlandreuntil1961.The
followingyearshewasscrappedatLaSpezia.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

HMSExeter
Exeterclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:575'58'20.3'(175.3m17.7m6.2m).Tons:10,490.Hull:steel.Comp.:630.Arm.:68"(32),44",22pdr6
21"TT2aircraft.Armor:3"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,80,000shp,4shafts32kts.Des.:SirWilliamBerry.Built:DevonportDockyard,Plymouth,
Eng.1931.
HMSExeterwasoneoftwoheavycruisersbuiltafterthecostofthefirsttenCountyclasscruisersprovedprohibitive.InSeptember1939shewasassignedto
CommodoreHenryHarwood'sForceGtolookfortheGermanpocketbattleshipADMIRALGRAFSPEE(CaptainHansLangsdorff).OnDecember12Exeter
andthe6inchcruisersAJAXandACHILLESrendezvousedoffUruguay,150mileseastofthebroadRiverPlateestuary.Atdawnthenextday,ForceG
encounteredGrafSpeeat0614,withExeter(CaptainF.S.Bell)deployedasthesingleshipSecondDivision.Sixminuteslater,ExeteropenedfireinreplytoGraf
Speeat18,700yards.GrafSpeestraddledExeterwithsix11inchshellsat0623,andaftereightsalvoesscoredadirecthiton"B"turret.Thesamehitkilledallbut
threemenCaptainBellamongthemonthebridge.At0638"A"turretandthegyrocompasseswerealsoknockedout,althoughtheengineswereunaffectedand
theshipcouldstillmakegoodspeed.Atthispoint,LangsdorffdecidedtoconcentrateonAjaxandAchilles,whichcertainlysavedExeterbecausethe"Y"turret
ceasedtoworkby0730.Byearlyafternoon,withtheshipsteamingatonly18knots,BellsignaledHarwood,"Allgunsoutofaction.''Shehadlost53crew.
ExeterreturnedtoDevonportfora13monthrefitduringwhichfour4inchandsixteen2pdr.gunswereadded.Inearly1942,shejoinedDutchRearAdmiralKarel
Doorman'sABDA(AmericanBritishDutchAustralian)StrikingForceasitpreparedtomeettheJapaneseinvasionoftheDutchEastIndies.SailingoutofSurabaya
onFebruary26,Doorman'svastlyoutnumberedstrikingforceheadedforAdmiralShojiNishimura'stransportfleet.EarlyintheBattleoftheJavaSea,Exeterwashit
byashellthatknockedoutsixofhereightboilers,andsheretiredtoSurabaya.FromtheresheleftforCeylonwithdestroyersHMSEncounterandUSSPope.On
March1,whilestillintheJavaSea,theyencounteredaJapaneseforceoffourheavycruisersandfivedestroyers.Exeter

Page179

wassunkbyatorpedofromtheJapanesedestroyerInazumaataboutnoonin440'S,110E.EncounterandPopewerealsolost.
Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Pope,BattleoftheRiverPlate.

Exodus1947
(exPresidentWarfield)Steamboat.L/B/D:320'56.5'18.5'(97.5m17.2m5.6m).Tons:1,814disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:69crew300pass.Mach.:steam
engine,2,800hp,singlescrew15kts.Built:Pusey&JonesCorp.,Wilmington,Del.1928.
BuiltfortheBaltimoreSteamPacketCompanyandnamedforitslatepresidentS.DaviesWarfield(uncleofWallisWarfield,thefutureDuchessofWindsor),
PresidentWarfieldservedinOldBayLineservicebetweenNorfolkandBaltimore,exceptfortwoseasonsinLongIslandSound,untiltakenoverbytheWar
ShippingAdministrationin1942.OnSeptember21,1943,shedepartedSt.John's,Newfoundland,withconvoyRB1.The"SkimmingDish"convoyofshallowdraft
passengervesselslosttheBoston,NewYork,Yorktown,andtheescortHMSVeterantoUboataction.AfterservingasabarracksshipinEngland,shewas
commissionedasUSSPresidentWarfield(IX169)andsawserviceinEnglandandFrance.
Imagenotavailable.
TeemingwithJewishrefugeesfleeingEuropeinthe
aftermathofWorldWarII,theformerChesapeakeBay
excursionboatEXODUS1947defiedBritishnavalmight
tofulfillhermissionatHaifa,Palestine,inMay1947.
CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

DecommissionedatHamptonRoadsin1946,theformerferryboatwasboughtfromtheMaritimeCommissionbythePotomacShipwreckingCompanyandtwo
dayslaterbytheWestonTradingCompanyofNewYork.ThelatterwasafrontforthePalestineresistanceorganizationHaganah,whichhadbeensmugglingJews
fromEuropetoIsraelsincebeforeWorldWarII.RenamedExodus1947andillegallyflyingtheHonduranflag,shesailedfromBaltimoreonFebruary25,1947,
ItzakAronowitz,master,with25tonsoflifepreserversandmesskits.AtSte,France,sheembarked4,554JewishrefugeesforPalestine.Trailedbyanever
growingflotillaofBritishships,includingthecruiserHMSAJAX,fivedestroyers,andtwominelayers,onMay4outshewasforciblyboardedthreepassengerswere
killedand217wounded.TheshipwastowedtoHaifaandputupforsale.AfterrefusingpassagetoFrance,therefugeeswerelandedatHamburgonSeptember7,
1947,inanactionthatturnedthetideofworldopinionagainstBritain'sPalestinepolicy.Exodus1947burnedatHaifaonAugust26,1952,andwasfinallyscrapped
in1963.
Holly,"Exodus1947."

USSExperiment
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:88.5'23.5'6.1'dph(27m7.2m1.9m).Tons:176burthen.Hull:wood.Arm.:212pdr.Des.:WilliamAnnesley.Built:Washington
NavyYard,Washington,D.C.1832.
Astraditionalframingwasexpensive,heavy,andtookupspace,navalarchitectWilliamAnnesleydevisedawayofplankingashipthatwoulddoawaywithframes
andpublishedhisresearchinANewSystemofNavalArchitecturein1822.Nineyearslaterhesecuredacontracttobuildaschoonerhisfourthvesselfor
theU.S.Navy.Thehullconsistedoffivelayersofplanks,thefirst,third,andfifthrunninglongitudinally,andthesecondandfourthrunninglaterallythedeckwaslaid
inasimilarfashion.Anotherdeparturefromnormalpracticewastheellipticalhullshape,whichAnnesleybasedonhisobservationofducks.Althoughshesailedwell
downwind,Experimentworkedbadlytowindward.AsLindaMaloneyobserves,"inhisadmirationfortheduck[Annesley]failedtonotethatspeedand
seaworthinessarenotitsforemostattributes."Poorlyfastened,sheleaked,whichheightenedhercrew'sreluctancetosailinashipwithoutframes.Althoughher
commander,LieutenantWilliamMervine,thoughtherfitforanyservice,hisconservativesuperiorsfeltotherwise,andshewasconfinedtocoastal

Page180

surveywork.Nevertheless,Experiment'sgreatestfailingwasthesheernoveltyofherframelessconstruction.Inlateryears,laminationwasusedwidelyiniron,steel,
andwoodandfiberglasshulls.
Maloney,"NavalExperiment."

ExpressCrusader
(exSpiritofCuttySark)Cutter.L/B/D:53.1'13.1'7.3'(16.2m4m2.3m).Tons:15disp.Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:110.Mach.:oilengine,62bhp,1
screw.Des.:E.G.VandeStadt.Built:TylerBoatCo.&SouthernOceanShipyard,Poole,Eng.1968.
FirstownedbyLeslieSmithwhosailedherinthe1968OSTAR(ObserverSingleHandedTransAtlanticRace),SpiritofCuttySarkwaslaterboughtbyChay
Blyth(whohadsailedaroundtheworldinBRITISHSTEEL)foruseasacharteryacht.In1975,NewZealanderNaomiPowersmetoneofBlyth'scaptains,Rob
James,whotaughtherhowtosailandwhomshemarried.NaomiJamesthendecidedtobethefirstwomantosailaroundtheworldsinglehanded.Blythofferedher
theloanofSpiritofCuttySarkandtheDailyExpressnewspaperagreedtosponsortheventure.Followingascantfiveweeksofpreparation,Jamessailedoutof
DartmouthonSeptember9,1977,hersolecompanionacatnamedBoris.AftercollectingsomesparepartsatarendezvousoffGranCanariaonSeptember23,she
resumedhercoursetoCapeTown,SouthAfrica.Essentiallyanovicesailorwhenshestarted,JamesperfectedhernavigationskillsandpreparedherselfandExpress
CrusaderforheavyweathersailingintheSouthernOcean.IrreparabledamagetotheselfsteeringgeartwodaysbeforeherintendedrendezvousoffCapeTown
forcedJamestoputintoportforthreedaysandgiveupanyhopeofmakinganonstopcircumnavigation.Unfortunately,too,Borisfelloverboard52daysout.
ThevoyageacrosstheIndianOceanincludedaknockdownandfurtherdamagetotheselfsteeringgear,butJameswasabletopickupsparepartsatarendezvous
offTasmaniaonJanuary14,justbeforeoneoftheworstgalesofthevoyage.SailingsouthofNewZealand,ExpressCrusaderwastakingtheSouthernOceanin
strideuntilFebruary24whenwiththeboat2,800milesfromNewZealandand2,300milesfromCapeHornthefittingholdingthestarboardlowershroudsto
themastsheeredoff,causingthemasttobendfromsidetoside.Riggingatemporaryrepair,JamescontemplatedputtingbacktoNewZealandandthenfinishingher
voyageviathePanamaCanal.Butevenaftercapsizingtwodayslater,shedecidedtopressonviatheHorn,whichshepassedonMarch19,after192daysatsea.
FivedayslatershewasatPortStanleyFalklandIslands.There,HMSEndurance'scarpenterrepairedtheriggingandtwodayslatershewasoffagain.
JustbeforeJames'sdeparturefromDartmouth,RobandBlythhadleftEnglandatthestartoftheWhitbreadRoundtheWorldRace(acrewedracewithfour
scheduledstops)inGreatBritainII,whichwononelapsedtimejustbeforeExpressCrusaderputintoPortStanley.OnMay23,shemetRobofftheAzoresand
thenbeganthelastleghome.ArrivingatherrendezvouspointoffEnglandtwodaysearly,shedecidedtodriftaroundratherthanarriveearlyandspoilthescheduled
receptionatDartmouth.OnJune8,1978,ExpressCrusaderreturnedtoDartmouth,272daysaftershesetout.JamessubsequentlyboughtthecutterfromBlyth.
James,AlonearoundtheWorld.

ExxonValdez
(laterExxonMediterranean)Tanker.L/B/D:987'166'38.2'(88'dph)(300.8m50.6m38.2m(26.8m).Tons:95,169grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:19.Mach.:
diesel,31,650hp16kts.Built:NationalSteel&ShipbuildingCo.,SanDiego1986.
ExxonValdezwasaverylargecrudeoilcarrier(VLCC)ownedbytheExxonShippingCompanythatpliedbetweentheAlyeskaMarineTerminalofthe
TransAlaskaPipelineatValdezandWestCoastports.At2112onMarch23,1989,shewasunderwayfromValdezunderCaptainJosephHazelwoodwithacargo
of1,264,155barrelsofcrudeoil.(Abarrelofoilisequalto42gallons.)Afterdroppingherpilot,shelefttheoutboundshippinglanetoavoidice.Owingtopoor
navigation,at0004onMarch24,thesupertankerranagroundonBlighReefinPrinceWilliamSound,just25milesfromValdez.Thegroundingpuncturedeightof
elevencargotanks,andwithinfourhours5.8milliongallonshadbeenlost.BythetimethetankerwasrefloatedonApril5,about260,000barrelshadbeenlostand
2,600squaremilesofthecountry'sgreatestfishinggroundsandthesurroundingvirginshorelineweresheathedinoil.CaptainHazelwood,whohadarecordofdrunk
drivingarrests,waschargedwithcriminalmischief,drivingawatercraftwhileintoxicated,recklessendangerment,andnegligentdischargeofoil.Hewasfoundguiltyof
thelastcount,fined$51,000,andsentencedto1,000hoursofcommunityserviceinlieuofsixmonthsinprison.Followingrepairs,ExxonValdezreenteredservicein
1990asExxonMediterranean,loadingoilinthePersianGulf.
AlaskaOilSpillCommission,Spill:TheWreckofthe"ExxonValdez."Keeble,OutoftheChannel.

Page181

F
FallsofClyde
Ship(4m).L/B/D:280'40'21'(85.3m12.2m6.4m).Tons:1,809grt.Hull:iron.Built:Russell&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1878.
ThefirstofsixfourmastedshipsbuiltforWrightandBreakenridge'sFallsLine,FallsofClydewasbuiltforgeneralworldwidetrade.Hermaidenvoyagetookherto
Karachi,andhersubsequentvoyagingtookhertoAustralia,California,India,NewZealand,andtheBritishIsles.AftertwentyoneyearsundertheBritishflag,she
waspurchasedbyCaptainWilliamMatson.FallsofClydesailedbrieflyundertheHawaiianflag.WhenHawaiiwasannexedbytheUnitedStatesin1900,ittooka
specialactofCongresstosecuretheforeignbuiltshiptherighttoflytheAmericanflag.Riggeddownasabarkandgivenpassengeraccommodations,FallsofClyde
carriedgeneralmerchandisefromSanFranciscoandsugarfromHonolulu.
In1907,theAngloAmericanOilCompanyboughtFallsofClydeandconvertedhertoabulktankerwithacapacityof19,000barrels.Inthisconfigurationshe
sailedfromSantaBarbarawithkeroseneandreturnedfromHawaiiwithbulkmolasses.FollowingWorldWarI,shesailedtoDenmark,andin1921shemadeher
lastvoyageundersail,toBrazil.Riggeddown,in1925shewaspurchasedbytheGeneralPetroleumCompanyandbeganlifeasanoilbargeatKetchikanHarbor,
Alaska.Theresheremaineduntil1959whenshewassoldtoWilliamMitchell,whointendedtomakeheranattractionvesselatSeattle.Thisplanfellthroughand
subsequenteffortsbyKarlKortum,directoroftheSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum,andFredKlebingat,whohadsailedinheraschiefmatein1915,toplaceherin
LongBeachandLosAngelesweresimilarlydisappointed.
In1963,thebankholdingthemortgageonFallsofClydedecidedtosellhertobesunkaspartofabreakwateratVancouver,BritishColumbia.Atthelastminute,
KortumandKlebingatarousedinterestintheshipinHawaii,whoseflagshehadonceflown.FundswereraisedtopayfortheshipandhertransfertoHonoluluwhere
shewasputundertheauspicesoftheBerniceP.BishopMuseumandopenedtothepublicin1968.Herrestorationasafullriggedshipwasassistedbythegrandson
oftheoriginalbuilder,SirWilliamLithgow,whoseGlasgowshipyarddonatedmastsandotherfittings.
Heine,HistoricShipsoftheWorld.Klebingat,"FallsofClyde."

Fancy
Sloop.Hull:wood.Built:NewYork(?)ca.1700.
OneoftheearliestyachtsbuiltintheEnglishcolonies,andthefirstillustratedinthevisualarts,theyachtFancybelongedtoColonelLewisMorris,thefirstLordofthe
ManorofatractoflandknownasMorrisanianorthofManhattan.MorrisalsoownedlandinNewJersey,andheprobablybuiltFancytosailbetweenhisprincipal
holdingsandtheflourishingsettlementinlowerManhattan.WilliamBurgis's"ASouthProspectofyeFlourishingCityofNewYorkintheProvinceofNewYorkin
America"depictsaparadeofshipspriortothedepartureofGovernorRobertHunterforAlbanyin1717,andacontemporaryengravingidentifiesmorethanthirty
pointsofinterest,including"CollonelMorris'sFancyturningtoWindwardwithaSloopofCommonMould."Referringtothesameillustration,J.G.Wilsonwrites,
Racingonthewaterwasnotmuchinfashion,thoughthegentryhadtheirbargesandsometheiryachtsorpleasuresailboats.Themostelaboratebarge,withawninganddamask
curtains,ofwhichtherewasmention,wasthatoftheGovernorMontgomerie,andthemostnotedyachtwastheFancybelongingtoColonelLewisMorris,whoseMorrisaniaon
thepeacefulwatersoftheSoundgavefineharborandsafeopportunityforsailing.

OftwoothervesselsoftencitedasthefirstAmericanyachts,onewasownedbyJohanPrintzin1647,governoroftheSwedishsettlementsalongtheDelawareRiver,
and

Page182

theotherwasa30to40footpinnacebuiltforGovernorWilliamPennin1683.
Wilson,MemorialHistoryoftheCityofNewYork.

FarWest
Sternwheelsteamer(1f/1m).L/B/D:190'33'1.7'(57.9m10.1m0.5m).Hull:wood.Comp.:30crew30pass.Mach.:sternwheel.Built:Pittsburgh1870.
BuiltfortheCoulsenPacketLine,FarWestwastypicaloftheboatsemployedontheshallow,fickle,andobstacleriddenMissouriRiver.Theriverextendsdeepinto
theAmericanWest686milesfromSt.LouistoOmaha,1,610milestoBismarck,1,996milestotheYellowstoneRiver,and2,663milestoFortBenton,
Montana,theheadofnavigationinthenineteenthcentury.(Today,theheadofnavigationisPonca,Nebraska,ascant140milespastOmaha.)Navigationonthe
Missouritookboatsofexceptionallynarrowdraftespeciallyshallowsandbarswereovercomewith"grasshopper"poles,longsparsthatcouldbepushedintothe
riverbedandusedtopulltheboatupandforward.Despitethehazardstonavigation,theboatswerepushedhardin1872FarWestran2,800milesfromSiouxCity,
Iowa,toFortBenton,andback,in17days,29hours.
Imagenotavailable.
Inthemid19thcentury,"mountainboats"suchastheFAR
WESThelpedtoopentheWesttotradeandsettlement.
Designedespeciallyforthetreacherouswatersofthe
upperMissouriRiver,FARWESTwasoncedescribedas
"sobuiltthatwhentheriverislowandthesandbars
comeoutforair,thefirstmatecantapakegandrunfour
milesonthesuds."CourtesyMurphyLibrary,
Univ.ofWisconsin,LaCrosse.

TheCoulsenmountainboatswereoftencharteredtotheU.S.ArmyforuseastransportsortoexploretributariesoftheMissouri.OnMay17,1876,FarWestsailed
fromFortAbrahamLincoln,acrosstheriverfromBismarck,toprovidesupportforthearmyunitsmovingagainsttheSiouxChiefCrazyHorse.FarWestwasunder
thecelebratedCaptainGrantMarshwhopioneerednavigationoftheYellowstonein1873,andwhoearlierinhiscareersailedwithSamuelClemens(MarkTwain).
OnJune7,MarshrendezvousedwithColonelGeorgeArmstrongCuster's7thCavalryRegimentatthejunctionoftheYellowstoneandPowderRivers.The7thand
FarWestcontinueduptheYellowstonetothemouthoftheRosebud,whereCuster'stroopsturnedsouth.HavingferriedColonelJohnGibbon'sinfantrysouthacross
theYellowstone,onJune25FarWestwasordereduptheBighornRiver53milestothejunctionoftheLittleBighorn.Shewasthefirstvesseltoattemptthe100
yardwidechannelandtheascentwasonlymadewiththeliberaluseofgrasshoppersandwarpingaheadwithanchorsplacedonshore.Thatnight,thecrewreceived
thefirsttentativereportsofCuster'sannihilationattheBattleofLittleBighorn,andthenextdaytheybegantoembarkotherwoundedsoldiersandthehorse
Comanche,theonlysurvivorofCuster'slaststand,whichbecamethe7th'sregimentalmascot.TheyturnedsouthtotheYellowstonewheretheyferriedGibbonsnorth
againbeforeturningdownriver.FarWestreachedBismarckonthenightofJuly5,havingcovered700milesinonly54hoursunderway,aphenomenalspeedofjust
over13milesperhour.
FarWestwassoldtoVictorBonnetandCaptainHenryM.DoddsforserviceonthelowerMissouri.OnOctober30,1883,shehitasnagsevenmilesbelowSt.
Charles,Missouri,andsank.
O'Neill,OldWest:TheRivermen.Way,Way'sPacketDirectory.

FelicityAnn
Cutter.L/B/D:23'7'4.7'(7m2.1m1.4m).Tons:4TM.Hull:wood.Comp.:1.Mach.:diesel,5hp,1screw.Des.:SidMashford.Built:MashfordBros.,
Plymouth,Eng.1949.
Impelledbyanadventurouscuriosityand"unlimitedcopywithwhichtofeedthetypewriterandincidentallyme,forIhaddegeneratedintoawriterofsorts,"Ann
Davisondecidedtobethefirstwomantosailacrossthe

Page183

Atlanticsinglehanded.Herqualificationsweremeager,andshehadonlyalimitedknowledgeofsailingacquiredinthewakeofashipwreckthreeyearsbeforein
whichherhusbandwaskilled.WhiletakingsailinglessonsfromaCommanderLund,shefoundthesloopFelicityAnnsonamedbeforeDavisoneversawher
threeyearsoldbutneversailed.Afterfittingoutinthebuilder'syard,shesailedfromPlymouthonMay18,1952.Sixdaysout,withthecockpithalffilledwithwater,
DavisonacceptedatowintoDouarnenezfromaFrenchfishingboat.AfewweekslatershesailedforVigo,Gibraltar,Casablanca,andtheCanaryIslands.Thelast
legtoLasPalmastooktwentyninedays,promptingconcernsthatFelicityAnnhadbeenlostatsea.(DriftinginhisraftL'HRTIQUEthepreviousAugust,Alain
Bombardmadethesamepassageinonlyelevendays.)OnNovember20,shedepartedLasPalmasboundforAntigua.Facedwithprolongedcalms,FelicityAnn
wasmorethannineweeksatseabeforemakinglandfallatBarbadosonJanuary18.Turningnorthward,onJanuary24,1953,FelicityAnndroppedanchorinPrince
RupertBay,Dominica.Afterafewweeksthere,sheproceededviaAntigua,Nevis,St.Thomas,andNassau,andfinallyMiami,herfirstportinNorthAmerica.In
Novemberofthesameyear,shearrivedatNewYork.DavisoncontinuedtocruiseinFelicityAnnuntil1958.
Davison,MyShipIsSoSmall.

FenianRam
Submarine.L/B/D:31'6'7.3'(9.4m1.8m2.2m).Tons:9disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:3.Arm.:pneumaticbowgun.Mach.:gasolineengine,17hp,1screw9
kts.Des.:JohnP.Holland.Built:DelamaterRobinson,DelamaterIronWorks,NewYork1881.
TheIrishbornschoolteacherandinventorJohnP.Hollandwasalongtimebelieverinthepossibilitiesofsubmarinetechnologyandwantedonlymoneytoputhis
ideasintopractice.Hisfirstopportunitycamein1876whenhemetJohnJ.Breslinuponthelatter'sreturntoNewYorkfromrescuingsixIrishconvictsfromAustralia
inthebarkCATALPA.TheClannaGael(UnitedIrishBrotherhood)agreedtofundHolland'sidea,andonMay22,1878,Hollandlauncheda14.5feetlongby3
feetwideprototypeonthePassaicRiverinPaterson,NewJersey.Afterremainingsubmergedforuptoanhourandotherwisedemonstratingthesoundnessofher
builder'sconcept,shewasscuttledinthePassaicRiver.(HollandNo.1waslaterraisedandexhibitedatPaterson.)
Workonhisnextprojectbeganshortlythereafter,andFenianRam,asitwasdubbedbytheNewYorkSun,waslaunchedin1881.Thenameindicatednotonlyits
financialbackers,buttheusetowhichitwasexpectedtobeputHolland'sfirstprojecthadbeensimilarlyreferredtoasa"wreckingboat."Hollandmodeledthehull
forthisandhissubsequentdesigns,includingUSSHOLLAND,ontheformofaporpoise,whichgavethevesselasubmergedspeedalmostequaltothatofitssurface
speed.(Interestingly,thisshapewasabandoneduntiltheadventofnuclearsubmarinesinthe1950s.OneofthegreatdeficienciesofthesubmarinesofWorldWarI
andIIwastheirpoorspeedunderwater.)FenianRamwastakentoadepthof60feetinandaroundNewYorkHarbor,andcouldremainsubmergedforaslongas
twoandahalfhours.Herarmament,asinglepneumaticguntubesetatanangle,successfullyfiredanearlyformoftorpedo.Althoughtheseweresuppliedthroughthe
officesoftheU.S.Navy'sforwardlookingJohnEricsson,whohaddesignedUSSMONITOR,Hollandhadreasontobepessimisticaboutothersintheprofession.
ReflectingontheskepticismthathisFenianRamelicitedfromthebuildersatDelamaterIronWorks,helaterobserved:
Manyobjectionswereraisedagainsther,especiallybymenwhoshouldhaveknownbetter,butthetroublewiththemwasalmostthesameasIencounteredlateramongthestaff
officersofthenavy,viz:theywere,almostwithoutexception,ofEnglish,Welsh,orScotchdescent,experiencedinallkindsofshipbuilding.

DestinednevertoseeserviceagainstBritishwarships,ashadbeenintended,FenianRam'sactivecareerwasshortlived.Fearingthatshemightbeseizedinthe
courseofacourtproceedingovermoney,BreslinarrangedforthesubmersibletobetakentoNewHaven.Therethevesselwaslaidupuntil1916,whenshewas
returnedtoNewYorkforuseasanexhibittoraisefundsforvictimsofthefailedEasterRebellioninIreland.LatermovedtotheNewYorkStateMaritimeAcademy,
in1927shewaspurchasedbyEdwardA.BrownewhoputheronexhibitinPaterson.
Morris,JohnP.Holland.

Ferribyboats
L/B/D:52.2'8.2'1.3'(15.9m2.5m0.4m).Tons:6.7burden.Hull:wood.Built:Britainca.1300BCE.
TheFerribyboatsaretheearliestknownplankedworkingboatstheonlyearlierboatsaretheprimarilyceremonialvesselsoftheEgyptianpharaohssuchasthe
CHEOPSSHIP.Twobrothers,E.V.andC.W.Wright,foundthefirstboatalongtheshoreoftheHumberestuarynearNorthFerriby,England,in1937.Asecond
boatwas

Page184

foundin1941andathirdin1963allinthesamedepositofclay.FormorethanfiftyyearsthesiteandthefindshavebeenexcavatedandstudiedbyE.V.Wright,
withassistancefromtheNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.
Onlypartsofthethreeboatssurvived.Boat1isrepresentedbymostofthebottomandashortlengthofthefirststrakeononeside.OfBoat2thegreaterpartofthe
keelplankwaspreserved,andofBoat3asectionofthebottomplankingandalengthoftheadjoiningsidestrakeremain.Sincethethreeboatsareconsistentin
design,Wrighthasbeenabletousethefragmentaryevidencetoreconstructacompleteboat(thedimensionsofthiscompositearegivenabove).Mostofthefeatures
ofthereconstructionarereliablyattestedbytheremains,butsomedetailsareinferredorbasedoncomparisonwithotherancientfinds.
TheFerribyboatwrightsusedadzehewnoakplanksuptofourinchesthick.Thekeelplankwasmadefromtwohalvesofanoaktrunk,spiltlengthwiseandscarfed
amidships,withthethickerendsshapedtocurveupwardsatbowandstern.Anouterbottomstrakeoneithersideofthekeelplankandthreestrakesoneachside
completethebasicstructure.Theplankswerestitchededgetoedgewithyewwithies,theplankedgesbeveledandrabbetedtoprotectthestitches.Thejoining
demonstratesahighstandardofworkmanship.Thejointswerecaulkedwithmossandoaklathswereslippedunderthewithiestotensionthestitchesandsealthe
joints.Thejointswerethusprogressivelytightened,aprocesscompletedbyswellingaftertheboatwaslaunched.
Thebottomstructurewasbracedby"cleatsystems"transversebarspassingthroughcleatsleftstandingontheuppersurfacesofthebottomplanks.Theshellwas
stiffenedbyframes,eachconsistingofonelongandoneshortnaturalcrook.Theseframeswerelodgedinslotsoragainstblocksalongthekeelplank,securedto
cleatsonthesidestrakesbylashings,andslottedthroughholesintorailsontheinnertopedgesofthesheerstrakes.Eachendofthehullwasstrengthenedbygirth
lashingspassingthroughcleatsontheundersideofthekeelplank.Thwartswereprobablylocatedatthelevelofthetopedgeofthesecondsidestrakes,notchedover
theplankedgesandprotrudingoutsidethehull.
TheboatswerepropelledbypaddlesonefairlywellpreservedpinepaddlewasfoundnotfarfromBoat1.Sailpowerisalsoapossibility,butthereisnofirm
evidenceforthis.Testshaveshownthatwith12paddlers,aspeedof5.2knotscouldbemaintainedfor30minutessufficientforacrossingoftheHumberestuary
atslackwater.
ThepresenceintheclaydepositofotherboatfragmentsandpartofaprimitivewinchsuggeststhattheNorthFerribysitewasaboatyard,whererivercraftwere
cannibalizedandrepaired.Thethreeboatsmayhavebeendeliberatelydismantled,whichwouldaccountfortheabsenceoftheupperstrakes.Radiocarbondating
providesamiddledateforthethreeboatsofabout1300BCE,thatis,theLateBronzeAge,butboatbuildingtechniquesmusthaveevolvedovercenturiestoreachthe
levelofcomplexityinthesecraft.
Wright,FerribyBoats"NorthFerribyBoatsAFinalReport"NorthFerribyBoatsAGuidebook.

FieryCross
Ship(3m).L/B/D:185'31.7'19.2'(56.4m9.7m5.9m).Tons:695net.Hull:wood.Des.:WilliamRennie.Built:Chaloner,Liverpool1860.
Oneofthemostsuccessfulteaclippersofherday,FieryCrosswasmodeledafterandultimatelynamedfortheFieryCrossof1855,whichwaslostonInvestigator
ShoalintheSouthChinaSeain1860.BuilttoorderofJohnCampbell,Glasgow,shewas,accordingtoAberdeenshipbuilderAlexanderHall,"thefastestshipinthe
Chinatradeatpresent[1862]."Between1861and1865shewonthepremiumof1pertonofteaforbeingthefirstshiptodockatLondoneveryyearbutone.She
alsomadeexcellenttimesoutbound,andin186364shesailedfromLondontoShanghaiinarecord92daysagainstthenortheastmonsoon.However,intheGreat
TeaRaceof1866,thoughshecrossedthebaraheadofherrivals,shelostherleadsomewherepasttheAzoresandarrivedatDealafulldaybehindARIEL,
Taeping,andSerica.
Followingthisrace,CaptainRichardRobinsonlefttheshipandwasreplacedbyGeorgeKirkup,whosecookpoisonedhimatHongKongin1868.FieryCross
remainedintheChinatradethroughthemid1880s,changinghandsin1874,1877,1883,and1887.AccordingtooneaccountshewassoldtoNorwegianinterests
and,renamedEllenLines,sankatSheernesswithacargoofburningcoalin1889.Otherevidencesuggeststhatshesurvivedinthetransatlantictradeuntil1893when
shewasabandonedatSheerness.
Lubbock,ChinaClippers.MacGregor.TheTeaClippers.

Finisterre
Yawl.L/B/D:38.6'11.2'3.9'(11.8m3.4m1.2m).Tons:11disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:7.Mach.:gasengine.Des.:OlinStephens(Sparkman&Stephens).
Built:SethPersson,Saybrook,Conn.1954.

Page185

ConceivedbyyachtsmanCarletonMitchellasaboatthatwouldserveaswellforsinglehandedsailingasforcruisingorwinningoceanraces,Finisterreexceeded
herowner'sexpectationsandastoundedtheyachtingworld.Evenashewasdevelopinghisideafortheperfectboat,Mitchellpublishedseveralarticlesoutlininghis
plansandthedesignofFinisterre,whichwasnamedfortheSpanishcape,Land'sEnd.Afterplacingsecondinthe1954SouthernOceanRacingCircuit,herfirst
raceseries,Finisterrewonthe1955SORCoutright.ThiswasmerepreparationfortheBermudaRaceof1956,inwhichshewasenteredinClassD(thesmallest
boats)withacrewofsevencrackyachtsmen.Theracebeganincalms,butthewindgraduallygrewtoover20knots,andFinisterrewontheracewithacorrected
timeof64hours.Twoyearslater,ina"classicsmallboatrace,"shebecameonlythesecondyachttowintwoBermudaRaces,thefirsthavingbeenHenryTaylor's
OlinStephensdesignedBarunain1938and1948.Bythistime,thewellpublicizedandbrilliantlysuccessfulFinisterrehadbeenemulatedincountlessotherboats,
anditwasagainstnomeagercompetitionthatshesailedtoanallbutunimaginable(andasof1996unequaled)thirdBermudaRacevictoryagainstafleetof121
entrantsin1960.MitchellcontinuedtosailFinisterreuntil1966whenhesoldhertoVaughanBrownofAnnapolis,whokeptheruntil1975,whenshepassedto
ownersintheCaribbean.
Kinney,"YouAreFirst."Mitchell,"LookingBackonFinisterre."

Finnjet
Ferry(2f/1m).L/B/D:692'83'(210.9m25.3m).Tons:24,605grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,532pass.Mach.:gasturbines/dieselelectric,2screws30.5kts.Built:
WartsilaShipyards,Helsinki,Finland1977.
AlthoughthecollapseoftheNorthAtlanticpassengertradehasbeenconsideredbymanyassynonymouswiththedeathofpassengershippingitself,nothingcouldbe
furtherfromthetruth.Passengertradeinavarietyofoldandnewguisesflourishes,fromthehugecruiseshipsoftheCaribbeanandtheMediterraneantothealmostas
largepassengerferriesofEuropeandAsia.TheFinnshavebeenaprimaryexporterofvesselsforboththesemarkets,andbythe1970stheywereleadinginnovators
inthedesignofpassengerships,signaledbythelaunchin1977ofFinnjet.BuiltforservicebetweenHelsinkiandTravemnde,WestGermany,Finnjetcoveredthe
600milesin22hours.Hergreatspeed30knotswasachievedthankstoagasturbineengineofatypepreviouslyrestrictedtonavalvesselsandahandfulof
specializedfreightersandtankers.Finnjet'sengineswere,infact,amodifiedversionofthePratt&WhitneyenginesusedinBoeing747aircraft.
Inadditiontoherhighspeed,Finnjetalsoofferedhercustomersalevelofservicepreviouslyreservedforcruiselinepassengers.Theseamenitiesincludedawide
varietyofshops,restaurants,andbars,aswellassportsandrelatedfacilities,conferencerooms,andspecialactivitiesforchildren.Placingherengineswellaft,
Finnjet'sdesignersdecidedalsotodividethepassengeraccommodationsfromthepublicrooms,puttingthelatterinthequieter,forwardpartoftheship,andthe
publicroomsaft.
In1982,Finnjetunderwentarefitthatincludedtheinstallationofadieselelectricdriveengine.ThisengineenablesFinnjettooperatemoreefficientlyinthewinter
monthswhensevereweatherintheBalticmakeshighspeedimpossible.
Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners3.

USSFlasher(SS249)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.3'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,256/2,410disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:61.Arm.:1021"TT13",3
mg.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740shp,2screws20/9kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1943.
USSFlasher(namedforatypeoffishalsoknownasatripletail)iscreditedwithsinking100,231grosstonsofJapaneseshipping,morethananyotherU.S.
submarineinWorldWarII.UnderLieutenantCommanderR.T.Whitaker,shebeganherfirstpatrolfromPearlHarborinJanuary1944,sinkingfourshipsbetween
January18andFebruary14.AfterafivedaylayoveratFremantleinFebruary,shespenthersecondwarpatroloffFrenchIndochinawhereshesankfourships
betweenApril29andMay4.Herthirdpatrol,intheSouthChinaSea,beganJune19.Ninedayslatershesanktwoshipsoutofathirteenshipconvoy,followingup
twelvedayslaterwiththecruiserOi.Aweeklatershesankoneandseverelydamagedanothertanker,beforereturningagaintoFremantleforathreeweekrefit.On
herfourthpatrol,FlasherwasdeployedtothePhilippineSeatohelprescuedownedaviatorsduringbombingraidsinadvanceoftheAlliedlandingsinthePhilippines.
NonethelesssheagainmanagedtonotchupthreeshipsbetweenSeptember18andOctober4.
FlasherreturnedtoFremantleonOctober20andcommandpassedtoLieutenantCommanderG.W.Grider.Attheheadofathreeboatwolfpacksheentered
VietnamesewatersoffCamranhBay.OnDecember4,shesankthe

Page186

destroyersKishinamiandIwanami,togetherwithatankertheywereescorting.OnDecember21,shelocatedanotherconvoyand,attackingfromtheshoreward
side,sankthreetankers.HerlastpatrolwasagainoffthecoastofIndochina.AlthoughJapaneseshippingwasbecomingscarce,shesanktwovesselsonFebruary21
and25.SheendedherpatrolatPearlHarborfromwhereshesailedfortheWestCoastforrepairs.EnroutetoGuamforherseventhpatrolwhenthewarended,she
wasrecalledtoNewLondonwhereshewasplacedinreservein1946.
Roscoe,U.S.SubmarineOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Florence
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:223.1'41'26'dph(68m12.5m7.9m).Tons:1,684.Hull:wood.Built:Goss&Sawyer,Bath,Me.1877.
BuiltforCharlesDavenport&Company,FlorencewasnamedinhonorofCaptainJohnR.Kelley'sdaughter,whowasthemodelfortheship'sfigurehead.ADown
Easterofgoodspeedandcrossingthreeskysailyards,shewasbuiltforandspentmuchofhercareerintheCaliforniatradesailingbetweenportsinEuropeandthe
eastandwestcoastsofNorthAmerica,withoccasionalportsofcallinSouthAmerica,Australia,andAsiahercargoesincludedcoal,wheat,andlumber.Captain
KelleyservedonlyonevoyageandwassucceededbyR.L.Leonard.In1885,CaptainF.C.Duncantookcommand,livingaboardwithhiswifeandfivechildren
(twoofthembornaboard)untiltheshipwassoldthirteenyearslater.WilliamE.MighellofSanFranciscooperatedFlorenceinthecoalandlumbertradesbetween
thePacificNorthwest,Hawaii,andAustralia.Fouryearslater,theshipwentmissingaftersailingfromTacoma,Washington,enrouteforHonoluluwithcoalsheis
believedtohavefounderedoffCapeFlahertyinastorm.
Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

CSSFlorida
(exOreto)Screwsteamer(3mschooner).L/B/D:191'27.4'13'(58.2m8.4m4m).Tons:700burden.Hull:iron.Comp.:52.Arm.:27",66",1
12pdrhowitzer.Mach.:horizontaldirectactingsteamengines9.5kts.Built:WilliamC.Miller&Sons,Liverpool1862.
Knownasthe"PrinceofPrivateers,"CSSFloridawasthesecondmostsuccessfulConfederateraiderafterALABAMA.LaiddowninJune1861,the
Confederacy'sfirstforeignbuiltcommerceraiderdepartedLiverpoolonMarch22,1862,andwascommissionedatGreenCay,Bahamas,LieutenantJohnNewland
Maffittcommanding.FromthereshesailedtoCubaandthroughtheFederalblockadeintoMobilewhereshearrivedonSeptember4.Sheremainedinportuntil
January16,1863,whenshebrokethroughtheblockadetobeginalucrativesevenmonthcruiseduringwhichshecapturedtwentytwovessels,includingtheclippers
RedGauntletandSouthernCross,andfacilitatedthecaptureofanothertwentythree,amongthemtherevenuecutterCALEBCUSHING.Afterafivemonthrefit
inBrest,duringwhichcommandwastransferredtoLieutenantCharlesM.Morris,shecapturedelevenshipsbeforeputtingintoBahia,Brazil,onOctober4,1864,a
fewdaysafterUSSWACHUSETT.MorrispledgedtoobserveBrazilianneutralityandwasgrantedfourdaysinwhichtomakenecessaryrepairs.TheBrazilians,
anxioustopreventaconfrontationbetweentheWachusettandFlorida,mooredsomeoftheirownshipsofthelinebetweenthetwoantagonists.ButonOctober7,
WachusettrammedtheConfederateraiderwiththeintentionofsinkingher.Wilsonhadgrantedabouthalfhiscrewleave,andafterassessingthesituation,Lieutenant
T.K.Portersurrenderedtheshipandtheremainingcrew,whowereputinirons.TheshipwastowedoutofBahiaandbacktoNewportNews,whereshesankina
collisionwiththetransportAlliance.
Owsley,CSS"Florida."

FlyingCloud
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:235'40.8'21.3'(71.6m12.4m6.5m).Tons:1,782om.Hull:wood.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,Mass.1851.
BuiltforEnochTrainofBostonandsoldtoGrinnell,Minturn&Company,ofNewYork,FlyingCloudwasoneofthefastestifnotthefastestclippership
everlaunched.ThelargestmerchantsailingshipafloatuntilthelaunchofCHALLENGEshortlybeforeherfirstvoyage,greatthingswereexpectedofher,asaNew
Yorkpaperreportedfivedaysbeforeherfirstvoyage:
Wedinedonboardyesterdaywithasfinea"bandofbrothers"asanymancoulddesireforcompanionsinaFlyingCloud.Indeed,sofamiliarwerethevoicesofmanythatwe
couldnotrealizethatwehadmountedtothenebularregions.YetalladmittedthatweactuallywereinsideaFlyingCloudwhosedestinationwasCalifornia,andofwhichCaptain
Cressy,overwhosekeeneyeandintelligentfacetherewasassuredlynomist,hadcommandandwecanonlysay

Page187
thatmoretableluxury,moretastefulandcostlyfurniture,moreampleventilationandcomfortofeverykind,weneverkneweveninanearthbuiltpacketshiporsteamer.
TheFlyingCloudisjustthekindofvehicle,orwhateverelseitmaybecalled,thatasensiblemanwouldchooseforaninetydaysvoyage.

UndercommandoftheharddrivingJosiahP.Cressy,shedepartedNewYorkonJune2,1851,andarrivedatSanFranciscoonAugust31afterarecordrunofonly
89days,21hours.Onlyahandfulofshipsevermadethesamepassageinunder100daystheaveragetimeforallclippershipswasmorethan120days,andforfull
builtmerchantships150daysormore.Itwasquiteremarkable,then,whenthreeyearslaterFlyingCloudbetteredherowntimeonthesamerunby13hours.Her
timeof89days,8hours,anchortoanchor,stoodastherecorduntil1860whenANDREWJACKSONsailedthesamecoursein89days,4hours.(Therecordof
89daysundersailstooduntilbetteredbythehighperformanceracingsloopTHURSDAY'SCHILDin198889.)
Continuingherfourthvoyage,FlyingCloudsailedforHongKong,asshehadonherfirsttwovoyages,toloadtea.AfewdaysoutfromWhampoaonher
homewardrun,shegroundedonacoralreefandbeganleakingatarateof11inchesanhour.Withthepumpsmannedcontinuously,FlyingCloudarrivedatNew
YorkonNovember24withhermilliondollarcargointact.Onhernextvoyage,underCaptainReynard,theshipprovedbadlystrainedandputintoRiodeJaneiro.
Afterfiveweeksinport,duringwhichhersparswerecutdown,sheresumedhervoyageandwentontopostherbestday'srun402milesandarrivedatSan
FranciscoonSeptember14,1856,after113daysatseafromNewYork.
LaidupuntilthenextJanuary,shemadeherlastCapeHornpassagein1857andthenwaslaidupatNewYorkfornearlythreeyears.InDecember1859,shesailed
forEnglandandloadedforHongKong.AfterthreeyearsintradebetweenEngland,Australia,andHongKong,FlyingCloudwassoldtoT.M.Mackay&
Company,apartnerinJamesBaines'sBlackBallLine.Putintheimmigranttrade,shepliedbetweenEnglandandQueenslandcarryingasmanyas515passengers
outbound,andreturningwithfullcargoesofwool.In1871,FlyingCloudwassoldtoHarrySmithEdwardsofSouthShieldswhoputherintradebetween
NewcastleandSt.Johns,NewBrunswick,carryingcoalandpigironoutandtimberback.InJune1874,shegroundedonBeaconIslandbarandwasforcedto
returntoSt.Johns.Withherbackbroken,thefollowingyearshewasburnedforhermetalfastenings.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.Stammers,PassageMakers.

FlyingEnterprise
(exCapeKumukaki)C1Bcargoship.L/B/D:396.5'60.1'25.8'(120.9m18.3m7.9m).Tons:6,711grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:steamturbine,1screw.Built:
ConsolidatedSteelCorp.,Ltd.,Wilmington,Del.1934.
OriginallymanagedbytheU.S.MaritimeAdministrationoutofLosAngeles,CapeKumukakiwaspurchasedbyHansIsbrandtseninthe1940sandrenamedFlying
EnterpriseallIsbrandtsenSteamshipCompanyshipscarriedtheprefix"Flying."UnderthecommandofCaptainHenrikKarlCarlsen,FlyingEnterprisesailedfrom
HamburgforNewYorkonDecember21,1951.JustpasttheEnglishChannel,onDecember27,shesailedintoahurricane.A30footwavecrackedthehull,put
theshiponherbeamends,andknockedouttheengines.Onthe29th,40crewand10passengersjumpedtosafety(onediedofexposure)andweretakenaboard
theSSSouthlandandUSMTGeneralA.W.Greely.CaptainCarlsenremainedaboardhisshipinclined60degreestoportuntiljoinedonJanuary4,1952,
byKennethRogerDancyfromtheBritishsalvagetugTurmoil.ThenextdaytheyfinallysecuredatowandmadeforFalmouth.Fourdayslaterthecablepartedand
shortlybefore1600hoursonJanuary10,themenwerepickedupbyTurmoil.FlyingEnterprisesankat1616,47milesfromFalmouth.Dailypresscoverageofthe
heroicsalvageeffortmadeCarlsenworldfamous,butatapressconferencehedismissedtheacclaimsaying,"Idon'twantaseaman'shonestattempttosavehisship
usedforanycommercialpurposeortogetanythingoutofit."Thepressrepliedwithastandingovation.
Dugan,AmericanViking.

FNRS2
(laterFNRS3)Bathyscaph.L:6.5'dia.Tons:12.5tons.Hull:nickelchromemolybdenum.Comp.:2.Built:EmileHenricotWorks,CourtEtienne,Belgium1948.
Theworld'sfirstbathyscaphwasthecreationofSwissphysicistandoceanographerAugustePiccard.TheprincipleofthebathyscaphthewordwasPiccard's
coinage,derivedfromtheGreekwordsmeaning"deepboat"wassimple.Piccardwantedamannedvesselfittedwithobservationportholesyetstrongenoughto
withstandtheenormousstressescreatedatgreatdepthsasmuchas8tonspersquareinchandabletodescendandriseonitsown,withoutbeingtetheredtoa
mothership.
Piccardwasalreadywellknownforhisascentinaballoonto50,000feetinordertostudycosmicrays,in

Page188

1931.TheimpetusforthebathyscapharosefromaconversationwithKingLeopoldofBelgium,whosefatherhadfoundedtheFondsNationaldelaRecherche
Scientifique,theorganizationresponsibleformuchofPiccard'sresearch.Askedhowhisworkwasprogressing,Piccard,whohadlongbeeninterestedin
oceanography,foundhimselftellingthekingofhisplanstobuildabathyscaphforabyssalresearch.
Thedesignofthefirstbathyscaph,FNRS2(theoriginalFNRSwasPiccard'sstratosphericballoon),wasrelativelystraightforward.Thepassengercompartmentwasa
steelspherelargeenoughtoholdtwocrewandfittedwithtwoportholes.Thisspherewasattachedtoanelongatedfloatfilledwithgasoline,whichislighterthanwater
andthereforemorebuoyant.(Therelationshipofgasolineandwateriscomparabletothatofheliumandair,andthebathyscaphhasbeencomparedtoanunderwater
balloon.)Thetankalsohadprovisionsforwaterandironballast,whichcouldbejettisonedatthebottomofthediveinpreparationfortheascent.
OnNovember3,1948,FNRS2madeanunmannedtrialdescenttoarecorddepthof1.371meters(4,500feet)offDakar,Senegal.Fundingdifficultiesledtothe
bathyscaph'stransfertotheFrenchNavy,anditwasofficiallyrenamedFNRS3.In1954,FNRS3descendedtoarecord4,049meters(13,284feet)offDakar,a
depthnotexceededuntil1959duringTRIESTE'sworkupforitsassaultonthe10,912meter(35,800foot)ChallengerDeep.Inthe1960s,FNRS3wasreplacedby
theFrenchNavy'sFNRS4.
Houot&Willm,2000FathomsDown.Piccard,Earth,Sky,andSea.Piccard&Ditez,SevenMilesDown.

Forfarshire
Steamship(1f/2m).L/B/D:132'20'15'dph(40.2m6.1m4.6m).Tons:192burthen.Hull:wood.Mach.:2cyl.steamengine,190hp,sidewheels.Built:
Dundee,Scotland1836.
BuiltfortheDundeeandHullSteamPacketCompany,ForfarshirewasamediumsizesteamerthatcarriedfreightandpassengersontheNorthSeacoastalroute
betweenHullandDundee.Heraccommodationsincludedtwentynineberthsforpassengersin''maincabin"class,andaccommodationsfor"forecabin"passengers.
Deckpassengers,restrictedto"commonsoldiersandsailors,"werealsoembarked.OnSeptember5,1838,ForfarshiredepartedHull.Thestarboardboilerbegan
leakingearlythenextmorning.Thatafternoontheweatherdeterioratedandtheenginesfinallystoppedaltogether.Ratherthanputintoport,CaptainHumblemade
sail.Shortlybefore0400onFridaymorning,September7,ForfarshirewasintheFarnesarchipelagowhensheranagroundandbrokeherback,drowningsixofher
crewandstrandingthirteenpassengersandcrewonBigHarcarRock.
ShortlythereafterGraceDarling,daughterofthekeeperofLongstoneLight,noticedtheshipaground,butitwasnotuntil0700thatsheandherfathercouldseeany
survivors,nownumberingonlynine.Asthelifeboatwastoobigtomanagealone,WilliamDarlingaskedhisdaughtertojoinhim,andthetworowedaboutamile
throughtherunningseastotherescue.Althoughwordofthewreckandtherescuewasslowtotravel,GraceDarlingsoonattainedacelebritystatusforherpartinthe
rescue.FatheranddaughterwerehonoredwithmedalsfromtheRoyalHumaneSocietyandtheforerunneroftheRoyalNationalLifeboatInstitute,andGrace
receivedalmost750ingiftsfromgratefulinstitutionsandindividuals,including50fromQueenVictoria.Shewasalsothesubjectofseveralpopularnarrativesand
poems(includingeffortsbyWilliamWordsworthandAlgernonSwinburne),andherexploitwascelebratedinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.OntheCentenaryofthe
Forfarshiresinking,thetwentytwoyearoldheroinewashonoredwiththeopeningoftheGraceDarlingMuseuminBamburghnearthegraveyardinwhichshewas
buriedlessthanthreeyearsafterherfamousexploit.TheRoyalNationalLifeboatInstitutehasalsonamedseverallifeboatsinherhonor.
Hornby,"GraceHorseleyDarling."Mitford,GraceHadanEnglishHeart.

FortStikine
Freighter.L/B:424.2'57.2'35'(129.3m17.4m10.7m).Tons:7,142grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:tripleexpansion,505nhp,1screw11kts.Built:PrinceRupert
DryDock&Shipyard,PrinceRupert,BritishColumbia1942.
Builtunderlendleaseagreement,FortStikinewascharteredfromtheCanadiangovernmentbyBritain'sMinistryofWarTransport.OnFebruary24,1944,the
freighterdepartedBirkenhead,England,boundforBombay,viaKarachi,withamixedcargothatincludeddisassembledglidersandRAFSpitfires,nearly1millionin
gold,and1,395tonsofammunition,amongotherthings.OffloadingtheglidersandplanesatKarachi,FortStikinetookoncotton,lubricatingoil,scrapiron,sulfur,
andresinforthethreedayjourneytoBombay,whereshearrivedonApril12,1944.Twodayslater,afirewasdis

Page189

coveredinthenumbertwoholdwheretheexplosiveswerestowed.Despitetheeffortsofthecrewandlocalfirementodrowntheblaze,itburnedoutofcontrol.At
1530,anexplosiontorethebowofftheshipCaptainAlexanderJ.Naismithwasamongthedead.Dockworkersandcrewcontinuedhopelesslytobattlethefire.A
secondexplosionsankeveryoneofthetwentysevenshipsintheharbornoneofthebuildingsintheharborvicinityescapeddamage.Destructionwasnotconfinedto
theworkingport,forgoldbarsandscrapironblownmorethanamilefromtheshipkilledhundredsofcivilians.Ittook7,000Alliedsoldiersnearlyaweektoputout
thefire,andthefinaldeathtollfromtheexplosionwas1,376morethan3,000peoplewereinjured.
Ennis,GreatBombayExplosion.

Fox
Steamyacht(1f/3m).Tons:170burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:26.Mach.:steam1screw.Built:AlexanderHall&Co.,Aberdeen,Scotland<1857.
BuiltasayachtforSirRichardSutton,whomadeonevoyageinhertoNorway,FoxwaspurchasedfromhisestatebyLadyJaneFranklinwhoputtheshipunder
commandofArcticveteranCaptainFrancisLeopoldM'Clintock,tosearchfortheremainsofSirJohnFranklin'sHMSEREBUSandTERROR,whichhadbeen
missingsince1848.FoxsailedfromAberdeenonJuly1,1857,andbecameiceboundinMelvilleBayinnorthwestGreenland.Duringthewintershewaspushed
souththroughDavisStraittoCumberlandSoundinsouthernBaffinIsland.InApril1858,sheresumedherjourney,callingatGodthbandBeecheyIsland.From
there,M'ClintockintendedtodescendthroughPeelSoundbetweentheBoothiaPeninsulaandPrinceofWalesIsland,buticeconditionsforcedhimsouthintoPrince
RegentInlet(betweenBaffinIslandandSomersetIsland),andthenwestthroughBellotStraitbetweenSomersetIslandandtheBoothiaPeninsula.Fromwinter
quartersatPortKennedy,sledgingexpeditionstracedthesouthernshoreofPrinceofWalesIslandfromFranklinStraitintheeasttoMcClintockChannelinthewest,
aswellasthewesternshoreoftheBoothiaPeninsulaandKingWilliamIsland.
InMay1859,M'Clintock'sexpeditionfoundremnantsoftheFranklinexpeditionatVictoryPoint,innorthwestKingWilliamIsland.AdispatchfromGrahamGore
datedMay28,1847,indicatedthatErebusandTerrorhadattemptedtosailacrosswhatbecameknownasMcClintockChannelbutwerefrozeninoffCapeFelix
attheentrancetoVictoriaStrait,in705'N,9823'W.Ayearlater,CommanderJamesFitzjamesannotatedthereport.TheshipshadbeenfrozeninfromSeptember
12,1846Franklin,eightotherofficers(Goreamongthem),andfifteenmenhaddiedtheshipswereabandonedonApril22,1848andtheremaining105menunder
CaptainCrozier"startontomorrowthe26thforBack'sFishRiver."Nonesurvived.
Withthisexpedition,fromwhichFoxreturnedtoEnglandinSeptember1859ladenwithgeologicalandbiologicalspecimensandextensivemeteorologicaldata,the
searchforFranklinwasofficiallyover.Althoughthecostofdiscoveryhadbeenhigh,asErnestDodgewrote,"No
Imagenotavailable.
ThishandsomeportraitbyananonymousEnglishpaintershowstheFOXinArcticwaters
duringtheyacht'ssuccessfulattempttofindtheremainsofSirJohnFranklin'sillfated
voyageinHMSEREBUSandTERROR(185759).
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page190

doubtremainedthattheNorthwestPassageexisted.Ithadyettobenavigated."ThatwouldwaituntilRoaldAmundsenandGJAin1906.
Dodge,NorthwestbySea.M'Clintock,Voyageofthe"Fox"intheArcticSeas.

Fram
Topsailschooner(1f/3m)L/B/D:127.8'34'15'(39m11m4.8m).Tons:402grt307net.Hull:wood.Comp.:16.Mach.:tripleexpansion,220ihp,1
screw7kts.Des.:ColinArcher.Built:ColinArcher,Larvik,Norway1892.
In1879,GeorgeDeLong'sattempttoreachtheNorthPoleendedinfailurewhenhisship,JEANNETTE,becamelodgedintheiceforseventeenmonths.However,
theship's600miledriftintheicefromWrangelIslandalmosttotheNewSiberianIslandssuggestedtotheNorwegianzoologistandexplorerFridtjofNansen"thata
currentpassesacrossorverynearthePoleintotheseabetweenGreenlandandSpitzbergen."Nansendeterminedtousethecurrenttobringhimasfarnorthas
possiblebeforesettingoutacrosstheicetoreachtheNorthPole.Todothis,hewrote,
Iproposetohaveashipbuiltassmallandasstrongaspossiblejustbigenoughtocontainsuppliesofcoalandprovisionsfortwelvemenforfiveyears...Themainpointin
thisvesselisthatitbebuiltonsuchprinciplesastoenableittowithstandthepressureoftheice.Thesidesmustslopesufficientlytopreventtheice,whenitpressestogether,
fromgettingfirmholdofthehull,aswasthecasewiththeJeannetteandothervessels.Insteadofnippingtheship,theicemustraiseitupoutofthewater.

Imagenotavailable.
ThequintessentialpolarresearchvesselFRAM,
photographedinAntarcticaduringRoaldAmundsen's
expeditionof191012,whenheandfourcompanions
becamethefirstpeopletoreachtheSouthPole.
CourtesyNorskSjfartsmuseum,Oslo.

NansenturnedtothenavalarchitectColinArcher,whodesignedashipthatdiffered"essentiallyfromanyotherpreviouslyknownvessel."Fram("Forward")wasa
massivelybuilt,smoothsided,doubleendedvesselshapedlikeapilotboatbutwithoutakeelorsharpgarboardstrakes"abletosliplikeaneeloutofthe
embracesoftheice."Thestemhadanaggregatethicknessof4feet,theframeswere21incheswide,andthehullplankingof30yearoldoakhadamaximum
thicknessof13inches.Thebeamswerereinforcedwithbalks,stanchions,braces,andstays.Riggedasathreemastedschoonerandfittedwithanauxiliaryengine,
Framcarriedenoughcoalforfourmonths'steaming.
FramsailedfromthenorthernportofVardonJuly21,1893.HeadingeastacrosstheBarentsSea,shepassedsouthofNovayaZemlyaintotheKaraSeaand
huggedtheEurasiancoastuntilabout135E,whensheturnednorth.OnSeptember22,1893,Framlodgedintheiceinabout7843'N.Aspredicted,theshipwas
carriedtothenorthwestuntilNovember1895,whenhercourseshiftedtothesouthwest.Allthewhile,hercrewtookextensivemagnetic,astronomical,hydrographic,
andmeteorologicalobservationsfromwhichtheydetermined,amongotherthings,thattheArcticwascoverednotwithasolid,immobilemassoficebutacontinually
breakingandshiftingexpanseofdriftice.FramfinallyemergedfromtheiceonAugust13,1896,offthenorthwestcoastofSpitzbergen,justasNansenhad
predicted.
Inthemeantime,NansenandFrederikJohansenhadleftFramonMarch14,1895,whentheshiplayinabout844'N,10227'E,inanefforttoreachtheNorthPole
withsledsandkayaks.ByApril9theyhadreachedasfaras8613'N,95EbeforetheirwaywasblockedbyuneveniceandtheyturnedsouthforFranzJozefLand.
HeretheywinteredinacaveonFrederickJacksonIsland(8130'N,55E)fromAugust1895untilMay19,1896.OnJune17,theyarrivedatanEnglishcampat
CapeFlora,NorthbrookIsland,fromwhichtheyreturnedtoVardinthesupplyschoonerWindward.Severalweekslater,thetwomenreunitedwithFramandher
crewatTroms.Despitethelackoffreshfood,theextensiveperiodsofperpetuallightanddark,andtheunrelentingcoldthehighestmonthlyaveragetemperature
wasabout32F,andthelowest35FthecrewoftheNorwegian

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PolarExpeditionremainedinexcellentphysicalandmentalhealth.NansencheerfullyreportedhowuponhisarrivalatCapeFlorahediscoveredthathehadgained22
pounds,andJohansen13pounds,sinceleavingFram.
In1898,OttoSverdrup,whocommandedtheshipafterNansenleftfortheNorthPole,tookFramonathreeyearexpeditioninnorthwestGreenland.After
exploringthewestcoastofEllesmereIslandandotherislands,hereturnedtoNorwaywithalargecollectionofnaturalhistoryspecimens.
In1910,FramwasbroughtoutofretirementbyRoaldAmundsenwhowantedtoemulateNansen'sattempttoreachthePolebyputtinghisshipintheiceinthe
BeringSea.WhenhelearnedthatRobertPeary(basedaboardtheROOSEVELT)hadbeatenhimtothePole,AmundsensecretlydecidedtomakefortheSouth
Pole,aplanherevealedtohiscrewonlywhentheshipwasatMadeira.FramarrivedintheRossSeainJanuary1911,reaching7838'S,16337'W,about870
milesfromthePole.Averaging17to23milesperday,Amundsen,OscarWisting,HelmerHanssen,SverreHassel,andOlavBjaalandsetoutacrosstheRossIce
Shelfwithfoursledgesandfortytwodogs.CrossingtheQueenMaudMountains,theNorwegiansbecamethefirstpeopletoreachtheSouthPoleonDecember16,
1911thirtyonedaysbeforeRobertScott'sillfatedexpeditionfromDISCOVERY.TheyreturnedtoFramheim,theirbasecamp,onJanuary25,1912,andsailed
forhomefivedayslater.
TheintrepidFramwaslateracquiredbytheNorskSjfartsmuseuminOslowheresheisonpublicdisplay.
Amundsen,SouthPole.Nansen,FarthestNorth.Sverdrup,NewLand.

France
Bark(5m).L/B/D:361'48.8'25.9'(110m14.9m7.9m).Tons:3,784grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:46.Built:D.&W.HendersonCo.,Glasgow1890.
Thefirstfivemastedbarkandthelargestshipintheworldatthetimeofherbuilding,FrancewasorderedforA.D.BordesetCompagnie'snitratetradebetween
ChileandEurope.Onherfirsttripout,shecarried5,000tonsofcoalandonherarrivalatIquique,shedischargedthecoalandloaded5,500tonsofnitrateinthe
shorttimeofelevendays,thanksinlargeparttoherbeingfittedwithsteamwinches.Afastship,herbestpassageoutwasmadeinonlysixtythreedays,andshehad
anotherfivepassagesinundereightydays.OnJanuary27,1897,whileridingatanchorinDungenessRoads,shewashitbythecruiserHMSBlenheim.TheBritish
shiphadseentwolightsaridinglightforwardandasternlightand,assumingthattheybelongedtotwoseparatevessels,triedtosteerbetweenthem.Blenheim
turnedatthelastminute,butdroveintothebark'sstarboardquarter.Anadmiraltycourtruled"thesternlightasourceoferror,whichmightcauseorcontributetoan
accident."FrancebeganherlastvoyageinMarch1901,withcoalforValparaiso,underCaptainForgeard.OnMay13shewashitbyaviolentpamperothat
knockedheronherbeamendsinabout34S,48W.HercrewabandonedshipandwerepickedupbytheGermanbarkHebe.
Imagenotavailable.
Thegeometricgraceandbalanceofsquarerigarewell
illustratedinthefivemastedbarkFRANCEof1890,the
firstoftwoshipsofthesamename,seenhereundertow.
Crewmenarebarelyvisibleateitherendoftheforeyard.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.
Lubbock,NitrateClippers.Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

France
Bark(5m).L/B/D:418.8'55.8'24.9'(127.7mx17m7.6m).Tons:5,633grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:45.Mach.:2screws.Built:ChantiersdelaGironde,
Bourdeaux1912.
Thesecondfivemastedbarkofthename,Francewasthelargestsailingshipeverbuilt,withagrosstonnagethatevenexceededthatofthefivemastedship
PREUSSEN.Shewasnotconsideredasgracefulasherpredecessor(builtin1890),havingapronouncedsheerthatBasilLubbockdescribesas"sosteepyoucould
toboggandownitinwetweather,"andsportingajubileerig,meaningthatshesetacourse,doubletopsails,andtopgallants,but

Page192

Imagenotavailable.
Thelargestsailingshipeverbuilt,theFRANCEof1912wasnotaswellproportionedas
herpredecessorof1890.Sheisespeciallydistinguishedbythepronouncedsheerofher
foredeck.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

noroyals.BuiltfortheSocitdesNaviresMixtes(PrentoutLeblondLerouxetCompagnie)fortheirnickeloretradefromNewCaledonia,shemadethreevoyages
inthattrade,herlastendingatClydebankinOctober1916.FrancewasthensoldtoCompagnieFranaisedeMarineetCommerceofRouen,whofittedherwith
two90mmguns.SheclearedforMontevideoinFebruary1917,andaweekoutwasattackedbyaGermanUboat.Undersailandauxiliarypowersheescapedfrom
herpursuer,makingherwaytoMontevideo.AfteratriptoNewYork,shesailedforPortAdelaidewithcaseoilbeforeheadingforNewCaledonia.Afterherreturn
toFranceinMarch1919,herengineswereremovedandshewastowedtoShields,England,toloadcoalforBaltimore.WhileundertowintotheNorthSeaon
December1,thetowropepartedandFrancewasknockedonherbeamends.Thetowboatreportedherasindistress,butshewaslaterfoundandtowedinto
Leith,wherehercargowasrestowed,andsheclearedforBaltimore.Afterthreetransatlanticvoyages,sheclearedNewport,England,withcoalforLyttleton,New
Zealand.InSeptember1921,sheclearedWellingtonforLondoncarrying6,000casksoftallowand11,000balesofwool,thelargestcargoevershippedinasailing
shipfromNewZealand.ArrivingatLondon90dayslater,sheloadedcement,trucks,andrailsfortheNewCaledonianmines,arrivingatTchioonMay19aftera
passageof105days.Twomonthslater,shewasenroutetoPouemboutforacargooforewhenshegroundedonacoralreef.Shewasabandonedandherhullwas
soldfor2,000.
Lyman,"FiveMastedSquareRiggers."Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

France
(laterNorway)Liner(2f/1m).L/B:1,035.2'110.9'(315.5m33.8m).Tons:66,348grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st500,tourist1,550crew500.Mach.:steam
turbines,4screws34kts.Built:Chantiersdel'Atlantique,St.Nazaire,France1962.
ThelastFrenchLinepassengershipeverbuilt,Francealsohasthedistinctionofbeingthelongestpassengership,overall,everbuilt.(Bylengthbetween
perpendicularsorgrosstonnage,sheisonlythefifthlargest.)LaunchedonMay11,1960,byPresidentCharlesdeGaulle'swife,sheenteredservicejustasthejet
airplanewasbeginningtocapturethebulkofpassengertrafficbetweenEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Commissionedwithfourbladedpropellers,thesewere
replacedbyfivebladedonesinherfirstseasoninaprocedurethattookonlytwelvedays.FranceranfortwelveyearsontheNorthAtlanticrunbetweenLeHavre,
Southampton,andNewYork,andalsocalledthreetimesatQuebec.HerlastdeparturefromNewYorkwasonSeptember5,1974,butinprotestofher

Page193

forthcominglayup,hercrewrefusedtoputherintoport,andsheremainedanchoredoffLeHavreuntilOctober10.In1979shewasfinallysoldtotheNorwegian
CaribbeanLineandrenamedNorway.Withhermachineryscaleddownandtwopropellersremoved,reducingherspeedto21knots,shewasconvertedtoacruise
shipandremainedinthatworkintothe1990s.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

USSFranklin(CV13)
Essexclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:872'93'(147.5'ew)27'8'(265.8m28.3m8.4m).Tons:27,100disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:3,448.Arm.:85aircraft12
5",6840mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,15,000shp,4shafts32.7kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,Va.1944.
NamedfortheCivilWarBattleofFranklin,Tennessee,foughtonNovember30,1864,USSFranklinenteredactiveserviceinJune1944.Shefirsttookpartinraids
ontheBoninandMarianaIslandsinsupportofAmericanlandingsonSaipanandGuam,followedbyraidsonJapanesepositionsinthewesternPacific.Duringthe
invasionofthePhilippines,onOctober27,herplaneshelpedsinkZUIHO,ZUIKAKU,andChiyoda,threeofthefourJapanesecarrierssunkattheBattleofCape
Engao.WhilepatrollingoffSamaronthe29th,Franklinwasstruckbytwokamikazesandlost56crewdeadand60wounded.AfterrepairsontheWestCoast,in
February1945shejoinedtheU.S.fleetofftheislandofOkinawa.FromthereshesailedtoastationofftheJapanesehomeislands.OnMarch19,whileonly50miles
fromHonshu,aloneairplanelandedtwobombsonFranklin.Theresultingexplosionsknockedoutherenginesandtheshipwassoonengulfedinflames.Thanksto
highlyeffectivedamagecontrolmeasures,though,shetooka13degreelisttostarboard,Franklin'screwmanagedtobringherunderherownpowertoPearl
Harbor,andfromtheretotheWestCoast.Beforethefirescouldbebroughtundercontrol,however,724menwerekilledand265wounded.Theheroiceffortsof
Franklin'screwresultedinhermenbeingpresentedwithmoremedalsandcommendationsthananyotherunitinnavalhistory,including2MedalsofHonor,19Navy
Crosses,22SilverStars,115BronzeStars,and234lettersofcommendation.
FranklinwasundergoingrepairsatNewYorkwhenthewarended,andtwoyearslatershewasputinthereservefleet.Twelveyearslatershewasreclassifiedasan
auxiliaryairtransport(AVT8).Strickenfromthenavylistin1964,shewasscrappedatNorfolkin1968.
Hoehling,"Franklin"ComesHome.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Frontenac
Sidewheelsteamer(2f/1m).L/B/D:170'od32'10'(51.8m9.8m3m).Tons:700grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:steamengine,50hp,sidewheels9knots.Built:
HenryTeabout&HenryChapman,Finckle'sTavern,Ontario1817.
AcontemporaryoftheAmericanvesselONTARIOandthefirstCanadianbuiltsteamerontheGreatLakes,FrontenacwasbuiltforaconsortiumofKingston
merchantsforserviceonLakeOntarioandtheupperSt.LawrenceRiver.Herhullandpaddles(thelattermeasured12.8feetindiameter)werebuiltinCanada,but
shewaspoweredbyenginesimportedfromtheBirmingham,England,firmofBoultonandWatt,whohadbuilttheenginesforFulton'sNORTHRIVERSTEAM
BOAT.AlthoughherdraftprovedtoodeepforworkontheSt.Lawrence,Frontenac(theFrenchnameforLakeOntario)ranbetweenKingston,York,Ernesttown,
Niagara,andBurlingtonfortenyearsbeforebeinglaidupin1827.Herlastowner,R.Hamilton,Esq.,removedherenginesforuseinAlcione,andthehull
intentionallyburnedintheNiagaraRiver.
Musham,"EarlyGreatLakesSteamboats:The'Ontario'and'Frontenac.'"

FukuryuMaruNo.5
Fishingboat(1f/2m).L:93'(28.3m).Tons:100.Hull:wood.Comp.:23.Mach.:diesel,250hp7kts.Built:Japan1947.
OriginallynamedKotoshiroMaru,thesampanhulledFukuryuMaruNo.5"LuckyDragon"sailedinthePacifictunafisheriesoutofYaizu,Japan.On
January24,1954,shedepartedonaroutinetriptothefishinggroundsoffMidwayIsland.Hercrewletouttheirbaitedlonglines(about50mileslong,alltold)butthe
catchwasmeager,andtheylostamajorsectionoftheline.Turningsoutheast,theybeganfishingintheMarshallIslandsonFebruary25.Atabout0345onthe
morningofMarch1,crewmenondecksawabrilliantflashoflightandafireballinthewest.Darknessfellagain,butsevenminuteslaterthevesselwasrockedbythe
doubleconcussionofanenormousexplosion.SuspectingthattheymighthavewitnessedanAmericannucleartestandterrifiedofrunningafoulofU.S.navalforces,
thecrewgathereduptheirlinesandturnedforhome.
Abouttwohoursafterthe15megatonhydrogenbombexplosion,LuckyDragonwasblanketedbyawhitedustirritatingtoskinandeyesandinducingnausea.
Withindays,thecrew'sskinhadturneddarkbrownandtheirhairbeganfallingout.Althoughsomesuspectedthiswastheresultofradiation,theydidnotlearnthatthe
U.S.

Page194

hadconductedabombtestatBikiniuntiltheyreturnedtoYaizu.(ThetestwasthefirstatBikinisince1946,allthoseintheintervalhavingbeenconductedat
Eniwetok,300milestothewest.)GeigercountermeasurementsshowedthatLuckyDragonhadbeenexposedtoextremelyhighlevelsofradiation,andthecrew
wereadmittedtohospitalsinTokyo.RadiomanAikichiKuboyamadiedinSeptember,andhistwentytwoshipmateswerenotdischargeduntilMay1955.
Whenwordoftheradioactivefishbecamepublic,pricesfelldramatically.Atonepointthemajormarketsclosed,anationalcrisisinacountrythatderivedmostofits
proteinfrompelagicfish.TheUnitedStateshaddroppedatomicbombsonHiroshimaandNagasakilessthanadecadebeforeandtheJapaneseweresuspiciousof
Americanintentions.This,coupledwithU.S.secrecyaboutitsnucleartestingprogram,strainedrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.U.S.officialsclaimedthatthe
Japanesewereexaggeratingtheamountofharmfulradiationinfish.Nonetheless,AmericancompaniesrefusedtopurchaseJapanesefishbecausetheradiationlevels
weretoohighfordomesticconsumers,andtheU.S.governmentpaidJapan$9millionincompensation.RadiationinfishcatchespeakedinNovemberbeforefalling
off.Foreigncountriesexpressedmutedconcernabouttheblasts,andtheU.S.governmentdismissedprotestsastheworkofleftistsconcernabouttheenvironment
wasvirtuallynonexistent.
TheJapanesegovernmenteventuallypurchasedLuckyDragon.DecontaminatedandrenamedHayabusaMaru,shesailedasaUniversityofTokyoFisheriesSchool
trainingship.
Lapp,Voyageofthe"LuckyDragon."

FultonSteamFrigate
Steamfrigate.L/B/D:156'56'11'(47.5m17.1m3.4m).Tons:2,475disp.Comp.:200.Arm.:2432pdr.Mach.:singlecylinderinclinedengine,120hp,
centerwheel6kts.Built:Adam&NoahBrown,NewYork1815.
KnownalsoasDemologosandFultontheFirst,theFultonSteamFrigatewasthefirststeampoweredwarshipbuiltfortheU.S.Navy,andthelastvessel
designedbyRobertFulton.OnChristmasEve1813,Fultonmetwithasmallbuteminentgatheringofmilitarymenandmerchantstopresenthisideaforafloating
batterytobreaktheBritishblockadeofNewYorkduringtheWarof1812.AmongthenavalofficerswhoendorsedtheprojectwereOliverHazardPerryand
StephenDecatur.FundsforthefrigatewereapprovedbyCongressonMarch9,1814,andonOctober28acrowdof20,000NewYorkerswatchedastheship
waslaunchedintotheEastRiverandtowedacrosstheHudsontoFulton'sNewJerseyworkshops.
Theshipwasofinnovativedesign,consistingoftwopontoonhullsthatcametogetheratthegundecka16footpaddlewheelwasmountedbetweenthem.The
pontoonsweredoubledended,theenginereversible,andthereweretwosetsofrudderssothattheshipcouldbesailedeitherendfirsteventheauxiliaryrigwas
doubleended,consistingofalateensailandjibateitherend.
InFebruary1815,shortlyafternewsthattheTreatyofGhentwassigned,Fultondiedofpneumonia.Workonthesteamfrigatecontinued,andtrialsinthesummer
demonstratedthattheprincipleofasteampoweredwarshipwasentirelysound.Despitesuggestionsthatshebeusedasatrainingship,theFultonSteamFrigate
waslaidup,exceptforabrieftourofNewYorkHarborbyPresidentJamesMadisonin1818.Withherenginesandarmamentremovedin1821,shewasusedasa
receivingshipattheBrooklynNavyYarduntilJune6,1829,whentheshipaccidentallyblewupwiththelossof29crewand23wounded.Itwasnotuntil1836that
theU.S.Navyorderedasecondsteamwarship,namedFultonII.
Chapelle,Fulton's"SteamBattery."Philip,RobertFulton.Tyler,"Fulton'sSteamFrigate."

HMSFurious
Furiousclassaircraftcarrier(3m).L/B/D:743.3'95.8'24'(226.6m29.2m7.3m).Tons:23,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,392.Arm.:36aircraft164",
482pdr,840mm,820mm.Armor:4.5"belt,3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,111,000shp,3shafts32.5kts.Built:Harland&WolffLtd.,Belfast,Ireland
1917.
Oneofthreeships(theotherswereHMSCOURAGEOUSandGLORIOUS)originallydesignedtoshellBerlinfromtheshallowwatersoftheBaltic85milesaway,
HMSFuriouswascommissionedwithasingle18inchgunaftandaflightdeckforward.Shesawlimitedactioninheroriginalconfigurationandin1917,her18inch
gunwastakenoffandherflightdeckextended.OnJuly18,1918,shetookpartinasuccessfulraidontheZeppelinbaseatTondern,inSchleswigHolstein.
AlthoughFuriouswasthefirstshipregularlyusedasanaircraftcarrier,hertruncatedflightdeckabaftthebridgewasanunsuccessfuldesign.From1921to1925,she
wasconvertedtoaflushdeckaircraftcarrierandunderwentasecondrefitin193132.AtthestartofWorldWarII,she

Page195

Imagenotavailable.
OneofthefirstJapanese"superdreadnoughts,"FUSOwascommissionedin1915.Originally
fittedwithtwofunnelsandaforwardconningtoweroffairlyordinarydimensions,sheemerged
fromamajorrebuildingin1935withtheforwardfunnelremovedandatowering"pagoda"mast
ofextraordinaryheight.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

waswiththeHomeFleet.DuringtheGermaninvasionofNorwayinApril1940,FuriousprovidedlimitedsupporttoBritishdestroyersintheBattleofNarvik.In
1942,whileassignedtoForceHbasedatGibraltar,sheferriedaircrafttothebesiegedislandfortressofMaltabetweenAprilandJune,andremainedinthe
Mediterraneanthroughthenextyear.InApril1943,theBritishmountedaseriesofattacksaimedatsinkingTIRPITZatKaaFjord,Norway,andFurioussailedwith
asuccessionofoperationsthatlastedthroughSeptember.AlthoughtheGermanbattleshipwasnotsunk,shewasdamagedbeyondrepairasaneffectiveseagoing
unit.DecommissionedinMarch1945,Furiouswasbrokenupin1948atTroon.
Jenkins,HMS"Furious."Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

Fuso
Fusoclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:672.7'94.128.5(205.1m28.7m8.7m).Tons:30,998disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,396.Arm.:1214"(6x2),14
6",85",3725mm.Armor:12"belt,7"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,75,000shp,4shafts24.7kts.Built:KaigunKosho,Kobe,Japan1915.
ThesuperdreadnoughtsFusoandhersistershipYamashirowerethefirstbattleshipsbuiltalmostentirelywithJapanesetechnologyandarmament.Bearingan
ancientnameforJapan,FusowascompletedduringWorldWarIbutsawnoactioninthatconflict.From1930to1935,sheandYamashirounderwentextensive
refitsduringwhichtheywerelengthened25feet,theirdisplacementwasincreasedby9,000tons,onefunnelwastakenaway,andtheyweregiventall"pagoda"turret
masts.
DuringWorldWarII,Fusowasusedextensivelyinescortduties,andshewasdetailedtothediversionaryattackontheAleutianIslandsduringtheJapaneseattempt
totakeMidwayIslandinJune1942.Twoyearslater,FusowasoneofsevenbattleshipsinViceAdmiralTakeoKurita's1stStrikingForceatLinggaRoadsinthe
StraitofMalacca.WhenAmericanforceslandedatLeyteGulfintheinvasionofthePhilippines,Fuso,hersistershipYamashiro,theheavycruiserMOGAMI,and
fourdestroyersconstitutedForceC,undercommandofViceAdmiralShojiNishimura.SailingfromSingaporeonOctober19,theywereorderedtobreakoutinto
LeyteGulfviaSurigaoStrait,northoftheislandofMindanao.TheshipsencounteredonlyminimalaerialresistanceintheSuluSea,andcountingonJapan'sproven
superiorityinnightactions,NishimurapressedonintoSurigaoStrait.AtmidnightForceCwasattackedbyfortyPTboats,whichharriedbutdidnothittheJapanese
ships.At0230,twentyeightdestroyersattacked,andFusowastorpedoedbyUSSMelvin,adestroyerinCaptainJ.G.Coward'sDestroyerSquadron(DesRon)
54.Thebattleshipwas

Page196

soonburningoutofcontrol,andat0338sheblewupandsankin1025'N,12523'Ewithanundeterminedlossoflife.
Inasecondwaveofdestroyerattacks,YamashirowashitbytwotorpedoesfromtheAustraliandestroyerArunta,andthreeJapanesedestroyersweresunk.
NishimuracontinuedeastwardwithTakao,Mogami,Yamashiro,andthedestroyerShigure.BlockinghiswayweretheAmericanbattleshipsCalifornia,
Tennessee,WestVirginia,Maryland,andPennsylvania,backedupbysevencruisers.Theseopenedfireat0400,raining3,250shellsinthenext20minutes.
Nishimurawaskilled,andthesurvivingJapaneseshipsturned.Yamashirowassunkbyadestroyerin1025'N,12520'E,andMogamiwasrammedbythe
JapanesecruiserNachiandsanklaterthatmorning.OnlyShiguresurvivedthelastsurfaceactionfoughtexclusivelybetweencapitalships.
Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Jentschura,Jung&Mickel,WarshipsoftheImperialJapaneseNavy.

Page197

G
Gabriel
Ship(3m).Tons:20tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:18.Built:1576.
FollowingJohnCabot'sillfatedsecondvoyagetoNorthAmericain1498,EuropeaninterestinanorthwesterlyroutetotheOrientwasabandonedinfavorofthe
pursuitoftheNortheastPassage.Butbythe1570s,therewassuchamassofhearsayevidenceandhypothesisthatpeoplebegantothinkagainthataNorthwest
Passagemightexist.FortheEnglish,theprimarymotiveforfindingsucharoutewastocapturepartofthelucrativeOrientalspicetradefromtheSpanishand
Portuguese.Butothers,suchasSirHumphreyGilbert,soughtto"inhabitsomepartofthosecountries,andsettletheresuchneedypeopleofourcountrywhichnow
troublethecommonwealthandthroughwanthereathomeareenforcedtocommitoutrageousoffenses,wherebytheyaredailyconsumedwiththegallows."
OneofthemostferventbelieversintheNorthwestPassagewasMartinFrobisher.WithbackingfromtheMuscovyCompany,onJune12,1576,heembarkedinthe
barkGabrielandsailedfromGravesendincompanywiththe25tonMichaelandapinnaceof10tons.AstormsankthepinnaceandforcedMichaelbackto
England.Gabrielcarriedonand,afternearlycapsizingoffGreenland,sailednorthwestintoDavisStraitandbyJuly20wasoffResolutionIsland,betweenLabrador
andBaffinIsland.OnAugust11,GabrielsailedintoFrobisher'sBay,which,aftercovering150milesin15days,theybelievedwasastraitseparatingAmericaand
Asia.Frobisherandhiscompanionsnotedthatthepeople"beliketoTartars,withlongblackhaire,broadfaces,andflattenoses,andtawnieincolor."Unfortunately,
fiveoftheEnglishwerekidnappedbyEskimos,andinretaliationFrobisherseizedanEskimowhowastakenbacktoEngland.
Thecrewalsoreturnedwithironpyritesmistakenlythoughttobegold.Thisdiscoverywasmorethanenoughincentiveforasecondvoyage,sponsoredbythenewly
formedAdventurerstotheNorthWestfortheDiscoveryoftheNorthWestPassage,ortheCompanyeofKathai.In1577,Gabriel,nowunderRobertFenton,
sailedwithMichael,QueenElizabeth'sownAID,andacompanyofabout155men.DepartinginmidMay,theshipsarrivedatBaffinIslandonJuly17.They
returnedhomeattheendofthesummerwiththreeEskimosaman,awoman,andherchild,allofwhomdiedafteramonthinEnglandand200tonsofore
assayed(againincorrectly)ascontaininggoldandsilver.In1578,GabrielwasoneoffifteenshipsinFrobisher'sthirdexpeditionduringwhichhisshipssailedpartway
intoHudsonStrait.TheCompanyofCathayspentfiveyearstryingtosmeltpreciousmetalsfromironandeventuallywentbankruptFrobishertooktheblame.
CreditorsseizedGabriel,andherultimatefateisunknown.
Hakluyt,PrincipalNavigations.Stefansson,ed.,ThreeVoyagesofMartinFrobisher.

GalileeBoat
(1m).L/B/D:28.6'8.1'4.1'(8.8m2.5mx1.25m).Hull:wood.Comp.:5.Built:Hasmonean/Roman1stcent.BCE/CE.
TheGalileeBoatwasdiscoveredinJanuary1986byMosheandYuvalDothan.AtwoyeardroughtinIsraelhadloweredtheleveloftheSeaofGalilee(Kinneret,in
Hebrew),whichisnormally656feet(200meters)belowsealevel.SeveralhundredmeterssouthofKibbutzGinosar,in3250'N,3531'E,theDothanbrothers
identifiedanelongatedovaloutlineinthemud.InspectorsfromtheIsraelDepartmentofAntiquitiesnotedthemortiseandtenonjointsontheuppermoststrakeand
confirmedthatthefindwasindeedanancientboat.
Beforeafullscaleexcavationcouldbeplanned,rumorsofthediscoveryofthe"BoatofJesus"necessitatedarescueexcavation.Atemporarycofferdamwasbuiltto
preventthelakewatersfromrefloodingthesite.Aftertheinteriorofthehullwasexcavated,drawn,andphotographed,fiberglasssupportswereinsertedbetweenthe
framesandthehullwassprayedinsideandoutwithpolyurethanefoam.Thewreckwasthenrefloatedand,withthehelpoflocalvolunteers,carefullypushedupthe
coast

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totheYigalAllonCentreatKibbutzGinosar.Afterremovalofitspolyurethanecocoon,theGalileeBoatwasplacedinatankforlongtermchemicalpreservation.
Thewoodhadsurvivedwellbecauseithadbeenburiedinclaylikemudthatprotecteditfromoxygenandmicroorganisms.
Cedarandjujubewereusedforthekeel,cedarandpineforthestrakes,oakforthetenons,andoak,willow,hawthorn,andredbudfortheframes.Thekeel,
preservedforitsentirelengthof8.27meters(26.9feet),was9.5centimeters(3.8inches)wide,and11.5centimeters(4.6inches)high.Themastappearstohave
beensteppedforwardofamidships.Theplankingwasedgejoinedwithmortisesandtenonslockedwithoakpegs.Ironnailswereusedtofastenthescarfjointsand
somedoubleclenchednailsorstaplesbridgedseamsintheplanking.Theseamswerecaulkedwithpitch.Asecondrowofmortiseandtenonjointswasdetectedon
aportionofthekeelbeneaththepresentgarboards,suggestingthatthekeelwasreusedfromanotherboat.Thestemandsternposts,mast,andinternalstructures
weremissingprobablysalvagedinantiquity.SlightlytothenortheastoftheGalileeBoatwerefoundtheremainsoftwootherboats.Thelakesidesite,then,may
havebeenaboatyardwhere,withwoodinshortsupply,vesselsliketheGalileeBoatwerecannibalizedattheendoftheirworkinglives.
Theboatwasprobablypoweredbybothsailandoarsandusedprimarilyforfishing.Contemporarypictorialandwrittenevidencesuggeststhatthefishermenuseda
seinenet,andthattheGalileeboathadasterndeckfromwhichthiswasworked.Themaximumbeamislocatedquitefaraft,resultinginanunusuallynarrow,tapered
bow.Thebottomhasashallow,curvingdeadrise,theturnofthebilgeissharp,andthesidesflareoutwardslightly.Onthebasisofevidenceprovidedbycarbon14
datingofthewoodandartifactsfoundneartheboat,ithasbeendeterminedthatthevesseldatesfrombetween100BCEand70CE.Theboatwasapparentlyinuse
foralongtime,asthemanyrepairsinvariousspeciesofwoodattest.
Wachsmann,SeaofGalileeBoat.

USSGambierBay(CVE73)
Casablancaclassescortcarrier.L/B/D:512.3'65'(108'ew)22.3'(156.1m19.8m(32.9m).6.8m).Tons:7,800disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:860.Arm.:28
aircraft15'',1640mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,16,000shp,2screws19kts.Built:HenryKaiserShipbuildingCo.,Inc.,Vancouver,Wash.1943.
NamedforabayinAlaska,thenaU.S.territory,inearly1944USSGambierBaycarriedtroopstoPearlHarborandfromthereferriedplanestoUSS
ENTERPRISEintheMarshallIslands.AssignedtoRearAdmiralHughM.Sallada'sCarrierSupportGroup2,sheprovidedcloseairsupportfortheMarinelandings
duringtheMarianascampaign,whichbeganJune15.SheremainedoffSaipanthroughtheBattleofthePhilippineSeaandthe"GreatMarianasTurkeyShoot"before
proceedingtoTinianandGuam,throughmidAugust.GambierBay'snextoperationwasinsupportoflandingsatPeleliuandAngaurinthesouthernPalaus.Shethen
tookpartinthelandingsatLeyteGulf,thePhilippines,beforejoiningRearAdmiralCliftonA.F.Sprague'sescortcarrierTaskForce3knownasTaffy3
comprisingsixescortcarriersandsevenscreeningships.
FollowingtheBattleoftheSibuyanSea,October2425,inwhichtheJapaneselostsevenships,AdmiralW.F.HalseydispatchedtheThirdFleetnorthinthebelief
thatViceAdmiralTakeoKurita'sCenterForceincludingthebattleshipsYAMATO,Kongo,Haruna,andNagato,togetherwitheightcruisersandeleven
destroyersnolongerposedathreat.At0648onOctober25,theCenterForceopenedfireonTaffy3offSamarIsland.Intheensuingaction,whichKurita
gravelymishandled,GambierBaycameunderrelentlessfirefromfourheavycruisers,principallyChikuma,receivingherfirsthitsatabout0810atarangeof10,000
yards.DespitethecourageousinterventionbydestroyersUSSJOHNSTON,Hoel,andHeermannandairsupportfromTaffy2,about30milesaway,Gambier
Bayrolledoverandsankat0907,in1131'N,12612'Etherewerenearly800survivors.Fourminuteslater,Kuritacalledoffhisattack,whichhadcosthimthree
heavycruisers.Inall,theBattleoffSamarcosttheUnitedStatesmorethan2,000sailorsdeadandwounded,plusthelossoftwoescortcarrierstheotherwasST.
LdestroyersJohnstonandHoel,anddestroyerescortSamuelB.Roberts.
Hoyt,Menofthe"GambierBay."Ross,EscortCarrier"GambierBay."

Garthpool
(exJuteopolis)Bark(4m).L/B/D:310'45'25'(94.5m13.7m7.6m).Tons:2,652net.Hull:steel.Comp.:28.Built:Messrs.Thompson&Co.,Dundee,
Scotland1891.
Afourmastedbarksportingajubileerigthatis,settingnosailsabovethetopgallantsJuteopoliswasbuiltforthejutetradebetweenCalcuttaandDundee,in
whichshesailedunderCaptainW.Linklaterfornearlyadecade.In1900shewasboughtbytheAngloAmericanOilCompanyandcarriedcaseoilinthePacific.
SoldjustbeforeWorldWarItoGeorgeWindramandCompany,Liver

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pool,shehauledgeneralcargoes.In1917,shewasacquiredbySirWilliamGarthwaite'sMarineNavigationCompany,thoughshewasnotformallyrenameduntil
1921.OnherfirstvoyageasGarthpool,CaptainAtkinsondiedatseaenroutefromPortLincolntoFalmouthin1921.Withfreightrateslow,theshipwaslaidupfor
twoyearsattheendofthatpassage.In1924,herportofregistrywaschangedtoMontrealandshesailedagainingeneraltrade.Twoyearslater,shechanged
mastersagain,sailingunderCaptainDavidThomsonintheAustraliagraintradebetweenAdelaideand,usually,Hullshewasnotafastship,andherpassagesoften
exceeded120days.OnOctober23,1929,shewasoutwardboundfromHullinballast.AmongthecrewwasStanHugill,whowouldlaterearninternationalrenown
asachanteymanandhistorianofthelastdaysofsail.OnNovember11,1929,GarthpoolranagroundandwaslostatBoavistaIsland,oneoftheCapeVerde
Islandsallhandssurvived.AlthoughsheisoftencreditedwithhavingbeenthelastBritishdeepwatersailingshipflyingasshedidtheCanadianmerchantensign
thatultimatehonorbelongstoWILLIAMMITCHELL.
Course,WindjammersoftheHorn.

Garthsnaid
(exInversnaid)Bark(3m).L/B/D:238'36.2'x21.7'(72.5m11m6.6m).Tons:1,312net.Hull:steel.Comp.:23.Built:ArchibaldMcMillan&Son,Ltd.,
Dumbarton,Scotland1892.
BuiltasInversnaidforGeorgeMilne'sInverLine,whichLubbockcharacterizesas"undoubtedlyoneofthefinestfleetsofwindjammerssailingtheseainthetwentieth
century,"thethreemastedbarkwasacquiredbyWilliamGarthwaite'sMarineNavigationCompanyattheendof1916whilelyingatPortTalbot,NewSouthWales.
(Hersistership,Invercoe,hadbeensunkbytheGermancommerceraiderPrinzEitelFriedrichinFebruary1915.)RegisteredinMontrealandrenamed
Garthsnaid,sheflewtheCanadianmerchantserviceensignunderCaptainJamesSimpson,sailingingeneraltradebetweentheBritishIsles,Brazil,Chile,Portuguese
EastAfrica,andAustralia.Onherlastvoyage,sheloadedfuelforPortLouis,Mauritius,arrivingthereonJune4,1922.ShesailedinballastforQueenscliff,Australia,
andaftersixteendaysinportwasorderedtocontinuetoIquiquewhereshefinallyloadednitrateforMelbournesuchwasthehardlotofworkingwindshipsinthe
early1920s.OnMarch30,1923,shewasdismasted,andwithajuryrigonherforemast,onApril2,shewastakenintowbytheWhiteStarcargolinerZealandic.
AtMelbourneGarthsnaidwasdeclaredatotalconstructivelossandhulkedshewasbrokenupinthe1940s.
Course,WindjammersoftheHorn.

Gaspe
Schooner(2m).L/B:68'20'9'(20.7mx6.1m2.7m).Tons:102bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:30.Built:Canada(?)1763.
WiththeconclusionoftheFrenchandIndianWar(orSevenYears'War),BritainannexedFrenchCanadain1763.Tohelppatrolagainstsmugglersworkinginthe
GulfofSt.Lawrence,theBritishgovernmentpurchasedsixschoonersandsloopsin1764,includingGaspe.ThepatrolsoonexpandedtocovertheportsofNew
England.OnJune9,1772,GasperanagroundonNamquitSpitsevenmilesfromProvidence,RhodeIsland,whilepursuingtheshipHannah,whichwassuspected
ofavoidingpaymentofcustomsduties.NewsofthestrandedvesselquicklyreachedProvidenceandthatnighteightboatloadsofcolonists,ledbythemerchant
brothersJohnandNicholasBrown,movedtoseizethevessel.Asthecolonistsapproached,theywereorderedtoidentifythemselves,buttheonlyreplywas"God
damnyourblood,wehaveyounow!"Gaspewasboarded,andthenineteencrew,includingLieutenantWilliamDudingston,whowaswoundedintheattack,were
landedbeforetheschoonerwasputtothetorch.ACommissionofInquirywasconvenedinJanuary1773,buteventhepostingof500rewardfailedtoproduceany
reliablewitnesses.HenceoneoftheAmericancolonists'firstactsofdefiancetotheBritishCrownwentunpunished.
May,"TheGaspeAffair."Miller,SeaofGlory.Staples,DocumentaryHistoryoftheDestructionofthe"Gaspe."

Geldermalsen
DutchEastIndiamanship(3m).L/B/D:150'42'x18'(45.7m12.8m5.5m).Tons:1,110disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:112.Arm.:31guns.Built:Zeeland
Chamber,VOC,Netherlands1746.
NamedfortheestateofVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(VOC,ortheUnitedEastIndiaCompany)directorJanVanBorsele,GeldermalsensailedfromHolland
toBataviain1746.Thereafter,shespenttherestofherbriefcareerintheFarEast,sailingbetweenDutchmerchantcommunitiesatCanton,Batavia,andIndia.Inthe
fallof1751,Geldermalsenloadedacargooftea,silk,andporcelainforshipmentfromCantontotheNetherlands.Inaddition,shecarried147ingotsofgold
destinedforBata

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via.TheshipsailedfromCantononDecember20,undercommandofCaptainJanMorel.Fifteendaysout,shewassailingthroughthecalmSouthChinaSeawhen
shestruckAdmiralStellingwerfReefoffBintanIslandsoutheastofSingapore.Theshipwasbadlyholed,andsankduringthenight.Onlythirtytwooftheship's
companysurvivedtheshipwreck,andfewerstillreachedBatavia,eightdayslater.
In1986,BritishshipsalvorMichaelHatcherfoundGeldermalsen'sremains.Withlittleconcernfortheship'sarchaeologicalvalue,Hatcher'steamsalvaged126bars
ofgoldand160,000piecesofporcelainthelargestcargoofChineseexportporcelaineverfoundmostofwhichhadbeenmassproducedfortheburgeoning
marketinEurope.BeforeHatcher'steamhadcompletedthework,theInternationalCongressofMaritimeMuseumscondemnedthedestructionofthewreck.
SuchanarchaeologicallyimportantfindastheGeldermalsenshouldhavebeenexcavatedinascientificway.Correlationoftheratherwelldocumentedinformationfromthe
availablearchivesandtheexcavationinformationisofutmostimportance.Thismeansregistrationoffindplaceswithinthewreck,detailsontheshipstructure,environmental
information,etc.Withoutsuchscientificstandards,noexcavationshouldtakeplace,inordernottolosetheinformation,whichisveryimportantforahistoricalpointofview.In
fact,thecargooftheGeldermalsenhasbeenlootedwithoutconcernforcontextanditscommercialsalewillentirelydestroythewreck.

Valuedatonly35,000guildersintheseventeenthcenturytheteawasthenworth400,000guilderstheporcelainfetchedabout10millionatauctionin
Amsterdam.
Hatcher,deRham,&Thorncroft,"Geldermalsen,"theNankingCargo.Jorg,"Geldermalsen."Miller,"SecondDestructionoftheGeldermalsen."

GeneralArmstrong
Topsailschooner(2m).Tons:246bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:90.Arm.:124pdr,89pdr.Built:NewYork<1814.
NamedforBrigadierGeneralJohnArmstrong,adistinguishedsoldierandstatesmanoftheAmericanRevolutionduringtheWarof1812,thetopsailschooner
GeneralArmstrongsailedasaprivateerundercommandofCaptainSamuelC.Reid.OnSeptember26,1814,shewaslyingintheroadsattheneutralportof
Fayal,Azores,whenaBritishsquadroncomprisingHMSPlantagenet(74guns),Rota(36),andCarnation(10)cameintotheanchorage.Thatafternoon,British
boatsapproachedGeneralArmstrongand,suspiciousoftheirintentions,ReidwarnedtheBritishoff,openingfireonlyasalastresort.ReidrepositionedGeneral
Armstronginshallowerwatersandpreparedforanattack.Atmidnight,180meninsevenboatssupportedbyCarnationbegantheirassaultonGeneral
Armstrong.TheAmericandefensewaswithering2boatsweresunk,2captured,andtheBritishclaimed34deadand86woundedforonly2Americandeadand7
wounded.Reidclearedhisshipforactionthenextmorning,butafterrepulsingCarnation,herealizedthathispositionwashopeless.Ratherthansacrificehismen,he
scuttledhisship.GeneralArmstrong'ssplendidfightisespeciallynotablegiventhathercrewweremerchantratherthannavalseamen.
Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

GeneralBelgrano
(ex17deOctubre,USSPhoenix)Brooklynclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:608.3'61.8'22.8'(185.4m18.8m6.9m).Tons:12,207disp.Hull:steel.
Comp.:8681200.Arm.:156"(53),85"8SAMlaunchers2helicopters.Armor:5.6"belt,2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,100,000shp,4screws32.5
kts.Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,Camden,N.J.1938.
AssignedtothePacificFleetin1939,USSPhoenixwasatPearlHarborduringtheJapaneseattackonDecember7,1941.AfterconvoydutybetweenPearlHarbor
andtheWestCoast,shesailedforAustraliatoserveasatroopshipescortintheDutchEastIndiesandIndianOcean.FollowingarefitatPhiladelphiain1943,she
carriedNavySecretaryCordellHulltotheCasablancaConferencebeforesteamingbacktotheSouthPacific.FromDecember1943,PhoenixtookpartintheAllied
advancethroughNewBritain,theAdmiraltyIslands,andNewGuinea.SheprovidedclosesupportfortheAlliedlandingsonLeyteonOctober20andwaspresentat
theBattleofSurigaoStrait.SheremainedinPhilippinewatersuntilJuly,andtheendofthewarfoundherenroutetoPearlHarborforoverhaul.
Decommissionedin1946,fiveyearslatershewaspurchasedbytheArgentineNavyandrenamed17deOctubre.FollowingthemilitaryoverthrowofthePeronist
governmentin1955,shewasnamedinhonorofthenineteenthcenturyArgentinepatriotManuelBelgrano.OnApril2,1982,ArgentinaattackedtheBritishcolonyof
theFalklandIslands,about300milessoutheastofsouthernArgentina.Fivedayslater,theBritishdeclareda200mileexclusionzonearoundtheislands.OnMay2,
GeneralBelgranowasabout235milessouthwestofStanleywhenshewasspottedbythehunterkillersubmarine

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HMSConqueror.ThemodernizedBelgrano'sarmamentincludedtwohelicoptersandtwoquadrupleSeaCatsurfacetoairmissilelaunchers,andalthoughshewas
outsideoftheexclusionzone,theBritishdecidedthatsheposedathreattoBritishoperations.HMSConquerorfiredtwotorpedoesandGeneralBelgranowent
downin5524'S,6132'W,withthelossof368ofher1,091crew.ThefirstArgentinelossofthewar,shewasthelargestwarshipsunkincombatsince1945.
Hastings&Jenkins,BattleoftheFalklands.Hooke,ModernShippingDisasters.

GnraldeSonis
Bark(3m).L/B/D:277.5'40.4'22.7'dph(84.6m12.3m6.9m).Tons:2,307grt.Hull:steel.Built:ChantiersNantaisdeConstructionMaritime,Nantes,
France1901.
BuiltfortheCompagniedeNavigationFranaise,GnraldeSonisenteredthegraintradebetweenAustraliaandEuropein1902.SoldtotheSocitGnrale
d'Armamentin1904,shecontinuedinthesameworkforthenextdecade.OutwardboundfromPortVictoriainMarch1913,shehadjustrescuedthecrewofthe
FrenchbarkJeanBartwhenshewasherselfdrivenashorenearWardangIsland.Pulledoffbyatug,GnraldeSonisgroundedasecondtimeowingtoaconfusion
ofsignals.Sheremainedagroundfornearlyfourmonths,buteventuallykedgedoffandwastowedtoMelbourneforrepairs.Twoyearslater,shewasboundupthe
EnglishChannelundertowofHomerwhenorderedtostopbyU32.Thetug'scaptainattemptedtoramtheGermansubmarineandGnraldeSonismadegood
herescape.Inlateryears,inadditiontoAustralianwheatshecarriedricefromFrenchIndochina,andshewasoneoftwelveFrenchshipsthatloadedgrainatSan
Franciscoin1921.SoldattheconclusionofthatvoyagetoM.Potet,ofLeHavre,shemadesevenvoyagesintheWestIndieslogwoodtrade.In1931,sheran
agroundinFrenchGuiana.ReturningtoLeHavreshewaslaidupandinNovember1932,thelastofthedeepwatermerchantsquareriggerswaspurchasedby
Belgianshipbreakersfor1,000francs.
Hurst,SquareRiggers.Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

GeneralSlocum
Excursionsteamer.L/B/D:236'38'7'(71.9m11.6m2.1m).Tons:1,283grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:steam,sidewheels18kts.Built:Devine&Burtis,
Brooklyn,N.Y.1891.
ThesiteofoneoftheworstmaritimedisastersinU.S.history,onJune15,1904,theKnickerbockerSteamboatCompany'sexcursionsteamerGeneralSlocum
embarked1,360childrenandtheirescorts,sponsoredbySt.Mark'sGermanLutheranChurch,foratriptoLocustPoint,theBronx,wheretheEastRivermeets
LongIslandSound.UnderCaptainWilliamvanSchaick,thedangerouslyoverloadedsteamerproceededuptheEastRiverfromtheThirdStreetpier.Abouthalfway
toitsdestination,afirewasdiscoveredinaforwardstorageroomlitteredwithcombustiblematerials,includingtinsofoil.Thesteamer'ssafetyapparatuswasoldand
defective:waterhadtobepumpedbyanauxiliaryengine,theclothhosesrupturedunderthewaterpressure,and,aswaslaterapparent,theship'stenlifeboatswere
tiedfasttotheship.RatherthanrunGeneralSlocumalongsideadockinQueens,CaptainvanSchaicktriedtorunthesteameragroundonthesandybeachofNorth
BrotherIslandinstead,theshipgroundedinarockybay.
Bythistimetheshipwasablazefrombowtostern600passengerswerekilledwhenthedecksbegantocollapse.Others,leapingfromtheburningwreck,were
beatentodeathbythestillturningpaddlesordrownedbythelifevests,manyofwhichhadbeenfilledwithgranulatedcorkandbroughtuptoproperweightbythe
inclusionofironweights.Otherchildrenweresimplytrampledtodeathinthepanic.AccordingtotheU.S.SteamboatInspectionService,whoseheadwascashiered
byPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,938peoplediedintheGeneralSlocumcatastrophetheNewYorkCitypoliceputthetollat1,031.Thedisasterwasinternational
news,andreferencestoitevenrecurasatopicofconversationinJamesJoyce'sUlysses,thesettingforwhichisJune16inDublin.CaptainvanSchaickwaslater
foundguiltyoffirstdegreemanslaughterandsentencedtotenyearsinSingSingfederalpenitentiaryinOssining,NewYork.In1906,thehulkofGeneralSlocum
wassoldtoPeterHagen,whoconverteditforuseasabargerenamedMaryland.OnDecember4,1911,whileboundfromCamdentoNewarkwithacargoof
coke,shesprangaleakoffAtlanticCityandsankonLudlamBeach.
Gentile,ShipwrecksofNewJersey.Rust,Burningofthe"GovernorSlocum."

LaGographe
Corvette(3m).Tons:350.Hull:wood.Arm.:30guns.Built:France<1800.
In1800,aFrenchvoyageofexplorationwasproposed,thegoalofwhichwas"tomakeadetailedexplorationof

Page202

thecoastsofthesouthwest,thewest,thenorthwest,andthenorthofNewHolland[Australia],someofwhicharestillunknownandothersimperfectlyknown."The
projectwasendorsedbyFirstConsulNapoleonBonaparteandcarriedtheimprimaturofLouisAntoinedeBougainville.CommandedbyCaptainNicolasBaudin,a
veteranofthreeotherscientificvoyages,theexpeditionincludedthemostimpressivearrayofscientifictalenteversenttoseatwentyfourastronomers,botanists,
zoologists,mineralogists,gardeners,anddraftsmen.LeavingLeHavreonOctober19,1800,LaGographeandherstoreshipNaturalistesailedalongthecoastof
Africa,ratherthanthenormal,fasterroutewhichransouthwesttowardsBrazilandthenturnedsoutheastfortheCapeofGoodHope.Asaresult,ittook145daysto
reachIledeFrance,wherefortyofthecrew,officers,andscientistsquittheexpedition,somebecauseofillness,othersbecausetheyrefusedtocontinuewiththe
authoritarianBaudin.
Considerablybehindschedule,onJune1,1801,theshipscametoGographeBay(whichtheynamed),nearCapeLeeuwin,Australia.Turningnorth,theships
becameseparatedinastorm,butGographelandedatvariouspointsalongthewesterncoastofAustraliaincludingSharkBaybeforeheadingtotheDutch
settlementatKupang,Timor,inAugust.(NaturalistespentconsiderabletimeexploringtheSwanRiver,Australia,anddidn'treachKupanguntilSeptember21.)By
thetimetheshipssailedonNovember13,theircrewshadbeenfurtherdepletedbyscurvy,whichwascuredatKupang,anddysentery,whichwascontractedthere.
Theshipsheadedsouthagain,andthensailedforVanDiemen'sLand,arrivingonJanuary13,1802.Despitetherecurrenceofscurvy,Baudinpushedwesttowards
NuytsLand,thoughasbeforehewasseparatedfromNaturaliste.BytheendofMarch,GographehadreachedtheinhospitablesouthcoastofNewHolland,
whichtheFrenchcalledTerreNapoleon.OnApril8,1802,GographeencounteredMatthewFlinders'sship,HMSINVESTIGATOR,inEncounterBay.Although
FlindersgaveBaudinacopyofthecharthehadjustcompleted,theFrenchcaptaincontinuedtodrivehisexhaustedcrewwestwardandonlyputaboutwhentheship
wasoutoffuelandwater.(FlinderswaslaterarrestedatIledeFrance,andbeforehisreleasetheFrenchtookcreditforhisdiscoveries.)Gographefinallyarrivedat
theBritishsettlementatPortJackson(Sydney)amonthlater.
TheFrenchwerenot,forthemoment,atwarwithEngland.TheywerewellcaredforattheformerpenalcolonywheretheyweresoonjoinedbyNaturaliste.Baudin
alsohireda30tonschooner,LaCasuarina,whichwasputundercommandofLieutenantLouisdeFreycinet.OnNovember18,1802,thethreeshipssailedsouth
again.FromtheBassStrait,NaturalistesaileddirectforFrancewithalargenumberofscientificspecimens.GographeandCasuarinacontinuedaslowand
deliberatesurveyofthesouth,west,andnorthcoastsofAustraliaasfarasJosephBonaparteGulf(thenameremainstoday)beforeputtinginonceagainatTimor
fromMay6toJune3.Althoughthecrewcontinuedtosuccumbtodeathanddisease,theshipssailedwithalargecollectionofexoticanimals.Afteraquicksweepof
theGulfofCarpentaria,theysailedforhomeviaIledeFrance.HereBaudinhimselfdiedonSeptember16.CasuarinawassoldandGographecontinuedunder
CaptainPierreMilius,returningtoL'OrientonMarch25,1804.
Initiallycondemnedasafailurebecauseofthehumantoll,inscientifictermstheexpeditionwasanythingbut.Inthreeandahalfyears,theyhadcollected"morethan
100,000samplesofanimalsbothgreatandsmall,...andthenumberofnewspeciesismorethan2,500,"includingtwoblackemusthatsurvivedincaptivityuntil
1822,atwhichpointtheywereextinctinthewild.Fivenarrativesofthevoyagewerepublished,themostimportantbeingthefivevolumeworkbyzoologistFranois
Pronand,followinghisdeath,Freycinet.
Brosse,GreatVoyagesofDiscovery.Dunmore,FrenchExplorersinthePacific.

GeorgeWashington
(laterUSSCatlin)Liner(2f/4m).L/B:722.5'bp78.2'(213.1m23.8m).Tons:25,570grt.Comp.:1st520,2nd377,3rd2,000.Hull:steel,Mach.:quadruple
expansion,2screws18kts.Built:AGVulcan,Stettin,Germany1909.
OneofseveralGermanpassengershipsnamedforU.S.presidentsintheyearsbeforeWorldWarI,GeorgeWashingtonwasthelargestofNorddeutscherLloyd's
NorthAtlanticlinerstoenterservicebefore1914.ThechoiceofsuchnameswasintendedasaluretoGermanimmigrantsboundfortheUnitedStates.Justhow
significantthesepeoplewerefortheGermanshippinglinesisreflectedinthefactthatasof1990,Germansstillrepresentedbyfarthelargestblockofimmigrantsto
theUnitedStatesover12percentsince1820.
GeorgeWashingtonenteredservicefromBrementoSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkinJune1909.HerlastvoyageonthatroutebeganinBremenonJuly
25,1914,andendedatNewYorkonAugust3.WiththeoutbreakofthewarinEurope,shewasorderedtoremainatNorddeutscherLloyd'sHobokenpiers
togetherwithsuchshipsasImperator(laterLEVIATHAN)rather

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Imagenotavailable.
IntheyearsbeforeWorldWarI,Germanpassengerlinescateringtothe
immigranttradeenticedtheirpassengersbynamingshipsforfamous
Americans.GEORGEWASHINGTONhasdressedshiponherapproach
toNewYork.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

thanriskcapturebyFrenchandBritishnavalunitspatrollingoffNewYork.FollowingtheUnitedStates'entryintothewar,shewasseizedonApril6,1917,and
commissionedasthenavaltransportUSSGeorgeWashingtonforservicebetweentheUnitedStatesandEurope.Followingthearmisticein1919,shewashanded
overtotheU.S.Army,andinMarchshecarriedPresidentWoodrowWilsonandhisentouragetoFrancefortheVersaillesPeaceConference.
In1920,GeorgeWashingtonwasacquiredbytheUnitedStatesShippingBoard.UndercontracttoUnitedStatesMailLines(laterUnitedStatesLines),shebegan
servicebetweenNewYork,Plymouth,Cherbourg,andBremerhaventhefollowingyear.DuringherrefitatHoboken,hertonnagehadbeenreducedto23,788grt
andheraccommodationswerechangedsothatshecarried573passengersinfirstclass,442insecond,andonly1,485inthird.Sheremainedinthisserviceuntil
1931,whenherageandthedepressionforcedherretirement,andshewaslaiduponthePatuxentRiver,Maryland.Theresheremaineduntil1940whentheNavy
commissionedherasthetransportUSSCatlin.TurnedovertotheBritishin1941,shewasagainnamedGeorgeWashington,butafteronevoyage,shewasgiven
backtotheUnitedStates.SheemergedfromaninemonthrebuildinApril1943fittedwithoilburningenginesandonlyonefunnel,andwashandedovertotheU.S.
ArmyfortransportdutyinthePacific,Mediterranean,andAtlantic.Followingherwartimeservice,shewaslaidupatBaltimore.GuttedbyfireonJanuary17,1951,
shewassoldforscraptotheBostonMetalsCompany.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard,FamousAmericanShips.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSGeorgeWashington(SSBN598)
GeorgeWashingtonclassfleetballisticsubmarine.L/B/D:381.7'33'26.7'(116.3m10.1m8.1m).Tons:5,959/6,709disp.Hull:steel985'dd.Comp.:
139.Arm.:16Polarismissiles621"TT.Mach.:nuclearreactor,15,000shp,1screw20/30kts.Built:ElectricBoatDivision,GeneralDynamics,Groton,Conn.
1959.
USSGeorgeWashingtonwasoriginallylaiddownastheSkipjackclassnuclearpoweredattacksubmarineUSSScorpionin1957.Whilestillontheways,thehull
wascutintwoanda130footlongmidsectionwasinsertedtoaccommodatesixteensolidpropellantPolarisballisticmissiles.CommissionedDecember30,1959,
USSGeorgeWashingtonproceededtoCapeCanaveral,Florida,thefollowingJunewheresheloadedtwoofthemissiles.OnJuly28,shebecamethefirst
submarinetolaunchballisticmissilesfromasubmergedpositiontoatarget1,100milesdownrange.CommanderJamesB.Osborn'smessagetoPresidentDwightD.
Eisenhowerwassuccinct:"Polaris:Fromoutofthedeeptotarget.Perfect."Furthertestscontinuedthroughoutthesummer,andGeorgeWashingtonloadedherfirst
complementofsixteennucleartippedmissilesinOctober.Eachmissilewas28feet6incheslong,withadiameterof4.5feet,weighed28,500pounds,with
propellant,andcarrieda600kilotonnuclearwarhead.Themissilescouldlandwithinamileoftheirtargetoveradistanceofabout1,200nauticalmiles.
Afteraninitialcruiselasting66dayssubmerged,sheproceededtothesubmarinebaseatHolyLoch,Scotland,in1961,operatingfromthereuntil1964when,having
logged100,000milesatsea,shewasrefueledforthefirsttime.LaterconvertedtocarryPolarisA3missiles(whichhadarangeof2,500miles),in1981George
Washingtonwasrecommissionedasanuclearattacksubmarine(SSN

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598)andhermissiletubeswerefilledwithcement.Shewasdecommissionedin1985andslatedfordisposalby1999throughtheNavy'snuclearpoweredshipand
submarinerecyclingprogram.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

CSSGeorgia
(exJapan)Commerceraider(1f/2m).L/B/D:212'27'13.8'(64.6m8.2m4.2m).Tons:648grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:75.Arm.:2100pdr,224pdr,1
32pdr.Mach.:steeplecondensingengines,900ihp,1screw13kts.Built:WilliamDenny&Bros.,Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland1862.
Laiddownasamerchantvessel,theunfinishedJapanwaspurchasedfortheConfederateNavyin1863.SailingonApril1,1863,underCommanderW.L.Maury
(cousinofthecelebratedoceanographerMatthewFontaineMaury,whoarrangedtheship'spurchase),CSSGeorgiawascommissionedatseaeightdayslater.After
abriefcruisethattookhertoBahiaandtheCapeColony,withnineprizestohercreditsheputintoCherbourgonOctober28andwasdecommissioned.Shesailed
forLiverpoolandwassoldthere.SeizedbyUSSNiagaraoffPortugalonAugust15,shewascondemnedasaprizeatBoston.Resumingserviceasamerchantship
in1865,shewassoldtoCanadianinterestsin1870,andlostoffTenantsHarbor,Maine,onJanuary14,1875.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.Stephens,"C.S.S.Georgia."

GertrudeL.Thebaud
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:132.6'loa25.2'12.2dph(40.4m7.7m3.7m).Tons:137grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:31.Mach.:aux.engine,180hp.Des.:Frank
Paine.Built:ArthurD.StoryYard,Essex,Mass.1930.
BuiltinlargepartduetothegenerosityofaFrancoAmericansummerresidentofGloucester,Massachusetts,LouisThebaud,forwhosewifetheschoonerwas
named,GertrudeL.ThebaudwasthelastoftheGloucesterbuiltGrandBanksfishingschooners.Althoughtheeraofthesailingfisherieswasclearlyinitstwilight,the
impetusforThebaudwastheprospectofcapturingtheInternationalFisherman'sTrophyfromtheNovaScotiafleet.Aswereallvesselsthatsailedinthiscompetition.
Thebaudwasbuiltforfishing.Butthoughfast,wellfound,andablyskippered,herreputationasafishermanwasmodest.ShesailedintwoseriesagainstGloucester's
archrival,Bluenose.In1931,underCaptainBenPine,shelostintwostraightraces.Sevenyearslater,inwhatprovedtobethelastcontestforthetrophy,shewon
twooutoffiveracesheldbetweenOctober9and26.
Despiteherlacklustercareerasasailingfisherman,GertrudeL.ThebaudwaswelllikedandprovedanoutstandingambassadorfortheportofGloucester.InApril
1933,shecarriedadelegationtoWashington,D.C.,topleadonbehalfofthehardpressedfishingindustrybeforePresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt.Whenthe
presidentvisitedtheship,hewasaccompaniedbyBritain'sPrimeMinisterRamsayMacDonald.InJulyofthatyear,shesailedtoChicagotobepartofthe
MassachusettsstateexhibitattheWorld'sFair.Fouryearslater,shewascharteredbytheArcticexplorerDonaldB.MacMillanandsailedasfarnorthasFrobisher
Baywithacrewofthirtysevenprofessors,students,andprofessionalcrew.CharteredtotheU.S.CoastGuardduringWorldWarII,sheservedasflagshipoftheir
coastaldefensefleet.
SoldtoWilliamH.HoefferofNewYorkinAugust1944,shedepartedGloucesteronMay29,1945,andendedherdaysasacargovesselintheCaribbean.Nearly
threeyearslater,inFebruary1948,shewasdrivenontoabreakwateratLaGuaira,Venezuela,andbrokeup.
Chapelle,AmericanFishingSchooners.Thomas,FastandAble.

Giglioship
Hull:wood.Built:centralMediterraneanca.600BCE.
TheislandofGiglioissituatedintheTyrrhenianSeaoffthecoastofTuscany(ancientEtruria).TheremainsoftheshiplieatthenorthendofCampeseBayatthefoot
ofLaSecche(4222'N,1052'E),asubmergedrockthatalmostcertainlycausedthewreck.Theshipsettledintoasandygullyatthebottomofasteepslopeata
depthof40to50meters.ThesitewasdiscoveredbyR.Vallintinein1961andexcavatedfrom1982to1986byOxfordUniversity'sMaritimeArchaeological
ResearchdepartmentunderthedirectionofMensunBound.DatingfromthelateseventhorearlysixthcenturyBCE,theGigliowreckisprobablythatofanEtruscan
ship.ThecargoincludedmanyEtruscanamphorae,butalsoamphoraefromeasternGreece,Samos,andsamplesfromanunknownPhoenicianPuniccenter.The
containersheldpitchthateventuallyspilledout,partiallycoveringandpreservingtheship'stimbers.
Thekeel,boththegarboards,andthreestrakesononesidesurvive.Stitcheswereusedtoassemblethehull,asintheBONPORTWRECK.Thesewerelockedin
placewithpegs.Theshipwasbuiltofpine,fir,oak,elm,andphillyrea,withtreenailsofolive,hazel,andphillyrea,and

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blocksofboxwoodandevergreenoak.Unfortunately,thesecommontreespeciesdonotpointtoanyonepartoftheMediterraneanastheGiglioship'shomeport.
ThecargoconsistedpartlyoffinepaintedpotteryfromCorinth,includingmorethantwentysmall,elegantperfumeflasks.AlsofromCorinthwasanimpressivebronze
helmet,decoratedwithinciseddesigns.TheCorinthianmaterialreflectsthatcity'sculturalandcommercialimportanceintheLateArchaicperiod.Anothernoteworthy
findisapairofwoodencalipersperhapsusedbytheship'scarpentertogaugemortisesandtenons.WoodenflutesrecalltheEtruscanfondnessforwindinstruments,
renownedinantiquity.Smallnuggetsofsmeltedcoppermayhaveservedasaformofprecoinagecurrency.Otherfindsincludelamps,tools,netweights,
arrowheads,ironbars,copperandleadingots,amber,graniteanchorstocks,gamingpieces,fragmentsorornateinlaidfurniture,awritingtabletandstylus,andan
elaboratelycarvedinlaidwoodenboxlid.
Bound,"EarlyObservationsontheConstructionofthePreclassicalWreckatCampeseBay."Bound&Vallintine,"WreckofPossibleEtruscanOriginoffGiglioIsland."

GiorgiosAverof
Pisaclassarmoredcruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:462'x69'24.7'(140.8m21m7.5m).Tons:9,958disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:670.Arm.:49.2"(22),87.5",
1676mm,547mm318"TT.Armor:8"belt,2"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,19,000ihp,2screws22.5kts.Des.:GiuseppeOrlando.Built:Orlando&
Co.,Livorno,Italy1911.
LaiddownasasistershiptotheItalianarmoredcruisersPisaandAmalfi,AverofwasboughtbytheGreekNavywhilestillonthestocks.NamedforaGreek
millionairewhohadbequeathed300,000fortheimprovementofthenavy,AverofwascommissionedasflagshipoftheGreekNavyin1911.Assuchsheplayeda
crucialroleintheBalkanWarsof191213,inwhichGreece,Bulgaria,Serbia,andMontenegrotriedtothrowoffOttomanrule.Asthestrongestunitineitherthe
BulgarianorGreekfleets(theonlytwocountriesthatpossessedships),shewasinstrumentalindefeatingtheTurkishforcesattheBattlesofHelli(December3,1912)
andLemnos(January56,1913).TheresultingcontainmentoftheTurkishfleetintheDardanellesledtothetransferoffiveAegeanislandsChios,Lesbos,Samos,
Lemnos,andThasostotheGreekflag.
TheAverofunderwenttworefitsduringthe1920s,emergingfromthesecond,atLaSeyne,France,withnewantiaircraftarmamentbutminusherthreetorpedotubes.
Imagenotavailable.
Theonlysurvivingarmoredcruiseroftheearlytwentieth
century,theGreekGIORGIOSAVEROFwasoriginally
intendedfortheItalianNavy.AfterserviceinWorldWar
II,theformerGreekflagshipwaspreservedasamuseum
ship.PhotobyRichardR.Weiss,courtesyNormanBrouwer.

FollowingtheGermaninvasionofGreeceinthespringof1941,sheescapedtoAlexandriaandwasthereafteremployedasaconvoyescortintheIndianOceanuntil
1944.Decommissionedin1946,sheremainedatPoros,fortymilessouthofAthens,asanaccommodationshipandlaterafloatingmuseum.
Basch,"HistoricShip,theGiorgioAveroff."Gray,ed.,Conway'sAlltheWorld'sFightingShips.

GipsyMothIV
Ketch.L/B/D:54'10.5'7.'(16.5m3.2mx2.1m).Tons:11.5disp18TM.Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:1.Des.:Illingworth&Primrose.Built:Camper&
Nicholsons,Southampton,Eng.1965.
Apioneeroflongdistanceflight,FrancisChichesterwasthesecondpersontoflysolofromEnglandtoAustralia,inaGipsyMothairplane.Whenhelaterturnedto
singlehandedlongdistancesailing,henamedhisfourboats(IItoV)forhisplane.ItwasinGipsyMothIVthatheachievedlastingfameforhisonestopsolo
circumnavigation.AmongChichester'sotherambitionswastoequaltheaveragepassageofthewoolclippersoutwardbound

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toAustraliaviatheCapeofGoodHope,whichhecalculatedtobe100days.Althoughhefellshortofthisgoal,GipsyMothIV"aboutasunbalancedorunstable
aboat[as]therecouldbe"madephenomenallygoodtime.SailingfromPlymouthonAugust28,heroundedtheCapeofGoodHope58daysoutandentered
SydneyHeadsonDecember12,1966,afterapassageof14,100milesin107days.Thiswas20daysbetterthantheaveragespeedforallclippers,notjustforthe
fastest.After48daysspentrefittingandprovisioning,hesetoutagain,andafteraknockdownintheTasmanSea,hespedthroughtheroaringforties,roundingCape
Horn50daysoutandreturningtoahero'swelcomeatPortsmouthinanoveralltimeof274days.Anationalhero,ChichestersailedGipsyMothIVuptheThames
andwasknightedbyQueenElizabethIIwiththesameswordthatElizabethIusedtoknightSirFrancisDrakeforhisexploitsinGOLDENHIND,thefirstEnglish
shiptosailaroundtheglobe,in1581.GipsyMothIVisnowonpublicviewatGreenwich,intheshadowoftheteaclipperCUTTYSARK,lastofthebreedthat
inspiredChichester.
Chichester,"GipsyMoth"CirclestheWorld.

LaGirona
Galleass(3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:349.Built:Naples(?)<1588.
ThefirstArmadashipwreckinIrelandidentifiedandexcavatedinmoderntimeswasthatofLaGirona,oneoffourgalleassesthathadsailedinDonHugode
Moncada'sNeapolitanSquadron.GalleasseswereoaredsailingshipsacrossbetweenagalleonandanoaredgalleyillsuitedtoworkintheNorthAtlantic,and
GironasustainedheavydamageenroutefromLisbontoLaCorua.ShecontributedlittletothefightingintheEnglishChannel,butintheretreathomefromtheNorth
SeashewasforcedintotheportofKillibegs,inDonegal,Ireland,forrepairstoherrudder.Whilethere,shetookaboardabout800survivorsfromtwootherSpanish
shipwrecks.TheGenoesecarrackLaRataSantaMariaEncoronadahadgoneashoreinBlacksodBay,CountyMayo,andhercrewhadembarkedinthehulk
DuquesaSantaAna,whichthenwentagroundatLoughrosMorBay,Donegal.WhenGironawasrepaired,DonAlonsodeLeivaorderedhertoCatholicScotland.
Thenextday,October26,1588,herjuryrudderbrokeandshewasdrivenviolentlyashoreoffLacadaPoint,CountyAntrim,in5514'N,0630'Wfewerthanten
oftheestimated1,300peopleaboardsurvivedthelastofthetwentyfourArmadashipwrecksinIreland.
In1967,BelgianarchaeologistRobertStnuitbeganexcavationonthesite,andinthefollowingtwoseasonsdiversremovedtwobrasscannon,shotforgunsupto50
pounds,leadingotscarriedfortheproductionofsmallarmsammunition,navigationalinstruments,andanabundanceofpersonaljewelryofgoldandpreciousstones.
OneofthemostfamousandintriguingpiecesisbelievedtorepresentaflyinglizardfromthePhilippines,dracovolans,thescientificdiscoveryofwhichwasnotmade
until200yearslater.Inaddition,thesitecontainedcrosses,reliquaries,cameoportraits,goldandsilvercoinsfromEurope,Mexico,andPeru,aswellasmore
everydayitemssuchaspotteryandships'fittings.
Flanagan,ShipwrecksoftheIrishCoast.Stnuit,TreasuresoftheArmada.

GiulioCesare
(laterNovorossisk)ContediCavourclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:611.4'91.8'34.1'(186.4mx28m10.4).Tons:25,086disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,000.
Arm.:1312.2"(33,22),184.8",197.6cm318"TT.Armor:10"belt,6.8"deck.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,31,000ihp,4screws21.5kts.Built:
CantieriAnsaldo,Genoa,Italy1914.
GiulioCesare("JuliusCaesar")wasoneofnineItaliandreadnoughtbattleshipsinfourclassesauthorizedbetween1907and1914.GiulioCesaresawnoaction
duringWorldWarI,andinthe1920sshewasusedasagunnerytrainingship.Amassivereconstructionfrom1933to1937resultedinavirtuallynewship.Shewas
lengthenedto186.4meters,hermaximumdisplacementgrewto29,100tons,andherscrewswerereducedtotwo,althoughwithgearedturbinesproducing75,000
shafthorsepower,herspeedincreasedto27.5knots.Herprimaryarmamentalsochangedfromthirteen12.2inchgunsinfiveturretstoten12.8inchgunsinfour
turrets.
DuringWorldWarII,GiulioCesaresawconsiderableactionagainstBritain'sMediterraneanfleetinthestruggleforMaltaandNorthAfrica.OnJuly9,1940,a15
inchshellfromHMSWARSPITEoffPuntaStiloknockedheroutofactionforsixweeks.SheagaintangledwiththeBritishoffCapeTeuladaonNovember27,
1940,andshesustainedminordamageduringanairraidonNaplesinJanuary1941.ThroughJanuary1942,whenshewaslaidup,GiulioCesaretookpartina
numberofinconclusiveengagementswhileprovidinglongrangecoverforAxisconvoystoNorthAfrica.
FollowingItaly'ssurrenderin1943,GiulioCesarewastransferredtoAlliedcontrol,andinFebruary1949shewastransferredtotheSovietUnionasreparations
undertermssetattheTeheranConferencein1945.Renamed

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Novorossisk(fortheBlackSeaport)andrearmedwith12inchguns,shewasthemostheavilyarmedshipintheSovietNavy.AnchoredinSevastopolonOctober
29,1955,at0130theshipwaswrackedbyanexplosionjustforwardof"A"turret.Nearlythreehourslater,sheturnedturtleandsank,takingwithher600ofher
1,600crew.Thesinkingitselfremainedacloselyguardedsecretuntil1988,andtheactualcauseofthetwentiethcentury'sworstpeacetimenavaldisasterhasnever
beendetermined.ThefourpossibilitiesmostoftencitednoneofthemespeciallycompellingarethataminelaidduringWorldWarIIcamelooseandstruckthe
hullthattheshipwassabotagedbyKGBagentsseekingtodiscreditCommanderinChiefAdmiralNikolaiG.KuznetsovthattheshipwasminedbytheItaliansprior
totheship'stransfertotheSovietUnionorthatItalianneofascistcommandosunderJunioValerioBorghese,"TheBlackPrince,"minedtheshipwhereshelay.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Huchthausen,"EspionageorNegligence?"

Gja
Sloop.L/B/D:70'20.6'7.7'(21.3m6.3m2.3m).Tons:67grt.Mach.:"Dan"engine,13hp,1screw.Built:KurtJohannessonSkaale,Rosendal,Hardanger,
Norway1872.
UndertheexplorerRoaldAmundsen,GjawasthefirstshiptotransittheNorthwestPassage.NamedforthefightingValkyrieoftheVikings,shewasbuiltforthe
fishingtrades,inwhichsheworkedfortwentyeightyearsunderCaptainAsbjrnSexeofHangesundand,fromthemid1880s,CaptainH.C.Johannesonof
Troms.AmundsenboughttheshallowdraftGjaforhisintendedArcticvoyagein1900andspentthefollowingyearontrialsbetweenNorwayandGreenland,
afterwhichhegaveher3inchoaksheathing,ironstrappingonthebow,andasmallkerosenefueledinternalcombustionengine.
OnJune16,1903,GjasailedfromChristiania(Oslo)withAmundsenandacrewofsix.TheyanchoredfirstatGodhavnonthewestsideofGreenland,wherethey
embarkedsleds,dogs,andkayaks.CrossingMelvilleBay,theytransitedLancasterSound,anddescendedsouthintoPeelSoundbetweenSomersetandPrince
WilliamIslandsbeforeanchoringatKingWilliamIslandonSeptember12,1903.TheyspenttwoyearsatGjahaven(6839'N,9608'W)takingobservationsinan
efforttodeterminethelocationandmovementoftheMagneticNorthPole.OnAugust13,1905,theysailedwestbetweencontinentalCanadaandthesouthshoreof
VictoriaIsland,andonAugust26,offBanksIsland(inwhatisnowAmundsenGulf),theyencounteredtheU.S.whalerCharlesHanson,whichhadsailedfromthe
Pacific.AtthispointtheyknewthattheyhadtransitedtheelusiveNorthwestPassage.TheywinteredagainoffKingPoint,duringwhichoneofthecrewdied.From
hereAmundsentrekkedupthePorcupineandYukonRiverstoEagle,Alaska,wherehetelegraphedthenewsofhissuccesstotheworld.GjaarrivedinNomeon
August31,1906,pausingbrieflybeforepushingontoSanFrancisco.GjapassedthroughtheGoldenGateonOctober19andwasgivenahero'swelcomebythe
city,stillrecoveringfromthecalamitousearthquakeinApril.
Imagenotavailable.
RoaldAmundsen'sconvertedfishingvesselGJAwas
thefirstvesseltotransittheNorthwestPassage,albeitin
stages.HeresheisseenatGjahaven,onPrinceWilliam
IslandintheCanadianArctic,wheresheremainedfast
intheicefromSeptember12,1903,toAugust13,1905.
CourtesyNorskSjfartsmuseum,Oslo.

DespiteaninvitationtobethefirstshiptopassthroughthePanamaCanal,attheinstigationoftheNorwegiancommunityinSanFrancisco,Gjawasturnedoverto
thecityandputonexhibitinGoldenGatePark.Sheremainedthereforthirtyyears,admiredbutslowlydeteriorating.Areconstructionoftheshipwasattemptedin
1939,butWorldWarIIintervened,andtheworkwasonlycompletedin1949.GjaremainedinSanFranciscountil1974,whenshewasreturnedtoNorwayand
exhibitedattheNorskSjfartsmuseum,Bigdy,Oslo.
Amundsen,MyLifeasanExplorerNorthwestPassage.Baker,"Gja."

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LaGloire
Broadsideironcladship(3m).L/B/D:255.6'55.9'x27.10'(77.9m17m8.5m).Tons:5,630disp.Hull:ironcladwood.Comp.:550.Arm.:366.4''.Armor:
4.7"belt.Mach.:2cycletrunk,2,500ihp,1screw12.5kts.Des.:StanislasDupuydeLme.Built:ArsenaldeToulon1860.
OneofthefirsttestsoftheeffectivenessofironcladshipsinbattleconditionsoccurredduringtheCrimeanWar.Impressedespeciallybytheirperformanceagainst
RussiandefensesatFortKinburnatthemouthoftheDnieperRiver,theFrenchNavyembarkedonaprogramofbuildingironcladwarships.Inthis,itwasstrongly
supportedbyNapoleonIII.Appointednavalconstructorin1857,StanislasDupuydeLmecompletedplansforsixironcladsin1858.LaGloire,thefirstofthese,
wasessentiallyamodificationofhisdesignfortheworld'sfirststeamscrewwarship,Napoleonof1850.Becauseoftheirrelativelyweakindustrialbase,theFrench
wereunabletobuildanironhulledship.ThecompromisereachedinGloirewasforawoodenhullcladwith4.7inchironplateandheavilyreinforcedwithiron
fastenings.Withasingleirondeck,Gloirewasasinglescrewthreemastedshipmountingthirtysix6.4inchmuzzleloadingrifledguns.Designedtooperateasa
battleshipinatraditionalbattleline,Gloirehadtwosisterships,InvincibleandNormandie.ThesewerejoinedbytheironhulledCouronneandthetenshipsofthe
Flandreclass(oneofwhich,Herone,hadanironhull),aswellasthetwodeckerironcladsMagentaandSolferino,mounting50gunsontwodecks.
LaiddowninMay1858andcommissionedinJuly1860,GloireservedintheFrenchfleetfornineyearsbeforeundergoingathoroughoverhaulandrefit,emerging
withsix9.6inchandtwo7.8inchmuzzleloadingrifledguns.In1879,shewasstruckfromthenavylistandbrokenupfouryearslater.FarfromhelpingtheFrench
achievenavalsuperiorityovertheBritish,GloirepromptedtheconservativeBritishtoundertakethedevelopmentoftheirownironships.NosoonerwasGloirelaid
downthantheAdmiraltypromptlyorderedtwoironcladandfourironshipsoftheirown.TheimmediateresultwasHMSWARRIOR,anallironhullwarshipthat
entirelydwarfedGloireandusheredinanewgenerationoffightingship.
Baxter,IntroductionoftheIroncladWarship.Lambert,ed.,Steam,SteelandShellfire.Silverstone,DirectoryoftheWorld'sCapitalShips.

GlomarChallenger
Drillship(1f/3m).L/B/D:399.9'65.3'20'(121.9m19.9m6.1m).Tons:6,281grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:70.Mach.:dieselelectric,5,100bhp,2screws11
kts.Built:LevingstonShipbuildingCo.,Orange,Tex.1968.
NamedinhonoroftheoceanographicsurveyvesselHMSCHALLENGER(Glomarwasanacronymforherowner,GlobalMarine,Inc.),thedistinctivelooking
GlomarChallengerresembledafloatingoilrig,witha45meterhighlatticedrillderricksituatedamidships.TheideaforGlomarChallengeraroseoutoftheneed
forawaytoextractcoresamplesfromtheoceanfloortostudytheclimatologicalandgeologicalevolutionofEarth.InthewordsofCesareEmiliani,aholeboredon
theseabedwasnecessarybecause
geographical,geochemical,micropaleontological,andmineralogicalanalysisofthecoreswillyieldinformationofgreatimportanceontheconditionsprevailingontheoceanfloor
inthewatercolumnabove,attheoceansurface,intheatmosphere,inneighboringcontinents,andeveninouterspaceandinthesun,duringthetimeofsedimentdeposition,that
isduringthepast100106[100million]yearsorso.

Emiliani'sideawasadoptedbytheJointOceanographicInstitutionsforDeepEarthSampling(JOIDES),whichcomprisedtheLamontGeologicalObservatory,
ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitute,andtheUniversityofMiami,whichusedGlomarChallengerfirstintheDeepSea
DrillingProject,orDSDP.
Thetechnologyusedinherworkwasthatofthedeepseadrill.RatherthananchoringanimpossibilityoverthegreatdepthsinwhichsheoperatedGlomar
Challengerwaskeptinpositionbya"dynamicpositioningsystem"usingsonarbeaconsontheoceanfloorthatrelayeddatatohydrophonesaboardship,whichin
turnactivatedbowandsternthrusters.Hercomplementcomprisedthreegroups:24scientistsandtechnicians,a12mandrillingteam,andtheship'screw.The
roughnecksoperatedthedrill,whichcouldborea1,000meterholeinthesurfaceofa4,000meterseabed.Thedrillstringconsistedoflengthsofdrillpipeof
between9.5and28.5metersinlength,withatungstencarbidetipattheworkingend.Theonlymajoraccidentoccurredwhenabout4,000metersofdrillpipewere
lostwhileoperatingin20footseasand50knotwindsabout150kilometerssouthofCapeHorn,inApril1974.Tocompoundthecrew'sproblems,threedayslater
theshipwasseizedbyanArgentinegunboatwhosecaptainsuspectedGlomarChallengerofbeinganillegaloilprospectingship.
GlomarChallenger'scontributionstoscientificunderstandingwereofenormoussignificance.FromcoresamplesretrievedonherearliestvoyageswhichJOIDES
called"legs"geologistswereabletoestablishthatAl

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fredWegener'stheoryofcontinentaldrift,firstadvancedinabout1915andsubsequentlydebunkedbyU.S.geologists,wasinfactcorrect.Researcherswerealso
abletoprovethetheoryofseafloorspreadinganddeterminetheageoftheseafloor,whichwasputatabout38millionyears.Latervoyagesalsodemonstratedthat
Earth'smagneticpoleshavereversedthemselvesrepeatedlyovertime.Duringfifteenyearsofoperation,GlomarChallengeroperatedinallthemajorseasofthe
worldfromtheArcticOceantotheRossSeaandtheMediterraneanandBlackSeas.Afterherninetysixthleg,intheGulfofMexico,GlomarChallengerwas
scrappedatMobilein1983.
Hsu,ChallengeratSea.

GlomarExplorer
(AG193)(exHughesGlomarExplorer)Heavyliftship(3m).L/B/D:618.8'115.7'46.7'(188.8m35.3m14.2m).Tons:63,300disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:
180.Mach.:dieselelectric,13,200bhp,2screws11kts.Built:SunShipbuilding&DryDock,Chester,Pa.1973.
ShortlyafteraSovietGolf2classballisticmissilesubmarinesankinmidPacificabout750milesnorthwestofHawaii,theCentralIntelligenceAgencyinitiated
OperationJennifer,asecretprogramtoraisethewreckfromadepthof4,000meters.BuiltostensiblyforGlobalMarineDevelopment,Inc.,asubsidiaryofHoward
Hughes'sSummaCorp.,HughesGlomarExplorerarrivedatthesiteonJuly4,1974.Overthenextmonthshemanagedtoraisetheforwardportionofthe
submarine,including,itwasbelieved,nucleartippedtorpedoes.Themainbodyofthesubmarine,whichheldSSN5ballisticmissiles,wasleftinplace.Thebodiesof
sixofthesubmarine'seightysixcrewwerealsorecovered,andburiedwithfullmilitaryhonors.Theprojectwasestimatedtohavecostabout$550millionincluding
theship,personnel,andsalvageequipment.
TheNavypurchasedandrenamedGlomarExplorerthenextyear.TheshipwasoflittleusetotheNavy,exceptforatwoyearleasetoGlobalMarineforseafloor
mining,whichprovedunprofitable.WhenthesurveyshipGLOMARCHALLENGERwasbrokenupin1983,itwasthoughtthatGlomarExplorermightbe
convertedtocarryonherwork.TheeffortfailedandsheremainedintheNationalDefenseReserveFleetuntil1996,whenshewasagainconvertedforuseasanoil
drillingrigforGlobalMarine.
Burleson,JenniferProject.Polmar,ShipsandAircraftoftheU.S.Fleet.Varner,MatterofRisk.

Gloriana
Cutter.L/B/D:71'13'10.5'(21.6m4m3.2m).Tons:38.5disp.Hull:woodonsteelframes.Comp.:6.Des.:NathanaelG.Herreshoff.Built:Herreshoff
ManufacturingCo.,Bristol,R.I.1891.
BuiltforNewYorkyachtsmanE.D.Morgan,Glorianaisconsideredoneofthemostrevolutionarydesignsinthehistoryofyachting.Glorianawasbasedonthe
popular46FooterClass(themeasurementreferstothewaterlinelength),butindesigningher,Herreshoffeliminatedtheroundedforefoot,givingthebowastraight
profileandreducingthewaterlinelengthrelativetothelengthoverall.InthewordsofNathanaelHerreshoff,
Gloriana'sdesignhadmuchlongeroveralllength[aboutsixfeetmorethanthestandard46Footers]andfuller,moreroundingwaterlinesateachendthanwasusual,givinga
longerbodyforsailingandthelongendsverymuchdecreasedthetendencyto"hobbyhorse"consequentlyshewasamuchfasterandbetterboatinaseaway.

L.FrancisHerreshoffwrote,"Gloriana'sbowwascopiedthroughouttheworldandinthenexttenyearsitwastobeseenoneverythingfromcatboatstothree
mastedschooners."Gloriana'sconstructionwasalsoadvanced,employingthelightestpossiblematerialsaloft,andacompositeconstructionofwoodplankingon
steelframes.
Inherfirstseason,Glorianasailedtoaremarkableeightstraightvictoriesagainstother46Footers,includingeightbuiltthesameyear.This,combinedwiththe
untimelydeathofEdwardBurgess,whohaddesignedtheAmerica'sCupdefendersPuritan,Mayflower,andVolunteer,establishedtheHerreshoffnameatthe
forefrontofAmericanyachtdesign.Despitehisnewboat'sremarkablerecord,MorgansoldGlorianabeforehersecondseason,butshecontinuedsailingforan
additionaleighteenyearsunderanumberofdifferentowners.
Bray&Pinheiro,HerreshoffofBristol.Herreshoff,CaptainNatHerreshoff.

HMSGlorious
Courageousclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:786'90.5'24'(239.7m27.6m7.3m).Tons:22,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,245.Arm.:164.7"48
aircraft.Armor:3"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,90,000shp,4shafts30.5kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Belfast,Ireland1917.
Originallycommissionedasalightcruiserwithfour15inchguns,HMSGloriouswasconvertedtoanaircraftcarrierbetween1924and1930.Stationedfirstinthe
MediterraneanandthenwiththeHomeFleetduring

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WorldWarII,shemadefivepatrolstoNorwayduringandaftertheGermaninvasioninApril1940.InearlyJunesheaidedintheevacuationofnorthernNorway,
sailingfromScapaFlowtocarryRAFHurricanesandGladiatorstoBritainitwasoneofthefirsttimesthathighperformancemonoplanefighterseverlandedonan
aircraftcarrier,withoutarresterhooks.Atabout0300onJune8,shesailedforScapaFlowwiththedestroyersHMSAcasta(CommanderCharlesGlasfurd)and
Ardent(LieutenantCommanderJ.F.Barker).Atabout1600thatafternoon,theGermanbattlecruisersSCHARNHORSTandGNEISENAUappearedonthe
horizon.At1632,Scharnhorstopenedfireat28,600yards,andscoredahitonGlorious'sflightdeckwithherthirdsalvo24minuteslateranothershellkilled
CaptainGuyD'OylyHughesandmanyonthebridge.Asmokescreenforcedalullinthefightingbetween1658and1720,whenGloriouswashitagainintheengine
room.Shesankhalfanhourlater(in6838'N,411'E),withthelossofallbut37ofhercrew.Ardenthadsunkat1725(6856'N,351'E),andAcastawentdown
at1820(6840'N,419'E),thoughnotbeforeshelandedtwotorpedoesunderScharnhorst'smainafterturret.Therewasonlyonesurvivorfromeachofthe
destroyers.
Howland,"LossofHMSGlorious."Winton,Carrier"Glorious."

GloryoftheSeas
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:240.2'44.1'28'dph(73.2m13.4m8.5m).Tons:2,009nrt.Hull:wood.Comp.:38.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,Mass.
1869.
GloryoftheSeaswasthelastmediumclipperbuiltbyoneofthegreatestofnineteenthcenturyshipbuilders,DonaldMcKay.Althoughnotasfastastheextreme
clippersbuiltbyMcKayandothers,GloryoftheSeaswassailedwellandconsistentlyproducedagoodturnofspeed.UnderCaptainJosiahKnowles,in187374
shesailedfromNewYorktoSanFranciscoin95days,theninthfastesttimebyawoodensailingshipandarecordnotbeatensincebyanAmericansailingship.The
nextyearshesetanalltimerecordof35daysbetweenSanFranciscoandSydney,apassagealsomarkedbythebirthofThomasKnowlestoMaryEatonKnowles,
whooftensailedwithherhusbandandtheirthreeotherchildren,Mattie,Harry,andMary.
McKayhadbankedeverythinghehadonthesuccessofGloryoftheSeas,andhesailedonhermaidenvoyagefromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Unfortunately,his
financialwoesbeathimtoSanFrancisco,andhearrivedtofindthattheshiphadbeensoldtoCharlesBrighamofBostontoraisemoneytopayoffthedebtsthat
McKayhadincurredinbuildinghisship.ThesaleeffectivelyendedMcKay'scareerinshipping.FollowingherreturntoBoston,GloryoftheSeaschangedhands
againbeforesailingforLiverpool,whereJosiahKnowlesassumedcommandin1871.Heremainedincommanduntil1880whenhewassucceededbyCaptainDaniel
McLaughlin.TwoyearslatershewaslaidupatSanFrancisco.In1884,herowners,Sears&CompanyofBoston,wentoutofbusiness,butthenextyearshewas
boughtbyCaptainJoshuaS.Freeman.HesailedhertoLiverpoolandthenonherlastCapeHornvoyagebacktoSanFrancisco.Freemansubsequentlykeptherin
thecoastwisecoaltradeuntil1902whenshewaslaidupinOaklandCreek.ThreeyearslatershewaspurchasedbyBarnesonHibbardCompanytobecutdownfor
abarge.TheSanFranciscoearthquakecausedsuchademandforshippingthatitwasdecidedinsteadtorefitGloryoftheSeastocarrylumberfromtheNorthwest.
Thusreprieved,sheremainedinsailforafurtherfiveyears.In1911,shewassoldagainandcutdownforworkasafloatingcanneryinAlaska.Shecontinuedinthis
until1917,whenshewasusedasastoragehulkfortheGlacierFishCompanyofTacoma.In1923,shewasburnedwhereshelayforherscrapmetal.
Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.Mjelde,"GloryoftheSeas."

HMSGlowworm
"G"classdestroyer(2f/2m).L/B/D:323'33'x12.4'(98.5m10.1m3.8m).Tons:1,345disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:145.Arm.:44.7",13"521"TT.
Mach.:gearedturbines,34,000shp,2screws36kts.Built:JohnI.ThornycroftCo.,Ltd.,Southampton,Eng.1935.
AttachedtoaBritishHomeFleetforcecenteredonthebattlecruiserHMSRENOWN,HMSGlowwormsailedfromScapaFlowonApril5asacoveringforcefor
OperationWilfred,theBritishplantominethecoastalwatersofNorway.OnApril8,theGlowworm'sLieutenantCommanderG.P.Roopewasgivenpermissionto
searchforamanoverboard.Isolatedinroughseasandrainabout100milesnorthwestofTrondheim,sheencounteredtheGermandestroyerBerndvonArnimunder
CommanderRechel,whoradioedforassistance.ThecruiserADMIRALHIPPERunderCaptainHelmuthHeyearrivedshortlyafter0930,openingfireat0959.
Heavilyoutgunned,Glowwormfiredtwosalvosoffivetorpedoes,buttonoeffect.Whenitbecameclearthathecouldnotoutrunthe

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Imagenotavailable.
HMSGLOWWORM,theintrepiddestroyerwhosedeathrunattheADMIRAL
HIPPERduringtheApril1940invasionofNorwayputtheGermancruiseroutof
actionforseveralmonths.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

Hipper,Roopeturnedandrammedhisadversaryinstead,tearinga40metergashalongthestarboardbow.Glowwormsankand37menwererescuedbythe
Hipper,thoughRoopewasnotamongthem.Afterthewar,hewasposthumouslyawardedtheVictoriaCross.
Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

SMSGneisenau
Scharnhorstclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:474.3'70.8'27.6'(144.6m21.6m8.4m).Tons:12,900disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:860.Arm.:88.4",6
6",1888mm418"TT.Armor:6"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,26,000ihp,3screws22.5kts.Built:AGWeser,Bremen,Germany1908.
NamedforCountAugustNeithardtvonGneisenau,aPrussianfieldmarshaloftheNapoleonicera,GneisenauwasoneoftwoarmoredcruisersinViceAdmiral
MaximilianGrafvonSpee'sEastAsiaticSquadron,theotherbeingtheflagshipSCHARNHORST.DuringWorldWarI,aftercruisingacrossthePacific,Gneisenau
playedamajorroleintheGermanvictoryattheBattleofCoronel,offthecoastofChileonNovember1,1914,whichsawthedestructionofRearAdmiral
ChristopherCradock'sHMSGOODHOPEandMonmouth.Spee'ssquadronthenroundedCapeHornenroutehome.SixweeksafterCoronel,Gneisenauwasin
thevanoftheGermansquadronscoutingneartheFalklandIslandswhentheBritishbattlecruisersINFLEXIBLEandINVINCIBLEwerespottedthemorningof
December8.Afteraninehourchase,Gneisenausankatabout1800inabout5245'S,5605'W,withthelossofabout650men,includingCaptainMaerker200
crewweresaved.
Yates,GrafSpee'sRaiders.

Gneisenau
Scharnhorstclassbattlecruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:234.9m30m9.9m(772.3'98.4'32.5').Tons:32,100disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,840.Arm.:9
11.2"(3x3),126",1410.5cm,1637mm,2220mm621"TT3seaplanes.Armor:14"belt,2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,165,390shp,3shafts
31.5kts.Built:DeutscheWerke,Kiel,Germany1938.
Gneisenau'sfirstwarcruise,withSCHARNHORST,resultedinthesinkingofthearmedmerchantcruiserRAWALPINDIonNovember23,1939,nearIceland.
ThetwoshipssupportedtheGermanlandingatNarvikandonApril9,GneisenauwashitbyfirefromHMSRENOWN.DuringtheAlliedwithdrawalfromNorway
twomonthslater,theshipssanktheaircraftcarrierHMSGLORIOUSanddestroyersAcastaandArdentoffNarvik.OnJanuary22,1941,Gneisenauand
Scharnhorstbeganacommerceraidingcruiseduringwhichtheysank22ships.TheyreturnedonMarch23toBrestwheretheywerelaterjoinedbyPRINZ
EUGEN.AfternearlyayearintheFrenchport,theshipswereorderedbacktoGermanyinOperationCerberusthefamedChannelDashwhichbeganon
February11,1942.GneisenauwasminedneartheGermancoastontheeveningofthe12thbutmadeittoKiel,onlytobebombedtheretwoweekslater.
TransferredtoGotenhafen(Gdansk)inApril,shewasdecommissionedinJuly.ScuttledonMarch27,1945,shewasbrokenupafterthewar.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

SMSGoeben
(laterYavuzSultanSelim)Moltkeclassbattlecruiser(2f/1m).L/B/D:612'98.4'30.2'(186.6mx30m9.2m).Tons:24,999disp.

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Hull:steel.Comp.:1,053.Arm.:1011.2"(52),106",888mm420"TT.Armor:10.8"belt,2"deck.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,52,000shp,4screws28
kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1912.
NamedfortheFrancoPrussianWarGeneralAugustvonGoeben,whilestillontrialsGoebenwasorderedtoConstantinopletotakepartinamultinationaldefenseof
theOttomancapitalduringthesecondBalkanWarin1912.DesignatedflagshipoftheGermanNavy'snewlycreatedMediterraneanDivision,shewasthemost
powerfulshipintheMediterraneanwithamainarmamentmountedinfivetwinturrets(twoaft,oneforward,andtwodiagonallydisplacedonthesidedecks).When
AustriadeclaredwaronSerbiaonJuly28,1914,Goeben(CaptainRichardAckermann)andherconsort,thelightcruiserBRESLAU,wereatPola,Austria.Rear
AdmiralWilhelmSouchondeterminedtogetoutoftheAdriaticratherthanriskbeingbottledupthereforthedurationoftheimpendingconflict.ByAugust1,when
GermanydeclaredwaronRussia,theshipswereatBrindisi,Italy.Twodayslater,GermanydeclaredwaronFrance,andintheearlymorningofAugust3,Souchon
bombardedtheFrenchcolonialportsofBneandPhilippeville.Thesameday,hewasorderedtoTurkey.
DiplomaticeventsofthesameweekhadagreatbearingonGoeben'ssubsequentcareer.In1911,theTurkishgovernmenthadorderedtwobattleshipsfromBritish
yards.SULTANOSMANIandReshadiehhadTurkishcrewsaboardwhenFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchillrequisitionedthemfortheBritish
governmentonAugust2.Thesameday,TurkeyconcludedasecrettreatywithGermany.TheimportanceoftheTurkishroleintheEuropeanconflictwasallbut
ignoredbybothFranceandBritain,whoseprimaryworriesregardingGoebenandBreslauconcernedtheirpossiblebreakoutintotheAtlantic,andtheharassmentof
troopshipsplyingbetweenNorthAfricaandFrance,orlinkingupwithAustriaHungary'sAdriaticfleet.DespiteorderstofindandengagetheGermanshipsandnot
toconvoytroopships,FrenchViceAdmiralAugustinBouedeLapeyreinsistedonconvoysandfailedtodeployhisshipstopreventtheGermansfromheading
eastastheywerereportedtobedoing.Moreover,hedidnotcoordinateproperlywithhisBritishcounterpart,AdmiralSirArchibaldBerkeleyMilne.
AfterbombardingPhilippevilleonAugust3,GoebenlaterthatdaypassedHMSIndomitableandINDEFATIGABLEallthreeshipswereclearedforactionbut
theirgunsweretrainedforeandafttheirrespectivenationswouldnotbeatwaruntilmidnight.AsthetwoBritishshipsturnedtofollow,Souchonorderedthewhole
ship'scompanytohelpintheboilerroom,officersincluded.HegraduallylostsightoftheBritishbattlecruisers,butthelightcruiserDublincontinuedtotrailtheships.
AfterrefuelingatMessina,theyheadedfortheAdriatic,followedcloselybyHMSGloucester,whowasengagedbyBreslauonAugust8.Theshipsthensailed
aroundsouthernGreeceandenteredtheDardanellesontheeveningofAugust10.RearAdmiralErnestTroubridge,theBritishsecondincommand,wascourt
martialedforbreakingoffhischase,anactionhejustifiedonthegroundsthatGoebenconstituteda"superiorforce"suchastheAdmiraltyhadorderedhimtoavoid,
andthatachaseriskedlettingtheAustrianfleetoutoftheAdriatic.
OnAugust16,GermanyannouncedthesaleofthetwoshipstotheTurkishgovernment,andtheywererenamedSultanYavuzSelim(forasixteenthcentury
Ottomanruler)andMiddilli(TurkishforMitylene).EagertoforcetheTurksintothewar,SouchoncollaboratedwiththeproGermanMinisterofWarEnverPasha
toorganizearaidonSevastopolonOctober29onNovember2,Russiadeclaredwar.GoebenremainedactiveintheBlackSeaforthedurationofthewar.On
May10,1915,shenarrowlyescapedafleetof17RussianshipsonJanuary8,1916,shecameunderfirefromthe12inchgunsoftheImperatrizaMariaafter
signalsofficerKarlDnitzflashedafarewellmessagetotheRussiandreadnought.
OnJanuary20,1918,GoebenandBreslau,nowundercommandofViceAdmiralHubertvonRebeurPaschwitz,lefttheDardanellesforthefirsttimeforaraidon
Salonika.GoebenhelpedtosinktheBritishmonitorsHMSRaglanandM28,butafterthelossofBreslauandhittingthreeminesherself,Goebenreturnedtothe
safetyofthestraitsandwasbeachednearChanak(nowannanakale).RefloatedonJanuary26,shesailedtoSevastopolforthesurrenderofRussia'sBlackSea
FleetonMay2.TheshipwasformerlyturnedovertotheTurksonNovember2,1918,threedaysafterBritainandFrancesignedanarmisticewithTurkey.Shewas
leftnearConstantinopleuntilsalvagedin1927.RenamedYavuzSelim,shebecametheflagshipoftheTurkishNavyin1930andwasnotretireduntil1950.Aftera
quartercenturyondisplayasamuseumship,shewasscrappedin1976.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.McLaughlin,Escapeofthe"Goeben."VanderVat,ShipthatChangedtheWorld.

GokstadShip
Karvi(1m).L/B/D:(23.3m5.2m2mdph(76.4'17'3m).Tons:20.2disp.Hull:oak.Comp.:6470.Built:Norwayca.890895.

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Datingfromthelateninthcentury,shortlyafterthebeginningoftheVikings'longdistanceraiding,theGokstadshipisalargeclinkerbuiltboatthoughttobeofatype
knownasakarvi,similarinconstructiontotheearlierOSEBERGSHIP.Intendedforopenoceansailing,thekarviwassmallerthanthelongboatsthatrepresentedthe
apogeeofVikingshipconstruction.TheGokstadshiphassixteenstrakes(fourmorethanintheOsebergship)builtupfromeithersideofthesinglepieceoakkeel
andthethirtytwooarholeswerefittedwithshuttersthatcouldbeclosedtokeepoutwaterwhenthesinglesquaresailwasset.Theshieldrackcouldmounttwo
shieldsbetweeneachoarhole.UnlikethemorelavishlycarvedOsebergship,whichdatesfromaboutthreequartersofacenturybefore,theonlyornamentationisa
carvedanimalheadonthetiller.Aftertheexcavationoftheburialmoundinwhichtheshipwasdiscoveredin1880,theremainsofthevesselweretransferredtoOslo.
ThereconstructedshiphasbeenhousedintheVikingShipHallatBygdy,Oslo,alongsidetheremainsoftheOsebergandTuneships.Inadditiontotheshipitself,
theburialmoundnearSandefjordalsoyieldedthreesmallerboats,thesmallestofwhichwas6.6meterslong.Inaddition,thesiteyieldedtheremainsofmorethantwo
dozenanimals,includingtwelvehorsesandsixdogs,abed,andcookingimplements.OncethoughttohavebeenthegraveofOlavGjerstad,stepsonofQueensa,
thisattributionnowseemstobeerroneous.
In1893,anearlyexactreplicaoftheGokstadship,namedViking,wasbuiltatSandefjordandsailedfromBergentoNewYorkinsixweekswithacrewoftwelve
underMagnusAndersen.VikingcontinuedontotheChicagoWorld'sFairviatheErieCanalandGreatLakesithasbeenpreservedandiscurrentlyinstoragein
Chicagoawaitingnewexhibitionfacilities.
Bonde&Christensen,"DendrochronologicalDatingoftheVikingAgeShipBurials."Nikolaysen,VikingShipDiscoveredatGokstadinNorway.Sjvold,OsebergFind.

GoldenHind
(exPelican)Galleon(3m),L/B/D:ca.70'bpx19'9'(21.3m5.8m2.7m).Tons:ca.150burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:8085.Arm.:18guns.Built:Plymouth,
Eng.1576.
Destinedtobecomeoneofthegreatestseamenofalltime,FrancisDrakemadetwovoyagestotheSpanishMainbetween1566and1568incompanywithhis
kinsmanJohnHawkins.AlthoughluredbytheprofitableslavetradeandSouthAmericansilver,theProtestantDrakewasfurthermotivatedbyaferventanti
Catholicism.HishatredincreasedafterthelossofJESUSOFLBECKtoSpanishduplicityatSanJuand'Ulua.In1576,QueenElizabethapproved,albeitsecretly,
Drake'scaptaincyofamissionwithathreefoldaim:topassthroughtheStraitofMagellan,reconnoiterthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica,and,ifpossible,returnvia
theNorthwestPassagetoestablishrelationswithpeoplenotyetsubjecttoEuropeanprincesandtoplunderSpanishshipping.
Imagenotavailable.
AreplicaoftheGOLDENHIND,thegalleoninwhichSir
FrancisDrakeencompassedtheworldonthefirst
circumnavigationbyanEnglishship.
PhotobyBekenofCowes.

Drake'scommandconsistedofabout180meninfiveships.Theflagship,Pelican,carriedcourses,topsails,andtopgallantsonhermainandforemasts,andalateen
mizzen.TheothershipswereElizabeth(80tons,16guns)underJohnWinterMarigold(30tons,16guns)underJohnThomasSwan(50tons,5guns)underJohn
ChesterandChristopher(15tons,1gun)underTomMoone.AfterafalsestartinNovember,theexpeditionclearedPlymouthonDecember13,1577.After
stoppingatMogador,Morocco,thecrewsailedfortheCapeVerdeIslands,captur

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inghalfadozenSpanishshipsand,moreimportant,thePortuguesepilotNuodaSilva.HisSantaMariawasrenamedMaryandputundercommandfirstof
ThomasDoughty,oneofseveral"gentlemenadventurers"onthevoyage,andthenofDrakehimself,whoexchangedPelican'scommandwithDoughty.Thelatter
provedatroublemakerandDrakesoonrelievedhimofcommandaltogether.
TheshipsreachedthecoastofsouthernBrazilonApril5,proceededfromtheretotheRiverPlate,andthenontoPuertoSanJulianwheretheylandedonJune20.
Thefleetremainedatanchorforamonth,duringwhichthecrisiswiththemutinousDoughtycametoahead.Triedonthespot,Doughtywasfoundguiltyandexecuted
inthesameplacethatFerdinandMagellanhadexecutedthetreasonousGaspardeQuesadain1520.Itwashere,too,thatDrakedeliveredhiscelebratedsermon
enjoiningthe"gentlementohaulanddrawwiththemariner,andthemarinerwiththegentlemen,"inordertoensuretheirmutualsuccess.
Afterabandoningtheotherthreeships,Pelican,Marigold,andElizabethputtoseaonAugust17.Threedayslater,theyroundedtheCapeofVirginsatthe
entrancetotheStraitofMagellanwhereDrakerechristenedhisshipGoldenHind.Thechoiceofnamewaspolitical,forthegoldenhindwasfoundonthecoatof
armsofSirChristopherHatton,oneofthevoyage'sprincipalbackersandafriendofthelateThomasDoughty.Afteronlyfourteendaysinthestrait,theEnglishflag
firstflewinthePacificonSeptember6,1578.Theships'luckfailedwhenafuriousstormdrovethemsouthward,costingtheexpeditiontwoships.Marigoldwaslost
withher29crew,andJohnWinterturnedbacktoEngland.Drake,however,establishedthattheStraitofMagellandidnotseparateSouthAmericafromTerra
IncognitaAustralis,aswasthenbelieved,butthatitssouthernshorewasmadeupofislandstothesouthofwhichlayopenocean,nowknownasDrakePassage.
Whenthestormabated,theEnglishstrucknorthalongtheunsuspectingwestcoastofSpanishAmerica.LootingthesmallportofValparaisoonDecember5,they
pressedontoArica,wheresilverfromtheminesofPotoswasshippedtoPanama.WhenGoldenHindarrivedatCallaoonFebruary15,wordoftheEnglish
presencehadprecededthem,althoughtherewaslittletheSpanishcoulddotodetainthem.Learningthatatreasureshiphadsailedonlythreedaysbefore,Draketook
offinpursuitandonMarch1capturedNuestraSeoradelaConcepcinnicknamedtheCacafuegooffCapeFrancisco,Colombia.Sailingoutofthemain
coastalshippinglane,theEnglishtransshipped80poundsofgoldand26tonsofsilverbarsequalinvaluetoabout126,000orabouthalftheEnglishCrown's
revenuesforayear.Althoughchieflyinterestedinreturninghomewiththeirtreasureintact,theEnglishcapturedafewmoreshipswhosecrewswerealmostunanimous
intheirrespectforDrake'sgentilityandfairness.Theirgreatestconcernwasoverhisdrawingsofthecoastline,whichseemedtosuggestthatmoreEnglishwould
follow,"foreverythingisdepictedsonaturallythatanyonewhousesthesepaintingsasaguidecannotpossiblygoastray."
InsearchingfortheStraitofAnian,orNorthwestPassage,Drakesailedasfaras48NjustsouthoftheStraitofJuandeFucabeforeturningsouth.OnJune
17,1579,GoldenHindanchoredin3830'Nata"convenientandfitharbor"generallythoughttobeDrake'sBay,onPointReyes,California,justnorthofSan
FranciscoBay.Drake'sdealingswiththenativeswerecharacteristicallyevenhanded,andtheEnglishfound"agoodlycountrye,andfruitfullsoyle,storedwithmany
blessingsfitfortheuseofman"fiteventobecalledNewAlbionandclaimedforhismajesty.
OnJuly25,GoldenHindsailedwestacrossthePacific,makingnolandfalluntilSeptember30,whenshelandedineitherthePalauorLadronesIslands.ByOctober
16shewasoffMindanaointhePhilippines,fromwheresheturnedsouthfortheMoluccas.ThekingofTernatehadrecentlythrownoutthePortuguese,buthe
allowedDraketoloadspicesandrefit.Afteramonthpreparingforthelastlegoftheirjourneyhome,theexpeditionsailedonDecember12butspentamonthcaught
inthemazeofislandsandshoalsintheIndonesianarchipelago.OnJanuary9,GoldenHindstruckacoralreefandwasheldfastforadaybeforethewindshiftedand
sheslidintodeepwater.AfterwateringhisshipatTjilatjaponthesouthcoastofJava(previouslythoughttobeconnectedtoTerraAustralis),Drakeweighedanchor
onMarch26.Anonstopjourneyofover9,700milesremarkableforitslackofincidentbroughtGoldenHindtoSierraLeoneonJuly22.ThefirstEnglish
circumnavigationoftheglobeendedonSeptember26,1580,whenGoldenHindsailedintoPlymouthafteravoyageof2years,10months,and18dayswith59of
hercrewaboard,agreatachievementgiventherecordofmanylatervoyages.
CautionedtolielowwhilethediplomaticconsequencesofhisvoyagewereconsideredatLondon,DrakewasfinallyreceivedbyQueenElizabeth.OnApril4,1581,
DrakewasknightedonthedecksofGoldenHindatDeptford.Elizabethalsoorderedtheshipdisplayedindrydock,andtheintrepidshipremainedonpublicview
untilthe1660s.
Hampden,FrancisDrakePrivateer.Sugden,SirFrancisDrake.

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HMSGoodHope
Drakeclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:529.5'x71'26'(161.4m21.6m7.9m).Tons:14,100disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:900.Arm.:29.2",166",14
12pdr218"TT.Armor:6"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,30,000hp,2screws23kts.Des.:SirWilliamWhite.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.
Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1902.
LaiddownasAfricabutrenamedbeforelaunching,HMSGoodHopewasoneoffourDrakeclassarmoredcruisersorderedin1898.AttheoutbreakofWorld
WarI,GoodHopewasmobilizedunderCaptainPhilipFranklintobecometheflagshipofRearAdmiralChristopherCradock'sdetachedsquadrontaskedwith
preventingthedestructionofAlliedshippingintheSouthAtlanticbyGermanraiders.WhenitwaslearnedthatViceAdmiralGrafvonSpee'sAsiaticSquadron,was
headingeastacrossthePacific,theAdmiraltydispatchedthepredreadnoughtbattleshipCANOPUStosupportCradock'sforce,whichconsistedalsoofthe
armoredcruiserMonmouth,underCaptainFrankBrandt,thelightcruiserGlasgow,andthearmedmerchantcruiserOtranto.CradockrelegatedCanopusto
shepherdinghiscolliersashesailedintothePacificinsearchofSpee.OntheafternoonofNovember1,about50milesoffCoronel,Chile,thetwofleetsencountered
oneanotherandCradocksailedintobattleagainsthopelessodds.AmongtheotherdefectsofbothGoodHopeandMonmouthwasthattheirmaindeck6inchguns
wereuselessinheavyseas,whichmeantthatthebruntoftheoffensiveactionhadtobecarriedbyGoodHope'stwo9.2inchguns.OutmaneuveredbySpee'sships,
Cradockwasbroughttobattleatabout1900.SilhouettedagainstthesettingsunandunabletoclosewiththeGermanships,GoodHopewashitbyatleastthiryfive
armorpiercingshellsfromSCHARNHORST,andaboutanhourafterthebattlestarted,shesankwithallhands(919crew)inabout3659'S,7355'W.Monmouth
waseffectivelyoutofcommissionby1930,whenshecameunderfirefromthelightcruiserNurnberg,andshesankjustafter2100withthelossof735crew.
Germancasualtiesweretwowounded.
Cradock'sattackagainstsuchanoverwhelmingforcehasbeenattributedto,amongotherthings,hisfearoftheconsequencesofnotengagingtheenemy.Shortly
beforeCoronel,hewrote,"Iwilltakecarenottosufferthefateofpoor[RearAdmiralSirErnest]Troubridge,"whowascourtmartialedfornotpressinghispursuit
oftheGOEBEN.(FirstSeaLordJohnFisherlateradvisedAdmiralDavidBeatty,"SteermidwaybetweenpoorTroubridgeandCradockandallwillbewell,
Cradockpreferred.")Lessthansixweekslater,CradockwasavengedattheBattleoftheFalklands,whichsawthelossoffourGermanwarshipsandmorethan
2,000Germansailors,includingSpee.
Bennett,CoronelandtheFalklands.Marder,FromtheDreadnoughttoScapaFlow.

GovernorCobb
Screwsteamer(1f/2m).L/B/D:289.1'54'18'(88.1m16.5m5.5m).Tons:1,556grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:440pass.88crew.Mach.:steamturbines,5,000
hp,3screws19kts.Built:EasternSteamShipCorp.,Camden,N.J.1906.
ThepassengersteamerGovernorCobbhasthedualdistinctionofbeingthefirstAmericanflagcommercialvesseldrivenbyturbineenginesand,muchlaterinher
career,thefirstshipeverusedasahelicoptercarrier.NamedforMainegovernorWilliamT.Cobb,thefirstAmericanturbineshipwaslaunchedtwelveyearsafter
CharlesParson'srevolutionaryTURBINIA.From1906until1917,shesailedfortheEasternSteamshipLinesbetweenBoston,Maine,andtheCanadianMaritimes.
TakenoverbytheU.S.ShippingBoardfollowingAmerica'sentryintoWorldWarI,shesailedasatrainingship.In1920,thePeninsular&OccidentalSteamship
Company(P&OLine)purchasedherforworkintheCaribbean,wheresheremaineduntil1934.GovernorCobbfailedtopassinspectionin1937,andshewaslaid
upuntil1942.
Inthatyear,theU.S.CoastGuardrequisitionedherforconversionintotheworld'sfirsthelicoptercarrier.Withherupperworksandenginecompletelyoverhauled
andfittedwithalandingplatformmeasuring38by63feetbigenoughforthreehelicoptersshewascommissionedin1943asUSCGCCobb.Bythetimeshe
wasreadyforsea,GermanUboatswerenolongermenacingtheEastCoastasmuchastheyhadbeen,andhermissionwasredirectedtowardssearchandrescue.
TheCobbwasinconstantneedofrepair,anditwasnotuntilJune19,1944,thatshelandedherfirsthelicopter.FromthenuntilJanuaryof1946,sheoperatedin
LongIslandSound.Scrappedfivemonthslater,theCobbhadneverthelessprovethefeasibilityandworthofshipbornehelicoptersjustasshehadoriginallyhelped
provedthepracticalityofturbinepropulsion.
Hilton,NightBoat.Scheina,"TwiceUnique."

GraceDieu
Greatship.L/B/D:218'oa50'21.4'(66.4m15.2m6.5m).Tons:14001500tonsburthen2,750disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:250+.Built:WilliamSoper,
Southampton,Eng.1418.

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Sofarasisknown,atherlaunchGraceDieuwasthelargestshipeverbuiltinnorthernEuropeandnoEnglishshipexceededherinsizeuntilSOVEREIGNOFTHE
SEASmorethantwocenturieslater.Morethan200feetlongoverall,shemeasured184feet(60.3meters)ondeckand135feet(41.1meters)onthekeel.For
manyyearsitwasthoughtthatGraceDieuneverputtoseathattheshipwasafailureandthatthiswasduetothefactthatclinkerhullscouldnotbebuiltso
big.(Herclinkerlaidstrakeswerefastenedbyclenchednails,andcaulkedwithmossandtar.)Laiddownin1416,shewaslaunchedandchristenedbytheBishopof
Bangorin1418,andputtoseaunderWilliamPaynein1420.Hercrewseemtohaverefusedtomuster,althoughthiswasprobablyduetofoulweather,poor
provisions,andapolicyforbiddingshoreleave.Thereisnothingintherecordtosuggestthattheshiphandledbadly.
Laterin1420,GraceDieutransferredtoaberthatBursledonintheHambleRiverwiththeotherroyalships(includinghercontemporariesJesus,TrinityRoyal,and
Holigost),probablybecausetheshipswereextremelyexpensivetoman,andHenryV'snavyhadsweptfromtheNarrowSeastheveryFrenchmenacetheGrace
Dieuwasdesignedtomeet.ThisincludedanumberofhighchargedGenoesecarracks,thoughnonewereasloftyasGraceDieu,whoseforecastleloomed52feet
abovethewaterline,andfromwhichherarchersandinfantrymencouldhavecarriedthedayagainstanyopponent.
AlthoughGraceDieuappearsnevertohavereturnedtoactiveservice,in1430theroyalshipswerevisitedbyLucadiMasodegliAlbizzi,aFlorentineCaptainofthe
GalleyswhodinedaboardGraceDieuwithWilliamSoper.Luca,wholaterwrote,"Ineversawsolargeandsobeautifulaconstruction,"tooktheonlycontemporary
measurementsofGraceDieutohavesurvived.Amongtheseisthealmostincrediblefigureof204feetforthemast,whichisnonethelessconsistentwithpictorial
evidence.(ThenumberofmastscarriedbyGraceDieuisnotknownitmayhavebeenonlyoneorasmanyasthree.)In1433shewasmovedfartherupstreamand
enclosedinadock.ThegreatshipwasstruckbylightningonthenightofJanuary67,1439,andburnedbeyondrepair,afterwhichanestimated7tonsofironand
otherfittingsweresalvaged.GraceDieuhaslainwheresheburnedeversince(in5051'N,117'W),damagedbyenthusiastic,ifprimitive,nineteenthcentury
archaeologists,butotherwiseprotectedbythemudandaccessibleonlyatspringtides.
Prynne,"AnnualLectureoftheSocietyforNauticalResearch""Notes:TheDimensionsoftheGraceDieu."Rose,"HenryV'sGraceDieuandMutinyatSea."Turner,"Building
oftheGraceDieu,ValentineandFalconer.''

GraceHarwar
Ship(3m).L/B/D:266.7'39.1'22'dph(81.3m11.9m6.7m).Tons:1,816grt.Hull:steel.Built:WilliamHamilton&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1889.
BuiltforW.Montgomery,GraceHarwarsailedingeneraltradeforfourteenyearsundertheBritishflag.ShewasneveraluckyshipAlanVillierslaterclaimedthat
shekilledamanoneveryvoyage.Astormproneship,shewastwicecaughtinhurricanesinport:atMobile,in1913,andagainatIquiquein1922,wheretwoships
outoftwentyfivewerewrecked.InJune1919,GraceHarwarwascaughtinahurricaneoffCapeHornthatleftherwitha13,000repairbillinBuenosAires.
Threeyearsbefore,shehadjoinedthefleetofGustafErikson,landIsland.AlthoughtheEriksonshipsarebestknownfortheirworkinthegraintradefromAustralia
inthe1930s,theyengagedinavarietyoftrades,haulinglumber,nitrate,grain,casegoods,andotherbulkcargoesaroundtheworld.By1929,GraceHarwarwas
thelastfullriggedshipintheCapeHorntrade.InthatyearVilliersandRonaldWalkershippedinherwiththeintentofmakingamovieaboutthevoyage.Walkerwas
killedbyafallingyardthirtyeightdaysout,andamonthlaterthesecondmatewentmadandthrewhimselfoverboard,thoughhewassaved.Nomoviewasmade,
butVilliers'saccountofthevoyage,ByWayofCapeHorn,gotmanyadventurousyoungmeninterestedinshippingbeforethemastinthelastdecadeofcommercial
sail.GraceHarwar'slastvoyagetoAustraliawasmadein1935,andherpassagefromFalmouthtoLondoninninetyeightdays,oneofherbesttimes.However,she
wasoperatingatalossandEriksonsoldhertotheshipbreakersatBlyth.
Hurst,SquareRiggers.Villiers,ByWayofCapeHornSetoftheSails.

Grandcamp
(exBenjaminR.Curtis)Libertyship(1f/15m).L/B/D:422.8'57'27.7'(128.9m17.4m8.4m).Tons:7,176grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:4581.Mach.:triple
expansion,2,500ihp,1screw.Built:CaliforniaShipBuildingCo.,LosAngeles1942.
ThesceneofoneofthemostdevastatingpeacetimeexplosionsintheUnitedStates,GrandcampwasoriginallynamedBenjaminR.Curtis,foranassociatejusticeof
theU.S.SupremeCourtwhoresignedovertheCourt'shandlingoftheDredScottcase.SoldtotheFrenchgovernmentin1946,sheenteredgeneraltradebetween
EuropeandGulfCoastandCaribbeanports.OnApril11,1947,shearrivedatTexasCity,acityof15,000peoplelocatedelevenmilesfromtheGulfofMexico
betweenGalveston

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andHouston.Fivedayslater,theshipwasloadingammoniumnitrate,achemicalfertilizerthatisalsousedformakingexplosives.Bagswerebeingloweredintothe
cargohatchwhenafirewasdiscoveredatabout0800.Thecrewattemptedtoextinguishtheblaze,buthalfanhourlatertheywereorderedofftheship.Asspectators
crowdedthedocks,Grandcampexplodedat0919,sendingupa4,000foothighfireballthatknockedaplaneoutofthesky.Burningdebrisignitedsecondaryfires
atthenearbyMonsantochemicalplant,whichmadestyrene,ahighlyflammablecomponentofplastic,andingrainelevatorsandoilrefineriesuptotwomilesaway.At
0110thenextmorning,theammunitionladenfreighterHighFlyerexplodednearby,destroyingtheLibertyshipWilliamB.Keene.FiresragedthroughTexasCityfor
threedaysandthedeathtollwasputat308,withanother3,000injured.
Sawyer&Mitchell,LibertyShipsVictoryShips.Pressreports.

LaGrandeHermine
Ship(3m).L/B/D:78.8'25'12'dph(24m7.6m3.7m).Tons:120tons.Hull:wood.Built:France<1535.
FrenchfishermenreachedtheGrandBanksoffNewfoundlandearlierinthesixteenthcentury,butthefirstFrenchvoyageofexplorationwasdispatchedin1524.Ina
commissionforFranoisI,GiovanniVerrazzanosailedLADAUPHINEalongthecoastofNorthAmericafromNorthCarolinatoNewfoundland.TheFrenchdid
notfollowuponthispioneeringeffortforanotherdecade.In1534,FranoisIcommissionedJacquesCartiertosailwithtwoships(theirnamesarenotknown)ona
voyagethattookhimalongthecoastofNewfoundland,throughtheStraitofBelleIsle,tothenortherncoastofNewBrunswick,whereheembarkedtwosonsofthe
IndianchiefDonnaconnaforthereturntoFrance.SopromisingweretheresultsofthisvoyagethatthekingrenewedhiscommissionandCartierwasgiventhreeships
tomakeasecondvoyage"toexplorebeyondlesTerresNeufves[and]todiscovercertainfaroffcountries."ThelatterreferredspecificallytoCathay.
Cartier'sshipsonthisvoyagewereLaGrandeHermine(120tons),LaPetiteHermine(60tons),andthepinnaceL'Emerillon(40tons).TheysailedfromSaint
MaloinMay1535andonAugust10putintoasmallbayonthesoutherncoastofLabradorthatCartiernamedforSaintLawrence,whosefeastdayitwas.This
nameeventuallyappliedtotheGulfofSt.LawrenceandtheriverthatflowsfromLakeOntariopastMontralandQubec,butCartiersimplycalleditLaGrande
Rivire.SpurredonbydescriptionsoftherichesofSaguenay,CartiersaileduptheSt.LawrenceandeventuallyreachedDonnaconna'svillagenearpresentday
Qubec.FromtherehecontinuedwestwithL'EmerillonasfarasLacSaintPierre,andwithhislongboatstouchedthevillageofHochalegaunderthehillhecalled
MontRoyal.Hiswaybarredbyrapids,hereturnedtoQuebecforthewinter.Thefollowingspring,CartierkidnappedDonnaconnaandseveralofhistribesmenso
thattheycouldrelatetheirtalesofSaguenaydirectlytotheFrenchking.
WarwithSpainpostponedthelaunchofanewexpeditionuntil1541.OnMay23,CartiersailedwithLaGrandeHermine(whichFranoisIhadgiventohim),
L'Emerillon,andthreeothershipsaspartofanambitiousattempttoestablishaFrenchcolonyinCanadaandreachSaguenay.DonnaconnahaddiedinFranceand
theirreceptionwasnotaswarmasithadbeenpreviously.CartierestablishedafortatCharlesbourgRoyal,andduringthewinterthirtyfiveoftheircompanywere
killedinIndianattacks.Asecondfleet,underSieurdeRoberval,wassupposedtohavejoinedthem,butinMayCartier'sgroupsailedaloneforFrance.Theymetup
withRobervalatSt.John's,Newfoundland,butCartierrefusedtoturnback,andcontinuedtoFrance.TherichesofSaguenaywithwhichtheyreturnedprovedtobe
nothingmorethanironoreandquartz.
AlthoughthelackofmaterialsuccessandahalfcenturyofcivilwarpreventedFrancefrommountingfurtherexpeditionstoCanada,fishermenandtrapperscontinued
tovisittheareathroughoutthesixteenthcentury.ThenextvoyagesofpoliticalsignificancewouldbethoseinwhichSamueldeChamplaintookpartbetween1603and
1635.AlthoughfewdetailsofLaGrandeHerminesurvive,afullsizemodelwasmadeforCanada'sExpo'67.Thedimensionsgivenherearebasedonthatmodel,
whichisondisplayattheCartierBrebeufParkinQuebec.
Morison,EuropeanDiscoveryofAmerica:TheNorthernVoyages.

GrandTurk
Ship(3m).Tons:300tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:12015.Arm.:28guns.Built:ThomasBarstow,Hanover,Mass.1781.
ThefirstoffourfamousAmericanmerchantmentobearthename,GrandTurkwasbuiltbytheSalemmerchantEliasHasketDerbyasaprivateerduringthe
AmericanRevolution.GrandTurkwasnamedeitherfortheOttomanSultanwhosenicknamewas"GrandTurk,"orpossi

Page218

Imagenotavailable.
TheaccuracyofthisrenderingofGRANDTURKone
ofthefirstshipstoflytheAmericanflaginChinese
watersisopentoquestion.Theimageisactuallya
copyofonefoundonaLowestoftbowl,whichinturn
isbasedonthefrontispieceofWilliamHutchinson's
TreatiseonPracticalSeamanship,publishedin
Liverpoolin1777fouryearsbeforeGRANDTURK
slidfromtheways.PaintingbyMrs.CliveA.Edwards,
courtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

blyforGrandTurkIslandintheCaribbean.With28gunsandacrewof120,inthecourseof22monthsshemadefourlucrativecruisesagainstBritishmerchant
shipping,threeofthemunderJosephPratt,seizing16BritishshipsbetweenIrelandandtheCaribbean.Followingthewar,GrandTurkwasstrippedofmostofher
guns,andhercrewwasreducedto15.AfteratriptotheWestIndies,shesailedtotheCapeofGoodHopewhere,in1785,shemetEMPRESSOFCHINA,
homewardboundfromherhistoricvoyagetoChina.ShereturnedtoSalemviaSt.HelenaandtheCaribbeanafterahighlyprofitablevoyage.Hernextvoyagewasto
theFrenchheldIndianOceanislandofMauritius,whereshewascharteredforCanton,thusbecomingthethirdU.S.flagshiptotradeinChina.Shereturnedto
SalemonMay22,1787,afteravoyageofnearly18months.GrandTurksailedfromSalemforthelasttimeinDecember1787,boundagainforMauritius,where
shewassold.
ThesecondGrandTurk,measuring560tons,wasbuiltatSalemin1791.LatersoldtoBostoninterests,shetradedtoIndia,China,andRussia.Afteralongpassage
fromChinain1797,shearrivedatPortland,Maine,indeplorablecondition.ShehadlaintheretwoweekswhenonJanuary4,1798,shewasrippedfromher
mooringsandwreckedinagale.
Peabody,LogoftheGrandTurks.

GranGrifn
Hulk(4m).Tons:650.Hull:wood.Comp.:45crew,234soldiers.Arm.:38guns.Built:Rostock(Germany)<1588.
WhentheSpanishArmadasailedfromLisbononMay30,1588,thereweretwentythreehulks(orurcas),storeshipsleasedfromHanseaticmerchants,intheBaltic.
Theflagship,underJuanGmezdeMedina,ofthehulkswasElGranGrifnthegriffinistheemblemofherhomeport,Rostock.OnAugust2,theArmadawas
offPortlandBillwhentheGranGrifnfelltoweatherofthemainfleet.Inanactionthatcostherseventydeadandwounded,shewasnearlycapturedbySirFrancis
Drake'sREVENGEbeforeshipsofJuanMartinezdeRecalde'sBiscayansquadronjoinedthefrayandGranGrifnwastowedoffbyagalleass.OnAugust67,
shealsotookpartintherearguardactionoffGravelinesbeforetheSpanishturnednorth,hopingtoroundScotlandandsailhome.
ThehulksGranGrifn,BarcadeAmburg,CastilloNegro,andtheVenetianTRINIDADVALENCERAwereseparatedfromthemainfleetnorthofScotlandon
aboutAugust20.BarcadeAmburgfounderedonSeptember1andhercrewweretakenaboardTrinidadValenceraandGranGrifn.Threedayslaterthe
survivingshipsseparatedCastilloNegrodisappearedandTrinidadValencerawaswreckedinIreland.OnSeptember27,theleakingGranGrifnmadeFairIsle,
midwaybetweentheOrkneyandShetlandIslands.Ashercrewtriedtobeachtheship,shewreckedinarockybaycalledStromsHellier.Mostofhercompany
landed,althoughfiftydiedofexposureandstarvationbeforetheycouldsailforScotlandwheretheysecuredsafepassagehome.
Thewreckwasvisitedin1758byJohnRowandWilliamEvans,whoretrievedtwobrasscannon.In1970,diversColinMartinandSydneyWignallfoundthe
remainsoftheship.Theyrecoveredallorpartsoftwelvecannoncastinbronze,castiron,andwroughtiron,whichshednewlightonthearmingofthese
noncombatantsupplyships.
Martin,FullFathomFive.

Graveneyboat
L/B:45.9'12.8'(14m3.9m).Tons:7.Hull:wood.Comp.:4.Built:Britain(?)ca.930.
ThevesseldiscoveredatGraveney,Kent,in1970,isvariouslyreferredtoasaboat,becauseitwasprobablyanopendeckedvesselnotdesignedforlongdistance
voyagingwithalargecrew,andaship,becauseitwasquitelargeforvesselforitstime.Preservedbeneathatwo

Page219

meterthicklayerofclayontheshoreofacreekaboutonekilometerinlandfromtheThamesestuaryandtenkilometersnorthwestofCanterbury,shewasprobably
builtinabout930CEandabandonedtwentyyearslater.WhethershewasusedonlyforlighteringalongtheKentCoastanduptheThames,ortradedacrossthe
EnglishChannelorNorthSea,theresidualremainsfoundonthesitesuggestthatthevesselwasconnectedwithactiveinternationaltrade.Amongtheremainswasa
cookingpotmadeinFranceorBelgiumpossiblytheship'sownandevidenceofhopsandquernstonesfromtheRhineValley.TheareaofKentinwhichshe
wasfoundalsohadarichtradeinsalt.
UncoveredduringadrainageimprovementprojectintheGraveneyMarshes,theremainswerephotographed,recorded,andremovedinonlythirteendays.The
forwardendofthestrakes(thereareelevenoneithersideofthekeel)isnolongerextant,butitseemslikelythattheboatwasadoubleender.Asistypicalofthe
periodinnorthernEurope,shewasfashionedshellfirst,withtheoverlappingstrakesattachedtoabackboneofstempost,keel,andsternpostandthenreinforcedwith
frames.Shewasfastenedwithbothironnailsandwillowtreenails.Themodeofpropulsionisunknown.Shewouldhavebeenlargetobepropelledbysweeps,and
thereisnoclearevidenceofamastorrigging.Ottor,ahalfscalemodelofthevesselbuiltin1988,demonstratedthatshewouldhavebeenahandysailingboat
capableofcarryingacrewoffourandafivetoncargoataspeedoffourknotsinForce4conditions.TheGraveneyboatisnowmountedondisplayattheNational
MaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.
Fenwick,GraveneyBoat.Gifford,"SailingPerformanceofAngloSaxonShips."

GreatAdmiral
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:215.6'40.2'25.6'(65.7m12.3m7.8m).Tons:1,497net.Hull:wood.Comp.:36.Des.:W.H.Varney.Built:RobertE.Jackson,
EastBoston,Mass.1869.
BuiltfortheBostonfirmofWilliamF.Weld&Company,GreatAdmiralwasnamedinhonoroftheCivilWarheroAdmiralDavidG.Farragut.Astout,fastDown
Easter,herlinesapproachedthoseofamediumclipper.InhertwentyeightyearsundertheBlackHorseFlag,shewascommandedbyeightcaptains,mostnotably
BenjaminThompson(187483and188586)andJamesF.Rowell(188384and188796).Afterhisretirement,Rowellreflectedonhisexperienceinsail:
ThewritermaywithproprietyclaimtobeatypicalAmericanseaman.Typical,inthathestartedtoseaattheageofsixteenwithafaircommonschooleducationandpassing
througheverygrade,hascommandedinthepasttwentyfiveyearstheshipsRainbow,Zouave,Lightning,ThomasDanaandGreatAdmiral.Aseaman,inthathewastaughthis
businesswhentheAmericanshipwastheprideofeveryseaman'sheartandwhentheirsailsfilledeverysea.

GreatAdmiralwasaremarkablywellhandledship,andinthecourseofmorethan725,000milessailedunderWeldownership,shewasinvolvedinnoserious
accidents.MostofherportsofcallwereontheEastandWestCoastsoftheUnitedStates,theOrient,Australia,andEurope.SheneversailedtoSouthAmericaand
calledatBostononlyfourtimesbetween1872and1895.Inthefollowingyear,GreatAdmiralwassoldtoCaptainE.R.Sterling,whosailedherinthePacificcoal
andlumbertrades.OnDecember2,1906,shesailedfromPortTownsend,Washington,boundforSanPedro,California.Fourdaysout,theshipencountered
hurricaneforcewindsinabout4643'N,12758'W.Althoughthemastswerecutaway,theshipremainedpartiallysubmergedandthecaptain,hiswife,andthecrew
clungtothewreckageoftheshipfortwonightsandtwodaysbeforebeingrescuedbytheBritishshipBarcorein4705'N,12810'W.Thesurvivorswhich
includedallbuttwoofthecrewwerelatertransferredtothebarkAndrewWelch,boundforSanFrancisco.
Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.Lubbock,DownEasters.

GreatBritain
Screwsteamship(6m/1f).L/B/D:322'50.5'16'(98.1m15.4m4.9m).Tons:2,936grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:260pass.Mach.:directactingsteamengine,1
screw11kts.Des.:IsambardKingdomBrunel.Built:GreatWesternSteamshipCo.,Bristol,Eng.1843.
TheSSGreatBritainwasthesecondshipofthetriodesignedbytheinnovativeandfarsightedengineerI.K.BruneltheothertwowereGREATWESTERNand
GREATEASTERN.Onanumberofcounts,GreatBritainrepresentsamilestoneinthehistoryofshipbuilding.Shewasbyfarthelargestshipofherday,onethird
againaslongasthebiggestshipofthelineintheRoyalNavy.Shewasthefirstseagoingshipbuiltofiron,andthefirsttobedrivenbyascrewpropeller.Though
GreatBritainwasnotacommercialsuccessforherbuilders,manyoftheship'sinnovationswereadoptedintheyearsfollowingherlaunchonJuly19,1843,by
QueenVictoria'shusband,PrinceAlbert.
OriginallyconceivedasacompanionvesselfortheGreatWesternawoodenpaddlesteamertobenamedCityofNewYorkBrunelsoondeterminedthat
great

Page220

Imagenotavailable.
IsambardKingdomBrunel'ssixmastedscrewsteamshipGREATBRITAIN,
seeninananonymousphotodatingfromabout1844.Todaytheshipcanbe
seenrestoredtoherformergloryatherbirthplaceinBristol,England.Courtesy
NationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

economiescouldbeachieved,especiallyinthestowageofcoalfuel,inalargership.Afterassessingtheseakeepingqualitiesoftheironhulledpaddlesteamer
RainbowinherservicebetweenEnglandandBelgium,hechangedthehullmaterialtoiron.Findingnotakersfortheirship,theGreatWesternSteamshipCompany
decidedtobuildthevesselthemselves,whichentailedtheconstructionofadrydock,knownastheGreatWestern(laterWapping)Dock.Thecompanyalsodecided
tobuildtheenginesfortheenormouspaddlewheelsintendedfortheship,atthisstageknownasMammoth.In1840,Brunelstudiedthescrewpropulsionsystemof
theArchimedesanddecidedtoadoptasinglescrewpropellerforhisnewship.Thechangetoapropelleralsomeantradicalchangestotheengines.Thefinaldesign
includedfourcylinders,each88inchesindiameter.Operatedat18revolutionsperminute,theenginedrovethepropeller,towhichitwasconnectedviaadrivechain,
at53rpm.Thepropelleritself,ofiron,was15.5feetindiameterandweighedmorethan3tons.Alltold,theenginesandboilersweighed520tons,while1,040tons
ofironwereinthehull.Theshipalsocarriedsixmastsallbutone,thesecondfromthebow,wasforeandaftrigged.
GreatBritain'saccommodationsincluded26singleand113doubleroomsandacargocapacityof1,000tonstherewerebunkersfor1,000tonsofcoal.Whenthe
shipclearedBristol'sFloatingHarbor,itwasfoundthatthelocksweretoonarrow,andthecompanyhadtowidenthem.SeatrialsbeganonDecember13,1844,in
whichGreatBritainachieved11knots.AfterasixmonthstayinLondonwhereshewasvisitedbythousandsofadmirers,includingQueenVictoria,inJuneshe
sailedtoLiverpoolandloadedcargoforNewYork.ShesailedonJuly26undercommandofGreatWesternveteranJamesHoskensandarrivedAugust10aftera
crossingof14days,21hours.HerreturntoBristoltookaboutthesametime.
Duringhersecondvoyage,mostofthepropellerbladesfelloffandanewfourbladedscrewhadtobefitted.TheengineswerealsoreconfiguredbyMaudslaySons
andField,andproduced1,663indicatedhorsepower,upfrom686.Subsequentvoyagesweremarredbytechnicalproblemsofvaryingseverity,butonherfifth
voyage,outwardboundfromLiverpoolwith180passengers(arecordforaNorthAtlanticsteamship),sheranagroundonSeptember22,1846,inDundrumBay
southofBelfastLoughinIreland.Althoughtherewasnolossoflife,itwasnotuntilAugust27,1847,thattheshipwasfreed,withthehelpofthesteamfrigateHMS
BIRKENHEAD.Unabletopayforthenecessarywork,theGreatWesternSteamshipCompanywasforcedtoselltheship.Itwasthreeyearsbeforetheshipwas
purchased,byGibbs,Bright&Company.Withanewthreebladescrewdrivenbyatwocylinderenginewithasimplegeardrive,andthemastsreducedtofour
(squareriggedonthemiddletwomasts),theshipreenteredserviceonthetransatlanticrun,transferringtotheAustraliatradeafteronevoyage.
LeavingtheMerseyonAugust21,1852,with650passengers,GreatBritainarrivedinMelbourneonNovem

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ber12,afterarunof82days.ShedepartedAustraliainJanuarywith260passengersand550,000ingolddust.Reriggedagain,asathreemastedship,thevessel
wassoldtotheLiverpool&AustralianNavigationCompany,andsailedfromLiverpoolwithmorethan1,000passengers.Exceptforserviceasatrooptransport
duringtheCrimeanWar(185556)andonevoyageduringtheIndianMutinyin1857,theGreatBritainremainedintheAustralianpassengertradeuntillaidupin
BirkenheadinFebruary1876.AcquiredthenextyearbyAntonyGibb,SonsandCompany,forbulktradebetweenBritainandSanFrancisco,GreatBritainwas
strippedofherenginesandthehullwassheathedinwood.Onherthirdvoyageout,onFebruary25,1886,shewasforcedbacktoStanley,FalklandIslands,and
condemned.After47yearsasacoalandwoolstorageship,theFalklandIslandsCompanymovedherfromStanleytonearbySparrowCove,wheretheshipwas
abandoned.
In1967,afteranappealtosavetheshipwasinitiatedbyE.C.B.CorlettasimilarideahadbeenfloatedbytheSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseumtheGreat
BritainProjectCommitteewasformedtobringtheshipbacktoBristolforrestorationtoheroriginaldesign.InasalvageexercisethatwouldhaveimpressedBrunel
himself,onApril24,1970,theshipwastowedfromStanleyaboardapontoonbarge,stoppingfirstatMontevideo,andthenontoBristolwheresheeasedinto
WappingDockonJuly19,theanniversaryofherlaunch.TheretheshiphasbeenrestoredinallitsBrunelianglory,downtoreplicasoftheoriginalfourcylinder
enginesandboilers.
Rolt,IsambardKingdomBrunel.Rowland,"GreatBritain."

GreatEastern
Paddle&screwsteamship(5f/6m).L/B/D:692'82.7'(117'ew)30'(210.9m25.2m(35.7m)9.1m).Tons:18,915grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st200,2nd400,
steerage2,400.Mach.:oscillatingsteamenginedrivingsidewheels&horizontaldirectactingengine,4,890ihp,driving1screw13kts.Des.:IsambardKingdom
Brunel.Built:Scott,Russell&Co.andIsambardKingdomBrunel,Millwall,Eng.1858.
IsambardKingdomBrunel'sGreatEasternwasthesuperlativeshipofthenineteenthcentury.Shewasashipofbiblicalproportionscontemporaryobservers
pointedoutthatonlyNoah's300cubitARKwasbiggeranditwasnotuntiltheOLYMPICof1899thatalongershipwasbuilt.Ashipofgreatergrosstonnage
didnotappearuntiltheKaiserWilhelmIIof1903.TheideabehindGreatEasternwasashipthatcouldmakethevoyageouttoAustraliawithouthavingtostopfor
coal(theSuezCanalwouldnotopenuntil1869),aconceptthatappealedespeciallytothenewlyformedEasternSteamNavigationCompany(latertheGreatShip
Company).
Imagenotavailable.
IsambardKingdomBrunel'spaddleandscrewsteamshipGREATEASTERNof1858,
photographedatlowtide.Withfourfunnels,sixmasts,outsizedpaddlewheelsand
anchors,theleviathandwarfseverythingaroundher,especiallythebluffbowedtrading
schoonertotheleftofthepaddle.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

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Fromthefirst,BrunelworkedontheprojectwiththegiftedbutlessscrupulousmarineengineerandshipbuilderJohnScottRussell,whodescribedtheshipas"a
museumofinventions"andwhowasawardedthecontracttobuildthevesselontheIsleofDogsintheThames.Asinhisearlierships,Brunelmadesurethattheship
hadgreatlongitudinalstrengthandthehullwasdoublehulledthroughout,afactthatsavedtheshipin1862whenanunmarkedreefoffMontauk,NewYork,torean
85by5footgashintheouterhull.(Itisnottruethatariveterwasaccidentallyshutintotheship'sdoublebottom.)Inaddition,theshipwasdesignedwithbulkheads
thatdividedherintotenwatertightcompartments.GreatEastern'spropulsionmachineryincludedbothsidepaddlesandasinglescrewwithdiametersof56feetand
24feet,respectively,thesewerethelargestmarinepaddlesandscreweverbuilt.Whilethiscombinationwasdictatedbythelimitsofengineefficiencyofthetime,the
paddlesandscrewgavetheshipamaneuverabilitythatwasinvaluableinhereventualcareerasacablelayer.Thesidewheelsandpropellerweredrivenbyseparate
engines,too,thesidewheelsbyafourcylinderoscillatingsteamenginebuiltbyRussell,andthescrewbyafourcylinderhorizontaldirectactingenginebuiltbyJames
Watt&Company.
Theextraordinarydimensionsoftheshipdictatedthatshebebuiltonaninclinedwayparalleltotheriversothatshecouldbelaunchedsideways.Russell'sfinancial
incompetencenearlydestroyedtheproject,andonlythroughdirectsupervisiondidBrunelbringittocompletion,thoughtheeffortissaidtohavekilledhim.Despite
Brunel'sreluctance,circumstancesdictatedthattheshipbelaunchedonNovember3,1857,andthoughitwasfirstattemptedonthatdate,shedidnottakethewater
untilJanuary31,1858.FittingoutlasteduntilSeptember1859.Infailinghealth,BrunelwasagainforcedtooverseeRussell'swork.DuringtrialsonSeptember5
fourdaysbeforeBrunel'sdeaththerewasadisastrousexplosion,andrepairsforcedthepostponementofGreatEastern'smaidentransatlanticvoyageuntilJune
1860.
GreatEasternmadetenvoyagesintheNorthAtlanticpassengertrade,buttwoaccidents(neitherofthemfatal)thatcostthecompany130,000forcedheroutof
thattrade,andin1864shewassoldtothenewlyformedGreatEasternSteamshipCompany.Afteralterations,includingtheremovalofonesetofboilersandone
funnel,GreatEasternembarkedonacareerasacablelayingship.ThefirsttransatlanticcablehadfailedshortlyafterithadbeenlaiddownbyHMS
AGAMEMNONandUSSNIAGARAin1858,andwhenAmericaninventorCyrusFieldvisitedEnglandinconnectionwithhisplan,Brunelreportedlypointedto
GreatEastern'sunfinishedbulkandsaid,"Thereisyourship."
UnderchartertotheTelegraphConstructionCompany,onJune24,1865,GreatEasternlayoffsouthernIrelandwith7,000tonsofcableand500crew,including
Field.AftertheEuropeanendofthecablewaslaidnearValentia,Ireland,bythesmallerHMSCaroline,GreatEasternsailedincompanywithHMSTerribleand
Sphinx.OnAugust2,threequartersofthewaytoNewfoundland,thecablebrokeandafterseveralfailedattemptstorecoverit,GreatEasternreturnedtoIreland.
Undaunted,theAtlanticTelegraphCompanyhadalreadyordered1,990milesofnewcable,andaftersomealterationstohergear,GreatEasternsailedagainfrom
ValentiaonFriday,July13,1866.Twelvedayslater,inHeart'sContent,Newfoundland,communicationsbetweenEuropeandNorthAmericahaddroppedfromone
monthtoafewminutes.BytheendofAugust,GreatEastern'screwhadrecoveredthesubmergedcablefromthe1865expedition,andsplicedittoacablerunning
fromNewfoundland.Bytheendofhercareer,GreatEasternhadlaidatotaloffivetransatlanticcables,andonebetweenBombay,Aden,andSuez.
In1874,shewassoldtoaFrenchcompanythatsoughttouseGreatEasternforfirstclasspassengerservicebetweenNewYorkandFrance,buttheprojectwas
abandonedafteronevoyage.LaidupinMilfordHavenfrom1875to1886,shewassoldforuseasanexhibitionshipinLiverpool.ShewasbrokenupatHenryBath
&Sonstwoyearslater.
Beaver,BigShip.Clarke,VoiceacrosstheSea.Dugan,GreatIronShip.Emmerson,JohnScottRussell.Rolt,IsambardKingdomBrunel.

GreaterBuffalo
(laterUSSSable)Passengersteamer.L/B:519'x58'(158.2m17.7m).Tons:6,564disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,500.Mach.:sidewheels.Des.:FrankE.Kirby.
Built:AmericanShipbuildingCo.,Lorain,Ohio1924.
AmongthelargestandmostimportantAmericannightboatserviceswastheDetroit&ClevelandNavigationCompany,whichhaditsbeginningsintheDetroit&
ClevelandSteamboatLineof1850.TheD&CreacheditszenithduringtheboominGreatLakesshippingfollowingWorldWarI.Althoughthelinealreadyhada
numberofimpressivenightboatsinoperation,intheearly1920sitorderedGreaterBuffaloandGreatDetroit,thelargestpaddlewheelshipseverbuiltwiththe
exceptionofIsambardKingdomBrunel'sGREATEASTERN,

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whichwasalsofittedwithasinglescrew.GreaterBuffaloandGreatDetroitwereabout15percentlargerthaneithertheD&C'sGreaterDetroitIIIortheFall
RiverLine'slargestboat,Commonwealth,andtheycarriedmorethan1,500overnightpassengersonthe260milerunacrossLakeEriebetweenBuffaloand
Detroit.Theships'shortpeakseasonlastedonlyabouttenweeksayear,andthiscombinedwiththeirlargesizemadethemespeciallyvulnerabletothehugedropin
passengertrafficduringtheGreatDepression.Theyremainedinoperationwithheavylossesuntil1938,whentheywerelaidup.AfterthestartofWorldWarII,
GreaterBuffalowasrequisitionedbytheNavyforuseasthetrainingcarrierUSSSable.Thousandsofnavalaviatorstrainedonherdecksuntilherdecommissioning
inNovember1945.Shewassoldforscrapin1948.
Hilton,NightBoat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

GreatGalley
Galleasse(4m).L/B/D:ca.180'(gundeck)34'15'dph(54.9m10.4m4.6m).Tons:800.Hull:wood.Comp.:8001,200.Arm.:70brassguns,147iron
guns.Built:Greenwich,Eng.1515.
OneofthelargestEnglishshipsofherday,andoneofEngland'slastoaredwarships,GreatGalleywasbuiltduringthereignofHenryVIII,fiveyearsafterthelaunch
ofMARYROSE.AsdescribedbyVenetianambassadors,whoselettersformthefirstwrittenaccountoftheship,shewasaslargeasoneoftheirfirstrategalleys,
with120oars(60toaside)andfourmasts,threewithtopmastsandtopsails,andthemainwithatopgallantmastandsail.Hercomplementwasconsiderableby
modernstandards.TheVenetianscreditherwith60gunnersand1,200fightingmen,whileFrenchaccountscreditherwith800fightingmen.ThenumberofGreat
Galley'sbrassandirongunsvariedovertheyears.Sheseemstohavebeenlaunchedwith217guns,14ofthembiggunsmountedaft.In1540shecarried87guns,
whileeightyearslatershecarried97.Theinventoryof1540demonstratesthevarietyofarmament.Herbrassgunsincludedfivecannons,twodemyculveryns,four
sakers,andtwofalcons,whileirongunsnumberedtwelveportpieces,twosingleslings,fiftydoublebases,andtensingle(orsmall)bases.
GreatGalleyremainedintheThamesuntilwarwithFrancewasrenewedin1522.AssignedtoafleetcommandedbySirWilliamFitzwilliam,shewasnotasuccess
andwasgivenarebuildatPortsmouththatresultedinwhatwasvirtuallyanewship.ThenextyearFitzwilliamwrotethat"brigandineintendstobreakherupandmake
hercarvel"planked,ratherthanclenched,"forshewasthedangeroustshipunderwaterthatevermansailedin."Theshipunderwentasecondrebuildin153637,
emergingasGreatBark.(Thereissomeconfusionbecauseofthetendencyfordifferentnamestobeappliedtothesamevessel,andthesamenametodifferent
vessels.)ThisvesselprobablytookpartinanexpeditiontoScotlandin1544.Hernameappearsonanumberofshiplistsuntil1562,andshewasprobablybrokenup
sometimebetweenthenand1565.
Anderson,"HenryVIII'sGreatGalley."

GreatRepublic
Clipper(4m).L/B/D:302'48.4'29.2'dph(92m14.8m8.9m).Tons:4,555om2,751nm.Hull:wood.Comp.:130.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,
Mass.1853.
Asdesignedandconstructed,DonaldMcKay'sextremeclipperGreatRepublicwasthelargestmerchantsailingshipeverbuiltintheUnitedStates,measuring335
feetlong,53feetand38feetdepthofhold,andacapacityof4,555grosstonsbyoldmeasurement.Inadditiontohergreatsize,GreatRepublicwasalsoluxuriously
furnishedandappointed.HerlaunchwasmuchanticipatedbothintheUnitedStatesandEngland,andanestimated30,000spectatorswereonhandwhensheslid
downthewaysonOctober4,1853.TowedtoNewYork,sheloadedacargoworth$300,000forLiverpool.OnDecember26,justdaysbeforesailing,afirebroke
outatanearbybakery.Sparksfromtheburningbuildingblewintothenewlytarredriggingofthegreatship,whichwasquicklyablazefromstemtostern.Thoughthe
mastswerecutawayandtheshipscuttled,virtuallyallherupperworkswereburned.McKaydecidedtotaketheinsurancemoneyandshewassoldtoA.A.Low&
Brother.
HernewownershadtheshiprebuiltatSneeden&WhitlockofGreenpoint,NewYork.Asreconfigured,shehadonlythreedecksratherthanfour,hercapacitywas
reducedto4,555tons,andherrigconsiderablyshortenedfromthe15,653squarefeetofcanvasinMcKay'soriginalplan.OriginallyintendedfortheAustraliatrade
(aswereMcKay'sJAMESBAINES,DONALDMCKAY,LIGHTNING,andCHAMPIONOFTHESEAS),in1855sheleftNewYorkforLiverpoolwith52
crewunderJosephLimeburner,whowrote,
Theshipbehavesnobly,andcaneasilymake400milesin24hours...Theshipistightandstrong,andthebestshipatseaIwaseverin.Youwouldhardlyknowthatyouwereat
seainaheavyseashemovesalongeasily,makingnofuss,infact,

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splendidly,andsteerslikeaboatinapondaboycansteerhereasily.

AfterabriefchartertotheFrenchgovernmenttocarrytroopstotheCrimea,in185657shesailedfromNewYorktoSanFranciscoin92days,postingseveral
daysrunsofbetterthan400milesandsettingarecordrunfromNewYorktotheequatorof15days,19hours.SheremainedintheCaliforniatradeuntilthestartof
theCivilWar,whenin1861shewascharteredbythefederalgovernmentforuseasatransport.Between1862and1865shemadetwomorevoyagestoSan
Francisco.UnderNovaScotianownershipfrom1865to1868,shewassoldtotheMerchantsTradingCompanyofLiverpoolin1869andrenamedDenmark.On
March2,1872,shewasboundfromNovaScotiaforLondonwhenshebeganleaking.Threedayslater,hercrewwereforcedtoabandonship,andshesankoff
Bermuda.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.MacGregor,BritishandAmericanClippers.

GreatWestern
Paddlesteamship(1f/4m).L/B/D:236'35.3'(59.7'ew)16.6'(71.9m10.7m(18.2m)5.1m).Tons:1,340grt2.300net.Hull:wood.Mach.:sidelever
directactingsteamengine,sidewheels8.5kts.Des.:IsambardKingdomBrunel.Built:WilliamPatterson,Bristol,Eng.1837.
ThefirstshipbuilttodesignsbyIsambardKingdomBrunel,GreatWesternwasthedirectresultofBrunel'ssuggestiontothecompany'sdirectors,in1835,thatthe
GreatWesternRailwayshouldextenditsLondonBristolservicetoNewYorkviaa"steamboat."AlthoughregularandreliablepacketservicebetweenEuropeand
NorthAmericahadbeeninplacesince1816,itwasallbysail,notsteam.Thoughtakenupbythecompany,theideawasconsideredsheerfolly,asitwaswidely
believedthatthepowerandhenceitsfuel,coalrequiredtodriveasteamshipvariedindirectproportiontothesizeofthehull.ItwasBrunelwhodevisedthe
elegantformulademonstratingthatthoughaship'scapacityincreasesasthecubeofthehull'sdimensions,thepowerrequiredtodriveitincreasesonlyasthesquareof
thedimensions.
ConsiderablylargerthananyvesselbuiltinEurope,thefirstofBrunel'sshipswasbuiltofoak,trussedwithironandwooddiagonals,andwithconsiderableattention
paidtothelongitudinalstrengthofthehull.(ThelargestChineseshipsofthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturyMingdynasty,includingthoseofZhengHe'svoyageto
theeastcoastofAfrica,easilyexceeded300feet.)Theship'sengineswerethemostpowerfulyetbuilt,andtheirdevelopmentwasentrustedtothefirmofMaudslay
SonsandField.LaiddownonJuly26,1836,theshipwas
Imagenotavailable.
J.Walter'spaintingofIsambardKingdomBrunel'sGREATWESTERNof1838,thefirstof
Brunel'strioof"Great"ships.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Page225

launchedonJuly19,1837,andproceededtoLondon,whereMaudslay's100tonboilersandothermachinerywereinstalled.TheproportionsofGreatWestern's
accommodationswereasnoteworthyashermoretechnicalaspects.Theshipwasdesignedtocarry148passengers,andsheboastedamainpassengersaloon75
feetlongby34feetatitswidest,againasuperlativeachievement.AlthoughfittingouttookuntilthefollowingMarch,itwasnotforlackofmotivation,forinthe
interim,twofirmsfromLiverpool,Bristol'srivalport,hadenteredtheracetobefirsttoofferregularsteamshipservicetoNewYork.TheseweretheBritish&
AmericanSteamNavigationCompanyandtheTransatlanticSteamshipCompany.TheLiverpudlianshadlaiddownorpurchasedshipsforthepurpose,butasneither
wouldbereadyintimetobeatGreatWestern,theyleasedandmodifiedtheIrishSeasteamersSIRIUSandROYALWILLIAM,respectively.Asithappened,
SiriusleftLondononMarch28,1838,threedaysbeforeGreatWestern,boundforCork.
TwohoursaftertheshipsetoffdowntheThamesunderLieutenantJamesHosken,RN,theheatfromtheboilersignitedthedeckbeamsaroundthefunnel.Hosken
rantheshipaground,andBrunelwasnearlykilledwhenacharredladderintotheboilerroomgaveway.Damagewasminimal,however,andtheshipsailedonthe
followingtide,arrivingatBristolonApril2.Aftertakingonsuppliesandbunkering,GreatWesternsailedforNewYorkonApril8,withonlysevenpassengers,
morethan50bookingshavingbeencanceledafternewsofthefire.
GreatWesternarrivedatNewYorkonApril23,scanthoursafterSirius,whichhadleftCorkonApril2.Thesmallership'scrossingwasfourdaysfaster,although
Corkwasafullday'ssteamingcloserthanBristol.Moreimportantforestablishingthefeasibilityoftheundertaking,GreatWesternarrivedwith700tonsofcoal
remaininginherbunkers.Althoughthegreatship'slandingwasaccompaniedbythetragicdeathoftheengineer,GeorgePearne,whowasscaldedtodeath,the
Americanpublicwasconfidentoftheship'ssafety,andtheshipwith68passengersarrivedatBristol15daysoutfromNewYork.Overthecourseofthenexteight
years,GreatWesternmade67crossings,withabesteastboundcrossingof13days,6hours,andwestbound12days,9hours.
In1846,followingthenearlossofGREATBRITAIN,GreatWesternwassoldtotheRoyalSteamPacketCompany,andwasengagedintheWestIndies
passengertradeoutofSouthampton,beingrequisitionedasatrooptransportduringtheCrimeanWar.TheshipwasbrokenupatCastles'Yard,Millbank,in1856
57.
Rolt,LifeofIsambardKingdomBrunel.

USSGreer(DD145)
Wickesclassdestroyer(4f/2m).L/B/D:314.3'30.9'9'(95.8m9.4m2.7m).Tons:1,165disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:133.Arm.:44",13",1221"TT.
Mach.:gearedturbines,24,000shp,2screws35kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShipandEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1918.
NamedforRearAdmiralJamesA.Greer(18331904),USSGreerspentmostofherfirstyearofserviceintheAtlanticbeforeassignmenttothePacificFleetin
1919.TransferredtotheAsiaticFleetinJune1920,shecruisedasfarafieldasShanghai,China,PortArthur,Russia,andthePhilippines.Decommissionedin1937at
Philadelphia,shewasreadyforseaagaininOctober1939,shortlyafterthestartofWorldWarII.InFebruary1940shewasassignedtotheNeutralityPatrol,the
intentofwhichwastokeepEuropeanbelligerentsespeciallyGermansubmarinesfromconductingmilitaryoperationswithin300milesoftheAmericancoast.
ThisvaguelyproEnglandpolicywaslaterexpandedtooneof"allaidshortofwar,"wherebyU.S.destroyersescortedBritishconvoysasfarasIceland.On
September4,1941,GreerwasenroutebyherselffromReykjaviktoArgentia,Newfoundland,whenshewasattackedbyU652.Theattackwasnotentirely
unprovoked,asaBritishplaneincontactwithGreerhaddepthchargedthesubmarine.TheundamagedGreerrepliedwithnineteendepthchargesoverthreehours.
TheattackwasviewedasalegitimatepretextforostensiblyneutralAmericanwarshipstoshootfirst.TheU.S.entryintoWorldWarIIwasnotlongincoming.Greer
remainedonconvoydutyinvariouspartsoftheAtlanticuntil1944,whenshewasassignedtolighterduties.DecommissionedatPhiladelphiainJuly1945,shewas
soldforscrapthatNovember.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

LeGriffon
Brig.Tons:4560tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:34.Arm.:5guns.Built:RenRobertCavalier,SieurLaSalle1679.
AlthoughFrenchexplorershadreachedthewesternGreatLakesasearlyas1634,theytraveledincanoesoronfoot.Itwasnotuntil1679thatRenRobertCavalier
deLaSallebuiltthefirstsailingshipontheupperlakes,nearthejunctionofCayugaCreekandtheNiagaraRiverattheeasternendofLakeErieinwhatisnowNew
YorkState.WorkwascompletedinmidsummerandthebrigwaschristenedLeGriffon,fortheheraldicdeviceoftheComtedeFrontenac,governorgeneralof
NewFrance.OnAugust7,1679,theshipsetsailforthewestinsearch

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ofawaterroutetotheOrient.ThecrewofthirtyfourincludedLaSalleandtheJesuitdiaristFatherLouisHennepin.InthreedaysLeGriffoncrossedthelengthof
LakeErieandturnednorthintotheDetroitRiver,LakeSt.Clair,St.ClairRiver,andLakeHuron.AfterweatheringaviolentfallstormonLakeHuron,LeGriffon
cametoaJesuitmissiononMichilimackinacBay,offtheStraitsofMackinac,andproceededfromtheretoatradingpostontheshoresofGreenBay.ThereLaSalle,
Hennepin,andafewotherslefttheship,whichwasthenloadedforthereturnvoyage.OnSeptember18,LeGriffonsailedfortheeast,butshewasneverseen
again.
Braynard,FamousAmericanShips.

Gripsholm
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:574.6'loa74.3'(175.1m22.6m).Tons:17,993grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st127,2nd482,3rd948crew360.Mach.:motorship,2screws
16kts.Built:SirW.G.Armstrong,Whitworth&Co.,Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1925.
BuiltforSwedishAmericaLine'sservicebetweenGothenburgandNewYork,GripsholmwasthefirstmotorshipontheNorthAtlanticpassengerrun.Originally
designedtocarryimmigrantstotheUnitedStates,asimmigrationquotastightenedinthe1930s,heraccommodationsgraduallychangedtosatisfyamoretourism
orientedclientele.Inthewintermonths,shewasusedasacruiseshipbetweenEuropeandtheWestIndies.
BecauseSwedenremainedneutralduringWorldWarII,GripsholmandherrunningmateDrottningholmwereplacedundertheauthorityoftheInternationalRed
Crossandusedforthetransportofmorethan25,000civilianinterneesandprisonersofwarbetweenEuropeandNorthAmerica.Toavoidmisidentificationby
combatantsoneitherside,SVERIGE(Sweden)waspaintedalongthesideofthehullandbothshipswerebrightlyilluminatedatnight.
In1946,Gripsholmresumedregularpassengerservice.Amajoroverhaulin194950reducedherpassengerlistto976intwoclasses,andshewasfittedwitha
bulbousbowthatincreasedherlengthto179.8meters(590feet).In1954,GripsholmwassoldtotheBremenAmericaLineandbeganservicebetweenBremen
andNewYork,viaGothenburgandHalifax.RenamedBerlinthefollowingyear,shewasmanagedbyNorddeutscherLloydandrepresentedtheirfirstpostWorld
WarIItransatlanticpassengerservice.In1957shewasjoinedonthisrunbyBremen(exPasteur).BerlinmadeherlastvoyagefromNewYorktoBremerhavenin
1966andwasbrokenupatLaSpeziathesameyear.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

USSGrowler(SS215)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.2'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,526/2,410disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:66.Arm.:1021''TT13".
Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740shp,2screws20/8.5kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1942.
CommissionedunderLieutenantCommanderHowardI.Gilmoreinthespringof1942,USSGrowler(aspeciesoflargemouthbassandthethirdshipofthename)
madeherfirstWorldWarIIpatroloffDutchHarbor,Alaska,inlateJune.OnJuly5,shetorpedoedthreeJapanesedestroyers,sinkingArareandseverelydamaging
theothertwo.TwelvedayslatershereturnedtoPearlHarbortoprepareforhersecondpatrol,offTaiwan.BetweenAugust25andSeptember7shesankfour
freightersbytorpedoesorgunfire.Afterarefit,shesailedfortheSolomonIslandstolookforJapaneseshipssupportingforcesatGuadalcanal,andshesankoneship
inJanuary.Atabout0100onFebruary7,GrowlermadeasurfaceattackonaJapanesegunboat.AsthegunboatturnedtoramGrowler,Gilmoreturnedhis
submarinetoramtheJapanesevessel.Underheavymachinegunfireatpointblankrange,thewoundedGilmoreorderedGrowlersubmergedwithoutwaitingtoget
himoffthebridge.ForhisheroicsacrificehewasposthumouslyawardedtheMedalofHonor.
FollowingrepairsatBrisbane,GrowlerresumedherpatrolsaroundtheSolomonandBismarckIslandsuntilorderedtotheWestCoastforrepairsinNovember
1943.ReportingtoMajuro,MarshallIslands,inAprilsheformedawolfpackwithUSSBangandSeahorse,withwhichshesankoneship.Hernexttwopatrols
wereaspartof"Ben'sBusters,"awolfpacknamedforGrowler'snewCommanderT.B.Oakley,andincludingUSSSealionandPampanito.OnSeptember12
theysanksixshipsGrowlerwascreditedwiththedestroyerShikinamiandfrigateHiradoandreturnedtoFremantlewith150Alliedprisonersrescuedfrom
oneofthestrickenships.OnOctober20,GrowlerleftFremantleincompanywithUSSHakeandHardhead.OnNovember8,thethreesubsattackedaJapanese
convoynearthePhilippinesandGrowlerwasapparentlysunkbydepthcharges.(PampanitosurvivedthewartobecomeamuseumshipinSanFrancisco.)
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

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USSGuadalcanal(CVE60)
Casablancaclassescortaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:512'65'(108.1'ew)22.5'(156.1m19.8m(32.9m)6.9m).Tons:7,800disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:860.Arm.:
28aircraft15",1640mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,16,000shp,2screws19kts.Built:HenryJ.KaiserShipbuildingCo.,Inc.,Vancouver,Wash.1943.
Despitehername,whichcelebratesthesiteofthefirstmajorgroundcampaignbyAmericanforcesinthePacifictheaterofWorldWarII,intheSolomonIslands,
USSGuadalcanalachievedhergreatestfameontheAtlantic.AsflagshipofCaptainD.V.Gallery'santisubmarineTaskGroup21.12basedatNorfolk,onherfirst
missionsheandherescortshipssanktheGermanU544northwestoftheAzores(in4030'N,3720'W)elevendaysout,onJanuary16,1944.Continuingeast,
theyreplenishedatCasablancaandreturnedtoNorfolk.AsecondtriptoNorthAfricawasuneventful,butwestwardboundtheysankU515northwestofMadeira
(in3435'N,1918'W)onApril9,whenLieutenantCommanderWernerHenkescuttledhissubafteranightofdepthchargingbyGuadalcanalplanesanddestroyer
escortsUSSChatelain,Flaherty,Pillsbury,andPope.ThenextnighttheysankU68withallhandsnortheastofMadeirain3324'N,1859'W.
Twoweeksintothethirdpatrol,onJune4,ChatelainlocatedaUboatnorthwestofDakarandbeganaseriesofdepthchargepatterns.ThecrewofU505
panicked.Hercaptainorderedhertothesurfaceandthecrewabandonedship,in2130'N,1920'W.GalleryimmediatelyorderedaboardingpartyfromPillsbury
toenterandsecurethesubmarinebyclosingtheseacocksandtryingtofindanddisarmanyscuttlingchargesthathadbeenset.Luckily,therewerenone,and
LieutenantA.L.David'screwmanagedtokeepthesubmarineafloat.AtowlinewassecuredandTG21.12sailedforBermuda,wheretheyarrivedonJune19.Kept
secretforthedurationofthewar,thisuniquecaptureprovidedtheAllieswithinvaluableinformationaboutthedesign,deployment,andoperationofGermanUboats.
GuadalcanalmadethreemorepatrolsbetweenJuneandOctober,butbylate1944,UboatoperationshadbeenseverelycurtailedbythelossoftheGermanbases
inwesternFrance,andopportunitiesforeventhemostzealousantisubmarineforcewerefew.FromDecember1944totheendofthewar,Guadalcanalservedasa
trainingshiptoqualifypilotsforcarrieroperations.DecommissionedatNorfolkin1946,shewasbrokenupatNewYorkin1959.Inanoddtwistoffate,herprize
waspreservedasamuseumshipinChicago.
Gallery,TwentyMillionTonsundertheSea.Grner,GermanWarships.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Guadeloupe
Paddlefrigate(1f/2m).L/B/D:187'od30.1'9'(57m9.2m2.7m).Tons:878disp788bm.Hull:iron.Arm.:268pdr,224pdr.Mach.:2cyl,180nhp,
sidewheels9kts..Built:Cammell,Laird&Co.,Ltd.,BirkenheadIronWorks,Birkenhead,Eng.1842.
Theworld'slargestironshipwhenbuilt,GuadeloupewasbuiltonspeculationbyJohnLaird,whointendedtosellhertotheRoyalNavy.TheAdmiraltywasnotyet
interestedinironwarshipsofsuchsize,andheeventuallysoldtheshiptotheMexicanNavy,whichatthattimewascontendingwiththeTexassecessionistmovement.
WhenGuadeloupewaslaiddownin1836,theBritishwerenotinterestedinexploitingtheuseofironinshipbuildingbecausetheyhadnotasyetdeviseda
satisfactorywayofcorrectingcompasserrorinironhulls.(AstronomerGeorgeAireypublishedanexplanationofhowtodothisin1839.)Theshipenteredservice
undercommandofCaptainEdwardPhillipCharlwood,aRoyalNavycaptainthenonhalfpayinBritain'speacetimenavy.Followingtwoyearsofservice,he
providedBritishauthoritieswithdetailedobservationsontheadvantagesofironoverwoodinwarships.Theseincludedgreaterbuoyancy,moreroombelowdecks
becausethehullwasthinnerandtherewerefewerframes,andwatertightbulkheads.Asafightingship,Guadeloupeprovidedasteadiergunplatformforthetwo68
pdr.pivotguns(mountedforeandaft),andwhenthehullwaspenetrated,theholewascleananddidnotsplinterasitdidinwoodenships.Splintersandtheresulting
infectionwereaprimarycauseofdeathfromcombatinwoodenships.
Brown,"PaddleFrigateGuadeloupe."

USSGuardfish
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.2'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,256/2,410disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:61.Arm.:1021"TT13",3
mg.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740shp,2screws20.25/8.75kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1942.
AmongtheU.S.Navy'smostsuccessfulsubmarines,USSGuardfishwasoneofonlythreeshipstoreceivetwoPresidentialUnitCitationsforserviceinWorldWar
II.UnderLieutenantCommanderT.B.Klakring,shewasthefirstsubmarinetopatrolnortheastofHonshuIsland,Japan,wherebetweenAugust22andSeptember2
shesankfivemerchantships.Onhersecondpatrol,intheFormosaStrait,shesanktwomoreshipsonOctober21.Guardfish'sthirdpatrol,intheMarshallIslands,
broughthercontinuedsuccessincludingthedestroyerHakaze.

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Duringhernextthreepatrols,Guardfishundertookspecialoperations,landingandembarkingsurveyteamsonBougainvilleIsland,surveyingEmpressAugustaBay,
andstandinglifeguarddutyfordownedairmeninaddition,shesankthreecargoshipsandthedestroyerUmikaze.
AfteratenweekrefitatSanFranciscointhespringof1944,shesailedunderCaptainW.V.O'BrienaspartofafourboatwolfpackknownastheMickeyFinns.
Onhersinglemostsuccessfulpatrol,GuardfishseverelydamagedonefreighterandsankfoursouthwestofFormosa.Hertenthcruisewasmarredbythemistaken
sinkingofthesalvageshipUSSExtractoronJanuary24,1945,withthelossofsixofherseventyninecrew.Guardfishendedthewarasatrainingshipandspent
twelveyearsasanavalreservetrainingshipbeforedecommissioningin1960.OnOctober11,1961,shewassunkasatargetduringtestsofanewgenerationof
torpedo.
Roscoe,U.S.SubmarineOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSGuerrire
5thrate38(3m).L/B/D:155.8'39.8'12.8'(47.5m12.1m3.9m).Tons:1,092bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:284.Arm.:1632pdr,2818pdr,29pdr.
Des.:Lafosse.Built:Cherbourg1799.
TheFrenchNavyfrigateGuerrire("Warrior")wasbuiltduringtheconsulateofNapoleonBonaparte.In1801Guerrireescortedatroopconvoydispatchedto
quelltheHaitianuprisingledbyToussaintL'Ouverture,andshenarrowlyescapedcapturebyaBritishblockadeonherreturnin1803.Laterengagedincommerce
raidingagainstBritishshipping,in1806shewasoneofthreefrigatesoperatingagainsttheGreenlandwhalefisheries.ThreeBritishfrigatesweredispatchedtothe
ShetlandIslandstointercepttheFrench,althoughHMSPhoebeandThamesreturnedprematurely.CaptainThomasLavie'sHMSBlanche(36guns)sailedfromthe
Downs,andat1030onJuly18theycameinsightofGuerrireneartheFaeroeIslands.CaptainHubertclosedwithBlancheuntilherealized,toolate,thatshewas
notoneofhisship'sownconsorts.BlanchesailedinpursuitandcaughtupwithGuerrireataboutmidnightandloosedtwobroadsidesbeforetheFrenchmencould
reply.Afteranhour'sfight,GuerrirehadlosthermizzentopmastandstrucktotheBritish,whohadsufferedonlyfourwoundedasagainsttwentydeadandthirty
woundedaswellasheavydamagetotheFrenchship.
RepairedandbroughtintotheRoyalNavyasafifthratefrigate,duringtheWarof1812shewasassignedtotheNorthAmericanStationatHalifax.OnJuly17,
1812,shewasinasquadroncommandedbyCaptainSirPhilipBrokeinHMSAfrica(64)whenitcameuponthefrigateUSSCONSTITUTIONoffNewJersey.
Afteraremarkablesixtysixhourchaseinlightwinds,Constitutionescaped.OnAugust19,asolitaryGuerrirewascruisingtheGrandBankssouthof
Newfoundlandinposition4142'N,5548'WwhensheencounteredConstitutionasecondtime.Herarrogantcaptain,JamesDacres,hadissuedachallengeto"U.
StatesfrigatePresident...oranyotherAmericanfrigateofequalforceforthepurposeofhavingafewminutesteteatete"andhewasquitepleasedbythe
prospectofanengagement.Openingfireatlongrange,twoofhershotbouncedoffthehullofConstitution,whichthereafterwasknownas"OldIronsides."
CommodoreIsaacHullheldhisfireuntilhehadclosedtoarangeoflessthanhalfapistolshotbeforeheloosedhisfirstbroadside.Twentyfiveminuteslater,the
dismastedGuerrirewaswallowingintheheavyseaswithseventyeightdeadandwoundedcomparedwithonlysevendeadandsevenwoundedaboard
Constitution.Guerrire'shullwassoshatteredthatHullorderedherblownupthenextday.TheunluckyGuerrirewasthusthefirstmajorBritishunitlosttothe
U.S.NavyintheWarof1812.TheLondonTimesobserved,correctly,"ItisnotmerelythatanEnglishfrigatehasbeentaken,...butthatithasbeentakenbya
newenemy,anenemyunaccustomedtosuchtriumphs,andlikelytoberenderedinsolentandconfidentbythem."
Allen,BattlesoftheRoyalNavy.Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

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H
HMCSHaida
Tribalclassdestroyer(1f/1m).L/B/D:377'36.5'26.5'(114.9m11.1m8.1m).Tons:2,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:240.Arm.:64.7"(32),24",1
quadpompom,2twinoerlikon421"TTdc.Mach.:gearedturbines,44,000shp,2screws36.5kts.Built:VickersArmstrong,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.
1943.
AlthoughbuiltfortheCanadianNavy,HMCSHaidadidnotenterhomewatersformorethanayearafterhercommissioning.Duringthattime,shesailedunder
commandofCaptainH.G.DeWolf,dividinghertimebetweenArcticwatersandtheEnglishChannel.AfterareliefexpeditiontoSpitsbergen,beginninginNovember
1943HaidawasdetailedtothetreacherousMurmanskconvoyrun,andsheaccompaniedConvoyJW55B,inpursuitofwhichtheGermanbattlecruiser
SCHARNHORSTwassunkonDecember26.Throughoutthespringof1944,shewasactiveintheEnglishChannelduringoperationspreparatorytotheDday
invasion.OnApril26,HaidasanktheGermanfleettorpedoboatT29northofIledeBatz(in4853'N,333'W),andthreedayslatershedroveashoreT27,which
hadbeendamagedonthe26th,onthecoastofBrittanyatPontusval.ThelatterengagementwasnotonesidedandHaida'ssistershipAthabascanwassunkinthe
sameengagement.OnJune24,whenincompanywithHMSEskimo,shehelpedsinkU971southofLand'sEndin4901'N,535'W.Shesubsequentlyoperated
alongtheFrenchcoastoftheBayofBiscayandEnglishChannel,andonAugust30,sheescortedintoCherbourgtheFrenchcruiserJeanned'Arc,carryingfifty
membersoftheFrenchprovisionalgovernment.
InlateSeptember,HaidasailedforCanadawheresheunderwentathreemonthrefit,butbyMarch1945shewasoperatinginsupportofairattacksonmerchant
shippingalongthecoastofNorway.
Followingthewar,HaidatookuppatroldutiesineasternCanadaaroundLabradorandHudsonBay.Afterathreeyearmodernization,in195253,shesailedfor
theFarEastaspartoftheUNnavalforcesengagedinshorebombardmentdutyduringtheKoreanWar.Overthenextdecade,sheremainedinserviceinthe
Atlantic,takingpartinNATOexercisesintheBaltic,Atlantic,andMediterranean,inadditiontodutyinhomewaters.Re
Imagenotavailable.
TheTribalclassdestroyerswereamongthemostsuccessfulBritishbuiltescortsof
WorldWarII.HMCSHAIDAsawruggeddutyasaconvoyescortandonpatrolinthe
EnglishChannelduringWorldWarII,andinthewesternPacificduringtheKoreanWar.
In1963shewaspreservedasamuseumatToronto.
CourtesyNormanBrouwer.

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tiredin1963,shewaspreservedasamemorialandmuseumatToronto.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Johnson,BeringSeaEscort.

HalveMaen
Vlieboat(3m).L/B/D:65'lod17.3'8'(19.8m5.3m2.4m).Tons:80om.Hull:wood.Comp.:1720.Built:VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(VOC),
Amsterdam1608.
Intheearly1600s,DutchmerchantsdecidedtoconsolidatetheireffortstoexpandtradetotheEastbyformingtheVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(VOC,or
UnitedEastIndiaCompany).EagertofindashortroutetotheIndies,theytookupthesearchforaNortheastPassage.ShortlyafterthefailedBarentsexpedition,the
VOCcontractedwiththeEnglishexplorerHenryHudson"tosearchforapassagebythenortharoundthenorthsideofNovaZembla,and...continuethusalong
thatparalleluntilheshallbeabletosailsouthwardtothelatitudeof60degrees."AnamendmenttothecontractenjoinedHudson"tothinkofnootherrouteor
passage,excepttheroutearoundthenorthornortheast,aboveNovaZembla...Ifitcannotbeaccomplishedatthattime,anotherroutewillbethesubjectof
considerationforanothervoyage."
ThevesselchosenwasthebarkriggedHalveMaen,arelativelyflatbottomedmerchantvesseldesignedfortheshallowwatersaroundVlielandandTexelatthe
mouthoftheZuyderZee.TheshipsailedonMarch25,1609,andafterroundingtheNorthCapeonMay5,shesailedintotheBarentsSea.Twoweekslater,
Hudsonabandonedhiseastwardsearch.Turningwest,onthe21sttheshipredoubledtheNorthCape.RatherthanreturntoHolland,HudsonsailedfortheFaeroe
Islands,wherehewateredhisshipbeforecontinuingwest.
InearlyJulyHalveMaenencounteredafleetofFrenchfishingboatsontheGrandBanksoffNewfoundland.OnJuly12shewasoffNovaScotiaandaweeklater
thecrewlandedatthesouthernendofPenobscotBay,wheretheycutandsteppedanewforemast.Turningsouth,theystoppedatCapeCod,whichBartholomew
Gosnoldhadnamedduringhis1602visitinCONCORD.Continuingsouthandsouthwest,theyarrivedoffthemouthofChesapeakeBayonAugust18.Althoughthe
JamestownsettlementfoundedtwoyearsbeforeontheJamesRiverwasknowntoHudson,hedidnotenterthebay.
OnAugust27theywereatthemouthoftheDelaware(orSouth)RiverandsevendayslateranchoredoffSandyHook.RelationswiththeIndiansweregenerally
good,althoughoneoftheship'scompanywaskilledwhileexploringlowerNewYorkBayonSeptember5.Thesurroundingswerebountiful,andHudsonwrotethat
"itisaspleasantalandasoneneedtreaduponveryabundantinallkindsoftimbersuitableforshipbuilding,andformakinglargecasksorvats."OnSeptember13,
HalveMaenbeganafourday,147mileascentoftheNorth(orHudson)RiverasfarasthesiteofpresentdayAlbany.Northofthat,theriverhadamaximum
depthofonlysevenfeet.OfthesurroundingcountrysideHudsonobserved,
ThelandisthefinestforcultivationthatIeverinmylifesetfootupon,anditalsoaboundsintreesofeverydescription.Thenativesareverygoodpeople,forwhentheysawthat
Iwouldnotremain,theysupposedthatIwasafraidoftheirbows,andtakingthearrows,theybroketheminpieces,andthrewthemintothefire.

TurningsouthonSeptember23,theship'smatekilledanIndianwhotriedtostealsomeclothesoutofthesterncabin.AmoreseriousincidentoffMannahata
(Manhattan)onOctober2resultedinthedeathoffourorfiveIndianswhoattackedtheship.
OnOctober4,HalveMaensailedoutofNewYorkBayandafterthirtythreedaysatsealandedatDartmouth,England.Hudson'sdecisiontostopinEnglandhas
ledsometospeculatethathewasactuallyinthepayofEnglishmerchantstowhomheintendedtoreporthisfindings.Intheevent,HalveMaenwaskeptat
DartmouthuntilafterHudsonhadsailedonhisnextandlastexpeditioninsearchoftheNorthwestPassageinDISCOVERY.In1610,HalveMaenwasreturnedto
theVOC,togetherwiththeship'spapers,thoughtheDutchcrews'reportshadalreadyspurredHollandtoestablishtradingpostsintheGreatRiveroftheMountains,
asHudson'smateRobertJuetdescribedtheHudsonRiver.
In1611,HalveMaenwasdispatchedtotheEastIndiesundercommandofCaptainLaureusReale.Hersubsequentfateisnotknownwithcertainty,andvarious
reportsindicatethatshewaswreckedoffMauritiusinthesameyear,thatshewaslostoffSumatrain1616,orthatshewasburnedatSumatrabytheBritishin1618.
TwoimportantreplicasofHalveMaenhavebeenbuilt.ThefirstwasbuiltintheNetherlandsfortheHudsonFultonCelebrationinNewYorkin1909,andthe
secondbytheNewYorkbasedNewNetherlandfestival.
Asher,HenryHudsontheNavigator.Hendricks,"Constructionofthe1988HalfMoon."Johnson,ChartingtheSeaofDarkness.

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Hamilton
(exDiana)Schooner(2m).L/B:73'20'(22.3m6.1m).Tons:112grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:50.Arm.:132pdr,124pdr,86pdr.Built:HenryEagle,
Oswego,N.Y.,1809.
BuiltforMatthewMcNairofOswego,DianawasoneofseveralschoonersacquiredforCaptainIsaacChauncey'sLakeOntariosquadronduringtheWarof1812.
ArmedandrenamedHamilton,inhonorofNavySecretaryPaulHamilton,shejoinedChauncey'ssquadronatSackett'sHarbor,NewYork,inlateOctober.Under
SailingMasterJosephOsgood,shetookpartintheattacksonKingstononNovember9,1812,York(nowToronto)onApril27,1813,andFt.George,onthe
NiagaraRiver,onMay27.OnthenightofAugust8,shewasoverwhelmedinasquallwiththelossofallbutfourofhercrewtheschoonerSCOURGEwasalso
lost.In1973,theHamiltonandScourgeFoundationofHamilton,Ontario,locatedthetwoschoonersatadepthof300feet.Photographsshowedbothvesselstobe
inaremarkablestateofpreservation.
Cain,GhostShips.Nelson,"HamiltonandScourge."Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

HMSHampshire
Devonshireclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:475'68.5'25.3'(144.8m20.9m7.7m).Tons:10,750disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:655.Arm.:47.5"(4
1),66",212pdr,173pdr218"TT.Armor:6"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansionengines,21,000ihp,2screws22.5kts.Built:SirW.G.
Armstrong,Whitworth&Co.,Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1905.
Designedprimarilyforcommerceprotection,HampshireservedinhomewatersandtheMediterraneanbeforebeingassignedtotheChinaStationin1912.Atthe
outbreakofWorldWarI,shewasoneofthethreelargestBritishshipsinthePacific.DeployedtohuntforthecommerceraiderSMSEMDEN,Hampshirealmost
caughttheGermancruiseratDiegoGarcia.AfterEmdenwassunkinNovember,HampshirewasreassignedtotheGrandFleet.PresentattheBattleofJutlandon
May31,1916,theSecondCruiserSquadrontowhichshewasattachedsawlittleaction.
Lessthanaweeklater,sheembarkedBritain'sMinisterofWar,FieldMarshallEarlKitchenerofKhartoum,andhisstaff,whowereenroutetoMurmanskfor
negotiationswiththeirRussiancounterpartstokeeptheEasternFrontfromcollapsing.OntheafternoonofJune5,HMSHampshireanddestroyersHMSUnityand
VictorsailedfromScapaFlowandthenupthewestsideofOrkneyIsland.Inthefaceofgaleforcewinds,CaptainHerbertSavillorderedtheescortsbacktoScapa.
TheweekbeforeJutland,U75,alongrangesubmarinecommandedbyLieutenantCommanderKurtBeitzen,hadlaidthirtyfourminesinthechannelswestof
Orkney.Owingtotheweather,theareahadnotbeensweptsincethen.WhenHampshirewasabreastofMarwickHead,shestruckatleastonemineandsank
fifteenminuteslaterwiththelossof655peopleincludingKitchenertherewereonlytwelvesurvivors.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

Hancock
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:136.6'35.5'11.5dph(41.6m10.8m3.5m).Tons:750.Hull:wood.Comp.:290.Arm.:2412pdr,106pdr.Built:Jonathan
Greenley&John&RalphCross,Newburyport,Mass.1776.
OneofthethirteenoriginalfrigatesorderedbytheContinentalCongressin1775,HancockwasnamedforJohnHancock,presidentoftheContinentalCongressfrom
1775to1777.UndercommandofCaptainJohnManley,shesailedwiththefrigateBoston(24guns)onMay21,1777.Aftercapturingasmallmerchantshiponthe
29th,thefollowingdayHancockwaschasedbyHMSSomerset(64),whichonlygaveupwhenBostonattackedtheconvoyoftransportsshewasguarding.On
June21,thetwoshipstookonHMSFox(28),whichstruckafterlosinghermainmast.Afterseveraldaysrepairingtheirprize,Manley'ssquadronresumedcruising
offtheNewEnglandcoast.OnJuly6theywerechasedbyHMSRainbow(44)andVictor(10).BythefollowingmorningHMSFlora(32)joinedthechase,at
whichpointtheAmericanssplitup.FoxwasretakenbyFloraandHancockbyRainbowBostonescaped.
TakenintotheRoyalNavyasHMSIris,theMassachusettsbuiltshipwaswelladmiredbyhercaptorswhodescribedheras"thefinestandfastestfrigateinthe
world."FouryearslatershecapturedtheAmericanTRUMBULL(24)beforebeingcapturedbytheFrenchattheBattleoftheVirginiaCapes,onSeptember11,
1781.AfteractiveserviceintheFrenchNavy,IriswashulkedatToulon,whereshewasblownupbytheBritishonDecember18,1793.
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Page232

Hannah
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:ca.61'17'8'(18.6m5.2m2.4m).Tons:78bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:44pdr.Built:Marblehead,Mass.<1775.
JohnGlover'sfishingschoonerHannahiscommonlyaccordedthehonorofbeingthefirstvesselarmedandpaidforbytheContinentalCongressduringtheAmerican
Revolution,andthuswiththegenesisoftheAmericanNavy.Thetruthissomewhatlesscertain.HannahwasthefirsthiredontheauthorityoftheContinentalArmy's
GeneralGeorgeWashington.PutundercommandofArmyCaptainNicholsonBroughton,andcrewedbymenfromJohnGlover'sMarbleheadregiment,shesailed
onSeptember5,1775.ThenextdaysheseizedthesmallsloopUnity,withacargoofnavalstoresandotherprovisions.Shesailedagainattheendofthemonth,but
shewasrunagroundwhilefleeingfromHMSNautilus,a16gunsloop,nearBeverly,Massachusetts,onOctober10.Savedfromdestructionbyspiritedresistance
fromlocalpatriots,shewassoondecommissionedbyWashington,whohadmeanwhilehiredvesselsmoreappropriatetotheArmy'sneeds.
Fowler,RebelsunderSail.Miller,SeaofGlory.

USSHarder(SS257)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.2'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,526/2,424disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:6080.Arm.:1021"TT13".
Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740shp,2screws20/8.5kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1942.
NamedforaspeciesofSouthAtlanticmullet,USSHarderhadoneofthemostbrilliantcareersofanyAmericansubmarineinWorldWarII.Herfirsttwopatrols
wereinJapanesehomewaterswhere,operatingalone,shesankfourcargoships.OnherthirddeparturefromPearlHarbor,shesailedincompanywithhersister
shipsUSSPargoandSnookfortheMarianaIslands.ShesankanescorttrawleronNovember12,1943,andaweeklatersheaccountedforthreecargoshipsin
onenight,whereuponshereturnedtoMareIsland,California.
Afterseveralweeksofrepairs,HarderwasdispatchedtotheCarolineIslandswiththetaskofrescuingdownedAmericanairmen.OnApril1,1944,shenosedintoa
reefoffWoleaiIsland,andseveralofhercrewtookaraftontothebeachtorescueaninjuredpilot.Twelvedayslater,shesankthedestroyerIkazuchiinanaction
summarizedbyCommanderSamuelD.Dealey:"ExpendedfourtorpedoesandoneJapdestroyer."FollowingathreeweeklayoveratFremantle,onMay26Harder
sailedwithUSSRedfininsearchofJapanesedestroyersintheCelebesSeanorthofBorneo.OnthenightofJune6,sheattackedaconvoyandsankthedestroyer
MinatsukithenextdayHayanamisufferedasimilarfate.OnthenightofJune8,stillinthesamewaters,shesankthedestroyerTanikazeandprobablyoneother.
Twodayslater,whileinvestigatingaJapaneseforceincludingthreebattleshipsandfourcruisers,Hardertorpedoedanunidentifieddestroyerinanotheroneonone
engagement.ThisrashofactivitybyonesubmarineiscreditedwithupsettingtheJapanesebattleplanforwhatbecametheBattleofthePhilippineSea:ViceAdmiral
JisaburoOzawa'sFirstMobileFleetwasforcedtosailfromtheanchorageatTawiTawiearlierthanintended.
Onhersixthpatrol,"Hit'em"HardersailedonAugust5inawolfpackwithUSSHakeandHaddofortheSouthChinaSea.TheretheyjoinedUSSRayforan
attackthatcostaJapaneseconvoyfourcargoships.Harder'striofollowedupthenextdaywiththesinkingofthreefrigates,andonAugust23sankthedestroyer
Asakazi.Thefollowingmorning,whilereconnoiteringoffDasolBay,Luzon,Harderwasdepthchargedbyaminesweeperandsankwithallhands.
Roscoe,U.S.SubmarineOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSHarrietLane
(laterLavinia,ElliottRichie)Aux.brigantine.L/B/D:180'30'12.5'dph(54.9m9.1m3.8m).Tons:639grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:130.Arm.:49",4
32pdr,9"pivotgun,20pdrpivotgun.Mach.:inclined,directactingengine.Built:WilliamH.Webb,NewYork1857.
Designedasarevenuecutter,HarrietLanewasnamedforPresidentJamesBuchanan'sniece,whoservedasthebachelorpresident'sunofficialFirstLady.Originally
basedoutofNewYork,theshipfiredthefirstshotoftheCivilWarasshetriedtostopashipinwardboundtoCharlestononthenightbeforethebombardmentof
FortSumter,onApril12,1861.TransferredtotheU.S.NavyonSeptember17,shesawdutyalongtheEastCoastbeforebeingtransferredtotheWestGulf
BlockadingSquadron,whichtookGalvestononOctober4,1862.OnNewYear'sDay1863,MajorGeneralJohnB.MagruderrecapturedGalvestonand,inthe
process,HarrietLane,whichwasrammedbytheConfederate"cottonclad"steamersBayouCity(CaptainHenryS.Lubbock)andNeptune(CaptainW.H.
Sangster).Fivecrewwerekilled,

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Imagenotavailable.
Alithographcaptioned"SurpriseandCaptureofthe
UnitedStatesSteamerHARRIETLANE,bythe
ConfederatesunderGeneralMagruder,andthe
DestructionoftheFlagshipWESTWARD"atGalveston,
Texas,onNewYear'sDay,1863.CourtesyU.S.
NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

includingCommanderJonathanM.Wainwright,andtwelvewounded.HarrietLanewassoldandconvertedtoablockaderunnerrenamedLaviniain1864.Sunkat
HavanaonJanuary18,1865,shewasraisedandreriggedastheshipElliottRichie,remaininginserviceuntilwreckedoffthePernambucoRiverin1884.
Frazier,"CottoncladsinaStormofIron."Yanaway,"UnitedStatesRevenueCutterHarrietLane."

USSHartford
Screwsloop(1f/3m).L/B/D:225'44'17.2'(68.6m13.4m5.2m).Tons:2,900disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:310.Arm.:209",2020pdr,212pdr.
Mach.:horizontaldoublepistonrodengines,1,204ihp,1screw13.5kts.Built:HarrisonLoring,Boston1859.
USSHartford'sfirstassignmentwasasflagshipoftheEastIndiaSquadronundernewlyappointedFlagOfficerCorneliusK.Stribling,chargedwithsafeguarding
U.S.interestsinthePhilippines,China,andelsewhereinAsia.OrderedhomefollowingthestartoftheCivilWar,HartfordfittedoutatPhiladelphiaandsailedatthe
endof1861asflagshipofFlagOfficerDavidG.Farragut'sWestGulfBlockadingSquadron.AlthoughtheoperationsoftheUnionhighcommandembracedthecoast
fromPensacola,Florida,toTexas,theirprimaryobjectivewasthecaptureofNewOrleans,thefirstcityoftheSouth.FarragutmarshaledhisforcesatShipIsland,off
Biloxi,Mississippi,andhisdeepwatershipscrossedtheMississippiRiverbarinApril.FortsSt.PhilipandJacksonwereengagedbyCommodoreDavidPorter's
mortarschoonersandsteamgunboatsforaweekbeforeHartfordledtheadvancepasttheConfederatebatteriesonApril24.NearlyrammedbytheironcladCSS
Manassas,shethenranagroundtryingtoavoidafireshipthatlandedalongsidehernearFortSt.Philip.Thefireswereextinguished,andHartfordfoughtherway
upriver.Subsequentresistancewasnegligible,andNewOrleansallbutsurrenderedonApril25.
Farragut'snextobjectivewastosecuretheMississippiRiver.BatonRougeandNatchezfelleasilybeforetheUnionfleets.Butwithits200foothighbluffscrowned
byConfederatebatteries,Vicksburg,Mississippi,wasallbutimpregnable.Leavingagunboatforcebelowthecity,HartfordandtheotherUnionshipsreturnedto
NewOrleansattheendofMay.WithordersdirectfromPresidentAbrahamLincoln,Farragut'sforcereturnedtoVicksburgonJune26,andthenranthegauntletto
jointheWesternFlotillaaboveVicksburgonJune28.AmonthlaterHartfordsailedforPensacola,viaNewOrleans,forrepairs.
ReturninginNovember,FarragutblockadedtheRedRiver,southofVicksburg,whileGeneralUlyssesS.GrantmovedoverlandtotakeVicksburgfromtherear.On
March1415,HartfordandAlbatrossranpastConfederatebatteriesatFortHudson,Louisiana,andpatrolledbetweenthereandVicksburg,whichfinallyfellon
July4,followedbyFortHudson,whichcapitulatedonthe9th.InLincoln'sfelicitouswords,"Thefatherofwatersagaingoesunvexedtothesea"theConfederacy
hadbeencutintwo.DespitethefactthatMobilewas,afterNewOrleans,theConfederacy'slargestport,otheroperationsreceivedpriorityandFarragut'ssquadron
wasrelegatedtoblockadedutyfortheremainderof1863.HartfordreturnedtoNewYorkforanoverhaulinAugust,andwasnotfitforseaagainuntilJanuary
1864.
InJune,HartfordwasoffMobilewithaflotillareinforcedwithmonitorsandironcladstocountertheConfederateironcladTENNESSEE.TheBattleofMobileBay
finallyopenedatdawnonAugust5.ThemonitorsadvancedpastFortMorgan,followedbyUSSBrooklynattheheadoftheUnionfleetuntilshefelloutofline,and
Hartfordtookthelead.AlthoughFarragut'softquoted"Damnthetorpedoesfullspeedahead"isapocryphal,hewaslashedtotherigging,andbyleadinghiscolumn
acrosstheConfederateminefield,hequicklygothisshipswellintoMobileBayandoutofrangeofFortMorgan.TheonlyremainingobstaclewasTennessee,which
at0845commencedanattackonFarragut'sships.Inthebrawl

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Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
TwoviewsofthescrewsloopUSSHARTFORD,flagship
ofAdmiralDavidG.Farragut'sWestGulfBlockading
Squadron.Thephotoshowsherridingatanchorin
MobileBayin1864.Thelithographshowsthe
HARTFORD'screwservinga20poundgunduringher
closeengagementwiththeironcladCSSTENNESSEE.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

thatfollowed,theUnionshipspouredfireontheimperviousironcladandattemptedtoramher,doingmoredamagetothemselves.Finally,at1000,withhertiller
chainsshotaway,Tennesseewascompelledtosurrender.ThefortssurrenderedbyAugust23,1864.AlthoughthewarwasoverbeforeMobilefell,asablockade
runner'shaventheportwasfinished.
HartfordreturnedtoNewYorkforrepairsinDecember1865andthatJulywassentoutasflagshipoftheAsiaticSquadron,withwhichsheservedtwotoursof
duty,186568and187275.In1887shebecameatrainingshipbasedatMareIsland,California.Laidupfrom1890to1899,sheresumedworkasatrainingship
intheAtlanticuntil1912,whenshewasmooredatCharleston,SouthCarolina,asastationship.In1938shewasmovedtoWashington,D.C.,andafterWorldWar
IItransferredtoNorfolkNavyYardasa"relic."In1956,shefounderedatherberthandwasbrokenup.
Jameson&Sternlicht,BlackDeviloftheBayous.

USSHatteras
(exSt.Mary's)Sidewheelsteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:210'bp34'18'(64m10.4m5.5m).Tons:1,126bm.Hull:iron.Comp.:126.Arm.:432pdr,1
20pdr.Mach.:beamengine,500hp,sidewheels8kts.Built:Harland&HollingsworthCo.,Wilmington,Del.1861.
Laiddownasamerchantsteamship,St.Mary'swaspurchasedfromherbuildersbytheU.S.NavyinSeptember1861.AssignedtotheSouthAtlanticBlockading
SquadronatKeyWest,onJanuary7sheraidedCedarKeysharborwhereshesanksevenConfederateblockaderunnersandburnedtherailroadwharf.Transferred
toFarragut'sWestGulfBlockadingSquadrononJanuary26,sheengagedCSSMobilethenextday,andoverthecourseoftheyearcapturedsevenrunners,
includingthesloopPoody,whichCommanderGeorgeF.EmmonsbroughtintothesquadronasHatterasJr.
OnJanuary6,1863,Hatteras,nowunderCommanderHomerC.Blake,wasassignedtoblockadedutyoffGalveston.OnJanuary11,shegavechasetoasquare
riggerabouttwentymilessouthoftheport.Whenchallenged,theshiprepliedthatshewastheBritishSpitfire.Butasaboardingpartyapproachedtheship,her
CaptainRaphaelSemmesbroketheConfederateflagandopenedfire.HatterasandCSSALABAMAfoughtatclosequartersforfortyminutesbeforeHatteras
begantosink.ShehadlosttwodeadandfivewoundedtheremainderofthecrewweretakenaboardAlabamaandparoledatPortRoyal,Jamaica.Hatterassank
inaboutninefathoms.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

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HMSHavock
"A"classdestroyer(1f/2m).L/B/D:180'18.5'6.7'(54.9m5.6m2m).Tons:240disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:42.Arm.:112pdr,36pdr318"TT.
Mach.:tripleexpansion,3,554ihp,2screws26kts.Built:Yarrow&Co.,Ltd.,Poplar,Eng.1893.
Oneoftheleastheraldeddevelopmentsinnineteenthcenturynavalwarfarewasthatofthefreerunningtorpedo.Althoughthecompressedairdriventorpedo,
developedin1866byRobertWhiteheadandAustrianNavyCaptainGiovanniLuppis,carriedonlyan18poundchargeataspeedof6knots,itwasquickly
understoodthatthetorpedowasapotentandinexpensiveweaponthatcouldeasilysinkeventhestrongestironcladbattleships.Toincreasetheoffensivepowerof
theseshortrangeweapons,naviesdevelopedlithe,fasttorpedoboatscapableoflaunchingtheirtorpedoesandgettingawayquickly.
Tocounterthisthreattotheirbattlefleets,Europeannavalpowersbegandevelopingvesselsvariouslydescribedastorpedoboat"catchers,""hunters,"and
"destroyers."Initialdesignsprovedunsuitableforfleetoperationsonthehighseas.In1892,newlyappointedThirdSeaLordRearAdmiralJohnA.''Jackie"Fisher
directedthedevelopmentofanewclassofseagoing"TorpedoBoatDestroyer,"sixofwhichwereordered:HavockandHornetfromYarrow,DaringandDecoy
fromThornycroft,andFerretandLynxfromLairds.Havock'sandtheothervessels'trialswereagreatsuccess.AlthoughHavockwassoldforbreakingupin1912,
severalfirstgenerationdestroyerswereamongthe221intheRoyalNavyatthestartofWorldWarI.
March,BritishDestroyers.

HawaiianIsles
(laterstarofGreenland,AbrahamRydberg,FozdoDouro)Bark(4m).L/B/D:270'43.1'23.5'(82.3m13.1m7.2m).Tons:2,179grt.Hull:steel.Built:
CharlesConnell&Co.,Ltd.,Glasgow1892.
HawaiianIsleswasbuiltforA.NelsonofHonolulutosailundertheHawaiianflaginthesugartradebetweenHawaiiandSouthAmerica.Shechangedhandsin
1900,whenWelch&CompanyofSanFranciscopurchasedher(bringingherundertheAmericanflag),andagainin1906whenshepassedtotheMatsonNavigation
Company.ThreeyearslatershejoinedtheAlaskaPackersAssociationfleetasStarofGreenlandandsailedforseventeenyearsbetweenSanFranciscoandthe
Alaskacanningfisheries.Laidupforthreeyears,in1929shewasacquiredbytheSwedishAbrahamRydbergFoundation(RydbergskaStiftelsen)asareplacement
fortheirsteelship,AbrahamRydberg.(TheFoundation'ssecondsailtrainingshipwasbuiltin1912byBergsundsM.V.Aktieb,Stockholm.In1928shewassoldto
anAmericanforuseasaprivateyachtnamedSevenSeas.)CaptainSuneTammsailedhertoDublinwithaloadofbarleyfortheGuinnessbrewery,andshewasthen
givenaLiverpoolhouseamidshipstoaccommodatefortycadetshergrosstonnageincreasedto2,345.NowcalledAbrahamRydberg,shejoinedthegraintrade
betweenAustraliaandEurope.FollowingtheoutbreakofWorldWarII,shesailedbetweenSouthAmericaandtheUnitedStates.In1943shewassoldtoJulio
RibeiroCamposofOportoandtradedbetweenPortugalandSouthAmerica.Givenauxiliarydieselenginesin1945,shewasgraduallydownriggeduntilsheceased
tobeasailingship.Tenyearslatershewaslaidup,andin1957shewasbrokenupatLaSpezia.
Colton,LastoftheSquareRiggedShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Hawai'iloa
Polynesianvoyagingcanoe(2m).L/B/D:57'19'(17.4m5.8m).Tons:17,725pounds.Hull:wood.Comp.:12.Des.:DickRhodes,RudyandBarryChoy.Built:
WrightBowman,Jr.,Honolulu,Hawaii1993.
NamedforthelegendaryPolynesianvoyagerwhofirstdiscoveredtheHawaiianIslandssome2,000yearsagoandistheancestortoallnativeHawaiians,Hawai'iloa
isareplicaofthetraditionalvoyagingcanoesusedbyPolynesianislandersintheirsettlementofOceania.Thelargestsuchcanoebuiltinthetwentiethcentury,
Hawai'iloahastwohullsshapedfromAlaskansprucelogs.(LargerHawaiiancanoeswereoftenmadeofdriftlogsthatwashedashoreontheislands.)Thehullsare
joinedbysevencrossbeamsfashionedfrom'Ohiologsandeachhullisbuiltupofkoawood.ThesolesourceofpoweristwoVshapedsails.Builttoreenactthe
longdistancevoyagesofthePolynesians,Hawai'iloaisnavigatedbythetraditionalpracticeof"wayfinding."Thisisbasedonanintimateknowledgeofsuchnatural
phenomenaasthemovementsofthesunandstars,windandwavepatterns,thecolorofthesky,andseamarks,includingbirdsorfishwithparticularattributes.
OnFebruary6,1995,Hawai'iloaembarkedonherfirstmajorvoyagefromHawaiitoPapeete,Tahiti,adistanceof2,400milescoveredinlessthan22days.The
voyageoutwasmadeincompanywiththePolynesianVoyagingSociety'sfirstvessel,the62footHokule'a("Starofglad

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Imagenotavailable.
Itwasinjustsuchlithe,smallvesselsasthewishbonesailedHAWAI'ILOA
thatearlyPolynesianspeopledthewidelyspacedislandsofthePacific.
CourtesyBishopMuseum,Honolulu.

ness,"theHawaiiannameforthestarArcturus),builtin1976.TheythensailedtoRaiatea,150mileseastofTahiti,foragatheringoftraditionalcrafttheothervessels
weretheHawaiianMakali'i,theMaoriTe'Aurere,andtheCookIslandersTe'AuoTongaandTakitumu.FollowingarededicationofthetempleofTaputapuatea,
aprimarycenterofPolynesianvoyaging600yearsago,thecanoessailedfromtheSocietyIslandsnortheasttoNukuhivaintheMarquesasIslands(thoughttobe
whereHawai'iloaoriginallycamefrom)andthenbacktoHawaii.Hawai'iloa'ssecondmajorvoyagecameinthesummerof1995when,againincompanywith
Hokule'a,shesailedtothePacificNorthwestforareunionwiththeTlingitandHaidaofsouthernAlaskawhodonatedthesprucelogsforHawai'iloa'shull.
Finney,VoyageofRediscovery.

HD4
Hydrofoil.L/B:60'5.8'(15.2m1.8m).Comp.:1.Mach.:LibertyV12airplaneengines,700hp,2propellers70.86mph.Des.:AlexanderGrahamBell,Casey
Baldwin.Built:Baddeck,NovaScotia1917.
AlthoughAlexanderGrahamBellisjustifiablybestrememberedforhisworkindevelopingthetelephone,hewasalsointerestedinpoweredflight.Hisinvestigationsin
aviationledhim,inturn,toconsiderwaystoapplytheprinciplesofenginedflighttoasurfacevessel.WorkingwithhiscolleagueFrederickW."Casey"Baldwinat
BeinnBhreagh,hishomeinBaddeck,NovaScotia,hebegandesigningaboatthatcouldtransportheavyloadsathighspeeds.Thedrivingforcewasprovidedby
propellers,buttheyhadtoovercometheresistancethroughwater,whichisdenserthanair.Thebestwaytoachievethiswastobringthevesseloutofthewaterin
ordertoreducedrag,whichtheyaccomplishedbyattachingsetsofwinglikesurfacescalledhydrofoilstothebottomofthehull.Astheboatgatheredspeed,the
waterpassingaroundthewingswouldcreatelift,inthesamewaythataircreatesliftasitpassesoveranairplanewing.Asthevesselwasraisedoutofthewater,the
resistancelessened,enablingittogofasterstill,untilitrestedonlyonthebottomtierofwingsandthehullwascompletelyoutofthewater.
BellandBaldwindevelopedtheirideasthroughanumberofworkingmodelsandsmallertowedboats,butWorldWarIprovidedfurtherimpetusfortheirresearch,
whichtheyhopedtoapplytohighspeedsubchasersarmedwithtorpedoesanddepthcharges.AlthoughtheprojecthadtobeprivatelyfinancedbyBell'swife,
Mabel,theU.S.NavyprovidedBellwithtwo250horsepower,12cylinderRenaultairplaneenginesfittedwithtwinbladedpropellersthatdrovethevesselinexcess
of50milesperhour.Trialswiththefourthfullsizehydrodrome(Greekfor"waterrunner")beganinAugust1918.Thebodyofthevesselconsistedofacigarshaped
hullthatprovidedflotationwhenthevesselwasatrestandaccommodatedthecrew,fuel,andpayload.Theenginesweremountedontwooutriggersforward,to
whichwerealsoattachedtwo20footlongfloatsthathelpedbalance

Page237

Imagenotavailable.
TheHD4wasthefourthofAlexanderGrahamBell's
hydrodromesbuiltonLakeBaddeck,NovaScotia.On
September9,1919,sheestablishedaspeedrecordof
70.86milesperhour.CourtesyLibraryofCongress.

thenarrowhull.ImpressedbythesuccessoftheHD4,theNavyfurnishedBellandBaldwinwithtwo350horsepower,V12Libertyenginesthatdrovetwofour
bladedpropellersbutweighed800poundslessthantheRenaults.OnSeptember9,1919,HD4attainedtheunprecedentedspeedof70.86milesperhouronLake
Baddeck.Thisremainedanuncontestedrecordformanyyears.BaldwincontinuedtoexperimentwithhydrodromesfollowingBell'sdeathin1922,butitwasnotuntil
afterWorldWarIIthathydrofoils,astheyareknowntoday,becamecommerciallyviable,usedchieflyashighspeedpassengerferries.TodaytheHD4ispreserved
attheAlexanderGrahamBellMuseuminBaddeck,NovaScotia.
AlexanderGrahamBellNationalHistoricSite,Baddeck,N.S.

HMSHecla
Heclaclassbombvessel(3m).L/B/D:105'28.5'13.8'(32m8.7m4.2m).Tons:372bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:67.Arm.:113"mortar,110"mortar,8
24pdr,26pdr.Des.:SirHenryPeake.Built:Barkworth&Hawkes,NorthBarton,Hull,Eng.1815.
LaunchedoneweekafterthesurrenderofNapoleonBonaparteatWaterloo,Belgium,onJuly15,1815,HMSHeclawasdesignedforwarbutwasbornatthestart
ofthenearcenturylongPaxBritannica.Althoughtherewerefewopportunitiesformenorshipsinthepeacetimenavy,suchheavilyconstructedbombvessels(her
sistershipsincludedHMSEREBUS,Sulphur,andFury)wereideallysuitedforvoyagesofexploration,andin1819HeclawasfittedoutforanArcticexpedition
underWilliamEdwardParry,whohadsailedassecondincommandtoJohnRoss'sexpeditionwithISABELLAandAlexandertheyearbefore.Chiefamonghis
assignmentswastodeterminewhetherLancasterSoundwasopen,ofwhichParrywascertain,oronlyaninlet,asRossbelieved.ParrysailedfromYarmouthonMay
11,1819,withtheshipsHeclaandGriperonthefirstofhisthreevoyagestotheArctic.ByAugust1,thetwoshipswerecompletelythroughLancasterSound,
whichseparatesBaffinandDevonIslands,andafteradetoursouthintoPrinceRegentInlet,theycontinuedthroughandnamedBarrowStraitandMelvilleStraitasfar
as11251'W.TheybacktrackedalittletoWinterHarbour,atthesouthernendofMelvilleIsland,andonSeptember22settledinforthewinter.Parry'smensuffered
nounusualhardship,andinthespringParryledatwoweekexpeditiontoMelvilleIsland,northtotheshoreofHeclaandGriperBay,andthensouthagainviathe
headofLiddonGulf.OnAugust1,1820,theyleftWinterHarbourandcontinuedwestasfaras11346'W(August15)andnamedthelandtothesouthwestinhonor
ofSirJosephBanks.TheshipsreturnedtoEnglandattheendofOctoberandParrywaslionizedforhavingtraversedhalfoftheNorthwestPassage.Thenextshipto
makeitsofarwestinoneseasonwouldbethe940footicebreakertankerMANHATTAN,in1969.
Parrywasadamantinhisbeliefthat"shouldanotherExpeditionbedeterminedon,theattemptmustbemadeinalowerlatitudeperhapsaboutHudson'sor
CumberlandStraits."Hefurthercautionedthat"becausesogreathasbeenourlatesuccess,...nothingshortoftheentireaccomplishmentoftheNorthWest
PassageintothePacificwillsatisfythePublic."Nonetheless,inMay1821HeclaandhersistershipFurysailedforHudsonBay,annuallyvisitedbyshipsofthe
Hudson'sBayCompany,butseldomexplored.TheshipstraversedHudsonStraitandturnednorthwestalongthecoastofBaffinIslandandacrossFoxeChannelto
thesouthernendofMelvillePeninsula(nearly600milessoutheastofMelvilleIslandoftheyearbefore).AfterexploringaroundSouthamptonIsland,theywinteredat
WinterIsland.Thenextspring,ParryresumedthesearchfortheNorthwestPassage,bringinghisshipstothenorthernendofFoxeBasinwheretheperenniallyfrozen
HeclaandFuryStraitleadswestintotheGulfofBoothia.AsecondwinternearanEskimosettlementonMelvillePeninsulabroughttheEnglishintoclosecontactwith
theEskimos,fromwhomtheylearnedtheuseofsleddogsandArcticsurvivaltechniques,andwhowerealsoabletodrawroughmapsoftheregion.Parry'smenalso
conductedscientificobservations.ThepersistenceoficeinHeclaandFuryStraitandtheonsetofscurvypersuadedParrytoreturntoEnglandin1823,andtheships
arrivedintheShetlandIslandsinOctober.

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Nosoonerhadhereturnedthanplanswereforwardedforathirdexpedition.Beforesailing,ParrywasmadeActingHydrographeroftheNavy,andmorethan6,000
peoplevisitedHeclawhenshewasopentothepublicatDeptforduntilhernextdeparture,onMay8,1824.Parry'sthirdexpeditionreturnedhimtoLancaster
Sound,butratherthancontinueduewest,oncepasttheBrodeurPeninsula(thewesternarmofBaffinIsland),theyweretoturnsouthintoPrinceRegentInlet.This
wasabadyearforice,however,andtheshipswerebesetfortwomonthsbeforetheyenteredLancasterSound.Theyresumedtheirwestwardprogressagainonlyto
becaughtintheiceattheheadofPrinceRegentInletanddrivenbackalmosttothemouthofLancasterSound.Thisicebrokeup,too,andtheshipssailedasfaras
PortBowen,onthewesternshoreoftheinlet.Duringthewinterthere,theyconcentratedontheproblemofmagneticvariation.OnAugust1,1825,theshipssearched
invainforwestwardleadsintheGulfofBoothiaandweredrivenashorebytheice.ThebadlydamagedFurywasunloadedandhovedownforrepairs.Beforethese
couldbefinished,theshipwasfurtherdamagedbyiceandabandonedonAugust25,atwhichpointHeclaturnedforEngland.
ThoughthiswasthelastofHecla'svoyagestotheCanadianArctic,inMarch1827ParrytookhernorthagaininanattempttoreachtheNorthPole.Anchoring
HeclaatSorgfjordinnorthernWestSpitsbergen,onJune21hesetoutwithtwentyfourmenintwoboatswithprovisionsforseventyonedays.Theiceconditions,
heavyloads,andSpartandietpreventedthemfrommakingmuchprogress,andthedriftingicewasalsopushingthemsouth.OnJuly21,havingreached8243'N,19
21'E,theydecidedtoabandontheeffortabout500milesfromthePole.TheyreturnedtoHeclaandturnedforhomeinAugust.
OverParry'sobjections,HeclawaswithdrawnfromArcticserviceanddispatchedasasurveyvesseltothecoastofWestAfrica.Sheremainedinservicethere
through1831,whenshewassold.
Parry,JournalofaVoyagefortheDiscoveryofaNorthWestPassage...JournalofaSecondVoyage...JournalofaThirdVoyage...NarrativeofanAttempttoReachthe
NorthPole...

Heemskerck
Jacht(3m).Tons:120ton(60lasts).Hull:wood.Comp.:60.Built:VOC,Netherlands<1638.
InAugust1642,theexpansionistGovernorGeneraloftheIndiesAnthonieVanDiemenorderedAbelJansenTasmanandFranchoysJacobsenVisscher"todiscover
thepartlyknownandstillunreachedSouthandEasternland"(thatis,Australia),notforthesakeofgeographyorscience,butspecifically"fortheimprovement,and
increaseofthe[DutchEastIndia]Comp[an]y'sgeneralwelfare."TwoprimaryaimsweretodeterminewhethertherewasapassagefromtheIndianOceantothe
PacificOceanwhichwouldallowforanincreaseintradewithPeruandChileandtosearchfortheelusivepassagetothePacificsouthofNewGuinea.To
undertakethismission,Tasmanwasgiventwovessels,thewarjachtHeemskerck(namedforaDutchtown),whichhadsailedouttotheIndiesin1638,andthefluit,
ortransport,Zeehaen.
OnAugust14,1642,theshipsleftBataviaforMauritius,wheretheyspentamonthrepairingZeehaen'srottensparsandrigging.OnOctober8,theysailedsouthto
about50Sbeforeheadingeast.OnNovember17,theyarrivedoff"AnthonieVanDiemensland"Tasmaniawheretheylandedseveraltimesandsawsmoke,
butnopeople,andclaimedthelandfortheNetherlandsandtheDutchEastIndiaCompany.UnabletosailwestthroughtheBassStrait,theyturnedeastagainand
aftereightdaysintheTasmanSeacametotheSouthIslandofNewZealand,whichTasmanthoughtacontinuationofStatenIslandoffCapeHorn,some5,000
6,000milestotheeast.Accordingly,theynameditStatenland.Headingnorth,onDecember18fourofthecrewwerekilledbyMaorisinMurderer'sBay.Fromhere
theysailedeastandalmostpassedthroughCookStrait,butadverseweatherandseaspreventedthemfrommakingthissingulardiscoveryofthePacific.Theytried
butwereunabletolandnearCapeMariaVanDiemen(namedforthewifeoftheGovernorGeneral).Theythenheadednortheast,believingthemselvestohave
enteredthePacificasindeedtheyhadatlast.ButVanDiemendisagreed,andwrotetotheVOCthat"whetheronthislongitudetherenowexistsapassage
throughtoChileandPeru,asthediscoverersarefirmlyconvinced,isnotsosure....Thisisconjectureandshouldnotbededucedfromunfoundedevidence."
OnJanuary21,theyprovisionedatTongatapuintheTongaArchipelago.OnFebruary1,theyturnednorthandthenwest,whentheynarrowlymissedlosingtheir
shipsamongthereefsoftheFijiArchipelago.Overthenextsevenweekstheysailedonly300miles,butonMarch22theyspottedOnthongJava.Fromherethey
followedSchoutenandLeMaire's1616routeinEENDRACHT.ThevoyageendedatBataviaonJune15,1643.AlthoughTasmanhadestablishedthatthe
SouthlandAustraliawasanisland,theyknewnothingofthelandperse,whichwasdisappointingtothemerchantdirectorsoftheVOC,whowereeagerfor
newmarkets.
[Tasman],AbelJanszoonTasman'sJournal.Sharp,VoyagesofAbelJanszoonTasman.

Page239

USSHelena(CL50)
Brooklynclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:608.3'61.8'22.8'(185.4m18.8m6.9m).Tons:12,207disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:8681200.Arm.:156"(53),
85",182840mm,142820mm4aircraft.Armor:5.6"belt,2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,100,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:NewYorkNavy
Yard,Brooklyn,N.Y.1939.
CommissionedonlytwoweeksafterWorldWarIIbeganinEurope,USSHelenawasassignedtothePacificFleetbasedatPearlHarbor.OnDecember7,1941,
shewasmooredataberthonbattleshiprownormallyassignedtoUSSPennsylvania.Threeminutesafterthesurpriseattackbegan,Helenawashitbyanaerial
torpedothatpassedundertheminesweeperUSSOglalatiedupalongside,andshesettledonanevenkeel.AfterrepairsinCalifornia,shesailedinsupportofU.S.
operationsonGuadalcanalinthelatesummerof1942.PartofthetaskforceformedaroundUSSWASP,shetookoffalmost400oftheaircraftcarrier'screwwhen
shewassunkbetweenEspirituSantoandGuadalcanalonSeptember15.AttheBattleofCapeEsperanceonthenightofOctober1112,Helenasankthecruiser
FurutakuanddestroyerFubuki.ThebattleforGuadalcanalgroundonthroughthefall,andHelena'snextmajorengagementwastheNavalBattleofGuadalcanal,
November1215.Thoughshewasinthethickofthethreedayaction,whichallbutbroketheJapaneseefforttoretaketheisland,Helenaemergedlittletheworse
forwear.TotalAmericanlossesincludedthecruisersUSSJUNEAUandAtlantaandfourdestroyers.
Inthespringof1943,HelenawasamongtheU.S.forcesdetailedtobombardJapanesepositionsonNewGeorgia.AstheU.S.invasionbeganatKulaGulfonJuly
4,sheprovidedgunfiresupportforthemarinelandingsuntilcalledofftofacearunoftheTokyoExpressferryingtroopstothereliefofMunda.Oneofthreecruisers
andfourdestroyersfacingtenJapanesedestroyersat0157onJuly6,HelenaopenedthebattlewithabarragesointensethattheJapaneseclaimedshewasarmed
with6inchmachineguns.Buttheflashfromherrapidfiremadeheraneasytargetforthedestroyers,andwithin10minutesshehadbeenstruckbythreetorpedoes.
Shejackknifedandsank.MostofHelena'screwwasrescuedbyU.S.destroyers,butabout200ofhercrewremainedonthepartlysubmergedbow.Latercrowded
intoship'sboatsandsomeliferaftsdroppedbyrescueplanes,thesesurvivorsdriftedtotheislandofVellaLavellawheretheywerefinallyrescuedonJuly16.Ofher
900crew,168haddied.HelenasubsequentlybecamethefirstshiphonoredwithaNavyUnitCitation.
Ewing,AmericanCruisersofWorldWarTwo.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HenriettaMarie
Ship(3m).L:60'(18.3m).Tons:120tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:1820crew.Arm.:8guns.Built:France?<1697.
ProbablynamedfortheFrenchwifeofCharlesI,HenriettaMarieisbelievedtohavebeenaFrenchmerchantmancapturedduringtheWaroftheLeagueof
Augsburg(168997)betweenEngland,theNetherlandsandtheirProtestantallies,andFrance.Atwar'send,theshipwassoldandenteredserviceinthelucrative
triangulartrade.ThiscartographiceuphemismreferstothethreeleggedvoyagesthatformedthebasisofthehideousslavetradeforEnglishandcolonialmerchants.In
additiontoslaves,takenfromAfricatoCaribbeanandNorthAmericanports,thecargoesincludedcheaptradegoodsfromBritain,orironandrumfromthecolonies,
takentoAfrica,andsugarandmolassestakentothemerchants'homeports,supplementedwithfruitandhardwoodsforEnglandandhardcurrencyforthecolonies.
Themostprofitablelegofthethreewastheinnocuoussounding"MiddlePassage,"inwhichmillionsofpeoplewereshippedinchainsfromWestAfricatotheWest
Indies.EstimatesofthetotalnumberofpeopleshippedfromAfricatoSouthandNorthAmericaduringthethreecenturiesoftheslavetraderangefromtentotwenty
million.Ofthetotal,about65percentwereshippedtoBrazil,Cuba,Hispaniola,andJamaica.About30percentwenttootherEuropeancoloniesintheCaribbean
andSouthAmerica,andabout5percenttoBritain'sNorthAmericancoloniesandtheUnitedStates.Britainoutlawedthetradeonlyin1807,followedthenextyear
bytheUnitedStateshowever,itwasnotuntiltheabolitionofslavery,startingwithBritainin1833andendingwithBrazilin1888,thatthetrafficinhumansfinallydied
out.
HenriettaMarieseemstohavefirstsailedintheslavetradein1697,sailingtoWestAfricaunderCaptainWilliamDeaconandunloadingherhumancargoin
Barbadosin1698beforereturningtoLondon.In16991700,shemaderoughlythesamevoyageunderThomasChamberlain,offloadinginJamaicaratherthan
Barbados.Attheendof1700,thelittlethreemastedshipsailedforAfricaforthethirdandlasttime.Embarkinganestimated400peoplefromthroughoutWest
Africa,HenriettaMariebeganthefortydaycrossingoftheAtlantic.ItispossiblethatshestoppedbrieflyatBarbadostoshipfreshwaterandsupplies,butthe
majorityofherslaveswassoldatJamaica.Theresheloaded81hogsheads(57tons)ofsugarandsmalleramountsoflogwood,cotton,andtobacco.Sailingfor
Englandinearlyspring,HenriettaMarieheadedwesttoroundCubabeforeturningeastagaintoheadthroughtheStraitofFlorida.Un

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fortunately,theshipranagroundonacoralreefintheDryTortugas,westoftheFloridaKeys.Therewerenoknownsurvivors,andthewreckwentunnoticedfor270
years.
In1972,diverslookingfortheremainsofNUESTRASEORADEATOCHAlocatedtheremainsoftheHenriettaMarie,whichtheyfirstidentifiedbythepresence
ofcannonandlegirons,someofwhichweredesignedspecificallyforchildren.Excavationonthesite,knownsimplyastheEnglishwreck,didn'tbeginuntil1983.In
thatyear,theship'sbellwasdiscovered.Inscribed"TheHenriettaMarie1699,"thisisbelievedtobeareplacementwatchbell.Thepositiveidentificationofaship
whosehistorycouldbetracedincontemporaryrecordsledtoincreasedinterestinherandtheeventualrecoveryofthousandsofartifactsandfragments.Becauseof
itsassociationwiththeslavetrade,thesitewasofparticularinteresttoAfricanAmericans,andin1992theNationalAssociationofBlackScubaDiversplaceda
markeratthesite"InMemoryandRecognitionoftheCourage,PainandSufferingofenslavedAfricanpeople:'Speakhernameandgentlytouchthesoulsofour
ancestors.'"
Sullivan,SlaveShip.

HenryB.Hyde
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:290'45'29'dph(88.4mx13.7m8.8m).Tons:2,580grt2,462net.Hull:wood.Comp.:34.Des.:JohnMcDonald.Built:
Chapman&FlintCo.,Bath,Me.1884.
NamedforthepresidentoftheEquitableLifeInsuranceCompanyandbuiltforFlint&Company,ofNewYork,thecelebratedDownEasterHenryB.Hydeis
consideredtohavebeenthefinestAmericanshipofthepostclipperera.ThelargestshipbuiltinMainetothattime,shewasstronglyfoundandcrossbracedwithiron
strapsthroughout.HeraveragetimeoverherfirsttwelvepassagesfromNewYorktoSanFranciscowasabrisk109days.Herfirstmasterwastheharddriving
PhineasPendleton,Jr.,whowassucceededbyhisson,PhineasIII,fortwovoyages.TheHydewassoldwiththerestoftheFlintfleettotheCaliforniaShipping
Companyin1899.Onherfirstvoyageforthatcompany,underCaptainW.J.McLeod,sheloadedcoalatNorfolkforHawaii.Afirewasdiscoveredinherhold,and
theHydeputintoValparaisowherethecargowasdischargedandpartiallyreloaded.Twoyearslater,enroutefromBaltimoretoSanFrancisco,shewasforcedto
putintoCapeTowninthesamecondition.AftercompletinghervoyageandreturningtoNewYork,theHydewaslostonFebruary19,1904,whileintowfromNew
YorktoloadatBaltimore.ShewasdrivenashoreabouttenmilessouthofCapeHenryhercrewwassaved.ShebrokeintwoinOctober1904.
Lubbock,DownEasters.Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

HenryGraceDieu
("GreatHarry"laterEdward)Carrack(4m).L/B:ca.175'200'maindeck(125'135'keel)50'(5361m/3841m15m).Tons:1,500bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:
700(1536).Arm.:43heavyguns,141lightguns.Built:WoolwichDockyard,Eng.1514.
OneofHenryVIII'smoreenduringachievementswashispromotionofEngland'snavy.Hisambitiousshipbuildingprogramsawtheconstructionof,amongothers,
MARYROSE(1505),HenryGraceDieu(oftenknownsimplyas"GreatHarry"),andGREATGALLEY(1513).Onedistinguishingcharacteristicoftheseships
wasthattheywerebuiltforwarratherthanasmerchantshipsthatcouldbeconvertedformartialpurposes.ThetonnageoftheGreatHarryisgivenvariouslyas1,500
tonsand1,000tonsherlineardimensionshavebeeninferredfromthesefigures,thelargeroneyieldingtheapproximatedimensionsgivenabove.Herarmament
consistedmainlyofsmallercaliberbrassandironguns,butthelargegunsweremountedinthewaistoftheship,whichnotonlyincreasedtheship'sstability,butmade
thegunsmoreeffectiveagainstotherships,whichcouldbemoreeasilyhulledatorbelowthewaterline.Thesmallercalibergunsweredesignedmainlyforuseagainst
masts,rigging,andpeople,andweremosteffectivemountedintheforecastle,whichrosefourdeckshigh,andthesterncastle,whichhadtwodecks.
AlthoughHenryGraceDieuwasbornofthecontinualwarsbetweenEnglandandFrance,theperiodfollowingherbuildingwasoneofcomparativepeace,andshe
sawnoactionuntil1545.DuringtheFrenchattackonPortsmouthinJulyofthatyear(duringwhichtheMARYROSEsank)shewasengagedbyAdmiralClaude
d'Annebault'smoremaneuverablegalleys.UpontheaccessionofEdwardVIin1547,shewasrenamedforthatmonarch.Sheremainedinpeacetimeserviceuntil
August23,1553(theyearofEdward'sdeath),whenshewasdestroyedbyfireatWoolwich.
Laughton,"Report:TheHenryGraceDieu."Robinson,"TheGreatHarry."

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HeraldofFreeEnterprise
Ro/ropassengerferry.L/B/D:432.5'76.1'18.7'(131.9m23.2m5.7m).Tons:7,951grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,300.Mach.:diesel,24,000bhp,3screws.
Built:SchichauUnterweserAG,Bremerhaven,Germany1980.
OwnedandoperatedbyTownsendCarFerries,Ltd.,HeraldofFreeEnterpriseoperatedonthe70milerunbetweenZeebrugge,Belgium,andDover,England.
OnMarch6,1987,shehadjustpassedtheZeebruggebreakwaterwhenhercardeckflooded,causingtheshiptocapsizeinunderaminute,atabout1925.Although
thewaterwasonly30feetdeepandmorethanhalftheshipwasabovethewater,thedisasterhappenedsoquicklythat135ofthe543passengersandcrewwere
killed,makingittheworstdisasterinthehistoryofEnglishChannelferryservices.Aninvestigationlaterblamedthesinkingonanimproperlyclosedbowdoor.Raised
andrenamedFlushingRange,shewasbrokenupthefollowingyear.
Pressreports.Crainer,Zeebrugge.

HerbertFuller
Barkentine.L/B/D:158.3'35.5'18'(48.2mx10.8m5.5m).Tons:781grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:10.Built:Harrington,Me.1890.
Originallyriggedasabark,themerchantmanHerbertFullerwasownedbySwan&SonofNewYork.OnJuly3,1896,nowriggedasabarkentine,Fullersailed
fromBostontoRosario,Argentina,withaloadoflumberandasinglepassenger,HarvardCollegestudentLesterB.Monks.Tendaysout,onthenightofJuly13,
Monksawoketohorriblescreamsand,leavinghiscabin,foundthatCaptainCharlesI.Nash,hiswife,andSecondMateAugustBlandberghadbeenmurdered.The
nextmorning,FirstMateThomasBramorderedthearrestofCharlesBrown,thehelmsmanatthetimeofthemurders.Butactingonthesuspicionsofthepurser,
MonksarrangedforBramtobeseizedandthentooktheshiptoHalifax,thenearestdownwindport,withthebodiesofthethreevictimsinaboattowedastern.The
caserivetedthecountry,andalthoughitwasfoundthatBrownhadoncebeenjailedforattemptedmurder,thechargesagainstBramstood.Sentencedtohangat
Boston,heappealedandwasfoundguiltyasecondtime,butsentencedtolifeinprison.YethissupportersweremanyandpersistentandinJune1919,President
WoodrowWilsongrantedBramafullpardon,nineyearsafterHerbertFullerstoppedtradingundersail.
Tod,LastSailDownEast.

HerbertL.Rawding
Schooner(4m).L/B/D:201.7'38.5'21.9'dph(61,5m11.7m6.7m).Tons:1,219grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:11.Built:StocktonYardInc.,Stockton,Me.
1919.
BuiltforasubsidiaryofCrowellandThurlowofBoston,HerbertL.Rawdingwasbuiltinresponsetotheincreasedfreightratesgeneratedbytheheavylossesof
commercialshippingduringWorldWarI.NamedforoneofCrowell&Thurlow'sseniormasters,herfirstvoyagetookherfromNorfolktotheCanaryIslandswith
coal,fromtheretoBuenosAiresforgeneralcargo,thentoLisbon,andbacktoBostonwithsalt.Thereaftersheworkedinthecoastaltradeonvariousroutes
betweenNovaScotiaandtheCaribbeanwithcargoesasvariedasgypsum,lumber,salt,andmolasses.SoldtoLewisK.Thurlowin1928,shecontinuedinthesame
tradeuntiltheGreatDepressionforcedherlayupin1931.FiveyearslatershewasacquiredbyHermanBaruch(brotherofstatesmanBernardBaruch),whosoldher
toCaptainRobertW.Ricksonthefollowingyear.ShecontinuedinthecoastwiseandWestIndiestradeunderRickson'scommanduntilheretiredin1940.Rawding
madetwomorevoyagestotheWestIndiesbeforeheracquisitionbytheIntercontinentalSteamshipLines,Inc.,ashadyoutfitthatfoldedin1944.Purchasedin1945
byCaptainAlexRodway,shemadeseveralvoyagesbeforeRodwayinstalledtwo350horsepowerdieselenginesandremovedherspankermast.InJanuary1947,
RawdingloadedlumberforAlexandria,Egypt,andCyprus,whichshedeliveredwithoutincident.AfterloadingacargoofsaltandbunkeroilatCadizandGibraltar,
onJune10,1947,sheencounteredanortheasterandbegantoleak.HercrewwasrescuedbytheLibertyshipRobertW.Hart,andanhourandahalflater,thelast
fourmastedcargoschoonerontheNorthAtlanticsank,about500mileswestofCapeSt.Vincent.
Bowker,AtlanticFourMaster.

L'Hrtique
Raft(1m).L/B/D:15.4'6.2'1.6'(4.7m1.9m0.5m).Hull:rubber.Comp.:1.Built:M.Debroutelle,France1953.
Intheearly1950s,FrenchsurgeonDr.AlainBombardbecameinterestedintheproblemsassociatedwithsurvivalatsea.Despair,hebelieved,is"afarmoreruthless
andefficientkillerthananyphysicalfactor."Conversely,themoraleoftheshipwreckvictimisasvitaltosurvivalasistheneedforfoodandwater.Analyzingthe
nutritionalcompositionofseawater,plankton,andpelagicfish,Bombarddeterminedthatasalastresort,seawater

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canbedrunkinsmallquantitiesforshortperiods,thatplanktonisasourceofvitaminC,andthatpotablewateraswellasproteincanbeextractedfromfish.
Takinghisexperimentsoutsidethelaboratory,hesetoutonatransatlanticvoyageinarubberraftfittedwithasinglesailandnamed,inhonorofhisunorthodox
methods,L'Hrtique.
StartinginsouthernFrance,hemadeanumberofshortpassagesbeforereachingtheCanaryIslands,whichhedepartedfromonOctober18,1952.Subsistingon
rawfish,planktoncaughtinafinenet,andrainwater,Bombardconfirmedthathisbiggestobstaclewasnotphysicalbutmental.Hisbodyadjustedtoitsnewdiet,but
tocombathissolitude,hemaintainedarigorousdailyroutinethatincludedcheckingtheraftforpotentialleaks,exercising,andwritinguphislogandarecordofhis
pulseandbloodpressure.Becauseofacolossalnavigationerror,BombardunderestimatedhisarrivalintheWestIndiesbyseveralweeks,whichheonlyrealized
afterachanceencounterwithaBritishfreighterwhenhewas53daysoutfromtheCanariesand600mileseastofBarbados.After90minutesaboardtheArakaka,
duringwhichhehadashowerandalightmeal(atwhichhisbodylaterrevolted),heresumedhisvoyage.OnDecember22,hefetchedupatBarbados.
After65daysatsea,Bombardhadlost55pounds,hewasanemic,andhesufferedfromavarietyofminorailmentsfromwhichhequicklyrecovered.Hesuffered
fromneitherdehydrationnorscurvy,thelatterhavingbeenpreventedbyhisintakeofvitaminCinplankton.Bombard'svoyagerevolutionizedthestudyofsurvival
techniquesworldwide,andhecontinuedhisresearchintothephysiopathologyofsailors.InrecognitionofBombard'sachievement,L'Hrtiquewasexhibitedatthe
MusedelaMarineinParis.
Bombard,Voyageofthe"Hrtique."

HMSHermes
Hermesclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:598'70'(90'ew)21.5'(182.3m21.3m/27.4m6.6m).Tons:12,900disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:660.Arm.:15
aircraft65.5",34",43pdr.Armor:3"belt,1"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,40,000shp,2screws25kts.Built:SirW.G.Armstrong,Whitworth&Co.,
Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1924.
Laiddownatthebeginningof1918andnotcompleteduntil1924,HMSHermeswasthefirstshipdesignedfromtheoutsetasanaircraftcarrierandnotconverted
fromanotherdesigneitheronthewaysorafterlaunching.Withalight,cruiserlikehull,shewasrelativelyfastforhersizeandhadanimposingislandsurmountedbya
largetripodmast.NamedforthemessengerofthegodsofGreekmythology,HMSHermeswasstationedintheFarEastforvirtuallyherwholecareer,exceptfor
tworefitsin1927and193334.RecalledtotheHomeFleetjustpriortoWorldWarII,sheremainedintheAtlanticuntil1942,whentheJapanesebegantheirpush
throughSoutheastAsia.BasedatCeylon,HermeswasdamagedatColomboonApril5,1942,duringanavalairattacklaunchedfromJapanesecarriers.Twodays
later,shewasatseawhendivebombersfromAKAGI,HIRYU,SHOKAKU,andZUIKAKUfoundheroffBatticaloashewassunkin750'N,8149'Ewiththe
lossof307,thesurvivorsbeingrescuedbythehospitalshipVita.InadditiontoHermes,thetwoJapaneseattacksresultedinthelossofthecruisersHMS
DorsetshireandCornwall,destroyersHMSTenedosandRANVampire,thecorvetteHMSHollyhockandarmedmerchantcruiserHector.
Beaver,BritishAircraftCarrier.

HMSHermione
(laterSantaCecilia,HMSRetribution)Hermioneclass5thrate32(3m).L/B/D:129'x35.4'15.3'(39.3m10.8m4.6m).Tons:717bm.Hull:wood.
Comp.:170.Arm.:2612pdr,66pdr,12swivels.Des.:EdwardHunt.Built:Teast,Tombs&Co.,Bristol,Eng.1782.
Thesceneof"themostdaringandsanguinarymutinythattheannalsoftheBritishNavycanrecall,"HMSHermionewasaRoyalNavyfrigatebuiltduringthe
tumultuouseraoftheFrenchRevolutionaryWars.Inthisperiod,theRoyalNavywasnotonlyonguardagainstthenaviesofFranceandherallies,buttherewas
growingdisaffectionwithinitsownranks,asindicatedbythemutiniesatSpitheadandtheNore.Someofthesailors'discontenthadspreadtothemoreremoteWest
IndiesStation,wherethepestilentialclimatewasanenemymorefearedthantheFrenchorSpanish.OnFebruary6,1797,HermionecameundercommandofHugh
Pigot,underwhomtheshippatrolledtheMonaPassagebetweenSantoDomingoandPuertoRicoincompanywithHMBrigDiligence.Pigotwasamalevolent
officergiventofrequent,ruthless,andarbitrarypunishmentofhiscrew,whoquicklygrewtoresentandfearhisviolentrages.Atabout1800onSeptember21,
HermionewasstruckbyasquallandPigotorderedthetopsailsreefed.Asthemenwerenottakinginsailfastenoughtosuithim,Pigotbellowedintotheriggingthat
hewouldflog

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thelastmandown,andintheirhastetoavoidpunishment,threeoftheyoungestmizzentopmenslippedandfelltotheirdeaths.Pigotordered,"Throwthelubbers
overboard,"andwhenthisprovokedmurmursofdisbelieffromthetwelvetofourteenmenonthemaintopyard,heorderedthebosun'smatesalofttoflogthem.
Shortlybeforemidnightofthesameday,thecrewmutinied,andwithinafewminutesfourmenweredead:Pigot,twolieutenants,andamidshipman.Atthispoint,
surgeon'smateLawrenceCronanassumedcontrolofthemutinyandturneditfromamoreorlessspontaneousactofvengeanceintoavehiclefortheaspirationsof
Irishrepublicans.Cronan'sfirstrecommendationwastokillalloftheofficers,and,althoughanumberofthemwereeventuallyspared,thefinaldeathtollwasten.The
mutineersappeartohavenumberednomorethansixtytwooftheship'scompany,andoftheseeighteenwereconsideredringleaders,chiefamongthembosun'smate
ThomasJayandseamanThomasLeech,whohadtwicedesertedHisMajesty'sshipsonlytoreturnofhisownvolition.
Thenextday,themutineersdecidedtosailforLaGuaira,Venezuela,wheretheyarrivedonSeptember27.Accordingtothegovernor'sreport,theyclaimedtohave
overthrownthetyrannicalPigotandsethimadriftintheship'slaunch,buttherealstorygraduallyleakedout.ItsoutlinewaswellknowntothecaptainoftheSpanish
schoonerSanAntonio,whichsailedseveralweekslateronlytobecapturedbyDiligence.WordreachedSirHydeParker,commanderoftheWestIndiessquadron,
whoimmediatelyorderedahuntforthemutineers.By1799,fifteenhadbeenarrestedandhanged,theirrottingcorpsesdisplayedasawarningtoothers.Sevenyears
later,thelastofthetwentyfourHermionemutineerswasexecuted.
Inthemeantime,theSpanishhadrenamedtheirprizeSantaCecilia,whichtheyarmedwith40gunsandmannedwithacrewofabout400men.Herfatewasinthe
handsofindecisivecolonialbureaucratsfortwoyearsbeforeitwasdecidedtosailhertoHavana.Shortlybeforeherprojecteddeparture,onOctober25,1799,
CaptainEdwardHamiltonled100menfromhis28gunfrigateHMSSurpriseandcutheroutfromunderthe200gunsofPuertoCaballo.TheBritishlosseswerea
dozenmen,asagainstabout100Spanishdead.AdmiralParkerorderedherrenamedRetaliation,buthewasoverruledbytheAdmiraltyandshebecameHMS
Retribution.ShereturnedtoPortsmouthin1802butwaspaidoffshortlythereafterthreeyearslatershewasbrokenup.
Pope,BlackShip.

Hero
Sloop(1m).L/B/D:47.3'16.8'6.3'(14.4m5.1m1.9m).Tons:44om.Hull:wood.Built:Groton,Conn.1800.
In1819,theBritishsealerWilliamSmithdiscoveredtheSouthShetlandIslandsandtheirabundantrookeriesofseals,whosepeltsfetchedhighpricesinChina.
Reportsofthediscoveryspreadquickly,andinthesameyearthefirstU.S.sealerssailedfromStonington,Connecticut.In1820,theAmericansreturnedwithafleet
offiveshipsincludingCaptainNathanielB.Palmer'sHero,whosecrewincludedthediscovererandauthorEdmundFanning.TheshipswerebasedatDeception
Island,andafterhearingreportsofmountainstothesouth,theexpeditionleaderCaptainBenjaminPendletonsentPalmertoinvestigatefurther.InNovember1820,
Herosailedsouthandwestuntilheapproachedwhathetooktobeacontiguous,snowcappedlandmass.Therewerenosealsonthenearbyislands,whichmade
theirfurtherinvestigationunprofitable,andPalmersailedfortheSouthShetlands.OnhisreturnheencounteredtheRussiannavigatorBaronF.G.B.Von
BellingshausenwhowasexploringthesouthernoceaninVOSTOKandMirny.BellingshausenlaterreportedPalmer'sdiscoveryandgavePalmer'snametotheland
nowknownastheAntarcticPeninsula.HeromadeasecondvoyagetotheSouthShetlandsealinggroundsin182122,afterwhichshewassoldatCoquimbo,Chile.
Fanning,VoyagesaroundtheWorld.Stackpole,VoyageoftheHuronandtheHuntress.

Hros
3rdrate74(3m).L/B/D:178.8'46.2'2.3'(54.5m14.1m6.8m).Tons:1,800burthen.Hull:wood.Arm.:2836pdr,3018pdr,168pdr.Des.:J.M.
B.Coulomb.Built:Toulon,France1778.
AlthoughFrancebeganaidingthenominallyindependentUnitedStatesin1776,itwasnotuntilFebruary6,1778,thatadefinitivealliancewasforged.Britainquickly
declaredwaragainstFrance,andshewassoonatwarwithSpainandtheNetherlands,too.AconflictthathadbeenconfinedtoNorthAmericaquicklyexpandedto
includeEuropeanpossessionsintheCaribbean,theMediterranean,andtheIndianOcean.In1781,theBritishdispatchedasquadronunderCommodoreGeorge
JohnstonetocapturetheDutchcolonyofSouthAfrica.Ontheway,theywereshadowedbyaFrenchsquadronunderViceAdmiralPierreAndr,BaillideSuffren,
who

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hadleftFranceatthesametimeasComtedeGrasse,whosefleetwouldforcethesurrenderofGeneralCharlesCornwallisinSeptember.InmidApril,thesixteen
BritishshipsweretakingonwaterandsuppliesatPortoPraya,CapeVerdeIslands,whenSuffrenappearedofftheport.HissquadronincludedhisflagshipHros,
another74gunship,andthree64s.Bothsidesweresurprisedbythechanceencounter,andSuffren'sattackwaspoorlyexecutedbyhiscaptains.Nonetheless,he
wasabletoreachtheCapebeforeJohnstone,andhepreventedtheEnglishfromseizingthestrategicDutchcolony.
ContinuingtotheFrenchoutpostatIledeFrance,uponthedeathofCommodoreComted'OrvesinFebruary,SuffrenassumedcommandoftheFrenchnavalforces
intheIndianOcean.Hisfleetofthree74s,seven64s,andtwo40sreachedthecoastofMadras,intheBayofBengal,aweeklater.Theretheysightedthefleetof
ViceAdmiralSirEdwardHughes,whoseflagshipwasHMSSuperbandwhocommandedinalltwo74s,one68,five64s,andone50.TheEnglishpositionwas
complicatedbyawarwithHyderAli,SultanofMysore,andbythefactthattheyhopedtodefendtheCeyloneseportofTrincomalee,whichtheyhadjusttakenfrom
theDutch.
OnFebruary17,1782,theFrenchandEnglishmetinanindecisiveactionoffMadras.InApril,theBritishwerejoinedbyHMSSultan(74)andMagnanime(64),
whichmadethetwofleetsnearlyequal,althoughtheBritishretainedtheadvantageofhavingaccesstobetterportsandsupplies.OnApril12,Suffrenboredownon
HughesasthelattersailedforTrincomalee.TheBattleofProvidien(offCeylon)washotlycontested,andtheopposingfleetssufferedroughlyequalcasualties137
deadonbothsides,thoughtheEnglishhadslightlymorethanandtheFrenchslightlylessthan400wounded.(TheBattleofProvidienwasfoughtthesamedaythat,
halfaworldaway,theBritishfleetunderAdmiralSirGeorgeRodneydefeateddeGrasseattheBattleoftheSaintes.)Thetwofleetsweretooexhaustedtocontinue
fighting,andHughessailedforTrincomaleewhileSuffrenmadeforBatacalo,tothesouthoftheEnglishheldport.
InJune,thetwofleetssailednorth,theFrenchtoCuddalore,whichhadfallentoHyderAli,andtheEnglishtoNegapatam.OnJuly5,theymetoffthelatterport
Suffrenhadonlyelevenships,asonehadbeenpartiallydismastedthedaybefore.Casualtieswereagainheavy77Englishdead,to178Frenchandthecapture
oftwoFrenchshipswasonlynarrowlyaverted.InmidAugust,SuffrenwasreinforcedbytwonewshipsatBatacalo,andmovingwithprodigiousspeedhelaidsiege
toTrincomalee,whichfellonAugust31.Twodayslater,Hughesappearedofftheport,nowwithfourteenshipsunderhiscommand.Asever,Hroswasinthethick
ofthefighting,andsheandtheIllustrelosttheirmainandmizzenmasts,butHughesfailedtopresshomehisadvantage.Owingtotheonsetofthewintermonsoon,
thiswasthelastbattleoftheyear.HughestookhisfleettoBombay,onthewestcoastofIndia,andSuffren,deprivedofadequatesuppliesatTrincomalee,sailedeast
fortheDutchportatAcheen,ontheislandofSumatra.Intheinterval,hehadlosttheOrient(74)andBizarre(64)inaccidents.
AlthoughthePeaceofVersailleshadbeensignedbythefollowingspring,thiswasnotknownyetthestrategicpictureintheeasthadchangeddramatically.Hughes
nowhadeighteenshipsoftheline,includingtheGibraltar(80),toSuffren'sfifteen.Moreover,theFrenchallyHyderAlihaddied,andtheBritishdecidedtoretake
Cuddalore.SuffrenappearedofftheportonJune13,1783.Aweekofficklewindspreventedeithersidefromengaging,butonJune20Suffrenattacked.Thefighting
wasgeneral,andthoughnoshipswereseriouslydamaged,casualtieswerehigh,bothsideslosingabout100mendeadand400wounded.Nonetheless,Suffrenhadat
lastwonatacticalandstrategicvictory,hischiefobjecthavingbeentopreventthelossofCuddalore.Fourdayslater,thefrigateHMSMedeaarrivedwithnewsthat
peacenegotiationswereunderway,andtheFrenchandBritishagreedtoendhostilities.
SuffrenquitIndiainHrosinOctober,returningtoahero'swelcomeinFranceviaIledeFranceandtheCapeofGoodHope.AttheCapeColonyhewasmetby
thecaptainsofsixofHughes'sships,whoreadilyacknowledgedhisbrilliantconductofatwoyearcampaigninwhichheneverwaveredinpressinghomehisattack,
despitethedisadvantagesofundermannedshipsandinadequatesupplies."ThegoodDutchmenhavereceivedmeastheirsavior,"Suffrenwrote,"butamongthe
tributeswhichhavemostflatteredme,nonehasgivenmemorepleasurethantheesteemandconsiderationtestifiedbytheEnglishwhoarehere."
AtthestartoftheFrenchRevolution,HroswasatToulonwhenroyalistofficersopenedtheporttotheBritishMediterraneanfleetunderViceAdmiralSirSamuel
Hood.WhentheBritishquittheportinDecember1793,Hroswasburned,alongwithmanyotherships.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.Mahan,InfluenceofSeaPoweruponHistory.

HerzoginCecilie
Bark(4m).L/B/D:310'46'24.7'(94.5m14m7.4m).Tons:3,242.Hull:steel.Comp.:100approx.(trainingship)2230(merchantship).Built:Rickmers
ReismhlenRhederei&SchiffbauAG,Bremerhaven,Germany1902.

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Imagenotavailable.
The''Duchess"wasoneofthelastshipstotradeundersail.Heresheislyingatanchor
attheendofalongvoyage.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

FollowingthesuccessoftheirfirstsailtrainingshipHerzoginSophieCharlotte(theformermerchantshipAlbertRickmers),theNorddeutscherLloydSteamship
Companylaunchedasecond,purposebuiltsailtrainingvessel,namedforWilhelmII'sprospectivedaughterinlaw,HerzoginCecilievonMecklenburgSchwerin.
HerzoginCecilietheDuchessbecamethemostcelebratedsailingshipofherday.Builttocarryaprofessionalcrewofabout23,and60trainees,in1912she
wasrefittedtocarryasmanyas90cadetsandherpoopwaslengthenedfrom175feetto194feet.HerzoginCeciliepliedthefamiliarroutesofthelastdaysofsail,
outwardboundfromBremerhavenwithmixedcargoes,andhomewardboundfromtheAmericasorAustraliawithgrain,nitrate,ortimber.TheDuchesswasasmart
sailer,andinherfirsttripouttoChile,underMaxDietrich,in1904,shewaswithinthreedaysofthefivemastedshipPREUSSEN.DietrichwassucceededbyOtto
Waltherin1908,andhe,inturn,byDietrichBallehr,whocommandedHerzoginCeciliethroughoutherlonginternshipinChileduringWorldWarI,firstatGuayacan
(whereshearrivedJuly25,1914)andlaterCoquimbo,whereshesatfrom1919to1920.ShefinallysailedforOstendwithnitrate,onlytobehandedovertoFrance
forreparations,andsubsequentlysold,in1921,toGustafErikson,ofMariehamn,landIslands.
InJanuary1922,theerstwhiletrainingshipsailedwithacrewoftwentysixunderReubendeCloux(anlandshipmasterofBelgianancestry),withNorwegian
timberforMelbourne.Sobeganthemostillustrioushalfofherlife,inthetwilightofmerchantsail,asshebattledCapeHornwithbulkcargoesofgrain,timber,nitrate,
andcoalcoke.ThemostcelebratedmemberofhercrewwasableseamanAlanVilliers,whoseaccountofthevoyagefromPortLincolntoFalmouthin1928isa
classicofseawriting.Attheconclusionofthispassage,theDuchessmadeherfirstvoyagetoherhomeportofMariehamn.DeClouxleftthefollowingyearandwas
replacedbySvenEriksson.
Despitethegreateconomyofcargocarryingundersail,HerzoginCeciliefelttheeffectsoftheGreatDepressionandinthe1930sshebegancarryingpassengers.
Oneofthem,PamelaBourne,marriedErikssonandsailedwithhimontheDuchess'slastvoyages,whichwerenonethelessnothappyones.AfterreturningfromPort
LincolnanddischarginggrainatBelfast,twoofhercrewwerekilledwhenadonkeyengineexploded.FollowingrepairsatBelfastandNystad,HerzoginCecilie
sailedfromCo

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penhagenonOctober15,1935,andcollidedwiththesteamerRastedethreenightslater.AfteraquickpassageouttoPortLincolnandloadingarecord4,295tons
ofgrain,shewasbackatFalmouthineightysixdays,onApril23,1936.ThatnightshesailedforIpswich,butduetonavigationalerrorsandaheavyfog,at0350she
groundedonHamStoneRockanddriftedontoBoltHead.Thelosswasworldnews,andaftermuchofthecargoandgearhadbeenoffloaded,shewasrefloatedon
June19,onlytogroundagainoutsideSalcombeHarbor.AllplanstosalvagetheDuchesscametonothing,andshewaslatersoldforscrapfor225.Herremainsstill
lieinStarholeBay,thoughmanyofherfineaccommodationsandfittingsweresavedandarehousedinthelandsSjfartsmuseum.
Eriksson,LifeandDeathoftheDuchess.Greenhill&Hackman,"HerzoginCecilie."Villiers,FalmouthforOrders.

Hesper
Schooner(4m).L/B/D:210.2'41'20.4'dph(64.1m12.5m6.2m).Tons:1,348grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:11.Built:CrowninshieldShipBuildingCo.,South
Somerset,Mass.1918.
BuiltforthefirmofRogers&Webb,Boston,HesperwasoneofseveralfourmastedschoonersbuiltforcoastwisetradeduringWorldWarI,whenshippingrates
weredrivenupbythelossofsteamshipstoGermanUboats.Cheaplybuiltandinexpensivetobuild,thebigschoonersremainedprofitablethroughthe1920s,until
theGreatDepressionforcedmanyofthemtobelaidup.HesperwaslaidupatRockportin1928.Intheearly1930s,FrankWinterpurchasedherandLUTHER
LITTLEwiththeintentionofrevivingtheportofWiscasset,Maine,byhomeportingthetwocargovesselsthere.Hisplansfellthroughandthetwolayinthe
SheepscotRiveruntilthe1900s,neglectedanddecayed,butclearlyvisiblefromthemainroad,Route1.
Morris,FourMastedSchoonersoftheEastCoast.Tod,LastSailDownEast.

Hesperus
Ship(3m).L/B/D:262.2'39.7'23.5'dph(79.9m12.1m7.2m).Tons:1,777grt.Hull:iron.Built:RobertSteele&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1873.
TheironclipperHesperuswasbuiltforAndersonandAnderson'sOrientLineimmigrantservicebetweenEnglandandAustralia.DescribedasaQueenoftheIron
Age(ofships),shewasbuiltforsafetyandcomfort,andthoughshewasneitherdesignednordriventobearecordbreaker,shewasfast.Aftersixteenyearsinthe
immigranttrade,HesperusbecameoneofthefirstshipsacquiredbyDevitt&Mooretobeusedfortrainingofmerchantofficers.Withaccommodationsfortwenty
fivetofortycadets,inadditiontoherregularcrewandpassengers,shesailedtoSydneyinninetyninedays.Asaresultofalonglayoverintheport,herapprentices
wounduppawningmanyoftheirclothesandotherbelongings,and,unabletoretrievethem,satisfiedthemselveswiththetheftofthepawnbrokers'threebrassballs,
whichtheysetfromthejibboomontheirdeparture.
HesperusmadeherlastvoyagetoAustraliain189899.Onherreturn,shewaspurchasedbytheOdessaNavigationSchoolandrenamedGrandDuchess
Nicolaevna(forthedaughterofCzarNicholasII).SheworkedasasailtrainingshipintheBlackSeauntilafterWorldWarI,whensheflewtheflagoftheRussian
Republic.AfteravoyagebetweenMontrealandLiverpoolin1920,recountedinFrederickWilliamWallace'sUnderSailintheLastoftheClippers,Grand
DuchesswastransferredtoFrenchregistry.In1921,shewassoldtotheLondonSteamship&TradingCorporation,Ltd.,underthenameSilvana.Afteronevoyage
toArgentinaandFrance,shewassoldforscrappingatGenoain1924.
Lubbock,ColonialClippers.Wallace,UnderSailintheLastoftheClippers.

HighbornCayWreck
L/B:ca.62.3'18'(19m5.5m).Tons:ca.100.Hull:wood.Arm.:2lombards,13swivels.Built:Lisbon(?)16thcent.
LocatedintheBahamas'ExumaIslands,thesixteenthcenturyHighbornCaywrecksitewasfirstvisitedin1965byAmericanamateurdiverswhoremovedand
recordedbrieflywhatartifactstheycould.In1983,archaeologistsfromTexasA&M'sInstituteofNauticalArchaeologyrelocatedthesiteandbeganamorein
depthsurvey.Artifactsfoundonthesiteincludetwolombardsandthirteenswivelguns,rigginghardware,shipfastenings,andthreeanchors.Oneofthelatterwas
foundwiththeballastpile,whiletheothertwoincludingtheheaviestsheetanchorwerefound100to150metersaway,indicatingthattheshipwasatanchor
whenshesank,possiblyinastorm.Theremainsoftheship'shullwereexcavatedin1988.Itistheearliestdiscoveryerashipforwhichtheactualdimensionsof
structuralelementsareknown,includingkeel,keelson,stempost,frames,futtocks,andplanking.Analysisofthephysicalevidenceandrelevantstudiesof
contemporaryshipbuildingtechniquesuggest

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thatthevesselwasoriginally19meterslong,withabeamoffrom5to5.7meters.AnalysisoftheballaststonesuggeststheshipmayhavebeenbuiltinLisbon.
Oertling,"HighbornCaywreck."Smith,etal.,"HighbornCayWreck."

Hiryu
Soryuclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:745.9'73.3'25.8'(229.2m22.3m7.9m).Tons:20,250disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,100.Arm.:73aircraft125",31
25mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,153,000shp,4screws34kts.Built:YokosukaDockyard,Yokosuka,Japan1939.
UnderCaptainTomeoKaku,Hiryu("FlyingDragon")wasoneofsixcarriersinvolvedintheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember7,1941theotherswere
AKAGI,KAGA,SORYU,SHOKAKU,andZUIKAKU.ShelatertookpartinthecaptureofWakeIsland(December27).DuringthecampaignfortheDutch
EastIndiesinearly1942,sheparticipatedinattacksonRabaul,Ambon,andthediversionarystrikeonDarwin,Australia,tocovertheFebruary1942invasionof
Timor.HeavylossesduringstrikesonCeylon(April5and9)forcedHiryubacktoJapan.AtMidway,HiryuwassparedthedevastationoftheU.S.attacksthat
sankAkagi,Kaga,andSoryuonthemorningofJune5,andshelaunchedtwoairstrikesagainstUSSYORKTOWN,whichforcedthatcarriertobeabandonedat
1456.KnockedoutofactionbydivebombersfromUSSHORNETandENTERPRISEat1703,HiryustubbornlyrefusedtosinkuntiltorpedoedbytwoJapanese
destroyersat0510onJune6inposition3128'N,17924'E.Thebattlecosther750dead.
Prange,AtDawnWeSleptMiracleatMidway.

CSSH.L.Hunley
(exFishBoat)Submarine.L/B/D:3040'4'45'dph(912m1.2m1.5m).Hull:iron.Comp.:9.Arm.:spartorpedo.Mach.:Handcrankedpropeller.
Built:ThomasB.Park&ThomasW.Lyons,Mobile,Ala.1863.
CSSH.L.Hunleywasthefirstsubmarinetosinkanenemywarshipincombat.TheHunleywasactuallythethirdvessel,afterCSSPIONEERandAmericanDiver,
builtbyagroupofinvestorsandinventorsluredbytheConfederategovernment'spromiseofprizemoneyequalto20percentofthevalueofanyUnionwarshipsunk.
Amongthehopefulswerethevessel'snamesake,ConfederateArmyCaptainHoraceLawsonHunley.Basicallyamodifiedironcylindersteamboiler,theHunleywas
steeredbyonememberofthecrewandpropelledbyeightothersturningapropellershaft.Thesimplearmamentconsistedofaspartorpedo,aminecarriedatthe
endofalongpolethatdetonatedoncontactwithanenemyship.FollowingsuccessfultrialsatMobileinAugust1863,theHunleywasshippedbyrailtoCharleston,
SouthCarolina.
TheoriginalcaptainwasJamesR.McClintock,apartnerintheventure,buthislackofsuccessinattackingUnionshippingledtotheConfederates'requisitioningthe
vessel,whichwascommissionedandcrewedbyvolunteersunderLieutenantJohnA.Payne.Fiveofthisnavycrewwerekilledwhenthesubmarineaccidentallysank
anotherninepeopledied,Hunleyamongthem,whenshesankagainonOctober15.Despitetheship'spredispositiontokillitscrews,athirdcrewwasfound.Onthe
nightofFebruary17,1864,CSSH.L.HunleysailedintoCharlestonHarborandattackedthescrewsloopUSSHOUSATONIC,whichwassunkwiththelossof
fivemen.
Imagenotavailable.
Killingmoreofherowncrewthanenemysailors,theConfederacy'ssubmarineH.L.
HUNLEYearnedsuchunfortunatesobriquetsas"floatingcoffin"and"deadlytrap."Yetshe
wentalongwaytowardsdemonstratingtheviabilityofunderwaterwarfare.Thisviewshows
theillfatedvesselatCharleston,SouthCarolina,onDecember6,1863,twomonthsbeforeher
lossin1864.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

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NeithertheHunleynoritscrewreturnedfromthismission,andtheremainsoftheworld'sfirstsuccessfulsubmarinewerepresumedlostforever.Thatsamenight,
however,ConfederateofficerLieutenantColonelO.M.Dantzlerrecordedthat"thesignalsagreedupontobegivenincasetheboatwishedalighttobeexposedat
thispost[BatteryMarshall]asaguideforitsreturnwereobservedandanswered."Othersalsoreportedseeinganexchangeofsignalsfortyfiveminutesafterthe
sinkingoftheHousatonic,butthesefactsseemtohaveescapedthenoticeoftheOfficeofSubmarineDefenses.CaptainM.M.Gray,CSA,laterwrote,"Iamofthe
opinionthat...shewentintotheholemadeintheHousatonicbytheexplosionoftorpedoesanddidnothavesufficientpowertobackout."In1994,researchers
managedtolocatetheelusivesubmarineinthewatersofCharlestonHarbor.
AlthoughHunleywasonlyaqualifiedsuccess,havingkilledlessthanoneoftheenemyforeveryfourofherowncrew,herdestructionofUSSHousatonicusheredin
aformofwarfarethatwouldfinditsfull,grimexpressionhalfacenturylaterinWorldWarI.
Kloepel,DangerbeneaththeWaves:Perry,InfernalMachines.

HMSHogue
Cressyclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B:472'69.5'(143.9m21.2m).Tons:12,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:760.Arm.:29.2",126",1312pdr.2
18"TT.Armor:6"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,screws21kts.Built:VickersLtd.,BarrowinFurness,Eng.1902.
Namedforthesiteofanactionduringthe1692BattleofBarfleurbetweenanAngloDutchfleetunderAdmiralEdwardRussellandaFrenchforceunderAdmiralde
Tourville,HMSHoguespenttwoyearsontheChinaStation,followedbytwoyearsinNorthAmericanwaters.AtthebeginningofWorldWarI,shewasassignedto
theGrandFleet'sThirdCruiserSquadron.OnthemorningofSeptember22,1914,Hoguewasonpatrolwithtwoofthethreeothershipsofthe"livebaitsquadron"
intheBroadFourteensofftheDutchcoastabout20milesnorthoftheHookofHolland.ABOUKIRwashitbyatorpedofiredfromtheU9atabout0630,andher
captainorderedHogueandCRESSYtostandbytopickupsurvivors.AssheapproachedthestrickenAboukirtoretrievesurvivors,Hoguewashitbytwo
torpedoesandcapsizedandsankwithin10minutes,withthelossof327dead.
Coles,ThreebeforeBreakfast.

Hohenzollern
Screwsteamer(2f/3m).L/B/D:382.645.923.1'(116.6m14m0.6m).Tons:4,460grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:313.Arm.310.5cm,125cm.Mach.:triple
expansion,9,000ihp,2screws21.5kts.Built:StettinerMaschinenbauAGVulcan,Stettin,Germany1893.
NamedfortheGermanrulingfamily,HohenzollernwasbuiltforKaiserWilhelmII,theimperialarchitectoftheGermanfleetinthenavalracewithBritainthat
precededWorldWarI.Akeennavalist,WilhelmwasnotonlyanadmiraloftheGermanfleet,butthroughthegoodgracesofhismaternalgrandmother,Queen
Victoria,anhonoraryAdmiraloftheFleetintheRoyalNavy.LaterhetoldhisuncleKingEdwardVII,whileentertaininghimaboardhisflagshipatKiel,
When,asalittleboy,IwasallowedtovisitPortsmouthandPlymouthhandinhandwithkindauntsandfriendlyadmirals,IadmiredtheproudEnglishshipsinthosetwosuperb
harbors.Thenthereawokeinmethewishtobuildshipsofmyownlikethesesomeday,andwhenIwasgrownuptopossessasfineanavyastheEnglish.

TheReichstagdidnotshareWilhelm'senthusiasmforyachts,andinordertohaveherconstructionpaidfor,Hohenzollernwasclassifiedasadispatchboatinthe
navalappropriations.AlthoughshesailedmostlyintheBalticandNorthSeas,withannualcruisestoNorway,shewasoftenpresentattheIsleofWightforthegreat
BritishyachtingregattaduringCowesWeek.ShealsomadeseveralcruisestotheMediterraneanandsailedonce,in1902,totheUnitedStates.Hohenzollernwas
soldin1920andbrokenupin1923.
Crabtree,RoyalYachtsofEurope.Massie,"Dreadnought."

USSHolland(SS1)
Hollandclasssubmarine.L/B/D:53.3'10.3'8.5'/11.4'(16.2m3.1m2.6m/3.5m).Tons:63/74disp.Hull:steel75'dd.Comp.:6.Arm.:118"TT1
8.4"pneumaticgun.Mach.:gasolineengine/electricmotor,45/150hp,1screw8/5kts.Des.:JohnP.Holland.Built:CrescentShipyard,Elizabeth,N.J.1900.
JohnPhilipHolland'ssixthsubmarineboatdesignherpredecessorsincludedFENIANRAMwasthefirstoperationallypracticalsubmarinecommissionedinto
theU.S.Navy.Hollandwas"theforerunnerofallmodernsubmarines,"inthewordsofBritishsubmarinerandhistorianRichardComptonHall:"thedesignandthe
constructionwereentirelyalongthelinesofsubmarinestodaywithframes,platingandgeneralarrangements[that]wouldnotbeoutofplaceinanysubmarinedrawing

Page249

Imagenotavailable.
Theprototypeoftheworld'sfirstsuccessfulclassofsubmarines,USS
HOLLANDwasnamedforherinventor,theengineerJohnHolland.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

officetoday."Agasolineenginedrovethevesselonthesurfacewhileanelectricmotorpoweredherwhensubmerged.Shehaddivingruddersfittedoneithersideof
hersinglefourbladedpropeller.Theprimaryarmamentconsistedofthree18inchtorpedoesthatwerefiredfromasingletorpedotubeinthebow.Aftersurfacetrials
anda30minutestaticsubmergence,Holland'sfirstdiveunderwaywasmade,onMarch17,1898St.Patrick'sDay,fittinglyenough,givenHolland'sIrish
RepublicanbackgroundinthewatersoffStatenIsland,NewYork.
Witnessingherofficialtrialstendayslater,AssistantSecretaryoftheNavyTheodoreRoosevelturgedthattheNavypurchasethevessel,butitwasnotuntilApril11,
1900,thatshewasformallycommissionedasUSSHollandatNewport.TheNavyalsoorderedanadditionalsixsubmarinesonthesamemodel.Towedto
Annapolis,HollandwasusedtotrainofficersandcrewoftheU.S.Navy'snascentsubmarineserviceuntilsoldforscrapin1913.
ComptonHall,SubmarineBoats.Morris,JohnP.Holland.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Hollandia
Retourship(3m).L/B/D:161.5'44.2'20.4'dph(49.2m13.5m6.2m).Tons:750grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:300.Arm.:812pdr,168pdr,84pdr,10
swivels.Built:W.T.Bloc,VOC,Amsterdam1742.
Thesecondofthe150voet(foot)classofretourshipsbuiltbytheVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(VOC,orDutchEastIndiaCompany)foritstradeto
Batavia,HollandiawaslostintheScillyIslesonhermaidenvoyage.Rediscoveredin1971,herwreckwasthesubjectofelevenyearsofexcavationandresearch
intothisimportantclassofship.TheVOCfirstattemptedtostandardizethedimensionsofitsretourshipsin1697,withtheestablishmentofthe130voetand145
voetclasses.(TheretourshipsweremeasuredoverthelowergundeckoneAmsterdamfootequalsabout28.25centimeters.)Modificationsin1714and1727
resultedinlessseaworthyvessels.Earlyin1742,thecompanycreatedthreenewclasses150voet,136(later140)voet,and120voetanddistributedship
plansandmoldstothevariousVOCshipyards.
Thefirstofthelargestclass,EendrachtwaslaiddowninFebruaryatAmsterdamandsailedforBataviainSeptember.HollandiaandOverneswerenexttobe
launched,andonJune3,1743,theysailedincompanywiththesmallerHeuvel.Tendayslater,theshipswerenearlythroughtheEnglishChannelwhenHollandia
separatedfromtheothersinroughweather.Forcednorthwest,sheapparentlystruckGunnersRockofftheislandofAnnetintheScilliesandsankin4954'N,6
22'W.Noneofthecomplementof276survived.ThewrecksitewasfirstdiscoveredbyEnglishdiverRexCowanin1971,whoworkedthesitewithprofessional
archaeologistsandvolunteersforsixyears,duringwhichtheyrecovered50,000silvercoins.CowansubsequentlyallowedtheRijksmuseuminAmsterdamtorecover
theremainingartifacts.Virtuallynothingoftheshipitselfsurvived,butamongthehundredsofartifactsrecoveredarepersonalpossessionsincludingclothinganddice,
eatingutensilsandfoodcontainers,navigationalinstruments,andweapons.

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Analysisofthismaterialhasyieldedawealthofinformationaboutlifeaboardtheshipsofoneoftheworld'sfirstmoderninternationaltradingcompanies.
Gawronski,etal.,"Hollandia"Compendium.

Homeric
(exColumbus)Liner(2f/2m).L/B:774.3'83.3'(228.9m25.4m).Tons:34,351grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st529,2nd487,3rd1,750.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2
screws19kts.Built:F.Schichau,Danzig1920.
LaiddownasColumbusforNorddeutscherLloyd'stransatlanticservicein1913,constructionoftheshipwasinterruptedbyWorldWarI.Followingthewar,
NorddeutscherLloydwasforcedtohandherovertoGreatBritain,andshewasacquiredbytheWhiteStarLinein1920.RenamedHomericthesecondWhite
StarshipofthenameshebeganherfirstvoyageonFebruary14,1922,sailingfromSouthamptonforCherbourgandNewYork.Sailinginconsortwith
MAJESTICandOLYMPIC,shehadareputationasbeingthesteadiestpassengershipafloat.In1923,hercoalburningplantwasreplacedwithanoilburningone.
By1932,shewassignificantlyoutclassedbythenewergenerationofsteamships,andshewasputincruiseservicetotheCanaries,WestAfrica,andthe
Mediterranean.Threeyearslater,shortlyafterthemergerofCunardandWhiteStar,shewaswithdrawnfromservice,andin1936shewasscrappedbyT.W.Ward
atInverkeithing.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

HMSHood
Hoodclassbattlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:860'104'28.5'(262.1m31.7m8.7m).Tons:45,200disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,477.Arm.:815"(4x2)12
5.5",44",1640mm621"TT.Armor:12"belt,3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,144,000shp,4screws31kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,
Scotland1920.
BearingthenameofoneofthemostdistinguishedfamiliestoservetheRoyalNavy,includingtwoadmirals,oneviceadmiral,onerearadmiral,andonecaptain,HMS
Hoodwaslaiddownin1916inresponsetoGermany'sMackensenclassbattlecruisers,noneofwhichwasevercommissioned.AlthoughHood'sdesignwas
modifiedinlightofthelossofthebattlecruisersHMSQueenMary,INDEFATIGABLE,andINVINCIBLE(flagshipofRearAdmiralSirHoraceHood)atJutland,
andshewasmodernizedtwice,hermagazineprotectionremainedoneofherweakspotsandshecarriedonly3inchdeckarmor.Throughoutthe1920sHoodwas
assignedtoeithertheAtlanticorHomeFleets,andshecompletedatenmonthworldcruisewithRENOWNin1923.In1929shebeganatwoyearrefit.Afterduty
withtheMediterraneanFleetin1936,sheunderwentabriefrefitinearly1939beforereturningtotheHomeFleet.
AftertheoutbreakofWorldWarII,Hoodsawactioninavarietyoftheaters,includingtheNorthSea,thechaseofSCHARNHORSTandGNEISENAU,and
convoyduty.HoodwasintheattackontheFrenchfleetattheBattleofMerselKbironJuly3,1940,andthenreturnedtotheHomeFleetatScapaFlow.OnMay
22,1941,Hood(CaptainR.Kerr)sailedastheflagshipofViceAdmiralL.E.Holland'sBattleCruiserForce,whichincludedHMSPRINCEOFWALESandsix
destroyers,tointercepttheGermanbattleshipBISMARCKandheavycruiserPRINZEUGEN.Thefourheavyunitsmadevisualcontactat0537onMay24,and
Hoodopenedfirefifteenminuteslater.BismarckandPrinzEugenscoredhitsonHoodandat0600therewasamassiveexplosiontheshipsplitintwoandsank
fourminuteslater.PrinceofWalesquicklybrokeofftheengagement,anddestroyerslaterpickedupthreesurvivorsfromatotalcomplementof1,418men.Oneof
thelargestwarshipsintheworld,HoodwasdestroyedexactlyoneweekshyofthetwentyfifthanniversaryoftheBattleofJutland,thelessonsofwhichhadbeenso
consciouslyappliedtoherdesign.Althoughanumberoftheoriesabouttheexactcauseofherlosshavebeenadvanced,itiswidelybelievedthatplungingfirefrom
Bismarckpenetratedherweakdeckarmortoigniteoneofhermagazines.
Hoyt,LifeandDeathofHMS"Hood."Roberts,Battlecruiser"Hood."

Hope
(exUSSConsolation)Hospitalship(1f/4m).L/B/D:520'71.5'24'(158.5m21.8m7.3m).Tons:11,141disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:94crew,95medical
staff,230berths.Mach.:oil.Built:SunShipbuildingandDryDockCo.,Chester,Pa.1945.
LaiddownastheMaritimeCommission'sMarineWalrusandacquiredthesamemonthforuseasahospitalship,USSConsolationenteredservicejustaftertheend
ofWorldWarII.AfterdutyinJapanscreeningreturningAmericanprisonersofwar,sherepatriatedtroopsfromaroundthePacific.From1950to1954,
ConsolationprovidedmedicalassistanceintheKoreanWar,andshewas

Page251

thefirsthospitalshiptousehelicopterstoevacuatewoundeddirectlyfromthebattlefield.SheremainedondutyinthePacificuntil1955,takingpartinthe"Passageto
Freedom"evacuationofciviliansfromNorthVietnamfollowingtheCommunisttakeover.
In1958,PresidentDwightD.EisenhowerappointedDr.WilliamB.WalshtothePeopletoPeopleHealthFoundationtomakerecommendationsonhowtoassistthe
developingworld.WalshorganizedHealthOpportunityforPeopleEverywhere(HOPE)andcharteredConsolationfromtheNavyforuseasacivilianhospitalship.
Herfirstmissionbeganin1960,whenshesailedfromSanFranciscotoIndonesia,HongKong,andSouthVietnam.Overthenextfourteenyears,Hoperecruited
morethan3,000volunteerstoworkinAfrica,SouthAmerica,andEastAsia.Ateachportofcall,theship'sstafftrainedlocaldoctorsandnursesinthelatestsurgical
anddiagnostictechniquesandprovidedimmunizations,xrays,andmedicaltreatmentforhundredsofthousandsofpatients.
HopewasbrokenupatBrownsville,Texas,in1974.Whiletheendoftheshipwasregrettable,ProjectHOPEsubsequentlyexpandeditsmissionfromonlyoneor
twolittoralcountriesperyeartoasmanyasthirtytofortycountriesperyearanywhereintheworld.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.Walsh,AShipCalled"Hope."

Hornet
Sloop.L/B/D:ca.64'18'10'(19.5m5.5m3m).Tons:75bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:104pdr.Built:Baltimore(?)1774.
AmerchantsloopownedbyBaltimoremerchantCaptainWilliamStone,Hornetwasoneofthefirstvessels(withWASP)charteredbyCongressfortheContinental
Navy.OnFebruary18,1776,shesailedinasquadronunderCommodoreEsekHopkins,flyinghisflaginALFRED,tocaptureBritishgunpowderatNew
Providence,theBahamas.RunningafoulofFly,shewasforcedbacktotheDelaware.OnJanuary30,1777,Hornet(nowunderJamesNicholson)andFlywere
orderedtoescortamerchantconvoyboundforMartiniquetosecureFrenchmilitarystoresboundfortheContinentalArmy.
FollowingGeneralSirWilliamHowe'scaptureofPhiladelphiaonSeptember26,Hornet,ANDREWDORIA,Wasp,andFlywerepartofthefleetthatlayonthe
DelawareRiverbetweentheBritishfleetatChesterandPhiladelphia,whichhadfallentotheBritish.Hornet'sultimatefateisuncertain.Somebelievethatshewas
burned,togetherwithAndrewDoriaandWasp,followingthefalloftheDelawareRiverFortsMifflinandMerceronNovember20,1777,topreventtheirfallinginto
Britishhands.ItisalsopossiblethatsheescapedtheDelaware,onlytobecapturedoffCharlestonbytheBritishschoonerPorcupineafterloadingacargoofindigo
forMartinique.
Fowler,RebelsunderSail.Miller,SeaofGlory.

USSHornet
Brig.L/B/D:106.8'31.4'14'dph(32.5m9.6m4.3m).Tons:440bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:50.Arm.:1632pdr,212pdr.Des.:JosiahFox.Built:
WilliamPrice,Baltimore1805.
USSHornetandWASPweretwobluewaterfightingvesselsorderedbyCongressinthemidstofPresidentThomasJefferson's"gunboatnavy"buildingprogramat
thebeginningofthenineteenthcentury.UndercommandofCommandantIsaacChauncey,HornetwasassignedtotheMediterraneanSquadronin18067,after
whichshewasdecommissionedatCharleston,SouthCarolina.Returningtoservicein1808,shepatrolledtheEastCoastenforcingtheEmbargoAct,whichforbade
exportshippingfromU.S.ports.Followingtherepealofthisact,in1810shewasreriggedasashipattheWashingtonNavyYard,andherbeamwasincreasedby
10inches.
ThebeginningoftheWarof1812foundherwithCommodoreJohnRodgers'ssquadronatNewYork.SailingunderMasterCommandantJamesLawrence,onJuly
9HornetseizedtheBritishprivateerDolphin,whichwasunfortunatelyrecapturedwithherprizecrew.OnOctober30,HornetsailedforthePacificincompanywith
USSCONSTITUTION.Enroute,theyweretorendezvouswithUSSESSEXatSalvador,Brazil.ItwasatthistimethatConstitutionfoughthercelebratedduel
withHMSJavaandreturnedtoBoston.HornetblockadedBritishshippingatSalvadoruntilthearrivalofHMSMontagu(74guns).OnFebruary24,1813,off
Demerara,BritishGuiana,sheinterceptedtheHMBrigPeacock(18).Lawrence"ranhimcloseonboardonthestarboardquarter,andkeptupsuchaheavyand
welldirectedfire,thatinlessthan15minutesshesurrendered(beingliterallycuttopieces)."Inrecognitionofthisdecisiveaction,Lawrencewasgivencommandof
thefrigateUSSCHESAPEAKE.BlockadedatNewYorkuntil1815,underLieutenantJamesBiddleHornetsailedwithorderstoharassBritishcommerceinthe
IndianOcean.Unawarethatapeacehadbeensigned,HornetfoughtHMSPenguin(18)inasharpcontestonMarch23,1815,aboutfivemilesnortheastofTristan
daCunha.TheAmericans'superiorgunnerydestroyedPenguin,whichwaslaterscuttled,andkilledbetween10and25ofhercrew,includingCommanderJames
Dickinson.

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HornetarrivedatNewYorkonAugust23,togreatacclaim,despitethefactthatthewarhadbeenoverforeightmonths.ShesawfurtherserviceintheAtlanticand
MediterraneanbeforeassignmenttotheCaribbean,basedatKeyWestandPensacola.SheremainedwiththeWestIndiesSquadronuntilherlosswithallhandsin
SeptemberorOctober1829inagaleoffTampico,Mexico.
Aimone,"CruiseoftheU.S.SloopHornetin1815."Hardin,"Notes."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSHornet(CV8)
Hornetclassaircraftcarrier(1f/2m).L/B/D:809.5'83.1'(114'ew)21.5'(246.7m25.3m/34.7m6.6m).Tons:25,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,919.Arm.:
8185aircraft85",161.1",2420mm.Armor:4"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,120,000shp,4shafts120,000shp.Built:NewportNews
ShipbuildingandDryDockCo.,NewportNews,Va.1941.
CommissionedunderCaptainMarcA.MitscherlessthantwomonthsbeforetheJapaneseattackonPearlHarborbroughttheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII,USS
HornetspentfourmonthstrainingoutofNorfolkbeforesailingforSanFrancisco.TheresheembarkedsixteenArmyAirForceB25bombersandtheircrews,under
commandofLieutenantColonelJamesH.Doolittle.Steamingeast,shewasmetnearMidwaybyataskforcecenteredaroundUSSENTERPRISE.Atabout0900
onApril18,1942,600mileswestofJapan(and200mileswestoftheintendedlaunchposition),theTokyoRaidersflewofffortheirhistoricraidonTokyo,Nagoya,
andKobe.Hornet'sroleintheunprecedentedoperationwaskeptsecretforayear,andPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwouldonlysaythattheplaneshadtakenoff
from"ShangriLa,"thefictionalsettingofJamesHilton'sLostHorizon.
OnApril30,HornetandEnterpriseweresenttosupportUSSLEXINGTONandYORKTOWNattheBattleoftheCoralSea,whichwasoverbeforethey
arrived.TwodaysafterreturningtoPearlHarbor,theyweredeployedtomeettheJapanesecarrierfleetatMidway,where15ofhertorpedoplaneswerelaunched
andshotdownbyJapanesefightersherdivebombersfailedtofindtheenemyfleet.InpursuingtheroutedJapanese,whichhadlostthecarriersAKAGI,HIRYU,
KAGA,andSORYU,planesfromHornetsankthecruiserMikumaanddamagedMOGAMIalmostbeyondrecognition.
Twomonthslater,HornetsailedwithTaskForce17insupportofoperationsonGuadalcanalintheSolomonIslands,wherefrommidSeptembershewastheonly
U.S.carrierinservice.AttheBattleoftheSantaCruzIslands,onOctober26,HornetandEnterprisewerepittedagainstaJapaneseforcecomprisingthecarriers
SHOKAKU(heavilydamagedbyplanesfromHornet)andZUIHO.CombinedtorpedoandbombattacksbyJapaneseplanessoseverelydamagedHornetthat
CaptainMasonhadtoordertheburningshipabandoned.Despitemorethan10torpedoesinherhulland400roundsof5inchshellsfromU.S.destroyersUSS
MustinandAnderson,theabandonedhulkwasfinallysunkbyJapanesedestroyersonOctober27,1942,in838'S,16643'E.
Rose,ShipthatHeldtheLine.

Hougomont
Bark(4m).L/B/D:292.7'43.2'24'dph(89.2m13.2m7.3m).Tons:2,428grt.Hull:steel.Built:CharlesScott&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1897.
NamedfortheBelgianchateauoccupiedbytheBritishduringtheBattleofWaterlooin1815,HougomontwasbuiltforJ.Hardie&CompanyofGlasgow.She
carriedavarietyofcargoestoportsaroundtheworld,callingonherfirstvoyageatNewYork,SanFrancisco,Yokohama,Astoria,andFalmouth.OnFebruary26,
1903,sheranagroundinSolwayFirthinaheavystormrefloatedtwoweekslater,shewaseventuallyrepairedatGreenockandsailedforAustraliainOctober.In
1908,HougomontwasboundfromCoquimboforTocopillainballastbutwascarriedpasttheportbythefastrunningHumboldtCurrent.Fourhundredmileslater,
thecaptaintoreuphischarterandquitthecoastofChileforAustralia.In1914,HougomontranagroundonFireIsland,NewYork,butwithoutseriousdamage.
HardieretainedownershipofHougomontuntil1924,whenshewassoldtoGustafErikson,whohadpreviouslypurchasedHardie'sARCHIBALDRUSSELLand
KILLORAN.HougomontendedherdayswiththeFinnishgrainfleet,plyingyearlybetweenAustraliaandEuropeinthegrainraces.Herlastvoyagewastroubled
fromthestart.AftertakingamonthtogetoutoftheEnglishChannel,shewasabout530milessouthofCapeBordaonApril20,1932,whenshewasdismastedina
briefbutferocioussquallofhurricaneforce.AsAlexHurstdescribestheremarkablescene,
Beforeanythingcouldbedone,theforeuppertopgallantyard,withfourmenonit,buckledandbroke.Twoofthemensucceededinslidingdownthebackstaysthough,asthe
foremast,mainandpartofthemizzenallcamedownconcurrentlythemainsnappingoffsomesixfeetclearofthedeckonecanonlyrecordthattheywereincrediblylucky,
andthatisgrossunderstatement!Theothertwomen,overbalancedbythebrokenyard,wereflattenedagainsttherig

Page253
gingbytheforceofthewind,andthussavedmomentarilyfromfallingintothesea.Theytooescapedandgotdownallright,remarkableasitmayseem.

Decliningatowfromapassingsteamer,CaptainR.LindholmsailedHougomontunderjuryrigtoPortAdelaide,whereshewascondemnedandbrokenup.
Hurst,SquareRiggers.Lubbock,LastoftheWindjammers.

Houqua
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:142.3'29.1'16.7'(43.4m8.9m5.1m).Tons:583om.Hull:wood.Built:Brown&Bell,NewYork1844.
BuiltonaccountforA.A.Low&BrotherofNewYork,HouquawasnamedforCanton'spreeminentHongmerchant,whodiedin1843.AlthoughLowintendedto
selltheirshiptotheChineseforuseasawarship(herbulwarkswerepiercedforsixteenguns),sheprovedtoosmallfortheworkandremainedinLow'sChinatrade
herentirecareer.Builtattheoutsetoftheclipperera,HouquaelicitedwhatCarlCutlerhasdescribedas"thefirstofaseriesofsemipoeticaleffusionsthatwereto
greetthemorenoteworthyofthenewshipsforthenextdecade."TypicaloftheseeffusionswasthatwrittenbyJamesGordonBennettforhisNewYorkHerald:
OneoftheprettiestandmostrakishlookingpacketshipseverbuiltinthecivilizedworldisnowtobeseenatthefootofJone'sLaneontheEastRiver...
Weneversawavesselsoperfectinallherpartsasthisnewcelestialpacket.Sheisabout600tonsinsizeassharpasacutterassymmetricalasayachtasrakishinher
rigasapirateandasneatinherdeckandcabinarrangementsasalady'sboudoir.
HerfigureisabustofHouqua,andherbowsareassharpasthetoesofapairofChineseshoes.

HouquamadeconsistentlygoodtimesontheChinarun,startingwithherfirstvoyagefromNewYorktoMacao,85daysoutand90daysback,underCaptain
NathanielB.Palmer.HewassucceededincommandbyhisbrothersAlexanderPalmerandTheodoreD.Palmer,andhadfourothercaptainsbesides.Reriggedasa
barkin1857,sheremainedintheChinatrade,withoccasionaltradingpassagestoJapanandotherOrientalports.OnAugust15,1864,shesailedfromYokohama
underWilliamCartwright,hercaptainsince1855,andwasneverseenagain.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Imagenotavailable.
AnunknownChineseartistpaintedtheAmerican
clippershipHOUQUA,dismastedinahurricane.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,
Massachusetts.

USSHousatonic
Ossipeeclassscrewsloop(1f/2m).L/B/D:205'bp38'16.6'(62.5m11.6m5.1m).Tons:1,934disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:160.Arm.:1100pdr,2
30pdr,111",232pdr,224pdrhwz,112pdrhwz.Mach.:horizontaldirectactingengines,715ihp,1screw12kts.Des.:JohnLenthall.Built:GlobeIron
Works,Boston1862.
OneoffourOssipeeclassunarmoredscrewsloopslaiddownafterthestartoftheCivilWar,thebarkriggedHousatonicjoinedtheSouthAtlanticBlockading
SquadroninSeptember1861,stationedoffCharlestonHarbor.Thelargestshiponstationatthetime,herfirstengagementtookplaceonJanuary31,1863,whenshe
helpedfightoffanattackbytheironcladramsChicoraandPalmettoState,whichhadinflictedseriousdamageonUSSMerceditaandKeystoneState.Their
attackwasprovokedbytherecentcaptureoftheblockaderunnerPrincessRoyal,inwardboundwith"thewar'smostimportantsinglecargoofcontraband,"
includingtwomarineengines,ordnance,andammunition.
Thatsummer,theUnionshipsadoptedamoreaggressivepostureandbeganshellingFortMorganandothershoreinstallations.OnthenightofFebruary17,1864,
whileHousatonicwasmooredjustoffCharlestonHarbor,theofficerofthewatchsawwhathelaterdescribedas"aplankmovinginthewater."Heorderedthe
anchorslippedandtheenginereversed,buttwominuteslater,thespartorpedooftheConfederatesubmarineH.L.HUNLEYdetonatedonthestarboardhulljust
forwardof

Page254

Imagenotavailable.
TheironcladturretshipHUASCARisoneofonlyafewwarshipssurvivingfromthemid
19thcentury.Inadditiontoanincreasedpreferenceforsteamoversail,thiscritical
periodsawthefirstexperimentswiththeturreted,centerlinegunsthatwouldbecomea
mainstayof20thcenturycapitalshipdesign.CourtesyNormanBrouwer.

themizzenmast.Housatonicfilledrapidlyandsankwiththelossoffiveofhercrew.AlthoughH.L.Hunleywasthefirstsubmarinetosinkanothershipincombat,
sheandhercrewwerelostfollowingtheattack.TheremainsoftheHunleywerenotdiscovereduntil1995.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSHouston(CA30)
Northamptonclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:600.3'66.1'23'(183m20.1m7m).Tons:11,420disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:7351,200.Arm.:98"(33),8
5",3240mm,2720mm621"TT4aircraft.Armor:3"belt,1"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,107,000shp,4screws32.5kts.Built:NewportNews
ShipbuildingandDryDock,NewportNews,Va.1929.
In1941,USSHoustonwastheheaviestshipinAdmiralThomasC.Hart'ssmallAsiaticFleet,whichhadtransferredfromChinatothePhilippinesin1940.Ordered
southtotheDutchEastIndiesfollowingtheJapaneseinvasiononDecember8,theAmericanshipswereabsorbedintotheABDA(AmericanBritishDutch
Australian)StrikingForceunderDutchRearAdmiralKarelDoormaninHNMSDERUYTERandbasedatSurabaya,ontheislandofJava.Houstonhadher"X"
turretknockedoutinafailedoperationagainsttheJapanesefleetcomingdowntheMakasarStrait.AttheBattleoftheJavaSea,onFebruary27,Houstonand
HMASPERTHsurvivedthedestructionoftheABDAforceandretiredtoBataviaonDoorman'sorders.Thefollowingnight,enroutetotheSundaStrait,thetwo
heavycruisersdecidedtowreakwhatrevengetheycouldontheJapaneseforceslandingatthenorthwesterntipofJava.Afteranhourinthenarrowconfinesof
BantamBayunderwitheringfirefromJapaneseheavycruisersanddestroyers,bothAlliedcruisersweresunk.Houstonslippedbeneaththewavesatabout0036on
March1.TheNetherlandsEastIndiessurrenderedtotheJapaneseeightdayslater.
Winslow,GhostthatDiedinSundaStrait.

Huascar
Ironcladturretship(2m).L/B/D:200'lbp35.5'16'(37.8m10.2m3.4m).Tons:1,870disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:193.Arm.:2300pdr,110",240pdr,
112pdr.Armor:4.5"belt.Mach.:Maudslayreturnconnectingrodengine,300hp,1screw12kts.Des.:CowperColes.Built:LairdBros.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,
Eng.1865.
OrderedbythePeruvianNavyduringthewarwithSpain,HuascarwasnamedforthesonoftheIncanemperorHuaynaCapac.Thethirdoftheseagoingturretships
conceivedbyCaptainCowperColes,Huascar'sprimaryarmamentwashousedina22footdiameterturretmountedabafttheforemast.Shehada138degreearc
offireoneitherbeam.HuascarjoinedthePeruvianChileansquadronunderChile'sRearAdmiralManuelBlancoEncaladaandproceededtoCallaototakepartin
Peru'sfinal

Page255

revolutionagainstSpain,butarrivedafterhostilitieswithSpainwereover.
In1877,HuascarwasseizedbysupportersofNicolasdePirola,andundercommandofManuelM.Carrasco,sheraidedasfarasPisagua,Bolivia,beforebeing
engagedbyHMSShahandAmethystoffIlo,Peru,onMay29.PirolasurrenderedtheshiptoPeruvianauthoritiesthefollowingday.InApril1879,Peruentered
theWarofthePacificasBolivia'sallyagainstChile.UnderCommanderMiguelGrau,onMay21HuascarandtheironcladfrigateIndependenciaattemptedtoraise
theChileanblockadeofIquiquebythegunboatCovadongaandthetwentyyearoldscrewcorvetteEsmeralda,whichHuascarsankbyramming.OnOctober8,
HuascarencounteredtheChileanshipsCochraneandBlancoEncaladaoffAgamosPointnearAntofagasta.Inthehourandahalfbattle,whichpittedColes's
turretironcladagainstEdwardJ.Reed'sbroadsidebatteryships,Huascarwashitwithanestimated70roundsthatknockedouthersteering,penetratedherturret,
andkilled64ofher193crew,includingGrau.CapturedandcommissionedintheChileanNavy,Huascarwasputonblockadedutyfortheremainderofthewar.In
1901Huascarwasstrickenfromtheactivelist,butsheservedasasubmarinetenderfrom1917to1930.Shewasopenedtothepublicasamuseumshipat
Talcahuanoin1952.(SeveralyearsafterherengagementwithHuascar,BlancoEncaladawasthefirstshipsunkbyaselfpropelledtorpedo,duringtheChilean
revolution.)
Seeger,''TheTenCentWar."Wood,"IroncladTurretShipHuascar."

HMSHussar
Mermaidclassfrigate(3m).L/B/D:124'33.5'11'dph(37.8m10.2m3.4m).Tons:613bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:200.Arm.:249pdr,43pdr,12
swivels.Des.:SirThomasSlade.Built:Inwood,Rotherhithe,Eng.1763.
DuringtheAmericanRevolution,HMSHussarsailedasadispatchboatontheNorthAmericanstation.Bymid1779,theBritishpositioninNewYorkwas
precariousasaFrencharmyhadjoinedforceswithGeneralGeorgeWashington'stroopsnorthofthecity.WhenAdmiralSirGeorgeBrydgesRodneytookhis
twentyshipsofthelinesouthinNovember,itwasdecidedthatthearmy'spayrollbemovedtotheanchorageatGardiner'sBayoneasternLongIsland.Overhis
pilot'sbetterjudgment,onNovember24Hussar'sCaptainCharlesPoledecidedtosailfromtheEastRiverthroughthetreacherouswatersofHellGatebetween
ManhattanIslandandLongIsland.
JustbeforereachingLongIslandSound,HussarwassweptontoPotRockandbegansinking.Polewasunabletorunheragroundandshesankin16fathomsof
water.TheBritishimmediatelydeniedtherewasanygoldaboardtheship,butdespitethedifficultyofdivinginthewatersofHellGate,reportsof$2to$4millionin
goldwerethecatalystthatpromptedmanysalvageeffortsoverthenext150years.ThiscontinuedevenaftertheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers"blewtheworst
featuresofHellGatestraightbacktohell"with56,000poundsofdynamitein1876.Hussar'sremains,ifanysurvive,arenowbelievedtoliebeneathlandfillinthe
Bronx.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Rattray,PerilsofthePortofNewYork.

Page256

I
I26
JunsenTypeBsubmarine.L/B/D:350'30.5'16'(106.7m9.3m4.9m).Tons:2,584/3,654disp.Hull:steel333'dd.Comp.:105.Arm.:621"TT1
5.5".Mach.:diesel/electric,12,400/2,000hp23.5/8kts.Built:MitsubishiZosenKaisha,Kobe,Japan1941.
CompletedtheyearJapanenteredWorldWarII,I26wasoneofthelargestandthemostsuccessfulJapanesesubmarines.Intendedfortranspacificoperations,the
JunsenTypeBboatscarriedafloatplanelaunchedfromtheforedeck.DeployedaspartoftheSubmarineReconnaissanceUnitnorthofHawaiiduringtheattackon
PearlHarbor,onDecember8,1941,I26torpedoedthe2,140tonlumberfreighterCynthiaOlsen.ShelatertookupstationoffCapeFlattery,Washington,oneof
ninesubmarinesdeployedasfarsouthasSanDiego.DuringasecondmissionoffBritishColumbiainthesummerof1942,shesankafreighterandbombedaradio
stationonVancouverIsland,butoverallthesecoastwiseoperationsachievednegligibleresults.
DuringtheAmericanlandingsonGuadalcanal,onAugust31,1942,I26torpedoedUSSSARATOGA.(ThecarrierhadbeenundergoingrepairssinceJanuaryafter
anattackbyI6.)AsthestrugglefortheSolomonIslandscontinued,onNovember13,I26sankthelightcruiserUSSJUNEAUin1034'S,16104'Ewithallbut
tenofhercrew,includingthefiveSullivanbrothers.
AspartofacampaignbybothGermanyandJapantoundermineBritainbyfomentingunrestinIndia,inthefallof1943,I26landedadozenIndianrevolutionarieson
thecoastofPakistan.Returningfromthisotherwiseineffectualassignment,shesanktwocargoshipsanddamagedathird.Hernextbattleassignmentcamefollowing
theBattleofthePhilippineSea,whenI26wasdeployedwiththeFirstSubmarineGroupaspartofShoGo1,Japan'scampaignforthedefenseofthePhilippines.
Ratherthanformpicketlines,unitsoftheFirstSubmarineGrouppatrolledanassignedsectoreastofMindanao.AstheBattleofLeyteGulfunfolded,I26shiftedtoa
positioneastofLeyte,andduringtheBattleoffSamaronOctober25,1944,shewassunkbythedestroyerescortRichardM.Rowell(DE403).
Boyd&Yoshida,JapaneseSubmarineForceandWorldWarII.

I124
I121classminelayingsubmarine.L/B/D:279'24.5'14.5'(85m7.5m4.4m).Tons:1,383/1,768disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:80.Arm.:421"TT15.5"
42mines.Mach.:dieselelectric.2,400/1,200hp,14/9.5kts.Built:KureShipyard,Kure,Japan1928.
OneoffourI121classminelayingsubmarinesbuiltbytheJapaneseinthe1920s,I124hasbeenimplicatedinoneofthegreatunsolvedmysteriesofWorldWarII.
InNovember1941,threeweeksbeforeJapanenteredthewar,theAustraliancruiserHMASSYDNEYwassunkinanengagementwiththeGermanraider
KormoranoffthewestcoastofAustralia.BecausethebattletestedSydneywassunkvirtuallywithoutatrace,ithaslongbeenassumedthatshewassunkbyeithera
GermanorJapanesesubmarinethatwasrefuelingorrearmingfromtheKormoran.SinceJapanwasnotyetatwarwithBritainorAustralia,noacknowledgmentof
suchanattackcouldhavebeenmade.Unfortunately,noconclusiveevidencehassurfacedsincethewar.
ByJanuary1942,theJapanesewerepushingtheirsouthernflanktoAustralianwaters.OnJanuary20,theI124attackedthefleetoilerUSSTrinitynearDarwin,the
mostimportantportonthenorthcoastofAustralia.ThethreetorpedoesmissedtheirtargetacounterattackbytheescortdestroyerUSSAldenwasalso
unsuccessful.Laterthesameday,thecorvetteHMASDelorainewasdispatchedtothescene.Nearlytorpedoedherselfat1335,Delorainelocatedanddepth
chargedtheI124,whichsurfacedonceabout90minuteslaterbeforesinking.All80ofhercrewdied,includinghercommandingofficer,LieutenantCommander
KouichiKishigami,andhisdivisioncommander,CaptainKeiyuuEndo.Overthenextfewweeks,anumberofeffortsweremadetofindthe

Page257

wreck,butworkwassuspendedfollowingtheJapanesecarrierattackonDarwinonFebruary19.
TheRoyalAustralianNavy'sfirstsubmarinekilllayundisturbeduntil1972,whenthefirstofseveralgroupsofdiverslocatedtheship.I124waseventuallygivensome
protectionfromtreasureseekersbyherdesignationasawargrave.
Lewis,Sensuikan"I124."

IledeFrance
(laterFuransuMaru)Liner(3f/2m).L/B/D:792.9'91.8'(241.7m28m).Tons:43,153grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st537,2nd603,3rd646800crew.Mach.:
steam,quadruplescrew23kts.Built:Chantiers&AteliersdeSt.Nazaire(Penhot),St.Nazaire,France1927.
IledeFrancewasthefirstshiptoemployonagrandscaletheartdeco"oceanliner"stylethatcharacterizedtheinteriorsofthegreattransatlanticpassengershipsof
themidtwentiethcentury.Herspaciouspublicroomsincludedathreedeckhighrestaurant,afourdeckhighgrandfoyer,andaGothicchapeladornedwithfourteen
pillarsforthebenefitofherProhibitionwearyAmericanpassengers,shesportedabarthoughttobethelongestinanypassengership.LaunchedbytheCompagnie
GnraleTransatlantique(FrenchLine)asapassengermaillinerin1926,IledeFranceenteredservicethefollowingyearbetweenLeHavreandNewYork.Two
yearsafterherlaunch,aseaplanecatapultwasfittedsothatmailcouldbeflownashorebeforetheshipreachedport,butthisinnovationwasdroppedin1930.In
1932heraccommodationswerealteredandfirstclasswasenlargedto670passengers,secondclasswaschangedtocaterto408touristclasspassengers,andthird
classwasreducedto508passengers.In1940,IledeFrancewassentfromMarseillestoSaigonwithwarmaterielbutwasdivertedtoSingapore.Seizedbythe
RoyalNavy,shewasconvertedtoatroopshipandsailedundertheflagsofGreatBritainandFreeFrance.RevertingtoFrenchownershipafterthewar,sheemerged
fromarefitwithonlyonefunnelandreenteredregularcommercialservicebetweenFranceandNewYorkin1949.In1956,IledeFrancerescued750survivors
fromtheItalianpassengerlinerANDREADORIAafterthatshipwasrammedbytheSTOCKHOLMoffNantucketIslandonJuly26.ThefollowingyearIlede
FrancewassoldtoJapaneseshipbreakersandrenamedFuransu("France")Maru.Herpassagetothebreakerswasinterruptedsothatshecouldplaytheroleof
theoceanlinerClaridoninthefilmTheLastVoyage(1959),forwhichshewasintentionallysunk.Laterraised,shewasbrokenupatOsaka.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

Imagenotavailable.
FlagshipoftheFrenchLinefrom1926untilthecommissioningoftheultrachicsuperliner
NORMANDIEin1935,ILEDEFRANCEepitomizedtherakisheleganceofthetransatlantic
linersbetweenthewars.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

Page258

HMSIllustrious
Illustriousclassaircraftcarrier(1f/2m).L/B/D:753.5'95.8'28'(229.8m29.2m8.5m).Tons:23,200disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,392.Arm.:36aircraft16
4.5",482pdr.Armor:4.5"belt,3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,110,000shp,3screws31kts.Built:VickersArmstrong,Ltd.,BarrowinFurness,Eng.
1940.
ThefourthRoyalNavyshipofthename,HMSIllustriouswasthefirstofafourshipclassofaircraftcarrierscommissionedin1940and1941hersistershipswere
HMSFormidable,Indomitable,andVICTORIOUS.TheBritishhadaveryconservativeapproachtotheusesofcarrieraviation,andtheshipswereheavily
armoredandcarriedrelativelyfewaircraft.(TheirsmallercontemporariesUSSWASPandHORNEThadacapacityfor86aircraft.)Nonetheless,toIllustrious
belongsthedistinctionofbeingthefirstshiptolaunchamajorcarrierstrikeagainstanenemyfleet.
WhenItalydeclaredwaronGreatBritaininJune1940,tendaysbeforethefallofFrance,theimmediateproblemforAdmiralA.B.Cunninghamwastoprotectthe
vitalsealanesbetweenGibraltarandMalta,andfromMaltatoAlexandria,Egypt.Inthe1930s,AdmiralSirDudleyPoundhadbegunentertainingaplanfora
preemptiveaerialattackonthenavybaseatTaranto,atthetopoftheheeloftheItalianboot.OneofthemostvigorousproponentsofthisplanwasRearAdmiralA.
L.St.G.Lyster,whojoinedCunninghamintheMediterraneanwhenIllustriousarrivedinAugust1940.Inplanninghisattack,hehadathisdisposaltwocarriers,the
otherbeingHMSEagle,witheighteenaircraft.TheoperationwasplannedoriginallyforOctober21(TrafalgarDay),butithadtobepostponedafterafireaboard
Illustriousdestroyedtwoaircraftanddamagedfiveothers.Eaglewassubsequentlyfoundunfitforservice,andfiveofherSwordfishweretransferredtothe
Illustrious,whichnowhadatotalcomplementoftwentyfourSwordfishtorpedospotterreconnaissanceaircrafttocarryoutthemission.
Tomaskhisintentions,Cunninghaminitiatedaweeklongseriesoffleetoperationsinsupportoffourconvoys.OnNovember6,IllustriousdepartedAlexandriawitha
convoyescortforceboundforMalta.AlthoughthreeSwordfishcrashedonNovember10and11,at1945ontheeveningofthe11th,thecarrierlaunchedherfirst
twelveplanestrike170milessoutheastofTaranto.TheBritishdidnotachieveanythinglikecompletesurprise,butdespiteaheavybarrageofantiaircraftfire,three
torpedoeshithome,oneonthebattleshipCONTEDICAVOURandtwoonthenewlycommissionedLITTORIO,andonlyoneaircraftwaslost(bothhercrew
survived).Thestartofthesecondstrikewasmarredbyanondeckcollisionbetweentwoaircraft,onlyoneofwhichflewintheattack.Thisstrikemanagedtoscorea
thirdhitontheLittorioandoneonthebattleshipCaioGiulio,alsoforthelossofonlyoneaircraft.
Consideringthemeagerforceallocatedtotheoperation,theraidonTarantowasimpressive.HalfoftheItalianNavy'sbattleshipswereseverelydamagedConte
diCavourneverreturnedtoserviceandLittorioandCaioGiuliowereoutofservicefornearlyhalfayearandtheremainderoftheshipsatTarantowere
transferredtomoreremotebasesonthewestcoastofItaly.TheraidonTarantosignaledthecomingofageofcarrieraviation,anditwascarefullystudiedbythe
JapaneseinplanningtheirattackontheU.S.NavybaseatPearlHarbor,Hawaii.
Illustriousherselfwasvulnerabletoaerialattack.OnJanuary10,1941,shewasbadlydamagedbylandbasedGermandivebomberswhileescortingaconvoyeast
ofSicily.PuttinginatMalta,shewashitasecondtimebeforeshesailedtotheNorfolkNavyYardinVirginiaforrepairs.
Uponherreturntoservicein1942,IllustriouswasdispatchedtotheIndianOcean,andinMaysheandIndomitablecoveredtrooplandingsatDiegoSuarez,
Madagascar,fromwhichVichyFrenchforcescouldthreatenconvoysroundingSouthAfrica.In1943,shereturnedtotheMediterraneanforoperationswithForce
H,basedatGibraltar,andhelpedcovertheAlliedlandingsinSicily.ThefollowingyearshejoinedAdmiralSirJamesSomerville'sEasternFleetandparticipatedin
raidsontheJapaneseheldIndonesianislandsofPalembangandSabang.Threemonthslater,theBritishPacificFleetincludingcarriersFormidableand
VictoriousoperatedinsupportofthelandingsonOkinawa.
FollowingWorldWarII,Illustriouswasusedasatrainingcarrier.Refittedin1948,shewasdecommissionedin1954andbrokenuptwoyearslateratFaslane.
Schofield,Taranto.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

HMSImplacable
(exDuguayTrouin,laterHMSLion)3rdrate(3m).L/B/D:181.5'48.9'22'(55.3m14.9m6.7m).Tons:1,896bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:670.Arm.:30
32pdr,1232pdrcarr,3018pdr,212pdr.Built:Rochefort,France1801.
NamedforoneofthegreatestFrenchadmirals,RenDuguayTrouin(16731736)whoasaprivateerin1711capturedandransomedthecityofRiode
Janeirothe74gunshipDuguayTrouinwaslaunchedjustaftertheestablishmentofNapoleonBonaparte'sconsulatein

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France.In1801,shehelpedconvoyGeneralC.V.E.Leclerc'sarmytoSantoDomingoforthesuppressionoftheslaverebellionledbyToussaintL'Ouverture.While
intheCaribbeanshebecameflagshipofViceAdmiralLouisRenLevassordeLatoucheTrville.OnApril15,1803,DuguayTrouingroundedofftheportof
Jrmie,andshecouldonlyberefloatedafterCaptainPierrel'Hermitjettisonedtwentyofherheaviestguns,eachweighingmorethanthreetons.
IllnessinthefleetforcedthereturnofthreeshipstoFrance,andonJuly24,1803,DuguayTrouin,Guerrire(CaptainLouisAlexisBeaudouin),andDuquesne
(CommodoreQuerangal)attemptedtoruntheBritishblockade,thoughthelatterwascaptured.OnAugust29,DuguayTrouinwasengagedbytheRoyalNavy
frigateBoadiceaoffElFerrol,Spain.Inanefforttodeterminehowwellmannedshewas,CaptainMaitlandengagedthelargershipuntilhewassatisfiedthatthe
Frenchcouldfighttheirlowerdeckguns.DuguayTrouinwasthenengagedbySirEdwardPellew'ssquadron,whichchasedhersocloselythatPellew'sHMS
CullodencameunderfirefromshorebatteriesatLaCorua.
DuguayTrouineventuallypassedundercommandofClaudeTouffet,butremainedatLaCoruauntilAugust11,1805,whenshesailedwiththeComtede
Villeneuve'sfleetforCadiz.AlthoughorderedtoNaplesbyNapoleon,VilleneuvefearedanengagementwiththeBritishfleet,firstunderViceAdmiralSirCuthbert
CollingwoodandthenunderViceAdmiralLordNelsoninVICTORY.WhenhelearnedthatNapoleonwasrelievinghimofhiscommand,hetookhiseighteen
FrenchandfifteenSpanishshipsofthelineoutofCadiz,andonOctober21turnedtofightNelson.Astheshipssailedintobattle,DuguayTrouinwasoneoftheten
shipsinthevanunderRearAdmiralPierreDumanoirLePelleyinFormidable.Exceptforafewshipswhosecaptainsfoughtastheyshouldindefianceofhisorders,
Dumanoirkepthissquadronoutofbattleuntil1500threehoursafterbattlewasjoined.Formidable,DuguayTrouin,MontBlanc,Scipion,andtheSpanish
NeptunosailedtotheassistanceofVilleneuve'sBUCENTAURE.Buttoolatetoaidthebeleagueredflagship,Dumanoirquitthebattlewithfourofhisships,
NeptunohavingbeencapturedbyHMSMinotaurandSpartiate.
TwoweekslaterDumanoirwascruisingintheBayofBiscaywhentheysightedtheBritishfrigatePhoenix.ThechasebroughtthemrightintothefleetofSirRichard
StrachanonNovember4,andthefourFrenchshipswereoverwhelmedbyStrachan'ssuperiorforce.AboardDuguayTrouin,Touffetandallhislieutenantswere
killedorinjuredandtheshipwassurrenderedbyEnsigndeVaisseauRigodet.
TakenintotheRoyalNavy,the74gunshipwasrenamedHMSImplacable.In1808,shesailedunderCaptainThomasByamMartinaspartofSirJames
Saumarez'sBalticexpedition.DetachedtotheSwedishfleet,onAugust26ImplacableandRearAdmiralSamuelHood'sCentaurengaged,captured,andblewup
theRussianVsevolod(74)practicallywithinrangeofthewholeRussianfleet.LaidupfollowingtheNapoleonicWars,Implacable'snextactionwaswiththe
Mediterraneanfleet,whenshesailedaspartofacombinedBritish,Austrian,andTurkishforceinanactionoffthecoastofSyriatopreventanEgyptianadvanceinto
Turkey.
FromJuly1855sheservedasaRoyalNavytrainingshipatDevonport,andin1871shewasrenamedLion.In1912,theNavyloanedhertoMr.J.WheatleyCobb
foruseasatrainingship,andhernamerevertedtoImplacable.Amajoroverhaulwasundertakenin1925andsheremainedaprivatetrainingshipuntilWorldWar
II.DrydockedatPortsmouthin1943,shewascommissionedasatrainingshipandrenamedFoudroyantshewaspaidoffforthelasttimein1947.Asurveyofthe
shipshowedthatdeteriorationofthehullduringthewarwassoextensiveastomakeherrestorationprohibitivelyexpensivemorethan200,000in1948.Asa
result,onDecember2,1949,shewastowedintotheEnglishChannelandscuttled.Thelossoftheshipgalvanizedasmallfraternityofpreservationists,chiefamong
themFrankCarr,directoroftheNationalMaritimeMuseuminGreenwich,whoestablishedtheWorldShipTrust.Today,Implacablelivesoninthemissionofthe
Trust:"toadvancetheeducationofthepublicbythepreservationanddisplayofhistoricshipsandassociatedartifacts."
Mackenzie,TheTrafalgarRoll.Schom,Trafalgar.Wyllie,"H.M.S.Implacable."

HMSIndefatigable
Indefatigableclassbattlecruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:590'80'27'(179.8m24.4m8.2m).Tons:22,080disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:8001,021.Arm.:812"(4
2),144",43pdr218"TT.Armor:6"belt,2.5"deck.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,33,000ihp,4screws25kts.Des.:W.T.Davis.Built:Devonport
Dockyard,Plymouth,Eng.1911.
Thefirstofathreeshipclass,HMSIndefatigablewasonlyaslightimprovementoverthefirstbattlecruiserclassnamedforHMSINVINCIBLE.Asintheearlier
ships,shehadfourturrets,oneforward,oneaft,andtwodisplaceddiagonallyoneithersideoftheship.AfterdutywiththeHomeFleet,in1913shewastransferred
totheMediterraneanFleet.InAugust1914shetookpartinthehuntfor

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SMSGOEBENandBRESLAU,andwaslaterstationedontheDardanellesblockade.RecalledtohomewatersinFebruary1915,shejoinedViceAdmiralSir
WilliamC.Pakenham'sSecondBattleCruiserSquadron.AttheBattleofJutlandonMay31,1916,duringthe"runtothesouth,"thefirstengagementbetweenthe
BritishandGermanbattlecruisers,Indefatigablewasintherear,oppositeSMSVONDERTANN.After27minutes,ahitontheforeturretpenetratedthemagazine
spacesandblewtheshipinhalf,andshesankat1605withthelossof1,017crewtherewerefoursurvivors.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.

USSIndependence
Shipoftheline(3m).L/B/D:190.8'bp54.6'24.3'(58.2m16.6m7.4m).Tons:2,257bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:790.Arm.:9032pdr.Built:EdmundHartt
andJ.Barker,Boston,Mass.1814.
By1814,thecourseofnavaloperationsintheWarof1812madeitapparentthatafleetcomprisedofnothinglargerthan44gunfrigates,nomatterhowwellfought,
wasnomatchforthelargestunitsofthealltooeffectiveBritishblockade.Torectifythis,theU.S.Navyorderedthree74gunshipsoftheline:USSIndependence,
Franklin,andWashington.LaunchedinJune1814,IndependencewasquicklyarmedandstationedoffBostonHarbor.Thewarwassoonover,andinJune1815
shesailedasflagshipofasquadronunderCommodoreWilliamBainbridgetotheMediterranean,whereshearrivedafteranewpeacehadbeenconcludedwiththe
Barbarycorsairs.Independencereturnedstatesidethesameyearandremainedinserviceuntil1822.
Poorlydesignedasathreedecker,Independencehadonlythreeandahalffeetoffreeboardatherlowergundeck,whichmadeitallbutimpossibletousethose
gunsinbattle.SheremainedinordinaryatBostonuntil183536whenshewasrazeedthatis,herspardeckwasremovedandshewasrecommissionedasa
54gunfrigate."Thus,"inthewordsofHowardChapelle,"ashipconsideredafailureanduselessforalmosttwentytwoyearsbecameoneofthebestshipsinthe
Navy."
Imagenotavailable.
Sailmaker'splanfortheAmerican74gunshipoftheline
USSINDEPENDENCEpriortotheremovalofherspar
deckin1836,whenshewasreconfiguredasa54gunfrigate.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Herfirstassignmentafterrecommissioningin1837wastoconveytoKronstadttheU.S.ministertoRussiaGeorgeDallas,enroutetohisnewpostatSt.Petersburg.
IndependencethensailedfromtheBaltictoRiodeJaneirowheresheservedasflagshipoftheNavy'sBrazilSquadron,responsibleforsafeguardingU.S.interests
alongtheeastcoastofSouthAmerica.TwoyearslatershebecameflagshipofCommodoreCharlesStewart'sHomeSquadron.Followingtheoutbreakofthe
MexicanWarin1846,shesailedforMonterey,California,andCommodoreWilliamB.ShubrickbrokehisflagaboardIndependenceinJanuary1847.ThePacific
Squadron,whichalsocomprisedthefrigateCongress(44)andthreesloops,seizedtheportsofGuaymas(October20)andMazatln(November11).Enroute
homein1848,IndependencecalledatHonolulu.AmildoutbreakofmeaslesamonghercrewquicklyspreadtotheHawaiianpeoplewithdevastatingeffect:the
ensuingepidemicisbelievedtohavekilled10percentofthenativepopulation.
IndependencespentthreeyearsasflagshipoftheMediterraneanSquadron,returningtoNewYorkin1852andplacedinordinary.Twoyearslatershesailedfor
ValparaisototakeupassignmentasflagshipofthePacificSquadronforasecondtime,herdutiestakinghernorthtoSanFranciscoandeasttoHawaii.OnOctober
2,1857,sheenteredtheMareIslandNavyYardatSanFranciscoandbecameareceivingship.Soldin1914,herhardwoodwassalvagedandtheremainderburned
torecoverhermetalfittings.
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.Johnson,ThenceRoundCapeHorn.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Indiana
Screwsteamship(1f/1m).L/B/D:146.5'23'10.8'(44.7m7m3.3m).Tons:349grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:18crew.Mach.:verticalsteamengine.Built:
JosephM.Keating,Vermilion,Ohio1848.
BuiltforaconsortiumofOhioansandaNewYorkerasacargopassengerboat,andhomeportedatSandusky,Ohio,IndianaworkedprimarilyonLakeEriewith
occa

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sionaltripstoLakesMichiganandHuron.In1852,shewassoldtoBuffalointerestsandcharteredfirsttotheUnionSteamboatCompanyandthentheClipperLine.
SoldtoFrancisPerewofClevelandin1854,Indianawasprobablycutdowntoonedeckandgivenasecondmast.OnJune16,1858,shewasboundfrom
Marquette,Michigan,toSaultSainteMarie,whenthepropeller'sstuffingboxbroke,causinganirreparableleak.Theship'screwandthreepassengersabandonedthe
ship,andIndianasankwithher280tonsofironorein120feetofwaterabout3.6miles(5.8km)offCrispPoint,Michigan.
ThewrecksitewaslocatedbyJohnR.Steelein1972,andtheSmithsonianInstitutionsoonbecameinterestedinrecoveringIndiana'sremarkablywellpreserved
machineryfortheNationalMuseumofAmericanHistoryinWashington,D.C.Since1979,divershaverecoveredthecomplete18foothighverticalsteamengine,the
15foot7inchboiler,the9foot7inchfourbladedpropeller,thesteeringquadrantandrelatedmachinery,aswellastheship'ssafe,amongotheritems.
Johnston,"Downbound."

USSIndiana(BB1)
Indianaclasspredreadnoughtbattleship(2f/1m).L/B/D:350.1'69.3'27'(106.7m21.1m8.2m).Tons:11,688disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:650.Arm.:4
13"(22),88"46",206pdr,61pdr.Armor:18"belt,3"deck.Mach.:VTEengines,9,000ihp,2screws15.5kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShip
andEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1895.
Authorizedin1890,USSIndianawasthenameshipoftheU.S.Navy'sfirstclassofbattleshipstheotherswereUSSMassachusettsandOREGON.Classifiedas
coastaldefensebattleships,theyhadmorepowerfulgunsandthickerarmorthantheircontemporariesand,inthewordsofaBritishnavalarchitect,theywere
"distinctlysuperiortoanyEuropeanvesselsofthesamedisplacement,and...quiteamatchforanyshipsafloat."In1898,IndianawasoneoftenshipsinAdmiral
WilliamT.Sampson'ssquadronsenttointerceptaSpanishfleetoffourantiquatedcruisersandlighterunitsenroutetoCuba.AftershellingSanJuan,PuertoRico,on
May12,shewithdrewtoKeyWestbeforeproceedingtoSantiago,Cuba.WhenAdmiralPascualCerverayTopeteattemptedhisdesperatebreakoutonJuly3,
Indiana,Gloucester(exCORSAIR),andIowashatteredthedestroyersPlutonandFuror.
From1905to1914,Indianaworkedasatrainingship.Decommissionedfrom1914to1917,sheresumedtrainingdutyfollowingtheU.S.entryintoWorldWarI.In
1920,shewassunkasatargetshipduringtestsofaerialbombs.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSIndianapolis(CA35)
Portlandclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:610.3'66.1'17.4'(186m20.1m5.3m).Tons:12,775disp.Comp.:5511,269.Hull:steel.Arm.:98"(33),8
5"(42),2440mm,1620mm4aircraft.Armor:3"belt,2.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,107,000hp,4screws32.5kts.Built:NewYorkShipbuilding
Corp.,Camden,N.J.1932.
Thesecondshipofthename,USSIndianapolis'speacetimeyearsweredistinguishedbyherfrequentpassageswithPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltaboard.The
mostextensiveofthesewasa"GoodNeighbor"cruisetoSouthAmerica(November18December15,1936)underCaptainH.K.Hewitt.ThelogforTuesday,
November24,relatestheceremonyforcrossingtheequator:
MadeallnecessarypreparationstoreceivehisRoyalMajestyNeptunusRex,RuleroftheRagingMainandKinofallcreaturesinandoftheDeepsoftheSevenSeas,withhonors
fittingandproper...TheRoyalPartytooktheirpostsonthequarterdeckandproceededtoholdcourt,commencingwiththetrialofthemost"ratey"Pollywog,thePresidentof
theUnitedStates.Thesentencesandpunishmentswereadministeredandexecutedwithoutfalteringuntilthelastvictimhadpaidhispenaltyat1515.

TheoutbreakofWorldWarIIfoundIndianapolisinthePacific.ShewasassignedtoTaskForce11andtookpartinoperationsinthewatersaroundNewBritain
andNewGuineainearly1942.ShesawactionintheAleutianIslandsfromAugust1942tothespringof1943.LaterintheyearsheflewViceAdmiralRaymond
Spruance'sflagintheGilbertIslands(November1943),theMarshalls(January1944),Carolines(MarchandApril),andMarianaIslands(throughSeptember).Later
detailedtoViceAdmiralMarcA.Mitscher'sfastcarrierattackforceinoperationsagainsttheJapaneseHomeIslands(March31)offOkinawa,Indianapoliswashit
byakamikaze'sbombthatexplodedafterpassingthroughthebottomofthehull.ShereturnedtoSanFranciscounderherownpower.Withrepairscomplete,she
wasorderedtocarrytoTinianIslandtheoperativepartsoftheatombombdestinedforHiroshima.UnderCaptainCharlesB.McVayIII,shesailedfromFarallon
LighttoDiamondHeadinarecord741/2hours.AfterstoppingbrieflyforfuelandstoresatPearlHarbor,shereachedTinianonJuly26.Hertopsecretcargo
discharged,shedepartedforGuamandLeyte.Shortlybeforemidnightontheseconddayout,

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Imagenotavailable.
AnaerialviewofthehandsomecruiserUSS
INDIANAPOLISarrivingatBuenosAiresduring
PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt'sgoodwillcruiseto
SouthAmerica,November30,1936.Courtesy
U.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

shewasspottedbytheJapanesesubmarineI58,underCommanderMachitsuraHashimoto.Hashimotofiredsixtorpedoesat0015onJuly30.(Somereports
suggestthatmannedmidgetsubmarinescalledkaitenswereused.)Oneblewoffthebowandtheotherhitjustbelowthebridge.Indianapolissankinaboutten
minutesin1202'N,13448'E,takinganestimated400ofhercrewwithhertheyweretheluckyones.Aseriesofradiotransmissionerrorsresultedintherebeingno
overduemessageposted,andinthecourseofthenextfewdays,500ofthecrewdied,manyofthemeatenbysharks.Finally,onAugust2,apatrolplanehappened
tonoticegroupsofsurvivorsdriftinginthesea.Overthenextsixdays,316menwererescued.
Asifthe"routinestupidityandunnecessarysuffering,"asSamuelEliotMorisondescribedit,oftheNavy'ssecondgreatestlossoflifefromasingleshipwerenot
enough(onlyUSSARIZONAhadmorecasualties),theNavyproceededtocourtmartialCaptainMcVayforfailingtoorderazigzagcourse(afacthefreely
acknowledged)andfornotabandoningshipsooner.Incredibly,amongtheprosecution'sstarwitnesseswasnoneotherthanI58'sCommanderHashimoto.McVay
wasfoundguiltyofthefirstchargeandacquittedofthesecond.
Lech,AlltheDrownedSailors.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSInflexible
Brigriggedturretship(2f/2m).L/B/D:320'75'26.5(97.5m22.9m8.1m).Tons:11,880disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:440.Arm.:416"(2x2),620pdr.
Armor:citadel1624",bulkheads1422".Mach.:invertedcompoundengine,8,400ihp,2screws14.75kts.Des.:SirNathanielBarnaby.Built:Portsmouth
Dockyard,Eng.1881.
ThemostprogressiveBritishbattleshiptofollowHMSWARRIOR,HMSInflexibleincorporatedanumberofinnovativedesignelements,manyofwhichbecame
standardfeaturesoflaterwarshiparchitecture.Shewasthefirstshiptouseanunderwaterarmordeckinplaceofverticalarmoralongthewaterline,andthe24inch
armorusedinthe110footlongcentralboxcitadelwasthethickesteverusedinaBritishwarship.Inflexible's16inchgunscarriedintwoturretsmounteden
echelonwerealsothelargestfittedtothattime.Thesemuzzleloadingriflescouldonlybeloadedfromoutsidetheturrets,arelativelyawkwardmaneuverachieved
bydepressingthemuzzlesintoabuiltupportionofthearmoreddeckdirectlyabovethemagazines.Inflexiblewasthefirstshipfittedwithelectriclight.However,
becauseofthelabyrinthinedivisionofthehullspacesthatensuredthestabilityandsurvivabilityoftheship,herfirstcaptain,JohnArbuthnotFisher,devotedseveral
monthstocolorcodingthepassagewaysandusingotherdevicestoenablethecrewtomaneuverefficientlybelowdecks,indarknessifneedbe.Nonetheless,itwas
notuntilthecrewhadperfecteditssailhandlingtheauxiliaryrigwasneverintendedforuseinbattlethatInflexiblewasrated"thebestshipintheFleet."The
sailswerereplacedbyfightingtopsin1885.
Sevenandahalfyearsunderconstruction,uponhercommissioning,Inflexiblewasthemostpowerfulwarshipintheworld.JoiningtheMediterraneanFleetin1881,
shewaspartoftheBritishforcesenttoAlexandriaduringtheabortiveuprisingbytheEgyptianGeneralAhmedArabi(ArabiPasha)againsttheproEuropean
KhediveofEgypt.DuringthebombardmentofJuly12,Inflexiblelostfivemenkilledandfortyfourwoundedfromenemyfire.(UnderFisher,hershorepartieslater
improvisedthefirstarmoredtrainforpatrollingtheoutskirtsofthecity.)SheremainedintheMediterraneanuntil1885andemergedfromarefittobeplacedin
reserve.ShewasagainincommissionintheMediterraneanfrom1890to1893andthereafterservedasaguardshipatPortsmouth.Shewasbrokenupin1903.
Massie,"Dreadnought."Parkes,BritishBattleships.

Page263

HMSInflexible
Invincibleclassbattlecruiser(2m/3f).L/B/D:567'78.5'26.8'(172.8m23.9m8.1m).Tons:17,250disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:784.Arm.:812"(42)16
4"13"518"TT.Armor:belt6",deck2.5''.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,41,000hp,4screws25kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Clydebank,Scotland1908.
Oneofthefirstthreebattlecruisersbuilt,HMSInflexibleservedintheHomeFleetandChannelSquadronbeforebecomingflagshipoftheMediterraneanFleetin
1912.InAugust1914,sheshadowedSMSGOEBENandBRESLAUpriortotheirescapetoConstantinople.Recalledtohomewaters,inNovembersheandHMS
INVINCIBLEwereorderedtotheSouthAtlanticafterthedefeatoftheBritishsquadronattheBattleofCoronel.TheshipsarrivedattheFalklandIslandson
December7,andthenextmorningViceAdmiralMaximilianGrafvonSpee'sEastAsiaticCruiserSquadronwasspotted.Withtheirlongerrange,theBritishwere
abletosinkSMSSCHARNHORSTandGNEISENAUwithoutdamagetothemselves.AfterservingasViceAdmiralSirSackvilleCarden'sflagshipatthe
Dardanelles,whereshewasbombedandminedonMarch18,1915,InflexiblewasassignedtotheThirdBattleCruiserSquadron.ShesurvivedtheBattleofJutland
(May31,1916)unscathed.In1921,InflexiblewassoldandbrokenupinGermany.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

IntelligentWhale
Submarine.L/B/D:28.7'7'9'dph(8.7mx2.1m2.7m).Tons:4,0001b.Hull:iron.Comp.:613.Mach.:handcrank,singlescrew4kts.Des.:ScovelS.
Meriam.Built:AugustPrice,CorneliusS.Bushnell,AmericanSubmarineCo.1863.
TheimmediateimpetusforthedevelopmentandconstructionoftheexperimentalsubmarineIntelligentWhalewastriggeredbyUnionfearsexcitedbythesuccessof
similarvesselsintheConfederacyduringtheCivilWar.CSSH.L.HUNLEYandPIONEERweretwooutstandingexamples.Meriam'sdesigncalledforamanually
operatedvessel.Todive,waterwasadmittedtotheballastchamberstosurface,thewaterwasexpelledagainbymeansofpumpsandcompressedair.Ahand
crankgearedtoasinglepropellerwasthesolemeansofforwardpropulsion.Onlysixpeoplewererequiredtooperatethevessel,thoughitcouldcarryasmanyas
thirteenatonetime.IntelligentWhalecarriednoarmamentperse,butshewasintendedasavehicleforsneakattack.Inheronlyknownoperationaltest,shewas
submergedtoadepthofsixteenfeet,whereuponaGeneralSweeneyexitedthehullinadiver'ssuit,attachedanunderwaterminetothehullofananchoredbarge,and
returnedtothesubmarine.Theminewasdetonatedbypullingalanyardleadingtoafrictionprimeronthemine.Thistrialwasonlycompletedin1872,theNavy
havingpurchasedIntelligentWhalefromtheAmericanSubmarineCompanyin1864.Althoughthescowwassunk,theNavywasnotimpressedwiththeundertaking
anddeclinedeithertotestIntelligentWhalefurtherortopaythefeedueonacceptanceofthecraft.PlacedonexhibitattheBrooklynNavyYard,thesubmarinewas
transferredtotheWashingtonNavyYard'sNavyMemorialMuseumin1966.
Delgado&Clifford,GreatAmericanShips.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSIntrepid
(exMastico,L'Intrepide)Ketch(2m).L/B:60'12'(18.3m3.7m).Tons:64.Hull:wood.Comp.:64.Arm.:4guns.Built:France1798.
BuiltforNapoleon'sEgyptiancampaignin1798,followingthedefeatoftheFrenchfleetattheBattleoftheNile,thebombketchL'IntrpidewassoldtoTripoli.On
October31,1803,therenamedMasticotookpartinthecaptureofUSSPHILADELPHIAwhenthefrigateranagroundoffTripoliHarbor.Twomonthslater,while
enroutetoConstantinople,shewascapturedbyUSSENTERPRISE,underLieutenantStephenDecatur,andtakenintotheAmericanfleetasIntrepid.Todeny
TripolianychanceofrefloatingPhiladelphiathemselves,CommodoreEdwardPrebledecidedtoburntheship.RenamedIntrepidandcommandedbyDecatur,
IntrepidslippedintotheharboronthenightofFebruary16,1804.SixtyofhercrewoverwhelmedPhiladelphia'stokencrewandsettheshipablaze,withno
casualtiestothemselves.Hearingofthebrilliantfeat,England'sLordNelsonproclaimedit"themostboldanddaringactoftheage."IntrepidlayidleatSyracuseuntil
August,whenitwasdecidedtouseherasa"floatingvolcano"todestroytheTripolitanfleetatanchor.Packedwithgunpowderandmannedbytwelvevolunteers
underLieutenantRichardSomers,IntrepidenteredtheharboronSeptember4.Theketchexplodedprematurely,andtherewerenosurvivors.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSIntrepid(CV11)
Essexclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:872'93.2'(147.6'ew)28.6'(265.8m28.4m(45m)8.7m).Tons:34,364disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:3,448.Arm.:
125",6840mm.Armor:3"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,150,000shp,4screws33kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,
Va.1943.

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ThefourthU.S.Navyvesselandthefirstoftwoaircraftcarriersofthename,USSIntrepidwascommissionedalmosthalfwaythroughWorldWarII.Herfirst
assignmentwastojoinwithcarriersESSEXandCabotfortheinvasionoftheMarshallIslands,wherethecarriersoperatedoffKwajaleinfromJanuary29to
February2,1944.SailingfromthereaspartofthearmadaboundforTruk,about1,000milestotheeast,herplanestookpartinthedestructionofthatJapanese
anchorageonthe17th.ThatnightIntrepidwashitbyanaerialtorpedo,herfirsthitofthewar.Amakeshiftsailofhatchcoversandoddcanvashadtobejuryrigged
tobringherheadaroundbeforeshecouldreturntoPearlHarborenroutetotheWestCoastforrepairs.
ReturningtoserviceinJune,inSeptembershetookpartintheinvasionofthesouthernPalausandpreliminaryattacksonthePhilippines.WhentheinvasionofLeyte
began,oneofIntrepid'sflyerswasthefirsttolocatetheJapanesefleetonOctober24.AttheBattleofSurigaoStrait,theThirdFleetsanktheJapanesebattleship
MUSASHIanddamagedYAMATO,Nagato,andHaruna.PursuingtheJapanesenorth,Intrepid'spilotstookpartintheBattleofCapeEngao,whichcostthe
JapanesethecarriersZUIHO,Chitose,ZUIKAKU,andChiyoda.OnOctober30,IntrepidwashitbyakamikazewhilelaunchingattacksagainstClarkFieldnear
Manila,althoughshewasabletoremainonstation.OnNovember25,astheAmericanstriedtopreventJapanesereinforcementsfromlandingonLuzon,the"EvilI,"
asshewasbecomingknown,wascrashedbytwokamikazesthatkilled65ofhercrewandforcedhertoSanFranciscoforrepairs.Nosoonerwasshebackin
service,offKyushu,thanshewashityetagainbyakamikaze,thoughwithonlymilddamage,onMarch18.Sevendayslater,shewaspartoftheOkinawainvasion
force.OnApril16,shewashitbyherfifthkamikazeandforcedbacktoSanFranciscoforrepairsthatlasteduntilJuly29.
In1946,IntrepidwaslaidupatSanFrancisco.Fouryearslatershewasconvertedtoanattackaircraftcarrier(CVA11)andwasthefirstAmericancarrierfitted
withsteamcatapults.Herwaterlinebeamgrewto101feet,whileherextremewidthwas191.9feet.ForthenextsevenyearsshesailedintheAtlantic,Caribbean,
andMediterranean.Recommissionedasanantisubmarinewarfaresupportcarrierin1961,shewastheleadshipintherecoveryofastronautScottCarpenterafter
splashdownfromhisMercurymissiononMay24,1962,andthreeyearslaterofJohnYoungandVirgilGrissomontheirreturnfromthefirstmannedGeminiflighton
March23,1965.
Afteramodernization,IntrepidreturnedtothewesternPacificforoperationsduringtheVietnamWar,wheresheservedfrom1966until1968,whenshereturnedto
dutyintheAtlanticandMediterranean.Decommissionedin1974,eightyearslatershewasopenedtothepublicasthecenterpieceoftheIntrepidSeaAirSpace
MuseuminNewYorkCity.
Roberts,AircraftCarrier"Intrepid."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Intrepid
12metersloop.L/B/D:65.2'11.9'9.1'(19.9m3.6m2.8m).Tons:58,000disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:11.Des.:OlinStephens.Built:MinnefordYachtYard,
Inc.,CityIsland,N.Y.1967.
In1967,theRoyalSydneyYachtSquadronissueditssecondchallengetotheNewYorkYachtClubfortheAmerica'sCup.(In1962,Australia'sGretellost41to
Weatherly.)Inresponse,theAmericansformedtheIntrepidSyndicate,whichincludedBusMosbacher,Weatherly'sformerskipper,anddesignerOlinStephens.
AmongIntrepid'sotherinnovationsweretheplacementofthewinchesandtheirhandlersbelowdecktoreducethecenterofgravity,andasteeringsystemthat
includedasteeringrudderdetachedfromthefinkeel.Therewasalsoatrimrudderontherudderthatreducedherturningradiussignificantlyandenabledhertopoint
higher.AftersweepingthetrialracesagainstahostofpreviousCupdefenders,IntrepidwasthehandsdownfavoriteagainstDamePattie(underJockSturrock),
whomshebestedinfourstraightraceswithamarginofvictorythatequaledabout11secondspermileoverallfourraces.
Threeyearslater,Intrepidwasbroughtoutofretirementtodefendasecondtime.Thistime,shefacedtoughcompetitioninthetrials,asStephenshaddesignedanew
boatfortheValiantSyndicate.AftermodificationsbyBrittonChance,Jr.,underskipperBillFicker,Intrepidsailedtoa225recordintrials,thusgivinghertheright
todefendagainstAustralia'sGretelII,whohadherselfwona40seriesagainstrivalchallengerFrance,ownedbyBaronBich.Theseriesprovedthelongestand
oneofthemosthighlychargedtodate.Inthefirstrace,GretelIIshowedherselfquiteIntrepid'sequalbutlostamanoverboardwhoserescuecostheraboutfive
minutes.Justbeforethebeginningofthesecondrace,oneofIntrepid'screwwasstungbyabeeandhadtobeairliftedtoahospital.Then,Gretel'svictorywas
disqualifiedbecauseshehadhitIntrepidjustafterthestartinggun.ThethirdracewenttoIntrepid,buttheAustralianskeptthebestofsevenseriesalivewithaclean
wininthefourth,onlytoloseinthefifthrace.
Inthe1974trials,thesevenyearoldIntrepidputheraluminumsuccessortothetestina45seriesbefore

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CourageousearnedtherighttodefendtheCupagainstSouthernCross.IntrepidwaseventuallysoldtoBaronBich.
Robinson,LegendaryYachts.

HMSInvestigator
(exXenophon)Shipsloop(3m).L/B:100.5'28.5'(30.6m8.7m).Tons:334bm.Hull:wood.Built:Sunderland,Eng.1795.
In1798,MatthewFlindersservedaslieutenantofHMSNorfolkduringGeorgeBass'sexpeditionalongthesoutheastcoastofAustralia,duringwhichtheshippassed
throughBassStraittoconfirmthatTasmaniawasanisland.Threeyearslater,FlindersappliedtoSirJosephBanksforsupportinmountingavoyagearoundAustralia.
TheAdmiraltyendorsedtheplanandFlinderswassuppliedwithXenophon,astoutNorthCountryshipthat"informresembledthedescriptionofvessels
recommendedbyCaptainCookasbestcalculatedforvoyagesofdiscovery."DepartingSpitheadonJuly18,1801,therenamedHMSInvestigatorcalledatthe
CapeofGoodHopebeforesettingoutacrosstheIndianOcean.InvestigatorarrivedoffCapeLeeuwinatthesouthwestcornerofAustraliaonDecember6.After
puttingintoKingGeorgeSound,theexpeditionbeganarunningsurveyoftheGreatAustralianBight,whichstretched3,200kilometerstoSpencerGulf.Amongthe
otherobjectsoftheirsearchwasapassagethatlednorthtotheGulfofCarpentaria,forAustraliawasthenbelievedtobedividedbyastrait.Attheentranceto
SpencerGulf,sevenoftheship'scompanywerelostwhenasmallboatcapsized.FlinderssurveyedPortLincoln,whichhenamedforhishomecounty.Workingtheir
wayeast,Investigator'screwnextchartedKangarooIsland,YorkePeninsula,andSt.VincentGulf.OnApril8,atEncounterBay,theyweresurprisedtomeetLA
GOGRAPHEunderNicolasBaudin,withwhomFlindershadseveralcordialmeetings,despitethefactthattheirtwocountrieswerethenatwar.Sailingeastward
throughBassStrait,FlindersvisitedKingIslandandPortPhilip(Melbourne)beforearrivingatPortJacksononMay9.
Investigatortookaboardtwelvenewmen,includinganaboriginenamedBongaree,withwhomFlindershadsailedpreviouslyandwhoservedasanintermediarywith
otheraboriginesencounteredonthevoyage.TheexpeditionwasalsojoinedbyLadyNelson,acenterboardbrigdesignedforsurveyinginshallowwatersheproved
asluggishsailorandeventuallyreturnedtoPortJackson.FollowinginthewakeofCook'sENDEAVOUR,InvestigatorhuggedtheeastcoastofAustraliabefore
passingthroughtheGreatBarrierReefandthentransitingTorresStrait,whichFlindershadpreviouslysailedthroughwithCaptainWilliamBlighinHMSProvidence.
WhilesurveyingtheGulfofCarpentaria,Investigator'stimberswerefoundtobeinadismalstate,andtheship'scarpenterreportedthattheshipwouldnotlastmuch
morethansixmonths.FlinderssailedtotheDutchsettlementonTimor,butastherewasnoprospectofobtaininganothership,hedecidedtosailwestaboutaround
AustraliaforPortJackson,setting"allpossiblesaildayandnight"andreluctantlyabandoninghissurveyofthenorthandwestcoasts.
InvestigatorreachedPortJacksoninJune1803andFlinderssailedforhomeinthestoreshipPorpoise,onlytobeshipwreckedontheGreatBarrierReef.Placedin
commandofCumberland,hewasforcedtoputintoIledeFrance,notknowingthatEnglandandFrancewereagainatwar.Detaineduntil1810,hereturnedto
Englandbrokeninhealthandlivedbarelylongenoughtoseehismemoirsinprint.Meanwhile,InvestigatorhadbeenrepairedandreturnedtoEnglandshewas
hulkedin1810.
Flinders,VoyagetoTerraAustralis.Ritchie,AdmiraltyChart.

HMSInvestigator
Ship(3m).L/B/D:118'28.3'18.9'(36m8.6m5.8m).Tons:422bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:66.Built:CharlesScott&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1848.
OnMay12,1848,SirJamesClarkRossledtheAdmiralty'sfirstexpeditioninsearchofHMSEREBUSandTERROR.Theverysameshipswithwhichhehadspent
fouryearsexploringAntarcticawerenowlostintheCanadianArcticundercommandofSirJohnFranklin.HMSInvestigatorandEnterprisesailedthrough
LancasterSoundandBarrowStraittoSomersetIslandfromheresledgesweredispatchedinsearchofFranklin.Oneoneofthem,RossandFrancisL.M'Clintock
descendedPeelSoundtowithin70milesofErebusandTerrorbeforetheywereforcedtoturnback.Afteronlyonewinter,InvestigatorandEnterprisereturnedto
Englandin1849.
OnJanuary31,1850,CaptainRichardCollinson,inEnterprise,andLieutenantRobertMcClure,inInvestigator,sailedfromEnglandinanattempttodiscover
whetherFranklin'sshipshadactuallycompletedtheNorthwestPassage.TheshipsroundedCapeHornandwereseparatedinthePacific.Ratherthanwaitfor
CollinsonatBeringStrait,McCluresailedInvestigatoreastintotheBeaufortSeaandthennortheastintothePrinceofWalesStraitbetweenBanksIslandand
VictoriaIsland,butbySeptemberInvestigatorwasfastintheice.InOcto

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ber,McCluresetoutbysledgeupthestraittotheshoreofViscountMelvilleSound,towhichWilliamE.ParryhadsailedinHMSHECLAin181920,andthereby
confirmedtheexistenceofaNorthwestPassage,howeverchokedwithice.
Thenextseason,McClureworkedInvestigatorsouthandaroundthewesternandnorthernshoresofBanksIsland,throughMcClureStraittowardsMelvilleSound.
HeavyicepreventedtheirmakingforWinterHarbor,about175milestotheeast,andonSeptember23,1851,InvestigatorputintoMercyBayonnortheastBanks
Island.In1852,asledgingexpeditionvisitedWinterHarborandleftanotedescribingthedesperatesituationatMercyHarbor,wheretheship'screwwassubsisting
ondailyrationsofahalfpoundofbeefandtwelveouncesofflour.ThenotewasdiscoveredbythecrewofHMSRESOLUTE,thenthirtyfivemileseastofWinter
Harbor,andonApril6,1853,asledgepartyreachedMercyBay.McClurereluctantlyabandonedInvestigatorinlateMay,andhersurvivingcrewmarchedeastto
Resolute.TheydidnotreturntoEnglanduntil1854.
Dodge,NorthwestbySea.McClure,DiscoveryoftheNorthWestPassagebyH.M.S."Investigator."

HMSInvincible
Invincibleclassbattlecruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:567'78.5'29.6'(172.8m23.9m9m).Tons:19,940disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:7301,032.Arm.:812"(4
2),164",13"518"TT.Armor:6"belt,2.5"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,41,000shp,4screws25.5kts.Built:SirW.G.Armstrong,Whitworth&Co.,
Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1908.
ConceivedofbyFirstSeaLordAdmiralJohnArbuthnotFisherinthesameyearastherevolutionarybattleshipDREADNOUGHT,Invinciblewasintendednotasa
shipfittofightinthelineofbattle,butasacommerceprotector.Withgreathittingstrength,herdefenseagainstlargershipswaspredicatedonsuperiorspeedrather
thanthickarmor,aflawthatwastodoommanybattlecruisers.Originallyclassifiedasa"largearmouredcruiser"(thedesignation"battlecruiser"camein1913),
InvinciblewasorderedthesameyearasHMSDreadnought.Shemountedeight10inchguns(asopposedtoDreadnought'stenguns)infourturrets,oneforward,
oneaft,andtwoenechelonamidships.LongerandfasterthanDreadnought,theroleofthebattlecruiserswasdefinedasfollows:"toengagetheenemybattlecruisers
inafleetaction,or,ifnonearepresent,byusingtheirspeedtocrossthebowoftheenemyandengagethevanofhisbattlefleet."
Imagenotavailable.
ThebattlecruiserHMSINVINCIBLEcarriedeight12inchgunsinfourturrets,oneforward,
oneaft,andtwodiagonallyoffsetsideturrets.Thelattertwo,turnedtoabroadsideposition,
arevisiblebetweenthesecondandthirdfunnels.(Notethediagonalshadowsofthestarboard
gunsalongthehull.)Inadequatelyprotected,threebattlecruisersincludingINVINCIBLEwere
sunkattheBattleofJutlandin1916.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

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PartoftheFirstCruiserSquadronfrom1911to1913,InvincibleservedbrieflyintheMediterraneanbeforereturningtotheHomeFleet.Aftertakingpartinactionin
theHeligolandBightonAugust28,1914,shewasreassignedtotheGrandFleet'sSecondBattleCruiserSquadron.FollowingtheBattleofCoronel,shebecamethe
flagshipofAdmiralSirFrederickDovetonSturdeeandwasdispatchedwithhersistershipINFLEXIBLEtointerceptViceAdmiralGrafSpee'ssquadron.Theships
reachedtheFalklandsonDecember7,1914.Thefollowingmorning,vonSpee'sshipsappearedoffStanley,andintheensuingengagement,Invincibleand
Inflexible,thelightcruisersGlasgow,Kent,andCornwall,andarmedmerchantcruiserOtranto,sankthearmoredcruisersSCHARNHORSTandGNEISENAU,
thelightcruisersLeipzigandNrnberg,andtwocolliers.Invinciblewashittwentytwotimes,buttherewerenofatalities.ReturningtotheSecondBattleSquadron
inMarch1915,inMayshebecameflagshipofRearAdmiraltheHonourableHoraceHood'sThirdBattleCruiserSquadron.
AttheBattleofJutlandonMay31,1916,Invincible,Indomitable,andInflexibleweresteamingaheadofAdmiralSirJohnJellicoe'sGrandFleetwhenInvincible
cameundersustainedfirefromtheGermanbattleshipsDERFFLINGER,LTZOW,andKnig.At1833ashellscoredadirecthitonQturret.Theantiflashdevices
betweenturretsandmagazineswereinadequateandtherewasanalmostinstantaneousexplosionthatblewtheshipinhalfin572'N,67'E.Therewereonlysix
survivors1,021crewwerelost.FollowingthelossofINDEFATIGABLEandQueenMary,whosecombinedsurvivorsnumberedonlytwentytwopeople,theloss
ofInvincibleledRearAdmiralDavidBeattytoremarksimply,"Thereseemstobesomethingwrongwithourbloodyshipstoday."
Tarrant,Battlecruiser"Invincible."

USSIowa(BB61)
Iowaclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:887.3'108.2'37.8'(270.4m33m11.5m).Tons:55,250disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,5702,800.Arm.:916"(3
3),205",6040mm.Armor:12.4"belt,5.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,212,000shp,4screws33kts.Built:NewYorkNavyYard,Brooklyn,N.Y.
1943.
AuthorizedbyCongressin1938,theIowaclassbattleshipswerethelargestandlastbattleshipsbuiltintheUnitedStates,andwithaspeedof33knots,theywerethe
fastestbattleshipstheworldhaseverseen.OnlyJapan'sYAMATOandMUSASHIexceededthemintonnageorweightofshell.Althoughsixofthesesuperships
wereoriginallyplanned,onlyfourwerebuilt:Iowa,MISSOURI,NewJersey,andWisconsin.ExperiencegainedinWorldWarIIdictatedthatprioritybegivento
othertypesofships,especiallythemortalenemiesofthebattleshipaircraftcarriersandsubmarines.(NorweretheIowasthelargestU.S.battleshipsplanned.Five
Montanaclass,58,000to65,000tonshipswereorderedin1940,butnonewaslaiddown.)
Builtinonlythirtytwomonths,Iowa'scareerspannednearlyhalfacentury,thoughshewasactuallyincommissionforonlyeighteenyears.Aftertwomonthsof
trainingoffNewfoundlandinanticipationofabreakoutbytheGermanbattleshipTIRPITZ,inOctober1943IowacarriedPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltto
CasablancaenroutetotheTeheranConferencewithPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillandPremierJosephStalin.InJanuary1944,shesailedforthePacificas
flagshipofBattleshipDivision7fortheinvasionoftheMarshallIslandslaterthatmonth.ShealsosupportedamphibiousoperationsintheCarolineIslands,the
Marianas,andNewGuinea.InJuneshesailedwithFastCarrierTaskForce58attheBattleofthePhilippineSea.Followingtheinvasionandsecuringofthe
Philippinesinthefall,shereturnedtoSanFranciscoforoverhaul,butreturnedintimeforthelandingsonOkinawaandtobombtargetsontheJapanesemainland.
FollowingtheendofWorldWarII,IowaremainedwiththePacificFleetuntil1949whenshewaslaidup.RecommissionedasflagshipoftheSeventhFleetin1951,
shesailedinsupportofUNforcesinKoreafromApriltoOctober1952,beforejoiningtheAtlanticFleet.SheremainedaspartofthisFleetuntil1958,duringwhich
timeshedidastintintheMediterraneanasflagshipoftheSixthFleet.PartoftheAtlanticReserveFleetatPhiladelphiaforthenexttwentysixyears,Iowawas
recommissionedalongwithhersistershipstotakeherplaceinthe"600shipNavy"ofthedefensemindedPresidentRonaldReagan.Hersecondaryarmament
includedtwelve5inchgunsandfour20millimeterquadPhalanxguns.
Iowa'ssubsequentcareershowingtheflag,especiallyinthewatersaroundtheMiddleEastduringtheIranIraqWar,wasshortlived.OnApril19,1989,an
explosioninNumber2turretkilledfortysevenofherguncrewtwentyammunitionhandlerssixdecksbelowsurvivedtheblast.TheofficialNavyinvestigationblamed
theaccidentonacrewmember,claimingthathehadintentionallysetofftheexplosionindespairoverahomosexualrelationship.Thefamilydeniedtheaccusations
andtheNavylaterretracteditsclaim,whichmanyconsidereda

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coverupforamorebasicmechanicalfailure.TheNavyformallydecommissionedIowain1990.Hersistershipssoonfollowed.
Polmar,NavalInstituteGuidetoShipsandAircraftoftheU.S.Fleet.Sumrall,"Iowa"classBattleships.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSIronDuke
IronDukeclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:622.8'90'29.5'(189.8m27.4m9m).Tons:30,380disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,022.Arm.:1013.5"(52),
126",23",43pdr.Armor:12"belt,2.5"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,29,000shp,20.7kts.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1914.
Thenameshipofthefirstclassofbattleshipbuiltwithantiaircraftguns,IronDukewascommissionedjustafterthestartofWorldWarIandimmediatelybecame
flagshipofAdmiralJohnJellicoe'sGrandFleet.ShewasnamedinhonoroftheDukeofWellington,herooftheNapoleonicWars.Inthefirstyearsofthewar,the
Germanshadlaunchedanumberof"tipandrun"raidsacrosstheNorthSeatobombardcoastalcitiessuchasScarborough.OnMay30,1916,Britishintelligence
learnedthattheGermanfleetwassailingfromWilhelmshaven,andthateveningIronDukesailedfromScapaFlowattheheadofapowerfulforcecomprisingtwenty
fourdreadnoughts,threebattlecruisers,twelvelightcruisers,eightarmoredcruisers,fiveflotillaleaders,fortysixdestroyers,andaminelayer.
TheplanwastorendezvouswithViceAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'ssixbattlecruisers,fourteenlightcruisers,twentysevendestroyers,aseaplanecarrier,andfour
dreadnoughtstostoptheanticipatedGermanraid.Infact,theGermanshopedtoluretheBritishintoalineofsubmarineslyingofftheBritishnavalbases,andtheninto
thegraspofAdmiralReinhardScheer'sHighSeasFleet,comprisingsixteendreadnoughts,sixpredreadnoughts,fivelightcruisers,andthirtyonedestroyers.Beatty's
GermancounterpartwasRearAdmiralFranzvonHipper,inSMSLTZOWwithfivebattlecruisers,fourlightcruisers,andthirtydestroyersandtorpedoboats.
TheBattleofJutlandbeganbetweenlightunitsofBeatty'sandHipper'srespectivefleetsatabout1430onMay31.By1530,thetwofleetswerewithinsightofone
another,andHipperwheeledtothesouthinanefforttodrawBeattyintorangeoftheGermanHighSeasFleetaboutfortysixmilesaway.Duringthe"runtothe
south,"BeattylostthebattlecruisersHMSINDEFATIGABLEandQueenMary,andhisflagshipLIONwasheavilydamaged.By1700,theleadingBritishships
werewithinrangeoftheHighSeasFleetandturnedforthenorth,drawingtheGermanstowardsJellicoe.At1815,BeattyandJellicoejoinedforcesandJellicoe
deployedhisbattleshipssothattheywould"crosstheT"oftheGermanlineofadvanceandbringthemajorityoftheirgunstobear.TheGermansmanagedtosinkfirst
RearAdmiralSirRobertArbuthnot'sarmoredcruiserDEFENCEandshortlythereafter,RearAdmiraltheHonourableHoraceL.A.Hood'sbattlecruiser
INVINCIBLE.Nonetheless,theGermansalsocameunderwitheringfirefromtheBritish,andHipper'sLtzowhadtobeabandoned.At1833,Scheerordered
Imagenotavailable.
Mountingsix131/2inchgunsinthreeturrets,thesuperdreadnoughtIRONDUKEsailed
asAdmiralSirJohnJellicoe'sflagshipattheBattleofJutlandinMay1916.Thispicture
showsherjustbeforethestartofWorldWarI.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

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hiscelebratedGefechtskehrtwendung,a180degree"battleturn,"whilehisshipswerecloselyengagedbytheenemy.Jellicoeorderedhisfleettopursue,thoughat
lessthantopspeed.Halfanhourlater,theGermanfleetturnedbacktowardstheBritishinwhatbecameknownasthe"deathrideofthebattlecruisers,"duringwhich
DERFFLINGERandSEYDLITZtookthebruntofthefighting.At2035,Scheerbrokeofftheengagementforthelasttime,thoughskirmishesbetweendestroyers
andlightcruiserscontinuedthroughthenight.
JutlandcosttheBritishthreebattlecruisers,threecruisers,aflotillaleader,andsevendestroyers.TheGermanslostonebattlecruiser,onepredreadnought,fourlight
cruisers,andfivetorpedoboats.However,afterJutlandtheGermanHighSeasFleetneveragainattemptedtoengagetheBritishbattlefleet,andthebattleprovedto
bethelastbetweenbattleshipsfoughtwithoutnavalairpowerorsubmarines.
TransferredtotheSecondBattleSquadroninNovember1916,IronDukewassenttotheMediterraneanin1919andwasbrieflyassignedtotheBlackSeaduring
theRussianCivilWar.From1926to1929,shewaswiththeAtlanticFleet,butunderthetermsoftheLondonNavalTreatyof1930,shewasdowngradedtoa
gunnerytrainingship.BythestartofWorldWarII,shewasadepotshipatScapaFlow.AlthoughhitbyGermanbombersonOctober17,1939,sheremainedin
serviceuntilbrokenupin1946.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

Isabella
L/B:110'28'(33.5m8.5m).Tons:383bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:57.Built:Hull,Eng.1786.
WiththeendoftheNapoleonicWars,Britishinterestinscientificexplorationbegantowidenandin1818,theAdmiraltylaunchedtwoexpeditionstotakeupthelong
dormantsearchfornorthernroutestothePacific.InsearchoftheNortheastPassage,boundforthewatersaroundSpitzbergen,wasCaptainJohnBuchaninthehired
whaleshipDorothea,andLieutenantJohnFranklininTrent.Themorenotableexpedition,fortheNorthwestPassage,wasunderCommanderJohnRossinIsabella,
sailingincompanywithAlexander,underWilliamParry.ThetwoconvertedwhaleshipsroundedthesoutherntipofGreenlandandthensailedintoDavisStrait.These
waterswerewellknowntothewhalersfromHullandotherBritishwhalingports,thoughonlyasfarasDiscoIsland,andRoss'stwoshipswereincompanywith
fortyfiveofthemaroundHareIsland.Rosspressedonpast75NthroughtheDavisStraitandBaffinBayasfarasMelvilleBayonGreenland'swestcoastthe
firstshipstodososinceWilliamBaffininDISCOVERYin1616.TheexpeditionthencrossedtothesouthernendofEllesmereIslandandsailedsouthpastthe
easternentrancestoJonesSoundandLancasterSound.Rossdecidedthatneitherprovidedanoutlettothewest.Inparticular,hebelievedthatLancasterSoundwas
blockedbyarangeofmountains,the"CrokerMountains."ThismiragevanishedthenextyearwhenParrysailedthroughLancasterSoundandabouthalfwaythrough
theNorthwestPassageinHECLAandGriper.Inthetwentiethcentury,LancasterSoundwasthepreferredeasternchanneloftheNorthwestPassage.
IsabellareturnedtotheHullwhalingfleetin1819andcontinuedwhalingformanyseasons,bringinghomeasmuchas250tonsofoilinagoodyear.OnAugust26,
1833,theshipwasinLancasterSoundjustwestofNavyBoardInletwhenshewasapproachedbythreelongboats.Inthesewerenoneotherthanthesurvivorsfrom
CaptainJohnRoss'sexplorationshipVICTORY,whichhadleftEnglandin1829andwreckedin1831.Thenextyear,onMay12,1833,Isabellawaslostonthe
Greenlandcoast.
Lubbock,ArcticWhalers.Ross,VoyageofDiscoveryNarrativeofaSecondVoyageinSearchofaNorthWestPassage.

Isis
(1m).L/B:180'od/114'keel45'+(54.9m/34.7m13.7m).Tons:1,2001,300burden.Hull:wood.Built:2ndcent.CE.
InTheShip,orTheWishes,theGreekwriterLucianofSamosata(about120180CE)describesagiantship,partofthefleetthatcarriedEgyptiangrainfrom
AlexandriatoRome.Blownoffcourse,IsisputinatPiraeus,theportofAthens,whereitdrewacrowdofonlookers.Thoughthepassageoccursinaworkoffiction,
itislikelythatIsiswasarealship.TheappearanceofthishugegraincarrierapparentlycreatedaminorsensationinAthens,andprovidedLucianwithatopicalsetting
forhissatire.ThedescriptionisputinthemouthofSamippus,oneofthecharactersinLucian'sstory:
Whatabigship!Ahundredandtwentycubitslong,theshipwrightsaid,welloveraquarteraswide,andfromthedecktothedeepestpartofthebilge,twentynine.Andwhata
tallmast,whatayardarmtocarry!Whataforestaytoholditup!Howgentlythesterncurvesup,withalittlegoldengoosebelow!Butattheoppositeend,theprowjutsrightout,
withthegoddessIsisafterwhomtheshipisnamedon

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eitherside.Andtheotheradornments,thepaintings,andtheowner'spennantbrightasfire!Inthebowtheanchors,capstansandwindlasses,andonthepoopthecabinsitall
seemswonderfultome.You'dguessthatthecrewnumbersalegion.TheysayshecarriesenoughgraintofeedallAtticaforayear.

ThecaptaintellsanothercharacterhowtheshipendedatPiraeusafterseventydaysoffoulwindsandstorms.AsLionelCassonpointsout,thepassageprovides
importantinformationontheroutenormallytakenbythegrainfleet:northnortheastfromAlexandria,passingtothewestofCyprus,thenwestwardalongthesouth
coastofAsiaMinorasfarasRhodesorCnidus.Fromthere,thecaptainmeanttosailsouthofCrete,avoidingdangerousCapeMalea,thenpresumablywest
northwesttowardsMaltathennorththroughtheStraitsofMessina.ThecaptainexplainedthatIsis"shouldhavebeeninItalybynow,"iftheyhad"keptCreteto
starboardandsailedbeyondMalea."
Luciangivesfairlyspecificdimensions:theIsisis120cubits(180feet)inlength,morethanaquarterofthat(45feet)inbeam,and29cubits(43.5feet)fromthedeck
tobottomoftheholdatitsdeepest.Basedonthesefigures,Cassonhascalculatedhercapacityat1,200to1,300tonsafigurenotatallimprobablegiventhescale
oftheRomangraintrade,theskillofRomanshipwrights,andthecollateralevidencefromexcavatedunderwatersitessuchastheALBENGAWRECK.Afterthefall
ofRome,merchantvesselsofthissizewerenotbuiltagainuntilthecarracksofthesixteenthcentury.
Casson,"TheIsisandHerVoyage."LucianofSamosata,TheShip,orTheWishes.

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J
JamesBaines
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:266'loa44.9'29'dph(81.1m13.6m29m).Tons:2,275reg.Hull:wood.Comp.:700pass.100+crew.Built:DonaldMcKay,East
Boston,Mass.1854.
ThethirdoftheDonaldMcKaybuiltclippersorderedforJamesBaines&Company'sBlackBallLinein185455,JamesBaineswasathreedeckshipbuiltforthe
Australianpassengertrade.Shesetsingletopsails,royals,andskysails,withamoonsailonthemainmast,andstuddingsailsontheforeandmain.Herlifewasbriefbut
brilliant.UnderCaptainCharlesMcDonnell,shesailedfromBostontoLiverpoolinarecord12days,6hours,thoughherbestday'srunwasonly342miles.Her
maidenvoyagetoAustralia,with1,400tonsofcargo,691passengers(74infirstclass),andupwardsof100crew,was65days,andshereturnedin691/2days.
Amongthestoresshippedforthiscrowd,theMelbourneArgusofFebruary13,1855,reportedthattherewere"inadditiontotheusualstores,73sheep,25ofwhich
arepreservedinice86pigs,6ofwhichareiniceand100dozenoffowls,30dozenofwhichareinice,thelivestockbeingreservedforuseafterthevesselhas
crossedtheline."
In1857,JamesBaineswasoneofthreeBlackBallshipscharteredtocarrytroopsouttoIndia.WhilelyinginPortsmouthwithCHAMPIONOFTHESEAS,she
wasreviewedbyQueenVictoriaandthePrinceConsort."Ontakingherleave,"reportedtheEuropeanTimes,
HerMajestyexpressedherselfmuchgratifiedbythevisit.Shehadnoideathereweresuchvesselsinthemerchantservice,andcomplimentedMrMackay[ashareholderofJames
Baines&Co.,notthebuilder]andtheCaptainindividuallyonthesizeandequipmentoftheJamesBainesandtheChampionoftheSeasgenerally.

JamesBainessailedforIndiawithabout1,000menofthe97thRegimentshereturnedfromCalcuttathefollowingspringladenwithjute,linseed,rice,andhides.
WhileshewaslyingatHusissonDock,Liverpool,afirebrokeoutinherforwardholeonthemorningofApril21,1853,andshewasburnedirreparably.
Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.HoweandMatthews,AmericanClipperShips.Stammers,PassageMakers.

JamesMonroe
Packetship(3m).L/B:118'28.3'(36m8.6m).Tons:424bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:200pass.Built:AdamBrown,NewYork1817.
TheBlackBallLineofthreeshipswasestablishedinApril1817,withtheshipsoriginallyintendedtosailinsuccession,thoughnot,likethelaterpackets,onafixed
schedule.TheadditionofJamesMonroeasafourthship,onOctober24,1817,ledtotheannouncementofthefirstregulartransatlanticshipservice:"Tosailontheir
AppointedDays,fullornotfull."ThefifthofthemonthwasfixedasthedeparturedatefromNewYork,whileshipsweretosailfromLiverpoolontheseventeenth,
beginninginJanuary1818.TheproprietorsofwhatcametobeknownastheBlackBallLinewereIsaacWright&Son,FrancisThompson,BenjaminMarshall,and
JeremiahThompson,allQuakersofNewYork.ComingonlyfouryearsaftertheopeningofthefirstscheduledpacketserviceintheUnitedStatesbetweenAlbany
andNewYorkCitythiswasanextraordinarilyboldanduniquelyAmericaninitiativethatsoughttocapitalizeonthenewneedformorereliableandfasterservice
forpassengersandsmaller(thoughmorenumerousandhencemorelucrative)consignmentsofvariousnonbulkcargoes,bothofwhichwouldgenerateincreased
revenues.Thestartofregularlyscheduledsailingsencouragedthedevelopmentofeverfasterships,bothsailandsteam,andinitiatedarevolutionarywayofserving
customers,seentodayinthemyriadcompaniesoffering"nextday"deliveryvirtuallyanywhereinthecommercialworld.
Namedforthenewlyelectedpresident,JamesMonroeinauguratedthisserviceonJanuary5,1818,whenshedepartedNewYorkunderCaptainJamesWatkinson
witheightpassengersandacargoconsistingofapples,flour,cotton,cranberries,hops,andwoolherholdswereonlyaboutthreequartersfull.Shearrivedat
Liverpoolon

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February2,arespectabletimefortheseason,especiallywhencomparedwiththemajorityofothershipssailingatthesametime.Thereturnpassagestartedon
March3,buttheshipwasforcedtoreturntoLiverpoolforrepairsafterastormintheIrishSea.JamesMonroereturnedtoNewYorkonlyaweekbeforehernext
scheduledsailing.Overall,intheirfirstyearofoperationtheBlackBallersaveraged25dayseastboundand43dayswestbound.Becauseofashippingglutonthe
NorthAtlantic,profitswerelowforthefirstthreeyearsofservice,anditwasnotuntil1821thatthenextregularpacketservicewasestablishedbytheNewLine,or
RedStarLine.SoldtoE.Malibranintheearly1820s,JamesMonroechangedhandsagaininthefinancialpanicof182526.Theshipremainedinserviceuntil1850,
whenshewaswreckedinTasmania.
Albion,TheRiseofNewYorkPortSquareRiggersonSchedule.Cutler,QueensoftheWesternOcean.

Jeannette
(exPandora)Philomelclassgunvessel(1f/3m).L/B/D:145'25.5'15'(44.2m78m4.6m).Tons:244grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:33.Mach.:steam,200hp,
1screw.Built:PembrokeDockyard,Wales1861.
AfterfourteenyearsasaRoyalNavygunboat,HMSPandorawassoldtoSirAllenYoung,whomadetwovoyagesinsearchoftheNorthwestPassageviaPeel
Sound.In1876,YoungsoldPandoratoLieutenantGeorgeW.DeLong,USN,actingonbehalfoftheflamboyantNewYorknewspaperpublisherJamesGordon
Bennett,whowantedtosponsoranexpeditiontoreachtheNorthPole.CongresspassedlegislationtoputtheexpeditionundertheNavy'sjurisdictionwhileBennett
footedthebillandgeneratedpublicity.ThepremiseoftheexpeditionwasthatbeyondtheArcticicesofarencounteredbyexplorers,thenorthpolarregioncomprised
awarm,openseafedbytheGulfStreamintheAtlanticandtheKuroShioCurrentintheNorthPacific.Forthisreason,therechristenedJeannette,namedfor
Bennett'ssister,wastosailthroughtheBeringStrait,thefirstpolarexpeditiontousethatroutesinceLieutenantRobertMcClureinHMSINVESTIGATORin1850
51.
Strengthenedforworkintheice,JeannettedepartedSanFranciscoonJuly8,1879.AfterstopsatUnalaska,St.Michael,wherethecrewtookaboardsledsand
fortysleddogsandtwoInuitdrivers,andLavrentia,Siberia,wheretheyrecoaledforthelasttime,theysailedthroughtheBeringStraitonAugust28.Theymade
severalstopsalongtheSiberiancoastandmadeforWrangellIsland.Ninedayslater,Jeannettewasstuckfast,evenastheU.S.CoastandGeodeticSurvey
publishedareportonBeringSeacurrents,concludingthat"nothingintheleasttendstosupportthewidelyspreadbutunphilosophicalnotionthatinanypartofthe
PolarSeawemaylookforlargeareasfreefromice."
ThecourseofJeannette'sdriftintheicetookherwellwestofWrangellIsland,butitwaserratic,andbyJanuary1881theshiphadmeandered1,300milesbutwas
only250milesnorthwestofherpositionwhenoriginallybeset.Fewoftheexperimentaldevicesworkedastheyshould,thehullleakedbadly,andnavigatorJohn
Danenhowerrequiredrepeatedoperationsforaneyeconditionbroughtaboutbysyphilis.InMay1881,theshipwaswithinsightofHenriettaIslandwhereateamled
byEngineerGeorgeW.Melvilledepositedanaccountofthevoyagethusfar.(Theprecautionofplacingwrittenaccountsofanexpedition'sprogressinvarious
locationswascommonamongArcticexplorersintentonsecuringcreditfortheirdiscoveries,ordirectingpartiessentouttosearchforthem.Melville'saccountwas
recoveredbySovietscientistsin1938.)Shortlythereafter,theiceboredownontheship,andonthemorningofJune12,1881,Jeannettewascrushedinposition
7708'N,15325'E,about250milesfromSiberia.
Thecrewmanagedtotakeofftwocutters,awhaleboat,eightsleds,andsleddogs.Atfirst,thedriftoftheicecarriedthemthreemilesnorthwestforeverymilethey
madesouthwest,butbyJuly29theywereintheNewSiberianIslands.Settingoutagain,theyencounteredmoreopenwater.OnSeptember12,about100miles
fromtheSiberiancoast,theboatswereseparatedinagale.LieutenantCharlesChippandhissevencrewdisappeared,whiletheboatscommandedbyDeLongand
Melvillelandedabout125milesapartintheLenaRiverdelta.Melville'spartyof11reachedsafetyataTungusvillageandlaterdispatchedsearchpartiestolookfor
theothers.AccordingtoDeLong'sdiary,byOctober30,140daysafterthelossoftheJeannette,DeLongandallhismenweredead.Thescientificfailureofthe
expeditionandheavylossoflifeledtoacongressionalhearing.AtatimewhentheUnitedStateswasbeginningtoemergeasaworldpower,theprestigeoftheNavy
wasontrial,andthehearingbecameaforumfortherehabilitationoftheJeannette'sofficersandcrew.
Gutteridge,Icebound.

JeremiahO'Brien
Libertyship(1f/3m).L/B/D:441.5'57'27.8'(134.6m17.4m8.5m).Tons:7,176grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:65.Arm.:15",1020mm.Mach.:triple
expansion,2,500hp,1screw11kts.Built:NewEnglandShipbuildingCorp.,SouthPortland,Me.1943.

Page273

Namedforthe''MachiasAdmiral"responsibleforthecaptureoftheBritisharmedsloopMargaretta,JeremiahO'Brienisoneofmorethan2,751socalledLiberty
shipsbuiltaspartofawaremergencyshipbuildingprogramduringWorldWarII.Ofwelded,prefabricatedconstruction,theshipsthatPresidentFranklinD.
Rooseveltdubbed"TheUglyDucklings"wereturnedoutinhugenumbersfromshipyardsaroundthecountry.Cheaplyandquicklymade,scoreswerelostduringthe
war,butonmorethanoneoccasion,theLibertysandtheircrewsprovedastonishinglyrugged.ThebestpreservedsurvivingLibertyship,JeremiahO'Briensaw
serviceintheAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceansduringWorldWarII,andduringtheDdayinvasioninJune1944,shemadeelevenroundtripsbetweenEnglish
portsandtheNormandyinvasionbeaches.
TheO'BrienwaslaidupinthereservefleetatSuisunBay,California,in1947,togetherwithhundredsofotherLibertyshundredsmoreweresimilarlygatheredin
reservefleetsaroundthecountry.In1978,thankslargelytotheeffortsofRearAdmiralThomasJ.Patterson,USMS,theNationalLibertyShipMemorialwas
foundedtopreservetheshipasamemorialtothemerchantmarine,whichplayedacrucialbutinfrequentlyheraldedroleinWorldWarII.Afterayearofwork,the
shipproceededtohernewberthatSanFranciscounderherownpowerin1980.Sincethattime,shehasmadeannualcruisesaroundSanFranciscoBay,andin
1994,shesteamedtoFrancetotakepartinthefiftiethanniversarycelebrationsofDday.
Jaffe,LastLiberty.

HMSJersey
4thrate60(3m).L/B/D:144'41.5'16.9'(43.9m12.6m5.2m).Tons:1,068bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:400.Arm.:2424pdr,269pdr,106pdr.Built:
DevonportDockyard,Plymouth,Eng.1736.
BuiltduringaperiodofrelativepeaceinEngland,HMSJerseywassooninbattle.HerfirstencountercameinAdmiralEdwardVernon'sfailedattackontheSpanish
portofCartagena,Colombia,atthestartoftheWarofJenkins'sEarinOctober1739.(Thewarwassocalledbecausethecasusbelliwasthedetentionofthe
merchantbrigRebeccaandthelossofthemaster'seartoaSpanishofficer'sknife.)Jersey'snextmajoractioncameduringtheSevenYears'War(orFrenchand
IndianWar).OnAugust1819,1759,AdmiralEdwardBoscawen'sBritishfleetoffifteenshipsofthelineatGibraltargavechasetotwelveshipsunderAdmiralM.
delaClueSabransailingfromtheMediterraneantotheAtlantic.FiveFrenchshipsescapedtoCadiz,buttheotherswerebroughttobattleeastofCapeSt.Vincent,
Portugal.OneFrenchshipsank,twoescaped,andfourwererunashoreinLagosBaywhereBoscawen,disregardingPortugueseneutrality,attackedthemthenext
day.DelaClue'sflagshipOceanandRedoutablewereburned,andTmraireandModestewerecaptured.
InMarch1771,Jersey'smastsandsparswereremovedandshewasofficiallyclassedasahospitalshipmooredinWallaboutBay,laterthesiteoftheBrooklyn
NavyYard.DuringtheAmericanRevolution,shewasusedasaprisonshipforcapturedContinentalArmysoldiers,andhernameissynonymouswiththesqualorand
deprivationtowhichAmericanprisonersweresubject.Thousandsofprisonerswerecrammedbelowdeckswheretherewasvirtuallynonaturallightorfreshairand
fewprovisionsforthesick.Politicalconditionsonlymadethingsworse,astheBritishhadnointerestinlegitimizingthecauseofindependencebyexchangingprisoners,
andGeneralGeorgeWashingtonhadnointerestinsurrenderingprofessionalBritishsoldiersforhisragtagvolunteers.Theghastlystatisticsspeakforthemselves.
Whilebetween4,400and6,800soldiersandsailorsarebelievedtohavediedincombatduringtheAmericanRevolution,another18,500diedincaptivity,ofdisease,
orfromothercauses.TheestimatednumberoffatalitiesaboardtheNewYorkprisonshipsstandsatbetween4,000and11,000.Itwasrecordedthatasmanyas
sevenoreightcorpsesadaywereburiedfromJerseyalonebeforetheBritishsurrenderedatYorktowninSeptember1783.WhentheBritishevacuatedNewYork
twomonthslater,Jerseywasabandoned.
Jackson,"ForgottenSagaofNewYork'sPrisonShips."Kemp,ed.,OxfordCompaniontoShipsandtheSea.

JervisBay
Liner(1f/2m).L/B/D:530.6'68.3'12.15'(161.7mbp20.8m39.9m).Tons:13,839grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st12,3rd712216crew.Arm.:86".
Mach.:gearedturbines,9,000shp,2screws15kts.Built:VickersLtd.,BarrowinFurness,Eng.1922.
Namedforabayabout85milessouthofSydney,Australia,JervisBaywasoneoffivesistershipsbuiltfortheAustralianCommonwealthLine'smonthlyservice
betweenBrisbaneandLondon.In1928,theBaylinerscameundertheaegisofLordKylsant'sWhiteStarLine,Ltd.,aholdingcompanythatcollapsedfiveyears
laterwhentheshipsweretakenoverbythenewlyformedAberdeen&CommonwealthLine.InSeptember1939,JervisBaywas

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Imagenotavailable.
WarartistCharlesPearscapturesthestartoftheJERVISBAYaction,November5,1940,
asthevastlyinferiorarmedmerchantcruiserturnsagainsttheGermanbattleshipADMIRAL
SCHEER(farright),toallowheavilyladenmembersoftheconvoytoscatter.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

atLondon,whereshewasrequisitionedbytheBritishgovernmentforuseasanarmedmerchantcruiser.Fittedoutwitheight6inchguns,shewasassignedtoconvoy
dutyontheNorthAtlantic.Atabout1500onNovember5,1940,JervisBaywasconvoyingthirtysevenshipseastboundwhentheycameunderattackbythe
GermanpocketbattleshipADMIRALSCHEERabouthalfwaybetweenNewfoundlandandIreland(5226'N,3234'W).CaptainS.E.FogartyFegenturnedhis
shiptochargetheoverwhelmingAdmiralScheerinanefforttoallowtheothershipstoescape.Within15minutes,JervisBaywasdeadinthewatershesankat
about2000withthelossof190ofher259crew.AlthoughAdmiralScheersankfiveotherships,thetollwoulddoubtlesshavebeenhigherwereitnotforJervis
Bay'svaliantcharge,inrecognitionforwhichCaptainFegenwasawardedaposthumousVictoriaCross.
Pollock,"JervisBay."Savill&Haws,AberdeenandAberdeen&CommonwealthLines.

JesusofLbeck
Roundship(4m).Tons:700tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:300.Arm.:26guns.Built:Germany(?)<1544.
BuiltfortradingundertheauspicesoftheHanseaticLeague,administrativelyheadquarteredintheBalticSeaportofLbeck,JesusofLbeckwasaroundship
designedchieflyforworkinthewatersofnorthernEuropeandnotforoceanicvoyaging.Alargeandimposingvessel,shehadhighsternandforecastlesfromwhich
hercrewcouldrepelboarders.Butthesesamefeaturescaughtthewind,makingherunresponsivetothehelmandstrainingthehull.HenryVIIIpurchasedherin1544
duringhisnavalbuildup,butshewaspoorlymaintainedinthedecadesthatfollowed.In1564,QueenElizabethlentJesusofLbecktoJohnHawkinsforan
expeditionduringwhichhesoldAfricanslavesillegallyintheSpanishCaribbean.(Slaverywaslegal,buttradingwithouttheproperpaperswasnot.)
Twoyearslater,Hawkinssailedagainwithsixvessels,theroyalshipsJesusofLbeckandMinion(300tons),WilliamandJohn(150tons),Swallow(100tons),
Judith(50tons),andAngel(33tons).ClearingPlymouthonOctober2,1567,theyarrivedonthecoastofGuineainmidNovember.Aftertwomonthsspent
gatheringslaves,eitherbytheftfromPortugueseslaversorbytradeandconquest,theEnglishsailedfortheCaribbean,arrivingoffDominicaonMarch27,1568.
RestrictionsontrademadeitdifficultforHawkinstooffloadhiscargo,butaftersellingmostoftheslavesnearCartagena,hewas

Page275

readytoreturntoEngland.HitbyahurricaneintheGulfofMexico,JesusofLbeckwassostrainedthatHawkinsorderedpartoftheupperworkscutaway,a
fortuitousmovethatmayhavebeenthegenesisoftheracebuilt,weatherlygalleonsHawkinspromotedfortheEnglishNavyintheyearsbeforetheSpanishArmada.
PuttingintoSanJuandeUlloa,Mexico,nearVeraCruz,onSeptember15,HawkinshopedtorepairhisshipsbeforethearrivaloftheSpanishflota,whichappeared
twodayslaterbearingthenewViceroyofMexico,DonMartinEnrquez.Negotiatinganarmistice,theEnglishcontinuedtheirrepairs,butonSeptember23,the
Spanishlaunchedasurpriseattack,sinkingJesusofLbeck,Angel,Swallow,andtwoPortugueseprizesthoughnotbeforetheflagshiphadsunktwoSpanish
ships.OnlyJudith,bynowundercommandofFrancisDrake,andMinionsurvivedthevoyage,returningtoPlymouthinlateJanuary1569withbarely70ofthe400
menwithwhichtheexpeditionbegan.
Hampden,FrancisDrakePrivateer.Sugden,SirFrancisDrake.

Jhelum
Ship(3m).L/B/D:123.1'27.1'18.1'(37.5m8.3m5.5m).Tons:428grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:1421.Built:JosephSteel&Son,Liverpool1849.
BuiltforgeneraltradingbetweenIndiaandEngland,JhelumwasnamedforatributaryoftheIndusRiverandthesiteofabattlebetweenEnglishandIndianforcesthe
yearbeforeherlaunch.Herownerandbuilder,JosephSteel,keptherinthattradeforonlyonevoyagebeforehesenthisshiptoSouthAmerica.Carryinggeneral
cargoout,JhelumreturnedfromAricawithnitrate(fertilizerfrombirddroppings).ThiswasthefirstofthirteensuchvoyagestoChile,Peru,orEcuadoruntilSteel
soldhisinterestintheshipin1863.HerEuropeanterminuswasalwaysLiverpool,althoughshecalledonetimeeachatHamburgandBaltimoreenroutehome.Her
averagetimeswereabout100to110daysbetweenSouthAmericaandEngland.
Imagenotavailable.
ThemerchantmanJHELUMin1976,morethanacentury
aftershewascondemnedatStanleyandtakenoverasa
floatingwarehouse,afatesharedbyseveralotherships.Part
ofthebulwarkshavebeencutawaytoallowforeasyaccess
bywagons.Suchsurgeryweakenedtheshipsandhastened
hecollapseofhullsinanenvironmentotherwisefavorable
tolongtermpreservation.CourtesyNormanBrouwer.

Cutdowntoabarkrigin1858,fiveyearslatershecameundertheownershipofJohnWiddicombeandCharlesBell,amongothers,whokeptherinthesametrade
betweenEnglandandLatinAmerica,thoughshemostlyshippedcoaloutbound.OnAugust18,1870,afteraroughpassageroundCapeHorn,CaptainBeaglehole
puthisshipintotheFalklandIslandsinaleakingcondition.HercrewrefusedtosailJhelumanyfurtherandasurveyfoundherunfitforsea.Theshipwaseventually
transferredtoJ.M.Dean&CompanybutnotbeforeBeagleholehadspentninemonthsatStanley.HefinallylefttheportinHMSCharybdisonMay27,1871.
Jhelumendedherdaysasafloatingwarehouseforwoolstorage,asdidmanyoftheothershipscondemnedatStanley,includingVICAROFBRAY,whichalsoput
intotheportindistressin1870.Jhelum'sremainsarestillvisible,thoughrapidlydeteriorating.
Stammers&Kearon,"Jhelum":AVictorianMerchantShip.

USSJohnston(DD557)
Fletcherclassdestroyer(2f/2m).L/B/D:376.5'39.7'17.8'(114.8m12.1m5.4m).Tons:2,700disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:273.Arm.:55"(51),10
40mm,720mm1021"TT6dcp,2dct.Mach.:gearedturbines,60,000shp,2shafts36.5kts.Built:SeattleTacomaShipbuildingCo.,Seattle,Wash.1943.
NamedforJohnVincentJohnston,aUniongunboatcaptainontheMississippiRiverduringtheCivilWar,USSJohnstonenteredserviceonOctober27,1943.At
hercommissioning,CommanderErnestE.EvansechoedJohnPaulJoneswhenhetoldhiscrew,"Thisisgoingtobeafightingship.Iintendtogoinharm'sway."He
wasasgoodashisword.Threemonthslater,Johnston'sfirstactionwasduringtheinvasionoftheMarshallIslandswhereshebombedtargetsonKwajaleinand
Eniwetok.ShenextsailedfortheSolomonIslandswhereshesanktheJapanesesubmarineI176onMay15offBougainvilleIsland.Aftertakingpartintheinvasion
ofGuaminJuly,JohnstonjoinedanescortcarriergroupforoperationsinthePalauIslands.

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AfterreplenishingatManaus,shejoinedRearAdmiralCliftonA.F.Sprague'sTaskForce3,comprisingsixescortcarriers,threedestroyers,andfourdestroyer
escorts.Afewdayslater,Taffy3,astheunitwasknown,wasonpatrolinthePhilippineSeaeastofSamarIsland.OnthemorningofOctober25,muchtothe
surpriseofallconcerned,ViceAdmiralTakeoKurita'sCenterForcebattleshipsYAMATO,Kongo,Haruna,andNagato,sevencruisers,andtwelveormore
destroyerscameintorangeofthe"BabyFlattops."Spragueimmediatelyorderedhiscarrierssouthwestatflankspeed17.5knotswhiledestroyers
Johnston,Hoel(DD553),andHeermann(DD532)wereorderedtofrustratetheJapaneseadvance.Thistheydidbylayingsmokeandthenwheelingintotheon
rushingJapaneseforce.
Johnstonwasoutrankedforthefirst20minutesofthebattle,butbeganfiringher5inchshellsattherateof40minutesassoonasshecould.Firing10torpedoesinto
alineofcruisers,shesankKumano.Minuteslatershewashitbythree14inchshells,followedquicklybythree6inchshellsinanexchangethathergunneryofficer
likenedto"apuppybeingsmackedbyatruck."Withoneengineandthree5inchgunsknockedout,Johnstonduckedintoarainsquallandgainedabriefrespite.
SheemergedtofindherselfonacollisioncoursewithHeermann,whichshemissedbylessthan10feet.Atthispoint,thesmokewassothickthatEvansorderedno
gunsfiredunlessthegunnerscouldseetheirtargets.At0820,Kongowas7,000yardsawayhurling14inchshellsoverthedestroyer.Inanefforttodrawfirefrom
escortcarrierGAMBIERBAY,EvansorderedanattackonthecruiserChikuma,onlybreakingofftheunequaldueltoavoidaJapanesedestroyersquadron.Hoel
hadsunkat0855,GambierBayat0907,andby0930,Johnston'sremaining5inchgunswereknockedoutandshewasdeadinthewater.Fifteenminuteslater,
Evansgavetheordertoabandonship,whichsankat1010in1140'N,12620'E.Therewereonly141survivorsEvanswasnotamongthemoneofwhom
reportedthathesawaJapanesedestroyercaptainsalutetheshipasshewentdown.DespitetheAmericans'lossesescortcarriersGambierBayandST.L,
Johnston,Hoel,andthedestroyerescortSamuelB.RobertsTaffy3hadsunktwocruisersanddeniedtheJapaneseasignificantvictory.
Morison,HistoryoftheUnitedStatesNavalOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Joliba
Schooner.L/B/D:40'6'1'(12.2n1.8m0.3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:6.Built:Sansanding,Bambara(Mali)1805.
In1805,theScottishexplorerMungoParksetouttotravelthelengthoftheNigerRivertothesea,afeatnotyetaccomplishedbyanyEuropean.Althoughthesource
oftheNigerwasknown,theriver'smouthhadbeenamysterytoEuropeansaslongagoasHerodotusinthefifthcenturyBCE.TheNigerwasvariouslybelievedto
drainintotheSahara,descendunderthedeserttoemergeintheMediterranean,flowintotheNileorCongoRivers,oremptyintotheAtlanticasinfactitdoes,at
theendofits2,600milecoursetotheGulfofGuinea.OnhisfirstexpeditiontoWestAfrica(179497),ParkhadseentheNigernearSgou(inwhatisnowMali),
wheretheriverflowseast.Eightyearslater,nowagedthirtyfour,Parkembarkedonhissecondjourney.AscendingtheGambiaRiverwithfortyfourmenatthestart
oftherainyseasoninApril,hereachedSgouinSeptemberwithonlythreemenleft.ThereKingMansonggavehimtwocanoesthathecobbledtogetherintowhathe
hopefullycalled"HisMajesty'sSchoonerJoliba."OnNovember20,1805,Park,hissurvivingcompanions,andthreeservantssetoutdowntheNiger.Afterpassing
Tombouctou,theyhadtraveledtowithin600milesoftherivermouthwhentheywerekilledatBussa,inwhatisnowNigeria.Thejourneywascompletedin1830by
JohnandRichardLander.
deGramont,StrongBrownGod.

JolieBrise
Gaffcutter.L/B/D:56.2'15.8'10.2'(17.1m4.8m3.1m).Tons:44.Hull:wood.Comp.:12.Built:M.Paumelle,LeHavre1913.
Oneofthemostcelebratedyachtsofthetwentiethcentury,JolieBrisewasbuiltasaFrenchpilotcutter,butthestartofWorldWarIcurtailedheruseinthatwork.
In1917,shewassoldtointerestsinConcarneauandsailedinthetunafisheriesforthreeyearsbeforebeinglaidup.JolieBrisewaspurchasedbyEvelynGeorge
Martinin1924andconvertedintoacruisingyacht.Thenextyear,MartinhelpedestablishtheRoyalOceanRacingClub'sfirstFastnetRace,whichJolieBrisewon.
(The610mileracerunsfromRyde,IsleofWight,aroundFastnetRockoffsouthwestIreland,andbacktoPlymouth.)Thenextyear,MartinsailedtoNewport,
RhodeIsland,forthestartoftheBermudaRace,whichJolieBrisewoninherclassbeforereturninghomeforthesecondFastnetRace.MartinthensoldJolieBrise
toRobert"Bobby"Somerset,underwhosecommandshewonthe1929FastnetRaceandthefirstracetoSantander,Spain.Shemadeapoorshowinginthenext
year'sFastnetherlastformorethansixtyyearsbutSomersetenteredherinthe1932BermudaRace,theonlyonetobeginfromMontauk

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Point,NewYork.JolieBrisedistinguishedherselfthefirstnightoutwhenshewasrunalongsidetheburningAdrianatoretrievehercrew,allbutoneofwhomleaped
tosafetyonthecutter.
ThiswasJolieBrise'slastmajorrace,andfrom1932to1939shewasusedexclusivelyforcruisingbetweenBritainandtheMediterranean.Requisitionedbythe
RoyalNavy,shesawnoserviceduringWorldWarII,andin1946shewasacquiredbyagroupthatplannedtotakehertoNewZealandunderthenamePleasant
Breeze.(JolieBriseistheFrenchequivalentofmoderatebreeze,Force4ontheBeaufortScale.)Thiseffortfailed,andshewaspurchasedatLisbonbyLuisLobato,
whosailedherinPortugalandtheMediterraneanfortwodecades.DuringPortugal'ssocialistrevolutionin1975,LobatosoldJolieBrisetotheInternationalSailing
CraftAssociationattheExeterMaritimeMuseum,underwhoseauspicesshecontinuestocruise,andoccasionallyrace,throughoutnorthernEurope.
Bryer,"JolieBrise."Rolt,"EightyYearsaGaffCutter."

JosephConrad
(exGeorgStage)Ship(3m).L/B/D:110.5'25.2'12'(33.7m7.7m3.7m).Tons:212grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:2390.Mach.:aux.diesel,265hp,1screw.
Built:Burmeister&Wain,Copenhagen1882.
TheoriginaltrainingshipbuiltfortheStiftelsenGeorgStagesMinde,GeorgStagewasnamedinmemoryofthesonofFrederickStage,theprogram'sfounder.Used
fortrainingmerchantshipcadets,shesailedinthewatersoftheBalticandNorthSeasduringthesummermonths,andspentthewinterslaidupinCopenhagen.In
1905,shesankwiththelossoftwentytwocadetsfollowingacollisionwiththeBritishsteamerAnconaofLeith.Raisedandrefitted,andwithherengineremoved,
shecontinuedasatrainingshipfortheDanishmerchantmarineforanothertwentynineyears,whenanewGeorgStagewasbuilt.
Thesameyear,theAustralianjournalistturnedseamanAlanVilliers(thenthirtytwo)purchasedtheshipandrenamedherJosephConradinhonorofthegreatsea
writer.VilliersfittedheroutforacircumnavigationthatbeganatIpswich,England,onOctober22,1934.Inthecourseofthevoyage,theConradcalledatNew
York,RiodeJaneiro,andCapeTown,thencrossedtheIndianOceanbeforeturningnorthtosailthroughtheEastIndies.HeadingwestasfarastheSolomon
Islands,sheturnedsouthforSydney.AfteradditionalstopsinNewZealand,northwestagaintoNewGuinea,backtoNewZealand,andontoTahiti,Conrad
roundedCapeHornandreturnedtoNewYorkonOctober16,1936,afteravoyageof57,000miles.AttheendofitVillierswasbroke,andhesoldtheConradto
HuntingtonHartford,whoconvertedhertoayacht.Villiersalsopublishedtwoaccountsofthevoyage,TheCruiseofthe"Conrad"andStormalong,toldfromthe
perspectiveofanapprenticewhosignedonattheageoffourteen.FouryearslatershepassedtotheU.S.MaritimeCommissionforuseasamerchanttrainingvessel
outofSt.Petersburg.FollowingWorldWarII,shewaslaidupuntilpresentedtotheMarineHistoricalAssociationasafloatingmuseumandstationarytrainingvessel
atMystic,Connecticut,whereshearrivedin1948.SheremainsinthatworktodayattheMysticSeaportMuseum.
Villiers,Cruiseofthe"Conrad"Stormalong.

Joshua
Ketch.L:39.5'(12m).Hull:steel.Comp.:1+.Des.:JeanKnocker.Built:France1961.
Namedforthefirstsinglehandedcircumnavigator,JoshuaSlocum,BernardMoitessier'sketchwasbuiltwiththeproceedsofTotheReefs,abookabouthis
adventuresenroutefromFrenchIndochinatotheCaribbean.Inthecourseofthisextendedpassage,thejunkMarieThrsewaswreckedintheIndianOcean,and
hersuccessorMarieThrseIIwaswreckedinTrinidad.AfterusingJoshuaasasailingschoolintheMediterranean,MoitessierdecidedtosailtoFrenchPolynesia.
Heremainedthereforseveralyears,andwhenhedecidedtoreturnhedidsoinanonstoprunfromTahititoAlicante,Spain,whereuponhewroteanaccountofhis
prolongedcircumnavigation,TheFirstVoyageofJoshua.
In1969,theSundayTimesannounceditssponsorshipoftheGoldenGlobe,tobeawardedtothefirstpersontosailsinglehandedaroundtheworldwithout
stopping.Moitessierwaseasilythemostexperiencedsinglehanderoftheentrants,whoincludedRobinKnoxJohnstoninSUHAILIandDonaldCrowhurstin
TEIGNMOUTHELECTRON.Oneofthelaterstarters,thepowerfulJoshuagainedsteadilyonSuhaili,andmanythoughtitpossibleshewouldwintheGolden
Globe,thoughasMoitessiercarriednoradio,nooneknewforsure.AfterroundingCapeHorn,theiconoclasticMoitessierdecidedtothrowtherace.
CommunicatinghisintentionviaslingshottoapassingtankerneartheCapeofGoodHope,hewrote,"IcontinuenonstoptowardthePacificIslandsbecauseIam
happyatseaand,perhaps,tosavemysoul."Andso,withoutstopping,JoshuaarrivedatPapeetehavingcovered37,455milesin10monthswithoutasinglestop.

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JoshuasailedfasterthanSuhailibyabout15milesperday.MoitessierandJoshuaremainedinTahitiuntil1980,whenhedecidedtotryhishandontheAmerican
lecturecircuit.AftertwoyearsinCalifornia,MoitessiercharteredJoshuatoactorKlausKinskiandsailedwithhimtoMexico.There,inDecember1982,Joshua
wasblownashoreandwreckedonCaboSanLucas.
Lesure,"UnlikelyLegend."Moitessier,FirstVoyageofthe"Joshua"LongWay.

J.T.Wing
(exOliverH.Perry,J.O.Webster,CharlesF.Gordon)Schooner(3m).L/B/D:139'33.7'12.7'(42.4m10.3m3.9m).Tons:431grt.Hull:wood.
Comp.:8.Built:BeazleyBros.,Weymouth,NovaScotia1919.
BuilttocarrymahoganyfromWestAfricatoCanada,CharlesF.Gordonwassoldin1922toAlexanderandLewisStockwell,whoputherundertheAmericanflag
andrenamedherJ.O.Webster.DuringtheFloridabuildingboomofthemid1920s,shefreightedlumberfromNewEnglandandwaspartofthelastbigfleetof
windjammersinBiscayneBay.In1934,sheranagroundnearNoank,Connecticut,andwasseizedforrumrunning.ThenextyearshewassoldtotheJ.T.Wing
Company,aDetroitchandlery.RenamedJ.T.Wing,shefreightedlogsfromRimouski,Quebec,toPortHuron,Michigan.Fortwoyearsshewasafamiliarsightat
portsonLakesHuronandMichigan,butherdeepseahullwasillsuitedtotherequirementsofGreatLakesnavigation.
Imagenotavailable.
Underalowsky,atypicalGreatLakesorecarriersteamsbytheNovaScotiabuiltschoonerJ.T.WINGat
MarineCity,Michigan.BuiltfortheAtlanticcoastwisetrade,thethreemastedJ.O.WEBSTERspentpart
ofhercareerontheGreatLakes,firstastheBoyScouttrainingshipOLIVERH.PERRYandlaterintrade
againastheJ.T.WING.Author'scollection.

From1939to1941,shewasownedbytheGreatLakesSeaScoutsandnamedforOliverHazardPerry.SoldtotheChippewaLumberCompanyofSaultSte.
Mariein1941,J.T.Wingwaslaidupfrom1943to1946.Inthelatteryear,theGreatLakes'lastcommercialsailingvesselwasdonatedtothecityofDetroitand
openedasanexhibitoftheDossinGreatLakesMuseum.Shewascon

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demnedin1956,andasthecostofrebuildingwasprohibitive,shewasbrokenupin1958.
FraserLee,"BluenoseontheGreatLakes."

JuanSebastiandeElcano
Topsailschooner(4m).L/B/D:308.7'42.9'22.2'(94.1m13.1m6.8m).Tons:3,750disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:265.Arm.:46pdr.Mach.:diesel,500bhp,
1screw9.5kts.Des.:Camper&Nicholsons,Ltd.,Southampton.Built:EchevarrietayLarrinaga,Cadiz,Spain1927.
AlthoughFerdinandMagellanisoftencreditedwithbeingthefirstmantocircumnavigatetheglobe,hewaskilledintheMoluccasin1521whenhisshipVICTORIA
wasonlyabouthalfwayaroundtheworld.HispilotJuanSebastiandeElcanotookcommandofthevesselandarrivedbackatSpainwithacrewofonlynineteenmen
afteravoyageofthreeyears.DeElcanoisthusafittingchoiceofnameforaSpanishsailtrainingvessel,andhisfourmastednamesakehasservedtheofficersand
cadetsoftheSpanishNavyinthatcapacityforalmostthreequartersofacentury.Whetherflyingtheflagofamonarchy,Franco'sfascistdictatorship,or
parliamentarydemocracy,JuanSebastiandeElcanohassailedbothasatrainingvesselandasagoodwillambassadorforSpain,andalwaysasavividreminderthat
Spainonceruledsupremeatsea.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

USSJuneau(CL52)
Atlantaclasscruiser.L/B/D:541.5'53.2'20.5'(165m16.2m6.2m).Tons:8,340disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:623.Arm.:165"(82),161.1'821".
Armor:3.8"belt,1.3"deck.Mach.:75,000hp,2screws32kts.Built:FederalShipbuildingCo.,Kearny,N.J.1942.
OneofeightAtlanta/Oaklandclasscruisers,theonlyAmericancruiserstocarrydualpurpose5inchgunsfortheirprimaryarmament,USSJuneauspentseveral
monthsontheEastCoastbeforebeingsenttotheSouthPacificinthefallof1942.OnSeptember10,shejoinedataskforcecenteredonUSSWASPandwas
assignedtoferryingplanesandtroopstoGuadalcanalfivedayslater,Juneauhelpedrescuesurvivorsfromthestrickenaircraftcarrier.Overthenextseveralmonths,
shetookpartinthebrutaldefenseofGuadalcanal.AttheBattleoftheSantaCruzIslands(October2627)JuneauwaspartofthescreenforUSSHORNET,
whosecaptainwasforcedtogivetheordertoabandonship,whereuponJuneaujoinedtheescortscreenforUSSENTERPRISE.OnNovember8,Juneau
departedNouma,NewCaledonia,inaconvoyboundforGuadalcanal.Thetransportsandcargoshipsarrivedonthe12th.Shortlybefore0200thenextmorning,
theAmericanLandingSupportGroupengagedanumericallysuperiorJapanesefleet.InthecloselyfoughtNavalBattleofGuadalcanal,Juneauwasforcedto
withdrawafteratorpedoknockedoutoneofherscrews.Thenextmorning,asthebatteredAmericanfleetretired,JuneauwastorpedoedagainbytheJapanese
submarineI26.Shesankinlessthanaminute(in1034'S,16104'E),takingwithherallbuttenofhercrew.AmongthedeadwereCaptainLymanK.Swensonand
thefiveSullivanbrothers,agestwentytwototwentyeight.TheirlossforcedachangeinNavypolicy,underwhichbrotherswerenolongerallowedtoserveinthe
sameship.ThedestroyerUSSTHESULLIVANSwasalsonamedintheirmemory.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Junior
Whaleship(3m).L/B/D:115'27'13.5'dph(35.1m8.2m4.1m).Tons:378disp.Hull:wood.Comp:23.Built:EastHaddam,Conn.1836.
OwnedbyDavidR.GreeneandCompanyofNewBedford,JuniorwasthesceneofoneofthemostnotoriousmutiniesoftheAmericanwhalingfleet.Under
CaptainArchibaldMelen,Jr.,theshipsailedforthePacificwhalinggroundsonJune21,1857.Thecrewlivedinappallingcircumstanceswithbrutal,incompetent
officersandstoresthatincludedcasksofrottingmeatpurchasedinHawaiiontheship'spreviousvoyage.ByChristmasDaytheshipwasaboutsixdaysfrom
Australia,havinggonesixmonthswithoutspottingonewhale.FortifiedwithChristmasspiritsandledbymalcontentboatsteererCyrusPlummer,agroupofthecrew
killedthecaptainandthirdmate,andwoundedthefirstandsecondmates.TenofthemutineerslefttheshipnearCapeHoweeightcrewwereeventuallycaughtand
returnedtoNewBedfordasprisonersaboardtheiroldship.Atthehighlypublicizedtrial,thedefensecitedtheinhumaneconditionsbeforethemastasmitigating
circumstancesfortheiract,andonlyPlummerwasfoundguiltyofmurder.(PresidentJamesBuchanancommutedhisdeathsentencetolifeinprison.)Juniormade
onemorevoyagebeforebeingsoldtoNewYorkin1862,andshewassoldforeignin1865.
Harris,"MutinyonJunior."Starbuck,HistoryoftheNorthAmericanWhaleFishery.

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Jylland
Steamfrigate(3m).L/B/D:311.7'43'19.7'(95m13.1m6m).Tons:2,450disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:437.Arm.:3030pdr,1430pdr.Mach.:horizontal
steamengine,400nhp,1screw12kts.Built:NyholmNavalShipyard,Copenhagen1860.
Thedevelopmentofthesteamengineandauxiliarypowerinthenineteenthcenturyhelpedtorevolutionizenavigationandnavalwarfare.However,paddlemachinery
wasvulnerabletoenemyfireandtookupsomuchspaceformerlygivenovertogunsthatitwasmoreofaliabilitythananasset.Thewidespreadadoptionofscrew
propulsioninthe1840smadesteamwarshipsamorerealisticalternativetowindships.Jylland(Jutland)wasbuiltfortheDanishNavyin1860.Initiallysailedasa
cadettrainingship,onMay9,1863,shewasseverelydamagedintheBattleofHelgolandbetweenaDanishfleetunderAdmiralSuensonandanAustroPrussian
forceunderAdmiralWilhelmvonTegetthoff.HostilitieshadbegunafterKingChristianIXattemptedtoformallyannextheduchiesofSchleswigandHolstein
historicallyDanishbutwithalargeGermanpopulationintoDenmark.OnthepretextofenforcingtheTreatyofLondonof1852,whichforbadeanysuch
annexation,Prussia'sChancellorOttovonBismarckwithanAustrianallianceforcedtheDanestobackdownin1864.
Denmark,whichsurrenderedthetwoduchiesonlytoseethemannexedbyPrussiaaftertheAustroPrussianWarof1866,remainedatpeacethroughtheendofthe
nineteenthcentury.Jylland'srolewaslargelyoneofshowingtheflag,mostlyinEuropeanwatersbutalsointheDanishWestIndies(nowtheU.S.VirginIslands).
From1892to1908,Jyllandwasusedasastationarybarracksandtrainingship.Inthelatteryear,thegovernmentdecidedtosavetheshipasamuseum,although
shewasusedasabarracksduringandjustafterbothworldwars.Since1960thelastsurvivorfromtheeraofwoodenhulled,screwdrivenwarshipshasbeen
undergoingamajorrestorationashoreatEbeltoft.
Imagenotavailable.
TheDanishsteamfrigateJYLLAND,minushermasts,in1979.
Fromadistancethewhitestripemightmaskthehoggedhull
(thefactthatsheisloweratthebowandsternthanamidships),
butthegentlyarchingrowofgunportsrevealsthecurvature
ofthedeck.CourtesyNormanBrouwer.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Kjlsen,"OldDanishFrigate."Schuffelen,GreatSailingShips.

Page281

K
Kadirga
Galley.L/B:121.2'18.7'(36.9m5.7m).Hull:wood.Comp.:144oarsmen.Built:ImperialShipyard,Kasimpasha,Turkey16th17thcent.
TheKadirgaisthelargestoftwentyninestatecaques(orbarges)preservedattheMaritimeMuseuminIstanbul.Althoughsometraditionsholdthatshewasactually
aByzantinegalleycapturedatthefallofConstantinoplein1453,thebestestimatesofherdateofbuildrangebetweenthereignsofSultanMehmetII(145181)and
thatofMehmetIV(164887).ThelaterdateisbasedonhersimilaritytoWesterngalleysofthesameperiod,inwhichthesternpostissetatanangletothekeel
ratherthanframedinacontinuouscurve.
TheKadirga(whichissimplytheTurkishwordfor"galley")isa48oaredgalleyascaloccio,thatis,withthreemenonabenchpullingasingleoar.(Inagalleyalla
sensile,eachroweronthebenchpulledhisownoar.)Thesteersmanstandsontheraisedsternholdingacenterlinerudder.Justforwardofthispositionisacanopied
cabin(inTurkish,akshk,orkiosk),supportedbyfoursilveredcolumnsand"workedinivoryandmotherofpearl,anddecoratedwithrockcrystalandturquoise
stones."Fromtherethehulldescendsinagentlesheerdowntotherowers'deck,andthebowendsinalongtaperedram.
Usedchieflyforceremonialoccasions,theKadirgamayhavebeenusedforextendedvoyages,includingthe125miles(200kilometers)eastacrosstheSeaof
Marmara.TheKadirgawasusedaslateasthereignofMahmutII(180839),afterwhichshewaslaidupatTopkapiPalace.In1913,theentirefleetofimperial
caqueswasrowedortowedtotheNavalArsenalatKasimpasha,wheretheyremaineduntil1956.Inthatyear,KadirgawasmovedtoBeshiktash,nearthe
Bosporus,andthentotheNavalMuseumin1970,whereshehasbeenonexhibiteversince.
Basch,"KadirgaRevisited."Brookes,"TheTurkishImperialStateBarges."Lehmann,"TurkishImperialStateBarges."

Kaga
Kagaclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:812.5'106.6'31'(247.7m32.5m9.4m).Tons:42,541disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,020.Arm.:90aircraft108",16
5",3025mm.Armor:11"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,4shafts,127,400shp28.5kts.Built:YokosukaDockyard,Yokusaka,Japan1928.
Laiddownandlaunchedasabattleship,workontheKaga(namedforacityinJapan)wasstoppedinaccordancewiththetermsoftheWashingtonNavalTreatyof
1922.Thefollowingyear,worktofinishherasanaircraftcarrierbegan,andKagawascompletedonMarch31,1928.OneofthesixcarriersinViceAdmiral
ChuichiNagumo'sFirstAirFleetsentagainstPearlHarboronDecember7,1941,KagalatertookpartinoperationsagainsttheDutchEastIndiesandNewGuinea.
OneoffourcarriersinAdmiralNagumo'sfleetattheBattleofMidway,Kagawassunk(in3023'N,17917'W)bydivebombersfromUSSENTERPRISEatabout
1026onJune4,1942,withthelossof800crew.
Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Silverstone,DirectoryoftheWorld'sCapitalShips.

KaiserWilhelmderGrosse
Linerauxiliarycruiser(4f/2m).L/B:191.2mbp20.1m(627.4'66').Tons:14,349grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st332,2nd343,3rd1,074.Arm.:610.5cm2
3.7cm.Mach.:tripleexpansion,14,000ihp,2screws22kts.Built:AGVulcan,Stettin,Germany1897.
TheGermanmerchantmarine'sfirstbidtoentertheraceforsupremacyontheNorthAtlanticpassengerrun,NorddeutscherLloyd'sKaiserWilhelmderGrosse
namedforthegrandfatherofthereigningWilhelmIIwasdesignedtobethelargestandmostpowerfulshipafloat.Thefirstoceanlinerwithfourfunnels(only
fourteenwerebuilt),arrangedintwopairsratherthanbeingevenlyspaced,thesumptuouslydecoratedshipinitiatedtheeraofthesuperliner.Herprodigiousspeed
wasevidentfromthefirst,whenshemadethefastestcrossingof

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Imagenotavailable.
UndatedpostcardoftheGermanexpresslinerKAISERWILHELM
DERGROSSEenteringthelockatBremerhaven.Courtesy
TheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

anymaidenvoyageBrementoNewYorkviaSouthamptoninSeptember1897.TwomonthslatershebecamethefirstGermanshiptocapturetheBlueRiband
bysailingfromSandyHooktotheNeedlesatanaveragespeedof22.27knots.ThefollowingMarch,shesetawestboundrecordwithaspeedof22.29knots.
(BothtimeswerebetteredbyHamburgAmerika'sDEUTSCHLANDin1900.)
InJune1900shenarrowlyavoideddestructionwhenafirebrokeoutattheNorddeutscherLloydpiersinHoboken,NewJersey.Thefirewastheworstinthehistory
oftheportofNewYork,andwhilesheescapedrelativelyunscathed,herconsortsBremen,Main,andSaalewerebadlydamagedthelasthadtobesold.Sixyears
laterKaiserWilhelmderGrossewasrammedbytheBritishfreighterOrinocooffCherbourginacollisioninwhichfivepassengerswerekilled.
Owingtotheprofitabilityoftheemigranttrade,in1914KaiserWilhelmderGrossewasreconfiguredtocarryonlythirdandfourthclasspassengers,andherfew
remainingvoyagesbetweenBremenandNewYorkweredirect.HerlastvoyagefromNewYorkbeganonJuly21andshewassafelybackinBremanatthe
outbreakofWorldWarI.
Fittedoutasanarmedmerchantcruiser,shesailedfromBremerhaveninthefirstweekofAugustundercommandofCaptainMaxReymannwithacrewof584.Over
thecourseofthenexttwoweekssheencounteredfiveships,threeofwhichshesankandtwoofwhichshereleasedastheywerefullofpassengers.Starvedforfuel,
onAugust21sheenteredtheneutralportofRiodeOro,SpanishSahara.Whilerefuelingfromthreecolliers,shewassurprisedbyHMSHighflyer.Afterabrief
poundingbythecruiser's6inchguns,Reymannorderedhisshipscuttled,andKaiserWilhelmderGrossesankin2334'N,162'W.Therewereatleast480
survivorsandanunknownnumberofcasualties.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

Kaiulani
(exStarofFinland,Kaiulani)Bark(3m).L/B/D:250'42'19.2'(76.2m12.8m5.8m).Tons:1,699grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:17crew16pass.Des.:J.A.
Hargan.Built:A.Sewall&Co.,Bath,Me.1899.
ThelastsquareriggertosailinregularcommercialserviceundertheAmericanflag,KaiulaniwasnamedforPrincessVictoriaKaiulani,thelastheirapparenttothe
Hawaiianthrone,whodiedin1899,theyearofhernamesake'slaunchandoneyearaftertheRepublicofHawaiiwasannexedbytheUnitedStates.Thewhitehulled
barkwasbuiltbyArthurSewall,Maine'scelebrated"MaritimePrince,"forA.Hackfield&Company'sHawaiian(orPlanters)Line.Kaiulanicarriedpassengersand
mixedcargofromSanFranciscotoHonolulu,returningtotheWestCoastwithsugar.Intheoffseasonshesailedondifferentroutesthattookherasfarafieldas
Australia.
In1908,Kaiulani'sownersweretakenoverbytheMatsonLine,andtwoyearslatershewasretiredfromtheSanFranciscoHonoluluroute.SoldtotheAlaska
PackersAssociationandrenamedStarofFinland,everyspringshesailedfromSanFranciscofreightingsuppliesandcrewsforthelonelysalmonfisheriessprinkled
alongtheAlaskanmainland.Thereshewouldremainthroughthefall,whenshewouldreturnwithafullcargooftinnedsalmon.Thisworkwasoneofthelastbastions
ofsail,andtheAlaskaPackersmaintainedasturdyfleetofironandsteelhulledEnglishandAmericanships,includingfivefromSewall'syard.StarofFinlandmade
thevoyageeveryyearuntil1927,whenshewaslaidupatAlameda.Althoughtheothershipsweresoldoff,sheremainedinSanFranciscoBaythroughthe1930s,
sailingbriefly,asboththebarkVigilantandshipWilliamBrown,intheGaryCooperfilmSoulsatSea(1937).
AsWorldWarIIthreatenedtoinvolvetheUnitedStates,virtuallyallavailableshippingwasputbackinservice.StarofFinlandwasnoexception,andin1941she
waspurchasedbytheHammondLumberCompany,whogaveherbackheroldname.KaiulaniwascharteredtotheDanishEastAsiaticCompanytocarry1.6
millionboardfeetoflumberfromGray'sHarbor,Washington,toDur

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Imagenotavailable.
NamedforHawaii'slastprincess,thethreemasted,steelhulledbarkKAIULANIwas
builtforservicebetweenSanFranciscoandHawaii.Bythetimethispicturewastaken,
byO.Beatonin1912,shewashardatworkintheAlaskafisheries.Pressedintoservice
duringtheshippingshortageatthestartofWorldWarII,shebecamethelastAmerican
squareriggertoroundCapeHorn,in1941.CourtesySpecialCollectionsDivision,
UniversityofWashingtonLibraries,Seattle.

ban,SouthAfrica.UndercommandofCaptainHjalmarWigstenandwithacrewthatincludedfutureshippreservationistsKarlKortumandHarryDring,shesailed
onSeptember25,1941,becomingthefirstAmericansquareriggertodoubleCapeHornintwentyoneyears,andpossiblythelastmerchantsquareriggerevertodo
so.Whileroaringthroughthesouthernocean,hercrewpickedupradiotransmissionsfromwhichtheylearnedoftheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember
7.
ArrivingatDurbanonJanuary29,1942,Kaiulanidischargedherlumber,butcargoesforsquareriggerswerefewandfarbetween,anditwasnotuntilMay7that
sheclearedforSydney,Australia,with190tonsoffreight,includingexplosives.AfterlearningofsubmarineactivityoffSydney,Wigstendecidedtosailinsteadfor
Hobart,Tasmania,whereshearrivedinJune.TheU.S.Armylearnedoftheship'spresenceinAustralianwaters,andKaiulaniwassailedtoSydney.Hereshewas
strippeddownforuseasacoalbargetoprovidefuelfor''MacArthur'sNavy"astheAlliesworkedtheirwayalongthecoastofNewGuineaandthePhilippine
archipelago.War'sendfoundheratManila,andin1948shewassoldassurplustotheMadrigalShippingCompany.Forthenextseventeenyearsshehauled
mahoganylogsfromMindanaotoManila.
In1963,agroupofAmericansformedtheNationalMaritimeHistoricalSocietytopreservethelastknownYankeesquareriggerasapublicexhibitatWashington,
D.C.ThePhilippines'PresidentDiosdadoMacapagalformallydonatedKaiulanitoPresidentLyndonB.JohnsononbehalfoftheAmericanpeoplein1964.
Unfortunately,effortstoraisefundstocompleteherrestorationforreturntotheUnitedStateswereunsuccessful,andKaiulaniwasbrokenupin1974.Aportionof
herforefootwassubsequentlyacquiredbytheNationalParkServicefordisplayattheNationalMaritimeMuseuminSanFrancisco.
Hutchinson,"Kaiulani."Nerney,HistoryofWilliams,DimondandCompany.Wittholz,"AlohaKaiulani!"

SMSKarlsruhe
Karlsruheclasslightcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:466.4'45'18'(142.2m13.7m6.3m).Tons:6,191disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:373.Arm.:124.1",220"TT.
Mach.:steamturbines,37,885shp,2screws28.5kts.Built:FriedrichKruppAGGermaniawerft,Kiel,Germany1914.
NamedforthecityontheRhineRiver,atthestartofWorldWarI,KarlsruhewasthenewestcruiserintheGermanNavy,havingbeencommissionedonlythree
months

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before.ArrivingontheWestIndiesstationinJuly,withwarimminent,CaptainErichKhlerslippedoutofHavanaonJuly30toawaitorders.OnAugust6,
KarlsruherendezvousedwiththepassengershipKRONPRINZWILHELMintheremotecaysoftheBahamastoexchangeammunitionforprovisions.Interrupted
byHMSSussex,flyingtheflagofRearAdmiralSirChristopherCradock,KarlsruhefledtheslowershiponlytofindherselfthatnightwithinrangeofHMSBristol,
fromwhomshealsoescaped.AftercoalingquicklyatSanJuan,PuertoRico,andCuraao,KhlertookhisshipintothesealanesoffBrazil,which,fromtheBritish
standpointatleast,waspreferabletotheNorthAtlantic.Karlsruhe'ssuccesswaslimitedinitially,butbetweenAugust31andOctober24shecapturedfifteenships,
andtheBritishhadnoreportofherwhereaboutsbetweenSeptember28andOctober22.KhlernowdecidedtotryanattackonBarbadosandMartiniquesimilar
toSMSEMDEN'sattackonPenang.OnNovember4,KarlsruheandthesupplyshipsRioNegroandIndraniwereabout300milessouthwestofBarbadosin11
07'N,5525'Wwhenahugeexplosionsubsequentlyattributedtothespontaneouscombustionofunstableammunitionsuddenlyblewoffherbows,killing263
ofherofficersandcrew.ThesurvivorsreturnedtoGermanyinDecember,andthesecretofherlosswassowellkeptthattheBritishcontinuedtohuntforheruntil
theylearnedofherlossfromdebriswashedupontheislandofSt.VincentinApril1915.
Yates,GrafSpee'sRaiders.

Karlsruhe
Knigsbergclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:570.7'49.9'20.7'(174m15.2m6.3m).Tons:7,700disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:820850.Arm.:96"(33),6
8.8cm,83.7cm,42cm1221"TT2aircraft.Mach.:steamturbines,68,200shp,2screws32.5kts.Des.:ConstructionalAdvisorEhrenberg.Built:Deutsche
Werke,Kiel,Germany1929.
Oneofthree"K"classlightcruisersdesignedascommerceraidersinthe1920s,KarlsruhefirstsawwartimedutyoffSpainduringtheSpanishCivilWar.OnApril7,
1940,Karlsruhe(CaptainRieve)andsistershipKlnweredeployedtoBergenaspartofOperationWeserbung.LatersenttoKristiansandinsouthernNorway,
afterovercomingthebatteryatOdderoy,Karlsruhedisembarkedtroopsandmunitionsasplannedbeforesailingforhomewatersat1900,onApril9.Aboutanhour
later,KarlsruhewashitbyuptothreetorpedoesfiredfromthesubmarineHMSTruant,underLieutenantCommanderC.H.Hutchinson.Withhisshipinasinking
condition,Rievehadhiscrewtakenoff,andat2250heorderedthetorpedoboatGreiftosinkhisship,in5804'N,84'E.Shewasoneofthreeheavysurfaceunits
lostintheinvasionofNorway,withBLCHERandKNIGSBERG.
Imagenotavailable.
TheGermanlightcruiserKARLSRUHE,oneofthreeshipslostduring
theinvasionofNorwayin1940,seenfromthedecksoftheAmerican
aircraftcarrierUSSLANGLEYatSanDiego,California,March28,1934.
Notethatshecarriesnine6inchgunsinthreeturrets,oneforward
andtwoaft.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.
Grner,GermanWarships.Whitley,GermanCruisersofWorldWarTwo.

USSKearny(DD432)
Gleavesclassdestroyer(1f/1m).L/B/D:347.4'36.1'11.8'(105.9m11m3.6m).Tons:2,060disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:208.Arm.:45",12.50cal.,2
10"TT,2dct.Mach.:gearedturbines,44,000shp,2shafts36.5kts.Built:FederalShipBuilding&DryDockCo.,Kearny,N.J.1940.
NamedforLawrenceKearny,anavalofficerwhosediplomaticacuityinthe1840simprovedU.S.relationswithChinaandreversedBritain'sannexationofHawaii,
USSKearnywasfirstassignedtotheNeutralityPatrol,intendedtokeepEuropeanbelligerentsoutoftheAmericas.FollowinganexpansionofU.S.policytooneof
"allaidshortofwar"insupportofEngland,KearnybeganescortingBritishconvoysbetweenNewfoundlandandIceland.OnOctober16,1941,aGerman
submarinesankthreemerchantshipsinaconvoythatKearnywasescort

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ing,andKearnywasstruckbyatorpedothatwounded22sailorsandkilled11others,thefirstU.S.fatalitiesofWorldWarII.ShelimpedintoReykjavikbutwas
notreadyforseaagainuntilaftertheU.S.declarationofwar.
KearnyreturnedtodutyinApril1942,escortingconvoystoEngland,theCaribbean,SouthAmerica,andNorthAfrica,whereshetookpartinOperationTorch,the
invasionofMorocco,inNovember1942.AftertwomonthsaspartofescortcarrierUSSCore'shunterkillertaskgroup,KearnysailedfortheMediterranean,
providingfiresupportforforcesboggeddownatAnzio,Italy,inMarch1944,andinAugustfortheAlliedlandingsnearSt.Tropez,France.Followingconvoydutyin
theMediterraneanandAtlantic,KearnytransferredtothePacificinAugust1945,arrivingatPearlHarboraftertheJapanesesurrender.Decommissionedin1946,
sheendedherdaysinthereservefleetatOrange,Texas.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSKearsarge
Mohicanclassscrewsloop(3m).L/B/D:198.5'bp33.8'15.8'(60.5m10.3m4.8m).Tons:1,550disp.1,031burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:160.Arm.:2
11",432pdr.Mach.:horizontalbackactingengines,842ihp,1screw11kts.Built:PortsmouthNavyYard,Kittery,Me.1862.
Orderedundertheemergencywarprogramof1861,USSKearsarge(namedforaNewHampshiremountain)hadarathercommonplacecareerintheEuropean
SquadronoftheU.S.Navy.UnderCaptainCharlesW.Pickering,shedepartedPortsmouth,NewHampshire,onJanuary24,1862,andtookpartintheblockadeof
CSSSUMTERatGibraltarSumter'scommander,CaptainRaphaelSemmes,thereuponlefttheship.ThereafterKearsargepatrolledthewesternAtlanticinpursuit
ofSemmes'snewship,CSSALABAMA,andotherraiders.InJune1864,KearsargewasatFlushing,Holland,underCaptainJohnA.Winslow,whenwordarrived
thatthenotoriousConfederateraiderhadputintoCherbourgonJune11.Threedayslater,KearsargearrivedofftheFrenchcoast.Localofficialstoldhimthatany
attempttoembarkU.S.sailorsputashorefromAlabamawouldviolateFrenchneutrality,soWinslowashipmateofSemmesbeforethewarputtoseato
awaitAlabama'sinevitabledeparture.OnthemorningofJune19,AlabamastoodoutofCherbourgandopenedfireonKearsargeat1057.Fittedwithprotective
chaincablesandfightingwithbetterqualitymunitions,KearsargewasmorethanamatchforthewarwearyAlabama,whichbegantosinkafteranhour.Kearsarge
rescuedmostofAlabama'screwexceptforSemmesandaboutfortyothers,whoescapedaboardaBritishyacht.ThissingleengagementagainsttheConfederacy's
mostnotoriouscommerceraidermadeKearsargeoneofthebestknownshipsintheU.S.Navy.
Imagenotavailable.
TwoofficersposenexttooneofUSSKEARSARGE'stwo11inch
pivotguns.ItisJune19,1864,thedaythescrewsloopsankthe
ConfederateraiderCSSALABAMAoffCherbourg,France.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

AfteranunsuccessfulefforttolocateCSSFLORIDA,KearsargeproceededtotheCaribbeanandfromtheretoBostonwhereshewasdecommissionedforrepairs.
Kearsargecontinuedinserviceforanotherthirtyyears,seeingserviceinvirtuallyeverysphereofU.S.interestaroundtheworld:theMediterranean,SouthAmerica,
thePacific,andtheChinaStation.ShewreckedonRoncadorReefoffCentralAmericawhileenroutefromHaititoBluefields,Nicaragua,onFebruary2,1894,
withoutlossoflife.Deemedunsalvageable,shewasstrickenfromtheNavylistthesameyear.
Gurout,"EngagementbetweentheC.S.S.AlabamaandtheU.S.S.Kearsarge."Leary,"Alabamavs.Kearsarge."

Kenilworth
(laterStarofScotland).Bark(4m).L/B/D:300.2'43.1'24.2'(91.5m13.1m7.4m).Tons:2,308grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:20.Built:JohnC.Reid&Co.,
Glasgow,Scotland1887.

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KenilworthwasthelastoffiveshipsbuiltforWilliamsonandMilligan'ssocalledWaverlyLine,whoseshipswerenamedforcharactersinSirWalterScott'sWaverly
novels:Ivanhoe,RoderickDhu,Lammermoor,andCedrictheSaxon.Builttocarrybulkcargoes,theshipwasdamagedbyfirein1889inSanFrancisco,andsold
toArthurSewall&Company(thoughonlyafteraspecialactofCongress),becomingthefirststeelhulledU.S.flagsailingmerchantship.Shecontinuedinherlong
hauls,callinginAustralia,Shanghai,Calcutta,andelsewhere.
Oneroutinepassagewounduptakingalmosttwoyearsfromporttoport,andkepttheshipatseaforatotaloffourteenmonths.SailingfromPhiladelphiaforSan
FranciscowithcoalonAugust15,1906,KenilworthspentfiftyfivedaysbeatingagainstCapeHornbeforeputtingbacktoMontevideoinearly1907whereshe
underwentsevenweeksofrepairstohersteeringgearandrigging.OnhernextattemptattheHorn,shewasatseafor152daysbeforebeingforcedbackagain,this
timewithleakingbows,whichwerepatchedwithcementatRiodeJaneiro.ShefinallyarrivedatSanFranciscoinJuly1908,eightyeightdaysoutfromRio.Soldto
theAlaskaPackers'AssociationandrenamedStarofScotland,shespentthenexttwentytwoyearsasadepotshipintheAlaskasalmonfisheries.(DuringWorld
WarIshetradedbrieflybetweenCaliforniaandHawaiiundertheauspicesoftheU.S.ShippingBoard.)
In1930shewassoldforuseasafishingbargeinLosAngeles.Hercareertookadecidedtwistin1938whenshewasacquiredforuseasafloatingcasino,renamed
Rex,andmooredininternationalwatersjustoutsidethethreemilelimit.ThisshortlivedenterpriserememberedinRaymondChandler'snovelFarewell,My
Lovelycametoaclosein1940whenshewassoldagain,toFrankA.Hellenthal.Reriggedasasixmastedschooner,onJanuary20,1942,shesailedwitha
cargooflumberfromAberdeen,Washington,toCapeTown.BoundforParanagu,Brazil,inballast,shewassunkbyU159about900milesoffthecoastofSouth
WestAfrica(Namibia)onNovember13.Oneofthecrewwaskilled,andtheremainingfifteenreachedAngolaeighteendayslater.
Lyman,"StarofScotland,exKenilworth,"

Killoran
Bark(3m).L/B/D:261.5'39.5'22.7'(79.7m12m6.9m).Tons:1,757.Hull:steel.Built:AilsaShipbuildingCo.,Glasgow1900.
OwnedbyJamesBrowneofGlasgowfrom1900to1909andbyMessrs.J.Hardie&Companyuntil1924,KilloranspentmostofhercareerundertheBritishflag
tradingtothewestcoastofNorthandSouthAmericaandAustralianports.Althoughtheoriginofhernameisuncertain,themostlikelyoriginsareKiloranBay,onthe
IsleofColonsay,oranIrishvillagenamedKilloran.DespitetheriskofsinkingbyGermanUboats,shesailedduringWorldWarIandiscreditedwithsavingmore
than80survivorsfromthefreighterTreveanin1917.
OneofthelaststeelhulledgeneraltraderstoflytheBritishflag,KilloranwaslaidupatSunderlandin1921.Threeyearslater,theFinnishshipownerGustafErikson
purchasedher,andaftertwovoyagesingeneraltradetoCanadaandChile,heputherintheAustraliangraintrade.Sheremainedinthisworkfrom1927until1940,
althoughsheoccasionallyloadedothercargoesinSouthAmericaandelsewhere.OnJuly13,1939,KilloranleftPortLincoln,Australia,andcalledatQueenstown
forordersonNovember29withthelastcargoofprewargraintoreachEurope.UnderCaptainKarlLeman,threemonthslatershesailedfromCardiffforBuenos
Aires.DepartingfromthereonJune15,1940,withacargoofmaizeandsugarforLasPalmas,CanaryIslands,onAugust10shewasstoppedbytheGerman
merchantraiderWIDDER.Afterexaminingtheneutralship'spapers,CommanderHellmuthvonRuckteschellorderedbombsset,andKilloransankat1539,in
position3306'N,2419'W.Ironically,withinayear,FinlandwasalliedwithGermanyandErikson'sPAMIRandLAWHILLwouldbeseizedinNewZealandand
SouthAfrica,respectively.
FergusonInnes,"Killoran."

HMSKingEdwardVII
KingEdwardVIIclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:453.8'78'26.8'(138.3m23.8m8.2m).Tons:17,009disp.Comp.:777.Hull:steel.Arm.:412"(2
2)49.2",106",1412pdr143pdr418"TT.Armor:9"belt.Mach.:tripleexpansion,18,000hp,2screws18.5kts.Des.:SirWilliamWhite,SirPhilip
Watts.Built:DevonportDockyard,Plymouth,Eng.1905.
ThefirstofaclassofeightpreDreadnoughtbattleshipsnicknamedthe"WobblyEights"(ItaliannavalconstructorVittorioCunibertireferredtothemas"monsters
withshortlegs")becauseofproblemswiththeirbalancedrudders,KingEdwardVIIwascommissionedasflagshipoftheAtlanticFleetfrom1905to1906,followed
byserviceintheChannelFleet(19079)andHomeFleet(191112).WelloutofdatebythetimeWorldWarIbegan,theclasscomprisedthethirdbattlesquadron
duringthewar.KingEdwardVIIwasminedoffCapeWrath(in5843'N,44'W)onJanuary6,1916,inaminefieldlaidbytheGermanraiderMWE.Allthe
crewwastransferredto

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destroyersbeforetheshiprolledoverandsankat2000.NoneoftheclassengagedaGermanshipduringWorldWarI,althoughHMSBritanniawassunkbyU50
offCapeTrafalgaronNovember9,1918.Theremainingshipsweresoldoutoftheserviceby1921.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.

HMSKingGeorgeV
KingGeorgeVclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:745'103'35.5'(227.1m31.4m10.8m).Tons:44,460disp.Comp.:1,3141,631.Hull:steel.Arm.:10
14"(24,12)165.2",642pdr2aircraft.Armor:15"belt4"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,110,000shp,4screws27.5kts.Des.:SirArthurJohns.
Built:VickersLtd.,BarrowinFurness,Eng.1940.
NamedforthereigningBritishmonarch,HMSKingGeorgeVwasthefirstofafiveshipclassthatwascriticizedbecauseitwasweakerthanthemostpowerful
Germanbattleshipsthenafloatorbuilding.Designedwithinthelimitsestablishedbythe1936LondonNavalLimitationTreaty,theirrelativelyweakprimaryarmament
comprised14inchgunsratherthanthe16inchgunsmountedbyHMSNELSONandRODNEY,orthe15inchgunsofBISMARCKorTIRPITZ.Aftersailingin
supportoftheLofotenIslandscommandoraidsonMarch4,1941,KingGeorgeVbecametheflagshipoftheHomeFleetunderAdmiralSirJohnTovey.Inlate
MayshewasinvolvedinthepursuitofBismarck,andonthemorningofthe27th,sheandRodneypouredendlessroundsintothedoomedbattleship.Earlierinthe
chase,lackoffuelhadforcedhomePRINCEOFWALESandaircraftcarrierVICTORIOUS,butdestructionoftheGermanshipwasofsuchparamount
importancetoPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillthatheorderedthefollowingextraordinaryandirresponsiblemessagesent:"Wecannotvisualizethesituation
fromyoursignal.BismarckmustbesunkatallcostsandiftodothisitisnecessaryforKingGeorgeVtoremainonthesceneshemustdoevenifitsubsequently
meanstowingKingGeorgeV."Asithappened,themessagewasnotreceiveduntilafterBISMARCKwassunk,andToveylaterassertedthathewouldhave
ignoreditanyway.
Activeinnorthernwatersthroughmid1943,KingGeorgeVcollidedwithandsankthedestroyerHMSPunjabiwhileonconvoydutyinthespringof1942.After
coveringtheinvasionofSicily,shecarriedChurchillhomefromtheTehranConferenceinDecember.SheservedwiththeBritishPacificFleetfrom1944andwas
presentatthesurrenderofJapaninSeptember1945.RecommissionedasflagshipoftheHomeFleetin1946,shewasdecommissionedthreeyearslaterand
scrappedatDalmuirin1958.
Dumas,"KingGeorgeVClass."Miller,WaratSea.

Kirishima
Kongoclassbattlecruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:704'92'26.9'(214.6m28m8.2m).Tons:32,200.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,2211,437.Arm.:814"(42),16
6",83.1",43",7mg821"TT3aircraft.Armor:8"belt,2''deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,64,000shp,4screws27.5kts.Built:MitsubishiZosenKaisha,
Nagasaki,Japan1915.
OneoffourKONGOclassbattlecruiserslaiddownbeforeWorldWarI,in193334Kirishimawaslengthened24feet,herspeedwasincreasedto30knots,and
shewasreclassifiedasabattleship.InDecember1941,shesailedaspartofRearAdmiralG.Mikawa'sSupportForceatPearlHarbor.DuringtheJapanese
moppingupoftheAlliedforcesintheDutchEastIndies,togetherwithHieishesankthedestroyerUSSEdsallonFebruary17,1942,southofJava.Sheescorted
JapanesecarriersduringtheirraidsonCeylonthenextmonth.AttheNavalBattleofGuadalcanal,onNovember1315,1942,theJapanesefleethopedtoblockthe
reinforcementoftheU.S.garrisononGuadalcanal.Onthenightofthe13th,thetwofleetsblunderedintoeachother.ThoughtheJapanesesankmoreshipsatthe
outset,HieiwascrippledandlatersunkbyU.S.aircraft.Inthemeantime,thebattleshipsWASHINGTONandSouthDakotawerebroughtup,andonthemorning
ofNovember15,theyencounteredtheJapanesenorthofSavoIsland.KirishimaandthecruisersATAGOandTakaoengagedUSSSouthDakota,but
Washington's16inchgunsquicklyreducedKirishimatoaflamingwreck,andViceAdmiralNobutakeKondoorderedherscuttledat0320in905'S,15942'E.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Morison,TwoOceanWar.

Kbenhaven
Bark(5m).L/B/D:368.9'49.3'26.9'(112.4m15m8.2m).Tons:3,901grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:5060.Mach.:diesel,500hp,1screw.Built:Ramage&
Ferguson,Ltd.,Leith,Scotland1921.
In1914,theDanishEastAsiaticCompanyorderedafivemastedbarkfromtheEnglishshipbuildersRamage&Leith,foruseasasailtrainingvesselforprospective
officers.WorldWarIbeganshortlyafterthehullwasfinished,anditwaspurchasedonthestocksbytheRoyalNavy,renamedBlackDragon,andtowedto
Gibraltarfor

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useasanoilhulk.ThewardidnotdampentheDanes'enthusiasmforasailtrainingscheme,andin1921thesecondKbenhavenwaslaunched.Powerfullyrigged,
shesetdoubletopsailsanddoubletopgallants,withroyalsabove,andasoriginallysparredsetdoublegaffsonthespankermast.Herdecklayouthadfourstructures:
atopgallantforecastle,amidshiphouseabaftthemainmast,anotherhouseabaftthemizzen,andapooprunningfromabaftthejiggermasttothestern.
HeroceanicvoyagingtookherfromEuropetoportsinSouthAmericaandAustralia,andhercargoesincludedtimber,nitrate,andgrain.Althoughregardedasan
excellentsailer,Kbenhavenhadashortcareer.OnDecember14,1928,sheclearedBuenosAiresforMelbourneinballastwith60crewunderCaptainH.F.
Anderson.Althoughequippedwithradio,afterpassingMontevideo,Uruguay,shewasneverseenorheardfromagain.Twotheoriesofherdemisearethatshewas
overwhelmedbyapampero(asuddenstormoccurringoffthepampasofArgentina),orthatshesankafterhittinganiceberg.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

KomagataMaru
(exSicilia,Stubbenbuck)Liner(1f/2m).L/B:329'41.5'(100.3m12.7m).Tons:2,922grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st10,3rd620.Mach.:tripleexpansion,265
hp,1screw11kts.Built:CharlesConnell&Co.,Ltd.,Glasgow,Scotland1890.
BuiltforDampfschiffRederei,Hansa'sservicebetweenGermanyandCanada,thepassengershipStubbenbuckwasacquiredbyHamburgAmerikaLiniein1892.
RenamedSicilia,shecontinuedintransatlanticservice,witheasternportsofcallrangingfromtheMediterraneantotheBaltic.Inabout1904,shewassoldtothe
JapanesefirmofKisenGoshiKaisaandrenamedKomagataMaru.
In1908,SikhbusinessmanGurditSinghcharteredtheshipinanefforttochallengeCanada'sracialimmigrationpolicies.Singhrecruited376passengers340Sikhs,
12Hindus,and24MuslimsatHongKong,Shanghai,andMoji,Japan,andtheshiparrivedatVancouveronMay23,1908.Immigrationauthoritiespreventedthe
passengersfromdisembarkingonavarietyofpretexts,andatestcaseinthecourtsresultedinthelegaldefeatoftheimmigrants.Nonetheless,theshipremainedat
anchorthroughthesummerandthepassengerswerethreatenedwiththeuseofforce.KomagataMarufinallysailedonJuly23,arrivinginJapanonAugust12.Still
herpassengers'troubleswerefarfromover.Afterfiveweeksinport,shesailedforCalcutta,butshewasdetainedatthetownofBudgeBudgeontheHooghlyRiver
onSeptember29.About250passengersbelievedtobeproindependenceagitatorswereroundedupbythepolice,andinconfusedcircumstancestwentypeople
werekilled,sixteenofthemSikhs.Twentysevenescaped,includingSingh,whosurrenderedtoauthoritiessevenyearslaterafterconsultationswithMahatmaGandhi.
KomagataMaruwaseventuallyreturnedtoherowners,andresumedregularservice.ShewasrenamedHeianMaruin1925,andwreckednearCapeSoidomai,
Japan,onFebruary11,1926.In1951,SinghpersuadedIndia'sfirstPrimeMinister,JawaharlalNehru,toerectamemorialtothepeopleoftheKomagataMaru.
Coincidentally,Canadabegantentativelytoliberalizeitsimmigrationpoliciesshortlythereafter.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Johnston,Voyageofthe"KomagataMaru."

SMSKnigsberg
Knigsbergclasslightcruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:378.2'43.3'17.4'(115.3m13.2m5.3m).Tons:3,814disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:322.Arm.:1010.5cm10
3.7cm218"TT.Armor:4"belt,3.2"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,13,918ihp,2screws24.1kts.Built:KaiserlicheWerft,Kiel,Germany1907.
Afterfouryearsofserviceinhomewatersfollowedbyathreeyearrefit,SMSKnigsbergwasdispatchedtotheEastAfricanStationunderCaptainMaxLooff.
ArrivingatDarEsSalaamonJuly6,1914,sheslippedoutofportonJuly31,justaheadofaBritishCapeSquadronblockadingforce.Knigsbergcapturedand
sankCityofWinchesteronAugust6offSomalia,aneventthatdisruptedBritishshippingintheIndianOcean.OnSeptember20,Looffsanktheantiquatedcruiser
HMSPegasus.Inneedofmaintenance,LoofftookhisshipintotheRufijiRiverdeltaabout150milessouthofDarEsSalaam.TheBritishlocatedKnigsbergin
October,buttheirdeepdraftshipscoulddonomorethankeepstationofftheRufiji.RelieffinallycameintheformoftheshallowdraftmonitorsHMSSevern,
Mersey,andMadeira.OnJune11,1915,theyranthegauntletofKnigsberg'slightguns,whichhadbeensetupintheapproachestothedelta,andsankthecruiser
atlongrangein751'S,3915'E.Knigsberglost30ofhercrew,buther10.5centimetergunsweresalvagedandusedonlandinGermanEastAfricaforthe
durationofthewar.Knigsberg'sremainswerebrokenupin1965.
Grner,GermanWarships.Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

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Knigsberg
Knigsbergclasslightcruiser.L/B/D:570.7'50.2'20.7'(174m15.3m6.3m).Tons:8,350disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:820850.Arm.:96"(33),6
8.8cm,83.7cm,42cm1221"TT2aircraft.Armor:2.8"belt,1.6"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,68,000shp,2screws32.5kts.Des.:Constructional
AdvisorEhrenberg.Built:Reichsmarinewerft,Wilhelmshaven,Germany1929.
Oneofthree"K"classlightcruisersdesignedascommerceraidersinthe1920s,Knigsberg(namedfortheGermancity)firstsawwartimedutyoffSpainduringthe
SpanishCivilWar.OnApril7,1940,KnigsberganditssistershipKlnweredeployedtoBergenaspartofOperationWeserbung.Theshipwaslaterhitby8
inchgunsonKvarven,oneofwhichputan11footholeinthehull.Althoughabletocontinuefighting,theshipwasnotabletoreturnimmediatelytoGermany,andon
April10,FleetAirArmSkuafighterbombersbasedintheOrkneyIslandsattackedKnigsberg,whichcapsizedatdockside,oneofthreemajornavalcasualtiesin
Germany'sinvasionofNorwayHitler's"zoneofdestiny"alongwithBLCHERandKARLSRUHE.Theshipwasrefloatedin1942,butdespiterepeated
effortstorightthevessel,sheremainedinByfjorduntilbrokenupafterthewar.
Whitley,GermanCruisersofWorldWarTwo.

KonTiki
Raft(1m).L/B:45'18'(13.7m5.5m).Hull:balsawood.Comp.:6.Des.:traditional.Built:Callao,Peru1947.
In1937,NorwegianzoologistThorHeyerdahlwenttoliveontheislandofFatuHivaintheMarquesasIslands.HeyerdahlwasintriguedbythepresenceinPolynesia
ofplantsindigenoustoSouthAmerica,andespeciallybylegendsonEasterIslandthatechoedthoseoftheIncatraditioninPeru.Tiki,thesonofthesun,whowas
ancestoroftheEasterIslanders,seemedtobethesameasKonTiki,themythicalheadofawhiteracewho,expelledbytheIncasfromaroundLakeTiticaca,sailed
westacrossthePacific.AfterWorldWarII,HeyerdahltriedtocirculatehistheoryofAmericancolonizationofthePacific,buthewassnubbedbythescholarly
community.Thebasisforhisrejectionwasthecertaintythat"noneofthepeoplesofSouthAmericagotovertotheislandsinthePacific[because]theycouldn'tget
there.Theyhadnoboats."Heyerdahldeterminedtodemonstratethefeasibilityofcrossing4,000milesofthePacificusingpreColumbianraftbuildingtechniques.
ThebalsalogswerefelledinthemountainjunglesofEcuador,floateddownrivertoGuayaquil,andshippedfromtheretothenavaldockyardatCallao,Peru.The
designofthevesselwasbasedonSpanishdescriptionsofIncaraftsatthetimeoftheconquest.Thelongestoftheninelogs,whichformedthecenteroftheraft,was
45feetshorterandshorterlogswerelaidsymmetricallyoneithersidesothatthesideswereonly30feetlong.Thesewerelashedtogetherwith11/4inchthickhemp,
andfirplanksdrivenbetweenbiggapsinthelogsactedascenterboardstopreventtheraftfromdriftingtoleeward.Themastconsistedoftwomangrovepolesangled
towardeachotherandlashedatthetopfromthiswassetasquaresailonabambooyard.A19footsteeringoarrestedbetweentwotholepinsonalargeblock
astern.Lighterbamboologswerelaidcrosswaysontheraftandcoveredwithabamboodecking.Afttherewasabamboocabin.
OnApril28,1947,KonTikiwastowed50milesnorthwestofCallaobyatugandcastadrift.Afteradayofcalms,thecrewencountered60hoursofroughweather
intheHumboldtCurrentthatpushedthemfartothenorthwest.Theystruggledwiththeunwieldysteeringoarforseveralweeksbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemost
effectivewaytoregulatethedirectionoftheraftwaswiththecenterboards,whichtheIncas,accordingtoaSpanishaccount,"pusheddownintothechinksbetween
thetimbers."Anotherconcernwastherateatwhichthebalsawoodinitiallyabsorbedwater,leadingeachcrewmemberinturntowonderwhethertheraftwouldsink
beforereachingland.Earlyonintheplanningoftheexpedition,Heyerdahlhadestimatedthatitwouldtakeatleast97daystoreachland,butonJuly30only93
daysfromCallaothecompanysightedtheislandofPukaPukaintheTuamotus.Theywereunabletoclosewiththeland,butfourdayslatertheywereoff
Angatau,thoughagainpreventedfromlanding.Fourdaysafterthat,KonTikiwaswashedontotheRaroiareef.Afteraweekonanuninhabitedisland,theywere
visitedbyislandersfromacrossthelagoonandthroughthembegantheslowreturntocivilization.TheschoonerTamarawasdispatchedfromTahititobringtheraft
andcrewtoPapeete,whencetheyproceededtotheUnitedStatesaboardtheNorwegianfreighterThorI.
TheraftreturnedtoOsloandwasmadethecenterpieceoftheKonTikiMuseum,devotedtothestoryofthevoyageitselfandrelatedaspectsofAmericanand
Polynesianethnography.AsHeyerdahlhimselfacknowledged:
Mymigrationtheory,assuch,wasnotnecessarilyprovedbythesuccessfuloutcomeoftheKonTikiexpedition.Whatwe

Page290
didprovewasthattheSouthAmericanbalsaraftpossessedqualitiesnotpreviouslyknowntoscientistsofourtime,andthatthePacificislandsarelocatedwellinsidetherange
ofprehistoriccraftfromPeru.

TheKonTikiexpeditionprovedtobethefirstofseveralsimilarventuresHeyerdahlwouldundertaketodemonstratetheabilitiesofprehistoricnavigators,chief
amongthembeingthetransatlanticRAIIexpeditionin1970,andtheTIGRISexpeditionfromthePersianGulftotheRedSeain1978.
Heyerdahl,KonTiki.

Kronan
1strateship(3m).L/B/D:197'43.5'16'(60m13.3m4.9m).Tons:2,140disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:500crew,300soldiers.Arm.:124128guns.Des.:
FrancisSheldon.Built:Skeppsholmen,Stockholm1672.
ThewreckoftheseventeenthcenturySwedishflagshipKronan("Crown")wasdiscoveredin1980byAndersFranzn,fourteenyearsafterhisdiscoveryofWASA.
Theship'slosswaswelldocumented,havingoccurredaboutfourmilesoffthesoutheastcoastoftheislandoflandonJune1,1676,duringtheBattleofland,
whentheSwedishfleetwasdefeatedbyacombinedDanishDutchforce.Thebattle,theworstnavaldefeatinSwedishhistory,alsosawthelossofthefirstrateship
Svrdet("Sword"),andthedeathof1,400oftheships'crews.DesignedbytheEnglishshipwrightFrancisSheldon,whomKarlXGustafrecruitedfromEnglandin
1654,KronanwasthefirstthreedeckedshipbuiltfortheSwedishNavy.Laiddownandlaunchedin1668butnotcompleteduntil1672,shebecameflagshipofthe
SwedishNavyin1675.
Kronan'slosswasnotduetobattledamagebutrathertoimpropershiphandling.OnMay25,theSwedeshadallowedaDanishfleettoescapeinabattlefought
betweenBornholmandRgen.Hopingtogainanadvantagebyfightingclosertohome,thefleetofsixtyshipswasrunningnorthwardbeforeagalewiththecombined
DanishandDutchfleetinpursuitwhenasignalwasgiventoturnandclosewiththeenemy.Kronanapparentlyturnedwithouttakinginsail.Theshipheeledsharplyto
port.Asuddenexplosionblewoutthestarboardsideofthehull.Shesankquickly,takingwithherallbut42ofthecrewof850,includingAdmiralBaronLorentz
Creutz.OnesurvivorreportedthatCreutz'slastorderwas"InthenameofJesus,makesurethatthecannonportsareclosedandthecannonmadefast,sothatin
turningwedon'tsufferthesamefateasbefelltheWasa."Archaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthisorderwasnotcarriedoutintime.Eightcannonwerefoundonthe
seabedabout100metersfromtheship,andthelowerdeckgunportswereopen.
Theremainsofthevessel,foundatadepthof26meters,consistoftheaftermosttwothirdsoftheportsideofthehullfromtheorlopdecktotheupperdeck.Unlike
Wasa,whichwaslostonhermaidenvoyagein1628,Kronanhadbeeninserviceforanumberofyearsandthesitehasyieldedagreatrangeofartifactsfromthe
battletestedshipandhercrew.Inthefirsttenyearsofexcavation,20,000separateobjectsrepresenting6,518artifactswereidentified.Kronanwasarmedwith
between124and128bronzecannon(someofwhichmayhavebeenrecoveredfromWasa),60ofwhichweresalvagedduringthe1680s.Between1981and1990,
another43wereraised,thelargestofwhichwere36pdrs.25wereofDanishorigin,8Spanish,6Danish,and4German.TheoldestofthesewasaGermanguncast
in1514thenewestwascastinSwedenin1661.Personalpossessionsincludedremainsofclothing,eatingutensils,musicalinstruments,andnavigationalinstruments
includingcompasses,sundials,anddividers.Ofthecoins,someoriginatingfromasfarawayasEgyptandTurkey,theoldestdatesfromthe1400s.Kronanhasalso
yieldedalargenumberofsculpturalcarvings.
Inthecourseofthemodernexcavation,diversalsomadeandusedareplicaseventeenthcenturydivingbell.Thisconsistedofaweightedplatformsuspendedbyiron
rodsfromabellshapedlikealampshade.Thereserveairwithinthebellallowedthedivertoconserveaironthedescenttothebottominthiscase,26meters
andtoincreasehisworkingtimeontheseafloor.
Einarsson,"RoyalShipKronan."Franzn,"Kronan:RemnantsofaMightyWarship."

KronprinzessenCecilie
(laterUSSMountVernon)Liner(4f/3m).L/B:707'72.2'(215.3m21.9m).Tons:19,360grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st740,2nd326,steerage740crew602.
Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,45,000ihp,2screws23.6kts.Built:AGVulcan,Stettin,Germany1907.
ThelastoffourexpresslinersorderedbyNorddeutscherLloydbetween1897and1907,KronprinzessenCeciliewasnamedfortheKaiser'sdaughterinlaw.
Althoughshewaspoweredbythelargestreciprocatingsteamengineeverusedinaship,shewasnomatchforherrunningmates,andespeciallynotforCunard's
LUSITANIAandMAURE

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Imagenotavailable.
Combiningelementsofneoclassical,baroque,andartnouveau
design,thelavishdecorationsinthisfirstclasssittingroom
aboardtheGermanexpresslinerKRONPRINZESSENCECILIE
werecharacteristicofthemostluxurioustransatlanticlinersin
theyearsbeforeWorldWarI.CourtesyTheMariners'
Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

TANIA,whichenteredservicethesameyear.Overthenextsevenyears,KronprinzessenCecilieranwiththeexpresslinersKAISERWILHELMDERGROSSE,
KRONPRINZWILHELM,andKaiserWilhelmII,maintainingweeklyservicebetweenBremenandNewYork,viaSouthamptonandCherbourg.
ThestartofWorldWarIfoundKronprinzessenCeciliehomewardboundfromNewYorkwithacargothatincluded40millionmarks($2million)ingold.Rather
thanriskcaptureorsinkingbytheBritish,shereturnedtotheUnitedStates,whereshewasinternedfirstatBarHarborandlateratBoston.WhentheUnitedStates
enteredthewaragainstGermanyinApril1917,theshipwasseizedandcommissionedasthetrooptransportUSSMountVernon.OnSeptember5,1918,shewas
about200milesfromBresthomewardboundinconvoywhenshewasattackedbyU82.Asingletorpedoknockedouthalfherboilersandkilled36ofhercrew,but
theshipreturnedtoBrestforrepairs.Shecontinuedinservicethrough1919.ThefollowingyearshewasturnedovertotheUnitedStatesShippingBoard,butplans
toputherinservicewiththeU.S.MailLinesortheUnitedStatesLinesfellthrough,andfrom1924to1940shewaslaidupintheChesapeake.WhentheBritish
governmentdeclinedtopurchasetheshipin1940,shewasbrokenupattheBostonIronandMetalCompanyinBaltimore.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

KronprinzWilhelm
(laterUSSVonSteuben)Passengerliner(4f/2m).L/B/D:637.3'66.3'(194.2m20.2m).Tons:14,908grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st367,2nd340,3rd1,054as
cruiser,402.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,36,000ihp,2screws22kts.Built:AGVulcan,Stettin,Germany1901.
AsuccessortoNorddeutscherLloyd'sKAISERWILHELMDERGROSSE,KronprinzWilhelmquicklyestablishedherselfasoneofthefastestpassengerlinerson
theNorthAtlantic.InSeptember1902shewontheBlueRibandforthefastestcrossingfromCherbourgtoNewYork5days,11hours,57minutes.Namedfor
thesonofGermany'sKaiserWilhelmII,KronprinzWilhelmranbetweenBremen,Southampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkforthirteenyears.OnJuly29,1914,
shearrivedatHobokenpiers,twodaysbeforeGermanydeclaredwaronRussia.Previouslydesignatedforserviceasafrontlineauxiliarycruiser,shesailedfrom
NewYorkHarbortwodayslaterandrendezvousedwiththelightcruiserSMSKARLSRUHEnorthwestoftheBahamasonAugust6.Sheshippedtwo88
millimeterguns,andLieutenantCommanderPaulWolfgangThierfeldercameaboardasherwartimecommanderbeforethetwoshipsweresurprisedbyHMS
BristolKronprinzWilhelmescapedtothesouth.DespiterepeatedAlliedbroadcaststhatshehadbeensunk,torpedoed,orinterned,betweenSeptember4,1914,
andMarch28,1915,shecapturedorsankfifteenships(60,522grt)tenBritish,fourFrench,andoneNorwegianofftheeastcoastofSouthAmerica.Without
friendlyportsinwhichtorefuel,KronprinzWilhelm'smissionwasanimpossibleone,andonApril11,sheenteredNewportNews,Virginia,whereshewasinterned
untiltheUnitedStatesenteredthewar.OnJune9,1917,KronprinzWilhelmwascommissionedUSSVonSteubeninhonoroftheGermanherooftheAmerican
Revolution.ShesailedasatrooptransportbetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropeuntil1919,andforfiveyearsthereafter

Page292

shewasoperatedbytheUnitedStatesShippingBoard,firstasBaronVonSteubenandlaterasVonSteuben.Shewasbrokenupin1923.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Hoyt,GhostoftheAtlantic.Niezychowski,Cruiseofthe"KronprinzWilhelm."

Kungsholm
M/Sliner(2f/2m).L/B/D:609.2'78.2'(185.7m23.8m).Tons:21,532grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st115,2nd490,3rd970.Mach.:motorship,2screws17kts.
Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1928.
BuiltforSwedishAmericaLine,KungsholmsailedbetweenGothenburgandNewYorkthroughthe1930s.ThestartofWorldWarIIfoundherinNewYork,
whereherownersputherintheCaribbeancruisetrade.InJanuary1942,theU.S.WarShippingAdministrationpurchasedKungsholmand,renamedJohn
Ericsson,sheservedasatroopshipunderUnitedStatesLinesmanagement.AfterthewarshepliedbetweenNewYorkandSouthampton,withstopsatLeHavre
andCobh,untilshewasbadlydamagedbyfireatNewYorkinMarch1947.ShewasboughtbackbySwedishAmericaLineinJulyandthensoldtothe
PanamanianflagHomeLinesinDecember.RenamedItalia,sheemergedfromamajorrefitatGenoawithaccommodationsfor226firstclass,296cabin,and800
touristpassengers.ShemadeherfirstvoyagefromGenoatoSouthAmericain1948,buttheimmigranttradeforwhichshewasintendeddroppedoffquickly,andshe
resumedservicebetweentheMediterraneanandNewYork.From1952HamburgAmerikaLinieoperatedherbetweenGermany,NewYork,andCanada,and
from1960to1964shecruisedfromNewYorktotheBahamasandtheMediterranean.SoldtoFreeportBahamaEnterprisesin1964,shebecamethefloatinghotel
ImperialBahama.ThenextyearshewasbrokenupatBilbao,Spain.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

KyreniaShip
L/B:44.6'od14.4'(13.6m4.4m).Tons:25tonsburden14disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:4.Built:EasternMediterranean4thcent.BCE.
TheKyreniaship,thebestpreservedancientGreekmerchantvesseleverfound,wasdiscoveredbydiverAndreasCariolouin1967andexcavatedfrom1968to
1969underthedirectionofMichaelKatzev.ThewrecksiteisoffthenorthcoastofCyprusin3520'N,3319'E,notfarfromtheportofKyrenia.Theshiplayona
flat,sandybottomatadepthof27meters.Sixtypercentofthetotalstructuralareaand75percentoftheship'srepresentativetimberssurvived,buriedunderamound
ofamphorae.
ThehullwasbuiltmostlyofAleppopine,withoaktenonsandleadsheathingbelowthewaterline.Twentytonsofcargowerefound,includingalmost400amphorae,
mostlyofRhodiantype,andsome10,000almonds,whichweredistributedinclumpsasiftheyhadbeenstowedinsacks.Twentyninemillstonesofvolcanicstone
fromNisyroswereusedasballast.Foursetsofpotteryplates,bowls,andcups,andfourwoodenspoons,werealsofound,indicatingthesizeofthecrewonthe
ship'slastvoyage.Becauseexcavatorsuncoverednoevidenceofagalleyorhearth,thecrewpresumablycookedtheirfoodashore.Findsofleadnetweightssuggest
thatthesailorsfishedtosupplementadietofolives,pistachios,almonds,hazelnuts,lentils,garlic,herbs,grapes,andfigs.
CoinsofAntigonostheOneEyedandDemetriostheBesiegerfoundonthesitesuggestthatthewreckoftheKyreniashipoccurredabout310300BCE.Atthetime
ofsinkingshewasanoldandoftenrepairedvessel,withahullthathadbeenpatchedonatleasttwooccasions.Carbon14testsonthealmondsyieldedadaterange
of288BCE,90years,butsimilartestsgavedatesacenturyearlierforthecuttingofthetreesfortheship'stimbers.Eightironspearheadswererecoveredfromthe
site,someofthemembeddedintheoutersurfaceofthehull,andonetheoryholdsthattheshipwascapturedbypirates,looted,andscuttled.
Afterconservation,therecoveredtimberswerereassembledandmountedfordisplayintheCrusaderCastleofKyrenia,andafullscalesailingreplicacalled
KYRENIAIIwascompletedin1985.
Katzev,"LastHarborfortheOldestKnownGreekShip""ResurrectingtheOldestKnownGreekShip."Steffy,''TheKyreniaShip."

KyreniaII
Replicatrader.L:44.5'(13.6m).Tons:25grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:5.Built:Perama,Greece1985.
KyreniaIIisafullscalesailingreplicaoftheKYRENIASHIP,asmallGreekmerchantmanofthefourthcenturyBCE.Thereconstructionwaspossiblethanksto
RichardSteffy'sintensivestudyoftheunusuallywellpreservedoriginalwreck.HiscollaboratorsintheprojectwereHarryTzalas,PresidentoftheHellenicInstitute
forthe

Page293

PreservationofNauticalTraditions,ManolisPsaros,ashipyardowneratPeramanearAthens,andmastershipwrightMichaelisOikonomou.
Thekeel,planking,frames,andinteriorscantlingswereconstructedfromPinusbrutiafromtheislandofSamos.Thekeeloftheoriginalshipwashewnfromasingle
naturallycurvedtree,andittookfourattemptstofindaperfectlycurvedlogofthepropersizeforthereplica.Afterthekeelwaslaid,constructionproceeded
accordingtotheshellfirstmethod.Morethan4,000oaktenonsand8,000mortiseswerecuttofitthestrakes.Inthecomplexframingsystem,floorsalternatewith
halfframes,futtockscontinuethearmsofthefloors,andtoptimbersextendbeyondtheendsofthehalfframes.Handforgednailsofpurecopperwereusedto
securetheframestothehull.Thenailsweredriveninfromoutsidethehullthroughdrilledholes,thenbentandclenchedovertobiteintotheframetops.
Inthebowanearlyverticalcutwaterisdovetailedintotheendofthestempostandreinforcedwithasubstantialknee(thisconfigurationisconjectural,astheoriginal
stempostdidnotsurvive).Abulkheadinthesternsupportsanafterdeck,fromwhichthehelmsmansteersandthecrewhandlethebrails.TheKyreniasiteyielded176
leadbrailrings.Inthereconstruction,brailringsweresewninverticalrowsontheleewardsideofthesinglesquaresail,enablingittoberaisedandloweredlikea
Venetianblind.Inadditiontotheafterdeck,KyreniaIIhasasmallforedeckfromwhichtoloweranchorsandhandlethesail.Althoughthepinemaststepwaswell
preservedintheoriginalship,notraceofmastoryardwasfound.Thesewerereconstructedinsilverfironthebasisofliterarysources,artisticrepresentations,and
theshipwright'spracticalexperience.NoevidenceofcaulkingwasfoundintheoriginalKyreniaship.WhentheuncaulkedKyreniaIIwaslaunched,shewasawash
aftertwohoursinthesea,butthenextdaythewoodhadswelledenoughtoclosetheseams,andshefloatedhighanddry.Thelowerhullwaslatercoatedwitha
mixtureofpitch,pigfat,andsoottoretardweedgrowth.
Inthesummerof1986,KyreniaIIwasshippedtoNewYorktosailinOperationSail1986/SalutetoLiberty,andinSeptemberofthesameyearshemadeahistoric
26daypassagefromPiraeus,Greece,toPaphos,Cyprus,sailingover400nauticalmilesatanaveragespeedof2.95knots.OnherreturnvoyageinApril1987,she
reachedspeedsof12knotsandsailed138nauticalmilesinone24hourperiod.Inlighterwinds,shewasabletosailclosehauled5060degreesoffthewindand
makeover2knots.ThevoyagesofKyreniaIIdemonstratedthatsmallancientvesselscouldplyMediterraneantraderoutesinroughweatherandcompletelong
openwaterpassagesevenwithoutconsistentlyfavorablewinds.
Katzev,"KyreniaII""VoyageofKyreniaII."KatzevandKatzev,"KyreniaII."Spatharietal.,VoyageintoTimeandLegendaboardtheKyreniaShip.

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L
Laconia
Liner(1f/2m).L/B/D:601.3'73.7'(183.3m22.5m).Tons:19,860grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st350,2nd350,3rd1,500.Mach.:steamturbines,2screws16
kts.Built:Swan,Hunter&WighamRichardson,Ltd.,WallsendonTyne,Eng.1921
TheCunardLineshipLaconiawasbuiltfortransatlanticpassengerandcargoservicebetweenEnglandandNewYork,withoccasionalstopsatHamburg.In1923
and1924,Laconiaundertooktwoworldcruises(thefirstbyaCunardship),callingattwentythreeportsoverthecourseoffourmonths.Thereaftershereturnedto
NorthAtlanticservice,inwhichsheremainedforthenextfifteenyears.HermostsignificantpeacetimeaccidentoccurredonSeptember24,1934,when,enroute
fromBostontoNewYork,sherammedthefreighterPanRoyal.Althoughbothshipssustainedheavydamage,theywereabletoproceedundertheirownpower.
WhenWorldWarIIstartedinSeptember1939,LaconiahadjustdepartedNewYork.UponreachingEnglandshewasrequisitionedandconvertedforserviceasa
merchantcruiserarmedwitheight6inchandtwo3inchguns.AftertransportingaloadofgoldbulliontoHalifax,shewasputonconvoyescortduty.Inlate1941,
shebegansailingbetweenEnglandandtheMiddleEast,viaSouthAfrica.OnSeptember12shewasenroutefromFreetown,Liberia,withalargecontingentof
ItalianPOWswhenshewastorpedoedbyU156at2010about500milesnorthofAscensionIsland.Agreatmanyoftheprisonerswereprobablykilledintheinitial
explosion,andbecauseLaconiawassinking,CaptainSharpgavetheordertoabandonship.
Ratherthanleavethesurvivorsmorethan1,000people,includingwomenandchildrentotheirfate,theU156beganrescuingthem.CaptainWerner
HartensteinsummonedtwootherUboats,theItaliansubmarineCapellini,andVichyFrenchwarshipstothescene,andhebroadcasthispeacefulintentionsonan
internationalemergencyradiofrequency.Therescueoperationwentonforseveraldays,butonSeptember16,anAmericanbomberflewoverhead.Disregardingthe
displayofalargeRedCrossflagandthefactthatthesubmarinehadembarked200survivorsandhadfourlifeboatsintow,theB24bombedtheU156andsanka
boatloadofItalianPOWs.CaptainHartensteinorderedtheLaconiasurvivorsovertheside,althoughtheothervesselseventuallysavedabout1,250people.
UponlearningoftherescueoperationcarriedoutbyhisUboats,GrandAdmiralKarlDnitzissuedthe"Laconiaorder,"bywhichGermansubmarineswere
prohibitedfromattemptinganysimilareffortsbecausetheriskwastoogreat:
1.Allattemptsatrescuingmembersofshipsthathavesunk,includingattemptstopickuppersonsswimming,ortoplacetheminlifeboats,orattemptstouprightcapsizedboats,
orsupplyprovisionsorwater,aretocease.Therescueofsurvivorscontradictstheelementarynecessityofwarforthedestructionofenemyshipsandcrews.
2.Theorderfortheseizureofcommandingofficersandchiefengineersremainsinforce.
3.Survivorsareonlytobepickedupincaseswheretheirinterrogationwouldbeofvaluetotheboat.
4.Besevere.RememberthatinhisbombingattacksonGermancities,theenemyhasnoregardforwomenandchildren.

Giventhetacticalandlogisticalconsiderationsinvolvedsubmarinescannotaccommodatemorethanahandfulofadditionalbodiestheordermadelittlepractical
differencetotheconductofthesubmarinewar.ThisfactwasacknowledgedattheNurembergWarCrimesTribunal,whereDnitzwaschargedwithwarcrimesin
connectionwiththe"Laconiaorder."HewassparedthedeathpenaltybyadepositionfromAdmiralChesterNimitz,whotestifiedthatU.S.submarinesmadeno
efforttorescuetheirvictims.
Burdick,OurWorldTour,192223.Miller,WaratSea.Peillard,The"Laconia"Affair.

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USSLaffey(DD724)
AllenM.Sumnerclassdestroyer(2f/1m).L/B/D:376.5'41.1'12.5'(114.8m12.5m3.8m).Tons:2,220disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:336.Arm.:65"(3
2),1120mm,440mm621"TT6dcp,2dct.Mach.:gearedturbines,60,000shp,2screws36.5kts.Built:BathIronWorks,Bath,Me.1943.
NamedforBartlettLaffey,whowasawardedaMedalofHonorforhishelpinrepulsingaConfederateassaultnearYazooCity,Mississippi,in1864,USSLaffey
wastheseconddestroyerofthenametoseeactioninWorldWarII.Thefirst,aBristolclassdestroyer(DD459),wasaveteranoftheSolomonscampaignandwas
sunkattheNavalBattleofGuadalcanalonNovember1314,1942.
CommissionedinFebruary1944,thesecondLaffeyescortedatransatlanticconvoyinMayandcoveredtheAlliedlandingsonDday(June6),whereshepounded
GermanshorepositionsatUtahBeach,BaiedelaSeine,nearCherbourg,France.AttheendofJune,shesailedfortheUnitedStatesandthenforthePacific,where
shejoinedTaskForce38inNovember.ShetookpartintheinvasionofthePhilippines,screeningaircraftcarriersandcoveringlandingsatOrmocBayandMindoro
inDecember,andLingayenGulfinJanuary.AspartofTaskForce54,inMarchshetookpartintheinvasionofOkinawa.OnApril14,Laffeywasassignedtoradar
picketdutyabout30milesnorthofOkinawa,togetherwithtwolandingcraftsupportships,LCS51andLCS116.Radarpicketshipswereresponsiblefordetecting
andengagingenemyaircraftasfaraspossiblefromgroundtroops,andtheycameunderintenseattackfromkamikazesandotheraviatorsthroughouttheOkinawa
campaign.Laffey'sfirsttwodaysonthepicketlinewererelativelyquiet,butat0744,onApril16,thefirstJapaneseplaneappeared,onlytobedrivenoffbyLaffey's
gunsandsunkbyaU.S.fighterfromcombatairpatrol.Thenextcontactwasmadeat0829,whenfourJapanesedivebombersweresplashedbyLaffey'sgunners.
Overthecourseofthenext62minutes,Laffeycameunderdirectattackfrom18moreJapaneseplanes.Tenwereshotdown,butLaffeywashitby5kamikazes,
andtookbombhitsandnearmissesfrom8morebeforetheattackwasover.With32crewdeadand71wounded,LaffeylimpedbacktoOkinawaandeventually
madeherwaybacktoPugetSoundforrebuilding.
"Theshipthatwouldnotdie"returnedtodutyinthePacificinOctober1945.Putinreservefrom1947to1951,shejoinedTaskForce77intheKoreanWarthrough
1952.TransferredtoNorfolk,shespenttheremainderofhercareerintheAtlanticandMediterraneanuntildecommissionedin1975.Sixyearslater,shewasopened
tothepublicasamuseumshipatthePatriotsPointMaritimeMuseuminMt.Pleasant,SouthCarolina.
Becton,ShipThatWouldNotDie.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

LakeChamplain
(laterRuthenia,ChoranMaru)Liner(1f/4m).L/B:446'bp52'(135.9m15.85m).Tons:7,392grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st100,2nd80,3rd500.Mach.:triple
expansion,2screws13kts.Built:Barclay,Curle&Co.Ltd.,Glasgow,Scotland1900.
Imagenotavailable.
"Theshipthatwouldnotdie."OnApril16,1945,thedestroyerUSSLAFFEYwashitby
fivekamikazeplanesandtookbombhitsandnearmissesfromeightotherswhile
stationedofftheembattledislandofOkinawa,intheRyukyuIslandssouthofJapan.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

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Imagenotavailable.
TheU.S.Navy'sfirstaircraftcarrier,theflushdeckUSSLANGLEY,wasconvertedfrom
thecollierUSSJUPITER.Inthispicture,datingfrom192224,twobiplanesareonthe
flightdeckforwardoftheelevator.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

LaunchedforElderDempsterLine'srunbetweenLiverpool,Quebec,andMontreal,in1901LakeChamplainbecamethefirstmerchantshipeverfittedwitha
wirelesstelegraph.In1903,LakeChamplainandfourteenofherpassengerandcargorunningmateswereboughtbyCanadianPacificSteamships,Ltd.,whenthat
lineexpandeditsservicetotheNorthAtlantic.LakeChamplainwasastolidimmigrantship,reconfiguredin1906tocarry150secondclasspassengersand1,000
thirdclass.In1913,shewasrenamedRutheniaand,withhersistershipLakeErie(renamedTyrolia),transportedAustroHungarianimmigrantsbetweenTrieste
andCanada.InJanuary1914,shebrieflyresumedservicebetweenLondonandCanada.
Laterthesameyearshewasconvertedtoadummybattleship,HMSKingGeorgeV.In1915shebecameastoreshipandin1916anavaloiler.Takenoutto
Singaporein1929foruseasanoilhulk,shewascapturedtherebytheJapanesein1942andrenamedChoranMaru.Shesurvivedthewarintact,butin1949her
longandvariedcareercametoanendwhenshewastowedtoDalmuirandscrapped.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

USSLangley(CV1)
(exUSSJupiter)Langleyclassaircraftcarrier(2f).L/B/D:542'65'18.9'(165.2m19.8m5.8m).Tons:11,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:468.Arm.:55
aircraft45".Mach.:turbineelectric,7,152shp15kts.Built:MareIslandNavyYard,Vallejo,Calif.1913.
TheU.S.Navy'sfirstturboelectricship,USSJupiter(AC3),wascommissionedasafleetcolliershortlybeforeWorldWarI.AfterbriefdutyinthePacificduring
theVeraCruzcrisis,shebecamethefirstshiptotransitthePanamaCanalfromwesttoeast,onColumbusDay,1914.SheremainedintheAtlanticforthedurationof
WorldWarI,afterwhichshereturnedtotheWestCoast.
FollowingtheRoyalNavy'scommissioningofHMSFURIOUS,theworld'sfirstaircraftcarrier,in1919theU.S.NavydecidedtoconvertJupiterforthesameuse.
NamedforthelateaviationpioneerSamuelPierpontLangley,USSLangleywascommissionedin1922.Asrebuilt,Langleyhadaflushflightdeckontopofanopen
trussworkerectedonherupperdeck,whichwasusedforaircraftmaintenanceandstorage.Fittedwithtwofunnels(shehadone,briefly)thatfoldeddownduring
flightoperations,sheoriginallycarriedeightaircraftthiswaslaterincreasedtofortytwoplanes.Afterfourteenyearsasatraininggroundfornavalaviators,by1936
Langleywastoosmalltoaccommodatethenewgenerationofnavalaircraftandshewasconvertedtoaseaplanetender,withtheforwardthirdofherflightdeck
removed.(ThisconversionalsofreedupthetonnageavailablefortheconstructionofnewaircraftcarriersundertheWashingtonNavalTreaty.)
AssignedtotheAircraftScoutingGroupin1937,LangleywasatCavite,thePhilippines,onDecember8,1941(localtime),whentheJapaneseattackedPearl
HarborandManila.NarrowlyescapingtheJapaneseinvasion,shearrivedatDarwin,Australia,onJanuary1,1942,andbrieflyconductedantisubmarineoperations
fromthere.AssignedtotheAmericanBritishDutchAustralian(ABDA)StrikingForceundertheoverallcommandofRearAdmiralKarelDoorman,onFebruary22
LangleywassentfromFremantletoTjilatjap,Java,withthirty

Page297

twoCurtissP40aircraftforthedefenseoftheDutchEastIndies.Fivedayslater,Langley,USSWhipple(DD217),andEdsall(DD219)wereattackedbyland
basedJapanesebombersabout50to75milessouthofherdestination.Hitfivetimes,Langleylostallheadway.At1332,lessthantwohoursafterthefirstattack,the
orderwasgiventoabandonship,whereuponshewasdeliberatelytorpedoedbyherescortssixteenofhercrewdiedinthebattle.
Messimer,PawnsofWar.

Lawhill
Bark(4m).L/B/D:317.3'45'25.1'(96.7m13.7m7.6m).Tons:2,816grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:18.Built:W.B.Thompson,Dundee,Scotland1892.
AsistershipofGARTHPOOL,LawhillwasbuiltforCharlesBarrieofDundeeforgeneraltrade.SevenyearslatershewaspurchasedbytheAngloAmericanOil
Company(ofLondon)andsailedforthemuntil1911.(In1904shewasdismastedandreriggedwithhertopgallantmastssteppedabaftthetopmastsandcrossing
onlyoneyardsotheycouldbeeasilyshipped,aconfigurationsharedbyfewotherships.)HerlastBritishownerwasG.Windram&Company(Liverpool),whoheld
herforthreeyearsbeforesellinghertoA.TrobergofMariehamn,land,in1914.ThreeyearslatersheenteredthefleetofMariehamn'sGustafErikson,withwhom
sheattainedhergreatestrenown.
Atfirst,LawhillcarriedtimberfromtheBaltic,coalfromAustralia,andnitratefromChile,butin1927sheenteredtheAustraliangraintrade.Sheremainedinthat
workfortherestofhercareerundertheFinnishflag.Thoughnotaparticularlyfastship,shetookpartintheannualgrainracesfromAustraliatoEurope.Sailingunder
anumberofdistinguishedlandcaptains,sheisnonethelessbestrememberedfortheaccountswrittenofherbymembersofthecrew,mostprominentlyAlanVilliers,
whoseSetoftheSailsrecountshisworkasanablebodiedseamanin1921enroutefromFrancetoAustralia.Attheendofasixtyfourdaypassagefrom
Bourdeaux,LawhillranagroundoffPortLincoln,andVillierswasthrownfromtheforelowertopsailyardandhadtobepaidoff.
In1941,LawhillsailedtoEastLondon,SouthAfrica.BecauseFinlandhadinvadedtheSovietUnionasanallyofGermany,shewasseizedbythegovernment.
UndercontroloftheAlliedwareffort,shecontinuedinthegraintradebetweenAustraliaandSouthAfricaforthedurationofthewar.Shewassubsequently
purchasedbyMarciodeSilvaJorandsailedunderthePortugueseflagfromwhatisnowMaputo,Mozambique.In1958shewasboughtbyJapaneseshipbreakers
andbrokenup.
Graham,"Queries:TheLawhillFigurehead."Sheridan,HeavenlyHell.Villiers,WayofaShipTheSetoftheSails.

LehgII
Ketch.L/B/D:31.2'10.8'5.6'dph(9.5m3.3m1.7m).Hull:wood.Comp.:1.Built:ManuelM.Campos,Argentina1934.
LehgIIwasadoubleendedmarconiriggedketchdesignedspecificallyforherowner,VitoDumas,aveteranoceannavigatorwhohadsailedhisinternational8
meter
Imagenotavailable.
ThefourmastedbarkLAWHILLridinglightinlightairsoffFalmouth,England.
Inthisphoto,thoughttohavebeentakenMay16,1929,onecanseethe
unusualarrangementofhertopgallantmasts,steppedabaftthetopmasts.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page298

LehgfromFrancetoBrazilin1931.OnJune26,1942,whiletensofmillionsofpeoplelivedanddiedintheshadowofWorldWarII,Dumas,afarmerby
profession,setoutfromBuenosAirestocircletheworldandtobethefirstpersontoroundCapeHornsinglehanded.AftercallinginMontevideohewas55daysto
CapeTown.Hestayedthereforthreeweeksbeforesettingoutonthelongestlegofhisjourney,7,400milesacrosstheIndianOceanandsouthofTasmaniato
Wellington,apassageof104days.Afteramonthinport,hesailedforValparaiso,wherehestayedfiveweekswaitingforthemostopportunemomenttomakehis
assaultonCapeHorn.After38dayshewasbackatMardelPlata,whereheremainedforfiveweeksbeforecontinuingtoMontevideo.Aftertwodaysoff,hewent
ontoBuenosAires,anotherday'ssailing,arrivingonSeptember7,1943.Dumashadsailed20,420milesin272daysatsea.Althoughhisachievementdidnotgo
entirelyunrecognizedhereceivedacongratulatorytelegramfromtheRoyalCruisingClubinLondonhisfamewasmodestcomparedwithwhatitmighthave
beeninaworldnotengulfedinwar.FromSeptember1945toJanuary1947,DumassailedLehgIIonavoyagenorth.AfterthreemonthsinHavana,hebegana
7,000mile,106day"periplus[circumnavigation]withoutlandfall"oftheNorthAtlantic,passingbyNewYorkandtheAzores,Canaries,andCapeVerdeIslands,
beforeputtingintoBrazil.
Dumas,AlonethroughtheRoaringForties.

Lenin
Icebreaker(2m).L/B/D:439.7'90.7'34.1'(134m27.6m10.4m).Tons:13,366grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:220.Mach.:nuclearreactors,steamturbines,
30,200shp,3screws18kts.Built:BalticShipbuildingandEngineeringWorks,Leningrad,USSR1957.
AlthoughRussiabordersonfourmajorseasthePacificandArcticOceansandtheBalticandBlackSeasinternalmaritimetradehaslongbeencomplicatedby
thefactthatexceptfortheeasternArcticandnorthernPacific,noneoftheseiscontiguoustoanyother.TheonlyicefreesearoutesbetweenEuropeanandAsiatic
RussiaarearoundAfricaandAsiaviatheCapeofGoodHope(15,902milesfromSt.Petersburg/LeningradtoVladivostok),orviaCapeHorn(18,624miles).Of
evengreatersignificancetotheSovietUnioninthemidtwentiethcenturywasitsgrowingrelianceonmaritimetransportationtotheremotebutresourcerichterritories
ofnorthernSiberia,wherelandtransportwasinadequate.
TheRussiansbegantoinvestinicebreakingtechnologyinthelatenineteenthcenturyinanefforttoopentheNortheastPassagepioneeredbyAdolfNordenskild's
VEGAinthe1870stomaritimetrade.TheRussians'singlegreatestinnovationcamein1959whentheycommissionedtheLenin,theworld'sfirstnuclearpowered
surfaceship.Nuclearpoweristheoreticallyanidealtechnologyforvesselsoperatinginsuchremoteandinaccessibleplacesbecauseitobviatestheneedforregular
suppliesoffuel.Leninescortedherfirstconvoyofmerchantshipsin1960,andshemadeitpossibleforfreighterstoservicetheportsofDiksonandDudinkaona
regularbasis.Withaservicespeedof18knotsinopenwater,shecouldmake2knotsthroughice1.4metersthick.
Duringthe196667season,anuclearaccidentresultedinthedeathsofthirtyofhercrew.Abandonedforayear,shewastowedtoMurmanskforrepairsand
reenteredservicewithanewnuclearplantratedat44,000shpin1972.Despitetheinherenthazards,theSovietsbuilteightmorenuclearpoweredicebreakers,
includingARKTIKA,whichbecamethefirstsurfaceshiptoreachthegeographicNorthPole.TheLeninwasdecommissionedin1989toserveasastationarypower
station.
Brigham,"ArcticIcebreakers."Gardiner,ed.,GoldenAgeofShipping.Polmar,NavalInstituteGuidetotheSovietNavy.

LeonardodaVinci
Liner(1f/1m).L/B:233.9m28.1m(767.3'92.2').Tons:33,340grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st413,cabin342,tourist571.Mach.:steamturbines,2screws23kts.
Built:AnsaldoSocietperAzioni,Genoa,Italy1960.
BuiltasareplacementforItalia'sANDREADORIA,LeonardodaVinciisconsideredoneofthebestshipsevertosailundertheItalianflag.Sheenteredserviceas
anexpresslinerbetweenGenoa,Cannes,Naples,andNewYorkin1960.Butaswithallnewlinersofthatera,fromthestarthergreatestcompetitionwasnotfrom
othershipsbutfrompassengerjets,thoughItaliaaddedMichelangeloandRaffaellotoitsfleetin1967.SheremainedontheNorthAtlanticrununtil1976,thougha
varietyofotherportswereadded(anddropped)fromtimetotime,andshealsoundertookafairamountofcruising.HeavilysubsidizedbytheItaliangovernment,she
wasfinallywithdrawnfromserviceandlaidupatGenoa.In1977shewastakenoverbyCostaLineforuseasacruiseship,butsheproveduneconomicaltorunshe
waslaidupagainin1978,andofferedforsale.LeonardodaVinciwasdestroyedbyafireandscuttledatLaSpeziainJuly1980,andshewasbrokenupin1981
82.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners2.

Page299

HMSLeopard
Portlandclass4thrate50(3m).L/B/D:146'30.5'17.5'(44.5m9.3m5.3m).Tons:1,045tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:350.Arm.:2224pdr,2212pdr,
46pdr,26pdr.Des.:SirJohnWilliams.Built:SheernessDockyard,Eng.1790.
HMSLeopardwaslaiddownatPortsmouthDockyardin1775,buttenyearslater,stillinframe,shewastakentoSheerness,whereshewasfinallylaunchedin
1790.ShesawactioninvarioustheatersduringtheFrenchRevolutionandtheNapoleonicWars,includingtheMediterraneanandNorthAmericanstations.Shewas
ondutywiththelatterinearly1807whenanumberofsailors,bothBritishandAmericancitizens,desertedfromHMSBellisle,Bellona,Triumph,Chichester,
Halifax,andZenobia,thenblockadingtheFrench74sPatrioteandEoleinChesapeakeBay.Anumberofthesailorsjoinedthecrewofthe36gunfrigateUSS
CHESAPEAKE,andViceAdmiralSirGeorgeBerkeley,commanderinchiefoftheNorthAmericanStation,dispatchedHMSLeopardtosearchthefrigate.
OnJune22,1807,CaptainSalisburyPryceHumphreyswasstationedoffCapeHenry,Virginia,whenhehailedUSSCHESAPEAKE,outwardboundforthe
MediterraneanunderCommodoreJamesBarron.AboatwassentoverwithacopyofBerkeley'sorder,butBarronrefusedarequesttosearchhisshipandatthe
sametimeorderedthegundeckquietlyclearedforbattle.Theordercametoolate,fornosoonerhadtheboardingpartyreturnedtoLeopardthantheBritishopened
fire.Threebroadsidesfollowed,tobeansweredbyonlyasinglecannonshotbeforeBarronsurrenderedhisunreadyship.Humphreysrefusedtoacceptthesurrender
butdispatchedaboardingpartytolookfordeserters,takingthreeAmericansandtheBritishsailor,whowastriedandhangedatHalifax.
AlthoughmanysubsequentlysawintheChesapeakeLeopardaffairapreludetotheWarof1812,atthetimeitdidlittlemorethanstraindiplomaticrelationsbetween
theUnitedStatesandBritain.Butevenaslateas1843Allencouldregretthat,"ashasintoomanyinstancesbeenthecase,thespiritedconductofViceAdmiral
BerkeleyandofCaptainHumphreyswasdisavowedbytheBritishgovernmenttheBritishrightofsearchwasgivenup,andViceAdmiralBerkeleyrecalledfromthe
NorthAmericancommand."
LeopardremainedontheNorthAmericanstationuntil1812whenshewasconvertedtoatroopship.OnJune28,1814,shewasenroutefromEnglandtoQuebec
with475menofRoyalScotsGuardswhenshegroundedonAnticostiIslandintheGulfofSt.Lawrenceinheavyfog.Theshipwasatotalloss,althoughnoneofthe
creworsoldierswaslost.
Allen,BattlesoftheRoyalNavy.Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Strum,"LeopardChesapeakeIncidentof1807."

Leviathan
(exVaterland)Liner(3f/2m).L/B/D:950'100'35'(276.7m30.6m).Tons:54,282grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st752,2nd535,3rd850,steerage1,7721,234
crew.Mach.:turbines,60,000shp,4screws23.5kts.Des.:AlbertBallin.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1914.
LaiddownforHamburgAmerikaLinieasEuropa,thesecondofHapagchairmanAlbertBallin'strioofsuperlinerstheothertwobeingImperator
(BERENGARIA)andBismarck(MAJESTIC)waslaunchedasVaterlandatthesuggestionofKaiserWilhelmII.OriginallytohavebeenbuiltbyHarland&
Wolff,thecontractforVaterlandwaseventuallywonbyBlohm&Voss,whichintroducedanumberofrefinements.Amongthemostadmiredwerethesplituptakes
fromtheengineroomtothefirsttwofunnels(theaftermostwasadummy)thatallowedforuninterruptedpublicspacesof300feetandforceddraftventilationthatall
buteliminatedtheneedfordeckfunnels.Vaterlandwasalsobuiltwithdoublebottomsandwatertightbulkheads,featuresthatwerebynomeansinnovativebutwhich
hadattainedanewimportanceinthewakeofthelossoftheTITANICin1912.Thelargestshipintheworldatthetimeofherbuilding,shewaslaunchedbyPrince
RupprechtofBavariaonApril13,1913,before40,000spectators.
Vaterland'smaidenvoyagefromHamburgtoSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkbeganatHamburgonMay14,1914,buthercareerasaGermanpassenger
shipwasbrief.AsshepreparedtosailfromNewYorktoHamburgattheendofJuly,WorldWarIbegan,andtheGermangovernmentorderedCommodoreHans
RusertokeephisshipatherHobokenpierratherthanriskseizurebyBritishandFrenchcruiserslyingoffNewYork.Shethusbecamethelargestofthethirtyfive
HapagshipsinternedintheUnitedStates,sevenofwhichwereatNewYork.Manyoftheship'screwremainedaboarduntiltheUnitedStatesenteredthewaron
April6,1917,whentheshipwasofficiallyseizedbytheUnitedStates.TwomonthslatershewasturnedovertotheU.S.Navyforconversiontouseasatroop
carrierandinJulyshewascommissionedasUSSLeviathananamechosenbyPresidentWoodrowWilsonwiththedesignationSP1326.Inhernew
capacity,theshipmadesixteenvoyagestoBrestandthreetoLiverpoolbetween1917and1919overallshecarried119,000AmericanExpeditionaryForcetroops
toEurope.
TheshipwasdecommissionedinOctober1919,and

Page300

Imagenotavailable.
TheproductofGermandesignandenterprise,afterserviceasanAmericantrooptransportinWorld
WarI,LEVIATHANsailedintheliveryoftheUnitedStatesLinesandwaswellknownasthe
flagshipoftheAmericanmerchantmarine.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

titlepassedtotheU.S.ShippingBoard,whichexpectedtosellLeviathantoJ.P.Morgan'sInternationalMercantileMarine.Thesalewasblockedbyopposition
orchestratedbyWilliamRandolphHearst,whomaintainedthattheIMMwasaBritishconcernandtheUnitedStateswassellingoffitsgreatestshipto"AngloWall
Street"interests.In1920LeviathanwascharteredtotheUnitedStatesMailSteamshipCompany.AthreeyearrefitwascarriedoutatNewportNewsunderthe
auspicesofWilliamFrancisGibbs,thepremierAmericannavalarchitectofthetwentiethcentury,andLeviathanemergedwithaninflatedgrosstonnagecalculatedat
59,965tons,5,000morethanMajestic.Largetonnageswereprestigiousbuttheyincreasedportdues,andin1931shewasremeasuredat48,943grossregistered
tonnage.
In1923,Leviathanresumedtransatlanticpassengerservice,operatedbytheUnitedStatesLinesonbehalfoftheShippingBoard,departingNewYorkonJuly4for
CherbourgandSouthampton.Leviathanwasoneofthepreeminentshipsofthepostwarera,andtheflagshipoftheU.S.merchantmarine.Despitebeingrunbya
quasigovernmentalconcernandnotbeingallowedtosellorservealcoholtoherpassengersduringProhibition,sheremainedaverysuccessfulshipthroughoutthe
1920s.In1925,Leviathanaddeda"touristthirdcabin"class,whichappealedespeciallytostudentscrossingtoEuropeandwaseventuallyadoptedbytheNorth
AtlanticPassengerConference.FinanciallossesontheNorthAtlanticledtoherlayupin1933,butshewasputbackinservicethefollowingyearattheinsistenceof
theU.S.DepartmentofCommerce.Thelossescontinuedandafteronlyfiveroundtripsshewaswithdrawnfromservicein1934.ThreeyearslaterLeviathanwas
soldtoMetalIndustriesLtd.ShesailedfromNewYorkforthelasttimetoRosyth,Scotland,whereshewasscrappedin1938.
Braynard,"Leviathan."

Lexington
(exWildDuck)Brigantine(2m).L/B/D:94'loa24.5'11'(28.7m7.5m3.4m).Tons:210bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:110.Arm.:144pdr,26pdr,12
swivels.Built:Philadelphia(?)ca.1773.
PurchasedbyAbrahamvanBibberfortheMarylandCommitteeofSafetyatSt.Eustatius,themerchantmanWildDucksailedfromtheDutchWestIndiesto
PhiladelphiawithacargoofgunpowderinFebruary1776.PurchasedbytheContinentalCongress'sMarineCommitteeandrenamedLexington,inhonorofthesite
ofthefirstbattleoftheAmericanRevolutiononApril19,1775"theshotheardroundtheworld"shewasfittedoutasawarshipunderJoshuaHumphreysand
putundercommandofCaptainJohnBarry.AccordingtothereportofaBritishspy,shewasdistinguishedby"twotopgallant

Page301

yardsandroyals,squaretuck,paintedyellowandalowroundsternpaintedleadcolor,blacksidesandyellowmouldings."
OnApril7,LexingtoncapturedthetenderEdwardintheContinentalNavy'sfirstvictoryinasingleshipaction.Overthenextsixmonths,Lexington'screw
capturedtwosloopsandhelpedrescueacargoofgunpowderfromthestrandedmerchantmanNancy.UnderCaptainWilliamHallock,Lexingtonwascapturedby
HMSPearl(32guns)enroutefromtheCaribbeantoPhiladelphia.Seventyofhercrewwereconfinedbelowdecks,buttheymanagedtooverwhelmtheprizecrew
andreturnLexingtontoBaltimore.
UnderCaptainHenryJohnson,LexingtonsailedforFranceonFebruary20,1777,seizingtwoprizesenroute.TogetherwithReprisalandDolphin,sheembarked
onacruiseduringwhichthethreevesselscapturedthirteenshipsintheIrishSeabetweenJune18and25.Twodayslater,LexingtonwasforcedintoMorlaix,
Brittany,wheresheremaineduntilorderedoutofFranceonSeptember13.BecalmedoffUshantonSeptember19,LexingtonwasbroughttobattlebyHMSAlert
(14),beingforcedtosurrenderwhenherpowderwasexhausted.
Millar,EarlyAmericanShips.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSLexington(CV2)
Lexingtonclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:888'105.5'(130'ew)24.2"(270.7m32.2m(39.6m)7.4m).Tons:33,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,1222,951.
Arm.:88"(24),125",481.1",1820mm.Armor:7"belt,2"deck.Mach.:turboelectric,180,000shp,4screws34kts.Built:ForeRiverShipbuilding
Co.,Quincy,Mass.1927.
TheU.S.Navy'sfourthLexingtonwasoriginallylaiddownasabattlecruiserin1921.Atthesametime,thenearuniversaldisgustatthecarnageofWorldWarIhad
ledtocallsforlimitationsonnavalarms.TheWashingtonNavalConferencecalledthatfallledtoagreementslimitingthetonnageofbattleshipsandbattlecruisers.
Underthesocalled5:5:3formula,by1934theUnitedStatesandBritainweretoreducetheircapitaltonnageto525,000tonseach(downfrom1,178,300tonsand
1,296,540tons,respectively)andJapanwouldreduceto315,000tons,downfrom569,600tons.(FranceandItalywerebothrestrictedto175,000tons.)In
addition,theUnitedStatesandJapaneachwouldbeentitledtoconverttwobattlecruiserscurrentlyunderconstructiontoaircraftcarriers.Theoverallrestrictionson
carriertonnagewere135,000tonseachfortheUnitedStatesandBritain,and81,000tonsfortheJapanese.Builtsolelyforcarryingairplanes,theycouldnotmount
gunslargerthan8inches.
ConversionofLexingtonandSARATOGAwasauthorizedonJuly1,1922,buttheshipswerenotcompletedfornearlysixyears.Unlikelatercarriers,theyhad
enclosedhangardecks,andunliketheirBritishcounterparts,whichhadarmoredflightdecks,theLexingtonclassshipshadflightdecksofwoodplankingoversteel.
WiththemostpowerfulenginesofanycontemporaryU.S.warships,theseshipswerealsothelargestaircraftcarriersbuiltuntilafterWorldWarII,withtheexception
ofJapan'sdesperateendofwarconversion,Shinano.Inadditiontoher8inchand5inchgunbatteries(whichwereaugmentedbyincreasedantiaircraftprotection
astimewenton),Lexingtonwasoriginallyintendedtocarry90aircraftanddespitethedramaticincreaseinthesizeofcarrieraircraft,bytheopeningofWorldWar
II,shestillcarried88planes.
Duringthe1930s,LexingtonconductedoperationsandtacticalexercisesinthePacific,Caribbean,andAtlanticinwhichshemorethandemonstratedthevalueof
carrieraviationovertraditionalsurfaceoperations.Inthefallof1941,shewasdeployedtotheHawaiianIslands,oneofthreeU.S.carriersinthePacificatthattime.
Japan'sDecember7attackonPearlHarborfoundherferryingaircrafttotheMarinegarrisonatWakeIsland.IttookseveralweeksfortheAmericanstogettheir
footingintheaftermathofPearlHarbor.ButonJanuary11,1942,LexingtonsailedfortheCoralSeaasflagshipofViceAdmiralWilsonBrown'sTaskForce11in
anefforttothwartJapaneseadvancesagainstsupplyroutestoAustralia.OnFebruary20,Lexington'splanesaccountedforseventeenofeighteenJapaneseplanes
thatattackedtheship,andLieutenantE.H."Butch"O'HarewasawardedtheMedalofHonorfordowningfiveofthem.(O'Harewaskilledin1943,andChicago's
O'HareInternationalAirportisnamedforhim.)OnMarch6,shejoinedYORKTOWNtolaunchasurpriseattackonJapaneseforcesatRabaul,NewBritain.
AftertwoweeksatPearlHarbor,thetwocarriersagainleftfortheCoralSeaonMay1.Sixdayslater,Lexington'saircraftsankthelightcarrierSHOHOeastof
NewGuinea,andthenfendedoffattackslaunchedfromtheheavycarriersSHOKAKUandZUIKAKU.OnthemorningofMay8,Lexington'splanessuccessfully
attackedShokaku,butat1100,shewasherselfhitbytwoaerialtorpedoesandthreebombsthatinflictedheavydamage.Theresultingfireswerebroughtunder
control,butat1247gasolinevaporstrappedinherhangardeckexploded.Unabletocontaintheresultingfires,at1707CaptainFrederickC.Shermangavetheorder
toabandonship.Threehours

Page302

Imagenotavailable.
Laiddownasacruiser,USSLEXINGTON(CV2)wasthesecondaircraftcarrier
commissionedbytheU.S.Navy.Inthisphoto,takenin1929,sheisflyingoffMartin
T4Mtorpedobiplanes.LEXINGTONandhersistershipSARATOGA(CV3)werethe
biggestcarriersbuiltuntilafterWorldWarII.Notethedifferencesingeneraldeck
arrangementbetweenLEXINGTONandherpredecessor,USSLANGLEY(CV1).
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

later,theblazinghulkwastorpedoedbyUSSPhelpsandsankinposition1520'S,15530'E.InadditiontoresultinginthefirstAmericancarrierlossofWorldWar
II,theBattleoftheCoralSeawasthefirstnavalengagementinwhichopposingsurfaceunitsnevermadevisualcontact.
Hezlett,AircraftandSeapower.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSLexington(CV16)
Essexclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:872'93'28.6'(265.8m28.3m8.7m).Tons:27,100disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:3,448.Arm.:125''(42,41),68
40mm,5220mm103aircraft.Armor.:4"belt,2.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,15,000shp,4screws32.7kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,Quincy,Mass.
1943.
Thefifthshipofthename,USSLexingtonwasoriginallylaiddownasCabot,butshewasrenamedfollowingthelossofherpredecessorattheBattleoftheCoral
Seain1942.AfterfivemonthsoftrialsshewasdispatchedtothePacifictheaterandtookpartinoperationsagainstTarawa,Wake,andtheGilbertIslands.After
launchingasuccessfulattackagainstKwajaleinonDecember4,shewashitbyatorpedothatknockedouthersteeringgearandforcedherbacktoBremertonfor
repairs.
AsflagshipofRearAdmiralMarcMitscher'sTaskForce58,shetookpartinoperationsagainstHollandia,Truk,andSaipaninMayandJune1944.AttheBattleof
thePhilippineSea(June1920),Lexington'splanescontributedsignificantlytothedestructionofJapan'snavalairpowerinthe"GreatMarianasTurkeyShoot"west
ofGuam.ThefirstdayofthebattlecostViceAdmiralJisaburoOzawa'sFirstMobileFleet346planesandthecarriersSHOKAKUandTaiho(sunkbythe
submarinesUSSCAVALLAandAlbacore,respectively)theAmericanslost130planes.
IntheBattleofLeyteGulf,herplaneshelpedsinkthebattleshipMUSASHI,theheavycruiserNachi,andthecarriersChitose,ZUIKAKU,andZUIHO,but
Lexingtonwasherselfhitbyakamikaze.AfteroperationsintheSouthChinaSeainJanuary,LexingtonturnednorthforoperationsagainstTokyoandIwoJimain
February,beforereturningtoPugetSoundforanoverhaul.
ShereturnedtoactioninJuly,launchingairstrikesagainstnavalandairbasesandindustrialcenters.FollowingherserviceinWorldWarII,forwhichshereceiveda
PresidentialUnitCitationandelevenbattlestars,Lexingtonwasdecommissionedfrom1947to1955,duringwhichtimeshewasgivenanangledflightdeckand
redesignatedCVA16.SheremainedinPacificwatersuntil1962whenshewasreassignedtoPensacolaforworkasthetrainingaircraftcarrierCVS16(laterCVT
16).Shewasfinallydecommissionedin1991.
Morison,TwoOceanWar.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

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Liberdade
Sampanrigged"canoe"(3m).L/B/D:35'7.5'2.5'(10.7m2.3m0.8m).Tons:6disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:4.Built:Paranagu,Brazil1888.
Inthemid1880s,JoshuaSlocumpurchasedthebarkAquidneckforgeneraltradeandin1886sailedfromNewYorkforMontevideowithcaseoil.Theship's
complementincludedhissecondwifeandtwoofhissonsbyhisfirstmarriage:Victor,age18,whosailedasmate,andGarfield,6.Aquidnecksubsequentlytraded
betweenUruguay,Argentina,andBrazil,butshewaswreckednearParanagu,Brazil,shortlyafterChristmas1887.Withnootherprospectforreturningtothe
UnitedStates,Slocumdesignedandbuilta35footlong"canoe"whosemodel,hewrites,"IgotfrommyrecollectionsofCapeAnndoriesandfromaphotoofavery
elegantJapanesesampanwhichIhadbeforemeonthespot."Thehullhadthefine,lithelinesofaNewEnglandfishingdory,butthethreemastscarriedthedistinctive
sailsofanorientaljunk"theChinesesampanstyle,whichis,Iconsider,themostconvenientboatriginthewholeworld."ThefinishedvesselwaslaunchedonMay
13,1888,thesamedaythatPrincessIsabelofBrazilsignedtheGoldenLawfreeingthecountry's700,000slaves.(LiberdadeisPortuguesefor''liberty.")
Aftersomedifficultiesingettingoutwardclearancefortheirlittlevessel,whichmanythoughtcouldnotmaketheproposedvoyage,theSlocumssetoutonJune24.
HuggingthecoastofBrazil,theymadeseveralstops,includingSantos,RiodeJaneiro,andBahia.FromPernambucotheysaileddirecttoBarbados,covering2,150
milesin19days,thentoPuertoRicoandCapeRoman,SouthCarolina,wheretheyarrivedonOctober28,havingcovered5,510mileswithoutmishapin53days.
Becauseoftheirfrequentstops,Liberdade'svoyagehadbeenwidelyreportedinthepress,andtheSlocumswerewellreceivedupontheirreturntothecapital.After
winteringinWashington,D.C.,theysailedtoBostonthenextyear,LiberdadereturnedtoWashingtonwhereSlocumabandonedherattheSmithsonianInstitution.
Slocum'slivelyaccount,Voyageofthe"Liberdade,"waspublishedin1894,theyearbeforehesetoffonhishistoricsolocircumnavigationintheSPRAY.
Slocum,SailingAlonearoundtheWorldVoyageofthe"Liberdade."

Liberty
Sloop.L/B:64'18'(19.5m5.5m).Tons:85bm.Hull:wood.Built:Massachusetts(?)<1768.
OnJune10,1768,BostoniansopposedtotheTownshendActsandintentonpreventingcustomscommissionersfromcollectingdutiesonimportedgoodslockedan
officialinthecabinofJohnHancock'smerchantsloop,Liberty,whiletheship'scargoofMadeirawinewasbeinglanded.Hancock'sshipwastowedawayfromthe
dockbycrewfromtheHMSHalifax.AlthoughtheprotestingcitizensofBostonforcedthecustomsofficialstotakerefugeinCastleWilliaminBostonHarbor,the
affairwaseventuallyresolvedinfavoroftheCrown,andLibertywasconfiscatedfromHancock.
ThefollowingApril,LibertywasoutfittedinBostonand,underCaptainWilliamReid,patrolledoffRhodeIslandtoinspectcolonialvesselsforcustomsviolations.
Whentheship'screwabusedCaptainJosephPackwoodinNewportonJuly19,1769,theoutragedcitizensboardedtheship,cutherfree,andscuttledher.Theship
waslaterburnedatGoatIslandinthefirstopendefianceofBritishauthorityinthecolonies.Anaccountwritten,butnotpublished,atthetimeinvitedReidto
"determineforthefuturetoenteruponsomeemploymentworthyofamanandnolongerdisgraceanddegradehimselfbycontinuingtobeaninfamousdetestedtool,
pimpandinformertoaBoardwhoseimperiousarbitrarybehaviorhaverenderedthemridiculousandcontemptible."Theguiltypartieswerenevercaught.
Millar,EarlyAmericanShips.Sherman,"AccountingofHisMajesty'sArmedSloopLiberty."

USSLiberty(AGTR5)
(exSimmonsVictory)Technicalresearchship.L/B/D:455'60'23'(138.9m18.3m7m).Tons:7,275disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:358.Built:Oregon
ShipbuildingCorp.,Portland,Oreg.1945.
BuiltasaMaritimeCommissionVictoryship,SimmonsVictoryoperatedunderchartertotheCoastwise(PacificFarEast)LineofSanFrancisco.Apartfrombrief
serviceduringWorldWarIIandninevoyagesasasupplyshipduringtheKoreanWar,sheworkedasamerchantcargoshipuntillaidupintheNationalDefense
ReserveFleetatOlympia,Washington,in1958.TheU.S.Navysubsequentlyacquiredherforuseasatechnicalresearchshipfortestingandevaluatingelectronics
andcommunicationsequipment,whichdutyshebeganin1963.TwoyearslatershewastransferredtotheEastCoast,andcontinuedherworkintheNorthandSouth
Atlantic.
OnJune2,1967,LibertysailedfromRota,Spain,totheeasternMediterranean,whereshearrivedonJune8,fourdaysafterthestartoftheSixDayWarbetween
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Egypt.ShewasstationedthirteenmilesoffthecoastofAlArish,ontheSinaiPeninsula,when,atabout1403,Israelifightersattackedtheshipwithfragmentation
bombsandrockets.Twentyminuteslater,threetorpedoboatsjoinedtheattack,sendingatorpedointothestarboardside.TheIsraelislaterclaimedthattheattackon
thewellidentifiedshipwasacaseofmistakenidentity,althoughthisseemsunlikelygiventhealacritywithwhichtheIsraeligovernmentpresentedanapologytothe
WhiteHouse,barelytwohoursaftertheattackbegan.Nonetheless,theIsraeliapologywasacceptedandtheU.S.governmentreleasedfewdetailsoftheattack,
duringwhich34crewwerekilledand169woundedincludingCommanderW.L.McGonagle,whoreceivedtheMedalofHonorforhisactions.Libertyherself
wasawardedaPresidentialUnitCitation.AfteramonthofrepairsatMalta,LibertyreturnedtoNorfolk.ThefollowingJuneshewasputintotheAtlanticReserve
Fleet,andin1970shewassoldforscraptotheBostonMetalsCompany.
Ennes,Assaultonthe"Liberty".Sawyer&Mitchell,VictoryShipsandTankers.

Liemba
(exGrafvonGtzen)Steamer(1f/1m).L/B/D:232'33'9'(70.2m10.1m2.7m).Tons:1,575disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:181st,162nd,3503rdMach.:
tripleexpansion,500ihp,2screws.Built:Jos.L.Meyer,Papenburg,Germany1914.
GrafvonGtzenwasagovernmentsteamerbuiltforserviceonLakeTanganyikainwhatwasthenthecolonyofGermanEastAfrica.Herprefabricatedpartswere
builtinGermany,shippedtoTanganyika(nowTanzania),andthencarried800milesoverlandtoKigomawheretheywereassembled.AtthestartofWorldWarI,
GrafvonGtzenwasoneofthreeGermansteamersandagunboatonthe600milelonglake,allofwhichwereeithersunkorrunaground.(TheBritishsuccesswas
thebasisforC.S.Forester'snovelTheAfricanQueen,whichwaslatermadeintoamovieofthesamenamestarringHumphreyBogartandKatharineHepburn.)To
preventhercapturebytheBritish,theGermanssankGrafvonGtzeninJuly1916offtheentrancetotheMalagarassiRiver,havingfirstcarefullygreasedallher
workingpartstopreventcorrosion.Afterthewar,shewasraisedbytheBelgiansbutsankneartheentrancetoKigoma.In1924,theBritishRailwayAdministration
recoveredher,andafteralengthyrefurbishing,shewasputbackinserviceasLiemba,theKirunguwordfor"lake."Asapassengercargoship,shelinkednumerous
communitiesalongthelake,whichseparatesCongo(Zaire)andTanzania.Sheunderwentamajorrefitin1952,andthereafterbeganfortnightlyservicebetween
Kigoma,Tanzania,andMpulungu,Congo,makingsevenstopsalongtheway.SheisnowownedandoperatedbyTanzaniaRailwaysandhomeportedatKigoma.
Spies,"Liemba."

Lightning
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:243'44'23'dph(74.1m13.4m7.0m).Tons:2,083reg.Hull:wood.Comp.:87crew370pass.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,
Mass.1854.
LightningwasthefirstofthemagnificentquartetofclippersbuiltbyDonaldMcKayforJamesBaines'sBlackBallLineofpassengershipsfortherunbetween
LiverpoolandAustralia.Shewasoriginallyatwodeckedship,butherpoopwaslaterextendedtojointhemidshipshouseandtopgallantforecastle.Shecrosseda
skysailonthemain,butcouldsetmoonsailsabovetheforeandmizzenroyals,andabovethemainskysail.UnderJamesNicholForbes,formerlymasterofMARCO
POLO,inFebruary1854,LightningsailedfromBostontoLiverpoolintherecordtimeof13days,20hours,andinone24hourperiodlogged436miles.
Lightning'sotherrecordpassagesinclude63daysfromMelbournetoLiverpoolin1854,onthesecondlegofapassageinwhichshesailedroundtheworldina
record5months,8days,and10hours,includingtimeinport.ThiswasfollowedthenextyearbyaMelbourneLiverpoolrunof67daysunderAnthonyEnright.In
March1857,Lightningaveraged17knotsover48hourstosailmorethan790knots.LightningwasnotconsideredasbeautifulasherconsortsJAMESBAINES
orCHAMPIONOFTHESEAS.ButaccordingtotheLondonTimes,"incapacityforstowageandasasafeandrapidvessel,theLightningisconsideredwithouta
rival."Thatyear,theBritishgovernmentcharteredthethreeBlackBallshipstocarrytroopsforthesuppressionoftheIndianMutiny,andatatestimonialdinner
aboardLightningontheeveofherdeparture,BenjaminDisraelitriedtopersuadeCaptainEnrighttostaywiththeship.Hedeclined,andLightningsailedto
BombayunderCaptainByrnein87days,twoweeksfasterthaneitherJamesBainesorChampionoftheSeas.Soldin1867toT.Harrison&Companyof
Liverpool,LightningburnedatGeelong,Australia,onOctober31,1869,whilefullyloadedandpreparingtosailforLondon.Shewasscuttledandlaterbrokenup.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

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Limmen
Jacht(3m).Tons:120gross.Hull:wood.Comp.:56.Built:VOC,Netherlands<1639.
WhileAbelTasman'sfirstvoyagearoundAustraliawithHEEMSKERCKandZeehaenin164243confirmedhisabilityasanavigator,thecouncilorsofthe
VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(VOC,orDutchEastIndiaCompany)observed,rightly,that"norichesorthingsofprofitbutonlythesaidlandsandapparently
goodpassage[towardChile]werediscovered."TheycouldnotimmediatelypursuetheroutetotheAmericas,butinsteadtheysentTasmantosouthernNewGuinea
"inordertofindoutwhethertheknownSouthland[Australia'sCapeYorkPeninsula]iscontinuouswithit,orinfactseparated."Iftherewasapassage,hewasthento
circumnavigateAustraliaclockwiseandfindoutwhetherVanDiemen'sLand(Tasmania)wasseparatefromAustralia,andlookforthewreckoftheretourship
BATAVIA.Tofulfillthisgoal,TasmanwasgiventhejachtsLimmen(aplacename)andZeemeeuw("Seagull,"100tons,41crew)andthegaliotBracq(14crew),
tobeusedforinshoreexploration.SailingfromBandainFebruary1644,TasmanfailedutterlyperhapsinexcusablytofindTorresStrait(asitwouldlaterbe
known,fortheSpaniardwhohadfirsttraversedit,inSANPEDROin1605).HethenskirtedlightlyalongthewesternCapeYorkPeninsulaandacrosstheGulfof
CarpentariatofollowthecoastofAustraliaasfarasPortHedland(about120E),whereheturnednorth.AlthoughTasmanfailedtheVOCintheparticulars,he
establishedthattheSouthlandwasavastlandmass,andasGovernorGeneralAnthonieVanDiemenwrotetotheVOC,"Thatsuchabigcountry,coveringdifferent
climatesi.e.,thatsoutheastat431/2degreesS.Lat.goingdownto21/2degreesshouldnothaveanythingofadvantage,ishardlyplausible.Comparethebig
NorthernareasofAmerica.''ButwithVanDiemen'sdeaththenextyear,organizedDutchexplorationofAustraliacametoaclose.
Sharp,VoyagesofAbelJanszoonTasman.

LindbladExplorer
Passengership(1f/1m).L/B/D:250'46'15'(76.2m14.0m4.6m).Tons:2,500grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:100pass.60crew.Mach.:twindiesels,3,800hp,1
screw14kts.Built:NystadVarvShipyard,Helsinki,Finland1969.
Builtspecificallyfor"expeditioncruising,"totakesmallgroupsofadventuroustravelerstoremoteorinaccessibleplaces,LindbladExplorerwasnamedforher
creator,LarsEricLindblad.Shewascommissionedin1969hermaidenvoyagewasmarredbyashipboardfireoffSenegal,andshelatergroundedtwiceinthe
Antarctic.Althoughthesewereunwelcomeaccidents,theship,commonlyknownas"TheLittleRedBoat,"wasbuilttosustainmuchofthepunishmentoftheseasof
theworld,havingbeenconstructedtothemoststringentU.S.CoastGuardrequirements,withaviewespeciallytocruisinginpolarwaters.Herstaffofacademicsand
scientistsvariesdependingontheitinerary.AlthoughbestknownforhercruisestoAntarcticaandtheislandsoftheSouthernOcean,in1984LindbladExplorer
becamethefirstpassengershiptotraversetheNorthwestPassage,andshehasreachedfarthernorth(8212'N)andsouththananyotherpassengervessel.Her
voyageshavealsotakenhertoremoteislandsofthePacificfromtheGalpagostotheEastIndies,aswellasuptheAmazonRiver.
Shackleton,WildlifeandWilderness.Snyder&Shackleton,ShipintheWilderness.

HMSLion
Lionclassbattlecruiser(3f/2m).L/B/D:700'88.5'28.8'(213.4m27m9m).Tons:26,350disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:997.Arm.:813.5"(42),164",4
3pdr221"TT.Armor:belt9",deck2.5".Mach.:gearedturbines,70,000shp,4screws26kts.Built:DevonportDockyard,Plymouth,Eng.1912.
LaiddownindirectreplytothechallengeposedbyMOLTKE,theLionclassbattlecruisers"thesplendidcats"werethebiggestandfastestcapitalshipsever
laiddown,andthefirstwithall13.5inchturretsmountedonthecenterlineratherthanenechelon.AsflagshipofRearAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'sFirstBattleCruiser
Squadron,Lion'sfirstmajoractionwasattheBattleoftheDoggerBankonJanuary24,1915.ThereBeatty(withTiger,PrincessRoyal,NewZealand,and
Indomitable)surprisedRearAdmiralFranzvonHipper'sbattlecruisersquadronasitattemptedtomakeathirdraidonBritishNorthSeatowns.Lionandso
Beattywasforcedoutoftheinconclusivebattlebytwowaterlinehitsreceivedearlyon.
AtJutlandonMay31,1916,LionwasinthevanofBeatty'ssixshipsquadronduringthebattlecruisers'"runtothesouth"thatopenedthebattle.Thefleetsopened
fireat1548,andtwelveminuteslater,Liononlyescapedashipkillingexplosionafteradirecthitonthemidships("Q")turretthankstothedyingactofOfficerofthe
TurretMajorHarvey,whofloodedthemagazines.Twominuteslater,INDEFATIGABLEblewupwiththelossof1,017crew,followedtwentyfourminuteslaterby
thelossofQueenMarywith1,266men.Beforepressinghome

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hisattackonRearAdmiralFranzHipper,BeattyturnedtohisFlagCaptain,A.E.M.Chatfield,andobserved,"Thereseemstobesomethingwrongwithourbloody
shipstoday."
Thoughshewasquicklyrepairedfollowingthebattle,Lionsawlittlefurtheractionbeforewar'send,exceptprovidingcoverforanattempttodestroytheGerman
minesweepingforcesandtheirescortsoffHelgolandonNovember17,1918.In1924,shewasbrokenupatJarrowunderthetermsoftheWashingtonNaval
Treatyof1922.
Bassett,BattleCruisers.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

HMSLittleBelt
(exLilleBelt)Corvette,6thrate(3m).L/B/D:116.3'30.3'12.5'(35.4m9.2m3.8m).Tons:460bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:121.Arm.:29pdr,18
32pdr.Des.:Hohlenberg.Built:Copenhagen,Denmark1801.
ThroughouttheNapoleonicWars,whennotneutral,DenmarkwasdrawnintoalliancewithFrance,whichresultedinherbeinginvadedbytheRoyalNavytwice,first
in1801andagaininSeptember1807.Inthatyear,afleetofsixtyfivewarshipsunderViceAdmiralJamesGambieraccompaniedby29,000soldiersunderGeneral
LordCathcartarrivedoffCopenhagen.Afterafourdaybombardment,thecitysurrenderedandtheBritishseizedsixteenshipsoftheline,tenfrigates,andfortythree
othervesselsamongthesewasLilleBelt,whichwascommissionedasHMSLittleBelt.
PutonserviceontheNorthAmericanstation,in1811shebecamethefocusofanincidentbetweentheUnitedStatesandGreatBritainthatnearlybroughtaboutthe
Warof1812ayearearly.In1807,theRoyalNavyhadoutragedAmericanopinionbyfiringonCommodoreJamesBarron'sfrigateUSSCHESAPEAKEand
forciblyremovingmembersofhercrew,someofwhomwereformerBritishsailors.Fouryearslater,thefrigateHMSGUERRIREimpressedanAmericanseaman,
andCommodoreJohnRodgerswasorderedtoseawiththefrigateUSSPRESIDENTinmidMay.AlthoughhefailedtofindtheGuerrire,onthenightofMay17,
1811,theAmericanscaughtupwithandengagedLittleBeltabout45milesfromthemouthofChesapeakeBay.Twobroadsideswereexchanged,andLittleBelt
wasallbutdismasted,withthirteendeadandnineteenwounded,beforeCaptainBinghambrokeofftheengagement.UponherreturntoHalifax,LittleBeltwas
condemnedas"almostawreck"andsold.ThevastlysuperiorPresidentsurvivedthebattlewithhardlyamark,promptingLordHowardDouglasstoobserveinhis
NavalGunnery:
Ifavesselmeetanenemyofevengreatlysuperiorforce,itisduetothehonorofherflagtotrytheeffectofafewroundsbutunlessinthisgallantattemptsheleavemarksofher
skilluponthelargerbody,whileshe,thesmallerbody,ishitateverydischarge,shedoesbutsaluteherenemy'striumphanddiscreditherowngunnery.

Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

HMSLittleBelt
Sloop.L/B/D:59'bp16'7'dph(18m4.9m2.1m).Tons:90bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:18.Arm.:112pdr,26pdr.Built:FortErie,Ontario1812.
BuiltforCaptainRobertH.Barclay'sLakeEriesquadron,thesecondHMSLittleBeltwasnamedforthe18gunsloopofwarthathadengagedUSSPRESIDENT
(38guns)in1811inanincidentthatpresagedtheoutbreakoftheWarof1812.OnSeptember10,1813,LittleBeltwasoneoffivevesselsinBarclay'slinewhenit
sailedagainstthefleetofMasterCommandantOliverHazardPerryattheBattleofLakeErie,offPutInBay.LittleBeltwascapturedbytheschoonersScorpion
andChippewaywhiletryingtofleethesceneofthedisastrousbattle,whichspelledtheendofBritishcontroloftheGreatLakes.Followingrepairs,LittleBeltjoined
theAmericanfleetintimetohelptransportthearmyofGeneralWilliamHenryHarrisontoBuffalofollowingitsvictoryovertheBritishattheBattleoftheThameson
October5.BlownashoreatBlackRock,NewYork,inagaleonDecember8,LittleBeltwasburnedbytheBritishthreeweekslater.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Littorio
VittorioVenetoclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:780'107.4'31.4'(237.7m32.7m9.6m).Tons:45,237disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,920.Arm.:915"(3
3),126",44.7",123.5",2037mm,2420mm3aircraft.Armor:14.2"belt,6.7"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,128,200shp,4screws30kts.Built:
CantieriAnsaldo,Genoa,Italy1940.
Littorio(theItalianwordforlictor,aRomanofficialwhocarriedthefasces)wascommissionedfiveweeksbeforeItalydeclaredwaronFranceandBritainonJune
10,1940.SheoperatedagainsttheMaltaconvoysfromAugustthroughOctober.WhilelyingatTarantoonNovember12,shewashitbythreeaerialtorpedoes
duringtheattacklaunchedfromHMSILLUSTRIOUS.OutofcommissionuntilAugust1941,onDecember13sheengagedaBritishforcetaskedwithbreakingup
anItalianconvoy

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toBenghazi,Libya(whichgotthrough),andescortinganAlliedconvoytoMalta(whichalsomadeit).InMarch1942,flyingtheflagofAdmiralAngeloIachinoatthe
BattleofSirte,LittoriowasforcedtowithdrawinthefaceoftorpedoattacksfromRearAdmiralPhilipVian'sdestroyers,whowereescortingaMaltaconvoy,inan
actionforwhichVianwasknighted.KnockedoutofcommissionbyBritishplanesonJune16,1942,LittoriowashitduringaU.S.airraidonLaSpeziaayearlater.
FollowingItaly'ssurrenderin1943,shewasrenamedItalia.EnroutetoMalta,shewashitbyGermanbombs,andshespenttheremainderofthewarinternedat
LakeAmaro,Egypt.ShewasbrokenupatLaSpeziain1948.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

Livadia
Circularsteamyacht(3f).L/B/D:235'163'6.8'(71.6m49.7m2.1m).Tons:3,900disp.Hull:steel.Mach.:tripleexpansionengines,10,500ihp,3screws
16kts.Des.:AndreiAleksandrovichPopov.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1881.
LivadiawasthethirdandlastofthreecircularshipsdesignedbytheRussianRearAdmiralAndreiAleksandrovichPopov.Unlikehistwoearlierbattleships,REAR
ADMIRALPOPOVandNovgorod,LivadiawasorderedbyCzarAlexanderIIasaroyalyacht.Shedifferedinothercrucialrespects,too.Mostsignificant,while
theotherPopovkashadalmostperfectlyroundhulls,Livadiawassomethingofahybrid.Thelowerhullwasshapedlikeaflounderwithabeamthatwasnarrow
relativetothelengthwhilethevessel'ssuperstructurewasmoreshiplikeinappearance,thoughitwaswideenoughforthefunnelstobesituatedthreeabreast.
ThoughPopov'sdesignwasintendedforrelativelycalmwaters,Livadiaweatheredthe25footseasoftheBayofBiscayenroutetotheBlackSeawithoutdifficulty.
LittleisknownofhercareerintheBlackSea(Alexanderwasassassinatedonlyninemonthsafterherlaunch),butsheendedherdaysasarepairshipandwasnot
brokenupuntil1926.
Donald,"Livadia."Martelle,"NovgorodandRearAdmiralPopov."

LivelyLady
Cutter.L/B/D:36'9.2'6.6'(11m2.8m2m).Tons:13.75disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:1.Des.:FrederickShephard.Built:S.J.P.Cambridge,Calcutta,India
1948.
LivelyLadywasacruisingyachtbuiltforandbyS.J.P.CambridgeinIndiain1948.HersecondownerwasgreengrocerAlecRose,whoboughtherin1963to
competethefollowingyearinthesecondsolotransatlanticracefromEnglandtotheUnitedStates.LivelyLadyplacedfourthwithacrossingofthirtysixdays.Two
yearslaterRoseembarkedonasolocircumnavigation,hisintentlikethatofSirFrancisChichesterinGIPSYMOTHIVbeingtocompletethepassagewith
onlyonestop.ReriggedbyIllingworthandPrimrose,LivelyLady'sprimarynewfeaturewastheadditionofaboomlessmizzenmastfromwhichtosetamizzen
staysail.Afterseveralfalsestartsinthespring,hedepartedPortsmouthonJuly16,1966.LivelyLadymadegoodtime,passingtheCapeofGoodHopeonOctober
8andarrivingatMelbourneonDecember17.Afteramonthlonglayover,hesailedonJanuary14.Ontheeleventhdayout,amastheadfittingpartedandhewas
forcedtoputintothesouthernNewZealandportofBluffforrepairsthatlastedfivedays.HeroundedCapeHornonApril1,andreturnedtoPortsmouthonJuly4,
1968.LikeChichesterbeforehim,RosewasknightedforhisachievementbyElizabethII.
Rose,MyLivelyLady.

HMSLondon
Londonclass2ndrate90(3m).L/B/D:176.5'46.5'21'(53.8m14.2m6.4m).Tons:1,871bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:750.Arm.:2832pdr,3018pdr,
3012pdr,29pdr.Built:ChathamDockyard,Eng.1766.
BuiltduringthelongpeacebetweentheSevenYears'WarandtheAmericanRevolution,HMSLondonwastheeighthshipofthename.Herchiefdistinctionliesin
herroleasRearAdmiralThomasGraves'sflagshipduringtheBattleoftheChesapeake,wheretheRoyalNavy'sdefeatresultedintheendoftheAmerican
Revolution.InAugust1780,GravessailedinLondonwithsixshipsofthelineasreinforcementsforViceAdmiralMarriottArbuthnot,commanderoftheNorth
Americanstation.OnMarch16,1781,LondonwaspresentinaskirmishwithaFrenchsquadronunderChevalierDestouchesoffChesapeakeBay,andinJuly
GravessucceededArbuthnot.OnAugust28hewasjoinedbyafourteenshipsquadronunderRearAdmiralSamuelHood.Withonlyfiveofhisownshipsreadyfor
sea,GravesandHoodturnedsouthforChesapeakeBaytopreventaFrenchsquadronunderRearAdmiralCountFranoisJosephPauldeGrassefromentering
ChesapeakeBayandcuttingoffMajorGeneralCharlesCornwallisthenduginontheYorktownpen

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insulaandfromlandingreinforcementsandprovisionsforGeneralGeorgeWashington.
EnroutefromtheCaribbean,HoodhadreconnoiteredChesapeakeBayonAugust25butfoundnosignoftheFrench.DeGrasse'sfleetoftwentysevenships
arrivedfourdayslaterandanchoredoffCapeHenry,whereGravesandHoodfoundthemonthemorningofSeptember5.RatherthanbeardownontheFrenchfleet
whileitwasindisarray,Gravesorderedhisshipsinlineaheadformation,ascalledforintheFightingInstructions,withLondoninthemiddleoftheline,Hood's
BARFLEUR(90guns)fourthinline,andRearAdmiralFrancisS.Drake'sPrincessa(70)sixteenthinline.TheFrenchgotunderwayataboutnoon,andat1405
Gravesorderedhiscaptainstowearship,changingcoursefromwesttoeastsothattheyparalleledtheFrenchonthesametackandputtingPrincessainthevanand
Barfleurtotherear.Shortlyafter1600,Gravesraisedthesignal"tobeardownandengageclose,"butheneglectedtotakedownthesignalfor"lineahead,"with
drasticconsequences.ThevanoftheBritishlinetookthebruntoftheFrenchbroadsides,andthemiddlesquadronwascloselyengaged,butthesevenshipsinHood's
divisionbarelytookpartinthebattle.Accordingtoapublishedaccount,aconversationafterwardstookplacebetweenGraves,Hood,andDrake:
AdmiralGravesaskedAdmiralHoodwhyhedidnotbeardownandengage?Theanswerwas:"Youhadupthesignalfortheline."AdmiralGravesthenturnedtoAdmiralDrake,
andaskedhimhowhecametobeardown?Hereplied:"Onaccountofthesignalforaction."AdmiralGravesthensaid:"Whatsayyoutothis,AdmiralHood?"SirSamuel
answered:"Thesignalforthelinewasenoughforme."

Thefightingstoppedbyabout1815.Althoughbothfleetsintendedtorenewtheengagement,lightairsoverthenextfewdaysmadethisimpossible,andontheninth
GraveslostsightoftheFrenchfleet,whichhaddoubledbacktowardstheChesapeake.Thenextevening,DeGrasserendezvousedinthebaywithComtedeBarras
deSaintLaurent,whohadarrivedfromNewportwitheightships.GravesreturnedtoNewYorkwhere,overthenextmonth,hewasreinforcedbysixmoreshipsof
theline.OnOctober19,hesailedfortheChesapeakewith25shipsofthelineand7,000troops.Thesameday,GeneralWashingtonacceptedCornwallis's
surrenderatYorktown.GravesarrivedattheChesapeakefivedayslater,butuponhearingofthedefeat,hereturnedtoNewYork.
OnNovember10,LondonsailedforJamaicabuttooknopartintheBritishdefeatofDeGrasseandthecaptureofhisVILLEDEPARISattheBattleoftheSaintes
inApril1782.TheonlyotherbattleforwhichLondonreceivedbattlehonorswastheactionofftheIledeGroixonJune23,1795.Inthisengagement,ViceAdmiral
AlexanderHood,ViscountBridport'sChannelFleetsquadroncapturedthreeshipsfromRearAdmiralLouisThomasVillaretdeJoyeuseinarunningbattleoff
Brittany.Londonremainedinserviceuntilbrokenupin1811.
Larrabee,DecisionattheChesapeake.

USSLongBeach(CGN9)
LongBeachclassnuclearpoweredguidedmissilecruiser.L/B/D:721.3'73'30.6'(219.8m22.3m9.3m).Tons:15,540disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,160.
Arm.:25",1Talos,2Terrier,1ASROC612.8"TT.Mach.:nuclearreactor,steamturbines,80,000hp,2screws30kts.Built:ForeRiverShipbuildingCo.,
Quincy,Mass.1961.
Theworld'sfirstnuclearpoweredsurfacewarshipwascommissionedfiveyearsafterthefirstnuclearpoweredsubmarine,USSNAUTILUS,andfouryearsafterthe
SovietUnion'sicebreakerLENIN.ThelastAmericanshipdesignedfromthekeelupasacruiser,asoriginallyarmedshecarriedonlymissilesgunswereaddedlater.
Aftertrialstotesttheeffectivenessofhercomplexpropulsionandweaponssystems,andgoodwillvisitstoEuropeandtheCaribbean,USSLongBeachjoinedthe
SixthFleetforoperationsintheMediterraneanin1963.Attheendoftheyear,sheparticipatedinexerciseswithtwooftheNavy'snewestnuclearpoweredvessels,
aircraftcarrierUSSEnterpriseandfrigateBainbridge.Comprisingthefirstallnucleartaskgroup,onJuly13,1964,thethreeshipsembarkedonOperationSea
Orbit,acircumnavigationwithoutbenefitofnormalreplenishmentthat,despitegoodwillportvisitsalongtheway,clearlydemonstratedtheflexibilityaffordedby
nuclearpropulsion.TransferredtothePacificFleetandhomeportedathernamesakecity,sheconductedoperationsoffVietnamfrom1966through1969.In1968,
withaTalosmissilesheshotdownaNorthVietnamesejet70milesaway,thefirsttimeanAmericansurfacetoairmissiledownedanenemyaircraft.Afterher
secondrefuelingandrefitin197071,LongBeachreturnedtothewesternPacificandwasdeployedinVietnamesewatersthroughtheendoftheAmerican
involvementinSoutheastAsia.
"TheGrayLady"underwentmajorweaponschangesinthe1980s.HerTalosmissilesystemwasreplacedwithHarpoonmissilesandshewasfittedwithtwoclosein
weaponsystems(CIWS),essentiallyhugeGatlinggunsdesignedtoshootdownatcloserangemissilesthathaveescapedothercountermeasures.In1985,shewas
alsoarmedwithTomahawkcruisemissiles.In1990,andagain

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in199394,sheparticipatedindruginterdictionoperationsintheCaribbean.EnroutetothePersianGulfduringOperationDesertStormin1991,shehelped
evacuate1,200peoplefromtheAmericannavalbaseatSubicBayfollowingtheeruptionofMountPinatubo.LongBeachwasdecommissionedanddefueledin
1995.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

LongSerpent
Longship(1m).Hull:wood.Comp.:200.Mach.:68oars.Built:Norwayca.1000.
Attheendofthetenthcentury,southernNorwaywasruledlooselybyOlafTryggvason,"themostspectacularvikingoftheage,"andaChristian.Intheyear1000,he
sailedfromNidarosonthewestcoastofNorwaywithafleetofsixtywarshipsthelargestofwhichwasLongSerpent,"themostpowerfulshipinnorthernwaters."
Availableaccountsdescribeavesselmoreakintoamassivefloatinggarrisondesignedtodominatethebattlelineinhomewatersthanthesortofvesselthatcarriedthe
VikingscoursingthroughtheseasandriversofEurope.SailingintotheBaltic,OlafvisitedwithBoleslavthePoleatthemouthoftheOderRiverinWendland.There
hemayhaverecruitedelevenvesselsfromBoleslavtojoinhiminacampaignagainstthecombinedforcesofSveinForkbeardofDenmark,theSwedishOlaf
Skttkonung,andErik,JarlofLade,whosefatherOlafTryggvasonhadearlierdeposedasleaderoftheNorwegians.OnOlaf'sreturnhome,hisfleetencountered
thatofhisconfederatedenemiessomewhereinthenarrowresund,notfarfrommodernCopenhagen,ornearanotherwiseunknownislandofSvoldoffRgen.
Sourcesfortheactualbattledifferindetail,butintheend,Olafleapedintothesea"andneveragainreturnedtohiskingdominNorway,"whichpassedunderErik.
Jones,HistoryoftheVikings.SnorriSturluson,Haemskringla.

LordoftheIsles
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:210'27.8'18.5'dph(64m8.5m5.6m).Tons:691nm.Hull:iron.Built:CharlesScott&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1853.
Oneofthefirstironhulledclippers,LordoftheIsleswasbuiltforMaxton&CompanyofGreenockfortheChinateatrade.Anadvantageofironconstructionwas
thatitallowedforfinerlines,anduponherarrivalinChinashewasdescribedas"thefinest[ship]everseenatShanghaiunmatchedforsymmetryofformand
beautyofmodel."Butherfinelinesmadeherawetshipandshewasknownas"TheDivingBell."HermaidenvoyagetoMelbournetookonly74days,withabest
day'srunof428miles.Shecarriedamixedcargoand17passengersonsubsequentvoyagesshewouldcarrymorethan300immigrants.Herperformanceinthetea
tradewasuneven.Shehadthreepassagesinunder100days,thefastestbeing90daysfromShanghaitoLondonunderW.Jamieson,hersecondofthreecaptains.
Theotherfivepassageswerebetween118and141days.Hermostcelebratedvoyagewasin1856,thefirstyearthatLondonmerchantsofferedapremiumof1per
tonforthefirstshipoftheseasontoarrivefromChinawithtea.LordoftheIslesdepartedFoochowonJune10,onedayaftertheAmericanMaury.Thetwoships
arrivedoffGravesendonOctober15.Thankstoabettertug,LordoftheIslesdockedfirstandclaimedthepremium.HercareerwascutshortonJuly24,1862,
whenenroutetoHongKongshewaslosttofire,causedbyspontaneouscombustion,in12N,115E.
Baker,RunningHerEastingDown.MacGregor,TeaClippers.

LosReyes
Galleon(3m).Tons:250bm.Hull:wood.Built:<1567.
AlthoughFerdinandMagellan'sVICTORIAcrossedthePacificOceanin1521,subsequenttranspacificvoyageswerefewandfarbetween.In1565,theSpanish
foundedasettlementinthePhilippines,andinthesameyeartheseamanfriarFrayAndresdeUrdanetadiscoveredthatfavorablewindsforsailingeastacrossthe
Pacificcouldbefoundinlatitude40N.Atthesametime,inPeru,PedroSarmientowasplanningawestwardvoyageinsearchoflandsrichingoldandsilver.Two
argumentsfavoredtheexistenceofsuchaland.EuropeangeographershadlongpostulatedahugesouthernTerraAustralistocounterbalancetheearth'snorthern
landmasses.AccordingtoIncatradition,TupacYupanquihadsailedtothewestandreturnedwithgold,silver,andslaves.Sarmientoreceivedpermissionforsuchan
expedition,andLosReyes("TheKings")andTodosLosSantos("AllSaints")wereoutfittedforthevoyage.Unfortunately,thefabledlandwasthoughttolieonly600
leagues(1,800miles)fromPeru,andtheshipswereprovisionedaccordingly,althoughthe150crewwereboundonavoyagethatwouldtakethem7,000miles
acrossthePacific.
OnNovember22,1567,theexpeditionsailedfromCallao"forislandstothewest,calledSolomon,"undercommandoftwentyfiveyearoldAlvaroMendaa,

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nephewoftheViceroy.Thecrewfirstsailedwestsouthwestto15Sandthenturnedtothenorthwestuntillatitude6S,whentheyheadedwest.Theymadetheirfirst
landfallintheElliceIslandsonJanuary15,1568,butweresweptpasttheislandsbythecurrent.SeventeendayslaterbroughtthemtoOngtongJavainthenorthern
SolomonIslands.Blownsouthwardinastormforsixdays,onFebruary7theycameintoBahiadeEstrellaonYsabelIsland,whichtheyfirsttooktobeacontinent.
Mendaa'smenimmediatelybegantobuildabrigantineinordertoexplorethesurroundingcoasts.
OnApril7,thebrigantinebeganitsfirstvoyageofexplorationwiththirtymenunderseniorpilotHernanGallego.SailingeastalongSantaIsabel,theycrossedto
Guadalcanal,thenreturnedtoSantaIsabelandcompletedatourofthecoast.RelationswiththeislandershaddeterioratedasSpanishdemandsforfoodgrew,so
MendaamovedhisshipstoGuadalcanalonMay12.ItwasnobetterwiththecannibalsofGuadalcanal,andononewateringtrip,nineSpaniardswerekilledand
mutilated.ReprisalsleftfortynativesdeadorwoundedbeforeJune13,whenMendaamovedagain,toSanCristobalIsland,whichhadbeenfoundonthe
brigantine'ssecondtripwhentheexplorersalsovisitedtheislandsofMalaitaandUlawa.OnSanCristobal,theSpanishstolefood,burnedvillages,andkilledand
kidnappedlocals.Thoughmostoftheprisonersescapedwhentheshipswerecareenedforthreeweeks,sixsailedwiththeshipsonAugust11.
AlthoughMendaawassupposedtocolonizehisislands,hewasoverruledbyGallegoandtheothers,whourgedhimtoreturntoPeru.Sailingnorthoftheequator,
theymadelandfallintheMarshallIslands,buttheycouldfindnothingusefulonthem.Withfoodandwaterinshortsupply,theypassedwaterlessMidwayIslandon
October2,andonOctober16theshipswereseparatedjustbeforeafuriousstormhit"withsuchfuryasIhadneverbeforeseen,"wroteGallego,"althoughIhave
beenfortyfiveyearsatsea,andthirtyofthemapilot."BothshipsweredismastedandLosReyesonlyreachedSebastinVizcanoBayinBajaCaliforniaon
December20,1568.Afewweekslater,atSantiagodeColima(195'N),TodosLosSantosappeared.BythetimetheyreachedCallaoonJuly26,1569,only100
ofthosewhosetoutwerestillalive.Despitetheexertionsofthebestnavigators,theexistenceofMendaa'sSolomonIslandswouldnotbeconfirmeduntil
D'EntrecasteauxvisitedtheminRechercheandL'ESPERANCEin1792.
Amherst&Thomson,DiscoveryoftheSolomonIslandsbyAlvarodeMendaain1568.

Louisiana
Casemateironclad.L/B:264'62'(80.5m18.9m).Tons:1,400tons.Hull:iron.Arm.:27",39",48",732pdr.Armor:4"casemate.Mach.:2centerline
paddlewheels,2screws.Built:E.C.Murray,NewOrleans,La.1862.
CSSLouisianawasoneoftwoironcladsorderedforthedefenseofNewOrleans(theotherwasCSSMississippi).ShewaslaiddowninOctober1861and
launchedinFebruary1862,butinadequatesuppliesandlabordelayedhercompletion.ByApril19,whenFlagOfficerDavidG.FarragutbeganshellingFortsSaint
PhilipandJacksonatthemouthoftheMississippi,CommanderJohnK.MitchellorderedthestillunfinishedshiptothedefenseoftheMississippi.Althoughwiththe
sidesofhercasematesetata45degreeangleshelookedimposing,herarmingandironplatingwereincomplete.Moreover,thescrewpropulsionwasnothooked
up,andshehadtobetowedtheninetymilestothemouthoftheriver.Muchtotheconsternationofhissubordinatesandsuperiors,Mitchellattemptedtocomplete
Louisiana'sfittingoutupriverofthefortsratherthanuseherwithhisothershipsagainsttheUnionmortarboats.OnthemorningofApril24,1862,Farragutbeganhis
runpasttheforts.AlthoughLouisianatookpartintheengagement,Farragut'sfleetanchoredatNewOrleansthenextday.OnApril28,astheriverportswere
surrendering,MitchellsetLouisianaonfireandsheblewup.
Still,IronAfloat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

LST507
Landingshiptank(1f/1m).L/B/D:328'50'3.8'(100m15.2m1.2m).Tons:2,100grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:260crew,160troops.Arm.:740mm,12
20mm.Des.:JohnNiedermair.Mach.:diesel,2screws.10kts.Built:JeffersonvilleBoat&MachineCo.,Jeffersonville,Ind.1944.
DespitetheiruseinthefrontlineofamphibiousassaultsinalltheatersofWorldWarII,only26ofthe1,051LSTsbuiltduringthewarwerelosttoenemyaction.Two
ofthesewerelostintheearlymorningofApril28,1944,duringOperationTiger,amocklandingatSlaptonSandsbytheU.S.Army4thDivision,destinedforUtah
Beach.OnApril27troopshadembarkedatTorquayandgoneashoreatSlaptonSandsmoreorlessasplanned.Thatnight,asupportconvoyofeightLSTswas
steamingthroughLymeBay.ThoughtheconvoywassupposedtobeescortedbythedestroyerHMSScimitarandcorvetteAzalea,theformerhadbeenrammed
duringtheexerciseandwasdetainedatPlymouth.
At2200thatnight,sixEboatsfromthe5thSchnell

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booteFlotilla,underCaptainRudolfPeterson,andthreeEboatsfromLieutenantCommanderFreiherrvonMirbach's9thFlotillaracedoutofCherbourgat36knots.
Atabout0130onApril28,S136andS138firedtorpedoesatLST507,thelastshipinthecolumn,carrying282soldiersofthe1stEngineerSpecialBrigade
togetherwith16trucks,22amphibiousDUKWs,and165crew.Althoughclearlyseenablaze,owingtothefogofwar,itwasinitiallyassumedthattheshiponfire
wasnotconnectedwiththeconvoy.TheLSTwasabandonedby0230,butat0218theGermanshadattackedLST531,whichalsosank.LST289washitbya
torpedothatdidnotdetonate.Alltold,197sailorsand552troopswerekilledandburiedinafieldinapartofSouthDevonthathadbeenevacuatedtheprevious
December.TheextentofthetragedywaskeptsecretandthecasualtyfiguresrolledintothosefortheNormandyinvasion.Thetruestoryremainedunknownuntil
1984,whenoneoftheveryfewpeopleallowedtoremainintheevacuatedareaspokeoutaboutamassgraveofU.S.troops.
Hoyt,InvasionbeforeNormandy.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

RMSLusitania
Liner(4f/2m).L/B:787'87.8'(239.9m26.8m).Tons:31,550grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st563,2nd464,3rd1,138900crew.Mach.:steamturbines,4screws
25kts.Des.:LeonardPeskett.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1907.
AlthoughLusitaniaisbestrememberedforhertragicsinkingbytheGermansubmarineU20onMay7,1915,thishorrificeventhasovershadowedLusitania's
placeinthedramatichistoryofturnofthecenturypassengershipping.TocounteractthedemiseoftheU.S.merchantmarine,in1904AmericanfinancierJ.P.
MorganformedtheInternationalMercantileMarine,whichacquiredacontrollinginterestinanumberofmajorshippingcompanies,includingGermany'sHamburg
AmerikaLinieandNorddeutscherLloydandBritain'sWhiteStarLine.Alarmedatthistrend,whichthreatenedtorobEnglandofavaluablewartimeauxiliaryfleet,
theBritishgovernmentapproachedCunardLinewiththeofferofa2,600,000loanandanannualmailsubsidyof75,000pershipfortheconstructionoftwo
passengerliners,providedthatthecompanyremainwhollyBritishfortwentyyearsandthattheshipscouldberequisitionedasauxiliarycruisersinwartime.Thus
enriched,CunardbuiltLusitanianamedfortheRomanprovinceofwhatisnowPortugalandMAURETANIA,thelargest,fastest,andmostluxuriouslinersof
theirday.Lusitania'smaidenvoyagefromLiverpooltoNewYorkbeganonSeptember7,1907,andthenextmonthshecrossedbetweenDaunt'sRockandSandy
Hookatarecordspeedof23.99knots.Thesamemonthshesetaneastboundrecordof23.6knots.Lusitania'sfastestcrossingwaswestboundat25.7knots(4
days,16hours,40minutesAugust812,1909).Inherday,onlyMauretaniawasfaster.
OwingtotheinfeasibilityofmaintainingacloseblockadeofGermany,onNovember3,1914,Britainillegallydeclareda"militaryarea"intheNorthSeaandallthe
watersboundedbyIceland,Norway,andScotland.Germanyrespondedwiththeequallyillegaldeclarationof"anareaofwar"aroundtheBritishIslesandIreland,
andadvisedtheworldcommunitytheUnitedStatesespeciallythatthesinkingofneutralshipping,orpassengers,mightnotbeavoidable.TheGerman
governmentknewthatthelossofAmericanlivestoasubmarineattackevenonaBritishshipmightdrawtheUnitedStatesintothewaronthesideoftheAllies.
FollowingthesinkingofFalabaonMarch28,1915,theGermanembassyinWashingtonauthorizedpublicationofawarningadvisingthat"inaccordancewithformal
notice[ofadeclaredwarzone]givenbytheImperialGermanGovernment,vesselsflyingtheflagofGreatBritain...areliabletodestructioninthosewatersandthat
travellerssailinginthewarzoneonshipsofGreatBritain...dosoattheirownrisk."ThenoticefirstappearedonMay1,thedayLusitaniasailedfromNewYork
with1,965passengersandcrew,undercommandofCaptainWilliamThomasTurner.
Fivedayslatertheshipenteredthewarzone.AlthoughtheBritishAdmiraltywasfullyawareofthepresenceofGermansubmarinesoffsouthernIrelandU20
sankthreeshipsonMay6noescortwasprovidedforLusitania,whosesafetywasherspeed.CaptainTurnerhadbeenissuedexplicitorderstosteamazigzag
courseandtoremaininmidchannelwellawayfromheadlandsandports.BytheafternoonofMay7,Lusitaniawassteamingatbetween15and18knotsalonga
straightcourseonly12milessouthoftheOldHeadofKinsale,nearQueenstown(Cork)or25milesnorthof"midchannel."At1320shewasspottedby
LieutenantCommanderWalterSchwiegerinU20.Twentyminuteslater,atarangeof700meters,U20firedonetorpedothathitabaftthebridgeonthestarboard
side.Theshiplisted15degreeswithinseconds,andsank18minuteslaterin315feetofwater.Only6oftheship's48lifeboatssurvivedthesinkingmanycrushed
thepassengersforwhomtheywereintendedandonly764peoplesurvived1,201passengersandcrewdied,including128Americans.Manysurvivorstestified
thattherewasasecondexplosion,andsomeclaimedtheysawasecondtorpedo.AlthoughSchwiegerfiredonlyone,hewroteinhislogthat"the

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explosionofthetorpedomusthavebeenfollowedbyasecondone(boilerorcoalpowder)."WhilesomehavearguedthatLusitaniamusthavebeencarrying
munitionsdetonatedbythetorpedohermanifestshows51tonsofshrapneland10tonsof.303ammunitionthesubsequentexplosionswereprobablycaused
bytheruptureofboilersandhighpressuresteamlines,thesubsidiarycauseofthelossofmanyshipstorpedoedinWorldWarI.Accordingtoonestudy,abouthalf
oftheseshipssankin10minutesorless.
AgreatdealhasbeenwrittenaboutLusitania'swartimeservice.AtoneextremeistheclaimthattheBritishandFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchillin
particulardeliberatelyputLusitaniainharm'swayinthehopethatthelossofAmericanliveswoulddragtheUnitedStatesintothewar.Attheotherextremeisthe
claimthatthesinkingwasjustanotherinalonglineofGermanatrocities.Infact,theGermansreinedintheirUboatcampaignandtheUnitedStateswouldnotenter
WorldWarIuntil1917.ThemostthatcanbesaidwithcertaintyisthatLusitania'sdeadwerecasualtiesofwar.
Ballard&Archbold,Exploringthe"Lusitania."Ryan&Bailey,"Lusitania"Controversy.ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,CunardExpressLiners"Lusitania"and
"Mauretania."

LutherLittle
Schooner(4m).L/B/D:204.5'40.9'19.6'dph(62.3m12.5m6m).Tons:1,234grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:11.Built:ReadBros.Co.,Somerset,Mass.1917.
BuiltforthefirmofRogers&Webb,Boston,LutherLittlewasoneofthemorethan450fourmastedschoonersbuiltforcoastwisetradebetweenthe1880sand
1921.ThelastresurgenceofschoonerbuildingcameduringWorldWarI,whenshippingratesweredrivenupbythelossofsteamshiptonnagetoGermanUboats.
Cheaplybuiltandinexpensivetoman,thewoodenschoonersthemajorityofwhichoperatedwithoutauxiliaryenginesremainedprofitablethroughthe1920s,
untiltheGreatDepressionforcedmanyofthemtobelaidup.LutherLittlewaslaidupforthelasttimein1936,andeventuallyabandoned,ontheSheepscotRiverat
Wiscasset,Maine,sidebysidewithanotherRogers&Webbschooner,HESPER.Morethanhalfacenturylater,theabandonedhulksofthelasttwofourmasted
schoonersbuiltfortradeontheAtlanticstillsurvived,thoughlittleofthemremained.
Morris,FourMastedSchoonersoftheEastCoast.Tod,LastSailDownEast.

Lutine
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:143.2'38.8'12.2'(43.6m11.8m3.7m).Tons:951bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:240.Arm.:624pdr,2612pdr,106pdr.Des.:
JosephM.B.Coulombe.Built:Toulon,France1779.
LaLutine("TheSprite")wascommissionedintheFrenchNavyin1785,justfouryearsbeforethestartoftheFrenchRevolution.OnDecember18,1793,she
becameoneofsixteenshipshandedovertoaBritishfleetunderViceAdmiralSamuelHoodbyFrenchRoyalistswhopreferredthattheshipsgototheirhistorical
enemyratherthantherevolutionaryRepublicans.LaterthesameyearshewascommissionedintheRoyalNavyasHMSLutineandstationedontheNorthSea.
Inthefallof1799,aconsortiumofLondonmerchantsanxiousovertheworseningconditionsinEuropeprevailedupontheAdmiraltytoallowthemtoshipacargoof
some2millioningoldbullion,someofitintendedforpaymentofBritishsoldiers,tothecontinent.Itwasatensetimeformerchantsandmilitarystrategistsalike,as
theAngloRussiancoalitionagainsttheFrenchinHollandwasonthevergeofcollapse.LutinesailedforCuxhavenunderCaptainLancelotSkynneronOctober9.At
aboutmidnightthatnightshewasblownashoreinagaleonthecoastofVlieland,neartheZuiderZee,andlostwithallhandsbuttwo,bothofwhomdiedshortly
thereafter.Despitemanyattempts,littleoftheship'scargohaseverbeenrecovered.In1859,thebellwasfound,however,andbecauseLloyd'sofLondon,the
associationofinsuranceunderwriters,hadtakenanenormouslosswhenLutinesank,thebellwasreturnedtothem.IthashungeversinceintheUnderwritingRoom
atLloyd's,whereitisrungjustbeforeanimportantannouncement.Traditionally,oneringprecededtheannouncementofthelossofavessel,andtworingsthearrival
ofavesselpreviouslyreportedoverdueormissing.
vanderMolen,LutineTreasure.

SMSLtzow
Derfflingerclassbattlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:690.1'100'31.5'(210.4m29m9.6m).Tons:26,741disp.Hull:steel.Arm.:812.2"(42),126",12
8.8cm420"TT.Armor:12"belt,3.2"deck.Mach.:steamturbine,63,000shp.4screws25.5kts.Built:F.Schichau,Danzig,Germany1915.
NamedforFreiherrAdolfvonLtzow,aPrussianofficeroftheNapoleonicera,thebattlecruiserLtzowjoinedRearAdmiralFranzvonHipper'sFirstScouting
GroupinMarch1916.AfterSEYDLITZhitaminenearNorderney,LtzowbecameflagshipoftheGermanfleetduringthe

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raidonLowestoftandYarmouthonApril2425.Amonthlater,AdmiralReinhardScheerconceivedaboldplantodestroyBritishmerchantandnavalshippingin
andaroundtheSkaggerak.Hipper'sFirstScoutingGroupLtzow,DERFFLINGER,Seydlitz,MOLTKE,andVONDERTANNaSecondScoutingGroupof
fourlightcruisers,andthirtydestroyerssailedfortheNorwegiancoastasadiversionaryforce.
Atabout1330,onMay31,Hipper'sfleetcameintosightofRearAdmiralDavidBeatty'sBattleCruiserSquadron.Hipper'sshipswheeledandthe"runtothesouth"
beganat1348,LtzowcomingunderthecombinedfireofLIONandPrincessRoyal.AhitbyLtzowontheformership's"Q"turretknockedBeatty'sflagshipout
ofthebattleat1600.AfterHipperrendezvousedwithAdmiralReinhardScheer'sHighSeasFleet,theBritishturnedtowardsJellicoe,atabout1638.Ltzowwas
badlydamagedonthe"runtothenorth."WhenAdmiralJellicoe'sGrandFleetjoinedthefrayshortlyafter1800,thetideofbattleturnedonceagain.RearAdmiralthe
HonourableHoraceL.A.Hood'sThirdBattleCruiserSquadronjoinedBeatty,andLtzowsustainedheavydamagefromHMSINVINCIBLEuntilHood'sflagship
eruptedinflamesandsankwiththelossofallbutsixhands.Justbefore1900,HippertransferredhisflagfromLtzow,althoughhespenttwohoursofthebattle
aboardthedestroyerG39beforebeingputaboardMoltke.ThestrickenLtzowwastakenintow,buteffortstosaveherwereabandonedaftermidnight.Hercrew
weretransferredtodestroyerG38,andat0145June1,shewastorpedoedinposition5605'N,0553'E,themostpowerfulshiponeithersidelostduringtheBattle
ofJutland.
Grner,GermanWarships.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

Imagenotavailable.
TheGermanbattleshipDEUTSCHLAND(laterLTZOW)istrailinghersistershipADMIRALGRAF
SPEEthroughtheStraitofDoverpriortoWorldWarII.Clearlyvisiblearethesternturrethousingthree
28centimetergunsandtheeight53.3centimetertorpedotubesinquadruplemountings.DEUTSCHLAND
wasrenamedLTZOWafterthelossoftheGRAFSPEEattheBattleofthePlateinDecember1939.
CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

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Ltzow
(exDeutschland)Deutschlandclassbattleship(1f/3m).L/B/D:610.1'67.9'23.9'(186m20.7m7.3m).Tons:15,900disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:926.Arm.:
611.2"(32),86",68.8cm,95.3cm821"TT.Armor:3.2"belt,1.6"deck.Mach.:diesel,55,400bhp,2screws26kts.Built:DeutscheWerke,
Kiel,Germany1933.
ThenamesakeofthreeDeutschlandclassPanzerschiffs,orpocketbattleships,DeutschlandservedasflagshipoftheGermanNavyandfirstsawactionaspartof
thefournationNavalNonInterventionPatrolduringtheSpanishCivilWar.OnthenightofMay26,1937,shewasbombedbytwoSpanishrepublicanaircraft
(flownbyRussianpilots)whilelyingatIbiza31crewwerekilledand64wounded.TheGermansrespondedbysendingDeutschland'ssistershipADMIRAL
SCHEERtobombAlmeraandwithdrawing,temporarily,fromthenavalpatrol.
ActiveintheAtlanticin1939,DeutschlandwasrenamedLtzow,forFreiherrAdolfvonLtzow,aPrussianofficeroftheNapoleonicera.Followingthelossof
ADMIRALGRAFSPEE,shewasredesignatedaheavycruiserinFebruary1940.DuringtheinvasionofNorway,LtzowwasdamagedbytorpedoesfromHMS
SpearfishintheKattegatonApril11.TransferredtoNorwegianwatersin1942,afterineffectualparticipationintheBattleoftheBarentsSeainDecember,she
returnedtotheBalticandin194445,shehelpedcovertheGermanretreatfromtheeast.SunkbyBritishplanesonApril16,1845,atSwinemnde,Ltzowwas
salvagedbytheSovietUnionandbrokenupatLeningradin1946.(ABLCHERclassheavycruisernamedLtzowwaslaiddownin1937butsoldtotheSoviet
andrenamedPetropavlovsk.Sheservedvariouslyasafloatingbatteryandbarracksshipuntil1960.)
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Thomas,SpanishCivilWar.

Page315

M
HMSMacedonian
Livelyclass5thrate38(3m).L/B/D:154'39.4'13.5'dph(46.9m12m4.1m).Tons:1,082bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:362.Arm.:1432pdr,2818pdr,
49pdr.Des.:SirWilliamRule.Built:WoolwichDockyard,Eng.1810.
HMSMacedonianhasthedistinctionofbeingtheonlyBritishwarshipcapturedandreturnedtoanAmericanportduringtheWarof1812.OnOctober25,1812,
sheencounteredCaptainStephenDecatur'slargerandmorepowerfulUSSUNITEDSTATES(44guns)about500milessouthoftheAzores.Thebattleopenedat
about0920,andbynoon,Macedonianwasshatteredbothinhullandcrew.With104deadandwounded(asagainstonly12Americancasualties),CaptainJohn
SurmanCardensurrenderedhisvessel.AftertwoweeksofrepairsinmidAtlantic,thetwoshipswereabletoproceedtoNewYork,wheretheyarrivedin
December.PurchasedbythegovernmentandcommissionedasUSSMacedonian,inMay1813sheslippedoutofNewYorkwithUnitedStatesandthesloop
HORNETbutthethreeshipswereforcedintoNewLondon,wheretheyremaineduntilwar'send.In1815,MacedonianjoinedthetenshipMediterranean
squadronsenttostoptheharassmentofU.S.flagshippingbyBarbarypirates,andonJune17,shehelpedcapturetheAlgerianfrigateMashuda.
In1819MacedonianbecamethefirstshiptoserveonthePacificstation.UnderCaptainJohnDownes(firstmateofUSSESSEXin1813),sherangedasfarnorth
asAcapulco,protectingU.S.commerceinSouthAmericaduringaperiodofwidespreadrevoltagainstSpanishruleledonthenavalsidebyChile'sScottishborn
AdmiralLordCochrane.RelievedbyUSSCONSTELLATION(CaptainCharlesG.Ridgely),MacedonianreturnedtotheAtlanticseaboardin1821.Afterfive
yearsintheWestIndies,shereturnedforanotheryearinthePacific.In1828,shewasbrokenupattheNorfolkNavyYard.Aswasthecustom,someofhertimbers
wereusedinasecondshipofthesamename.ThissecondMacedoniancontinuedinserviceuntil1875someofhertimberseventuallyendedupinaCityIsland,
NewYork,restaurantcalledMacedoniaHouse.
deKay,ChroniclesoftheFrigate''Macedonian."

Machault
Ship(3m).L/B/D:ca.131.2'36.1'18'(40m11m5.5mdph).Tons:500550burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:150.Arm.:2812pdr,swivels.Built:Bayonne,
France1758.
TheBattleoftheRestigouche,June22toJuly8,1760,wasthelastnavalengagementbetweenFrenchandBritishforcesintheSevenYears'War,theirstrugglefor
primacyinNorthAmerica.Althoughfoughtbetweenminorunits,thebattlewasapreludetotheFrenchdefeatinthewar(alsoknownastheFrenchandIndianWar).
InNovember1759,MachaultwassentfromQuebectoFrancewithanurgentpleaforthereliefofMontreal.Thegovernment'sresponsewastepidinlieuof4,000
troopsrequested,400weresent,alongwithasmanysuppliesascouldbefound.OnApril10,1760,MachaultsailedfromBourdeauxunderCaptainGiraudaisatthe
headofasixshipfleet.Twodaysout,twoshipswerecapturedbyBoscawen'sblockadingfleet,andathirdlatersank.OnMay1617,Giraudais'sshipscaptured
sevenmerchantmenofftheGaspPeninsula.LearningthataBritishforcehadprecededhimuptheSt.Lawrence,ratherthanheadfortheCaribbeanorLouisianaas
hisordersdictated,GiraudaissailedintoChaleurBaybecausetheareawasagatheringplacefordisplacedFrenchAcadianrefugees.
Inthemeantime,twoBritishfleetswerelookingfortheFrench,oneunderCaptainJohnByroninHMSFame(74guns)fromLouisbourg,NovaScotia,andtheother
fromQuebec.ByronlocatedtheFrenchforceonJune22,butthreedayslaterFameranaground,andtheFrenchfailedtocapitalizeontheiradvantagebeforeshe
gotoffagain.Overthenextweek,Byron'smensearchedforthechannel,whichtheyfinallysecuredbyJuly1.Giraudaisretreatedupriversinkingblockshipsand
establishing

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shorebatteries,butbyJuly8threeshipswerewithinrangeofMachault.Giraudaisstruckat1100andanhourlaterblewuphisshipnearwhatisnowCampbelltown.
Aboutthirtymoresloopsandschoonersweresunk,burned,orcaptured.
Between1969and1972,CanadianarchaeologistsunderWalterZacharchukexcavatedtheMachaultsite.Althoughlittleoftheshipsurvived,largequantitiesofwine
glasses,togetherwithstoneware,cookingimplements,personalpossessions,ship'sfittings,andotherartifactswererecovered.
Beattie&Pothier,"BattleoftheRestigouche."Sullivan,Legacyofthe"Machault."

USSMaddox(DD731)
(laterPoYang)AllenM.Sumnerclassdestroyer(2f/1m).L/B/D:376.5'40.8'15.8'(114.8m12.4m4.8m).Tons:3,320disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:336.
Arm.:65"(32),1120mm6dcp1021"TT.Mach.:gearedturbines,60,000shp,2screws34kts.Built:BathIronWorks,Bath,Me.1944.
NamedforWilliamT.Maddox,aMarineCorpsveteranoftheSeminoleandMexicanWars,USSMaddoxsawdutyinthreePacificwars.FirstassignedtotheThird
FleetinsupportofthelandingsinthePhilippinesinWorldWarII,shewasthevictimofakamikazeattackonJanuary21,1945.Afterrepairs,shereturnedtodutyin
theJapaneseislands,includingthreemonthsonstationoffOkinawa.Followingthewar,sheservedbrieflyinsupportofoccupationforcesinChinaandKoreabefore
returningtoSanDiego.
In1950,shereturnedtothewesternPacificandduringtheKoreanWarherassignmentsalternatedbetweensupportoffastcarriersofftheKoreanpeninsula,shore
bombardmentduty,andworkwiththeTaiwanPatrolForce,whichhadbeenformedtodeterananticipatedinvasionofTaiwanbyCommunistChina.Maddox
remainedinthewesternPacificafterthewaruntil1962,whenshereturnedtoSanDiego.
MaddoxrejoinedtheSeventhFleetinMarch1964andtookupstationoffVietnaminMay.TheU.S.PacificFleethadbeencarryingonreconnaissanceofNorth
Vietnamandothercountries,includingtheSovietUnionand
Imagenotavailable.
TheTonkinGulfincidentinAugust1964,involvingthedestroyersUSSMADDOX(photographed
in1959)andTURNERJOY,wasthecasusbellithatplungedAmericaintothetragic,undeclared
waragainstNorthVietnam.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Page317

China,offandonsince1962.InJuly1964,MaddoxwasorderedtoundertakeapatrolthatbroughthertowithinfivemilesofNorthVietnameseterritory.OnAugust
2,threeNorthVietnamesetorpedoboatswereorderedtosortieagainsther.Atabout1400thatafternoon,Maddoxreportedthatanattackappearedimminentand
withdrewfromthecoastathighspeed.By1600,theNorthVietnameseT336,T339,andT333hadclosedtowithinabout9,000yardsofMaddox,whichfired
threewarningshotsbeforeengagingthethreevessels.Theshipsexchangedgunfire,andtheNorthVietnamesefiredthreetorpedoes,allevadedbyMaddoxtwoof
theirvesselswerehitbyreturnfire.AtthispointMaddoxwasabout25milesoffthecoast.Theactionwasbrokenoffby1630,atwhichpointfourNavyjetsengaged
theretreatingtorpedoboatsT339sankandT336hadtobetowedhome.(TheflightleaderwasCommanderlaterViceAdmiralJamesP.Stockdale,who
becameaprisonerofwar,andin1992ranforthevicepresidencyasIndependentRossPerot'srunningmate.)
OnAugust4,ViceAdmiralThomasH.Moorer,commanderofthePacificFleet,orderedMaddoxandTURNERJOYto"assert[our]rightoffreedomoftheseas
andresumeGulfofTonkinoperationearliest."DestroyerleaderCaptainHerrickexpressedtheopinionthatapparentlyNorthVietnam"hascutdownthegauntletand
nowconsidersitselfatwarwithU.S....U.S.shipsintheGulfofTonkincannolongerassumethattheywillbeconsideredneutralsexercisingtherightoffree
passage.Theywillbetreatedasbelligerentsandmustconsiderthemselvesassuch."
TheWhiteHouseadoptedMoorer'sviewandinstructedtheJointChiefsofStafftoresumeoperationsintheGulfofTonkin.Twodayslater,MaddoxandTurner
JoybelievedthemselvestobeengagedbyNorthVietnamesevesselsinafoulweathernightactionthatlastedtwoandahalfhours.Therewerenovisualsightingsof
enemyvesselsanditispossiblethatthedestroyerswerefiringatandavoidingradarechoescausedbyfreakatmosphericconditions.Nonetheless,thefollowingday,
navalairunitsfromUSSConstellation(CVA64)andTiconderoga(CVA14)struckNavyinstallationsinsideNorthVietnam.Ofmorelastingsignificance,
PresidentLyndonB.JohnsonsubmittedtoCongresstheTonkinGulfResolution,givinghimtheauthoritytoretaliateagainstNorthVietnamwithoutadeclarationof
war.ThemeasurepassedoverwhelminglytwodayslateritwouldbeeightandahalfyearsbeforethelastU.S.combattroopswerewithdrawnfromSouthVietnam.
MaddoxreturnedtotheUnitedStatesinNovemberbutwasbackinthewesternPacificfromDecember1966toFebruary1968.In1972,shewassoldtoTaiwan
andrenamedPoYang.Sheremainedinserviceuntilbrokenupin1985.
Marolda&Fitzgerald,UnitedStatesNavyandtheVietnamConflict.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

MadraguedeGienswreck
L/B:ca.131.2'29.5'(40m9m).Tons:375400tonsburden.Built:ca.75BCE.
In1967,FrenchnavydiversstumbledontoalargeRomanwrecklyingabout350metersoffthenorthcoastoftheGienspeninsulaatadepthofabout18to20
meters,nearthefishingvillageofLaMadraguedeGiens(432'N,66'E).DiversfromtheArchaeologicalInstituteatAixenProvencethoroughlyexcavatedthesite
from1972to1982.Theproject,directedbyAndrTcherniaandPatricePomey,wasthefirsttrulyscientific,largescaleunderwaterexcavationcarriedoutinFrance.
TheFrenchteamfoundtheremainsofaverysizablemerchantman,onlyslightlysmallerthantheALBENGAWRECK.Theholdhadspacefor7,000to8,000
amphoraeandmuchofthecargoconsistedofItalianwinecontainedinDressel1Bamphorae(producedintheregionofTerracina).Cratesofblackglosstableware
andcoarsewarepotteryseveralhundredpiecesinallwerestackedontopoftheamphoraeasasecondarycargo.Thelatestdatablecoinsfoundweretwo
silverdenariiof75BCE,suggestingthattheshipwentdownnotlongthereafter.Examinationofthehullshowedthattheshipwasdoubleplankedandsheathedwith
lead.Theexternalplankingwasfir,theframesandmaststepoak.Theshipwasconstructedintheconventional"shellfirst"technique:thekeelandstrakeswere
assembledfirst,andframeswereinsertedlater.Adistinctiveaspectofthedesignwasaconcaveprow,afeatureknownfromsomeartisticrepresentationsofRoman
merchantmen,butneverbeforefoundinawreck.Tcherniareportedthatthesharplyangledhullandthedeepkeelwouldhavepreventedtheshipfromdriftingvery
muchtoleeward.
Auniqueresultoftheexcavationwasthedocumentationofasuccessfulancientsalvageoperation.Itappearsthatshortlyaftertheshipwentdown,diversworking
fromaboatrecoveredasignificantpartofthesunkencargo.Twopiecesofevidencesubstantiatethis.First,thewrecksitewaslitteredwithlargestones.Geological
analysissuggeststhatthesecamefromtheGienspeninsula,perhapsfromthenorthcoastnearthetownofHyres.Asspongedivershavedoneforcenturies,the
ancientsalvors

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wouldhaveusedthestonestospeedtheirdescenttotheseabed.Second,excavationphotosandplansrevealedthatwhilethreelayersofamphoraewerestillinplace
ontheportside,onlyonelayerremainedtostarboardasituationthatcouldnothavearisenfrom"naturalcauses."Themassiveinvestmentinbothshipandcargo
documentsthescaleandorganizationoftheMediterraneanwinetradeinRomantimes.
Parker,AncientShipwrecksoftheMediterraneanandtheRomanProvinces.Tchernia,"MadraguedeGiensWreck""RomanDivers'SalvageatLaMadraguedeGiens."

MadredeDios
Carrack(4m).L:165'(50.3m).Tons:1,600burthen.Hull:wood.Built:Portugal<1591.
A
ttheendofthesixteenthcentury,PortugalhadbeenbroughtundertheSpanishflag,andIberianfleetswerebringinguntoldrichesfromtheAmericasandtheOrientto
Europe.MadredeDioswasonesuchshipthatmadethelongvoyagetotheEast.OnApril4,1581,shesailedattheheadofasixshipfleetfromLisbonforGoa,
India,undercommandofFernodeMedoa.AtGoatheyloadedacargoofspices,gems,andothercommoditieslaterestimatedatabout4millionducatsor1
millionandsailedforhomeincompanywithfourotherships.
InthisperiodfollowingthedefeatoftheSpanishArmada,theexerciseofEnglishseapowerwasbasedmoreonspeculationandfreeenterprisethanonformal
governmentpolicy.ThiswasseenbestinthenumerousprivateeringexpeditionsagainsttheCrown'senemies,especiallySpain.Financedbymoneyed"adventurers,"
includingQueenElizabeth,thesefleetsconsistedlargelyofprivatelyownedships,thoughElizabethwouldonoccasionhazardsomeofherown.Inthesummerof
1592,sixshipswereassembledatPlymouthtoraidSpanishshipsintheWestIndies.ThefleetincludedElizabeth'sGarland,commandedbySirMartinFrobisher,
andForesight,SirWalterRaleigh'sRoebuck,GalleonRaleigh,andSirJohnHawkins'sDainty.Justbeforetheirdeparture,theylearnedoftheimminentarrivalof
thePortuguesefleetfromIndia.Shapingtheircourseaccordingly,thefleetsplitintotwosquadrons,onetocruiseoffsouthernSpainandtheotherofftheAzores.On
August3,CaptainThomson'sDaintyspottedthecarrackMadredeDiosoffFloresandbroughtthehugeshipunderfire.ShewassoonreinforcedbyRoebuck,
Foresight,andCaptainChristopherNewport'sDragon,homewardboundfromtheWestIndies.Engagedatclosequarters,thegunsofthehighchargedcarrack
wereineffectiveagainstthesmallerEnglishships.ThedifferenceinsizealsomadeitextremelydifficultfortheEnglishtoboardMadredeDios,whichwastakenonly
aftertwohoursoffiercefightingduringwhichtheEnglishlostatleast30crew.
Aprizecrewof52wasputaboardtheshipwhichwassignificantlylargerthananyEnglishshipofthedayandreturnedtoDartmouthonSeptember7.The
privateersplunderedthecargoofthepreciousstones,includingdiamonds,rubies,andpearls,andabout400slaveswhohadbeenpurchasedinAngolawerelanded
onFloresIsland.Nonetheless,whenthecargowasfinallysecureandtheproceedsdividedamongtheadventurers,itwasfoundtobeworth150,000."Togiveyoua
taste(asitwere)ofthecommodities,"wroteRichardHakluyt,
thespiceswerepepper[300tons],cloves,maces,nutmegs,cinnamon,greenegingerthedrugswerebenjamin,frankincense,galingale,mirabolans,aloes,zocotrina,camphire:the
silks,damasks,taffatas,sarcenets,altobassos,thatiscounterfeitclothofgold,unwroughtChinasilke,sleavedsilke,whitetwistedsilke,curledcypresse....Therewerealso
canopies,andcoursediapertowels,quiltsofcoursesarcenetandofcalico,carpetslikethoseofTurkeywhereuntoaretobeaddedthepearle,muske,civetandambergriece.The
restofthewaresweremanyinnumber,butlessinvalueaselephantsteeth,porcellanvesselsofChina,coconuts,hides,ebenwoodasblackasjet,bedsteadsofthesame,cloth
oftherindesoftreesverystrangeforthematter,andartificialworkmanship.

Thisdidnotincludepreciousstones"whichwerenodoubtofgreatvalue,thoughtheynevercametolight,"havingbeenplunderedbytheprivateers.Nordiditinclude
asheafofreportsandmapsoutliningthescopeandconductofPortuguesetradeintheIndies,whichauthoritiesdidsecure.AlthoughtheEnglishhadalreadymounted
oneexpeditiontotheEast(thetatteredremnantsofwhichwouldreturntwoyearslater),thesedocumentsandthehardevidenceoftheship'scargoturned"those
secrettradesandIndianriches...intothebroadlightoffullandperfectknowledge,"andprovidedthefinalcatalystforthedevelopmentofEnglishtradedirectlywith
theEast.
Bovill,"MadredeDios."Boxer,"TakingofMadredeDios."Hakluyt,PrincipalNavigations.

MagdaleneVinnen
(laterKommodoreJohnsen,Sedov)Bark(4m).L/B/D:357.8'48'26.7'dph(109.1m14.6m8.1m).Tons:3,476grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:33.Mach.:aux.
diesel.Built:FriedrichKruppAGGermaniawerft,Kiel,Germany1921.

Page319

Imagenotavailable.
StillafloatundertheLatvianflagastheSEDOV,thefourmastedbarkMAGDALENE
VINNENwasoneofthefewsquareriggersbuiltforcommercialtradeafterWorld
WarI.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

BuiltforF.A.Vinnen,Bremen,toreplaceaprewarschoolshipofthesamename(afourmastedbarkoriginallybuiltasDunstaffnage),MagdaleneVinnensailedin
thecommercialnitrateandgraintradesfromChileandAustraliatoEurope.Aftersixteenyearsinthiscommerce,VinnensoldhertoNorddeutscherLloyd,forwhom
shecontinuedtosailasatrainingshipforfutureofficersofthesteamshipfirm.RenamedKommodoreJohnsen,sheresumedtheAustraliangraintradeuntilthestartof
WorldWarII,duringwhichshewasconfinedtotheBaltic.LaidupatFlensburgerFjordattheendofthewar,in1949shewasgiventotheSovietUnionas
reparations.RenamedSedov,inhonorofRussianpolarexplorerGeorgiJ.Sedov,whodiedin1914,sheremainedinserviceasatrainingshipundertheauspicesof
theSovietMinistryofFisheries.FollowingthedissolutionoftheSovietUnionin1990,shepassedtothegovernmentofLatviawhosegovernmentshehassince
representedattallshipseventsinEuropeandoverseas.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

SMSMagdeburg
Magdeburgclasslightcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:454.9'44.3'17.1'(138.7m13.5m5.2m).Tons:4,570disp.Comp.:354.Hull:steel.Arm.:1210.5cm2
20"TT.Armor:2.4"belt,2.4"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,29,904shp,3screws27.6kts.Built:AGWeser,Bremen,Germany1912.
Thenameshipofafourshipclassoflightcruisers(includingBRESLAU,Strassburg,andStralsund),SMSMagdeburgwasstationedintheBalticSeaandattached
totheTorpedoResearchCommand,underCaptainHabenicht.OnAugust2,1914,shefiredtheopeningsalvosofWorldWarIinadawnraidonLibau(now
Liepaja,Latvia).Hercareerwasshortlived,however.OnAugust26,whileengagedinaminelayingoperationintheGulfofFinland,Magdeburgranagroundon
OdensholmIsland(5918'N,2321'N).Despiteeffortstopullherfree,theGermansabandonedherwhentheRussiancruisersPalladaandBogatyropenedfire.
Magdeburgwaspartiallyscuttledat091015crewdied.Offargreaterconsequence,insearchingthewreck,theRussiansrecoveredtheGermansignalsbook,
whichtheyturnedovertotheBritish.TheAdmiralty'sRoom40wasestablishedtobreakthecode,whichenabledthemtokeepveryclosewatchontheGerman
Navy'smovementsforthedurationofthewar.
Grner,GermanWarships.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

MahdiaWreck
(1m?).L/B:ca.133.2'45.3'(40.6m13.8m).Tons:300.Hull:wood.Built:1stcent.BCE.
TheMahdiashipwreckwasfirstseenbyspongediversoffthevillageofMahdia,Tunisia,in1907.Lyingatadepthofabout40meters,thesitewasexcavatedbefore
WorldWarI,thenbyPhilippeTailliezandJacquesYvesCousteauin

Page320

1948,andbyaFrancoTunisianteamin195455.Thewreckdatesfrombetween90and60BCE.Numerousarchitecturalandsculpturalpiecesfoundinthewreck
include60to70marblecolumns,CorinthianandIoniccapitals,votivereliefsdatingfromthefourthcenturyBCE,aswellasmarbleandbronzestatues.Allseemtobe
ofGreekmanufacture,andtheshipwasprobablyenroutefromPiraeustoOstia(theportofRome)whenitwasblownoffcourseandsankontheTunisianshore.Itis
difficulttodeterminetheship'srig,butshewaswellfoundandwidelytraveledtherewereamphoraefromKos,Italy,southernSpain,andTunisia.Muchofthecargo
seemstohavebeenpurchasedcheapforresaleinRomeafterthesackofAthensbySullain86BCE.Theaffinityofthearchitecturalfragmentswithsimilarworksat
PompeiiandHerculaneumhasledscholarstorevisetheirthinkingaboutthesourceofthecolumnsfoundinthetwosouthernItaliancities,previouslybelievedtohave
beenoflocalItalianmanufactureratherthanofGreekorigin.
Ridgway,reviewofDasWrack.

USSMaine(BB2/C)
Maineclasssecondclassarmoredbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:324.3'57'21.5'(98.8m17.4m6.6m).Tons:6,682disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:374.Arm.:4
10"(22),66",76pdr,81pdr418"TT.Armor:11"belt,4''deck.Mach.:verticaltripleexpansionengine,9,000ihp,2screws17kts.Built:NewYork
NavyYard,Brooklyn,N.Y.1895.
Laiddownin1888asanarmoredcruiserandlaterdesignatedasasecondclassbattleship,USSMainewasoriginallyriggedasabark,butthemizzenmastwas
removedin1892.Theship'scompletionwasdelayedduetoalackofavailablearmorplate.Herprimaryarmamentwashousedintwoturrets,onestarboardside
forward,theotheraftandtoport.AssignedtotheNorthAtlanticSquadronattheendof1895,shecruisedalongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatesfromMaineto
KeyWest.
In1897,U.S.attentionwasfocusedonCubanrevolutionariesseekingindependencefromSpain.Atthesametime,navalistsledbyUnderSecretaryoftheNavy
TheodoreRooseveltsoughttoremovethethreatofanextensionofJapaneseinfluenceinthePacific,especiallywithrespecttotheSpanishcolonyofthePhilippines.
Then,inresponsetoescalatingviolencebetweenCubanrevolu
Imagenotavailable.
In1895,NewYorkJournalpublisherWilliamRandolphHearstdispatchedFredericRemingtonto
illustratetheCubanrevolutionagainstSpanishrule.Whentheinsurgencyfailedtomaterialize,Remington
askedtoleave.Hearstcabledback,"YousupplythepicturesandI'llsupplythewar."Threeyearslater
onFebruary15,1898anexplosionrippedthroughthebattleshipUSSMAINEasshelayanchoredin
HavanaHarbor.WithonlypartoftheMAINE'ssuperstructurerisinggrimlyabovethestillwaters,Hearstf
inallyhadthepictureheneededtorallyAmericatowhatheproudlydescribedas"TheJournal'swar."
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Page321

tionariesandtheSpanishauthorities,PresidentWilliamMcKinleyorderedtheNorthAtlanticSquadronmovedtowinterquartersatKeyWest,whilethe
MediterraneanSquadronshiftedtoLisbon,fromwhereitcouldtrackanySpanishfleetmovementstowardstheCaribbean.Finally,MainewasdispatchedtoHavana
toshowtheflagandprotectAmericaninterests.
SailingfromherhomeportatNorfolkonDecember11,1897,MainecalledatKeyWestfourdayslateranddepartedthereonJanuary24,1898,arrivinginHavana
thefollowingday.Tensionsweresohighthatthecrewwerenotpermittedanyliberty,andtheshipremainedatanchorinthecenteroftheharboroffMorroCastle.At
about2140onFebruary15,theforwardpartofthehullwasdestroyedinahugeexplosionthatleft252peopledeadandmissing.AlthoughCaptainCharlesD.
Sigsbee'sinitialreportcautionedthat"publicopinionshouldbesuspendeduntilfurtherreport,"RichardWainwright,directoroftheOfficeofNavalIntelligence,put
forththesuggestionthattheshiphadbeenblownup.AU.S.navalcourtofinquiryledbyCaptainWilliamT.Sampsonconcludedthattheexplosionwastheresultof
anunderwatermine,althoughitwas"unabletoobtainevidencefixingresponsibilityforthedestructionoftheMaineuponanypersonorpersons."
Fueledbyajingoistpressinthefullbloomofyellowjournalism,AmericanpopularopinionwantedawarwithSpain,andCongressdeclaredwaronApril21,1898.
BytheendoftheSpanishAmericanWar,SpainhadlostthePhilippinestotheUnitedStates,andCubahadgaineditsindependence.Twelveyearslater,Mainewas
raised,tobesunkatseawithfullmilitaryhonorsonMarch12,1914.
Debateoverthecauseoftheexplosioncontinuedforthenextcentury.ASpanishinvestigationsuggestedthataninternalexplosiondestroyedtheship,anopinion
supportedby,amongothers,CommodoreGeorgeW.Melville,chiefoftheBureauofSteamEngineering.Butwhentheshipwasraisedin1912,afollowup
investigationsupportedthefindingofSampson'soriginalboardofinquiry.However,in1975,civilianNavyresearcherspreparedatechnicalexaminationconcluding
that"theavailableevidenceisconsistentwithaninternalexplosionalone...Themostlikelysourcewasheatfromafireinthecoalbunkeradjacenttothe6inch
reservemagazine."
Blow,ShiptoRemember.Rickover,HowtheBattleship"Maine"WasDestroyed.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Mainzships
Discoveredduringexcavationforanewhotelinthe1980s,thefourthcenturyMainzshipsconsistofninemajorhullfragmentsfromfivedifferentvessels.Theywere
originallypartofaRomanflotillasituatedatthefortressofMogontiacum(Mainz),thecapitaloftheRomanprovinceofGermaniaSuperiorontheRhineRiver,about
halfwaybetweentheNorthSeaandmodernBasel,Switzerland.Itappearsthatthesite(locatedin50N,816'E)wasactuallyabreaker'syard,andtheshipsseemto
havebeenstrippedofusefulfittings.Constructiondetailsofthelightlybuilthullsaresimilar.Theoakstrakesarelessthan1inchthick,excludingmortiseandtenon
joinery.Thehullswereapparentlybuiltintwostages.First,thethinstrakeswerefastenedbywoodenpegstothe"mouldingframes"ofatemporaryskeleton,thus
formingashellintowhichpermanentframescouldbeinsertedintheconventionalMediterranean"shell
Imagenotavailable.
AfullscalereplicaofoneofthefourthcenturyMainz
shipsexcavatedintheRhineRivercityduringthe1980s.
CourtesyMuseumfrAntikeSeefahrt,Mainz.

Page322

first"fashion.Themouldingframeswerethenremoved,andthestrakeswerefastenedtothepermanentframesbyironnailsclenchedontheframes'innersurfaces.
Fivevesselsoftwotypeshavebeenidentified.(Thenumberingisconfusedbecauseseveralfragmentsidentifiedasbeingseparateshipswerelaterfoundtobepartof
thesameone.)Ships1,4,7,and9areslender,openvesselscalledlusoriae,generalpurposecuttersusedextensivelyontheRhineandDanubeRivers.About21
meterslong,2.5meterswide,and1meterdeep(69feetby8feetby3feet),theywereideallysuitedforvarioustypesofwork,includingrammingGermandugouts,
supplyingoutpostsalongtheriver,andamphibiousoperations.Theyhadasinglemastbutwerenormallypropelledby30oarsmenatatopspeedof10knots.The
shipsweresteeredbyapairofoarsmountedabout2.1metersforwardofthesternpostandheldinplacebyatransversebeam.Ship3isanaviscubiculataor
iudiciaria(aninspectionboat),shorterandwider(16metersby3meters)andwithasmallcabinprobablyintendedforvisitingofficials.Althoughthevesselprobably
hadamast,theexactmeansofpropulsionisunknown.Oneconjectureisthattherewereoutriggersofasort,andthatitwasrowedbystandingoarsmen.
Thevesselswereuncoveredduringaconstructionprojectin198182andlaterexcavatedunderthesupervisionofDr.G.Rupprecht.Theyarenowdisplayedatthe
MuseumfrAntikeSeefahrt(MuseumofAncientShipping)inMainz,togetherwithreconstructionsofthetwoshiptypesrepresentedbythefinds.
Hckmann,"LateRomanRhineVesselsfromMainz,Germany""LateRomanRiverCraftfromMainz,Germany."

Majestic
(exBismarck,laterHMSCaledonia)Liner(3f/2m).L/B/D:291.3mloa30.5m(955.8'loa100.1').Tons:56,551grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st700,2nd545,3rd
850crew1,000.Mach.:steamturbine,4screws23kts.Des.:AlbertBallin.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1919.
ThethirdofAlbertBallin'strioofpreWorldWarIsuperlinerstheothertwowereVaterland(LEVIATHAN)andImperator(BERENGARIA)Majestic
waslaiddownin1913andlaunchedinJune1914asHamburgAmerikaLinie'sBismarck.ThebeginningofWorldWarIpreventedhercompletion,andshewas
mothballedforthedurationofhostilities.UndertheTreatyofVersailles,shewashandedovertotheBritishgovernment.Theworld'slargestpassengershipwas
completedinHamburgandonMay10,1922,MajesticfinallysailedfromSouthamptontoCherbourgandNewYorkonhermaidenvoyageforWhiteStarLines.
SheremainedinregularweeklyservicewithOLYMPICandHOMERIC,withoccasionalcruisesfromNewYorktoHalifaxduringtheleanyearsoftheDepression
andProhibitionintheUnitedStates.FollowingthemergerofCunardandWhiteStarin1934,Majesticwassoldforscrapin1936,buttheBritishAdmiraltybought
herforuseasthetrainingshipHMSCaledoniaatRosyth.Slatedforconversionasatrooptransport,onSeptember29,1939,Majesticwasburnedbeyondrepair
andsankshewasscrappedbyT.W.Wardbetween1941and1943.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard,ClassicOceanLiners.

MalabarX
Topsailschooner(2m).L/B/D:58.3'14.2'8.1'(17.8m4.3m2.5m).Tons:30.85disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:7.Mach.:gasengine,40hp,1screw.Des.:John
G.Alden.Built:HodgdonBros.,EastBoothbay,Me.1930.
NamedforaspitoflandoffMonomoyPoint,CapeCod,thatdisappearedintheeighteenthcentury,Malabarwasthenamegiventothirteencruisingyachtsdesigned
byJohnAlden.Thefirstthreeofaseriesbegunin1921wereschoonersofjustunder42feetinlength.Malabarsfourthrougheightwerecruiserracersofbetween
47and54feet,intendedtoberacedwithonepaidhand,andnumberninewasintendedtobesailedwithtwopaidhands.MalabarX,alsodesignedfortwopaid
hands,wasthelargestoftheMalabarsandthelasttobeschoonerrigged.
MalabarXplacedsecondinthe1930BermudaRace,butinthe1932BermudaRacesailedfromMontauk,NewYork,ratherthanNewLondon,
ConnecticutMalabarcameinfirstinadramaticfinishforAlden,whoseGrenadier,WaterGypsy,andTeragramfinishedsecond,third,andfourth,respectively,
oncorrectedtime.MalabarXwasalsothethirdAldendesigntowinthebiennialclassic,MalabarIVhavingdonesoin1923andMalabarVIIin1926.
In1933,AldensoldMalabarXtoJohnP.WilsonofGrandHaven,Michigan,andsheremainedafixtureontheGreatLakesthroughthe1940swithfineshowingsin
topraces.In1951,shewassoldtoE.JoChamberlainandreturnedtotheEastCoast.AfterafewseasonsintheCaribbean,shewassoldtoWilliamLeePryorIII,
whomovedhertoNewYorkinthe1980s.AldenbuiltthreemoreboatsintheMalabarseriesMalabarXIwasayawl,andXIIandXIIIwereketches.
Carrick&Henderson,JohnG.AldenandHisYachtDesigns.

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CSSManassas
(exEnochTrain)Ironcladram(1f).L/B/D:143'33'17'(43.6m10.1m5.2m).Tons:387.Hull:wood.Comp.:36.Arm.:132pdr,112pdr,4
doubleshot.Armor:1.5"belt.Mach.:1lowpressure&1highpressureengine,1screw6kts.Built:PaulCurtis&HarrisonLoring,Medford,Mass.1855.
BuiltasarivertowboatforserviceontheMississippiRiver,in1861thesinglescrewsteamerEnochTrainwaspurchasedbyCaptainJ.A.Stevensonforuseasa
privateer.Cladwith1.5inchironplateoveraconcaveframeandarmedwitha32pdr.gunandanironram,Manassas(namedforthesiteofaConfederatevictory)
hadafreeboardofonly1.5inchesandpresentedanextremelylowtarget.Resemblingafloatingcigar,the"hellishmachine"wasbothunmaneuverableandslow,traits
commontomostsouthernironclads.Shortlyafterherconversion,shewasappropriatedbytheConfederateNavyforuseonthelowerMississippi.UnderLieutenant
A.F.Worley,shetookpartinanattackontheUnionblockadeatHeadofPassesonOctober12andlostherraminanattackonUSSRichmond.WhenFlag
OfficerDavidG.Farragut'sfleetforceditswaypastFortsJacksonandSt.PhiliponApril24,1862,ManassasrammedUSSMISSISSIPPIandBrooklyn,though
neitherdecisively.TrailingFarragut'sforceupriver,shecameunderwitheringfirefromMississippi.Runagroundandabandonedbyhercrew,shewassetonfire,
driftedfree,andblewup.
Still,IronAfloat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Manhattan
Tanker(1f/3m).L/B/D:940'132'52'(286.5m40.2m15.8m).Tons:115,000dwt.Hull:steel.Comp.:60126.Mach.:steamturbine,43,000shp,2
screws17kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,Quincy,Mass.1962.
PromptedbythediscoveryofoilinPrudhoeBayontheNorthSlopeofAlaskain1968,theHumbleOil&RefiningCompanyandAtlanticRichfieldCompany
decidedtotestthefeasibilityoftransportingoilviashipthroughtheNorthwestPassage.TheycharteredthetankerManhattanandsenthertotheSunShipyardat
Chester,Pennsylvania,forconversiontoanicebreaker.Theworld'slargestcommercialshipwhencommissioned,Manhattanhadhadacheckeredcareerasatanker
becauseherdeepdraftforcedhereithertosaillightortotransshiphercargoesoutsideofport.InpreparationforherArcticvoyage,Manhattanwascutintofour
sections,eachofwhichwasmodifiedforworkintheice.Whenreassembled,theshiphadgrown65feetinlengthand16feetinbeam.
OnAugust24,1969(exactlyonemonthafterApollo11returnedtoEarthfromthefirstmannedlunarlanding),ManhattansailedfromChesterwith112crew,
scientists,andjournalists.EscortedbytheCanadianicebreakerJohnA.Macdonald,onSeptember5shesailedwestacrossthetopofBaffinIslandintoLancaster
Sound.Stoppedbytheiceabout50milesintoMcClureStraitbetweenMelvilleandBanksIslands,onSeptember10,Manhattan'sCaptainArthurW.Smith
executedaUturnandheadedsouthtopassthroughPrinceofWalesStraitbetweenBanksandVictoriaIslandsandenteredAmundsenSoundonSeptember14.
TurningwestalongthecoastofcontinentalCanada,ManhattanarrivedfivedayslateratPrudhoeBaywhereshetookaboardasymboliccargoofonebarrelofoil.
Onthe21st,shereachedPointBarrow,herwesternterminus.Duringthereturnvoyage,engineersconductedaseriesofteststodeterminethemachineryrequirements
neededforcommercialnavigationthroughtheice.PassingoutofLancasterSoundonOctober30,ManhattanreturnedtoNewYorkonNovember12.Althoughher
transitoftheNorthwestPassageshowedthatthevoyagewasphysicallypossible,theroutewasneitherenvironmentallynoreconomicallysound,anditwasdecidedto
buildatransAlaskapipelinetoValdezonPrinceWilliamSound.Manhattanservedasacommercialoiltankeruntil1988.
Smith,NorthwestPassage.

MapleLeaf
Steamboat(2f/3m).L/B/D:181'24.7'(44'ew)10.6'(55.2m7.5m(13.4m)3.2m.Hull:wood.Mach.:walkingbeamengine,2sidewheels.Built:Marine
RailwayYard,Kingston,Ont.1851.
BuiltfortradeonLakeOntariobetweenRochester,NewYork,andCanadianports,thesidewheelsteamerMapleLeafwassunkbyaConfederatespartorpedoon
theSt.JohnRiver,Florida.HerremainsarenowoneofthepremierriverinearchaeologicalsitesintheUnitedStates.AstradeontheGreatLakeswanedinthelate
1850s,MapleLeafwasputintoserviceasanexcursionvessel.WiththecomingoftheCivilWar,BostoninvestorspurchasedtheshipandcharteredhertotheU.S.
Armyforserviceasatransport.OnApril1,1864,shewascarryingthreeinfantryregiments(the112thand169thNewYork,and13thIndiana)underBrigadier
GeneralFosterwhenshehitamineandsanknearMandarinPoint,12milesabovedowntownJacksonville.Ahazardtonavigation,herupperworksweredismantled
bytheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersafterthewar.
MapleLeafwasrediscoveredin1984bydiversofSt.JohnsArchaeologicalExpeditions,Inc.,andsince1988

Page324

thesitehasbeenexcavatedbythemandbythestateofFlorida,EastCarolinaUniversity,andtheU.S.Army.Theshipiswellpreservedthankstotheriver's
sediment,whichissothickthatdiversworkinconditionsofnearzerovisibilityandemployportablecofferdamstodiverttheflowofwaterandsilt.Inadditionto
detailsaboutGreatLakesshipbuildingtechniquesandwalkingbeammachinery,thesitehasyieldedconsiderableamountsofmilitarymaterialaswellastextiles,
rubber,woodenmusicalinstruments,andotherpersonaleffects,manyofwhichcanbeidentifiedwithrespecttotheregiment,company,andinsomecasesindividual
owner.
Cantelas&Rodgers,"MapleLeaf."

USSMarblehead(CL12)
Omahaclasscruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:555.5'55.3'17'(169.3m16.9m5.2m).Tons:7,050disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:675.Arm.:106"(12,81),4
3",621"TT.Armor:3"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,90,000hp,4screws35kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShipandEngineBuildingCo.,
Philadelphia,Pa.1924.
USSMarblehead'sfirstdeploymenttohostilewaterswasin1927whenshesailedforNicaraguatohelpbolsterthegovernmentofEmilianoChamorro.Laterthat
year,shehelpedsafeguardAmericaninterestsinShanghaiandHankowduringtheChinesecivilwar.ReturningtotheUnitedStates,Marbleheadspentfiveyearswith
theAtlanticFleet,followedbyservicewiththePacificFleetfrom1933to1938,whenshewasassignedtotheAsiaticFleet.
Imagenotavailable.
SeenhereinSanDiegointhe1930s,theeightinchcruiserUSS
MARBLEHEADsawdutyintheCaribbean,FarEast,Indonesia,
Mediterranean,andNorthAtlantic.CourtesyU.S.Naval
HistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

FollowingtheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember7,1941,MarbleheadwasassignedtothejointAmericanBritishDutchAustralian(ABDA)command
andhelpedcoverthewithdrawalofAmericanforcesfromthePhilippinestotheDutchEastIndies.OnFebruary2,theABDAforcesortiedfromSurabayato
interceptaJapaneseconvoy.Shortlybefore1000,theshipswereattackedbyJapanesebombers.Marbleheadtooktwodirecthitsthatknockedouthersteering
gearandholedherbelowthewaterline.Whenthefightbrokeoff,hercasualtiesincluded15deadand34wounded.Withonlyminimalrepairs,Marbleheadsailedfor
NewYorkviaJava,Ceylon,SouthAfrica,andBrazil.Afterfivemonthsinrefit,shewasattachedtotheSouthAtlanticuntilFebruary1944.Marbleheadthenspent
fivemonthsonconvoydutyintheNorthAtlantic.InAugust1944,shejoinedOperationAnviltoprovidegunfiresupportforamphibiouslandingsnearSaintRaphaelin
southernFrance.DecommissionedinNovember1945,shewasscrappedinearly1946.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

MarcoPolo
Packetship(3m).L/B/D:184.1'36.3'29.4'dph.Tons:1,625reg.Hull:wood.Comp.:60crew750pass.Built:JamesSmith,CourtenayBay,St.John,New
Brunswick,Can.1851.
AlthoughshewasnamedforthefamousfourteenthcenturyVenetianexplorer,"themostcelebratedofallCana

Page325

dianbuiltsailingships"hadmodestoriginsandwasneverintendedformorethancommonplacemerchantwork.MarcoPolo'sbuildingwasattendedbyaseriesof
accidents.WhenlaunchedintoMarshCreek,sheranagroundontheoppositeshoreandwasfreedonlyafterconsiderableeffort.Asaresultherhullwassomewhat
hogged,andherdepartureonMay31,1851,wasgreetedwithreliefbyherbuilders.AftersailingtoLiverpoolwithacargooflumberandscrapiron,sheproceeded
toMobile,Alabama,forcotton.
OnherreturntoLiverpool,shewassoldtoJamesBaines,ThomasMillerMackay(28shareseach),andCaptainJamesNicholForbes(8shares).Refittedtocarry
passengersontheAustraliarun,shesailedonJuly4,1852,with749emigrantsinherthreedecks48morethanshewaslicensedtocarry.Armedwithacopyof
theSailingDirectionscompiledbytheU.S.Navy'sLieutenantMatthewFontaineMaury,theharddriving"Bully"ForbesreachedMelbourneonSeptember18,after
apassageofonly76days.Theroundtripwascompletedinonly175days(5months,21days),includingtimeinport.AstheaveragepassageouttoAustraliawas
123daysfromLondonand110daysfromLiverpool,herownerswerequicktocapitalizeonMarcoPolo'sclaimtothetitleof"fastestshipintheworld."Despite
Forbes'sprofessedintention"toastonishGodalmighty,"hersecondvoyagewasmadein6monthseven,andherthirdin6months,4days.
MarcoPoloremainedintheAustralianpassengertradeuntil1874,whenshewassoldtoWilson&BlainofSouthShields.Cutdownasabark,sheenteredtradeas
ageneralcargocarrierbutthenspentalmosttwentymonthsonthecoastofChilewaitingforacargoofguano.Assheleftthecoast,hercrewdecidedtofishfora16
footshark.Itputupsuchastruggleondeckthatitcrashedthroughthecabinskylight,anditwasonlykilledafteraviolentstrugglewiththeaxwieldingship's
carpenterinwhichthecabinwasallbutdestroyed.In1880MarcoPolowassoldundertheNorwegianflagandenteredthelumbertrade.OnJuly22,1883,enroute
fromQuebectoEurope,shewasrunashoreinaleakingconditionatCapeCavendish,PrinceEdwardIsland.Sosheendedherdaysasshehadbegun,andnotfar
fromherbirthplace.
Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.Wallace,IntheWakeoftheWindShips.

MaRobert
Steamboat(1f/2m).L/B:75'8'(22.9m2.4m).Hull:steel.Comp.:17.Mach.:steam,sidewheels.Built:MacGregorLaird,Birkenhead,Eng.1858.
FollowingtheappointmentofmissionaryexplorerDavidLivingstoneasconsulforEastAfricaatQuelimane,Mozambique,theBritishgovernmentorderedapaddle
steamertobebuiltforhisuseontheZambesiRiver.Thefirststeamvesselbuiltofsteel,shewascalledMaRobert,thenamebywhichtheMakalolocalledMrs.
Livingstoneafterthebirthofherfirstson.ThevesselwassentouttoAfricainsectionsandassembledatthemouthoftheZambesiRiverinthesummerof1858.Ma
RobertsaileduptheZambesitoTete,butprovedinadequateforthetask.Livingstonecondemnedheras"awretchedshamvessel"anddeploredespeciallyher
engines,whichwere,hewrote,"evidentlymadetogrindcoffeeinashopwindow."Worseyet,herdraftwastoodeepforgoodriverwork,andherpoorqualitysteel
hullrustedoutandhadtobecaulkedwithmud.In1859,Livingstonetookher200milesuptheShireRiver,andwithhisstaffandporterstrekkedoverlandtothe
sourceoftheShire,becoming,inSeptember,thefirstEuropeanstoviewLakeNyasa.InDecember1860,LivingstonetookMaRobertuptheKongoniRiver,where
onthe21stshegroundedandsank.Inthemeantimetwonewvessels,PioneerandLadyNyasa,hadbeensentout.Nonetheless,inMay1863Livingstonehopedto
salvageMaRobert,onlytofindthatshehadbeenburnedthreemonthsbefore.
Jeal,Livingstone.

Mary
Yacht(1m).L/B/D:52'(keel)19.1'7.6'dph(15.8m5.8m2.3m).Tons:100burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:28crew50pass.Arm.:24pdr,63pdr,1
1.5pdr.Built:Amsterdam<1660.
AlthoughtheBritishhavecultivatedyachtingtoahigherdegreethananyothernation,theconceptoftheyachtwasoriginallyimportedfromtheNetherlandsinthe
seventeenthcentury.England'sseamindedCharlesIIhadareadyappreciationforgoodships,andwhenhesailedfromBredatoRotterdamonthefirstlegofhis
returnfromtenyearsofexileinEurope,heexpressedhisadmirationfortheluxuriouslyappointedDutchjachtthathadbeenputathisdisposal.Amsterdam's
BurgomeisterVanVlooswickthereuponarrangedforhiscitytogiveavesselofsimilarconstructiontotheking.NamedforCharles'ssister,whowasalsothewidow
ofWilliamIIofOrange,Maryspentayearastheofficialroyalyacht.ThewordderivesfromtheDutchwordfor"hunt."
TheonemastedMarydrewonly5feet(1.5meters)butwasfittedwithleeboardsthatgaveheramaximumdraftofabout10feet(3meters).Thisarrangementwas
typicalofthevesselsdesignedforworkintheshallow

Page326

watersoftheDutchcoast,butitwasnotwellsuitedtoEnglishsailing.AfterayearMarywastransferredtotheNavyforserviceasadispatchboatandtransportfor
membersofcourtandotherofficials.Buttheideaofpleasureyachtshadtakenhold,andfouryachtsofsimilardesignthoughofdeeperdraftandwithout
leeboardswereorderedfromtheRoyalDockyardsin166263.PepysdescribedKatherene,designedbyPeterPett,as"oneofthefinestthingsthateverIsaw
forneatnessandroominsosmallavessel."Otheryachtssoonfollowed,andby1686,twentysixhadbeencommissioned.Itisinterestingtonotethatthepracticeof
gaudynamesisasoldasyachtingitself:CharlesbuiltTheFolly,PrinceRupertbuiltFanfan,andJamiewasnamedfortheDukeofYork.
Inthemeantime,MarywasstationedintheIrishSea,mainlysailingbetweenHolyhead,ontheislandofAnglesey,andIreland.Duringthesecond(166567)andthird
(167274)AngloDutchWars,shealsoengagedinantiprivateeringdutyintheIrishSea.Atabout0200onMarch25,1675,shewasenroutefromDublinto
ChesterwhenshestruckarockintheSkerriesaboutsevenmilesfromHolyheadandsankwiththelossof35ofher74passengersandcrew.Theshipremained
undisturbedwhereshesank(5325'N,436'W)untilJuly1971,whentwogroupsofdiversfromtheBritishSubAquaClubindependentlydiscoveredthewrecksite.
AmongtheartifactsrecoveredweresixEnglishandtwoDutchbronzeguns,coinsfromthereignsofElizabeth,CharlesI,andCharlesII,goldlockets,andvarious
waresinsilverandpewter.
Heaton,Yachting:AHistory.McBride,"Mary."

MaryCeleste
(exAmazon)Brigantine.L/B:99.3'25.3'(30.3m7.7m).Tons:198grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:10.Built:JoshuaDewis,Spencer'sIsland,NovaScotia1861.
ThefirstvessellaunchedatthesmallshipbuildingcommunityofSpencer'sIsland,NovaScotia,ontheBayofFundy,AmazonwasbuiltfortradeontheNorthAtlantic
andtotheWestIndiesandMediterranean.Sheremainedunderlocalownershipthroughthemid1860s,butaftergroundingontheshoresofCapeBreton,shewas
salvagedbytheNewYorkfirmofWinchester&Leeds,whoputherundertheAmericanflagandrenamedherMaryCeleste.Shelaterunderwentamajor
rebuilding,lengthenedto103feetandwithacapacityenlargedto282grosstons.
OnNovember7,1872,MaryCelesteclearedNewYorkboundforGenoawithatotalcomplementoftenpeople,includingBenjaminS.Briggs,hiswife,andtwo
yearolddaughterSophie,twoofficers,asteward,andfourcrew.OnDecember4,theBritishbrigantineDeiGratia,whichhadleftNewYorkfortheMediterranean
onNovember15,encounteredMaryCelestesailinginawesterlydirectionunderforelowertopsail,foretopmaststaysail,andjib.FoundbetweentheAzoresand
Portugalinposition3820'N,1715'W,theshipseemedotherwiseabandoned,andCaptainDavidR.Morehouseorderedhismateandtwocrewtoboardthe
mysteriousship.Theyquicklyconfirmedthatnoonewasaboard.Theforehatchhadbeenremoved,andsomefittingsandriggingshowedevidenceofstormdamage,
althoughtherewasnowayoftellingwhetheritoccurredbeforeoraftertheshipwasabandoned.Althoughtheship'sboatwasmissing,Briggs'snavigationequipment
wasinhiscabin,andtherewasnothingamissinanyoftheothercrew'squarters.Thelastrecordedlogentrywas"Monday,November25.At8.00Easternpoint
boreS.S.W.,6milesdistant,"EasternPointbeingonSt.Mary'sIslandintheAzores.
TheshipwassailedtoGibraltarforsalvage,buttheAttorneyGeneralofGibraltar,FrederickS.Flood,grewsuspiciousofthecrew'sdisappearance.Hedeveloped
twoimplausibletheories.Thefirstwasthatthecrewhadbecomedrunk,killedthecaptainandhisfamily,andstolentheship'sboat.HelaterdeterminedthatJames
Winchesterhadconspiredagainsthispartnerandorderedthekillingshimself.WhileFlood'sspeculationsaboutMaryCelesteprolongedtheinvestigationandpublic
interestinthemystery,in1884ArthurConanDoylepublishedashortstoryentitled"J.HabakukJephson'sStatement,"whichsomeconsideras"moreresponsible
thananythingforthefloodofromantictalesandexplanationsthathasdescendedonthecaseoftheMaryCelestethroughtheyears."
Themostlikelyexplanationofthecrew'smysteriousdisappearancehastodowiththeship'scargo.ShehadloadedalcoholincasksatNewYork,andinthewarmer
weatheraroundtheAzores,CaptainBriggsmayhaveorderedtheholdsopenedandventilated.Theexpansionofthealcoholinwarmerweathermayhavecauseda
suspiciousrushofalcoholwhentheforehatchwasremoved.Thecrewthentooktotheship'sboat,usingthemainpeakhalyardasapainter,butthepainterbroke
andtheshipwaslostinasquall.
Afterthreemonthsofdeliberations,MaryCelestewaseventuallyreleasedandcontinuedtoGenoa.ShechangedhandsseveralmoretimesandwaslostontheReef
oftheRochelais,offHaiti,in1885.Eventhisaccidentwas

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deemedsuspiciousandthecaptainwasindictedfortryingtodefraudtheinsurers.
Bradford,Secretofthe"MaryCeleste."Doyle,"J.HabakukJephson'sStatement."Fay,"MaryCeleste."

MaryPowell
Sidewheelsteamboat.L/B/D:294'34.5'(64'ew)6'(89.6m10.5m(19.5m)1.8m).Tons:820grt.Comp.:250pass,18crew.Mach.:verticalbeamengine
sidewheelpaddles.Built:MichaelS.Allison,JerseyCity,N.J.1861.
MaryPowellwastheinspirationofherfirstmaster,CaptainAbsalomL.Anderson,whonamedherforthewidowofThomasPowell,aprominentbusinessman
whosenamesakesteamboathehadcommanded.(MaryLudlowPowellwasthesisterofLieutenantAugustusC.Ludlow,whowaskilledontheUSS
CHESAPEAKEintheWarof1812.)Thegraceful,elegant,andfastMaryPowellruledas"QueenoftheHudson"betweenRondout(abovePoughkeepsie)and
NewYorkCity,arunofalittlemorethanfivehourseachway.TheMaryPowell'sconsistentlyhighreputationoverher53yearcareerisexplainedinpartbythefact
thatshewasownedbyeitherCaptainAndersonorhissonforallbutthreeyears(186972)ofhercareer.Thefatherretiredin1882andA.E.Andersontookthe
helmin1886,aposthehelduntilhisdeathin1914.MaryPowellwassoldtoPoughkeepsieshipbreakerswiththestipulationthatshe"notbemadethesubjectofany
fireordestructionfortheproductionofmovingpicturefilmsordestroyedinanysuchmannerasshallbedeemed...prejudicialtothepublicestimateofthesafetyof
steamnavigation."Shechangedhandstwicemore,butaftersixyearsinamudbanknearKingston,shewasscrappedinJune1920.
Ringwald,"MaryPowell."

MaryRose
Carrack(4m).L/B/D:105'(keel)38.3'15.1'(32m11.97m4.6m).Tons:600burthenafter1536,700.Hull:wood.Comp.:415.Arm.:78after1536,91.
Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1510.
Atthebeginningofthesixteenthcentury,shipswereusedprimarilyformovingtroopsandseafightsconsistedofpitchedbattlesatclosequarterswherecrewand
soldiersfoughtforthecaptureoftheenemyship.Evenafterthedevelopmentofcannoninthefourteenthcentury,navalgunswereessentiallyforuseagainstopposing
soldiersandsailorsmassedinpreparationforaboardingaction.Fightingshipstendedtohavetowering"castles"foreandaft,fromwhichgunnersandarcherscould
firedownontotheiropponents.Theevolutionofantishipgunnerybecamepossiblewiththedevelopmentofgunsofincreasedrangeandweightofshot.Becauseof
stabilityrequirements,thesecouldonlybemountedlowdownintheship,andthisonlyafterwatertightgunportsweredevelopedintheearly1500s.
TheoldestextantshipinwhichtheseconvergingtechnologiesisseenisMaryRose,HenryVIII'scarvelbuiltflagship(namedforhisyoungersister),andoneofthe
firstEnglishpurposebuiltwarships.ConstructedatPortsmouth,shewasarmedatLondonwithgunsmanufacturedbytheBelgianHansPoppenreuter,amongothers.
OneindicationoftheincreasingimportanceofantishipgunneryisthefactthatMaryRosecarried200sailors,185soldiers,and30gunners,whileherpredecessors
generallycarriedmoresoldiersthelargerSovereign,forinstance,carried300sailorsand400soldiers.MaryRosewasnotjustanimpressivegunplatform,butshe
alsohandledwell.In1513,AdmiralSirEdwardHowardreportedtotheking,"Sir,sheisthenoblestshippofsayleandgrettshippatthishourthatItrowbein
Christendom.Ashippof100tonnewylnotbesoner...abowtthenshe."
In1511,MaryRosesailedasflagshipofHoward'sfleetoftwentyshipspatrolling,withaSpanishfleet,betweenBrestandthethenEnglishportofCalais.Thenext
year,HenryjoinedtheHolyLeagueofthePapalStatesandVeniceinanefforttocontainFrance'sLouisXII.OnAugust10,1512,HowardattackedtheFrenchfleet
atBrestwherehetookordestroyedthirtytwoFrenchshipsandcaptured800prisoners.TheFrenchflagship,LACORDELIRE,lostallbutsixofher1,500crew
whensheandtheEnglishRegentcaughtfire,thelatterlosingallbut180ofher700crew.InApril1513,HowardwaskilledattheblockadeofBrest,andHenry
namedhisolderbrotherSirThomasHowardashisreplacement.Thatsummer,MaryRosehelpedbringanEnglisharmytoCalais(latervictoriousattheBattleofthe
Spurs)andthensailednorthtoScotland,whereHowardtookpartinthedefeatofJamesIVattheBattleofFloddenField.MaryRosecontinuedinserviceuntil1536
whenHenryembarkedonarebuildingprogram.Sheemergedfromthisarmedwithninetyonegunssomenewlymadeincludingbronzeculverins,demi
culverins,sakers,andfalcons.
In1544,MaryRosewasusedinHenry'soperationsagainstFrance.In1545,FrancisImountedaninvasionofPortsmouthwithaforceof30,000troopscarriedin
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ships.Henry'sdefensivefleetconsistedofonlysixtyshipsatPortsmouth,withfortymoreenroute,mannedbyatotalof12,000crew.OnJuly18,theFrenchfleet
arrivedbetweentheIsleofWightandPortsmouth,andtheEnglishfleetweighedanchor.MaryRosecameunderViceAdmiralSirGeorgeCarew,whohadbeen
appointedthatsameday.AlthoughAdmiralClauded'Annebault'sflagship,LaMatresse,sprangaleakandsankoffSt.Helen's,theFrenchfleetwastacticallywell
positioned.Thefollowingmorning,FrenchgalleysadvancedontheEnglishfleet,takingGreatHarryunderfire.Thenthewindsprangupfromthenorthandthe
Englishfleetadvanced.Unfortunately,herundisciplinedcrewCarew'slastknownwords,toapassingship:"IhavethesortofknavesIcannotrule"hadneither
securedthegunsnorclosedthegunports.SuddenlyMaryRoseheeled,flooded,andsank,withthelossofallbut35ofhercomplement.Despitetheloss,andthefact
thattheFrenchlandedtroopsbothontheIsleofWightandonthecoastofSussexfourdayslater,theFrenchcampaigningwasindecisive,andbyAugust17
d'Annebault'sfleetwasbackatLeHavre.ThattheFrenchforcewasequalindeterminationandsuperiorinexecutiontotheSpanishArmadaof1588isafactlittle
knowntoday.
EffortstosalvageMaryRosestartedimmediately,butresultedonlyinthesalvageofsomeguns.In1836,thepioneeringdiversJohnandCharlesDeaneinvestigated
thewreck.Theyrecoveredfourbronzeandfourcompletewroughtironguns(andbrokenpiecesofseveralothers)beforetheystoppedworkin1840.Afterthis,the
siteofMaryRosewasagainforgotten.In1965,militaryhistorianAlexanderMcKeebeganProjectSolentShipstoinvestigatethewrecksofHMSBoyne,ROYAL
GEORGE,andMaryRose,thelastbeingthechiefobjectofhissearch.Theshipwaspositivelyidentifiedin1970,lyingin5045'N,106'W.Twelveyearslater,after
carefulexcavationandpreparationundertheguidanceofMargaretRuleandwiththeactiveparticipationofPrinceCharles,theremainingstarboardportionofherhull
wasraisedandhousedatPortsmouthNavalBasewhereitisonpublicdisplay.Amongthechiefpointsofarchaeologicalinterestisthefactthat,inMcKee'swords,
"TheMaryRoserepresentsadayinthelifeofTudorEngland.Youcannotgetthatsortofinformationfromlibrariesyoucannotgetitfromexcavatingalandsite...
WhatyouhaveintheMaryRoseisafourorfivestoreystructurecompletewitheverythingitcontainedonthatdayin1545."Thisincludesartifactsusedbysurgeons,
archers,andnavigatorsaswellasclothingandotherobjectsindailyuse.(Certainorganicmaterial,suchaslinenandhorn,doesnotsurvive.)Theshipisalsoimportant
tothestudyofnavalarchitecture,asherconstructionantedatestheuseofdrawnplans.ThesurvivingpictorialandwrittenrecordofTudorerashipsisotherwise
scarce.
Bradford,Storyofthe"MaryRose."McKee,KingHenryVIII's"MaryRose."Rule,"MaryRose."

MAS15
Torpedoboat.L/B/D:52.5'8.6'3.9'(16m2.6m1.2m).Tons:16disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:818.Arm.:218"TT36.5mm,4dc.Mach.:
gasoline/electric,450/10hp,2screws25kts.Built:SocietVeneziana,AutomobileNautiche,Venice1916.
In1915,theItaliannavybeganbuildingafleetofmotortorpedoboatsmotobarcoarmatasilurante(MAS)whichweredestinedtoplayanimportantrolein
thenavalwarintheAdriaticSea.Inadditiontopowerfulgasolineengines,theyhadauxiliaryelectricenginesforsilentrunning.ItalyenteredWorldWarIin1916on
thesideoftheAlliesandtheMASboatswereemployedalmostimmediatelyagainsttheAustroHungarianfleet.Thetorpedoboatswereespeciallysuccessfulinhit
andrunoperationsagainstmerchantandnavalshipping.OneoftheirmostnotablesuccessescameonthenightofDecember10,1916,whenMAS9under
LieutenantLuigiRizzoandMAS11underCapotimoniereFerrarinislippedintoTriesteandsankthesecondclassbattleshipWien.
OnJune10,1918,RizzowasincommandofMAS15whileonminesweepingdutieswithMAS21ontheCroatiancoastoppositeAncona,whentheItalians
encounteredtheAustrianbattleshipsSZENTISTVNandTegetthof.RizzotorpedoedSzentIstvnatabout0330,andthebattleshipsankatabout0600,thus
forcingtheAustrianstoabandonanattackontheOtrantoBarrage.MAS15remainedinserviceforeighteenyearsafterWorldWarI.Decommissionedin1936,she
waslaidupandpreservedattheVittorianoMuseuminRome.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

USSMason(DE529)
Evartsclassdestroyerescort(1f/1m).L/B/D:289.4'35.1'8.3'(88.2m10.7m2.5m).Tons:1,360disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:156.Arm.:33",41.1",9
20mm2dct,8dcp,1HH.Mach.:diesel,6,000hp,2shafts20kts.Built:BostonNavyYard1943.
NamedforEnsignNewtonHenryMason,aNavyaviatorshotdownduringtheBattleoftheCoralSea,USSMasonachievedfameasthefirstNavycombatunit
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hadservedwithdistinctioninU.S.navalforcessincetheRevolution,inthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturytheservicehadbeensothoroughlysegregatedthatby
1943thesecondyearofU.S.participationinWorldWarIItheNavywas98percentwhite.Ofthe28,000blacksintheservice,morethan19,000were
stewards,2,000wereSeabees,and6,600wereingeneralservice.
Inanefforttointegrateblacksintotheservice,theNavydecidedtomanadestroyerescortwithblacksunderLieutenantCommanderWilliamM.Blackford,Jr.,
USNR,andotherwhiteofficers.Inall,Masonmadeeighttransatlanticcrossingsasaconvoyescort.ThemostcelebratedofthesetheBattleoftheBargeswas
ConvoyNY119,acollectionofunwieldytugboats,Harbortankers,andbargesenroutefromNewYorktoPortsmouth.OnOctober18,1944,Masonwas
detachedtoleadtwentyofthefastervesselsintoFalmouthinForce8conditions.AstheshipenteredFalmouthHarbor,aweldedseamrippedopen.Despitethe
storm,thecrewmanagedtorepairthedeckunderway,andhavingdepositedtheirchargessafely,theyputbacktoseatorendezvouswiththerestoftheconvoy.
WeatherconditionsweresoseverethattwoRoyalNavyshipsdetailedtoaccompanyMasonhadtoputback.ConvoyCommanderAlfredLindrecommendedthat
eachcrewmemberofUSSMasonreceivealetterofcommendationforhisoutstandingperformance.Therequestwasignoredforfiftyyears,untilFebruary16,1994,
whenSecretaryoftheNavyJohnH.DaltonissuedletterstoelevenofMason'ssurvivingcrew.
MasonmadeonemoreconvoyruntonorthernEurope,followedbythreetoOranandGibraltar.AftertheGermansurrenderinMay1945,sheworkedasatraining
andtestship.Decommissionedin1945,shewasscrappedin1947.
Kelly,ProudlyWeServed.

USSMassachusetts(BB59)
SouthDakotaclassbattleship(2f/1m).L/B/D:680'108.2'36.3'(207.3m33m11.1m).Tons:46,200disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,795.Arm.:916"(3
3),205",2440mm.Armor:12.2"belt,6"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,130,000shp,4screws27kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,Quincy,Mass.1942.
Thefifthshipofthename,USSMassachusettswasoneoffourSouthDakotaclassbattleshipsbuiltand,withUSSALABAMA,oneoftwostillextantinthe1990s.
CommissionedintothefullfuryofWorldWarII,followingtrials,MassachusettswasflagshipofRearAdmiralH.KentHewitt'sWesternNavalTaskForceduring
OperationTorch,theAlliedlandingsinMoroccoandAlgeria.WhilesteamingoffCasablancaonthemorningofNovember8,1942,shewastakenunderfirebythe
15inchgunsofJeanBart.Massachusetts's16inchgunssilencedtheFrenchbattleshipwithinafewminutes,andthensankthedestroyersFougeuxandBoulonnais
beforeturningtoshellshorepositions.
FromNorthAfrica,MassachusettswasdispatchedtoNouma,NewCaledonia,whereshearrivedonMarch4,1943.AfterconvoydutyintheSouthPacific,in
NovembershejoinedthefastcarrierforcesforlandingsintheGilbertIslandsand,inlateJanuary1944,theMarshalls.ShethentookpartinraidsontheMarianaand
CarolineIslandsandsupportedAlliedlandingsatHollandia,NewGuinea.FollowingarefitatPugetSound,sherejoinedTaskForce38fortheinvasionofthe
PhilippinesinOctober1944.ShethentookpartinoperationsagainstJapanesesupplylinesbetweenSaigonandHongKongbeforeturningnorthforthefinalassault
ontheJapanesehomeislands,includingpreinvasionstrikesagainstIwoJimainFebruary.AfterprovidingshoresupportforthelandingsonOkinawaoffandon
betweenMarchandJune,MassachusettsshelledindustrialcomplexesatKamaishiandHamamatsunorthofTokyo.
LaidupintheAtlanticReserveFleetfollowingthewar,"BigMamie"wasdecommissionedin1947.In1962,shewastransferredtothestateofMassachusettsand
openedasamemorialandmuseumshipatFallRiverin1965.
Morison,HistoryoftheUnitedStatesNavalOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Matar
Roundshipmodel(2m).L/B/D:4.1'1.5'0.8'(1.2m0.5m0.2m).Hull:wood.Built:Matar,Spainca.1450.
In1929,asmallshipmodeldatingfromthefirsthalfofthefifteenthcenturywasofferedforsaleataNewYorkartgallery.Originallyavotivemodelhungfromthe
ceilingofachurchinMatarnearBarcelona,Spain,theMatarshipwaspurchasedbyaDutchcollector,wholoanedittotheMaritiemMuseumPrinsHendrikin
Rotterdam.AsthebestexemplarofaSpanishshipoftheperiod,itbecametheobjectofextensivescholarlyresearch.Inthe1980s,furtherexaminationofthehull
usinganendoscoperevealedmanydetailsoftheinternalconstruction.Thedegreeofdetailofthevotivemodelsuggeststhatitcouldonlyhavebeenmadebyan
experienced,ifanonymous,shipwright.Studyofthemodelhasdonemuchtoadvanceunderstandingaboutthedesignandconstructionofshipsinthefifteenthcentury,
acrucialperiodintheevolutionofEuropeanships,justbeforethe

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roundingoftheCapeofGoodHopeandthecrossingoftheAtlantic.Thevesselhasaroundedsternandcomparativelysharpbow.Thehullcomprisesfifteenbeams,
theforemostfiveofwhichendflushwiththeplanks,whiletheaftermostbeamsprojectthroughtheplanking.Thereareelevenstrakesoneithersideofthekeel,laid
edgetoedge,carvelfashion,andcaulkedwithhempfiberandpaidwithpitch.Twoadditionalstrakesabaftthewaistformaraisedhalfdeck,andthereisalsoaraised
foredeck.Themaindeckandhalfdeckarebothcambered.TheMatarshipwasapparentlyriggedoriginallywithtwomastsamainandmizzenalthoughathird
waslateraddedtotheforedeck.
Culver&Nance,''ContemporaryFifteenthCenturyShip."Pastor,"ReplicaoftheNaoCatalana(CatalanVessel)of1450."VanNouhuys,"ModelofaSpanishCaravel."

Mathew
Caravel(3m).L/B/D:73'20.5'7'(22.3m6.2m2.1m).Tons:85disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:18.Built:<1493.
Identifiedasanavicula,orsmallship,England'sfirstshipofexplorationwasprobablyacaravelnolargerthanNIA,thesmallestshiptosailwithChristopher
Columbusonhisfirsttransatlanticvoyagein1492.Mathew'scaptain,JohnCabot,wasofItalian(perhapsevenGenoese)birthandpossiblyanacquaintanceof
Columbus.AveteranofthespicetradeintheeasternMediterraneanhelivedinVeniceandtradedtoMeccasometimeafterthereturnofColumbus'sfirst
expedition,CabotbeganseekingsponsorshipforanortherlyvoyagetotheOrient.(Atthispoint,noonerealizedthatColumbus'svoyagehadbroughthimnottoAsia
buttoapreviouslyunknowncontinent.)RebuffedbySpainandPortugal,CabotturnedtoEngland'sHenryVII,whoin1496grantedhimletterspatent"toseekeout,
discover,andfinde,whatsoeveriles,countreyes,regionsorprovincesoftheheathenandinfidelis,whatsoevertheybee,andinwhatpartoftheworldsoevertheybe,
whichebeforethistimehavebeeneunbeknowentoallChristians."
ThoughCabotwasgrantedpermissiontosailwithfiveships,onlyonecouldbehadfortheexpedition,andonMay20,1497,thesolitaryMathewsailedfromBristol.
Particularsofthevoyagearenotknownwithcertainty.AccordingtoSamuelEliotMorison,theshiproundedthesouthofIrelandandtookdeparturefromDursey
Headtosailduewestonaboutlatitude51N.Afterthirtyfivedaysatsea,shewasinsoundingsandonJune24fetchedupoffCapeDgratatthenorthernendof
Newfoundland.(OtherconjecturedlandfallsincludeCapeBonavista,Newfoundland,andCapeBreton,NovaScotia.)Probablydeterredbyicefromsailingnorthor
west,Cabotturnedsouthand,afteronelanding,followedtheeastcoastofNewfoundland,exploringTrinityBay,roundingCapeRace,andsailingintoPlacentiaBay
beforedoublingbacktoCapeDgrat.Fromthere,MathewturnedforhomeonJuly20andarrivedatBristolonAugust6.
Cabotbroughtnoobjectsoftradewithhim,butonthebasisofhisreport,HenryVIIgrantedhimadditionalpatents,andinMay1498CabotsailedfromBristolwith
fiveships.Oneoftheseputback,buttheotherfourandtheircrewsdisappeared.Mathewwasapparentlynotamongthese,andin1504shewasstilllistedinthe
Bristolrecords.ShesailedtoIrelandunderEdmundGriffethandmadeseparatetripstoBordeauxandSpainunderWilliamClaron,butherultimatefateisnotknown.
In1996,areplicaofMathewdesignedbyColinMudiewaslaunchedinBristolandsailedtoNorthAmericaforthe500thanniversaryofCabot'svoyage.(The
dimensionsgivenabovearethoseofthereplica,thedesignofwhichwasbasedoncarefulanalysisofthebestcontemporaryevidenceavailable.)
Morison,EuropeanDiscoveryofAmerica:TheNorthernVoyages.Williamson,CabotVoyages.

Mauretania
Liner(4f/2m).L/B:790'88'(240.8m26.8m).Tons:31,938grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st563,2nd464,3rd1,138crew812.Mach.:steamturbine,4screws25
kts.Built:Swan,Hunter&WighamRichardson,Ltd.,WallsendonTyne,Eng.1907.
Bytheturnofthecentury,theprestigeofBritain'smerchantmarinewasunderthreatfromtwosides.Since1897,GermanpassengershipshadoutpacedtheBritish
withasuccessionoffastandeleganttransatlanticliners,mostnotablyKAISERWILHELMDERGROSSE,DEUTSCHLAND,KRONPRINZWILHELM,and
KaiserWilhelmII.Tothewest,AmericanfinancierJ.P.Morgan'sInternationalMercantileMarinehadacquiredacontrollinginterestnotonlyinGermany's
HamburgAmerikaLinieandNorddeutscherLloyd,butalsoinBritain'sWhiteStarLine.Inresponsetothelatterdevelopmentespecially,theBritishgovernment
offeredCunardLinealoanof2,600,000fortheconstructionoftwopassengerliners,providedthatthecompanyremainwhollyBritishfortwentyyearsandthatthe
shipscouldberequisitionedinwartime.Inaddition,Cunardwasguaranteedamailsubsidyof75,000pershipperyear.
TheimmediateresultwastheconstructionoftheillfatedLUSITANIAandhernolessmagnificentsistership,Mauretania,thelargest,mostluxurious,andfastest
liners

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oftheirday.Onthereturnlegofhermaidenvoyage,MauretanianamedfortheRomanprovinceinNorthAfricacapturedtheBlueRibandfromhersisterwith
aneastboundcrossingfromSandyHooktoQueenstownatanaveragespeedof23.69knots.AlthoughMauretaniawouldnotwrestthewestboundrecordfrom
LusitaniauntilSeptember2630,1909,herrecordspeedof26.06knotsfromQueenstowntoAmbrose(4days,10hours,51minutes)wouldstandfortwenty
years,whenitwasfinallyeclipsedbyNorddeutscherLloyd'sBREMEN.EastboundMauretaniabeatherownrecordseventimes,thelastAugust2025,1924,
withaspeedof26.25knots(5days,1hour,49minutes)fromAmbrosetoCherbourg.
Afavoriteofpassengersofallclassesandnationalities,MauretaniaremainedonthetransatlanticrununtiljustaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarIin1914.Shortly
thereafter,shewasconvertedtouseasatroopshipforservicebetweenEnglandandtheMediterranean.Afterbriefserviceasahospitalshiptobringhomewounded
soldiersfromtheGallipolicampaign,sherevertedtotroopingdutyin1916,ferryingCanadianandlaterU.S.troopstoEurope.Sheremainedinthisworkuntilshortly
aftertheArmistice,andfinallyreenteredcommercialpassengerservicein1919.
FollowingafireatSouthamptoninJuly1921,CunardreplacedMauretania'scoalburningengineswithoilfuel,andadjustedheraccommodationstoaccountforthe
declineinsteeragepassengersoccasionedbytheimpositionofU.S.immigrantquotas.Asreconfiguredfortransatlanticservice,shecouldcarry589passengersinfirst
class,400insecond,and767inthird.AsthedepressionworsenedandincreasedcompetitionfromotherBritishandEuropeanshipsbegantoeclipseMauretania,
shewasgraduallywithdrawnfromtransatlanticserviceandenteredthecruisetradeinboththeMediterraneanandCaribbean.HerlastdeparturefromNewYorkwas
onSeptember26,1934.Soldthefollowingyeartoshipbreakers,shewasscrappedRosythin1936.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,TheCunardExpressLiners"Lusitania"and"Mauretania."

Mayagez
(exSea,SantaEliana,WhiteFalcon)Containership.L/B/D:504.1'74.2'25.4'(153.6m22.6m7.7m).Tons:10,485grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:40.Mach.:
steamturbines,6,600shp,1shaft.Built:NorthCarolinaShipbuildingCo.,Wilmington,N.C.1944.
BuiltasaC2generalpurposecargoshipfortheNorthAtlanticconvoyrun,followingWorldWarII,WhiteFalconwassoldbyAmericanExportLinestoGrace
LinesandenteredservicetoSouthAmerica.In1959shewasoneofthefirstshipsconvertedtocarrymodularcontainersandwaslengthened45feet.The
developmentofcontainerizedshippingdramaticallyreducedthetimeandlaborneededtoloadandunloadcargo.SoldtoSeaLandService,Inc.,shewasrenamed
SeaandthenMayagez(forthePuertoRicanport).FollowingserviceintheCaribbean,in1974sheenteredservicebetweenHongKong,Saigon,Sattahip
(Thailand),andSingapore.OnMay12,1975,betweenSaigonandSattahip,MayagezwasseizedbyaCambodiangunboatofPolPot'sKhmerRougegovernment,
whichhadcometopoweronApril17(thesamemonththatSaigonfelltotheNorthVietnamese)andextendedCambodia'sterritorialwatersto90miles.President
GeraldFordorderedU.S.forcestoseizetheshipandhercrew,whohadbeentransferredtoLompongSononthemainland.OnMay16,thedestroyerUSSHarold
E.HoltseizedtheabandonedMayagezandtowedheroutofCambodianwaters.ThecrewhadbeenreleasedonaThaifishingboat,butbeforethiswasknown,
USSCoralSealaunchedairstrikesonReamairfieldandU.S.MarineslandedonKohTangIsland18marineswereposteddeadormissingand50werewounded.
Rowan,FourDaysof"Mayagez".

Mayflower
Galleon(3m).L/B/D:ca.90'26'11'dph(27.4m7.9m3.4m).Tons:180burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:101pass.2030crew.Built:Leigh,Eng.1606(?).
AlthoughthelittleshipthatbroughtthePilgrimstoPlymouthRockin1620isoneofthemostcelebratedvesselsinU.S.history,factsconcerningheroriginsandend
areobscure.WhilethevesselmaybethesameMayflowerasonementionedinLondonportdocumentsof1606belongingtoRobertBonnerofLeigh,therecord
becomesclearerin1609whenthereismentionofaMayflowerofLondon,ChristopherJonesmasterandpartowner.Thisshippliedtheseaschieflybetween
EnglandandtheFrenchBiscayportsofLaRochelleandBordeaux.Outboundshecarriedsuchitemsasclothandrabbitskins,returningwithherholdfilledwithwine
andbrandy.SheisalsorecordedashavingshippedfursfromNorwayandsilksfromHamburg.
WhilethisdoughtytraderandhundredslikeheretchedtheirwakesinthesealanesofnorthernEurope,thestillyoungChurchofEnglandhadseenthedevelopmentof
variousschismaticgroupswhoconsideredAnglicanismmorePopishthanProtestant.Puritansbelieved

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Anglicanismcouldbereformedfromwithin,whileSeparatistsbelievedinneithertheauthorityoftheChurchofEnglandnor,inspiritualmatters,themonarchashead
oftheChurch.In1607,severalgroupsofSeparatistsmanagedtomovetheir"unlawfulreligiousgatherings"totheNetherlands,buttenyearslatertheywereeagerto
settleintheNewWorld,underEnglishCrown,ifnotreligious,authority.
DirectappealstotheCompanyforVirginia,whichhadestablishedtheJamestowncolonyin1609,cametonothing.Mayflower'scharterwaseventuallyarranged
throughtheMerchantAdventurers,whichincludedrepresentativesoftheVirginiaCompany,theLondonCompany,andthePlymouthCompany,allofwhichcould
makelandgrantsintheAmericas.ThedissentersworkedmostcloselywithThomasWestonandJohnPierce,whohadsecuredapatentfromtheVirginiaCompany
tosettlewithinitsdomains,in"theneighborhoodofHudsonsRiverinthenorthernpartofVirginia."
TheSeparatistssailedfromLeydeninSpeedwellforarendezvouswithMayfloweratSouthamptontowardstheendofJuly1620,andtheshipssailedincompanyon
August5,withninetyPilgrimsaboardMayflowerandthirtymoreinSpeedwell.Thelatterwasinnoconditiontomakeatransatlanticpassage,andafterherleaks
forcedthetwoshipsintofirstDartmouthandthenPlymouth,thecrewsrealizedtheycoulduseonlyCaptainJones'slargership.Overcrowdingwasalleviated
somewhatwhenabouteighteenortwentyofthecompanydecidedtostayinEngland,andMayflowerfinallysailedfromPlymouthonSeptember6with50men,20
women,and34children,abouthalfofthemSeparatistsandtheothersmembersoftheChurchofEngland.(WilliamBradfordwasthefirstpersontorefertothe
SeparatistsasPilgrims,in1630,bywhichhemeantonlythattheyhadtraveledinandtoforeignlands.Thefirstchildborntoawomaninthegroupafterlandingat
CapeCodwasnamedPeregrine,or"pilgrim.")
Thefirsthalfofthepassagewasrough,butthereaftertheweatherwasgood,andonNovember9theysawlandatTruro,CapeCod,200milesnorthoftheVirginia
Company'sdomains,whichextendedaboutasfarnorthasNewYork.Jonesattemptedtosailsouth,butcontrarywindsandtheapproachofwinterforcedtheship
backaroundthetipofCapeCod,andonNovember11,1620,theyanchoredatProvincetownHarbor.Insixtysevendaysatseaoneofthegrouphaddied,and
onechildwasborn,namedOceanusHopkins.Beforegoingashore,fortyoneofthecompanysignedthe"MayflowerCompact,"thedocumentbywhichallmembers
oftheship'scompanywouldberuled.
OnNovember15,MilesStandishledasmallgroupofPilgrimsontheirfirstforayalongtheneckofCapeCod.Attheendofthemonth,theymadeasecond
expedition,byshallop(whichhadtobeassembledafterMayflower'sarrival),tothePametRivernearTruro,andathirdexpeditiontookthemacrossMassachusetts
Bay.Herewasagoodplaceforwintering,andonDecember16Mayflowerarrivedat"theharbour...whichisapparently,byCaptainJohnSmith'schartof1614,
nootherthantheplacehecalls'Plimouth'thereon."
Althoughthefirstwinterwashard,inthespringtheymetanEnglishspeakingIndian.SquantohadbeentoEnglandandsoldintotheslavemarketinSpainin1614.
SomehowhemadehiswaybacktoEnglandandenlistedasaninterpreteronashipboundforNewfoundland.NowlivingwithMassasoit,GreatChiefofthe
Wampanoags,SquantoprovidedinestimablehelptothefledglingPilgrimsettlement.ByApriltheweatherhadmoderated,buthalfoftheMayflower'screwhaddied.
ShetookherdepartureonApril5,1621,andarrivedintheThamesestuaryafterarunofonlythirtyonedays.
Mayflower'shistoryafterthatpointbecomessomethingofamystery.SheislastmentionedinconnectionwithJones'snameonDecember18,1621,unloadingat
LondonthelastofacargofromLaRochellethatincluded1,930poundsofcottonyarn,"yardsofTurkeygrograine,"andtwelvehundredweightofcurrants.In1624,
avesselofthesamename,inwhichJosianJones,thecaptain'swidow,wasapartowner,wassurveyedatRotherhitheandvaluedat1288s4d.Whathappened
thereafterisunknown.
In1956,navalarchitectWilliamA.BakerdesignedareplicaofMayflowerbasedonscholarlyinterpretationofthefewfactsknownaboutthePilgrims'Mayflower
andthedesignofothercontemporaryships.Withalateenmizzen,shesetscoursesandsingletopsailsonthemainandforemasts,andinplaceofforeandaft
headsails(alaterdevelopment),shesetasinglesquarespritsailfromthebowsprit.In1957,acrewofthirtythreeundersquareriggerveteranAlanVillierssailedthe
replicafromPlymouth,England,toPlymouth,Massachusetts,infiftythreedays.ShehasbeenonexhibitatPlimothPlantationeversince.
Baker,"Mayflower"andOtherColonialVesselsNew"Mayflower".Caffrey,"Mayflower."Hackney,''Mayflower".Villiers,"HowWeSailedMayflowerIItoAmerica."

Medusa
Transport(3m).L/B/D:ca.150'40'12'(45.7m12.2m3.7m).Tons:1,000burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:365.Arm.:1418pdr.Built:St.Nazaire,France
1810.

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Imagenotavailable.
ThodoreGricault'sidealizedrenderingoftheraftoftheshipwrecked
MEDUSAatthemomentofdiscoverybyanapproachingship,inthe
fardistance.Formanyathome,thelossoftheFrenchtransportonthe
coastofWestAfricasymbolizedthevenalityandcorruptionofFrench
societyunderthenewlyrestoredBourbonmonarchy.CourtesyRunions
desMusesNationaux,Paris.

NamedforthehideousgorgonofGreekmythology,Medusawasoriginallybuiltasa44gunfrigate.WiththeendoftheNapoleonicWarsin1815,shewas
convertedtoatrooptransport,and30ofhergunswereremoved.OnJune16,1816,Medusasailedasflagshipofafourshipconvoydispatchedtoestablisha
garrisoninSenegal,whichhadbeenrepatriatedtoFranceaspartofthepeacesettlementnegotiatedafterthedefeatofNapoleonBonaparteatWaterlooandafterthe
returnoftheBourbonmonarchytotheFrenchthrone.Thecaptainoftheconvoy,ViscountHughesdeChaumareys,wasaroyalistwithnopreviouscommand
experience.PressuredforaquickpassagebythenewgovernorofSenegal,ColonelJulienDsirSchmaltz,deChaumareysdisregardedtheNavalMinistry'sorders
firstbysailingaheadofhissquadronandthenbycrossingthetreacherousandpoorlychartedArguinBankoffthecoastofWestAfrica.
OntheafternoonofJuly2,sailingingoodweather,Medusaranagroundroughly50kilometersoffthecoastoftheSaharaDesertand250milesnorthofSaintLouis,
Senegal.DeChaumareys'seffortstorefloattheshipfailedbecauseherefusedtojettisonanyofherfourteen3toncannon.AgaleonJuly5onlyworsenedtheship's
plight.DeChaumareysproceededtoabandonship,butratherthanferrythepassengersashoresystematically,heallowedeveryonetoclamberpellmellintotheship's
sixboats.Thesecouldonlyaccommodateabouthalftheship'scomplement,and150people,mostlysoldiersandsailors,wereorderedontoaraft,hastilythrown
togetherfromspars,planks,barrels,andlooserigging,andpoorlyprovisioned.DeChaumareysandSchmaltzplannedtotowtheraft,butitwassosluggishthatthey
soonabandonedit.ThoseintheboatseventuallymadeittoSaintLouis.
Conditionsontheoverloadedraftwereterribletostartwithandworsenedfast.Overatwoweekperiod,drowning,starvation,burningheat,violentmutiny,and
widespreadcannibalismreducedtheoriginalcomplementto15,includingtheship'sdoctor,J.B.HenriSavigny,andgeographicalengineerAlexandreCorrard.On
July17,thedelirioussurvivorswererescuedbytheFrenchshipArgus.Sevenweeksaftertheshipwreck,fourmoremenwerefoundaboardtheMedusa,thelastof
17menwhohadchosentoremainwiththeship.
NewsofthecatastrophequicklyreachedParis.SavignyandCorrard'saccountcondemningdeChaumareysandSchmaltzfortheirincompetence,callousness,and
cowardiceachievedwidecirculationathomeandabroad.BonapartistsseizedonthetragedytoembarrasstheNavalMinistry'snepotisticcommandstructureandto
attackthemonarchy.DeChaumareyswastriedonfivecountsbutacquittedofabandoninghissquadron,offailingtorefloathisshipandsavehercargoofgold,andof
abandoningtheraft.HewasfoundguiltyofincompetentandcomplacentnavigationandofabandoningMedusabeforeallherpassengerswereoff.Thelastverdict
carriedthedeathpenalty,butDeChaumareyswassentencedtoonlythreeyearsinjail.ThetrialwaswidelydenouncedasawhitewashandconfirmationofBourbon
corruption,andby1818,publicopinionhadforcedtheresignationofGovernorSchmaltzandtheunprecedentedpassageoftheGouviondeSaintCyrlawlegislating
forthefirsttimeameritocracyintheFrenchmilitary.
PerhapsthebestknownlegacyoftheMedusashipwreck,though,wasapaintingbyThodoreGricault,firstexhibitedattheParisSaloninSeptember1819.
Popularlyknownas"TheRaftoftheMedusa,"thepaintingisentitledsimply"SceneofShipwreck"andportraysthesurvivorsatthemomentoftheirseeingsalvation
onthehorizonintheformoftheArgus.In1980,theremainsoftheshipitselfwereidentifiedbydiversontheArguinBanksome50kilometersoffthecoastof
Mauritania.
McKee,DeathRaft.Savigny&Corrard,NarrativeofaVoyagetoSenegal.Weeks,"NotesandNews."

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Medway
(exAmaBegonakoa)Bark(4m).L/B/D:300'43.2'24.8'(91.4m13.2m7.6m).Tons:2,516grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:62.Built:ArchibaldMcMillan&Co.,
Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland1902.
BuiltasacargocarryingtrainingshipfortheSpanishCompaniaSotayAnzar,AmaBegonakoawasownedinSpainbutregisteredatMontevideoandflewthe
Uruguayanflag.AfternineyearssailingforherSpanishUruguayanowners,shewassoldtotheBritishcompanyofDevitt&Mooretoaugmenttheirofficersail
trainingprogram,thencarriedoutinthefourmastedbarkPortJackson.RenamedMedwayandmannedbythirtytwoofficersandcrewandtwentytothirtycadets,
shesailedbetweenBritainandAustralia.FollowingthelossofPortJacksontoaGermanUboatinApril1917only180milesfromFastnet,Medwaywasrestricted
toroutesbetweenAustraliaandSouthAmerica.DespitetheimportanceattachedtohersailtrainingworkbybothDevitt&MooreandtheAdmiraltymostWorld
WarIeracadetsenteredtheRoyalNavalReservein1918theMinistryofShippingrequisitionedMedway.TakentoHongKong,shewascutdownforuseasan
oilbarge,thoughsheneversailedforthegovernmentinthatcapacity.In1920shewasreclassedasatwinscrewschoonerownedbytheAngloSaxonOilCompany.
RenamedMyrShelltwoyearslater,sheworkedasanoiltankerintheFarEastuntil1933,whenshewasbrokenupinJapan.
Course,PaintedPorts.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

USSMemphis(CA10)
(exTennessee)Tennesseeclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:504.4'72'25'(153.7m21.9m7.6m).Tons:13,712disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:887.Arm.:
410"(22),166",223",43pdr421"TT.Armor:5"belt,5"deck.Mach.:verticaltripleexpansion,23,000ihp,2screws22kts.Built:William
Cramp&SonsShipandEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1906.
Shortlyafterhercommissioning,USSTennesseemadethefirstoftwotripstoPanamaforpresidentialinspectionsofworkonthePanamaCanal,asescorttoUSS
LouisianaduringPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt'svisit.Onhersecondtrip,in191011,sheflewtheflagofPresidentWilliamHowardTaft.Inthemeantime,she
sailedwiththeSpecialServiceSquadroninFranceand,in190810,withthePacificFleet.InNovember1912,TennesseewasdispatchedtoSmyrna,Turkey,to
safeguardtheinterestsofAmericancitizensduringtheFirstBalkanWar.In1915,shesailedwiththeAmericanReliefExpeditiontoEurope,returningwithgoldfrom
theBankofEnglandforsafekeepinginCanada.
InJanuary1916,TennesseewassenttoHaitiatthestartofthenineteenyearU.S.occupationoftheislandnation.ThatMay,shewasrenamedMemphistorelease
thestate'snameforanewbattleship(BB43).Thenextmonth,MemphiswasdispatchedtotheDominicanRepublicatthestartoftheeightyearmilitaryoccupation
ofthatcountry.OnAugust29,shewasanchoredatSantoDomingowiththegunboatCastinewhentheCaribbeanwashitbyasubmarineearthquake.Atabout
1515,itwasnoticedthattheshipwasrollingheavilyintheanchorage.Evenaspreparationswereunderwaytogetsteamupandleavetheharbor,ahugeyellow
greenwaveestimatedat75feetinheightwasseenonthehorizon.Atabout1605,aboatreturningfromshorewascapsizedinthenowheavysurfinsidetheharbor
25ofthe31aboarddrowned.Castinetriedtobackdowntorescuesurvivors,butthesurfwastoohighandsheranfortheopensea.
AlthoughthesurfaceofthewateraroundMemphiswasunbroken,thehugeswellsburiedherforedeckundermassesofwaterunlikeanythingherofficersorcrewhad
everseen.At1635,theshipwashitbythreeseismicwavesinsuccession,thelastofwhich,about50feethigherthanthebridge(itself40feetabovethewaterline),
wrenchedtheshipabout100yardsfromheranchorage.Thetroughsofthewavesweresodeepthat,thoughthenormaldepthoftheanchoragewas55feet,
Memphishitbottomrepeatedly.Halfanhourlater,shecametorestontheshoreinonly12feetofwater.Hermassiveengineswereunseatedandherhullpunctured
andstovein.Inall,40ofhercrewwerekilledand204injured,butthesurvivorscountedthemselveslucky.
AcourtmartialfoundCaptainEdwardL.Beachguiltyof"failingtokeepsufficientsteamonhisvesseltogetunderway'onshortnotice.'"AfterWorldWarI,
SecretaryoftheNavyJosephusDanielsoverturnedBeach'spunishment.Hisdecisionhingedonthefactthat"thestorm[sic]whichoccasionedthelossofCaptain
Beach'svesselwasvolcanicinoriginandofsuchunusualseveritythatitmayproperlybeconsideredanactofGodwhichitwashumanlyimpracticabletoforeseeand
tomakeadequatepreparationtomeet."Inthemeantime,MemphishadbeenstrickenfromtheNavylist.Soldforscrapin1922,shewasnotbrokenupuntil1937.
(TheauthoritativeaccountofthedisasterwaswrittenbyCaptainBeach'ssonofthesamename.)
Beach,Wreckofthe"Memphis."

Mercator
Barkentine(3m).L/B/D:209.7'35'16.8'dph(63.9m10.7m5.1m).Tons:770grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:100.Mach.:aux.

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diesel1screw.Des.:G.L.WatsonLtd.Built:Ramage&FergusonLtd.,Leith,Eng.1932.
MercatorwasbuiltasasailtrainingshipfortheBelgiangovernmentwhichatthesametimecanceledthesubsidiesforL'AVENIR,forcingthesaleofthatshipto
HamburgAmerikaLinie.OnherfourdaymaidenvoyagefromLeithtoOstend,Mercatorlimpedintotheharborwithsaggingrigginganddownbytheheadasa
resultoffloodingofaforwardcompartment.Shehadoriginallybeenriggedasatopsailschooner,carryingaforecourse,singletopsail,andsingletopgallant,aswellas
aforeandaftforesail,butsheemergedfromrepairsataFrenchyardriggedasabarkentine,shornofherforesail,andgivendoubletopsailsandtopgallants.During
the1930s,shemadetwentysailtrainingvoyages,includingseveraltransatlanticruns.InFebruary1940,shecalledintheBelgianCongoenroutefromSouthAmerica.
AsGermanyhadjustinvadedBelgium,shewaskeptinWestAfricaandusedforhydrographicworkontheWestAfricancoast.TransferredtotheRoyalNavyfor
useasasubmarinedepotshipatSierraLeonein1943,shedidnotreturntoBelgiancontroluntil1948.Sheresumedsailtrainingin1951andkeptatitfortenyears,
whenshewasopenedasamuseumshipadministeredbytheBelgianTransportAuthority,firstatAntwerpandlateratOstend.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Meresteyn
Ship(3m).L:145'(44.2m).Tons:160lasten.Hull:wood.Comp.:200.Built:VOC,Amsterdam1693.
MeresteynwasatypicalDutchEastIndiaCompany(VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie,orVOC)shipbuiltfortradebetweentheNetherlandsandtheDutchEast
Indies.OnOctober4,1701,shesailedfromtheTexelboundforBatavia.Thepassageouttooklongerthanexpected,andbylateMarchfortyofthecrewweresoill
thatonApril3,1702,CaptainJanSubbinghputintoSaldanhaBayforfreshprovisionsratherthansailtheextra70milestotheDutchsettlementatCapeTown.After
anchoringoffJuttenIsland,theshipwassooncarriedshorewardbythestrongcurrent.Meresteyngroundedontherocksandsank,takingwithherfortyofher
complement,includingtwowomen,fivechildren,andSubbingh.Afewsurvivorsreachedthemainlandthenextdayandreturnedwithameagersupplyofwaterand
foodfortheninetyninesurvivors.Aweeklater,allbuttenofthecrewweretakenofftheislandbyareliefvessel,thoseremainingbeingassignedtolookforremains
oftheshipandhercargo,whichincludedsilverforthepurchaseofgoodsinAsia.
ThiseffortwasabandonedinMay,andMeresteyn'scargolayundisturbeduntildiversdiscoveredandsoldoffcoinsfromthewreckin1971.Asubsequentcollection
ofmorethan3,200ducatoonsandschellingsdatingfrombetween1583and1684wascatalogedandputupforauctionin1975.Otherfindsincludepistols,swords,
woodandglasscontainers,shoes,eatingutensils,andcarpenter'stools.
Marsden,"Meresteyn."

Meteor
Surveyship(1f/2m).L/B/D:233.2'33.5'13.1'(71.1m10.2m4m).Tons:1,504disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:138.Mach.:tripleexpansion,1,550ihp,2screws
11.5kts.Built:Reichsmarinewerft,Wilhelmshaven,Germany1924.
OneofthemostimportantoceanographicexpeditionsofthetwentiethcenturywasthatundertakeninthesurveyshipMeteor.LaiddownasanIltisclassgunboatand
launchedin1915,MeteorremainedincompleteattheendofWorldWarI.Withvigorousnavalbacking,Dr.AlfredMerzdevelopedaprogramforasystematic
descriptionofthemeteorological,chemical,andtopographicattributesoftheAtlanticOcean.Fittedwithabrigantinerigtoreducetherelianceonfuel,Meteorwas
completein1925,andtheexpeditiondepartedinApril1925.Unfortunately,Dr.MerzhadtobelandedinBuenosAireswherehelaterdiedofalungcondition.
Thereafter,theshiptraversedtheAtlanticOceanfourteentimestogenerateprofilesoftheoceanbetween20Nand55S.Workingat310hydrographicstations,her
scientistsused67,400echosoundingstomapthetopographyoftheoceanfloorandmade9,400measurementsoftemperature,salinity,andchemicalcontentat
varyingdepths.Analysisofthelatterestablishedthepatternofoceanwatercirculation,nutrientdispersal,andplanktongrowth.Theexpeditionwasalsothefirstto
makeextensivestudiesofsurfaceevaporation.
AfterherreturntoGermanyin1927,Meteorwasusedforresearchandfisheriesprotection.AfterWorldWarII,shewastakenoverbytheSovietUnionand
renamedEkvator.Aslateas1972,shewasstillinserviceasabarracksshipintheBaltic.
Grner,GermanWarships.Spiess,"Meteor"Expedition.

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MeteorIII
(laterNordstern,Aldebaran)Gafftopsailschooner(2m).L/B/D:161'27'16'(49.1m8.2m4.9m).Tons:412disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:52.Des.:H.G.
Barber,A.CarySmith.Built:Townsend&DowneyS.&R.Co.,Shooter'sIsland,N.Y.1902.
Germany'sKaiserWilhelmIIwasamaternalgrandsonofBritain'sQueenVictoria,andfromthissideofhisfamily,heinheritedanenduringloveofthingsmaritime.
ThiswasmanifestinhissupportofAdmiralAlfredvonTirpitz'sexpansionandmodernizationoftheGermanNavy,aswellasinhisloveofyachting.Between1887
and1914,WilhelmboughtorbuiltfiveexceptionalyachtsallnamedMeteorwhichheracedvigorouslyagainstthefinestBritish,Continental,andAmerican
yachtsmenoftheday.HiscompetitivezealatCowesRegattaWeeksoirkedhisunclethePrinceofWalesthatthefutureEdwardVIIgaveupracingaltogetherand
soldhisyachtBRITANNIA.
Wilhelm'sfirstMeteor(exThistle)wasBritishbuilt,aswasthesecond.MeteorIII,theonlyoneofthefivebuiltintheUnitedStates,waschristenedbyAlice
RooseveltLongworth.Herfather,PresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,toppedthelistof3,000attendees(allineveningdressforthe1030launching),whichincluded
Vanderbilts,Morgans,andRockefellers.Amongtheschooner'srefinementswereanImperialbedroomsuite,twosaloons(oneforladies),andadiningroomthat
seatedtwentyfour.InemulationoftheCowesRegatta,WilhelmhadinitiatedasimilarfunctionatKiel,andin1904,hewasasarroganttohisguestsasheeverhad
beentohisuncle.Inthefirstraceofthe1904series,MeteorIIIwassailinginafleetoffifteenyachts,includingMortonF.Plant'sIngomar,captainedbyCharlie
Barr.Atthestartoftherace,theAmericanboatbegantoovertakeMeteorIIIonthestarboardtack,buttheKaiserrefusedtogiveway."Closerandcloserthe
yachtscametogether,"recordedBrookeAnthonyHeckstallSmith,whowassailingintheafterguard.
OurgiganticOregonbowspritwaspointingstraightattheMeteor'sbow...Therewasafinebreezewehadeverystitchofcanvason,includingthejibtopsail...Itwasasilent,
tense,andterriblemoment.ThenBarr'svoicerangouttome:"Mr.Smith,Rule!"ItwasmydutytodeclaretheRuleinatightplaceBarrknewitaswellasIdid,butitwasadefinite
agreementbetweenusthattheresponsibilitywasmine."Ingomar,right!"Irepliedinstantly."Mr.Robinson,whatamItodo?"shoutedBarr.[CharlesRobinson,ViceCommodore
oftheNewYorkYachtClub,wasIngomar'sracingskipper.]''Holdon!"cameCharlie'sinstantdecision...Iwaspreparedforadeuceofacrash.IheardoldMortonF.Plantshout
tohisfriendwhowasrepresentinghim:"ByGod,Charlie,you'retheboy.I'llgivewaytonoman!"
Atthatmoment,theMeteor'shelmwasputdown.Ourbowspritwaswithinthreefeetofherrigging.Ourhelmwasjammeddownhardalso,asquicklyasthewheelwouldturn.
Bothvesselsrangedalongsideoneanotherastheyshotintothewind.

AftertheraceWilhelmwascompelledtoapologizeforhispoorsportsmanship.
TheKaisergrewtiredofMeteorIIIafterfiveyears.Finallyconfidentofnativenavalarchitecture,heorderedMeteorIV,thefirstofhisyachtsdesigned,built,and
crewedentirelybyGermans.MeteorVwasbuiltjustbeforeWorldWarI.Inthemeantime,MeteorIIIwassoldtoDr.CarlDietrichHarries,theinventorofsynthetic
rubber,whorenamedherNordsternandinstalledadieselengine.SheremainedinGermanhandsuntilafterWorldWarI,whenMauriceBunauVarilla,partowner
oftheFrenchnewspaperLeMatin,boughtherandrenamedherPaysdeFranceII.BunauVarillasoldhertotheItalianrayonking,BaronAlbertoFassini,who
renamedherAldebaranandkeptherfrom1926to1932,whenhesoldhertohisFrenchcounterpart,EdmondGillet.Thelatterhadnoenthusiasmforyachtsand
quicklysoldhertotheLondonbasedAmericanFrancisTaylor.Anexperiencedsteamyachtsman,TaylorsoenjoyedsailinghisrefurbishedyachtintheEnglish
Channelduringthewinterof1934thathewentonafiveyearcruisingvacationinthePacific.
In1939,thefuturemoviestarSterlingHaydentookanoptionontheboatwithaviewtostartingasailingschoolbasedinBoston.Followingabadstorm,heputinto
Charleston,SouthCarolina,andTaylortookherback.Aldebaranchangedhandsseveralmoretimes,windingupwiththeWarShippingAdministrationin1942.
Evenwiththewartimeshippingemergencyshewentunusedandlanguishedatherbirthplace,Shooter'sIsland,until1946,whenshewasboughtforscrapbyaStaten
Islandshipbreaker,JohnJ.Witte.
HeckstallSmith,SacredCowes.Ross,"WhereAreTheyNow?"

Mikasa
Predreadnoughtbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:432'76'27'(131.7m23.2m8.3m).Tons:15,440disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:773.Arm.:412.2"(22),14
6.1",207.6cm,1247mm518"TT.Armor:9"belt,3"deck.Mach.:verticaltripleexpansion,15,000ihp,2screws18kts.Built:VickersSons&Maxim,
BarrowinFurness,Eng.1896.

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JapanbeganexpandingitsNavyintheearly1890s,turningfirsttoFranceandlaterEnglandforlargewarshipsforwhichitdidnothavetheindustrialcapacity.In1893
and1894,thenavyorderedsixbattleshipsfromBritishyards,thelargestofwhichwasMikasa,ashipsimilarindesigntoBritain'sownMajesticclassbattleships
and,forafewmonthsafterherbuilding,thelargestwarshipintheworld.AlthoughtheoriginalimpetusforJapan'smilitarybuilduphadbeenfrictionwithChina,Japan
defeatedChinaattheBattleoftheYaluin1894andwentontooccupyKoreaand,briefly,PortArthurinManchuria.Forcedtorelinquishthisnavalbasebypressure
fromEuropeancountries,JapanwasgalledwhenRussiaoccupiedtheLiaotungPeninsulaandPortArthur(Lshun,China)in1898.
OnFebruary8,1904,MikasawasAdmiralHeihachiroTogo'sflagshipduringtheJapanesesurpriseattackbydestroyersontheRussianFarEasternFleetatPort
Arthur.Thiswasfollowedthenextdaybyabombardmentoftheport,duringwhichMikasawashitseveraltimes.Althoughonlythreeofeighteentorpedoeshittheir
targets,theRussianshadlosttheinitiative.OnAugust10,AdmiralVitgeftattemptedabreakouttoVladivostok,ontheSeaofJapanoppositeHokkaido.Although
Mikasawashittwentythreetimesandhadtoundergoextensiverepairs,theBattleoftheYellowSeawasacleardefeatfortheRussians.Vitgeftwaskilledwhenhis
flagshipTsarevichwashitbya12inchshell,andtheRussianfleetquicklyretiredtoPortArthurindisorder.(TsarevichescapedtotheGermanoccupiedportof
Tsingtao,whereshewasinterned.)InDecember,theJapanesetookPortArthurfromthelandwardside,andbytheendofJanuary1905,theRussianshadlostall
sevenbattleshipsoftheFarEasternFleet.
Meanwhile,inSeptember1904AdmiralZinoviPetrovichRozhestvenskyhadleftKronstadtwiththeBalticFleetatthestartofan18,000milevoyageroundtheCape
ofGoodHopetoVladivistok.AshisfleetsteamedthroughthenarrowKoreaStraitonMay27,1905,theywereattackedbytheJapanesefleetneartheislandof
Tsushima.Rozhestvensky'sforceincludedfournewandfourolderbattleships,fourcoastdefenseships,andsixcruisers(includingAURORA).Togohadonlyfour
battleships,twoarmoredcruisers,andsixcruisers.ButwhattheJapaneselackedinnumberstheymadeupforinspeed,experience,andmorale.
Togousedhisbattleships'sixknotsuperiorityinspeedtooutflanktheRussianfleet,concentratingfirstontheflagship.KniazSuvarovwasquicklyknockedoutof
lineandeventuallysank.Withinfivehours,thenewbattleshipsImperatorAlexanderIIIandBorodinowerealsosunkwiththelossofallbutoneoftheir1,692crew,
whileOrelwascaptured.TotalRussianlossesincludedtenshipssunk(includingsixbattleships)andfourcapturedthreeshipswereinternedandoneescaped.The
Japaneselostnoships.MikasawashitthirtytwotimesbyRussianshellsbutsufferedonlyeightdead.
OnSeptember12,amagazineexplosionkilled114ofMikasa'screwandlefthersunkathermoorings.InAugust1906,shewasrefloated,butherfightingdayswere
over.OnSeptember20,1923,shewasstrickenfromthelistofcommissionedshipsandpreservedasamemorial.AttheendofWorldWarII,shewasstrippedof
herfittingsinacompromisebetweentheUSSR,whowantedherscrapped,andtheUnitedStates.Fifteenyearslater,shewasrestoredasamemorialatYokosuka,
thanksinlargeparttohelpofferedbyAdmiralChesterNimitz,USN.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Heine,HistoricShipsoftheWorld.

Mischief
BristolChannelpilotcutter(1m).L/B/D:45'13'7.5'(13.7m4m2.3m).Tons:29Thamesmeasurement.Hull:wood.Comp.:5.Mach.:aux.Built:Thomas
Baker,Cardiff,Wales1906.
BuiltforworkintheBristolChannelofsouthwestEngland,pilotcutterMischiefwasownedbyWilliam"BillytheMischief"Morganforfifteenyearsbeforehesoldher
andshebecameayacht,anotuncommonfateforsuchhandsome,sturdycraft.Shechangedhandstentimesbefore1954,atwhichtimeshewaspurchasedbyMajor
H.WilliamTilman.Theveteranmountaineerandexplorerwasnoordinaryyachtsman.HisfirstvoyageinMischiefwaswithasmallcrewona20,000milevoyageto
ValparaisoviatheStraitofMagellan.TheyearafterreturningtoLymington(whoserivercomprisedtheonlywatersforwhichTilmanfeltitwasnecessarytocarry
insurance),TilmansailedaroundAfricaviaBrazil,SouthAfrica,theComoros,Suez,andGibraltar.In195960MischiefsailedforthesouthernIndianOcean,where
hernameisrememberedinMountMischiefintheCrozetIslands,andinCapMischief,KerguelenIsland.
Inthenextthreeseasons,TilmansailedMischieftoWestGreenland,exploringBaffinBayandLancasterSoundandnamingMountMischiefoverlookingBaffin
Island'sExeterSound.Whenin1963Mischiefwascondemnedforlongvoyages,TilmanhadherframesdoubledandthensailedhertwicetoEastGreenland.In
1966,theyheadedsouthagain,throughtheStraitofMagellantoPuntaArenas,thenontotheSouthShetlandand

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SouthGeorgiaIslands.HernextvoyageprovedherlastafterstopsintheFaeroeIslandsandAkureyri,MischiefstrandedonJanMayenIsland.Takenintow,she
sank30mileseastofJanMayen.ThoughTilman"feltlikeonewhohadfirstbetrayedandthendesertedastrickenfriend,"thenextyearhewasbackatseainthe
1899pilotcutterSeabreeze.Threeyearslatershewaslostinanaccidentthelessonofwhichwas"nottomessaboutinGreenlandfjordswithoutanengine,especially
whentheyarefullofice."Aftertwoseasonswiththe1902pilotcutterBaroque,Tilmanretiredfromtheseaatageseventyseven.
Tilman,IcewithEverythingMischiefGoesSouthMischiefinGreenlandMischiefinPatagoniaMostlyMischief.

USSMississippi
Mississippiclasssidewheelsteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:229'40'(66.5'ew)21.8'(69.8m12.2m(20.1m)6.6m).Tons:3,220disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:257.
Arm.:210",88".Mach.:sideleverengines,700nhp,sidewheels11kts.Des.:JohnLenthall,Hartt&Humphries.Built:PhiladelphiaNavyYard1841.
OneofthefirstsidewheelsteamfrigatesorderedfortheU.S.Navy,USSMississippiwasbuiltunderthepersonalsupervisionofCommodoreMatthewPerry,
formerlycommanderofUSSFultonIIandastrongadvocateofsteampropulsion.Riggedasabark,Mississippiwasusedextensivelytotesttheutilityofsteamfor
navaloperations.Aswithallpaddlefrigates,hergreatestdeficiencywasthattheplacementofherpaddlesinterferedwiththeguns,andherengineswerevulnerableto
enemyfire.
In1845shesailedasPerry'sflagshipintheWestIndianSquadronduringtheMexicanWar,andshetookpartintheblockadeofMexicanGulfandCaribbeancoast
ports,aswellasinthecaptureofVeraCruz,Tuxpan,andTabascoin1847.Withthereturnofpeace,MississippicruisedintheMediterraneanfrom1849to1851.
CallingatConstantinopleinthelatteryear,sheembarkedHungariannationalistLajosKossuthandfiftyfugitivesfromtheAustriangovernment,andreturnedtothe
UnitedStates.
PlacedoncemoreunderPerry'scommand,in1852shesailedfortheFarEastwithhismission,whichwaschargedspecificallywithopeningtradewithJapan.Hisfirst
visittoEdo(Tokyo)inJulyservedtoawetheJapanesewithhis"blackships"(theotherwasUSSSusquehanna)thefirststeamshipstovisitJapan.Perryreturned
thefollowingyearandconcludedtheTreatyofKanagawaonMarch31,1854.ExceptforavisittotheUnitedStatesin185556,MississippiremainedintheOrient
until1860,supportingFrenchandBritishvesselsinthebombardmentofTakuonJune25,1859,andlandingmarinestoprotectU.S.interestsatShanghaiinAugust.
MississippireturnedtoBostonin1860,andremainedthereuntilassignedtoblockadedutyoffKeyWestinJune1861.JoiningFlagOfficerDavidG.Farragut'sfleet
fortheassaultonNewOrleans,onApril7,1863,shebecamethelargestvesseltocrossthebaroftheriverwhosenameshebore.AstheUnionfleetranpastForts
JacksonandSt.Philip,MississippidestroyedCSSManassasbeforeproceedingtoNewOrleanswheresheremaineduntil1863.Farragutthenorderedhertotake
partintherunpastPortHudson,thelargestConfederatefortbelowVicksburg,incompanywiththescrewsteamersUSSHARTFORD,MONONGAHELA,and
Richmond.OnMarch14,1863,shehadjustpassedPortHudsonwhensheranaground.StillwithinrangeoftheConfederatebatteries,shecameunderdevastating
firethatkilled64ofhercrew.Despiteeffortsofhiscrewandofficers,includinghisexecutiveofficerGeorgeDewey,CaptainMelancthonSmithorderedhersetafire
andabandoned.
Anderson,BySeaandbyRiver.Hagan,ThisPeople'sNavy.Perry,NarrativeoftheExpeditionofanAmericanSquadrontotheChinaSeasandJapan.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSMissouri(BB63)
Iowaclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:887.3'108.2'34.8'(270.4m33m8.8m).Tons:57,430disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,795.Arm.:916"(33),20
5",8040mm,4920mm.Armor:13.5"belt,6.2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,212,000shp,4screws33kts.Built:NewYorkNavyYard,Brooklyn,N.Y.
1944.
Thefourthshipofthename,USSMissouriwasthelastbattleshipcommissionedintheU.S.Navy.MissourireachedtheCarolineIslandsinJanuary1945,andthe
nextmonthjoinedTaskForce58forraidsontheJapanesehomeislands.AftergunfiresupportoperationsduringthelandingsonIwoJima,againstshorepositions
southofTokyo,andagainstpositionsonOkinawa,MissouribecameflagshipofAdmiralWilliamF.Halsey,Jr.FollowingtheannouncementoftheJapanese
surrender,MissourisailedintoTokyoBayonAugust29.There,onSeptember2,AlliedandJapaneserepresentatives,includingGeneraloftheArmyandSupreme
AlliedCommanderinthePacificDouglasMacArthur,FleetAdmiralChesterNimitz,AdmiralSirBruceFraser,RN,andForeignMinisterMamoruShigemitsu,signed
theformalarticlesofsurrenderendingWorldWarII.

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Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
Itwasaclosecall,butgunnersaboardUSSMISSOURImanaged
tosplashthisJapanesekamikazebeforeithittheirship,April28,
1945.Fourmonthslater,WorldWarIIcametoanendwhen,on
September2,Japan'sForeignMinisterMamoruShigemitsusigned
surrendertermsonthedeckofthe"MightyMo"inTokyoBay.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

TransferredtotheAtlanticFleet,inthespringof1946MissourisailedforIstanbulbearingtheremainsofthelateTurkishAmbassadorMehmetMunirErtegun.From
thereshecalledatPiraeusinademonstrationofU.S.supportforantiCommunistforcesduringtheGreekCivilWar.In1947,MissourisailedforRiodeJaneiro,
wheretheRioTreatywassignedonherdecksandPresidentHarryS.TrumanembarkedforhisreturntotheUnitedStates.OnJanuary17,1950,theonlyU.S.
battleshipincommissionlefttheHamptonRoadsNavyYardafterrepairsandgroundednearOldPointComfort,wheresheremainedfastfortwoweeks.
MissourididtwotoursofdutyinKorea,fromSeptember1950toMarch1951andSeptember1952toMarch1953,providinggunfiresupportforUNground
forcesonthepeninsula.Decommissionedin1955,the"MightyMo"remainedinreserveuntil1982,whensheandhersistershipsIOWA,NewJersey,and
WisconsinwerereactivatedduringPresidentRonaldReagan'sdefensebuildup.Aftermodernization,shemountedonlytwelve5inchgunsandthetwenty40
millimeterquadmountswereremovedthe20millimeterantiaircraftgunshadbeentakenoutinthe1950s.ThenewarmamentconsistedoffourVulcanPhalanx20
millimeterGatlingguns,fourquadrupleHarpoonantishipmissiles,andeightquadrupleTomahawkarmoredboxlaunchers.MissouriandWisconsinsawactionduring
thePersianGulfWarin1991,butthePentagonlaterdeterminedthattheshipswereprohibitivelyexpensive,andtheyweredecommissionedintheearly1990s.Asof
1997,MissouriwasslatedtoopenasamuseumshipatFordIsland,PearlHarbor.
Stillwell,Battleship"Missouri."

Mogami
Mogamiclasscruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:661'59.1'18.1'(201.5m18m5.5m).Tons:11,169disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:850.Arm.:108"(52),85",8
25mm1221"TT3aircraft.Armor:2.5"belt,2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,90,000shp,4screws33kts.Built:KaigunKosho,Kure,Japan1937.
ThefirstoffourMogamiclasscruiserslaiddownunderthetermsoftheLondonNavalTreaty,Mogamiandherthreesistershipsweredesignedwithfifteen6.1inch
gunsintripleturrets.Thesewerereplacedbyten8.1inchgunsin1939intwinturrets,butfollowingherneardestructionattheBattleofMidwayinJune1942,the
twoafterturretswereremovedtomakewayforanincreasednumberoffloatplanes.AtthestartofWorldWarIIinthePacific,MogamiwaspartofRearAdmiral
TakeoKurita's

Page340

Imagenotavailable.
Americanflyersinflictedtremendousdamageonthe
MOGAMIattheBattleofMidwayinJune1942.
Incredibly,theJapaneseheavycruisermadeithome
andreturnedtoactiveduty.Thebattlescarredveteran
wasfinallysunkattheBattleofLeyteGulf,October
1944.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

7thCruiserSquadronintheSouthChinaSea.FromDecember1941throughApril1942,shehelpedcoverJapan'seastwardmovementthroughlandingsinMalaysia,
Java,Sumatra,andtheAndamanIslands.OnFebruary29,1942,shetookpartintheBattleoftheSundaStraitduringwhichHMASPERTHandUSSHOUSTON
weresunk,andinearlyApril,sheraidedmerchantshippinginconjunctionwithoperationsagainstCeylon.
OnMay27,MogamisailedfromGuamaspartofthecoveringforcefortheinvasionofMidway.OnJune5,1942,sheandhersistershipMikumacollidedwhile
tryingtoevadesubmarineUSSTambor,andthenextdaytheywereattackedbyAmericandivebombersfromUSSENTERPRISEandYORKTOWN.Mikuma
wassunk,butdespitehorrendousdamage,Mogami,underCaptainSato,escapedtoTruk.Shesawnoactionforthenextyear,butonNovember3,1943,
refurbishedMogamihadjustenteredRabaul,NewGuinea,whenshewasbombedbyplanesfromUSSSARATOGAandPRINCETON.
Thenextspring,shewaspartoftheJapanesefleetassembledatTawiTawiforOperationAGO,thedefenseoftheMarianaIslands.Thisculminatedinthe
disastrousBattleofthePhilippineSeaonJune19,1944,whenJapanlostmorethan400planesandaviators.OnOctober22,1944,MogamisailedaspartofVice
AdmiralShojiNishimura'sSouthernForceattheBattleofLeyteGulf.OnthenightofOctober24,battleshipsYamshiroandFUSO,Mogami,andfourdestroyers
enteredSurigaoStrait.TheyevadedaseriesofPTboatattacks,butat0200thenextmorning,CaptainJesseG.Cowards'sDestroyerSquadron(Desron)54
launchedatorpedoattackinwhichFUSOwasblownupandsunk.Thiswasfollowedat0353byaneruptionofheavygunfirefromRearAdmiralJesseB.
Oldendorf'sbattleshipsUSSWestVirginia,Tennessee,CALIFORNIA,Maryland,Mississippi,andPennsylvania,whichhadcrossedthe"T"oftheJapanese
advance.Mogamiwheeledalmostimmediately,onlytobehitbycruiserPortland.Assheretiredtothesouth,accompaniedbydestroyerShigure,Mogamicollided
withNishimura'sbattleshipNachi.Laterthatmorning,"burninglikeacityblock,"shecameunderrenewedfirefromAmericancruisersandfoughtoffaPTboat
attack.At0845,underattackfromdivebombersintheMindanaoSea,thecruiserfinallysankin940'N,12450'E.
Rohwer&Hummelchen,ChronologyoftheWaratSea.Whitley,CruisersofWorldWarTwo.

MolassesReefWreck
L/B:ca.6.3'19.7'(19m6m).Tons:ca.100.Hull:wood.Arm.:2bombardetas.Built:Spain(?)ca.1510.
OneoftheoldestknownshipwrecksintheAmericasisthatofanearlysixteenthcenturyvesselthatsankonMolassesReefintheCaicosIslands.Theotherwise
unidentifiedSpanishvesselisthoughttohavegonedownwithintwentyyearsofChristopherColumbus'sfirstvoyagetotheAmericas.Whilethesurvivingmaterialof
thewreckisspreadoverawiderarea,thepileofballaststonesmeasured11.5metersby3metersandwasabouthalfameterdeep.Originallythoughttobethe
remainsofColumbus'sPINTA,thesitewasfirstidentifiedbyatreasurehuntinggrouplicensedtoexaminethesitebythegovernmentofTurksandCaicos.
ArchaeologistsfromTexasA&M'sInstituteofNauticalArchaeologybeganexcavationin1982,butnotbeforetreasureseekershadusedexplosivestoloosen
artifacts.Archaeologistsfoundpartsofsixstrakesandlocatedtwentyfourframesorframepositions.Hardwarefindsincludedironboltsandnails,threerudder
gudgeons,andvariousriggingfittings.Inadditiontherewereseventeenpiecesofartillery,100ceramicfragments,andananchor.Basedonananalysisoftheremains,
includingtheweightoftheballast,ithasbeenestimatedthattheshiphadacapacityofabout100tons,withalengthofabout19metersandabeamof6meters,and
thattheshipwasbuilteitherinSpainorbyshipwrightsworkinginastylecommontoSpainatthetime.
Keithetal.,"MolassesReefWreck."Oertling,"MolassesReefWreckHullAnalysis."

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SMSMoltke
Moltkeclassbattlecruiser.L/B/D:612'96.4'30.2'(186.6m29.4m9.2m).Tons:25,400disp.Comp.:1,158.Hull:steel.Arm.:1011.2"(52),126",
128.8cm420"TT.Armor:10.8"belt,2"deck.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,85,782shp,3screws28.4kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1911.
Commissionedin1911,SMSMoltkewasnamedforFrancoPrussianWarheroHelmuthvonMoltkeshewasalsoasistershipofSMSGOEBEN.PartofRear
AdmiralFranzvonHipper'sFirstScoutingGroup,MoltketookpartintheDecember16,1914,shorebombardmentofHartlepoolandWhitby.Shewasalsoatthe
BattleoftheDoggerBankonJanuary24,1915,butescapedtheengagementrelativelyunscathed.DuringtheGermancampaigntoclosetheGulfofRiga,Moltke
wastorpedoedonAugust19bytheBritishsubmarineE1.Damagewasslight,andthenextmonthMoltkewasflagshipofViceAdmiralEhrhardSchmidt'staskforce
inOperationAlbion,toseizeRussia'sselandMoonIslands.
MoltkenextsawactionattheBattleofJutlandonMay31,1916.DuringthebattlecruiseractionwithViceAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'sBattleCruiserFleet,Moltke
tookseveralhits,includingone15inchshell,butwastheleastdamagedoftheGermancruisers,andHippertransferredhisflagtoMoltkeafterthelossofLTZOW.
IntheGermanNavy'slastsortieofthewar,April24,1918,MoltkewaspartofanunsuccessfultaskforcesenttointerceptaconvoysailingfromNorwaytoBritain.
OnthereturnfromtheNorwegiancoast,MoltkewastorpedoedbytheBritishsubmarineE42,butshelimpedbacktoport.InternedatScapaFlowonNovember
21,1918,shewasscuttledthereonJune21,1919.RaisedonJune10,1927,MoltkewasbrokenuptwoyearslateratRosyth.
Grner,GermanWarships.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

USSMonitor
Monitor.L/B/D:179'41.5'10.5'(54.6m12.6m3.2m).Tons:987disp.Comp.:49.Arm.:211"(21).Armor:4.5"belt,8"turret.Hull:iron.Mach.:
vibratingleverengines,320ihp,1screw6kts.Des.:JohnEricsson.Built:ContinentalIronWorks,GreenPoint,N.Y.(hull),NoveltyIronWorks,NewYork
(turret),andDelamater&Co.,NewYork(engine)1862.
ShortlyafterthestartoftheCivilWar,U.S.NavySecretaryGideonWelleslearnedofConfederateplanstoraisethehullofUSSMerrimac,whichFederalforces
hadburnedandsunkintheirflightfromNorfolk'sGosportNavyYard,andtoconvertitintoanironclad.Tocounterthethreatposedbysuchavessel,heauthorized
researchintothefeasibilityofanarmoredsteamshipcladineitherironorsteel.DespitethefactthattheFrenchandBritishhadalreadycommissionedLAGLOIRE
andHMSWARRIOR,respectively,mostAmericannavalarchitectsofthedayconsideredtheprojectimpracticable."Noironcladvesselofequaldisplacement[toa
woodenvessel],"theyargued,"canbemadetoobtainthesamespeedasonenotthusencumbered."Welles'sadvisoryboardnonethelessproposedthatthree
differentdesignsbetriedtwobroadsideironclads,whichbecameUSSNEWIRONSIDESandthepoorlyarmoredGalena,andonewitharevolvingturret.
JohnEricssonhaddesignedsuchavesselforNapoleonIIIduringtheCrimeanWar.AlthoughtheinventorhadwashedhishandsofanyinvolvementwiththeU.S.
NavyfollowingitstreatmentofhimafterthetragicexplosionaboardUSSPRINCETONin1844,hiscolleagueCorneliusS.Bushnell(thenbuildingGalena)
introducedEricssontoWelles.WellestheninvitedEricssontoWashingtontopresenthismodeltoPresidentAbrahamLincolnandtheNavyboard.OnOctober4,
1861,hewasgivenacontractfortheship,withthestipulationthatallmoniesberefundedtotheNavyifconstructionwerenotcompletedin100days.Inthecourse
ofherconstruction,Ericssonreportedlydevisednolessthanfortypatentableinventions.Healsochosethename,assertingthat"totheLordsoftheAdmiraltythenew
craftwillbeamonitor,suggestingdoubtsastotheproprietyofcompletingthosefoursteelships"(harmlessblockaderunners)hewasamasterofself
promotionthenbuildingfortheConfederacyinEnglishyards.
Thefinishedproductwasrevolutionaryintheextreme.Theironvesselconsistedoftwoparts,ahull(122feetby34feet)uponwhichrestedaniron"raft"(172feetby
41feet),thedualfunctionofwhichwastoprotectthehullfromrammingandtoprovidethevesselwithstabilityinaseaway.Withinthehullwerelivingspacesfor41
crew,anengineroom(wherethetemperaturereportedlyreached178F/81C),andstoragespacesforcoalandammunition.Visuallyandtechnologically,Monitor's
mostdistinguishingfeaturewastherotatingturret,builtupofeightlayersofoneinchironplateandmeasuring20feetindiameterand9feethigh.Mountedonasteam
poweredspindle,thecircularturretmountedtwo7tonDahlgrensmoothboreguns.Alsoprotrudingfromthedeckweretwoventilationpipesandtwofunnelsaft,and
forwardapilothousewith9incharmor.Shewasthefirstwarshipbuiltwithoutriggingorsails.
LaiddownonOctober25,1861,andlaunchedJanuary30,1862,USSMonitorwascommissionedonFebruary25underLieutenantJohnL.Worden.Itwas
originallyin

Page342

Imagenotavailable.
ACurrierandIveslithographshowing"TheTerrificCombatBetweentheMONITOR2
GunsandMERRIMAC10Guns:Thefirstbetweenironcladshipsofwar,inHampton
Roads,March9,1862,inwhichthelittleMONITORwhippedtheMERRIMACandthe
whole'school'ofrebelsteamers."Atfarleft,theUSSMINNESOTAatfarright,the
Rebelsteamers.CourtesyU.S.NavalAcademy,Annapolis,Maryland.

Imagenotavailable.
Ageneralplanofthe"ironcladsteamer"USSMONITOR"deducedfromtheoriginal
drawingsofCapt.JohnEricssonandfromactualmeasurementstakenfromtheactual
vessel."Thebarrelsoftheeleveninchgunscanbeseeninthecenterturret,whichis
almostasdeepasthehull.Theshipwasconnedfromthesmallerforwardturret,
accessedviaaladder.Themachinery,aft,ledtoasinglepropeller.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

tendedthatMonitorwouldjoinFlagOfficerDavidG.Farragut'sWestGulfBlockadingSquadronatNewOrleans,butFarragutsailedbeforeshewasready.Instead,
shewassenttoWashington,D.C.,leavingNewYorkonMarch6intowofthescrewsteamerSethLow.Twodayslater,sheenteredChesapeakeBayjustasCSS
VIRGINIAtheformerMerrimacwasattackingthewoodenUSSCONGRESSandCUMBERLANDinHamptonRoads.Thatnight,CaptainMorston,the
seniorofficeratHamptonRoads,orderedMonitortoassistthebeleagueredUSSMinnesota.
OnthemorningofMay9,asVirginiaapproachedtofinishoffthegroundedfrigate,Monitorslippedoutoftheshadowofthelargershiptochallengethe
Confederateironclad.MonitorandVirginiabattledeachotherforfourhoursbutneitherwasabletoinflictseriousdamageontheother.Wordenusedhisship's
superiormaneuverabilitytoavoidrammingandshellingbyhisadversary,butevensoherturretwashittwentyfourtimes.Thetwoshipswerewellmatched,and
althoughVirginiawashardagroundforanhour,Monitor'sandMinnesota'sshotcouldnotpenetrateherironplate.Atabout1130,fragmentsfromoneofVirginia's
shotflewthroughtheeyeslitofMonitor'spilothouse.ThepartiallyblindedWordenorderedgunneryofficerLieutenantS.D.GreenetotakeMonitorintoshallow
waters,whichhedidfortyfiveminuteslater.Virginiaalsobrokeofftheengagement,andsothefirstbattlebetweenironcladshipsended,andwithittheageofthe
woodenfightingship.
AslongasVirginiaremainedincommission,theUnionhadnochoicebuttoleaveMonitorwhereshewasasadeterrent.TheConfederateswereforcedtodestroy
theirironcladonMay11whentheyabandonedNorfolkinthefaceofGeneralGeorgeMcClellan'soffensiveuptheYorktownPeninsulatowardsRichmond.In
companywithUSSGalenaandNaugatuck,Monitorthenproceededup

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theJamesRivertoDrury'sBluff,abouteightmilesbelowtheConfederatecapital.TheirwaystoppedbyobstructionsintheriverandheavyConfederateartillery,the
ironcladswithdrewonMay13.Monitorremainedinthevicinitythroughtheendoftheyear,coveringtheUnionretreataftertheSevenDaysBattleinJuneand
servingonblockadedutyatHamptonRoadsthereafter.
OnDecember29,USSRhodeIslandtowedheroutofHamptonRoadsboundfortheblockadeoffWilmington,NorthCarolina.Atabout0130onDecember31,
1862,MonitorfounderedinastormoffCapeHatteras,takingwithherfourofficersandtwelvecrew.Herexactlocationremainedunknownuntilscientistsaboardthe
researchshipEastwardlocatedherremainsonAugust27,1973.DesignatedaNationalMarineSanctuaryin1975,Monitorliesin225feetofwateratabout35N,
7523'E,sixteenmilessouthsoutheastofCapeHatterasLight.
Cox&Jehle,IroncladIntruder.Delgado,SymbolofAmericanIngenuity.Miller,USSMonitor.Nash,"CivilWarLegendExamined."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Monkbarns
Ship(3m).L/B/D:267'40.121.5(91.4m12.2m6.6m)Tons:1,771grt.Hull:steel.Built:ArchibaldMcMillan&Son,Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland1895.
BuiltforD.CorsarandSonsofLiverpoolforgeneraltrading,Monkbarns(aScottishplacename)hadanunusualrig,settingdoubletopgallantsonherforeand
mainmast,butasingletopgallantonhermizzen.UnderCorsar'sFlyingHorseLineshewasputtothetestonmorethanoneoccasion,mostnotablyin1904,whenshe
wascaughtinicesouthofCapeHornforsixtythreedayswhileenroutetoSanFrancisco.In1911MonkbarnswassoldtoJohnStewart&Companyforwhomshe
carriedavarietyofcargo,includingnitrates,grain,andcement.InNovember1914shepassedAdmiralGrafvonSpee'sfleetjustbeforetheBattleofCoronel,where
theGermanfleetsankHMSGOODHOPEandMonmouth.ThefollowingspringshewasonlyfivemilesfromRMSLUSITANIAwhenthepassengerlinerwas
torpedoedonApril12,1915.Monkbarnssailedon,hercrewsurethatanydelaywouldresultintheirsinking,too.(Wellover200Britishsailingshipsweresunk
duringWorldWarI,andby1919therewereonlyfoursailingshipsstillundertheBritishflag.)Despitethewar,Monkbarnsherselffrequentlymistakenforthe
GermanraiderSEEADLERcontinuedintrade,returningtwicetoBritain.In1917,shesailedfromAustraliaforNewYorkwithflourfortheU.S.Navy.Duringthe
trip,eightofthecrewrefuseddutyonthegroundsthatthefoodwasinadequate.CaptainJamesDonaldson(ageseventysix)putintoRiodeJaneiroflyingthesignal
"ThecrewhavemutiniedandthreatenedtokilltheCaptain."SixofthecrewwerebroughttotrialaboardHMSArmadaleCastle,andfiveweresentencedtojail
beforetheshipcontinuedonherway.
TherewaslittleworkforMonkbarnsduringthe1920s,andshemadeonlytwovoyagesoutfromEurope,punctuatedbytwoandahalfyearstrampinginthePacific.
Monkbarns'slastvoyagebeganin1923,andtookhertoAustraliaandChile.In1926shesailedfromValparaisoforLondon,andbecamethelastBritishfullrigger
toroundCapeHorn.ThevoyagewasinterruptedbyastopatRiodeJaneiro,whereCaptainWilliamDavieswashospitalizedhediedthenextday.Theshipwas
salutedonherreturntoGravesendonJuly10,formanyknewshewouldbethelastLondonownedlimejuicertoentertheThames.ShewassoldtotheNorwegian
whalingfirmofBrun&VanderLippeofTonsbergin1927.SheendedherdaysasacoalhulkfortheBalleneraEspaolaatCorcubion,Spain.
Course,Wheel'sKickandtheWind'sSong.Naylon,"FullRiggedShipMonkbarns."

USSMonongahela
Sloopofwar(1f/3m).L/B/D:225'bp38'15.1'(68.6m11.6m4.6m).Tons:2,078disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:176.Arm:1200pdr,211",224pdr,4
12pdr.Mach.:horizontalbackactingengines,532ihp,1screw12kts.Built:Merrick&Sons,Philadelphia1863.
Commissionedin1863withabarkentinerig,theauxiliaryscrewsloopUSSMonongahelawasnamedforthePennsylvaniatributaryoftheOhioRiver.Afterservice
intheNorthAtlanticandwithFlagOfficerDavidG.Farragut'sWestGulfBlockadingSquadronoffMobile,Alabama,inMarch1863shebegandutyonthe
MississippiRiver,whensheattemptedtorunpastFortHudson.InOctober,shesailedfortheTexascoastandtookpartinthecaptureofBrazosSantiagoand
BrownsvilleatthebeginningofNovember.Inthespringof1864,sheresumedblockadedutyoffMobile.OnAugust4,shesailedwithFarragut'sfleetattheBattleof
MobileBay.AfterrunningpastFortMorgan,shewasthefirstshiptoramCSSTENNESSEE,thoughshedidmoredamagetoherselfthantotheConfederate
ironclad.
MonongahelaremainedwiththeWestGulfSquadronthroughtheendoftheCivilWar,afterwhichshewasassignedtotheWestIndiesSquadron.OnNovember
18,1867,whilelyingoffFrederiksted,St.Croix,shewas

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Imagenotavailable.
AnillustrationoftheeightgunsloopofwarUSSMONONGAHELAasoriginally
constructed,withthreepivotgunsandnobowsprit.Shewasreriggedandrearmed
in1865.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

sweptamileandahalfinlandonatsunami.TheshipwasrefloatedfourmonthslaterandtowedtoNewYorkforrepairs.In1873,shesailedforathreeyeartourof
dutyontheSouthAtlanticSquadron.Afterdutyasatrainingship,shesailedfortheWestCoastandconvertedtoanengineless,barkriggedsupplyshipin1883.
SevenyearslatershereturnedtotheEastCoast,whereshewasconvertedtoafullriggedtrainingship.MonongahelaendedherdaysasastoreshipatGuantnamo
Bay,Cuba,from1904untilherdestructionbyfirein1908.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

MontBlanc
Freighter.L/B/D:320'44.8'15.3'(97.5m13.7m4.7m).Tons:3,121grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:tripleexpansion,1screw,247nhp7.5kts.Built:SirRaylton
Dixon&Co.,Middlesborough,Eng.1899.
FirstownedbythefirmofE.Anquteil,Rouen,in1915,thefreighterMontBlancwaspurchasedbytheCompagnieGnraleTransatlantique(CGT),whichhadlost
manyshipstotheGermanUboatcampaign.NormallyusedtocarrygeneralwarsuppliesbetweenNorthAmericaandEurope,onNovember25,1917,MontBlanc
beganloadingacargoofexplosives.Thisincluded2,300tonsofpicricacid,200tonsofTNT,10tonsofguncotton,andasadeckcargo,35tonsofbenzole,atype
ofgasoline.AshisshipwastooslowtosailinconvoyfromNewYork,onDecember1,CaptainAimLeMedecwasorderedtotakeMontBlanctoHalifaxwhere
shewaseithertojoinaslowerconvoyorproceedindependentlytoFrance.
At0730onDecember6,MontBlancenteredHalifaxHarbourundercommandofPilotFrancisMackay.Atthesametime,theNorwegiantrampsteamerImo
(formerlytheWhiteStarLine'sRunicbutnowownedbytheSouthPacificWhalingCompanyandtheBelgianReliefCommission)wasoutwardboundfromHalifaxto
NewYorkinballastunderPilotWilliamHayes.Forcedtogetoutofthewayofanotherincomingtramp,Imowasslightlyoutofherchannelandprobablygoingalittle
fasterthansheoughttohavebeenwhenshemadevisualcontactwithMontBlancatadistanceofaboutthreequartersofamile.Imowasonaninterceptingcourse,
soMackaybroughthisshipclosertotheDartmouthshoreandreducedspeedtodeadslow,andaminuteortwolatergavetheordertostopengines.WhenImo
refusedtogetoutoftheway,MackaytriedtochangehiscoursetopassstarboardtostarboardwithImo,butitwastoolate,andat0845,Imo'sbowtoreaholein
thestarboardsideofMontBlanc'shull.
Thebenzolecaughtfireimmediatelyandastherewasnofirefightingequipmentaboardtheship,LeMedec'screwcoulddonothingtostopthefireevenscuttling
wouldhavetakentoolong.Fullyawareofthedangertothemselves,thecrewabandonedshipandrowedforthefarshoreleavingMontBlancinthestream,her
blazingdeckattractingspectatorsalongtheshoreasshedriftedintoHalifax'sPier6.Almostimmediately,sailorsfromprotectedcruiserHMSHighflyer,trainingship
Niobe,andharbortugStellaMarisattemptedtosecureahawser

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andpullherintothestream.Atthesametime,afirealarmwassentout.At0906,MontBlancerupted.
ThelargestmanmadeexplosioneverdetonatedbeforethefirstatomicbombwasdroppedonHiroshimain1945annihilatedMontBlanc.Butthegreatestdevastation
wastothecityofHalifaxitself.TheneighborhoodofRichmondwasvirtuallyobliterated,andwithinasixteenmileradiusoftheexplosion,1,630buildingswere
destroyedand12,000damaged,leaving25,000peoplewithoutadequateshelter,6,000ofwhomhadlosttheirhousesentirely.AccordingtotheHalifaxRelief
Commission,1,963peoplewerekilled(othersputthefigureatmorethan3,200)and9,000wounded,notincluding199blindedbyglassfromimplodingwindows.
Theseismicdisturbancecausedathirteenfoottidalwaveinthechannelthattoreshipsfromtheirmooringsandrangchurchbellssixtymilesaway.Imo,withbothher
captainandpilotdead,washurledacrossthechannelwithmostofhersuperstructurerippedaway.Initialrescueeffortswerehamperedbyablizzardthathitthe
followingmorning,butcontributionsforthereliefofHalifaxpouredinfromaroundCanada,theUnitedStates,andBritain.
Acourtofinquirywasconvenedthenextweekandheldhearingsformorethanamonth.TheinitialfindingsputmostoftheblameonMontBlanc'spilotandmaster,
whowerefound"responsibleforviolatingtherulesoftheroad...guiltyofneglectofthepublicsafetyinnottakingproperstepstowarntheinhabitantsofthecityofa
probableexplosion."Thecourtalsofoundthat"theregulationsgoverningthetrafficinHalifaxharbourinforcesincethewar...donotsatisfactorilydealwiththe
handlingofshipsladenwithexplosives."Thiswasconfirmedinaseriesoflawsuitsandappealsbythevessels'owners,althoughtheLordsoftheJudicialCommitteeof
thePrivyCouncilinLondonweremorecriticalofImo'shandlinganddeclaredthemselves"clearlyoftheopinionthatbothshipsaretoblamefortheirreciprocal
neglect.''
Fourmonthsaftertheexplosion,ImowasrefloatedandtowedtoNewYorkforrepairs.OriginallyrecommisionedastheWhiteStarLine'sRunicandlaternamed
Tampican,in1920shewasputtoworkasthewhaleoiltankerGuvernoren.OnDecember3,1921,shehitarockofftheFalklandIslandsandsank.
Kitz,ShatteredCity.Ruffman&Howell,eds.,GroundZero.

Mora
Knorr(1m).Hull:wood.Built:Normandy,France<1066.
Flagshipofoneofthemostimportantamphibiousinvasionsinhistory,MorawasasinglemastedvesselbuiltintheVikingtradition.AgiftfromMatildatoher
husband,William,DukeofNormandywhichtakesitsnamefromtheNorsemenwhosettledthereMorawasprobablyaclinkerbuiltknorrintendedfor
transportingmenandanimals.ThebestsourceofinformationabouttheshapeandrigofWilliam'sshipsistheBayeuxtapestry,a70meterlong,halfmeterwide
scrollembroideredbythedefeatedEnglish.ThetapestryrecountsthestoryoftheNormaninvasion,startingwithWilliam'ssecuringanoathofloyaltyfromHarold(the
earlofWessexwholatersucceededEdwardtheConfessoraskingofEngland),William'spreparationfortheinvasionduringthesummerof1066,andtheinvasion
itself.
Williamassembledafleetofabout400largeand1,000smallertransports,embarkingbysomeestimates65,000crew,soldiers,andotherpersonnel,aswellas
horsesandsupplies.OnSeptember14,thefleetassembledattheportofSt.ValrysurSomme,wheretheyawaitedafairwindfortwoweeks.OnSeptember27,
theNormanssailed65milesacrosstheEnglishChanneltolandunopposedatPevensey.Atthesametime,HaroldwasdefeatinganinvasionbytheDanishHarald
HaardraadeatStamfordBridge,inYorkshire.Marchingsouthagain,Harold'sexhaustedarmymettheNormansatHastings(orSenlac)onOctober14,1066.
Haroldwaskilled,struckbyanarrowinhiseye,theNormansdefeatedtheEnglish,andWilliamtheConquerorintroducedahostofbeneficialreformsthat
permanentlyalteredthecultureofEngland.
Theoriginoftheship'snameisunknown,anditisfoundinonlyonenearlycontemporarywrittenaccount.Thesameaccountdescribesthebowasadornedwithagilt
statueofaboyholdingatrumpettohislipsinhislefthand,withhisrighthandpointingtowardsEngland.Inthetapestry,theboyisfoundonthestern.
Wilson,BayeuxTapestry.

MorroCastle
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:508'70.8'(154.8m21.6m).Tons:11,520grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st500,3rd50.Mach.:turboelectric,2screws21kts.Built:Newport
NewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,Va.1930.
Awellfound,luxurious,andthoroughlymodernship,MorroCastlewasthesceneofoneoftheU.S.merchantmarine'smostinexplicableandtragicdisasters.Built
fortheWardLine'srunbetweenNewYorkandHavanaandnamedforthefortressthatguardstheapproachtoHavanaBay,theshiphadavariedcruiseitinerary
thatincludedstopsinNassauandMiamiaswell.Ontheeve

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Imagenotavailable.
TheillfatedsteamerMORROCASTLEwastypicalofthesmallerpassengershipsbuiltinthe
interwarperiod.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

ningofSeptember9,1935,enroutefromHavanatoNewYork,CaptainRobertWilmottsufferedaheartattackinhisbathtubanddiedcommandoftheshippassed
toFirstOfficerWilliamWarms.Atabout0245,afirewasfoundinaclosetbythewritingroomonthepromenadedeck.Theflamesspreadquickly,butalthough
Warmsattemptedtomaneuvertheshiptolessentheeffectofthewind,herefusedtosendoutanSOStosavethecompanytheexpenseofasalvagefee.Acting
onhisowninitiative,theradioofficersentoutonedistresscallat0324.Sevenminuteslater,theshiplostallpowerandcrewbeganloweringlifeboats,forthemselves
ofthefirst98toreachshore(theshipwasjustoffAtlanticCity,NewJersey),onlysixwerepassengers.Thoseleftbehindbegantoleapfromtheburningshipatabout
dawn71peopleweretakenaboardMonarchofBermuda,21aboardAndreaS.Luckenbach,65aboardCityofSavannah,and67aboardParamount,alocal
fishingboat.Atotalof137passengersandcrewdied.Inanefforttoshakethenegativepublicity,theWardLinewasrenamedtheCubaMailLine.Congressional
hearingsfollowingthewakeofthedisasterledtotheadoptionofmorestringentsafetyregulationsinU.S.flagships,andtoU.S.acceptanceoftheInternational
ConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),firstconvenedin1914.
Burton,"MorroCastle."

Moshulu
(exDreadnought,Kurt)Bark(4m).L/B/D:335.3'bp46.8'26'(102.1m14.3m7.9mdph).Tons:3,116grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:33.Built:William
Hamilton&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1904.
ThesecondlargestmerchantsailingshipsbuiltinBritain(onlyKBENHAVNwasbigger),thesistershipsKurtandHanswerebuiltfortheHamburgfirmofG.J.
H.Siemers&Company.KurtspenttenyearsinthenitratetradebetweenGermanyandChile,withtwopassagestoAustraliaandSantaRosalia,Mexico.InAugust
1914shewasorderedtoPortland,Oregon,forgrainbutSiemersdecidedtokeepherthereforthedurationofWorldWarI.In1917,shewasrequisitionedbythe
U.S.ShippingBoard,renamedDreadnoughtandthenMoshulu,andputinservicetoAustraliaandthePhilippines.AfterthewarshewasacquiredbyCharles
NelsonCompanyofSanFranciscoandenteredthelumbertrade.ShewaslaiduponPugetSoundfrom1928to1935,whenGustafEriksonboughtherforthe
AustraliangraintradeasareplacementforGRACEHARWAR.
Afterfittingout,MoshulusailedforPortVictoria,returningtoQueenstownin112days.AfteroneroundtripvoyagefromlandtoAustralia,in1937sheloaded
lumberforLourenoMarques(nowMaputo),Mozambique,beforesailingforPortVictoriaandthenhome.Inthelastofthecelebratedgrainraces,Moshulusailed
fromPortLincolntoQueenstownin91days(March2toJune28,1939),thebesttimeofthethirteenshipsthatsailedthatyear.FlyingthestillneutralFinnishflag,in
October1939MoshulusailedforBuenosAiresforgrain.UponherarrivalinNorwayinMay1940,shewasriggeddownatHorten,andthereafterusedasafloating
granaryaround

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Scandinaviauntil1970.(AplantofitheroutforsailtraininginconsortwithPAMIRandPASSATin1952cametonothing.)In1970shewasboughtbySpecialty
RestaurantsofLosAngeles,andafterreceivingnewmastsinAmsterdamwastowedfirsttoNewYorkandthentoPhiladelphia.In1989,shewasdamagedbyfire.
AfterrepairsatCamden,NewJersey,sheopenedasafloatingrestaurantinPhiladelphia.
Colton,WindjammersSignificant.Newby,LastGrainRace.

Mwe
(exPungo,laterOstsee,Greenbrier,Oldenburg)Commerceraider(1f/2m).L/B/D:408.4'47.2'22.3'(124.5m14.4m6.8m).Tons:4,788grt.Hull:steel.
Comp.:235.Arm.:46",110.5cm220"TT.Mach.:tripleexpansion,3,200ihp,1screw14kts.Built:J.C.Tecklenborg,Geestemnde,Germany1914.
ThemostsuccessfulGermancommerceraiderofWorldWarIwasoneoftwoshipsbuiltbyF.LaeiszspecificallyforthebananatradebetweentheGermancolonyof
CameroonsandGermany.Shortlyafterherlaunch,though,PungowasleasedtotheGermanNavyandfittedoutforwartimedutyasMwe(seagull).Under
CommanderNikolausGrafBurggrafzuDohnaSchlodien,sheleftKielinDecember1915andonJanuary1,1916,laidminesinthewesternapproachestothe
PentlandFirth.Fivedayslater,oneoftheseminesaccountedforthelossofbattleshipHMSKINGEDWARDVII.MoreminesweresowedoffLaRochellebefore
Mwebegantakingprizes.ThefirstthreewereseizedonJanuary11about150mileswestofCapeFinisterretwomoreweretakenonthe15th,andasixththe
followingday.Onlyone,linerAppam,wassparedsinking,andsenttoaU.S.portwithcaptives.OnJanuary27asquallbarelyallowedMwetoescapefromcruiser
HMSGlasgow.ByFebruary,DohnaSchlodiendecidedtomakeforhome,andMwereturnedtoKielonMarch4,with14shipstohercredit.
AlreadythemostsuccessfuloftheGermancruisers,shewasrenamedVinetaandundertookthreeshortcruisesintheBalticduringwhichshesankoneship.
RenamedMweonceagain,sheleftWilhelmshavenfortheAtlanticonNovember22,oneweekbeforeWOLFandamonthbeforeSEEADLER.Hersecondcruise
wasevenmoresuccessfulthanthefirst,andaccountedforafurther25ships,includingonethatwassailedhomeunderaprizecrew.MwefinallyreturnedtoKielon
March22,1917.Alltold,shehadtaken41ships36British,3French,1Norwegian,and1Japanese,andhermineshadaccountedforseveralmore.
Withdrawnfromraidingwork,MweendedthewarastheminelayerOstsee.In1920shebecametheElders&FyffesCompany'sGreenbrier.SoldtotheDeutsche
SeeverkehrsAGin1933,andrenamedOldenburg,shealmostsurvivedWorldWarII.ShewasfinallysunkbyBritishplanesinSgnefjordonApril7,1945,in
position6112'N,550'E.Shewasraisedandbrokenupin1953.
Hoyt,PhantomRaider.Rohrbachetal.,CenturyandaQuarterofReedereiF.Laeisz.Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

Musashi
Yamatoclassbattleship.L/B/D:862.6'127.6'34.1'(263m38.9m10.4m).Tons:72,809disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,500.Arm.:918.4"(33),12
6.2",125.1",2425mm.Armor:16.4"belt,9.2''deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,150,000shp,4screws27kts.Des.:HiragaYuzuruandFukudaKeiji.Built:
MitsubishiZosenKaisha,Nagasaki,Japan1942.
NamedforaprovinceineastcentralHonshu,MusashiwasthesecondYamatoclassbattleshipcommissionedbytheJapaneseImperialNavy.Shesawrelatively
littleactionduringWorldWarII,butservedastheflagshipofAdmiralMineichiKogawhenhesucceededAdmiralIsorokuYamamotoascommanderinchiefofthe
CombinedFleetin1943.OnMarch29,1944,MusashiwastorpedoedoffPalauIslandbythesubmarineUSSTunnyandreturnedtoKureforrepairs.AttheBattle
ofLeyteGulfJapan'sefforttodisrupttheAmericanlandingsinthePhilippinesYAMATOandMusashiformedthecoreofViceAdmiralTakeoKurita'sForce
A.WhilecrossingtheSibuyanSeainthecentralPhilippinesonOctober24,1944,ForceAwasinterceptedbyaircraftfromViceAdmiralMarcA.Mitscher'sTask
Force58,includingcarriersUSSINTREPID,ESSEX,andENTERPRISE.Hitby20aerialtorpedoesand17bombs,plus16nearmisses,Musashisankinposition
1250'N,12235'E,withthelossof1,039men,includingCaptainToshiheiInoguchi.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Morison,TwoOceanWar.

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N
Nadezhda
Ship(3m).Tons:450bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:85.Built:England<1803.
AlthoughtheRussianAmericanCompanyfirstestablishedapresenceintheAlaskanfurtradein1799,becauseoftheinadequacyofRussia'smaritimeindustry,all
supplieshadtobeshippedoverlandacrossSiberiaandthenacrosstheNorthPacificfromPetropavlovsk,withpeltsreturningthesameway.Theonewayjourney
couldoftentakeaslongastwoyears.TheEnglishtrainedRussiannavalofficerLieutenantJ.A.vonKrusensternhadlongagitatedfortheopeningofasearouteto
Alaska,andin1803hewasgivencommandoftheEnglishbuiltshipsNadezhda("Hope")andNeva(namedfortheSt.Petersburgriver)tocarrysuppliestothe
NorthPacific.HiscrewincludedLieutenantBaronvonBellingshausenandCadetOttovonKotzebue,whowouldgoontoleadtheirownexpeditionsinVOSTOK
andRURIK,respectively.Beforeheleft,hismissionwasexpandedtoincludethedeliveryofthefirstRussianembassytotheJapanesecourt.Themissionwasfurther
elaboratedbytheadditionofanastronomerandtwonaturaliststotheship'scompany.
OnAugust7,1803,theshipssailedviaCopenhagenforFalmouthwheretheytookonlastminutesupplies.EnroutefromtheCanaryIslandstoSt.Catherine's,
Krusensternrecorded:
Onthe26thNovember,wecrossedtheequatoratabouteleveninthemorningin2420'W.longitude,afterapassageofthirtydaysfromSantaCruz.Underasaluteofelevenguns
wedrankthehealthoftheEmperor,inwhosegloriousreigntheRussianflagfirstwavedinthesouthernhemisphere.TheusualfarcewithNeptunecouldnotwellberepresented,
astherewasnobodyonboardtheship,exceptmyself,whohadcrossedtheequator.

AftercallingatSt.Catherine's,wheretheyreplacedNeva'srottenforeandmainmasts,theshipsroundedCapeHornandenteredthePacificinlateFebruary.
Becauseofthedelays,KrusensternwasforcedtoabandonhisexplorationoftheSouthSeasandproceedasquicklyaspossibleforKamchatka.Theshipswere
separated,andNeva,underYuriLisianski,calledbrieflyatEasterIslandbeforerendezvousingatNukuHiva,intheMarquesasIslands,inearlyApril.Fromthere
theyheadedtoHawaiiwheretheysplitup,NevaheadingfortheRussianfactoryatKodiakandNadezhdaproceedingtoPetropavlovskontheKamchatka
Peninsula.NadezhdaspentJuly2toAugust27offloadingsuppliesatPetropavlovsk,andrepairingandreprovisioningtheship.
Thesecondphaseofthevoyage,thedeliveryoftheRussianembassytoJapan,wasadiplomaticfiasco.AfterweatheringatyphoonnearlywithinsightofJapan,
NadezhdaputintoNagasakionSeptember26.AlthoughitwastheJapanesewhohadfirstsuggestedtheestablishmentofmoreformalrelationswithRussiatenyears
before,muchhadchangedintheinterval.Theship'screwanddiplomaticstaffalikewerekeptatarm'slengthbypettyofficialsforfivemonths,attheendofwhichthe
EmperordeclinednotonlytoreceivetheemissariesbuteventoreceivethegiftsfromEmperorAlexanderI.
OnApril5,1805,NadezhdasailedroundKyushuIslandandproceededuptheSeaofJapantofurtherthehydrographicresearchconductedbyJeanFranois
GalaupdeLaProuseaboardASTROLABEandBOUSSOLEin1787.SailingthroughLaProuseStrait,theshipskirtedtheeasternedgeofSakhalinIsland(which
Krusensternstilltooktobeapeninsula),beforecrossingtheSeaofOkhotskandroundinguptoPetropavlovskonJune5.Heretheemissaryandhisretinueleftthe
shiptomaketheirwayoverlandtoSt.Petersburg,andonJune23NadezhdasailedagainforfurtherexplorationoftheSeaofOkhotskandSakhalin.
ReturningtoPetropavlovskforthelasttimeonAugust19,theshipwaspreparedforthereturntoEurope,andonSeptember23,Nadezhdasailed.Herfirstportof
callwasCanton,onNovember6,twodaysbeforeNeva'sarrivalwithacargooffursfromtheRussiansettlementsatKodiakandNovoArkhangelsk(Sitka).After
considerabledelaysonlyterminatedthroughtheinter

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ventionoftheEnglishcommercialrepresentativeinCanton,NadezhdaandNevasailedonFebruary9,1806,passingthroughtheStraitsofSunda.Midwayacross
theIndianOcean,onApril3,theywereseparatedbyafogandproceededindependentlyforhome.AlertedtotherenewedhostilitiesbetweenFranceandRussia,
KrusensternsailedwestandnorthoftheBritishIslesandinlateJulycalledatCopenhagen.NadezhdafinallydroppedanchoratSt.PetersburgonAugust7,1806,
afteravoyageofthreeyears,twelvedays,duringwhichnotasinglemanoftheship'scompanydied.
Ivashintsov,RussianRoundtheWorldVoyages.Krusenstern,JourneyroundtheWorld.

NantucketLightship
(LV117)(1f/2m)L/B/D:133.3'30'13'(40.6m9.1m4m).Tons:630disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:11.Mach.:dieselelectric,350shp,1screws10kts.Built:
CharlestonDrydock&MachineCo.,Charleston,S.C.1930.
From1854to1983,aglimpseoftheNantucketShoalslightshipfromashipboundfromEuropetoNewYorkwasthefirstindicationthatlandwasnear.Known
officiallyasNantucketNewSouthShoalfrom1854to1896,thestationwascommonlyreferredtoasSouthShoal.Twelvedifferentvesselsmarkedthesouthern
extremityoftheshoalslyingeastandsouthofNantucketIsland,oneofthemostexposedlightshipstationsintheworld.Themostillstarredofthesewastheeighth,
LV117,assignedtothestation(in4037'N,6937'W)in1931.OnJune27,1933,heranchorchainpartedinagaleanddespitealleffortstomaintainthestation
underpower,shewasblown32milesdownwindbeforetheweathermoderated.Sixmonthslater,onJanuary6,1934,shewassideswipedinaheavyfogbytheliner
SSWashington,thoughwithoutseriousdamagetoeithership.LV117'sluckranoutat1006,onMay15,1934,whentheCunardWhiteStarlinerOLYMPIC
rammedtheNantucketlightshipinadensefog.Fouroftheelevencrewwerekilledinstantly,andthreemorediedofexposureorinjuriesaftertheirrescueby
Olympic'screw.SouthShoalwasthelastofthelightshipstationsmaintainedbytheU.S.CoastGuard.Asof1996threeoftheshipsthatservedthestationatone
timeoranotherwerestillextant:LV112,thereplacementforLV117,paidforbytheBritishgovernmentin1936WLV612,builtfortheSanFranciscostationin
1950andWLV613,builtfortheAmbroseChannelstationin1952.
Flint,LightshipsoftheU.S.Government.

Narcissus
(laterIsis)Ship(3m).L/B/D:235'37.1'22'(71.6m11.3m6.7m).Tons:1,336grt.Hull:iron.Built:RobertDuncan&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1876.
NarcissuswasbuilttoorderforRobertR.PatersonCompany,Greenock,forgeneraltrade.In1884,afterapassagefromPenarthtoBombay,sevenofthecrewleft
theship.AmongtheirreplacementswereJosephConrad,aPolishseamanwhosignedonassecondmate,andJosephBarron,anAmericanblackfromCharlton
County,Georgia.TheshipleftBombayonJune3,1884,boundforDunkirk.OnSeptember24,1884,justtwoweeksfromtheFrenchport,Barrondied.Thestory
ofhisillnessanddeathformedthecoreofConrad'striumphantnovelTheNiggeroftheNarcissus,firstpublishedin1898.(Narcissuswastheonlyoneofthe
nineteenshipsConradsailedinwhoserealnameheusedinhisfiction.)ConradandtherestofthecrewpaidoffthedayaftertheshiparrivedatDunkirk.Twoyears
laterNarcissuswasboughtbyC.S.Caird,underwhoseflagshetradedanotherthirteenyears.In1899,shewassoldtoCaptainVittorioBertolettodiLazzaroof
Camogli,Italy.CondemnedandhulkedatGenoain1907,Narcissuswasgivenanewleaseonlifewhenin1916shewassoldtoP.PassosofRiodeJaneiro.Rigged
asabarkandrenamedIsis,shesailedbetweentheUnitedStatesandBrazil.Sunkinacollisionin1922,shewassoldtoE.G.Fontes&Companyandcontinued
sailingforthreemoreyears,whenshewasfinallyscrapped,havingoutlivedConradbyoneyear.
Allen,SeaYearsofJosephConrad.

CSSNashville
(laterThomasL.Bragg,CSSRattlesnake)Commerceraider(1f/2m).L/B/D:215.5'34.5'21.9'dph(65.7m10.5m6.7m).Tons:1,221tons.Hull:wood.
Comp.:40.Arm.:212pdr.Mach.:sideleverengine,sidewheels.Built:ThomasCollyer,NewYork1853.
ThesteamshipNashvillewasbuiltforgeneralservicebetweenNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina.OnApril12,1861,sheenteredthelatterportattheend
ofherlastpeacetimepassage.Asshedidso,shewasfireduponbyUSSHARRIETLANE,whichhadcometothereliefofFortSumter.Seized,andcommissioned
asacommerceraiderinOctober,CSSNashvillesanktheclipperHarveyBirchbeforeputtingintoSouthamptonforrepairsonNovember21,1861,thefirst
ConfederatewarshipinEuropeanwaters.SuccessfullyeludingUSSTuscaroraatSouthampton,NashvillereturnedtoBeaufort,

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NorthCarolina,onFebruary28,1862,havingcapturedtheschoonerRobertGilfillan.EscapingBeaufort,onMarch17,1862,shewassoldforuseasablockade
runner,renamedThomasL.Bragg,andranbetweenSouthCarolinaandtheBahamasbeforebeingblockadedinWarsawSound,Georgia,foreightmonths.
RecommissionedastheprivateerCSSRattlesnake,onFebruary28,1863,shewasdestroyedintheOgeecheeRiverbythemonitorUSSMontaukasshetriedto
runtheblockade.
Chance,etal.,TangledMachineryandCharredRelics.

Natchez
Ship(3m).L/B/D:130.3'29.8'14.8'(39.7m9.1m4.5m).Tons:514om.Hull:wood.Built:Webb&Allen,NewYork1831.
NatchezwasdesignedfortradebetweenNewOrleansandNewYorkandassuchwasbuiltwithaflatfloortoenablehertocrosstheshallowbaratthemouthof
theMississippiRiver.Farfromreducinghersailingqualities,assuchahullfromwasexpectedtodo,Natchezandhersistersprovedfastships.InadditiontotheNew
YorkNewOrleanstrade(inwhichsheregularlymadetwelvedaypassages),Natchezalsosailedfartherafield,toLeHavrein1835,andtoValparaisoin1840.
OriginallyownedbyaconsortiumofNewYorkandNewOrleansmerchants,shewaslaterpurchasedbyHowland&Aspinwall,whoputherundercommandof
CaptainRobertH.Waterman,aharddrivingveteranofthetransatlanticpackettrade.
In1842,NatchezenteredtheChinatrade.Onherfirsttripout,shecrossedthePacificfromMazatlntoCantoninabrisk41daysandreturnedfromCantonin92
days,twodaysofftherecordasitthenstood.In1844,shemadethesamerunin94days.Onhernextvoyage,thefourteenyearoldpacketrompedhomefrom
CantontoNewYorkinthephenomenaltimeof78daysJanuary14toApril3,1845afeatthatmadetheship,Waterman,andHowland&Aspinwallworld
famous.Onthestrengthofthisvoyage,Howland&AspinwallorderedSEAWITCHexpresslyforWaterman'scommandshewastheonlyshipthateverbettered
Natchez'sCantonNewYorkrecord,in1849.
TheveteranpacketmadetwomoreChinavoyages,oneunderWatermanandoneunderCaptainLand.In1850,shesailedforSanFranciscoinasluggishtimeof
150days.ThenextyearshewassoldtoS.Thomas&CompanyofNewBedfordandenteredthePacificwhalingtrade.Onherfirstvoyage,underWorthenHall,she
cruisedtheNorthPacificfromOctober1851untilApril1855.Onhersecondvoyage,underDexterBellows,shesenthome535barrelsofoiland6,500poundsof
whalebonebeforebeingwreckedinPotter'sBay,SeaofOkhotsk,onOctober7,1856.
Albion,SquareRiggersonSchedule.Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.Starbuck,HistoryoftheAmericanWhaleFisheries.

Natchez
Sidewheelsteamer(4f/2m).L/B/D:301'42.6'9.8'dph(91.7m13m3m).Tons:1,547grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:125+.Mach.:highpressureengines,
sidewheels.Des.:SaundersHartshorn.Built:CincinnatiMarineWays,Cincinnati,Ohio1869.
Between1846and1889,CaptainThomasP.LeathersownedsevensteamboatsnamedNatchez.Thesixthofthese,thefirstbuiltaftertheCivilWar,designedfor
speedandcarryingcapacity,wasanungainlylookingboat,andonhermaidenarrivalinNatchez,ajournalistwrote,"Shelayloopedupoveragainsttheshorelikea
sickmuletoaboardfence."Shesoondevelopedareputationforspeedandin1870steamedthe1,039milesfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisin92hours,57
minutes1hour,12minutesfasterthantherecordsetbyJ.M.Whitein1844.
OneofthebestknownandbitterestrivalriesontheriveratthetimewasbetweenLeathersandCaptainJohnW.Cannon,masterofthefaststeamerROB'T.E.LEE.
ThetwovesselsranonthecottonroutebetweenVicksburgandNewOrleans,butgenerallysailedondifferentdayssothatcomparisonsbetweenthemweredifficult.
However,shortlyafterherrecordSt.Louisrun,thetwovesselsbeganloadingatNewOrleansfordeparturetoSt.Louisonthesameday.Thoughtheircaptains
deniedanyintentionofracing,theirpreparationswerethetalkoftheriver,andgovernmentinspectorsfixedsealsonthesafetyvalvestodiscouragetampering.
NominallyboundforLouisville,theLeedepartedSt.Mary'sMarketatabout1648,andtheNatchez,boundforSt.Louis,wasaway3minutes,15secondslater.
Bothsteamboatsloadedcoalorpineknotsfrombargeslashedalongsideastheycontinuedupriver,butNatchezlandedatvariousportsalongthewaytoembarkor
offloadpassengers.AboutanhournorthofVicksburg,Natchezwasalsoforcedtolandtorepairacoldwaterpump,whichtookanotherhalfhour,butthereaftershe
gainedonheropponent.NorthofCairosheenteredaheavyfogthatenshroudedherforseveralhoursandintheendarrivedatSt.Louis6hours,33minutesbehind
Lee'snewrecordof3days,18hours,14minutes.Althoughneitherboatcarriedanycargo,andNatchezhadaboutninetypassengersaboard,plusher

Page351

crew,Leathersmadefewconcessionstoracing,anditisestimatedthathelostatotalof7hoursinstopsforpassengers.Asaresult,supportersoftheNatchezstill
considertheraceaninconclusivetestofthetwoboats'comparativespeed.
Natchezremainedinserviceuntiltheendofthedecade,andin1874shecarriedarecord5,511balesofcottontoNewOrleans.ShewasdismantledatCincinnatiin
1879andherhullwaslaterusedasawharfboatatVicksburg.
Barkhau,GreatSteamboatRace.Way,Way'sPacketDirectory.

USSNautilus
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:76.5'23.7'9.8'dph(23.3m7.2m3m).Tons:185disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:103.Arm.:126pdr.Built:HenrySpencer,Eastern
Shore,Md.1799.
BuiltasamerchantschoonerandpurchasedbytheU.S.Navyin1803,USSNautilus'sfirstassignmentwaswiththeMediterraneanSquadron,thenclosetowarwith
thecorsairsofAlgiers,Tunis,andTripoli.FollowingthecaptureofUSSPHILADELPHIAinSeptember1803,NautilussailedonblockadebetweenTripoliand
Tunisthrough1805,usingbasesatMessina,Syracuse,Malta,andLeghorn(Livorno)forrepairsandreprovisioning.InAugustandSeptember1804,shetookpartin
attacksonTripoli,andbetweenApril27andMay17,1805,helpedinthecaptureofDernabytheforcesofHametCaramanli,theBashawofTripoli.Thewarended
inJuneofthatyearandNautilusremainedonstationuntil1806.LaidupatWashington,shereenteredservicealongtheEastCoastfrom1808to1810.Shewasthen
reriggedasabrigandgivenabatteryoftwelve18pdr.shortrangecarronadesbeforejoiningCommodoreStephenDecatur'ssquadron.Shortlyafterthestartofthe
Warof1812,NautilussailedfromNewYork,andonJuly17,1812,shewascapturedbyanoverwhelmingBritishforceconsistingofHMSAfrica(64guns),
Shannon(38),andAeolus(32).ItisbelievedthatshewastakenintoservicebytheRoyalNavy,buthersubsequentfateisunknown.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Nautilus
Submersible(1m).L/B:21.3'6.4'(6.5m2m).Hull:wood,copper,iron.Comp.:4.Arm.:torpedo(mine).Mach.:handcrank,screw.Des.:RobertFulton.Built:
J.C.Prier,Paris1801.
AlthoughRobertFultonisbestrememberedforhisdevelopmentoftheNORTHRIVERSTEAMBOATintheUnitedStates,hefirstgainedinternationalattention
withhisexperimentsinsubmarines.Whenhebegandevelopinghisideasforasubmarineisunclear,butonDecember13,1797,hesubmittedtoFrance'sExecutive
Directoryaproposalforasystemofsubmarinewarfare.Thisin
Imagenotavailable.
RobertFulton'soriginalplanforthesubmarineNAUTILUSshowsthemetalbottom
(CD),conningtowerdome(F)andauger(O),transversebulkhead(G)withcranks
tocontroltheanchorandpowderkeg(P),propeller(M),vertical(I)andhorizontal
(L)rudders,themeansofattachingthepowderkegtoaship'shull(P&Q),anda
collapsiblemastandsailforoperatingonthesurface.Subsequentmodifications
includedtheadditionofcompressedairtanksandaporthole.CourtesyThe
Mariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

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cludedaratescheduleforthedestructionofEnglishships:"4000Livers[livres]perGunforeachBritishshipover40Guns...and2000LiversperGunforAll
vesselsofwarunder40tons[sic]."Inmanyrespects,Nautilusresembledthesubmarinesdevelopedahundredyearslater.Thehydrodynamichullwasacylinder
withapointedbowandslightlytaperedstern.Aconningtowerdoubledasahatch,therewasaperiscope,andthintubescouldbeusedtoadmitairwhenthevessel
wasjustbelowthesurface.Asoriginallydesigned,theoxygensupplywassufficientforfourmentoremainsubmergedwithtwocandlesburningforthreehours.In
1802,Fultontriedexperimentswithacompressedaircanister,andtodoawaywiththeneedforcandles,heinsertedathreequarterinchglassportholethatadmitted
enoughlighttoreadawatchatadepthof25feet.Divingandsurfacingwasregulatedbywaterinballasttanks,admittedbyvalvesandexpelledwithcompressedair.
Propelledbyahandcrankattachedtoasingle,fourbladedpropeller,Nautilustraveledattwoknots.Thesubmarinewassteeredbymeansofaverticalrudderanda
forwardhorizontaldivingplane.Whensurfaced,shehadanauxiliarysailthatcouldbecollapsedondeck.
Fulton'soriginaldesignhadanaugerstickingupthroughtheconningtower.Thiswastohavedrilledaholeinthehullofaship,towhichanexplosivechargewould
thenbefixed.OnSeptember12,1801,FultonandthreecrewdepartedLeHavreforCapLaHogue,adistanceof70milesthatNautiluscoveredinfivedays.He
attemptedtoclosewithtwoEnglishbrigs,butbothsailedoff,thoughwhetherbycoincidenceorbecausetheyhadseenthecuriousvesselisunknown.Thenextyear,
atBrest,Nautilustrailedanexplosivechargeatadistanceof200meterswhichsucceededindestroyingatargetship,butthechargecouldhavebeensetwithouta
submarine.FirstConsulNapoleonBonapartewasimpressedwiththepossibilitiesofsuchmines,however,andaskedifhecouldseetheNautilus.Hewasinformed
thatFultonhaddismantledit,ostensiblybecauseofrot,butmorelikelytopreventitsdesignbeingcopiedwithoutappropriatecompensation.
FultoneventuallymadehiswastoEnglandandmanagedtointerestPrimeMinisterWilliamPittinhisideas,butheneverbuiltanothersubmarine.Intheoptimistic
beliefthathisdevicewouldbringanendtonavalwarfare,Fultonreferredtohissubmarineas"ACuriousMachineforMendingPolitics."ContemporaryFrenchand
BritishnavalofficersdeemedFulton'sdevicesinappropriatelydestructive.Inthelongrun,neitherviewprevailed.
Philip,RobertFulton.

Nautilus
(exO12)Oclasssubmarine.L/B/D:175'16.5'14'(53.3m5m4.3m).Tons:491/566disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:29.Mach.:14/11kts.Built:LakeTorpedo
BoatCo.,Bridgeport,Conn.1918.
OneofsixteenOclasssubmarinescommissionedbytheU.S.NavyduringWorldWarI,O12wasoriginallyarmedwithfour18inchtorpedotubesanda3inch
deckgun.ShespentsixyearswithsubmarineDivision1basedatCocoSolo,Panama,beforebeingplacedinreserve.Slatedtobescrappedunderthetermsofthe
LondonNavalTreatyof1930,shewasgivenareprievewhenAustralianpolarexplorerCaptainGeorgeHubertWilkinssecuredherforanattempttotravelunderthe
icecaptotheNorthPole.Modificationsincludedsealingthetorpedotubesandreinforcingthebow,fittingtheconningwithanaugurtodrillthroughtheice,and
attachingawooden"sleddeck"tothehulltoenablethesubmarinetoglidealongtheundersideoftheice.
AfterfittingoutatNewYork,thesubmarinewaschristenedNautilus,inhonorofthesubmarineofthesamenameinJulesVerne'snovelTwentyThousandLeagues
undertheSea.OnJuly4,1931,NautilussailedfromNewYorkforSpitsbergenwhere,afterconsiderableengineproblems,shearrivedinAugust.Shesailedagain
onAugust19andonSeptember1disappearedundertheice,sailingtowithin500milesofthePole.Muchoftheequipmentdesignedforthevoyagedidn'tworkand
somewasbadlymaintainedcrewmembersreluctanttotravelbeneaththeicesabotagedthedivingplanes.Nonetheless,scientistsaboardthesubmarineconducted
valuableunderwatersurveysbetweenGreenlandandNorway.NoothersubmarinesailedbeneaththeiceuntilthenuclearpoweredUSSNAUTILUSreachedthe
NorthPolein1955.Attheendoftheexpedition,Wilkins'sNautiluswassunkinBergenfjordinaccordwiththedisarmamenttreaty.
Cross,ChallengersoftheDeep.Wilkins,UndertheNorthPole.

USSNautilus(SSN571)
Nautilusclasssubmarine.L/B/D:323.8'27.7'22'(98.7m8.4m6.7m).Tons:3,533/4,092disp.Hull:steel700'dd.Comp.:116.Arm.:621"TT.Mach.:
nuclearreactor,steamturbine,13,200shp,2screws23kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1955.
ThebrainchildofHymanG.Rickover,whoeventuallyrosetotherankofadmiral,USSNautiluswastheworld'sfirstnuclearpoweredsubmarineandthefirstvessel
ofanydescriptiontocrosstheNorthPole90N.AveteranoftheBureauofShips,Rickoverfirstconsidered

Page353

Imagenotavailable.
ThenuclearpoweredsubmarineUSSNAUTILUSsurgesalong
thesurfaceduringseatrialsofftheNewEnglandcoast.Bythe
middleofthe20thcentury,designandengineeringpracticeswere
equaltothevisionofsuch19thcenturythinkersasRobertFulton
andJulesVerne.Inthesummerof1958,NAUTILUScompleteda
transitoftheNorthwestPassagewhilesubmerged.CourtesyU.S.
NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

nuclearpropulsionforshipswhileonassignmenttotheAtomicEnergyCommission'sreactorcomplexatOakRidge,Tennessee,in1946.Laterassignedtoheadthe
BureauofShips'NuclearPowerDivision,andconcurrentlytheNavalReactorsBranchoftheAtomicEnergyCommission,Rickoverquicklydevelopedplansforwhat
becameUSSNautilus,thefourthvesselofthename.Thechiefadvantageofatomicpowerovertraditionaldieselpoweristhatitproducesheattocreatesteam
throughfissionratherthanfirewithouttheneedforexternalsourcesofairoroxygen,anuclearpoweredsubmarinecanstaysubmergedalmostindefinitely.Thespace
requiredtostoretheuraniumNautiluscarriedaboutapoundismuchlessthanthatneededfordieselfuel,whichmeansthereismoreroomforweaponsand
crew.
LaiddownbyPresidentHarryS.Trumanin1955,theworld'sfirstnuclearsubmarinewaslaunchedtwoyearslaterbyFirstLadyMamieEisenhower.OnJanuary17,
1955,underCommanderE.P.Wilkinson,USSNautiluscastoffherlinesfromGrotonandsignaled"underwayonnuclearpower."Onherfirstvoyage,toPuerto
Rico,shesailed1,381milesin89.8hours,thelongestsubmergeddistancecoveredbyasubmarinetothattime,andachievedthehighestunderwaterspeed.Bythe
followingyear,planswerebeingdevelopedtosendNautilusunderthepolarice.Inpurelymilitaryterms,theenduranceofnuclearsubmarinesmadethemideal
candidatestohidebeneaththeiceinanticipationofamissileattackagainsttheSovietUnion.Asapublicrelationsexercise,sendingasubmarinetotheNorthPole
wouldconfirmAmericantechnologicalsuperiority.In1957NautilusmadeherfirstforaysundertheicecapunderCommanderWilliamR.Anderson.Sailingfrom
NewLondonincompanywithUSSTrigger,sheprobedundertheicenorthofJanMayenIslandduringthefirstweekofSeptember.Justbeforereaching86N,a
gyroscopefusefailedandshehadtoturnback.AfterparticipatinginNATOwargamesintheNorthAtlantic,shereturnedtodutyalongtheEastCoast.
ThefollowingspringshewassenttothePacificinpreparationforOperationSunshine,atopsecretvoyagefromthePacifictotheAtlanticviatheNorthPole.
DepartingSeattleonJune9,1958,NautilusfirstattemptedtoentertheBeringSeaviathewesternpassagerunningbetweenSt.LawrenceIslandandSiberia.When
thatprovedtooshallow,shedoubledbackaroundSt.LawrenceIslandandheadedthroughtheBeringStrait.Justshyof70N,Nautilusencounteredicemorethan
60feetdeep,inwaterthatwasbarelydeepenoughtoallowthesailtopassbeneath.Reluctantly,themissionwasabortedandtheshipreturnedtoPearlHarbor,still
withtopsecretclearance.
AfteramonthofshuttlingbetweenWashington,NewLondon,Alaska,andHawaiibykeymembersofthecrew,NautilusresumedOperationSunshineonJuly22.
Bythistime,theicehadshiftedsignificantlyandNautiluswasabletoapproachtheBeringStraitviathewesterndoor.Passingthepointatwhichshehadbeenforced
toturnbackthepreviousmonth,NautilussailedforthedeepBarrowSeaValleyandonAugust1,laidacourseforthePole.Shepassedoverthetopoftheworldat
1115EDT,cruisingabout400feetbelowthesurface.Twodayslater,after1,830milesundertheice,NautilussurfacednearSpitsbergenIslandandbroadcastthe
messageconfirminghersuccessfultranspolarpassage:"Nautilus90North."Inrecognitionofthisachievement,shebecamethefirstshipevertoreceiveaPresidential
UnitCitationinpeacetime.
Nautilus'ssubsequentcareerincludedassignmentasthefirstsubmarinewiththeSixthFleetintheMediterranean,andshewasusedextensivelyinthedevelopmentof
newantisubmarinewarfaretechniques,theoldprocedureshavingbeenrenderedallbutobsoletebytheadvancesaffordedbynuclearpropulsion.In1962shetook
partinthenavalblockadeduringtheCubanMissileCri

Page354

sisandlatersheoperatedwiththeSecondFleet.Duringheroperationallifetime,Nautilushadthreenuclearcoresthatdrovehermorethan300,000miles.Shewas
notdecommissioneduntil1980.FiveyearslatershewasopenedtothepublicaspartoftheNautilusMemorialandSubmarineForceLibraryandMuseuminGroton,
Connecticut.
Anderson,"Nautilus"90North.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSNelson
Nelsonclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:710'106'30'(216.4m32.3m9.1m).Tons:38,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,361.Arm.:916"(33),126",
64.7",82pdr,220mm,80.5"224.5"TT.Armor:14"belt,6.25"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,45,000shp,2shafts23kts.Built:SirW.G.
ArmstrongCo.,Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,England1927.
NamedafterViceAdmiralLordNelson,theheroofTrafalgar,HMSNelsonwasbuilttodesignsthatevolvedoutofthenegotiationsattheWashingtonNaval
Conferenceof1921.NelsonandRODNEYwerethemostheavilyarmedBritishcapitalships,mounting16inchgunsinthreetripleturretsforwardofthebridge
tower6inchgunsweremountedindoubleturretsaft.Flagshipofthefleetfrom1927to1941,shortlyafterthestartofWorldWarII,shewasdamagedbyamineat
LochEweonDecember4,1939shedidnotrejointheHomeFleetforninemonths.OnSeptember27,1941,Nelsonwashitbyanaerialtorpedowhilesailingin
supportoftheMaltaConvoyinOperationHalberdandwasoutofactionforanotherelevenmonths.InAugust1942,shebecameflagshipofAdmiralSyfret'sForce
HwhichcomprisedalsoRodney,threeaircraftcarriers,sevencruisers,andthirtytwodestroyersatGibraltar.Assuch,shesailedinsupportoftheMalta
convoys,theNorthAfricanlandingsduringOperationTorchinNovember1942,andtheinvasionofSicily,OperationHusky,inJuly1943.OnSeptember29,
GeneralDwightD.EisenhowerandMarshalPietroBadogliosignedtheItalianarmisticeaboardNelsonatMalta.
ThefollowingJuly,shewasdamagedbyamineintheEnglishChannelandunderwentsixmonthsofrepairsatPhiladelphia.Onherreturntoservice,shejoinedthe
EastIndiesFleetforoperationsagainstJapaneseforcesinMalaya,whichformallysurrenderedaboardNelson.ReturningtoEnglandattheendof1945,Nelson
remainedasflagshipoftheHomeFleetin1946.ShewasscrappedatInverkeithingin1948.
Careless,Battleship"Nelson."Raven,Battleships"Rodney"and"Nelson."

Nemesis
Paddlefrigate(1f/2m).L/B/D:184'29'(41'ew)6'(56.1m8.8m(12.5m)1.8m).Tons:660bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:6090.Arm.:232pdr,46pdr.
Mach.:2cyl,120nhp,sidewheels8kts.Built:CammellLaird&Co.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.1839.
Althoughthefirstironhulledsteamship,AARONMANBY,waslaunchedin1821,anumberofpracticalconsiderationspreventedthewidespreadadoptionofiron
hulls.Themostimportantofthesewasovercomein1839,whenAstronomerRoyalSirGeorgeAireydeterminedhowtocompensatefortheeffectofirononthe
ship'scompass.Thesameyear,theHonourableEastIndiaCompanyorderedthepaddlegunboatNemesisforserviceinChina.Whilewoodenshipsofthesamesize
drew13feet,Nemesisdrewonly6feetofwaterfullyloaded,whichgaveheradecidedadvantageinriverineoperations.Whenundersail,hercrewcouldlowertwo
sevenfootdropkeelstoimproveweatherliness,thatis,herabilitytosailtowindward.AlthoughNemesiscarriedAirey'scompasscorrectors,thesewereimproperly
fittedandonhermaidenvoyagesheranagroundoffSt.Ivesandstoveinseveralironplates.
InMarch1840,NemesissailedforIndiaunderCaptainWilliamHutcheonHall.(AlthoughnevercommissionedintheRoyalNavy,Nemesiswasusuallyunderthe
commandofRoyalNavyofficers.)ThefirstironsteamshiptoroundtheCapeofGoodHope,shewasforcedintoDelagoaBayforrepairstosomeplatesthat
fracturedwhentheshipbroachedoffSouthAfrica.ContinuingontoChina,shearrivedofftheBogueFortsinNovember.NemesisplayedasignificantroleintheFirst
OpiumWarandtypifiedthetechnologicaladvantagethatBritainhadovertheChinese.InthewordsofacontemporaryBritishaccount,shewas
asmuchadmiredbyourcountrymenasdreadedbytheChinese.Wellmaythelatterofferarewardof50,000dollarsforher,butshewillbedifficulttotake.Theycallherthedevil
ship,andsaythatourshellsandrocketscouldonlybeinventedbythelatter.TheyaremoreafraidofherthanalltheLineofBattleshipsputtogether.

NemesiswasinthethickofthefightingattheBogueForts,Amoy,andNingpoin1840andatWoosungin1842.UponherreturntoBombayin1843,itwasfound
thatshehadsufferedmuchlessdamagethanherwoodencounterparts,andCaptainHall'sofficialreporttotheAdmiraltyontheship'sperformancecontributedto
theirorderingmoreironships.AfterrepairsatBombay,shebegancruisingbetweenBombay,Karachi,andBassein.Shewassoldin1852.

Page355
Brown,"Nemesis:TheFirstIronWarship."Hall,NarrativeoftheVoyagesandServiceofthe"Nemesis."Mallard,"ShipsofIndia,18341934."

Nemiships
About30kilometerssouthofRome,intheAlbanHills500metersabovesealevel,liesLakeNemi.AccordingtotheRomanhistorianSuetonius,theemperorCaligula
(3741CE)builttwoshipsathisimperialvillaonthelake,andthememoryofthesunkenshipslingeredinthetraditionofthelocalfishermen.In1446,the
RenaissanceCardinalDonPosperoColonna,LordofNemi,becamethefirstmaninmoderntimestoattempttoraisetheships.Othersfolloweduntilasystematic
effortwasbegunbyEliseoBoghiin1895.Hiseffortsweresosuccessfulthatthegovernmentintervenedtostophisworkandassumeddirectionofthesearch.Itwas
finallydecidedtorecovertheshipsbyloweringthelevelofthelake,aneffortundertakenbetween1929and1932.InthewordsofLieutenantCommanderG.C.
Speziale,theproject"promisedtobebothdifficultandcostly,butverynecessaryfromthepointofgeneralculture."
Thetwoshipswerefoundabout200metersapart,lyingatdepthsof5to12metersand15to22meters,respectively.Thefirstgalleymeasured71.2meters(239.5
feet)overall,67.3meters(220.7feet)onthewaterlineand20metersinbeam(65.6feet),witharoundedbilge.Theendofthestemcurvedbacktowardsthesternof
theship,whilethesternfinialwasintheshapeofafishtail.Ingeneralform,thisvesselmostcloselyconformedtowhatisknownofRomanshipsoftheimperial
period.Thesecondgalleywasmorerectangularinshape,measuring73metersoverall(239.4feet),68.9meters(226feet)onthewaterline,and14.4meters(47.2
feet)inbeam.Shipsofthesedimensionswerequiteremarkable,exceedingbyfarthesizeofanyknownshipspriortothemodernperiod.Testsonmodelsofthetwo
hullsdemonstratedthattheyhadlowcoefficientsoffrictionforlowvelocityshipsintendedtobesailedorrowed.Neverintendedforsailingonopenwater,theywere
lightlyconstructed,althoughthehullswerecarvelbuilt,withtheplanksjoinededgetoedge.Toinhibitrotandfouling,theplankingwascoveredbyalayeroftar
impregnatedwoolcladinathinsheathingoflead.
Amongtheartifactsfoundwithorneartheshipswereinteriordecorations,includingabronzelion,leopardandfoxheadsoriginallyfittedtotheendsofbollardsand
beams,hinges,andfragmentsofporphyry,serpentine,mosaics,tesserae,andglass.Technologicalcuriositieswereananchorwithmovablejawsofatypelater
developedbyLordNelsonintheeighteenthcentury,andtwotypesofbearings:thelarger,atypeofbronzeballbearing,andthesmaller,aneedlebearingmadeof
wood.
ThediscoveryofsomuchmaterialintendedforornamentcoupledwithCaligula'sreputationasalibertineledarchaeologiststobelievethattheshipswere
intendedsimplyaspleasureyachts.Othertheoriesheldthattheywereusedformockbattles(thoughnothingofamartialcharacterhasbeenfoundatNemi),thatthey
wereintendedforsecretnavalexperiments,andthattheyweresomehowrelatedtothetempleofDianaAricina.(TheRomanscalledthelakeSpeculumDianae.)A
morerecenttheoryholdsthattheshipswereconnectedinsomewaywiththemysterycultofIsistowhichCaligulawasanadherent.Accordingtothisexplanation,the
shipswereintentionallysunkaftertheemperor'sassassinationaspartofapolicytoeradicateallmemoryofhisrule.
Removedtoshorefacilities,theshipsweretheobjectofintensescholarlystudyduringthe1930s,whenseveralmodelsofthevesselsweremade.DuringWorldWar
II,theshipswereburned(probablyintentionally)onthenightofMay31,1944,duringtheAlliedadvanceonRome.By1996,agroupcalledDianaeLacuswas
developingplanstobuildfullscalereplicasoftheNemiships.
Denham,"Caligula'sGalleys."RubindeCervin,"MysteriesandNemesisoftheNemiShips."Speziale,"TheRomanAnchorsFoundatNemi""RomanGalleysintheLakeof
Nemi."

USSNeosho
Cimarronclassoiler.L/B/D:553'75'32.3'(168.6m22.9m9.9m).Tons:7,470disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:304.Arm.:15",43".Mach.:geared
turbines,13,500shp,2screws18kts.Built:FederalShipbuilding&DrydockCo.,Kearny,N.J.1939.
NamedforatributaryoftheArkansasRiver,thefleetoilerUSSNeoshowasthesecondshipofthename.FortheMaritimeCommission,shebegantransporting
aviationfuelfromtheWestCoasttotheFordIslandNavalAirStationatPearlHarborinJuly1941.December7foundheratPearlHarbor.CommanderJohnS.
PhillipsfoughthisshipwellthroughouttheJapanesesurpriseattack,whichwasconcentratedonBattleshipRow,andNeoshowascreditedwithshootingdownone
Japaneseplane.FollowingPearlHarbor,shewassailedinsupportofvariousaircraftcarriertaskforces.InAprilshejoinedTaskForce17,centeredonUSS
YORKTOWN,thenmarshalingintheCoralSeatothwartananticipatedinvasionofAustraliaandNewZealand.OnMay7,NeoshoandUSS

Page356

SIMSweredetachedfromthemainfleetandboundforNouma,NewCaledonia,whenJapanesereconnaissanceplanesmisidentifiedthepairasanaircraftcarrier
andherescort.Attackedbysixtyoneplanesinthreewaves,SimswassunkandNeoshotookdirecthitsfromsevenbombsandonedivebomberthatcrashedinto
her.OnMay11,thedestroyerUSSHenleytookoffNeosho's123survivorsandsankthecrippledhulkin1535'S,15536'E.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Neptune'sCar
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:216'40'23.6'(65.8m12.2m7.2m).Tons:1,616om.Hull:wood.Built:Page&Allen,Portsmouth,Va.1853.
OneofaveryfewclippersbuiltoutsideofNewYorkandNewEnglandshipyards,andprobablytheonlylargeclipperbuiltinVirginia,Neptune'sCarwasbuiltfor
theNewYorkfirmofFosterandNickerson.ThoughintendedfortheCapeHorntrade,herfirstvoyagewasatransatlanticrunandshedidnotarriveatSan
FranciscountilFebruary1854.ReturningtoNewYorkviaSingaporeandCalcutta,theshipwasputundercommandofCaptainJoshuaPatten,whowas
accompaniedbyhiseighteenyearoldwife,MaryAnnPatten.Onherfirstvoyageunderhiscommand,Neptune'sCarwas101daystoSanFranciscoarriving
withinhoursoftheclipperWestwardHo,whichhadsailedfromBostonthedaybeforesheclearedSandyHook.Aswascommonintheclipperage,WestwardHo's
CaptainHusseyofferedawagerontheoutcomeofaracebetweenthetwoshipstoHongKong.Pattendeclined,buttheshipssailedonthesamedayandNeptune's
Carmadethepassageinfiftydays,asagainstWestwardHo'ssixtyone.LoadingteafortheLondonmarket,Neptune'sCarreturnedtoNewYorkin1856.
OnJuly2,Neptune'sCarclearedNewYorkforSanFrancisco,thesamedayasRomanceoftheSeasandIntrepid(onhermaidenvoyage)onapassageuniquein
theannalsoftheCapeHorntrade.CaptainPattenwassufferingfromtuberculosis,andbeforetheshiphadevenreachedtheFalklandIslands,hewasunconscious
withfever.AsPattenhadarrestedhisfirstmate,Keeler,forinsubordination,commandofNeptune'sCarfelltothepregnantMaryPatten,theonlyotherperson
aboardshipwhoknewnavigation.RoundingCapeHorntooksixweeksofdrivingagainsttheprevailingwinds,andNeptune'sCarfinallyreachedSanFranciscoon
November15,1856,afterapassageof134days,threeweekslongerthanRomanceoftheSeasbutelevendaysfasterthanIntrepid.AlthoughCaptainPatten
survivedthevoyage,hediedthenextyear.Forhercrucialroleinbringingtheshipsafelytoport,MaryPattenwasawarded$1,399bytheinsurancecompany.Her
childwasborninearly1857,butsheherselfdiedoftuberculosisin1861.SheisrememberedinthenameofthehospitalattheU.S.MerchantMarineAcademyin
KingsPoint,NewYork.
FollowingherarrivalatSanFrancisco,Neptune'sCarcameundercommandofCaptainBearse,whohadheruntil1860,whenshecameundercommandofCaleb
Sprague.OnhisonlyNewYorkSanFranciscovoyage,Spraguewasforcedtoarrestanumberofthecrewformutiny.HewasthenforcedtoputintoCallaofor
repairs,onlytohavetheshipseizedbyU.S.authoritiesbecauseshewaspartiallyownedbySoutherninterests.SoldtoBarclay&CompanyofLiverpool,Neptune's
CartradedundertheBritishflaguntilatleast1870.
Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

USSNewIronsides
Ironclad(1f/3m).L/B/D:232'57.5'15.7'(70.7m17.5m4.8m).Tons:4,120disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:460.Arm.:2150pdr,250pdr,1411",1
12pdr,112pdr.Armor:4.5"belt,1"deck.Mach.:horizontaldirectactingengine,700hp,1screw6kts.Des.:Merrick&Sons.Built:WilliamCramp&Sons
ShipandEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1862.
NamedinhonorofUSSCONSTITUTION,whoearnedthenickname"OldIronsides"duringherengagementwithHMSGUERRIRE,USSNewIronsideswas
oneofthreeironcladsorderedshortlyafterthestartoftheCivilWar.ModeledoncontemporaryEuropeandesigns,shewasoneofthemostpowerfulshipsafloat.
Neverregardedasseakindly,shehadapronouncedtumblehomeoriginallyriggedasaship,hermastswerelatercutdown.NewIronsidesenteredserviceas
flagshipofRearAdmiralSamuelduPont'sSouthAtlanticBlockadingSquadroninAugust1862.StationedoffCharleston,SouthCarolina,onApril7shetookpartin
thebombardmentofFortsMoultrieandSumterhit55times,shesufferednoseriousdamage.FlyingtheflagofRearAdmiralJohnA.Dahlgren,NewIronsidestook
partinthebombardmentofMorrisIslandbetweenJulyandSeptember,receiving214hits,againwithonlynegligibleeffect.Ofmoreseriousconcernwereattacksby
spartorpedoboats.NewIronsidesavoidedthefirstoftheseonAugust21,butonOctober5,1863,shewasattackedbyCSSDAVID,whichmanagedtodetonate
amineonherstarboardquarter.ThedamagewasinsignificantandNewIronsidesremainedonstationuntilMay1864,whenshereturnedtoPhiladelphia.Joiningthe
NorthAtlanticBlockading

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SquadroninOctober,shetookpartinthebombardmentofFortFisher,NorthCarolina,onChristmasEveandagainonJanuary1315,1865,whenthefortwas
finallycaptured.DecommissionedonApril7,1865,twodaysbeforetheConfederatesurrenderatAppomattox,NewIronsideswaslaidupatLeagueIsland,
Philadelphia.ShewasdestroyedbyfireonDecember16,1866.
Anderson,BySeaandbyRiver.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

NewOrleans
Steamboat(1f/2m).L/B:116'20'(35.4m6.1m).Hull:wood.Mach.:steam,sidewheels.Des.:RobertFulton.Built:NicholasJ.Roosevelt,Pittsburgh,Pa.1811.
In1808,RobertFultonsentNicholasJ.RoosevelttoPittsburghtoinvestigatetheprospectsforsteamboatserviceontheOhioandMississippiRivers,forthesteam
navigationofwhichheandhispartnerRobertR.Livingstonhadsecuredamonopoly.FounderofthefirstengineworksintheUnitedStates,Roosevelthadfirst
workedwithLivingstonin1797.HisfavorablereporthedescendedtoNewOrleansonaflatboatandreturnedtoNewYorkviasearesultedintheformation
oftheOhioSteamNavigationCompanytobuildNewOrleans,aboatsimilartoFulton'sNORTHRIVERSTEAMBOATandthusbettersuitedtotheHudsonthan
totheMississippi.AftertrialsontheMonongahelaRiverinApril1811,thesidewheelpaddlesteamersetoffdowntheOhiowithacomplementofeight,including
Mrs.Roosevelt,whogavebirthatLouisvillewhere,tocelebrate,Mr.Rooseveltembarkedagroupofdistinguishedifdisbelievingcitizensforashorttripupriver,
againstthecurrent.BecauseoftherapidsbelowLouisville,theycouldnotleaveuntilNovemberrainshadraisedtheriverenoughforthedeepdraftNewOrleansto
makethepassagesafely.ButnosoonerhadtheyleftLouisvillethentheMississippiandhertributarieswerethrownintochaosbytheNewMadridearthquake,which
madetheriverunfamiliartoeventhemostknowledgeablepilots.
AtNatchez,anadventurousmerchantconsignedaloadofcottontothevessel,andonJanuary12,1812,NewOrleansbecamethefirststeamboattocallattheport
forwhichshewasnamed.ShepliedbetweenthereandNatchezuntilJuly1814,whenshesanknearBatonRougeafterhittingasnag.Bythen,therewerealready
threemoresteamboatsinoperationontheriver,Fulton'sVesuviusandtwovesselsbuiltbyDanielFrenchinadirectchallengetotheLivingstonFulton
monopolyCometandHenryShreve'sEnterprise,thefirststernwheeler.In1814,thereweretwentyonesteamboatarrivalsrecordedatNewOrleansnineteen
yearslatertherewere1,200.By1840,NewOrleanswasthefourthbusiestportintheworldandbytheendofthecentury,morethan4,000steamboatswouldbe
builttoservetheFatherofWaters.
Carter,RiversofAmerica.Flexner,SteamboatsComeTrue.

USSNiagara
Brig.L/B/D:109.8'30'4.7'dph(33.5m9.1m1.4m).Tons:493bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:142.Arm.:212pdr,1832pdr.Built:Adam&NoahBrown,
PresqueIsle,Pa.1813.
USSNiagarawasoneoftwosistershipsbuiltunderthesupervisionofMasterCommandantOliverHazardPerry,whowasgivenresponsibilityfortheallbut
nonexistentLakeEriefleetduringtheWarof1812.ChiefcreditforgivingshapetothisadhocfleetfelltotheNewYorkshipbuildersAdamandNoahBrown,who
wouldlaterhaveahandinthebuildingofFULTONSTEAMFRIGATEandWALKINTHEWATER,thefirstGreatLakessteamboat.NoahBrownhadbeen
senttoLakeEriebytheNavyDepartment.Woodwasabundant,butskilledlabor,navalstores,andgunsallhadtocomeoverland.Nonetheless,byJuly1813
BrownhadbuiltthebrigsNiagaraandLawrence,andtheschoonersArielandOhio,andhadhelpedinthebuildingorreconstructionofahandfulofothervessels.In
thewordsofHowardChapelle,
TheamountofworkthatBrownaccomplishedwithabout200men,withoutpowertools,andinawildernessduringtheworstwintermonths,makessomeofthemodern[World
WarII]wartimeproductionfeatssomethinglessthanimpressive.

Perry'sfunctionwastocontaintheBritishadvancealongthenorthernfrontierfromCanada.HisfleetwasinitiallyblockadedatPresqueIsle(nowErie),Pennsylvania,
byCaptainRobertBarclay,wholiftedtheblockadeonJuly30.Threedayslater,PerrysailedtothewesternendofLakeEriewhereheestablishedabaseatPutin
BayintheBassIslandsnorthofpresentdaySandusky,Ohio.Hisfleetcomprisednineships:USSLawrence,Niagara(20guns),Ariel(6),Caledonia(3),Somers
(2),Scorpion,Porcupine,Trippe,andTigress(1).WithhissupplylinesfromLakeOntariocut,BarclayaveteranofTrafalgarwasforcedtobringthe
Americanstobattle,andonSeptember10,hesailedfromFortMalden,Ontario,withhisfleetofsixships:HMSDetroit(20),QueenCharlotte(16),LadyPrevost
(13),Hunter(10),LittleBelt(2),andChippewa(2).
Approachingeachotherinparallelbattlelinesthe

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engagementwastheonlytraditionalfleetactionofthewarthetwosquadronsengagedeachotherat1145.Perry'sflagshipwasLawrence,namedforhisgood
friendCaptainJamesLawrence,whohaddiedonJune1inthebattlebetweenUSSCHESAPEAKEandHMSShannon,andwhosedyingwords''Don'tgiveup
theship"wereemblazonedonapennantflyingfromthemasthead.LawrencetookthebruntofthefightingfromDetroitandQueenCharlotte,andbyabout1430
hadsuffered84deadandwounded.With19ofhiscrew,PerrytransferredhisflagtoNiagara,whosecaptain,JesseD.Elliott,hadkeptheroutofthefray.Perry
immediatelysailedthroughthecenteroftheBritishline,crossingthe"T"andsendingrakingbroadsidesthelengthofBarclay'stwobiggestships.Barclay,whohadlost
anarminthebattle,wasforcedtostrike,thusbecomingthefirstBritishcommanderinhistorytosurrenderanentiresquadron.
Thatafternoon,PerrywrotetoGeneralWilliamHenryHarrison,"Wehavemettheenemyandtheyareours.TwoShips,twoBrigsoneSchooner&oneSloop."The
battleatPutinBaywasaturningpointintheWarof1812,forinsecuringcontrolofLakeErie,PerryremovedtheBritishthreattotheNorthwestTerritory.On
September23,NiagarasailedinsupportofHarrison'sattackonFortMalden,andthencoveredtheArmy'srecaptureofDetroitbeforegoingbacktoPresqueIsle
forthewinter.ThefollowingyearshecapturedfourBritishshipsonLakeEriebeforereturningagaintoherhomeport,wheresheremainedasareceivingshipuntil
1820.ThesameyearherhullwasintentionallysunkinMiseryBay,whosecold,freshwateractedasapreservative.
Raisedin1913,shewasrestoredandputonexhibitatvariousportsalongthemiddlelakesfortheBattleofLakeEriecentennial.KeptonpermanentexhibitatErie,
shewasrestoredagainin1939and1963.AreplicaofthebrigbuiltbyMelbourneSmithforthePennsylvaniaHistoricalandMuseumCommissionwaslaunchedin
1988.
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Nightingale
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:185'od36'20'dph(56.4m11m6.1m).Tons:1,066om722nm.Hull:wood.Comp.:250pass.Built:SamuelHanscom,Jr.,
Portsmouth,N.H.1851.
NamedforJennyLind,thefamoussingerwhomadeherAmericandebutundertheauspicesofshowmanP.T.Barnumin1850,theclippershipNightingalewas
adornedwithtwolikenessesof"theSwedishNightingale,"abustfigureheadonthebowandasterncarvingshowingherinarecliningpositionwithanightingale
perchedonherfinger.OriginallytohavebeennamedSarahCowles,beforeherlaunchtheshipadvertisedforpassengersfora"GrandTransAtlanticExcursionto
theWorld'sFair"inEngland.Alltoldshewasdesignedtocarry250passengers.Unfortunately,herownerwasdissatisfiedwithherconstruction,andinthefinancial
tanglethatensued,NightingalewasauctionedtotheBostonshipbrokerageofDavisandCompanyinearlySeptember,whothensoldhertoSampsonandTappan.
FarfromconveyingNewEnglandgentrytotheCrystalPalaceExhibitioninLondon,onOctober17NightingaleclearedBostonforMelbourneinoneofthefirst
passagestotransportminerstothenewlydiscoveredAustraliangoldfields.SailingtoCantonandShanghai,sheenteredthelucrativeteatradetoLondon,loadingin
Chinaoneachofhernextfourvoyages,whichalsoincludedanotherpassagetoMelbourneand,in1859,herfirstCapeHornvoyagefromNewYorktoSan
Francisco.
Uponherreturn,NightingalesailedforRiodeJaneirowhereshewassoldandapparentlyputintheslavetradeundercommandofCaptainFrancisBowen,known
as"thePrinceofSlaves."Herexactmovementsin1860aredifficulttotrace,butbytheendoftheyearshewasagainflyingtheAmericanflag,thoughstillcommanded
byBowenandsailingasaslaveship.SearchedbyBritishpatrolsintheWestIndiesinJanuary1861,threemonthslatershewasoffCabindaatthemouthofthe
CongoRiverwaitingtotakeslavesaboardwhenaboardingpartyfromthesloopofwarUSSSaratogafound971slavesinherhold.Theslaveswerereturned
toMonrovia,Liberia,thoughnotbefore160haddiedfromtropicalfever.AllowedtoescapebyLieutenantGuthrie,himselfaslaveowner,Bowenlatercommanded
thegunrunningsteamerVIRGINIUS.
InJuly1861,theU.S.NavypurchasedNightingaleandputhertoworkasasupplyandstoreshipfortheGulfCoastBlockadingSquadronuntil1864.Soldoutof
theNavyattheendoftheCivilWar,shesailedfromBostontoSanFranciscowheretheWesternUnionTelegraphCompanypurchasedherforoperationsin
connectionwithlayingasubmarinecableacrosstheBeringStrait.AfterseveralvoyagesfromSanFranciscotoPetropavlovsk,shewassoldbackintomerchanttrade
andbeganmoreorlessregularworkforasuccessionofdifferentownersbetweenNewYork,SanFrancisco,andChina.In1876,Nightingalewaspurchasedby
NorwegianinterestsandcutdownasabarkforworkinthelumbertradeoutofKrageroe.OnApril17,1893,shewasabandonedatseaenroutefromLiverpoolto
Halifax,hercrewbeingrescuedbyapassingvessel.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

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Nimrod
Barkentine(1f/3m).L/B/D:136'26.9'16'(41.5m8.2m4.9m).Tons:334grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:14.Mach.:compoundengine,60hp,1screw.Built:
AlexanderStephens&Sons,Ltd.,Dundee,Scotland1865.
BuiltforruggedworkintheArcticandAntarctic,sealerNimrodwaspurchasedbyErnestHenryShackletonforhisBritishImperialAntarcticExpedition.Nimrod
sailedfromTorquayonAugust7,1907,andreachedtheRossSeaviaNewZealandinJanuary1908.AftersearchinginvainforalandingsiteonKingEdwardLand,
NimrodwasforcedtogotoRossIslandatMcMurdoSound,despiteapromisetohisoldcaptainandrival,RobertFalconScott(withwhomhehadsailedin
DISCOVERY),thathewouldstaywestof170E.EstablishingabaseatHutPoint,whereDiscoverypreviouslylayfrom1901to1904,Shackletonattemptedto
reachthegeographicSouthPole1,725milesaway.CrossingtheRossIceShelf,histeamascendedtothe10,000foothighPolarPlateaubuthadtoturnbackat88
23'S,162Eanewfarthestsouth,yetstill97milesfromtheirgoal.Inthemeantime,DouglasMawson,T.W.EdgeworthDavid,andA.F.Mackayreachedthe
SouthMagneticPole,thenlocatedat7225'S,15516'Eabout190mileswestoftheRossSea.NimrodreturnedtoEnglandinJune1909andShackletonusedher
asafloatingmuseumofhisvoyagebeforesellingherforfundsin1910.Shackleton'smostfamousAntarcticexpeditionwashisthird,inENDURANCE.
Shackleton,HeartoftheAntarctic.

Nia
Caravelaredonda(3m).L/B/D:50'70'16'20'7'dph(1521m56m2mdph).Tons:5594toneladas.Hull:wood.Comp.:24.Arm.:9cmlombard,
4.5cmfalconets.Built:Palos,Spain(?)<1492.
OneofthethreeshipsinChristopherColumbus'sfirstvoyageofdiscoverythatwouldtakehimtotheCaribbeanislands,Niawasacaravelalatinathatis,lateen
riggedonthreemasts,thelargestsailandforemostsailbeingsetnearlyamidships.OwnedbyJuanNiodeMoguerandofficiallynamedSantaClara,sheisknown
tohistoryasNiabecauseitwasSpanishcustomtogiveshipsthefeminineformoftheowner'ssurname.RequisitionedbyColumbusinsatisfactionofafineowedby
thecitizensofLosPalostoFerdinandandIsabella,NiawasputundercommandofCaptainVicenteYezPinzn,whosebrotherMartnAlonsowasmasterof
PINTA.NiasailedfromPalosincompanywithSANTAMARAandPintaonAugust3,1492.Thelatterexperiencedruddertrouble,sotheothertwoshipssailed
asfarastheislandofGomeratowaitfortheirconsort.Whenshedidnotarrive,theysailedbacktoLasPalmas.There,Pinzntookadvantageofthedelay(ithad
takenPintatwoweekstomakeport)toalterNia'srigfromthatofacaravelalatinatoacaravelaredonda.Withhernewrig,sheretainedherlateenmizzen,seta
squaresailonhermainmast(theoldforemast),andsetasquareforesailonanewmaststeppednearthebow.Thismadehermuchbettersuitedtorunningbeforethe
tradewindsthatwouldcarryheracrosstheAtlantic,andshebecameColumbus'sfastestship,aswellashisfavorite.
ResumingthevoyageonSeptember6,theshipsmetfavorablewindsforthefirsttwoweeksofthevoyage,followedbyseveraldaysofadversewindsandcalms
betweenSeptember20and30.Onthe25th,Pinznclaimedtohavesightedland,thoughtheshipswerebarelyhalfwayacrosstheAtlantic.Bythesecondweekof
October,therewasincreasingevidencethatlandwasnearflocksofmigratingbirdsandflotsamintheformofapieceofcarvedwoodandtreebranches.Land
wasfinallysightedatabout0200onOctober12,andtheylandedlaterthatmorning.Thoughitisnotabsolutelycertainwhattheislandwas,itwasdefinitelylocatedin
whatisnowtheBahamas,probablySanSalvadororSamanaCaytheTainoinhabitantscalleditGuanahan.
ConvincedthathewasverynearCipangoorCathay(JapanorChina),whosegoldwasthechiefobjectofhisvoyage,Columbusledhisthreeshipsthroughthe
BahamasandsouthtoCuba,thenortheastcoastofwhichheexploredforaboutsixweeks.OnNovember22,Pintadepartedfromtheothertwoshipstoexplore
GreatInaguaIsland.VicenteYezremainedwithColumbus,andafewdayslater,atPuertoCayoMoa,Niareceivedanewmizzenmast.Thetwoshipscrossed
theWindwardChanneltoHispaniolaonDecember6,sailedalongitsnorthwestcoast,andskirtedthesouthcoastofTortuga.EarlyChristmasmorningSantaMara
groundedonacoralreef.Aftersalvagingwhattheycouldfromtheship,itwasclearthatherfortycrewcouldnotpossiblyembarkinNiaforthereturnvoyage,soa
fortwaserectedfromSantaMari'stimbersandthirtyninemenvolunteeredtostay.
ColumbustransferredhisflagtoNiaandproceededeastalongthecoastonJanuary4,1493.Twodayslater,hewasmakinghiswaytoopenwaterwhenalookout
sawPintainthedistance.Puttingabout,theshipsrendezvousedatIsleCabra.OnJanuary8,theybeganworkingtheirwaydownthecoast,gettingasfarasCape
SamanainwhatisnowtheDominicanRepublic.AbandoningplanstovisitadditionalislandsofwhichhehadheardfromvariousArawakstenofwhomhehad
pickedup

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alongthewayeithertoserveasinterpreters,forconversiontoChristianity,orascertainproofthathehadvisitedadistantlandonJanuary16heturnedtheships
forSpain.
Thefirstmonthwassmoothsailing,butonFebruary12,NiaandPintawereseparatedinathreedaystorm(thefirstofthevoyage)neartheAzores,which
belongedtoPortugal.AlthoughtheywereinsightofSantaMariaIslandonthe15th,ittookthemthreemoredaystoreachtheisland,whichhadnosecureanchorage.
There,whileofferingpenitentialprayersfortheirdeliverancefromthestorminachapelatAnjos,halfthecrewwerearrestedonsuspicionofhavingplundered
PortuguesepossessionsontheGuineaCoast.ColumbushadreceivedhisearlyseafaringeducationfromPortuguesemarinersandhiswifewasPortuguese,andwithin
afewdayshehadwonhiscrew'sreleaseandtheysailedagainonFebruary21.Fivedaysouttheywereovercomebyanotherstorm,possiblyofhurricaneforce,
whichlastedfivedays.OnthenightofMarch3,theywereperilouslyclosetoland,whichturnedouttobejustdownthecoastfromtheTagusRiver.Thenextmorning
theysailedintoLisbon.Whilethere,ColumbuswassummonedtothecourtofDomJoo,thePortuguesekingwhohaddeclinedhisrequestforsponsorshipforhis
plannedvoyageasearlyas148485.WhenDomJooheardColumbus'saccountofhisvoyage,completewithpresentationsbytheCaribbeannatives,hewasmore
thanalittlechagrinedtorealizewhathehadlostinnotsponsoringtheGenoesecaptainhimself.
LisbonwasonlyatwodaysailfromLosPalos,andNianosedintotheRioTintoonMarch15,onlyhoursbeforePintathirtytwoweeksfromporttoport.
Withinthreeweeks,hehadexchangedcorrespondencewithFerdinandandIsabella,thenholdingcourt700milesawayatBarcelona,receivingfromthem
confirmationthathewasnowAdmiraloftheOceanSea.Thiswasamongthehonorshehadbeenpromised,aswellassupportforasecondvoyage,preparationfor
whichgotunderwayalmostimmediately.
NiawastoosmalltosailasColumbus'sflagship,whichhonorwasreservedforanewSantaMara,nicknamedMariagalante.Thenewfleetconsistedof
seventeenshipsandmorethan1,200sailors,colonists,andothersupernumeraries.SailingfromCadizonSeptember25,thefleetcalledagainattheCanaries,
remainingthereforaboutaweekbeforeleavingsometimebetweenOctober7and10.Thevoyageoverwasuneventful,andonSunday,November3,theymade
theirfirstlandfall,atDominica.Forthenextthreeweeks,theysailednorthalongtheLeewardIslands,givingnamesthatenduretodaytomanyoftheislands.On
November23,theywerebackonthenorthcoastofHispaniolawheretheylearnedthattheentirethirtyninemangarrisonleftatNavidadhadbeenkilled.OnJanuary
2,1494,ColumbusandhisshipsdecidedtoestablishabaseatIsabela,Hispaniola,tobenearthegoldatCibao,intheinterior.
OnApril24,ColumbuschosethecaravelsNia(ofwhichhenowownedhalf),SanJuan,andCarderaforanexploringexpedition.Thistookthemfirsttothe
southeastcoastofCuba(includingGuantnamoBayandSantiago),thenacrosstonorthernJamaica,backtoCubaasfarasBahiaCortez,andthenagainalongthe
southernshoresofJamaicaandHispaniola.TheshipsreturnedtoIsabelaonSeptember24,afteranabsenceoffourmonths.Columbusremainedattheillmanaged
colonyforanothereighteenmonths,duringwhichheworkedtoestablishatradeinTainoslaves.OnMarch10,1496,NiaandSantaCruzsailedforSpain,
embarkingbetweenthemabout255people.(SantaCruzhadbeenbuiltatHispaniolaafterahurricaneinJune1495destroyedallColumbus'sremainingshipssave
Nia.)AmonthlatertheywerestillintheCaribbean,callingatGuadeloupeinApril,wheretheyattemptedtoreprovisioninthefaceofhostileCaribs.OnApril20,
1496,theyweighedanchoragain,butitwasnotuntilJune11thattheyfetchedupagainintheBayofCadiz.
TrafficbetweenSpainandtheCaribbeanwasnotconfinedonlytoColumbus'sfleets,andseveralshipshadarrivedatHispaniolawhileColumbuswasthereand
beforehisreturn.WhileColumbusmadepreparationsforhisthirdvoyagetotheNewWorld,Nia'sCaptainAlonsoMedeldecidedtodosometradingtoRomeon
theside,onlytobecapturedbySardinianpirates.Theshipwasrecapturedbyhercrew,andreturnedtoCadizintimetosailfromSanlcaronJanuary23,1498,
underCaptainPedroFrancs,shortlybeforeColumbus'smainfleetsailedonhisthirdvoyage.HersubsequentcareerintheCaribbeanisnotknown,andthelast
writtenrecordofherisin1501.
Morison,AdmiraloftheOceanSea.Pastor,ShipsofChristopherColumbus.Philips,"EvolutionofSpanishShipDesign."

Nia
Staysailschooner(2m).L/B/D:59'15'10'(18m4.6m3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:12.Des.:W.StarlingBurgess.Built:ReubenBigelow,MonumentBeach,
Mass.1928.
CommissionedbyElihuRoot,Jr.,andPaulHammondexpresslyforthetransatlanticracetoSpainof1928,Nia

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Imagenotavailable.
TheStarlingBurgessdesignedstaysailschoonerNIA
easingalongunderfullsailinthesummerof1965.Built
forthetransatlanticraceof1928,underherthirdowner,
DeCourseyFales,NIAwasatwotimeBermudaRace
winner,in1962and1964.CourtesyNewYorkYachtClub.

wassonamedbecausetwooftheotherraceentrantswerenamedPintaandSantaMaria.Inadditiontobeingthesmallestboatinhermaidenrace,Niawasthe
onlynongaffriggedvesselandsailedwithanamateurcrew.Nonetheless,shewonhandily,andasshecrossedthefinishline,therace'ssponsor,AlfonsoXIII,
cheeredfromhislaunch,"Wellsailed,Nia!Icongratulateyou!IamthekingofSpain."Shortlythereafter,Nia!sailedforEnglandand,withShermanHoytatthe
helm,enteredandwontheFastnetRacewithanelapsedtimeof20days,15minutes,20seconds.Afterwinningthe1929racefromNewLondon,Connecticut,to
GibsonIsland,Maryland,shewaslaidup.In1933,BobbySomerset,theEnglishownerofJOLIEBRISE,purchasedNia.WhileenroutefromNewYorktothe
Bahamas,herdriedouthullleakedsobadlythatshealmostsankandhadtoputintoBermudaforrepairs.Somersetputherupforsale,andherfutureseemedin
jeopardyuntilshewaspurchasedbyDeCourseyFalesin1935.
SlowlybutsurelyFalesrestoredNiatoherformerglory.ShewonahandfulofracesbeforeWorldWarII,andafterwardsdominatedtheVineyardRaceanda
numberofothersontheEastCoast.ThecontestthatallbuteludedherwasthebiennialBermudaRace,whichshefirstenteredafterthewar.In1962,however,the
thirtyfouryearoldschoonerfollowedtheketchStormvogeloverthefinishline,andNiawasdeclaredthewinneroncorrectedtime.ShesailedtheBermudaRace
oncemoreunderFalesin1964,buttwoyearslaterwhilehis"OldGirl"washalfwaytoBermuda,theseventyeightyearoldFalesdiedinNewYork.Niawas
donatedtotheU.S.MerchantMarineAcademyforuseasatrainingvessel.Severalyearslatershereturnedtoprivateownershipandin1993wasbasedinFlorida.
Robinson,LegendaryYachts.

NipponMaru
Bark(4m).L/B/D:307'42.5'22.5'(93.6m13m6.9m).Tons:2,285grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:150200.Mach.:aux.diesel,2,600hp.Built:Kawasaki
DockyardCo.,Kobe,Japan1930.
Inthelate1920s,theJapaneseMinistryofTransportorderedthefourmastedbarksNipponMaruandKaiwoMarufortheKokaiKunrensho(InstituteforNautical
Training),whichalreadyoperatedthefourmastedbarkTaiseiMaruandthefourmastedbarkentineShintokuMaru.Theirworkforthemerchantmarineisreflected
intheirnames.Maru,whichsignifieswholenessorunity,isanalmostuniversalsuffixforJapanesemerchantshipnames.NipponmeansJapan,andKaiwoisthe
mythologicalkingoftheseas,equivalenttoNeptuneorPoseidon.Commissionedin1930and1931,respectively,thebarksweredescribedbyHaroldUnderhillas
"imposingratherthanbeautiful."Theirveryhighfreeboardsreflectedadesiretomaximizetheamountofnaturallightadmittedtothecrewspacesbelowdecks,while
theircomparativelyshorteryardsandsmallersailsweredesignedtoaccommodatetherelativelysmallstatureoftheaverageJapanesebeforeWorldWarII.
BeforeWorldWarII,theships'trainingvoyagescarriedthemthroughoutthePacific,andNipponMarumadefourvoyagestotheUnitedStates,fivetoHawaiiand
sevenelsewhereinthePacific.DuringWorldWarIIheryardsweresentdownandshewasusedasamotortrainingvesselintheHomeIslands.Repatriating
Japanesesoldiersandciviliansafterthewar,shewasreriggedin1952andresumedtraining,makingherfirstcruisetotheUnitedStatesin1954,andherfirsttothe
EastCoastin1960.BothNipponMaruandKaiwoMaruremainedac

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tivetrainingshipsuntilthe1980s,whentheywerereplacedbynewshipswiththesamenames.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Schuffelen,GreatSailingShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Nonsuch
Ketch.L/B:50'15'(11m4.3m).Tons:43bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:1224.Arm.:8guns.Built:Wivenhoe,Essex,Eng.1650.
Aneightgunnavyketchfrom1654to1667,whenshewassoldtoSirWilliamWarren,thediminutiveNonsuchwasthevehicleresponsibleforthefoundingofthe
Hudson'sBayCompany.Priortothatshehadavariedcareer,beingbuiltasamerchanttraderandpurchasedbytheNavyin1654.CapturedbytwoDutch
privateerswhileescortingamerchantketchthroughtheEnglishChannelonFebruary3,1659,shewasretakentwomonthslater.Inthemeantime,theHuronalliesof
theFrenchfurtradersMdardChouart,SieurdesGroselliers,andhisbrotherinlawPierreEspritRadissonhadbeendefeatedbytheIroquois(alliedwiththe
English),andthustheirtradeviatheSt.LawrenceRiverandGreatLakeswasjeopardized.Tomakeupforthis,ChouartandRadissonproposedtoopendirecttrade
withthe"furbelt"viaHudsonBay.AngeredbythehighratesatwhichtheirfursweretaxedanddeniedanyredressfromFrance,theywenttoEngland,wherethey
wereintroducedtothecourtofCharlesIIbythechemistRobertBoyle.
By1667,thenucleusoftheHudson'sBayCompanyhadformedaroundthesetwomen,andonJune5,1668,thevesselsNonsuchandEaglet(loanedforthe
venturebyCharlesII)sailedfromLondon.Theships'primarycargowas"wampumpeage,"smallmarineshellbeadswidelyusedasamediumofexchangeamong
easternIndians.EagletwasdamagedinmidatlanticandreturnedtoEnglandwithRadisson,butNonsuchsailedintoHudsonBayandsouthtotheshoresofJames
Bay.OnSeptember29,1668,theadventurerslandedandbegantobuildCharlesFort(laternamedRupert'sHouse)ontheRupertRiver.Afteralmostayearof
tradingwiththeIndians,GroselliersreturnedtoEnglandinOctober1669withacargooffurs.ThefollowingyeartheHudson'sBayCompanywasformally
incorporatedandgivenbyking'sgrantanareaequivalenttonearlyfortypercentofmodernCanada.ThelaterfateoftheNonsuchisunknown.Anearreplicaofthe
vessel,designedbyAlanHinksin1968,isonexhibitattheManitobaMuseumofManandNatureinWinnipeg.
Rich,HistoryoftheHudson'sBayCompany.

HMSNorfolk
Norfolkclasscruiser(2f/3m).L/B/D:632.7'66'20.1'(192.8m20.1m6.1m).Tons:14,600disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:710.Arm.:88"(42),84",16
2pdr,80.5"821"TT.Armor:5.5"belt,1"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,80,000shp,4screws31.5kts.Built:FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,
Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1930.
Thefourthshipofthename,HMSNorfolkfirstattractedattentionoutsidetheRoyalNavyduringthesocalledInvergordonmutinyofSeptember1931,duringwhich
severalhundredsailorsinshipsthroughoutthefleetstagedatwodaystrike.In1925,theNavyinstitutedatwotierwagestructureunderwhichnewrecruitswere
paid25percentlessthanveteranssixyearslater,veterans'paywasalignedwiththelowerwage.Thesailors'actionsucceededinreducingtheproposedpaycutto
about10percent.AlthoughtherewereCommunistsympathizersamongtheorganizersaboardNorfolk,oneofwhommovedtotheSovietUnion,themutinyreflected
aneconomicratherthananideologicalschisminthefleet.
NorfolkspentvirtuallythewholeofWorldWarIIasanescortfortheArcticconvoys.ShetookpartinthesearchforthepocketbattleshipsSCHARNHORSTand
GNEISENAUinNovember1939,andinmidatlanticinthatforADMIRALSCHEERattheendof1940.EquippedwithType286Pradar,onMay23,1941,
sheandSuffolkmadecontactwithPRINZEUGENandBISMARCKamidtheiceandfogoftheDenmarkStraitnortheastofIceland.Theydidnotclosewiththe
morepowerfulships,butonthemorningofMay27,NorfolkwasthefirstshiptoestablishvisualcontactwiththenowcrippledBismarck,andshehelpedsinkthe
battleshipthatday.ApartfromanassignmenttothecoveringforceduringOperationTorch,theNorthAfricalandingsinOctober1942,Norfolkremainedinthe
gruelingArcticconvoyduty.AttheendofDecember1943,shehitandwashitbyScharnhorstbeforetheGermanbattlecruiserwassunkbyabarrageofshellsand
torpedoesbythesuperiorBritishforceintheBattleoftheNorthCape.TheRoyalNavygraduallymovedtotheoffensiveinnorthernwaters,andinJanuary1945
NorfolksailedwithacruiserforcethatknockedouttwofreightersandsankaminesweeperinaGermanconvoy.Thecruiserremainedonthelistuntilsoldforscrap
in1950.
Hill,OxfordIllustratedHistoryoftheRoyalNavy.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Wincott,InvergordonMutineer.

Norge
(exPieterdeConinck)Liner(1f/3m).L/B:340.3'40.8'(103.7m12.4m).Tons:3,310grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st50,2nd150,3rd

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90080crew.Mach.:compoundengine,1screw11kts.Built:AlexanderStephen&Sons,Ltd.,Glasgow1881.
ThepassengershipPieterdeConinckwasbuiltfortheBelgianEngelsLine,foundedbyTheodoreC.Engelsin1859forservicebetweenBelgiumandSouth
America.Bythe1870s,EngelshadbeguntoconcentratemoreheavilyontheAntwerpNewYorkroute,andhebuiltthebarkentineriggedscrewsteamersPieterde
ConinckandJanBreydelforjointservicewiththeWhiteCrossLine.Althoughintendedaspassengercargosteamers,thesistershipswerequicklydetailedtocarry
freightonly,andin1889theyweresoldtoDenmark'sThingvallaLine,whichwastakenoverbytheScandinavianAmericanLinein1898.Underitsflagshesailed
betweenCopenhagen,Christiania(Oslo),Kristiansand,andNewYork.
OnJune24,1904,NorgesailedfromDenmarkwith700passengersand80crewunderCaptainWaldemarGundal.Overthecourseofthenextfewdays,theship
driftedabout375milesoffcourse,andonJune28,shestrucktheislandreefofRockall,about5mileslongand75feetatitshighest,locatedabout250miles
northwestofIrelandin5735'N,1348'W.Astheshipwasbackedofftherock,shewasholedbadlyandquicklysank.Ofthe780peopleaboard,about550went
downwithher.ThesurvivorswerepickedupsixdayslaterbyaneastboundGermantanker,althoughseveralmorepeoplediedaftertheirrescue.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Hocking,DictionaryofDisastersatSea.

NormanCourt
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:197.4'bp33'20'(60.2m10.1m6.1m).Tons:855grt.Hull:composite.Comp.:22.Des.:WilliamRennie.Built:A.&J.Inglis,
Glasgow1869.
Oneofthelatergenerationofteaclippers,NormanCourtwaslaunchedjustbeforetheopeningoftheSuezCanalthrewopenthehighlycompetitiveChinateatrade
tosteamships,whichcouldmakethesamepassageinalmostonethirdthetimeofeventhefastestclippers.ConsideredWilliamRennie'smasterpiece,NormanCourt
wasofasharpermodeleventhanhisFIERYCROSSof1860,andwasofcompositeconstructionwithwoodplankingonironframes.Anideaofthestresseson
eventhemostwellfoundshipscanbehadfromadescriptionofNormanCourtbyhersometimecaptain,AndrewShewan.
Thoughsostaunchandtight,yetattimesthewholefabric[oftheship]wouldtremblelikeapieceofwhalebone.Whenweweredrivingherintoaheadsea,Ihavenoted,asIlay
ontheafterlockers,thatafteraheavyplungeassherecoveredherselftheafterendwouldvibratelikeadivingboardwhenthepressureisreleased.

BuiltforthefirmofBaringBrothers,NormanCourtstruggledagainstfallingratesintheteatradethroughthe1870s,andshewasdownriggedtoabarkin1877to
reducemanningcosts.In1880shewassoldtoGrieve&Company,ofGreenock,fortheJavasugartrade,inwhichspeedwaslessimportant.OnMarch29,1883,
NormanCourtwreckedonAngleseywhileboundfromQueenstowntoGreenockonherreturnfromBatavia.
Lubbock,ChinaClippers.MacGregor,TeaClippers.

Normandie
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:1,029.4'118.1'(313.8m36m).Tons:79,280grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st828,tourist670,3rd454crew1,345.Mach.:steamturbine,4
screws29kts.Des.:VladimirYourkevitch.Built:Chantiers&AteliersdeSt.Nazaire(Penhet),St.Nazaire,France1935.
FollowingthesuccessoftheirILEDEFRANCE,CompagnieGnraleTransatlantique(FrenchLine)determinedtobuildthelargestandmostbeautifulshipinthe
world.DesignoftheshipeventuallyfelltoRussianmigrnavalarchitectVladimirYourkevitch.AlthoughhewasthenlaboringinobscurityasaRenaultfactory
worker,beforeWorldWarIYourkevitchhadbeenresponsibleforthehullformoftheinnovativeBorodinoclassbattlecruisers,laiddownin1912butneverfinished.
Normandie'shullwasnarrowatbothendsandwideamidships,withabulbousbowbelowthewaterline.(AfterWorldWarII,thelatterfeaturewaswidelyadopted
inthedesignofnavyandcommercialships.)Tocreateanimpressionofspeed,Yourkevitchenclosedallthedeckmachinerysothattherewasanunencumberedvista
alongherdecks,andinsodoingheredefinedtheaestheticthatwouldcharacterizenewoceanlinersuntiltheywereeclipsedbyjetpassengerplanesinthe1960s.
Designedfordeluxetrade,Normandiewasappointedinalavishartdecostylethatalsohelpedredefinetheaestheticofthelinerage.AsAlbertBallinhaddonewith
Vaterland(laterLEVIATHAN)in1913,Yourkevitchusedsplituptakestocreatemassivepublicspacesthatfurtherlightenedtheappearanceoftheship.
OwingtothetremendousrivalrywithCunard,whowereplanningtheasyetunnamedQUEENMARY,Normandiewasbuiltamidgreatsecrecy.Shewaslaunched
in1932andbeganhermaidenvoyagefromLeHavretoSouthamptonandNewYorkonMay29,1935intheprocesscapturingtheBlueRibandforthefastest
crossing

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Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
FrenchLine'sNORMANDIErevolutionizedpassengershipdesignbothaboveandbelow
decks.Therearenocargoboomsorventilatorcowls,andanchorchainsandcapstans
forwardhavebeendeckedovertogivetheshipastreamlinedappearance.Shehasthree
funnels,recedinginheightfrombowtostern,theaftermostbeingadummyacommon
stylisticdeviceevenwithfourfunnelships.Theinteriorwasacelebrationoftheartdeco
style,elegantinitssimplicityandafarcryfromthegaudyopulenceoftheprewar
generation,asseenintheinteriorviewoftheKRONPRINZESSENCECILIE.
CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

betweenBishopRockandAmbroseLight,ataspeedof29.98knots(4days,3hours,2minutes).Onherreturnpassageshebecamethefirstshiptocrossthe
Atlanticatbetterthan30knots30.31knotsfromAmbrosetoBishopRock(4days,3hours,25minutes).BothrunswerebetteredbyQueenMarythefollowing
year,thoughin1937NormandierecapturedtheBlueRibandinbothdirections,withawestboundcrossingof30.58knots(July29August2,19374days,6hours)
andaneastboundrecordof31.20knots(August483days,22hours,7minutes).Initiallysubjecttoterriblevibrations,acommondefectinthesearchforspeedon
passengerships,thiswascorrectedbyreplacingthreebladescrewswithfourbladeones.
Normandie'slastwestboundvoyagebeganonAugust23,1939,andshewasheldatNewYorkupontheoutbreakofWorldWarII.FollowingtheU.S.entryinto
thewar,thegovernmentseizedheronDecember12,1941.Manycompetingplanswereputforthbyprivateshipbuildersandbythevariousservicebranches
some

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wantedherforanaircraftcarrier,othersforatrooptransport,andstillothersforacombinationcarriertransportbutshewasfinallyconvertedforuseasatroop
transport.OnFebruary9,1942,justbeforeshewastohavemadeherfirstvoyageundertheAmericanflagasUSSLafayette,afirebrokeoutwhenasparkfroma
welder'storchignitedabundleofhighlyflammableandpoorlystowedkapoklifevests.Flamessweptthroughtheshipandinamatterofhoursshewasallbutgutted.
Becauseofpoorcoordinationinfightingthefire,morewaterthannecessarywaspumpedintotheshipandsheturnedturtleatthepier.Hersalvageprovided
invaluabletrainingforhundredsofNavysalvageexperts,andshewaseventuallyrefloated.Ashermachinerywasofnouse,shewasmothballedfortheremainderof
thewar,followingwhichshewassoldtoshipbreakersandbrokenupatNewark,NewJersey.
Ardman,"Normandie,"HerLifeandTimes.Foucart,"Normandie."ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,TheFrenchLine...Steamship"Normandie."

Noronic
Cruiseship.L/B/D:362'59.6'24.8'(110.3m18.2m7.6m).Tons:6,905grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:524pass.171crew.Mach.:tripleexpansion14kts.Des.:
EricTornoos.Built:WesternDryDock&ShipbuildingCo.,PortArthur,Ont.1913.
NamedfortheNOrthernNavigationCompany,andRichelieu&ONtarioLine,whichhadrecentlymergedtoformCanadaSteamshipLines(NorthernNavigation
shipstraditionallyendedinnic),theillfatedNoronichadaninauspiciousstart.Hermaidenvoyage,scheduledforNovember7,1913,waspostponedbecauseof
the"GreatStorm,"whichflayedtheGreatLakesforsixrelentlessdayslikenogaleinmemory.Unstableasbuilt(shehadfivedecksratherthanthefourintheoriginal
design),falsesideswereaddedtoincreaseherbeamandshewasreballasted.HomeportedatSarnia,Noronic'snormalroutewasasevendayrunbetweenDetroit
andDuluth,withstopsatSaultSte.MarieandPortArthurFortWilliam.HerrunningmatesonthisrunwereHuronicandHamonic.UndercommandofCaptain
WilliamTaylor,onSeptember16,1949,the"QueenoftheInlandSeas"arrivedforanovernightpiersidestayatTorontoonaspecialpostseasonrunfromDetroitto
Prescott,Ontario,ontheSt.LawrenceRiverviatheWellandCanal.
At0230onSeptember17,afirewasdetectedinalinenclosetonCdeck.Becauseofherage,Noronicwasexemptedfromregulationsrequiringfireresistantand
fireretardingbulkheads,andwithinfifteenminutesthefirehadignitedherrichwoodpanelingfromstemtostern.
Imagenotavailable.
Thelow,flatlinesoftheillfatedpassengersteamerNORONICtypifythedesignofpassengershipson
theGreatLakesintheearly20thcentury.Author'scollection.

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Mostofthepassengersandcrewwereasleep,andtheintensityoftheflamesandpanicledtothedeathof118people,onlyoneofwhomdrowned.Althoughthe
causeofthefirewasnotdetermined,theboardofinquiryattributedthehugelossoflifetothe"completecomplacency[that]haddescendeduponboththeship's
officersandthemanagement."Severalweekslater,NoronicwastowedtoHamiltonandbrokenup.
Craig,"Noronic"IsBurning!

USSNorthCarolina(BB55)
NorthCarolinaclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:728.8'108.3'35.5'(222.1m33m10.8m).Tons:46,770disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,890.Arm.:916"(3
3),205",161.1"12.50cal2aircraft.Armor:18"belt,6.3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,121,000shp,4screws27.6kts.Built:NewYorkNavy
Yard,Brooklyn,N.Y.1941.
ThefirstU.S.battleshipcommissionedsince1923,USSNorthCarolinareceivedsomuchattentionduringhertrialsthatsheearnedthenickname"Showboat."
CloselyinvolvedintheinvasionofGuadalcanal,shetookanactivepartintheBattleoftheEasternSolomonsonAugust2325.TorpedoedbytheJapanese
submarineI19nearEspirituSantoonSeptember15,sheunderwentrepairsatPearlHarborbeforeresumingoperationsintheSouthPacific.FromNovember1943
throughMay1944,NorthCarolinasupportedcarrierforcesintheGilbertandMarshallIslands,andtheAlliedlandingsatHollandia,NewGuinea.Followingthe
BattleofthePhilippineSea,shereturnedstatesideforrepairs,rejoiningthefleetshortlyaftertheinvasionofthePhilippines.During1945shetookpartinraidson
Luzon,Taiwan,andoccupiedChinabeforeheadingforJapan.ThereshealternatedbetweenshoresupportforlandingsonIwoJimaandOkinawa,whereshewashit
byfriendlyfireonApril6,andshellingthehomeislandsofKyushuandHonshu.
Decommissionedin1947,"Showboat"remainedinreserveuntil1961,whenshewastransferredtotheStateofNorthCarolinaforuseasanavalmemorialand
museuminWilmington.
Silverstone,DirectoryoftheWorld'sCapitalShips.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

NorthernLight
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:171.4'36'21.9'dph(67m13.1m5.8m).Tons:1,021reg.Hull:wood.Des.:SamuelK.Pook.Built:E.&H.O.Briggs,South
Boston,Mass.1851.
InthecemeteryatEastham,Massachusetts,isthegravestoneofCaptainFreemanHatch,uponwhichisinscribed:"FreemanHatch,18201889.Hebecamefamous
makingtheastonishingpassageinclippershipNorthernLight,fromSanFranciscotoBostonin76days,6hoursanachievementwonbynomortalbeforeor
since."Morethanacenturylater,thatrecordstillstands.ThesecondmasterofthemediumclipperNorthernLight(Bostonownedforallofhertenyears),Hatch
accomplishedthisremarkablefeatontheship'ssecondvoyage.DepartingSanFrancisco,shesailedwithintwodaysoftheclippersTradeWindandContest,which
arrivedatNewYorkin84daysand79days,respectively.HernextfivevoyagestookhertoCalcutta,Manila,andtheEastIndies.Shethenmadeonemorevoyage
ontheCaliforniarun,followedbyavoyagethattookhertoShanghai,Manila,SanFrancisco,andAcapulco,beforereturningtoBoston.In1860,NorthernLight
sailedonherfirsttransatlanticrun,toLeHavre.OnChristmasDay1860,shedepartedLeHavreforNewYork.Eightdayslater,shewasincollisionwiththeFrench
brigNouveauSt.Jacques,whichsankfirstbutwhosecrewandthatofNorthernLightweresavedbythevesselsNormaandBremerhaven.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

NorthernLight
DownEaster(3m).L/B/D:219.7'43.1'19'dph(52.2m11m6.7m).Tons:1,795reg.Hull:wood.Built:GeorgeThomas,Quincy,Mass.1873.
ThethreeskysailyardDownEasterNorthernLightwasownedforherfirstthreeyearsbyW.F.Weld&Company,ofBoston.SoldtoW.H.Kinsman&
Company,shesailedfortenmoreyearsingeneraltradebetweentheEastCoast,theWestCoast,theOrient,andEurope.HerlastmasterundertheAmericanflag
wasCaptainJoshuaSlocum,wholaterachievedfameforhisexploitsinLIBERDADEandSPRAY.In1882,NorthernLighthadjustleftNewYorkforYokohama
whenadamagedrudderforcedherintoNewLondon.Hercrewmutiniedandthefirstmatewasstabbed.TheringleaderwasarrestedbutSlocumdecidedtocontinue
withhisoldcrew.OnthereturnfromManila,NorthernLightsailedthroughthepumiceladenSundaStraitsonlytwodaysaftertheexplosionoftheKrakatoa
volcano.DamagetotheruddernearCapeHornforcedtheshipintoPortElizabeth,SouthAfrica,wherethenewfirstmatefellillandlefttheship.Hisreplacement
turnedouttobeanexconvictwhomSlocumclappedinironsafterdiscoveringthathehadar

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rangedwithsomeofthecrewtokillSlocumandseizetheship.In1885,NorthernLightwassoldtoNorwegianinterestsandrenamedMathilda.Underthatname
shecarriedoilandtimberandsailedinthetransatlantictradefor20years.
Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

NorthRiverSteamBoat
(akaClermont)Steamboat(1f/2m).L/B/D:146'14'4'(44.5m4.3m1.2m).Tons:79grt(1808:100disp.).Hull:wood.Comp.:90pass.Mach.:vertical
steamengine(24"4'),20hp,215'sidewheels5mph.Des.:RobertFulton.Built:CharlesBrowne,Corlear'sHook,N.Y.1807.
KnowntolatergenerationsasClermont,RobertFulton'sNorthRiverSteamBoathasnoclaimtobeingthefirststeamboateitherintheAmericasoranywhereelse.
However,itrepresentstheculminationofyearsofexperimentinBritain,France,andtheUnitedStatesbyFulton,akeenandambitiousstudentoftheadvancesin
steamtechnologymadebyhispeersandpredecessors.Whatensuredthevessel'ssuccesswasthesavvywithwhichFultonandhispartner,RobertR.Livingston,
pursuedtheirmechanical,political,andfinancialadvantageoverpotentialrivals.TheAmericanbornFultonbeganhiscareerasajewelerandpainteritwasnotuntil
hewaslivinginEnglandinthe1790sthathebeganhiscareerasanengineerandinventor.In1797hemovedtoFranceandbegandevelopinghisideasfora
submarine.AlthoughFulton'sNAUTILUSwastechnicallysuccessful,neithertheFrenchnor,later,theBritishcouldseeanyfutureforsuchadevice.
Fultonnextturnedhisenergiestodesignsforsteampoweredships.WhilesoengagedhemetLivingston,thenU.S.MinisterPlenipotentiaryinParis,whobetween
1797and1801haddesignedsomeboatswithhisbrotherinlaw,ColonelJohnStevens,andtheironfounderNicholasRoosevelt.Since1798,Livingstonhadalso
heldaNewYorkStatemonopolyonsteamnavigationbetweenNewYorkCityandAlbany.Thetwomenweredrawntoeachotherbytheirmutualinterest,though
theirrelationshipwouldbecomplicatedbythepatentstatusofvariouselementsofFulton'sdesignandLivingston'sexistingcontractualobligationstoRooseveltand
Stevens.ByOctober1802,though,thetwomenhaddraftedacontractcallingforconstructionofapassengersteamboatnottoexceed120feetinlength,8feetin
beamand15inchesindraft,poweredbyaBoultonandWattsteamengine,andcapableofcarryingsixtypassengers.
OnAugust9,1803,Fulton'sfirstmodel(poweredbyanenginebuiltbytienneCalla)madeaflawlessdemonstrationrunatParisbeforeanaudiencethatincluded
suchluminariesasLouisdeBougainville,veteranofacircumnavigationinLABOUDEUSE.Thoughglowingpressreportsestimatedthatsteamnavigationwould
reducethetransittimeforbargesbetweenNantesandParisfromfourmonthstotwoweeks,andthatitwouldhave"importantconsequencesforthecommerceand
internalnavigationinFrance,"FirstConsulNapoleonBonapartewasunimpressed.Inthespringof1804,FultonwenttoEngland,ostensiblytooverseethe
constructionofhissteamengine,andhedidnotreturntoNewYorkuntiltheendof1806.
InApril1807hecontractedwithCharlesBrownetobuildthehull,whichwasriggedwithtwomasts,aforemastwithsquaresailsandagaffsailaft.Healsoarranged
formountingtheengine,whichhadarrivedfromEnglandtheyearbefore,andpaddlewheels.ThefirsttrialoftheasyetunnamedboattookplaceontheEastRiveron
August9,1807,andaweeklaterFultonmovedthevessel,deprecatedas"Fulton'sFolly,"fromCorlear'sHooktoaberthontheNorthRiver(betterknowntodayas
theHudson).Thenextday,August17,shesailedforAlbanywithFulton,captainDavisHunt,engineerGeorgeJackson,andDr.WilliamMcNiven,deanofEngland's
RiponCathedral.Settingoutat1300,understeamalonetheboateasilypassedthebroadcanvassedHudsonRiversloopstoarrive24hourslateratLivingston's
Clermontestate,havingcoveredthe110milesatabrisk4.5milesperhour.Fromthere,shecoveredtheremaining40milestoAlbanyatjustunder5milesanhour.
ThesteamboatwasenrolledatNewYorkonSeptember3,andthenextdayat0642shedepartedforAlbany,arrivingat1127onSeptember5shereturnedtwo
dayslaterwithfourpassengers.Bystagecoach,thetripfromNewYorktoAlbanytook57hoursandcost$10.Asittook30to35hoursandcostonly$7byNorth
RiverSteamBoat(thefareratewas$1per20miles),oncethevessel'ssafetyhadbeenproven,hersuccessandthatofthetechnologythatdroveherwereassured.
ThatwinterFultonenlargedthehullandatthestartofthe1808season,NorthRiverSteamBoat'sdimensionswere150feetinlength,15feetinbeam,and2feetin
draft(45.7m4.6m0.6m),witha4footdepthofhold.Boilerpressurewasincreasedto5poundsperinch,andthreecabinswereadded,withsleeping
accommodationsfor54people,womenandchildrenbeingsegregatedfromthemen.Bymidsummershewascarryingupto140passengerspertrip.Arevealing
indicationofthesteamboat'sthreattotheestablishedorderwasthefactthatseveraltimesduringthefall,shewasdeliberatelyrammedbysloopsthatthendominated
tradebetweenNewYorkandAlbany.

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InApril1808,LivingstonenrolledNorthRiverSteamBoatatClermont,andthatfallFultonandLivingstonorderedasecondsteamboat,CarofNeptune.By1809,
LivingstonandFultonengagedNicholasRoosevelttosurveytheOhioandMississippiRiverstodeterminethefeasibilityofrunningsteamboatsbetweenPittsburghand
NewOrleans.Inthemeantime,ratherthandirectlychallengehisbrotherinlaw'sHudsonRivermonopoly,JohnStevensopenedsteamnavigationontheDelaware
RiverwithhisPHOENIX.In1811,therewererivalboatsontheHudson,andRoosevelt'sNEWORLEANSsteamedfromPittsburghtohernamesakecity.Bythe
timethatNorthRiverSteamBoatwasretiredfromserviceonJuly8,1814,steamboatservicehadexpandedalsotoLongIslandSoundandthePotomacRiver.
TheFultonLivingstonmonopolyincidentallyhadalmostasdramaticanimpactonAmericanlawasthesteamshipdidonnavigation.AaronOgden,aformergovernor
ofNewJersey,purchasedfromLivingston'sbrothertherighttooperateasteamboatbetweenNewYorkandNewJersey.Hispartner,ThomasGibbons,offereda
complimentaryserviceexclusivelyinNewJerseywaters.ThetwomensplitandGibbonsbegantorunhisBellonabetweenNewJerseyandNewYork,atricky
enterpriseablyundertakenbyhisyoungcaptain,CorneliusVanderbilt.OgdensuedGibbonsandtheNewYorkStatecourtfoundthatwhileCongresshadtherightto
licensevesselsengagedininterstatecommerce,thatlicensedidnotnecessarilyconferarighttobesoemployed.Gibbons'slawyersDanielWebsterandtheU.S.
AttorneyGeneralWilliamWirt(actinginthisinstanceasaprivatecitizen)arguedtheircasebeforetheSupremeCourt.Confirmingthebroadpotentialofthe
Constitution'scommerceclause,inGibbonsv.OgdentheCourtdecidedinfavorofGibbonsandpronouncedthatindividualstatescouldnotrestraininterstate
commerceinanyway.
Albion,RiseofNewYorkPort.Philip,RobertFulton.RidgelyNevitt,''TheSteamBoat."Ringwald,"FirstSteamboattoAlbany."

NuestraSeoradeAtocha
Galleon(3m).L/B/D:110'33'14'(33.5m10.1m4.3m).Tons:550tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:260.Arm.:2024guns.Built:AlonsoFerrera,Havana,
Cuba1620.
NuestraSeoradeAtochawastheobjectofoneofthemostvaluable,andpossiblymostcontentious,treasurewreckseverfound.Oneoffourconvoyescortsbuilt
in161920specificallyfortheprotectionoftheSpanishtreasurefleetsthatpliedbetweenHavanaandSpain,AtochawasnamedfortheVirginassociatedwithoneof
themostreveredshrinesinMadrid.Reportedlybuiltoflessthanthebestmaterials,onherfirstvoyage,AtochasprunghermainmastenroutefromHavanato
Sanlcar,andonherreturntoCubasheleakedbadlyinthebows.SailingtoPortobello,Panama,Atochawasdesignatedthealmiranta,orsecondincommand,of
thetreasurefleetreturningtoSpain.SheembarkedsilverandgoldshippedfromtheminesofPotos(inBolivia),Peru,andColombia,togetherwithfortyeight
passengersreturningtoSpain.DepartingPanamaonJuly22,1622,thetreasurefleetcalledfirstatCartagenafortobaccoandemeralds,andthensailednorthfor
Havana,wheretheyarrivedonAugust22toloadrawcopperandindigo.Inadditiontowhateverwassmuggledaboardtoevadetaxes,Atochacarried35tonsof
silver(901ingotsand255,000coins)and161piecesofgoldacargovaluedatonemillionpesos.
Despitethethreatofhurricanesatthattimeofyear,thetwentyeightshipfleetsailedsixweekslaterthanplanned,onSeptember4.Thenextmorning,ahurricanehit
andtheshipsweredrivennorthtowardstheFloridaKeys.Twentyoneoftheshipspassedtothewestofthelowlyingislands,butAtocha,NuestraSeorade
SantaMargarita,andfourothersdidnot.EarlyTuesdaymorning,AtochawasdashedonareefoffKeyWestandsankin55feetofwaterwithonlyhermizzen
mastvisible.Fivesurvivorsfromtheship'scomplementof260wererescuedbythemerchantmanSantaCruz.Alltold,thestormhadsunksixshipswiththeir550
passengersandcrew.
SantaCruzreturneddirectlytoHavanaandofficialsimmediatelypreparedtorecoverwhattheycouldfromtheships.DiversdiscoveredAtocha'shatcheswerestill
fastenedandcouldnotbeforcedwithoutexplosives,butbeforetheycouldreturn,themizzenmastsnappedoffinanotherstorm,andtheshipwaslost.Government
effortstofindtheshipscontinueduntil1623,withoutsuccess.In1626,aHavanamerchantnamedFranciscoNezMelinobtainedasalvagecontractandonJune
26,1623,usingaprimitivedivingbell,oneofhisdiversrecoveredasilveringotfromSantaMargarita.Altogether,thesiteyielded313silveringots,100sheetsof
copper,8bronzeguns,and64,000coins.Subsequenteffortswerenotaswellrewarded,thoughMelincontinuedtosearchforAtochaoffandonuntil1643.
In1970,chickenfarmerturnedtreasurehunterMelFisherformedacompanycalledTreasureSalvors,Inc.,andbeganlookingforAtocha.Workingwithapermit
fromtheStateofFlorida,in1971TreasureSalvorsrecoveredthefirstartifacts,includingananchorandagoldchain.Employingsuchcrudedevicesasthe"mailbox,"
whichdirectedpropwashtoclearawaysandandwhateverelseoverlaytheobjectoftheirsearch,overthenext

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fouryearsthecompanyrecoveredabout$6millionworthofgoldandsilver,aswellasalargenumberofrapiers,musketsandsmallarms,storagejars,andcoins.Of
theshipitself,onlysomerudderpintlesandananchorwerefound.In1973,inanattempttoimprovetheirstandingwithpotentialinvestorsandtheStateofFlorida,
TreasureSalvorshiredDuncanMathewsonasstaffarchaeologist.
OnJuly13,1975,DirkFisherlocatedfiveoftheship'sbronzegunslyingin39feetofwater.Aweeklaterdivingwassuspendedwhenhe,hiswife,andanother
memberofthecrewdrownedaftertheirdiveboatcapsizedinastorm.ThenextfiveyearsrevealedlittlenewmaterialfromAtocha,althoughin1980Treasure
SalvorsdiversrelocatedtheremainsofSantaMargarita,whichtheysalvagedfortwoyears.ThesearchforAtochacontinueduntilJuly20,1985,whenthesalvors
foundthehulloftheship,pilesofsilveringots,andchestsofsilver.Salvorsmadesomeattempttoexcavatethesiteproperly,butthemaineffortwasintherecoveryof
treasure,asthecompanyname,anditsdesignationofthesiteas"themotherlode,"suggested.
Inthemeantime,theAtochasitehadbeentheobjectofincreasingcriticismbynauticalarchaeologistswhoconsideredTreasureSalvors'techniquescrudeand
destructive,andtheFloridagovernmentmovedtotakecontrolofthesite.TheSupremeCourteventuallyfoundinfavorofFisher'sgrouponthegroundsthatitstitleto
thewreckwassupportedbyadmiraltylawprecedent,despitethehistoricalvalueofthesite.Nonetheless,amovementwasafoottoprotectsubmergedarchaeological
sitesfromtreasurehuntersinthesamewaythatcomparablesitesonlandare.Concernfortheseirreplaceabletrovesofarchaeologicalandanthropologicalinformation
spreadslowly,butaidedinpartbytheoutcryoverthedisastroushandlingofthearchaeologicallypricelessbutcommerciallyworthlessDEBRAAKsiteinDelaware
Bay,preservationistswereabletoforcepassageoftheAbandonedShipwreckActof1987,whichmovedhistoricshipwrecksoutofthejurisdictionofstandard
admiraltylaw.
Lyon,"SantaMargarita"Searchforthe"Atocha."Mathewson,Treasureofthe"Atocha."

NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin
Nao(3m).L:ca.140'(42.7m).Tons:600.Hull:wood.Comp.:500.Arm.:40guns.Built:Havana,Cuba1620.
Builtasamerchantman,thedetailsofthefirsttwentyyearsoftheshipknownofficiallyasNuestraSeoradelapuriaylimpiaConcepcinarelittleknown.In
1639,theCasadelaContratacin("HouseofTrade")inSevillecharteredtheshiptosailascapitanaofthetwentySpanishshipsboundforVeraCruz.Armedwith
fortygunsandcarryingatotalcomplementoffivehundredmen,women,andchildren,Concepcinmadethewestwardcrossinginsixtyfourdays.Aswasthe
custom,theshipsunloadedatSanJuandeUlloa,theportofVeraCruz,andremainedthereoverthewinter.
WhenthereturnfleetsailedonJuly23,1641,Concepcincarriedbetweenoneandfourmillionpesos(35to140tons)ofsilver,somegold,and1,200balesof
cochinealandindigo.AlthoughDonJuandeVillaviceniorequestedpermissiontohavetheshiprepairedatHavana,hewasoverruled,evenafterthefleetwasforced
backsoaleakinConcepcincouldberepaired.ThefleetdepartedagainonSeptember20,amonthafterthelastshipsnormallysailedforSpain,inordertoavoid
thehurricaneseason.
Eightdaysout,ahurricanehitthefleetoffthecoastofFlorida.Alltold,nineshipswerelostandonlytwocontinuedtoSpain.ThestormblewoutonOctober1and
sheturnedsouthforPuertoRico.OnOctober31,thedamagedshipgroundedonAbrojosreef,northofHispaniolain2043'N.Shebrokeuptwodayslaterthirty
threemeninthesurvivingship'sboatlandedonHispaniola,andabout240morepeoplereachedtheislandonmakeshiftraftsconstructedfromConcepcin'stimbers.
Severalexpeditionsweremountedtofindthewreck,butitwasnotuntil1688thatCaptainWilliamPhipsdiscoveredthesite.BetweenFebruary7andApril19,
diversrecoveredtwentyfivetonsofsilver,sevenguns,andsomegoldatreasureworth250,000.In1976,AmericantreasurehunterBurtWebberrediscovered
thewreckandexcavatedmillionsofdollarsinsilver.
Earle,WreckoftheAlmiranta.

NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin
Galleon(3m).L/B/D:147.6'49.2'19.7'dph(45m15m6m).Hull:wood.Comp.:350400.Arm.:40guns.Built:Cavite,Manila<1636.
Oneofthelargestshipsofherday,NuestraSeoradelaConcepcinwasbuiltforthetradebetweenManilaandAcapulco.Alongthisroute,theManilagalleons
carriedMexicansilvertobetradedforOrientalporcelain,silks,gold,andspices.NuestraSeoradelaConcepcinmadeonevoyagein1636.Shesetoutonher
second,incompanywiththegalleonAmbrosia,onAugust10,1638.CaughtinastormofftheLadrones(Mariana)Islands,thetwoshipsbecameseparated.
NuestraSeoradela

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ConcepcinwasdismastedanddrivenashoreonAginganPoint,Saipan,onSeptember20.TherewereonlytwentyeightSpanishandanundeterminednumberof
othersurvivors.AmbrosiasailednortharoundSaipan,onlytobelostthenextyear.
Concepcin'scargowaslootedbytheislanders,andtwodecadeslatertheSpanishsalvagedthirtysixcannonfromthewreck.Asnocargomanifestexisted,there
waslittleincentivetodomore.In198788,PacificSeaResourcesnegotiatedwiththegovernmentoftheMarianaIslandsforpermissiontosalvageandrecordthe
remainsofthewreck.Althoughnothingoftheshipremained,thediversfoundmorethan1,300piecesofcaratgoldjewelry,aswellasChineseporcelainandstorage
jars.ThecollectionwaspurchasedfordisplayinSaipanbyApex,Inc.,aJapanesecompanywithextensiveholdingsintheMarianas.
RecoveryoftheManilaGalleonthe"NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin."

NuestraSeoradelRosario
Galleon.Tons:1,150toneladas.Hull:wood.Comp.:443.Arm.:51guns.Built:Ribadeo,Galicia,Spain1587.
BuiltfortheCarreradelasindias,thetradebetweenSpainandtheAmericas,NuestraSeoradelRosariowasfittingoutatCadizonJune20,1587,whenshe
wasseizedinthenameofPhilipIIforuseintheSpanishArmada.OnNovember17,shewasdesignatedasflagshipoftheAndalusianSquadronunderthe
accomplishedseamanDonPedrodeValds.Thankstohisefforts,whentheArmadasailedfromLisbononMay9,1588,shewasthemostheavilyarmedshipinthe
fleet,boasting51guns.Hercomplementcomprised117crewand300soldiers,aswellasservants,priests,andothersupernumeraries,andshecarriedabout50,000
escudos,athirdofthemoneyearmarkedforoperationsinEngland.ThefleetdepartedLaCoruaonJuly22andsevendayslaterwasofftheScillyIslands.Fighting
betweentheEnglishandSpanishfleetsbeganonJune30.Tryingtohelpothershipsthathadbeenbadlydamaged,Rosariolostherforemastandbowsprit,andthe
SpanishfleetpressedonleavingValdstofendforhimself.Thatnight,SirWalterRaleighapproachedinMargaretandJohnbutsailedoffwiththerestofthefleet.
Thenextday,SirFrancisDrakeappeared,havinglefthiscomradesforthesakeofafatprize.AlthoughRosariowaslargerandmorepowerfullyarmedandmanned
thanREVENGE,ratherthanriskafightwithEngland'smostcelebratedseaman,ValdsacceptedDrake'stermsandsurrendered.SofarasElizabeth'sgovernment
wasconcerned,themostvaluableaspectofthecapturewasthemoney(abouthalfmayhavebeenpocketedbyValds,Drake,orboth),followedbyRosario's
gunpowder.In1589,theRosariosailedfromDartmouthtoChathamandthentoDeptford.TheprisonerswerefinallyfreedonNovember24,1590.Whether
NuestraSeoradelRosarioeversailedagainisunknownbutitseemsunlikely.In1618,stillinDeptford,shewascleaned"ofalltheslubb,ballastandothertrash
withinboard,makingherswimandremovinghernearintothemastdockwhereshewaslaidandsunkforthedefenseandpreservationofthewharfthere."
Martin,SpanishArmadaPrisoners.

Nydamboat
L/B:75'10.5'(22.9m3.2m).Hull:wood.Comp.:30+.Built:Germany350400CE.
TheoakhulledNydamboatisoneoftwovesselsdiscoveredin1863inabogoffAlsSoundinSchleswigHolstein,about50milesnorthofKiel.Datingfromthe
fourthcenturyCE,sherepresentsatransitionalphaseinthedevelopmentofnorthernEuropeanshipbuildingtowardstheendoftheperiodofRomanoccupationand
influence.Inthefirstcentury,theRomanhistorianTacituswroteoftheGermans:
Theshapeoftheirshipsdiffersfromthenormalinhavingaprowatbothends,whichisalwaysreadytobeputintoshore.Theydonotrigsailsorfastentheiroarsinbanksatthe
sides.Theiroarageisloose,asonefindsonsomerivers,andcanbeshifted,asneedrequires,fromsidetoside.

TheNydamboatisclearlyanextensionofthistradition.Averylargedoubleender,shewasclinkerbuiltwithfivestrakesoneithersideofthekeel.Someoftheoak
plankswereaslongas45feet,andtheywerejoinedtoeachotherbyclenchedboltsandtotheframesbybastropesthereisalsoclearevidenceofcaulkingbetween
theplanks.Thereisnoindicationthattheboatcarriedamastorriggingforsails,buttherewere15tholepinsoneithersideofthehull,aswellasoars,thwarts,poles,
anda9footlongsteeringoar.Althoughtheevidenceisonlycircumstantial,itislikelythattheNydamboatrepresentsthekindofvesselsinwhichtheAngloSaxons
crossedtheNorthSeatosettleinEngland,startinginthefifthcentury.HerlinesalsoseemtoanticipatethoseoftheseventhcenturySUTTONHOOshipfoundin
England.

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Holeshadbeencutinthebottomofthehull,suggestingthattheNydamboatwasintentionallysunktopreventhercargofrombeingcaptured.Inandaroundtheboat
werehundredsofweaponsandotherartifacts,including107swords,552spearheads,70knives,bows,arrows,quivers,woodenshields,bronzeandironornaments,
aswellastheskullsofseveralhorsesandoneofacowand34Romancoinsdatingfrombetween69and217CE.ThehullandcontentsoftheNydamboatwere
initiallyhousedatamuseuminKiel,buttodaytheyaredisplayedatSchlossGotorpinthetownofHedeby,SchleswigHolstein.Asmallerfirboatfoundatthesame
timeandthoughttobeofScandinavianoriginwasprobablyusedforfirewoodbysoldiersduringthewarbetweenPrussiaandDenmarkin1865.
Arenhold,"NydamBoatatKiel."Tacitus,OnBritainandGermany.Throckmorton,ed.,SeaRemembers.

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O
O'Higgins
Frigate(3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:600.Built:<1817.
In1817,ThomasLordCochranewasinvitedbyGeneralBernardoO'Higgins,SupremeDirectoroftheRepublicofChile,toassumecommandofhisfledgling
country'snavyinthestruggleagainstSpanishrule.Somethingofamaverickwithintheservice,Cochranehadrecentlybeenimplicatedinastockscandaland
dismissedfromservice,andhereadilyacceptedthenewassignment.TurningdownacomparableoffertoservetheSpanishagainsttheChileans,heassumedtherank
ofViceAdmiralofChili,AdmiralandCommanderinChiefoftheNavalForcesoftheRepublic.ArrivingatValparaisotowardstheendof1818,Cochranehoisted
hisflaginacapturedSpanishshiprenamedO'Higgins.InJanuary1819hetookasmallsquadroncomprisinghisflagship,Lautaro(44guns),SanMartin(56),and
Chacabuco(20)toblockadeCallao.Afterhismensilencedashorebatteryandcapturedagunboat,theSpanishdubbedCochrane"ElDiablo."Theblockadewas
liftedinMarch,andtheChileanscapturedanumberofvaluableprizesalongthePeruviancoastbeforereturningtoCallaoinSeptember.
Illnessforcedthebreakingoftheblockadeforasecondtime,andthefleetsplitup,CochranetakingO'HigginssouthtotheheavilyfortifiedportofValdivia,Chile,
whichwasstillheldbytheSpanish.Afterreconnoiteringtheport,herequisitionedaschoonerandabrigtostrengthenhisforce.ReturningtoValdivia,O'Higginshita
rockandtheammunitionwasruinedbywater.Cochranecalmedhismenandinsistedtheycarryouttheirmissionwithbayonets.OnFebruary3,1821,they
succeededincapturing8forts,killing100men,capturinganother100,andputting800toflight.ThisvictorystrengthenedtheChileansstrategicallyandsoshiftedthe
balanceofpowerthatthegovernmentwasabletoraise1millioninLondon.
AttheendofSeptember,Cochranereturnedwith7shipsand4,500soldierstoCallao,whichheblockadedforfiveweeks.At2200onNovember5,heled240men
in14boatstocutouttheSpanishfrigateEsmeralda.Althoughtheyfailedtoachievecompletesurprise,inonlyfifteenminutestheChileancrewtooktheship,together
with210officersandmentheysufferedonly11deadagainst160Spanish.AsanEnglishobserveraboardHMSConwaywrote,
ThelosswasadeathblowtotheSpanishnavalforcesinthatquarteroftheworldforalthoughtherewerestilltwoSpanishfrigatesandsomesmallervesselsinthePacific,they
neverafterwardsventuredtoshowthemselves,butleftLordCochraneundisputedmasterofthesea.

Cochranerefusedtoallowtheprizetobenamedforhimself,andthecapturedshipwasrenamedValdivia.AftertakingthetownofPiscoinMarch,Cochraneshifted
hisflagtoSanMartin,whichwaslostatCallaowhenGeneralJosFranciscodeSanMartininsistedthatshebebroughttooclosetoshoretooffloadacargoof
wheat.Limacapitulatedshortlythereafter,andCochranereturnedtoValparaisoinO'Higgins.
In1823,CochranewasinvitedtorendersimilarservicesforBrazil,thenseekingindependencefromPortugal,whereheagainperformedwithdistinction.Threeyears
later,hiserstwhileflagshipO'HigginswaslostatseaenroutefromChiletoBuenosAires.
Twitchett,LifeofaSeaman.

Ohio
Tanker(1f/1m).L/B/D:513.1'68'28.5'(156.4m20.7m8.7m).Tons:9,264grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:steamturbine,10,000shp,1shaft16knots.Built:Sun
Shipbuilding&DryDockCo.,Chester,Pa.1940.
OneofthemostdesperateanddisastrousconvoyactionsofWorldWarIIwasthatfoughtbetweentheshipsofOperationPedestalandItalianandGermanairand
navalunitsinthenarrowdefilethatseparatesNorthAfricaandtheItalianislandsofSardiniaandSicily.Bythesummerof1942,alackofsupplieshadpushedthe
BritishcolonyofMaltatothebrinkofsurrender.Locatednearlyhalfway

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betweenGibraltarandAlexandria,Egypt,theislandfortresswasacrucialstaginggroundforthedefenseofBritain's2,000milelongMediterraneanconvoyrouteand
forattacksagainstshipsandplanesferryingsuppliestoFieldMarshalErwinRommel'sAfrikaKorpsinNorthAfrica.
Bythesummerof1942,everythingfromfoodtoantiaircraftammunitionwasbeingrationed,anditwasestimatedthattheislandcouldholdoutnolongerthantheend
ofAugust.OperationPedestalwasthenamegiventoareliefconvoyoffourteenshipsthatsailedfromLiverpoolonAugust3.Thesinglemostimportantshipwasthe
weldedhullfasttankerOhio,whichhadbeentransferredtotheBritishflagafteradirectrequestfromPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchilltoPresidentFranklinD.
Roosevelt,andwhichsailedundercommandofCaptainDudleyMason.
OnAugust10,theconvoywasjoinedatGibraltarbyaforceofmorethanfortyRoyalNavyvessels,includingthebattleshipsHMSRODNEYandNELSON,the
aircraftcarriersHMSVictorious,Indomitable,Eagle,andFURIOUS,sevencruisers,twentydestroyersandeightsubmarines.Thefollowingafternoon,U73
torpedoedandsankHMSEaglewiththelossof300ofhercrew,andthateveningGermanbombersattackedtheconvoy,withoutsuccess.OnthenightofAugust
12,furtherattackssouthofSardiniaresultedindamagetothefreighterDeucalion(whichwaslatersunk)andthelossofthedestroyerForesight.Atthispoint,the
remainingcarriersandbattleshipsalsoreturnedtoGibraltarwiththeirescorts,reducingtheconvoytothirteenmerchantships,threecruisers,andtendestroyers.The
samenight,theItaliansubmarineAxumsanktheantiaircraftcruiserHMSCairo,anddamagedOhioandthecruiserHMSNigeria,whichturnedforGibraltar.This
wasfollowedbyabomberattackthatresultedinthelossofEmpireHopeandClanFerguson,anddamagetoBrisbaneStar,whicheventuallymadeittoMaltaon
herown.AsecondsubmarineattackbytheItalianAlakistruckHMSKenya.
AstheshipssailedthroughtheSkerkiChannelat0130onAugust13,theyweresetuponbytentorpedoboatsthatsankthecruiserManchesterandthe
merchantmenGlenorchy,Wairangi,AlmeiraLykes,andSantaElisa.RepeatedairattacksthatdayresultedinthelossofWaimaramainthemorningandthe
disablingofDorsetandOhio,andCaptainMasontransferredhiscrewtoadestroyeruntilabout1800.Heavilydamaged,RochesterCastle,PortChalmers,and
MelbourneStarlimpedintoValettaat1630thatafternoon.Inthemeantime,OhioandDorsetcameunderrenewedattackthatevening.Dorsetwassunk,and
CaptainMasonagainorderedhiscrewofftheship.AlthoughwithinsightofMaltabythefollowingmorning,Ohio'sfreeboardwaslessthanthreefeet,andevenwith
twodestroyerslashedtoher,shecouldproceedatnomorethanoneknot.ShefinallylimpedintoGrandHarbouronAugust15butwassoseverelydamagedthatshe
wasintentionallysunkatdocksidesothatshewouldnotbreakupwhileherpreciouscargowasunloaded.OhioremainedatValettauntil1946whenshewastowed
outoftheharborandsunkindeepwater.
Smith,Pedestal:TheMaltaConvoyofAugust1942.

Olivebank
(laterCaledonia,Olivebank)Bark(4m).L/B/D:326'43.1'24.5'(99.4m13.1m7.5m).Tons:2,824grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:21.Built:Mackie&
Thompson,Glasgow1892.
OneoftwosistershipstheotherwasCedarbankbuiltforAndrewWeirandCompany,whichlaterbecametheBankLine,Olivebankwasemployedin
generaltradefortwentyoneyearsundertheBritishflag.DuringthistimeshecarriedgeneralcargoesbetweenEuropeandPacificports,includingwheat,nitrate,and
coal.In1913,shewassoldtoAktiesOlivebankofNorwayforwhomshetradedforthreeyears.Between1916and1922,shechangedhandsthreemoretimes.
AfterrenamingherCaledonia,herlastNorwegianownerslaidherupatSandefjordforeighteenmonths.Herluckturnedin1923,whenshewassoldtoCaptain
GustavEriksonofMariehamn,whoranthelastbigfleetofsquareriggedships.EriksongaveherbackheroldnameandputherintheAustraliangraintrade.Adull
sailer,duringthe1930sOlivebankwastwicereportedoverdue,butshewasmuchlikedandconsidered"ashipwithagreatpersonality."Inthelate1920s,she
carriedcadetsfortheLithuanianmerchantmarine.SheremainedinthegraintradeuntilshebecameoneofthefirstcasualtiesofWorldWarII.Homewardboundoff
Jutland,onSeptember8,1939,shehitamineandsankwiththelossoffourteenofhercrew,includinghercaptainandchiefmate.
Appleyard,BankLineandAndrewWeirandCompany.Lubbock,LastoftheWindjammers.Muncaster,RollingroundtheHorn.

USSOlympia(C6)
Olympiaclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:344.1'53'21.5'(104.9m16.2m6.6m).Tons:5,586disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:411.Arm.:48"(22),105",4
6pdr,61pdr618"TT.Mach.:tripleexpansion,18,000hp,2screws20kts.Built:UnionIronWorks,SanFrancisco1895.

Page374

Imagenotavailable.
ThecruiserUSSOLYMPIAatSanFranciscoHarborin1895.Noteherpronouncedrambow,cruiser
stern,andmixedarmamentof8inch,5inch,6pdr.,and1pdr.guns.TheflagshipofCommodore
GeorgeDewey'svictorioussquadronattheBattleofManilaBayin1898survivestodayat
Philadelphia.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

NamedforthecapitalofWashingtonState,USSOlympia'sfirstcommissionwasasflagshipoftheAsiaticFleet.In1898,shecameundercommandofCaptain
CharlesV.GridleyandflewtheflagofCommodoreGeorgeDewey.Atthetime,SpanishAmericanrelationswerestrainedbySpain'streatmentofCuban
nationalists,andthelossbyexplosionofUSSMAINEatHavanaHarborwasseenbymanyasanexcellentpretextforawar.IntheFarEast,suchawarwouldbe
centeredontheSpanishcolonyofthePhilippines,theseizureofwhichwouldfurtherenhanceAmerica'spositionasaworldpower.
WarbeganonApril25andtwodayslaterDeweyreceivedorderstoproceedtoManila.InadditiontoOlympia,hehadunderhiscommandthecruisers
BALTIMORE,Raleigh,andBoston,andthegunboatsPetrelandConcord.Manilawasweaklydefendedbyapoorlymaintained,inadequatelytrainedSpanish
squadronconsistingofRearAdmiralPatricioMontojo'sflagship,thecruiserReinaChristina,whichmountedsix6.2inchgunsandwasonlyhalfasbigasOlympia,
togetherwiththewoodencruiserCastillaandfivegunboats.AfterslippingunseenintoManilaBayonMay1,Dewey'sshipscameunderfireatarangeofabout
9,000yards.Ashelaterrecalled:"At5:40whenwewerewithinadistanceof5,000yards,IturnedtoCaptainGridleyandsaid,'Youmayfirewhenyouareready
Gridley.'...Theveryfirstguntospeakwasan8inch...oftheOlympia."ThegunnerywasappallingonbothsidesinDewey'sfleet,only2.4percentofthe
5,859shellsexpendedhittheirtargetsbutaftertwohours,thetwolargestSpanishshipshadbeensunkandmostoftherestwereeithersinkingorburning.Dewey
resumedshellingat1100,andMontojosurrenderedat1230.OnlyoneAmericansailorwaskilled.ReturningtoHongKongonMay20,OlympiasailedforNew
YorkbywayoftheSuezCanalandtheMediterraneanandarrivedtoahero'swelcomeonOctober10,1899.
Threeyearslater,OlympiabecameflagshipoftheCaribbeanDivision,NorthAtlanticSquadron,andlateralternatedbetweenassignmentsintheAtlantic,
Mediterranean,andCaribbean.Withdrawnfromservicein1906,exceptformidshipmencruisesfromAnnapolisbetween1907and1909,in1912shebecamea
barracksshipatCharleston,SouthCarolina.AswarwithGermanythreatened,shewasrecommissionedin1916andsailedonconvoydutyintheNorthAtlantic.
FollowingtheBrestLitovskTreatybetweenRussiaandGermanyandthestart

Page375

oftheRussianRevolution,OlympiawasdispatchedtoArchangelandMurmansktohelpgarrisonthosenorthernportsagainstBolshevikintrusion.Withtheendof
WorldWarI,OlympiamovedtotheMediterranean,andbetween1918and1920spentmostofhertimehelpingtoquelldisturbancesalongtheAdriaticcoastof
Yugoslavia,whichhadcomeintobeingwiththecollapseoftheAustroHungarianEmpire.Olympia'slastoverseasmissionwastocarrytheremainsofWorldWarI's
UnknownSoldierfromLeHavretoWashington,D.C.,forintermentatArlingtonNationalCemetery.Decommissionedandpreservedasanhistoricshipat
Philadelphiain1922,shewastakenoverbytheCruiserOlympiaAssociationin1957.
Beach,UnitedStatesNavy.Emerson,"USSOlympia."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Olympias
Trireme(2m).L/B/D:120.7'17.7'11.8'dph(36.8m5.4m3.6m).Tons:45disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:196.Des.:JohnF.Coates,JohnMorrison.Built:
Piraeus1987.
Amongthelargest,andcertainlythefastest,warshipsinclassicalantiquitywasthetrireme,along,narrowvesselpropelledby170oarsandfittedwithalargebow
ramwithwhichtopunchholesinenemyships.TriremesinGreek,trieresevolvedfromthetriacontorandpentecontor,oaredshipspropelledby30and50
oars,respectively.Thesesmallervesselsprobablyservedchieflyastransports,andwhenenemyshipsengagedeachother,thecrewswouldattempttocapturetheir
opponents'shipsinaboardingaction.However,themosteffectivewaytodisableanenemyshipwastoramit.Thistacticwasonetowhichthefasterandmore
maneuverabletriremewasideallysuited.Itisestimatedthatthetriremewasasmuchas30percentfasterthanapentecontor,whichremainedthestandardvesselfor
smallercitystateslackingtheresourcestobuild,muchlessman,triremes.IntheyearspriortoXerxes'invasionofGreecein480BCE,theAtheniansbuilt200triremes
butattheBattleofSalamistheyhadtodrawontheirPlataeanandChalcidianalliestomantheirships,eachofwhichrequired170oarsmen,ahelmsman,andupto30
auxiliariesforatotalof40,000people.
Althoughlargenumbersoftriremeswerebuilt,fewdetailsoftheirdesignandconstructionremain.Pictorialandsculpturalevidence,thoughrelativelyabundant,is
inexact,andwrittendescriptionsarescant.Archaeologicalevidenceisalsoslightandlikelytoremainso.Beingunballasted,triremesdidnotsinktheycouldbetowed
awayfrombattleevenifbadlydamaged,andiftheywerebeyondsalvage,theywouldsimplydriftatseauntiltheybrokeup.Theprimaryevidenceforthetrireme's
dimensionscomesfromtheexcavationofthetriremeshedsatZea,nearPiraeus.Thesewerecapableofhousingvesselsupto40metersinlengthand5.6metersin
width.Thewrittenrecordalsoatteststothematerialsandmethodofconstruction.Theprimarywoodsemployedforplankingwerefir,pine,andcedar,firbeinglighter
andthereforepreferable,whilethekeelswereofoak,whichwasbettersuitedtobeinghauledashore.Thehullwasofshellfirst,mortiseandtenonconstruction
typicalofMediterraneanshipofantiquity.
OneofthemostdedicatedstudentsofthetriremeisJohnMorrison,whospentmorethanhalfacenturyresearchingtheevolution,dimensions,manning,andtactical
useoftriremes.Inthe1980s,heandJohnCoates,retiredChiefNavalArchitectoftheRoyalNavy,collaboratedonthedesignofatriremebasedontheavailable
evidence.Havingdeterminedthebasicdimensions,themostcomplexdesignissuewasthearrangementandsizeoftheoars.Triremeshadthreebanksorfilesofoars,
eachpulledbyoneman.Ontheuppermostbankwere62oarsmen,calledthranites,31oneitherside,whilethelowertwotiersheld54zygiansand54thalamians,
respectively.Thethranites'oarspivotedonashortoutriggersetoutfromthehullsothattheywouldn'tinterferewiththoseofthelowertwotiers.Thethalamians'oar
portswerelessthanhalfameterabovethewaterlineandwerecoveredwithleathersleevestopreventwaterfromentering.
Thereweretwosizesofoars:9cubits(4meters),usedbyoarsmenatthebowandstern,and9.5cubits(4.22meters),usedbyoarsmenwhosatonfixedseats
inthemiddleofthevessel.Althoughtriremescarriedtwomasts,sailswereprobablynotusedwhenthevesselwasbeingrowedbecauseifthewindwerecoming
fromanywherebutdeadastern,thevesselwouldheeltoomuchfortheoarstowork.Evenoverfairlylongperiods,rowingcouldbefasterthansailing.Thucydides
recordsonenonstopvoyagefromPiraeustoMytilenein427BCEinwhichatriremewasrowed184milesinlittlemorethan24hours(about7.5knots)andXenophon
describesthe129milerunfromByzantiumtoHeracleaontheBlackSeabeingcoveredinabout18hours(about7knots).
In1982,CoatesandDavidMossbuiltamockupofatriremeoarsystem,andin1984theHellenicNavyexpresseditsinterestinbuildingafullscalereplica,which
tooktwoyearstocomplete.ApproximatelytwomillenniaafterherancestorslastpliedtheMediterranean,thetriremeOlympiastooktothewatersatPiraeus.
Mannedbyvolunteerrowersofbothsexesfromaroundtheworld,

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Olympiasprovedadramaticsuccess.Althoughtherewasmuchtobelearnedaboutthepreferredpracticesinrowingandsteeringatrireme,Olympiasattainedsprint
speedsof7knotsinthefirstseason.Threeyearslater,afterlearningalotabouthowtorowtheshipandmodifyingtheoars,speedsof8.5knotswereachievedina
shortsprint.
Thetriremeseemsnevertohavebeenimproveduponforspeed.Largervesselswereapparentlybuilt,suchastheRomanquinquiremeandlaterlargepolyremes,but
therootwords"three,""four,"and"five"applynottothenumberofbanksofoarsbuttothenumberofoarsmen(remex)oneachsideoftheship.Inatrireme,there
wasoneoaroneachofthreelevels,andoneoarsmantoeachoar.Inaquinquireme,theoarsonthetoptwolevelswerepulledbytwomeneach,andthesmalleroars
onthebottomlevelwerepulledbyoneman,sothattherewerefivefilesofoarsmenoneachsideoftheship.Inthelargerandlaterpolyremes,therewereonlytwo
levelsofoars,witheachoarpulledbyfourmen(inanoctoreme,or''eight")orfivemen(inadecareme,or"ten").Itislikelythattheoarsmannedbythreeormore
menwereatleastpartlyworkedbythe"standandsit"strokeofthelatermedievalgalleys.OaredvesselscontinuedtoevolveandsurvivedinEuropeannaviesaslate
astheeighteenthcentury.ThelastnavalengagementsinwhichoaredshipsplayedasignificantrolewerefoughtintheRussoSwedishWarof178890.
Casson,ShipsandSeamanshipintheAncientWorld.Coates,"TriremeSailsAgain."Morrison,ed.,AgeoftheGalley.Morrison,GreekandRomanOaredWaships.Morrison&
Coates,AthenianTrireme.

Olympic
Liner(4f/2m).L/B/:883'92.5'(269.1m28.2m).Tons:45,324grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st735,2nd674,3rd1,026crew860.Mach.:tripleexpansion/steam
turbine,3screws21kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Belfast,Ireland1911.
Thebiggestshipintheworldwhenlaunched,OlympicwasthefirstofanillfatedtrioofsuperlinersthatincludedBRITANNICandTITANIC.OrderedforWhite
StarLine,thenpartofJ.P.Morgan'sInternationalMercantileMarine,Olympicwasintendedtobethetransatlanticlinerparexcellence,combininggreatsizeand
comfortwithamoderateturnofspeed.Hermaidenvoyage,underCaptainEdwardJ.Smith,fromSouthamptontoNewYorkviaCherbourgandQueenstownon
June11took5daysand16hours.ThatSeptemberOlympiccollidedwithHMSHawkeintheSolentwhenhertriplescrewscausedsuchmassivesuctionthatthe
cruiserwaspulledintothelargership'sstern.Olympicwasheldtoblame,andafterrepairsatBelfastresumedserviceonNovember30.Followingthelossofher
sistershipTitanic(thenunderOlympic'serstwhileCaptainSmith),Olympicunderwentamassive"safetyfirst"rebuildincludingtheinstallationofaninnerskinandthe
installationofenoughlifeboatstoaccommodateallpassengersandcrew.
FollowingthestartofWorldWarI,onOctober27OlympicattemptedtotakeintowthebattleshipHMSAudacious,whichhadstruckamineoffToryIsland,north
ofIreland.InSeptember1915,Olympicwasconvertedforuseasatroopship,inwhichrolesheperformedadmirably,evensinkingtheGermanU103offtheLizard
onMay12,1918.OlympiccontinuedasatroopshipforaboutayearafterthearmisticebeforeshewaswithdrawnfrommilitarydutiesinAugust1919.
Priortoherreturntocivilianservice,Olympicwasconvertedfromcoaltooilfuel.Inadditiontobeingcleanerandlessbulky,oilfuelwaslesslaborintensive:engine
roomstaffwerecutfrom246to60men.
OnJune25,1920,sheresumedpassengerservicebetweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYork.Stilltheoverbearingship'sillluckcontinued,andonMarch
22,1924,shecollidedwithFurnessLines'FortSt.GeorgenearNewYork,damagingherownsternpostintheprocess.Herpassengeraccommodationswere
reconfiguredtosuitthechangingfaceoftransatlantictravelduringthedepression,firstin1928andagainin1931.Thesuperliner'sworstcollisionoccurredonthe
morningofMay16,1934.SteamingtowardsNewYorkathighspeedinadensefog,at1006sherammedandsanktheNANTUCKETLIGHTSHIP.Fourofthe
elevencrewwerekilledinstantly,andthreemorediedofexposureorinjuriesaftertheirrescuebyOlympic.
Laterthesameyear,WhiteStarwasabsorbedbyCunardLineandinthedriveforgreaterefficiency,Olympicwaswithdrawnfromserviceafterherlastvoyagefrom
SouthamptononMarch27,1935.LaidupatSouthamptonuponherreturn,shewasscrappedatJarrowandInverkeithing.
Martin,OtherTitanic.ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,WhiteStar...Liners"Olympic"and"Titanic."

Omega
(exDrumcliff)Bark(4m).L/B/D:311.3'43.2'24.2'dph(94.9m13.2m7.4m).Tons:2,471grt.Hull:steel.Built:Russell&Co.,Greenock,Scotland
1887.
Drumcliffwasoneofnine"Drum"shipsbuiltforthefirmofGillison&Chadwick.Shesailedforthemingeneraltradeuntilsoldin1896toRhedereiA/Gvon1896
ofHamburg,whorenamedherOmega.Shecontinuedin

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Imagenotavailable.
Photographedhereintheearlyyearsofthe20thcenturywhenunderGermanownership,
asbefittedhernamethefourmastedbarkOMEGAof1887wasthelastsquareriggerin
commercialsail.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

generaltradeunderthatflag,rangingasfarafieldasAustraliaforwheat,Perufornitrate,andtheU.S.EastCoastforcaseoil.CaughtonthecoastofPeruatthestart
ofWorldWarI,shewasseizedandusedasatrainingvesselforthePeruvianNavy.LateracquiredbytheCompaniaAdministradoresdelGuanoLtd.ofLima,
exceptforafewvoyagestoEuropeintheearly1920s,shespentthenextfourdecadeshaulingguanofromtheIslasdePerutothemainland,longafterthetradein
nitratetoEuropehaddriedup.By1953,therewereonlythreesquareriggedvesselsatworkinthisorindeedanyothertrade:Omegaandthethreemasted
barksTellusandMaipo.Inthatyear,FrederickWilhelmsenandhisbrothersailedinOmegafortwomonths.Threeyearslater,TellusandMaipoweresoldtothe
breakers.Omegasurvivedthembytwoyears,sinkingenroutefromthePachacomecIslandstoHuachoonJune26,1958,withacargoofguano.Asbefittedher
name,shewastheverylastsquareriggerincommercialsail.
Hurst,SquareRiggers.Wilhelmsen,"Omega."

Ontario
Sidewheelsteamer(1f/2m).L/B/D:140'24'6'(42.7m7.3m1.8m).Tons:237grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:beamengine,sidewheels5kts.Built:Sackett's
Harbor,N.Y.1817.
AftersecuringpermissiontooperateasteamboatontheGreatLakesamonopolythattheNewYorkStatelegislaturehadgrantedtoRobertFultonandRobertR.
LivingstontheLakeOntarioSteamboatCompanywasincorporatedin1816withaviewtodevelopinggeneralsteamboatserviceonLakeOntario.ThefirstU.S.
builtsteamerontheGreatLakesandacontemporaryoftheKingston,OntariobasedFRONTENAC,theschoonerriggedOntarioenteredserviceatSackett's
Harbor,NewYork,onApril11,1817.Shepliedbetweenthatport,theGeneseeRiver,Ogdensburg,andNiagarauntilwithdrawnfromservicein1832.
Musham,"EarlyGreatLakesSteamboats:TheOntarioandFrontenac."

Oregon
Liner(2f/4m).L/B:501'bp54.2'(152.7mbp16.5m).Tons:7,375grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st340,intermediate982,3rd110,steerage1,000.Mach.:
compoundengine,1screw18kts.Built:JohnElder&Co.,Glasgow1883.
OregonwasthelastoffifteenshipsbuiltfortheLiverpoolandGreatWesternSteamshipCompany,knownastheGuionLineforitsfounder,Americanshipping
executiveStephenGuion,whoseambitionwastohavethefinestandfastestshipsafloat.Between1879and1884,his

Page378

Alaska,Arizona,andOregonheldswayontheAtlantic.OregoncapturedtheBlueRibandfromArizonabycrossingfromSandyHooktoQueenstownat17.12
knotsinMarch1884andreturningataspeedof18.56knots(6days,10hours,10minutesApril1319).Sheimprovedherwestboundperformancethreemore
timesthatyear,althoughherlasttworecordswereforCunard,towhomshehadbeensoldtopayoffGuion'sdebts.Oregon'sfastestQueenstowntoSandyHook
crossingwasat18.39knots(6days,11hours,9minutesSeptember310).Twoyearslater,disasterstruckwhen,at0420onMarch14,1886,shecollidedwitha
vesselbelievedtobetheschoonerCharlesMorse,eighteenmileseastofLongIsland.Badlyholed,shesankaboutthreehourslater.Therewerenocasualties,the
majorityofher852passengersandcrewbeingtakenoffbyNorddeutscherLloyd'sFulda.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

Imagenotavailable.
Fr.Goth'snaivepainting"TheArrivaloftheSteamshipOREGONatPortland,Maine,on
January21,1884".Despitethenaturaladvantagesofawellprotecteddeepwaterport,
PortlandcouldnotcompetewithBostonorNewYorkfortransatlantictrade.
CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

USSOregon(BB3)
Battleship(2f/1m).L/B/D:351.2'69.3'24'(107m21.1m7.3m).Tons:10,288disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:473.Arm.:413",88",46",206pdr,6
1pdr618"TT.Armor:18"belt3"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,9,000hp,1screw15kts.Built:UnionIronWorks,SanFrancisco1896.
TheonlybattleshipassignedtothePacificFleet,onFebruary16,1898,USSOregonwasjustcomingoutofdrydockinBremertonwhennewsreachedherofthe
sinkingofthebattleshipUSSMAINEatHavana,thedaybefore.OrderedtoSanFrancisco,shearrivedthereonMarch9andreceivedordersthreedayslaterto
joinAdmiralWilliamSampson'sAtlanticBattleSquadroninFlorida.OregonsailedonMarch19shestoppedforcoalatCallaoonApril4,enteredtheStraitof
MagellanonApril17,stoppingatPuntaArenas,andarrivedatRiodeJaneiroonApril30.TherethecrewlearnedthatwarwithSpainhadbeendeclaredonApril
21.DisregardingrumorsofaSpanishtorpedoboatontheSouthAmericancoastandofaninterceptingsquadronenroutefromtheCapeVerdeIslands,Captain
CharlesE.ClarkproceededtoBahia,Barbadosand,finally,JupiterInlet,Florida,arrivingthereonMay24.DespiteboilertroubleinthePacific,adversewindsand
currentsintheSouthAtlantic,andabunkerfirethatlastedtwodaysbetweenBahiaandBarbados,Oregonmadethe14,000milejourneyinarecordsixtysixdays.
JoiningAdmiralSampson'sfleetonMay28,OregontookpartinthedestructionofAdmiralPascualCervera'sfleetatSantiagoBayonJune3.Oregon'sjourney
demonstratedboththatheavybattleshipscouldstanduptoadverseconditionsforextendedperiodsandthatacanalacrosstheCentralAmericanisthmuswasvitalto
U.S.nationalsecurity.(ThePanamaCanalopenedin1914.)
AfterarefitinNewYork,OregonwasassignedtotheAsiaticStationwhereshetookpartinthesuppressionofthePhilippineInsurrection.DispatchedtoChina
during

Page379

theBoxerRebellion,shedidnotreturnstatesideuntil1906,whenshewasdecommissionedinPugetSound.InandoutofcommissionthroughWorldWarI,in1918
shewasbrieflyattachedtotheAmericanSiberianExpeditionaryForcessenttoaidantiBolshevikCzechoslovakforcesinVladivostok.Apreservationefforttosave
Oregonbeganin1921,butin1942shewasstruckfromtheNavylistandsoldforscrap.In1944,thehullofOregonwasrequisitionedforuseasahulkatGuam.In
1956,Oregon'sremainsweresoldtoaJapanesefirmandtheshipwasscrappedatKawasaki.
Bradford,"AndOregonRushedHome."Sternlicht,McKinley'sBulldog.Webber,BattleshipOregon.

Imagenotavailable.
ThebattleshipUSSOREGON,departingNewYorkforManilaonOctober12,1898,only
monthsafterherlegendarydashroundCapeHornfromSeattletotheCaribbeanontheeveof
theSpanishAmericanWar.ItisinterestingtocontrastOREGONwithhersmallercontemporary,
thecruiserUSSOLYMPIA.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

L'Orient
1strate120(3m).Hull:wood.Arm.:120guns.Built:Toulon1791.
OriginallynamedfortheheirapparenttotheFrenchthrone,followingthedeathofLouisXVIin1792,LeDauphinRoyalwasrenamedSansCulotte,thenamegiven
tolowerclassextremistsduringtheFrenchRevolution.StationedatToulon,inMarch1795sheflewtheflagofAdmiralMartinduringhisskirmishwithViceAdmiral
WilliamHotham'sMediterraneanFleet.Threeyearslater,L'OrientsailedasflagshipofanarmadaassembledatToulonundercommandofViceAdmiralFranois
PaulBrueysd'Aiguilliers.BoundultimatelyforEgypt,wheretheFrenchintendedtoestablishabridgeheadfromwhichtheycouldinvadeBritishIndia(theship'snew
namesuggeststhetendencyofFrenchstrategicthinking),some75warships,400transports,10,000,sailorsand36,000soldiersledbyGeneralNapoleonBonaparte
slippedoutofportonMay20,1798.Thesameday,ablockadingforceunderRearAdmiralHoratioNelsonwasblownoffstationinagale.OnJune10,theFrench
wereatMalta,whichtheycapturedonthe12th.ContinuingviaCrete,theyreachedEgyptonJuly1,seizingtheportofAlexandriathenextdayandCairothree
weekslater.Inthemeantime,BrueysstationedhisfleetofftheislandofAboukirintheNileDeltaeastofAlexandria.OnAugust1,histhirteenshipswereanchoredin
lineaheadandmanyofthecrewgettingwaterashorewhenNelsonfinallycaughtupwithhiminmidafternoon.Brueysmadetwomiscalculations:thatNelsonwould
notattackuntilthenextmorning,andthathisshipsneednotclearforactiontheshorewardfacinggunsasNelsonwouldattackonlyfromthesea.Hewas
disappointedonbothcounts.
FiveofNelson'sshipspassedbetweenthevanoftheFrenchlineandtheshore,whileanothersix,ledbyNelson'sHMSVANGUARD,rangedthemselvesonthe
seawardsideoftheFrenchline.Thebattlebeganat1830,withthe74gunBELLEROPHONoppositeBrueys'sL'Orient.By2000,theBritishshipwasforcedto
disengage,butL'OrientwasablazeandBrueysandCaptainLouisdeCasabiancaweremortallywounded.HMSSwiftsureandAlexanderpressedhometheattack
ontheFrenchflag

Page380

ship,andatabout2200,L'Orient'smagazineexplodedandtheshipblewapart.OnlyaboutseventyfiveoftheFrenchcrewsurvived,includingCasabianca'sten
yearoldson,Jacques,whosesteadfastloyaltywascommemoratedinFeliciaHeman's1829ballad,whichbegins,"Theboystoodontheburningdeck/Whenceall
buthehadfled."
WiththelossofL'Orient,thesixshipsintheFrenchvanandcenterquicklysurrendered.TheBritishshipshadanchoredbythestern,andwithafavorablewind,they
nowcontinueddowntheFrenchlinetocaptureordestroyalltheFrenchshipsexceptGnreux,GuillaumeTell,andtwofrigates,whichescapedunderRear
AdmiralPierreCharlesdeVilleneuve.Twoothershipsofthelineweresunk,threewerebeyondrepair,andsixwerebroughtintotheRoyalNavy.TheBattleofthe
NilewasthefirstdecisivedefeatoftheFrenchinyears,andNelsonwaslionizedthroughoutEurope,notleastbyhisownofficersandcrew.Amonghismanytributes
wasacasketmadefromthemainmastofL'OrientpresentedtohimbySwiftsure'sCaptainBenjaminHallowellandinwhichhewasburiedafterhisdeathaboard
HMSVICTORYattheBattleofTrafalgarin1805.
Culver,FortyFamousShips.

Orion
(exKurmark)Merchantraider.L/B/D:463.5'61.1'27'(141.3m18.6m8.2m).Tons:7,021grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:377.Arm.:65.9",175mm.2
37mm,420mm621"TT.Mach.:steamturbines14.8kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1930.
BuiltasasteamshipforHapagEastAsiaservicebetweenGermanyandtheOrient,atthestartofWorldWarIIKurmarkwasrequisitionedbytheGermanNavyfor
useasamerchantraider.DesignatedSchiff36andrenamedOrionbyLieutenantCommanderKurtWeyher(whosepreviouscommandwasthebarkHorstWessel,
nowUSCGCEAGLE),sheslippedintotheNorthAtlanticinMarch1940,withorderstominethewatersaroundNewZealand.Althoughshewouldspendthenext
18monthsatsea,longerthananyotherGermanraider,sheaccountedforonly12Alliedships(73,477tons).OnApril24,shesankthesteamerHaxbyinmidatlantic
beforeroundingCapeHornonMay21.OnthenightofJune1314,Orionlaid228minesintheHaurakiGulfoffAuckland,oneofwhichaccountedfortheUnion
SteamshipCompany'slinerNiagara,boundforCanadawith10tonsofgoldbullion.(Inearly1941,salvageexpertsrecovered94percentofthegoldfromthe
wreck,whichlayat438feet,40feetdeeperthanEGYPT.)TheraiderspentthenextfewmonthsintheSouthPacificandIndianOceans,butshesankonlythree
moreshipsbeforerendezvousingwithKometintheMarshallIslands.Togetherthetworaiderssankthe16,710tonRangitaneonNovember27,thelargestpreyto
anyraider,andfiveshipsoffNauru(whosephosphateplantsandoilreservesKometlaterdestroyed).
Overthenextsevenmonths,Orion'sgreatestenemywasherownoilfiredengines,whichneededconstantrepairs.BackintheAtlantic,onJuly29,1941,she
torpedoedtheEnglishfreighterChaucer.(ThefatherofChaucer'sCaptainCharlesBradleyhadlosthisshiptotheraiderMWEinWorldWarI.)Finally,on
August23,1941,OrionlimpedintoBourdeaux,France,afteravoyageof510days.ShelatersawavarietyofassignmentsinEuropeanwaters,concludingwiththe
evacuationofGermanforcesfromtheeasternBalticinApril1945.
Muggenthaler,GermanRaidersofWorldWarII.Weyher&Ehrlich,BlackRaider.

HMSOrpheus
Screwcorvette(1f/3m).L/B/D:254'41'19'(77.4m9.4m5.8m).Tons:1,706bm.Arm.:168",17",440pdr.Built:directactinghorizontalengines,
400hp,1screw12kts.Built:ChathamDockyard,Eng.1861.
Commissionedin1861,HMSOrpheuswasaflushdeckwarshipintendedforserviceasflagshipoftheAustralasianNavalStation.UnderCaptainWilliam
FarquharsonBurnett,shesailedforSydney,whereBurnettbrokehiscommodore'spennant.OnJanuary31,1863,OrpheussailedforAucklandtojoinHMSNiger
andHarrieratManukauHarbour.OfimmediatemilitaryconcernwastheconductoftheSecondMaoriWar.ApproachingManukauHarbourundersailandsteam
ontheclearmorningofFebruary7,1863,Orpheus'sofficersfailedtoheedsemaphoresignalsfromManukauHeadsindicatingtheproperapproachacross
ManukaubarintoAuckland.Atabout1230,Harrier'sQuartermasterFrederickButler,whowasaboardunderarrestfordesertion,pleadedtosharehislocal
knowledgewiththesailingmaster.HequicklydiscoveredthatOrpheus'schartwasnotcurrentbutdespiteanimmediatecoursechange,theshiphithardtwominutes
later.Withnoassistanceavailabletoherinthetreacherousshoalwaters,theshipwasquicklybatteredtoahulk.Oftheship'scomplementof258,only69survived
whatremainstothisdateNewZealand'sworstmaritimedisaster.
Hetherington,WreckofH.M.S."Orpheus."

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OscarII
Passengership(1f/2m).L/B/D:500.5'58.4'(152.6m17.8m).Tons:10,012grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st130,2nd140,3rd900.Mach.:tripleexpansion,8,500
ihp,2screws16kts.Built:AlexanderStephen&Sons,Ltd.,Glasgow1902.
NamedforthereigningKingofSweden,OscarIIwasoneofthreesistershipsbuiltforScandinavianAmericanLine'spassengerservicebetweenCopenhagen,
Christiania(laterOslo),Kristiansand,andNewYork.ThelinecontinuedtransatlanticserviceundertheneutralDanishflagduringWorldWarI,althoughitsshipswere
frequentlydetainedatKirkwallbytheRoyalNavytoensureagainsttheircarryingcontrabandfromtheUnitedStatestoGermany.In1915,theindustrialistHenry
FordcharteredOscarIItocarryapeacemissiontoNorwayforthepurposeofestablishingaNeutralConferenceforContinuousMediation.Themission'sprime
moverwasRosikaSchwimmer,aHungarianjournalistandpeaceactivistwhotriedtogetPresidentWoodrowWilsontomediateanendtohostilities.Promisingtoget
"theboysoutofthetrenchesbyChristmas,"theFordentourageembarkedon"ThePeaceShip"atNewYorkonDecember4,1915.Afterabriefdetentionat
Kirkwall,Orkney,theshiparrivedinChristianiaonthe19th.AlthoughFordwasagainstthewaroneconomicgrounds,themanwhobelievedthat"historyismoreor
lessbunk"waswidelyridiculedforhisefforts.OscarIIremainedinservicethrough1931andwasbrokenupatBlythin1933.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kraft,PeaceShip.

OsebergShip
Karvi.L/B/D:70.8'16.7'5.2'dph(21.6m5.1m1.6m).Tons:11disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:35.Built:Norwayca.815820.
DatingfromthebeginningoftheperiodofVikingexpansion,theOsebergshipwasfoundin1904inaburialmoundlocatedonafarmofthesamenameatSlagen,
about70milessouthofOslo.TheOsebergshipisakarvi,alarge,clinkerbuiltopenboatwith12strakesperside,eachrivetedtotheonebelowit.Theplankingwas
fastenedtothe17ribsbybaleenorwhalebonelashings,atechniquethatmadetheboathighlyelastic.Thereare15oarholesbeneaththeshieldracksoneitherside
oftheship,andtheoarsthemselvesmeasurebetween3.7metersand4meters.Therudder,reallyanenlargedoar,wasfittedonthestarboard(orsteeringboard)side
aft.Evidencesuggeststhatthemastwouldhavestoodabout13metershighandsetasinglesquaresail.Theship'sonemeter,7kiloanchorwasmadeofforgediron
withanoakanchorstock.AlthoughtheOsebergshipisestimatedtohavebeenaboutfifteentotwentyyearsoldwhenitwasburied,theshipprobablyservedmoreas
achieftain'sprivatevesselratherthanasawarship.Itslowfreeboardalsosuggeststhatitwasbuiltforcoastalratherthanoffshoresailing.
DespitealongstandingbeliefthattheOsebergmoundwastheburialplaceofQueensa,grandmotherofHaraldComelyHair,theevidenceisonlyconjectural.The
moundwasprobablylootedintheMiddleAgesatwhichtimetheship'sbowwasdamagedmanyoftheship'stimbershadalsocollapsedundertheweightofthe
rocksplacedinandaroundtheshipwhenitwasburied.TheexcavationandpreservationoftheburialsitewasledbyGabrielGustafson,whooversawtheremovalof
thousandsofwoodfragmentsthatweretreatedwithcreosoteandtakentoOslo,wheretheywerepainstakinglyreassembled.In1926,theshipwasmovedtothe
VikingShipHallatBygdy,Oslo,whereitishousedtogetherwithremainsoftheGOKSTADandTuneships.ThankstotheblueclayoftheSlagenarea,the
Oseberghordeyieldedagreatmanywellpreservedwoodenartifacts,including,inadditiontotheitemsnotedabove,abailingbucket,figureheads,beds,tents,and
theremainsofmorethan10horses,oxen,andcows.
Sjvold,OsebergFindandtheOtherVikingShipFinds.

SMSOstfriesland
Helgolandclassbattleship(3f/2m).L/B/D:548.9'93.5'29.3'(167.3m28.5m8.9m).Tons:24,700disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,112.Arm.:1212.2"(6
2),146",148.8cm620"TT.Armor:12"belt,3.2"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,31,258ihp,3screws20.8kts.Built:KaiserlicheWerft,Wilhelmshaven,
Germany1911.
NamedforaregionofGermanyborderingontheNorthSea,OstfrieslandwasoneoffourHelgolandclassbattleshipscommissionedin191112.DuringWorld
WarI,shewasattachedtothefirstBattleSquadronoftheHighSeasFleetandtookpartinoperationsintheNorthSeaandBalticin191516.Minedwhilereturning
toportfromtheBattleofJutlandinearlyJune1916,followingrepairsshemadeonlyafewmoretentativesortiesintotheNorthSea.In1920,Ostfrieslandwas
turnedovertotheUnitedStatesasreparationsandpreparedforuseasatargetship.
DuringWorldWarI,anumberofproposalshadbeenadvancedtouseairplanesagainstcapitalships,butallweredropped.In1920,BrigadierGeneralWilliam
"Billy"MitchellbegantrainingaircrewstodemonstratethesuperiorityofairpoweroverbattleshipsandtheNavyre

Page382

luctantlyagreedtoprovidetargets.AftersinkingthreeUboats,adestroyer,andacruiser,onJuly20,1921,Martinbomberswereloadedwith230poundandlater
600poundbombstouseagainstOstfrieland,60milesofftheVirginiacoast.Thesehadlittleeffect,butthenextdaytheyreturnedfromLangleyFieldarmedwith
1,000and2,000poundbombs.Hitbelowthewaterlinebysix1tonbombs,Ostfrieslandsank21minutesaftertheattackbegan.Popularlorehaditthatpro
battleshipadmiralswepttoseetheshipgodown,butthefullpowerofplanesagainstcapitalshipswouldnotbefeltuntil1941,withtheBritishattackonTaranto,and
theJapaneseattacksonPearlHarborandonthebattleshipsHMSPRINCEOFWALESandREPULSE.
Lyman,"DaytheAdmiralsWept."O'Connell,SacredVessels.

Otago
Bark(3m).L/B/D:147'26'14'dph(44.8m7.9m4.3m).Tons:346grt.Hull:iron.Built:AlexanderStephen&Sons,Ltd.,Glasgow1869.
BuiltforGrierson&Company,ofAdelaide,Australia,OtagowasnamedforabaynearDunedin,NewZealand.Althoughasmallbarkthatwouldspendmostofher
careertradingaroundAustraliaandtheEastIndies,Otago'smaidenvoyagewasaneighteenmonthcircumnavigationfromEnglandviaAdelaide,Sydney,andSan
Francisco.Soldin1871,hercareerisdistinguishedbythefactthatJosephConradsailedinherfirstassecondmateandthenascaptain.OnAugust8,1887,Otago
sailedfromNewcastle,Australia,boundforHaiphong,thenpartofFrenchIndochina.FromthereOtagosailedforBangkok,butenrouteCaptainJohnSnadden
diedandtemporarycommandfelltothefirstmate.WhentheshiparrivedinThailand,Mr.B(asConradreferstohiminTheMirroroftheSea)waspassedover
infavorofthetwentynineyearoldConrad.
OnFebruary9,1888,OtagosailedforSydneywithacargoofteak.ThethreeweekpassagedowntheGulfofSiamwasmarredbystiflingcalms,illnessamongthe
crew,andthemate'santipathy.ButasherecalledinTheShadowLine,hisfictionalaccountofhisfirstandonlycommandinsail,Conradwasinstantlyenamoredof
hisship.
AtthefirstglanceIsawthatshewasahighclassvessel,aharmoniouscreatureinthelinesofherfinebody,intheproportionedtallnessofherspars.Whateverherageandher
history,shehadpreservedthestampofherorigin.Shewasoneofthosecraftthatinvirtueoftheirdesignandcompletefinishwillneverlookold.Amongsthercompanions
mooredtothebank,andallbiggerthanherself,shelookedlikeacreatureofhighbreedanArabsteedinastringofcarthorses.

SixnewcrewjoinedtheshipatSingaporebeforeOtagosailedagain.FromSydney,ConradtookheronaseriesofshortpassagesalongtheAustraliancoastbefore
sailinghernorthaboutthroughtheTorresStraitenroutetoMauritius.OtagoreturnedtoMelbourneinJanuary1889,andConradresignedhiscommandattheendof
March.
OtagocontinuedtradingunderavarietyofownersbeforeshewasconvertedtoacoalhulkbyHuddart,Parker&Company.By1924,shewaslyingatHobart,
Tasmania,andsevenyearslatershewassoldtoashipbreaker.Still,itwasnotuntil1960thatshewasfinallybrokenupontheDerwentRiver.Herassociationwith
Conradconferredonheracertainimmortality,and,likesomemedievalsaint,hercorporalremainsarefoundaroundtheworld:theship'swheelattheheadquartersof
theHonourableCompanyofMasterMarinersinLondon,aportionofthesternwiththeNationalParkServiceinSanFrancisco,andaportionofthehullnearHobart.
Conrad,MirroroftheSeaShadowLine.Lubbock,LastoftheWindjammers.

Page383

P
Pacific
Steamship(1f/3m).L/B:281'45'(85.7m13.7m).Tons:2,707grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:2001st,802nd140crew.Mach.:sidelever,sidewheels12kts.Built:
JacobBell,NewYork1850.
Inthe1840s,transatlanticsteamservicewasdominatedbyBritishships.TheU.S.governmentsoughttopromotecompetitionamongAmericancompaniesbyoffering
asubsidyforcarryingmailbetweentheUnitedStatesandEurope.In1847,itawardedasubsidy$385,000forguaranteed,yearround,fortnightlysailingsto
EdwardKnightCollins,founderoftheDramaticLineofsailingpacketsinthepreviousdecade.OfficiallynamedtheNewYork&LiverpoolUnitedStatesMail
SteamshipCompany,thefirmwasknownsimplyasCollinsLine.Thecompanyshowedgreatpromise,launchingaquartetoffastandelegantsisterships:Atlantic,
Pacific,ARCTIC,andBaltic.Onhermaidenvoyage,PacificbecamethefirstAmericansteamshiptocrosstheAtlanticfasterthanaBritishone,steamingfrom
LiverpooltoNewYorkat12.5knots(10days,4hours,45minutesSeptember1121,1850).Thenextspring,shesetaneweastboundrecord,crossingat13
knots(9days,21hours,14minutesMay1020,1851)with240passengers,arecordforsteamshipsatthatdate.AlthoughtheCollinsshipscarriedmore
passengersthanCunard,theirclosestBritishcompetitor,theyranatalossandin1852Congressagreedtoincreasetheirsubsidybyhalfamilliondollars.
Thefollowingyear,personalandprofessionaldisasterstruckCollinswhenArcticcollidedwiththeFrenchscrewsteamerVESTAandsanknearCapeRacewiththe
lossofmorethan300passengers,includinghiswifeandtwochildren.OnJanuary23,1856,PacificsailedfromLiverpoolwith80passengers.Despiteexhaustive
searches,notraceofherwaseverfound,anditwasgenerallyassumedthatshehadfounderedinmidatlantic.However,inthe
Imagenotavailable.
SamuelWaters'spaintingofPACIFICrescuingthecrewofthebarkJESSESTEVENSin1852.
Fouryearslater,theCollinsLinesteamerdepartedLiverpoolandvanished.CourtesyPeabody
EssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Page384

early1990s,diversledbyJ.L.Smart(whohadworkedtheROYALCHARTERwrecksite)discoveredtheremainsofashiptentativelyidentifiedasPacific,lyingin
theIrishSeaabout12milesnortheastofAnglesey.FurtherinvestigationremainstodeterminewhetherthesiterepresentsthebonesofPacificand,possibly,whyshe
sankwithouttrace.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Sloan,"WreckoftheCollinsLinerPacific."

Padua
(laterKruzenstern)Bark(4m).L/B/D:320.5'46.1'25.4'(97.7m14.1m7.7m).Tons:3,064grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:40cadets.Built:J.C.Tecklenborg,
Geestemnde,Germany1926.
BuiltforReedereiF.Laeisz,Paduawasoneofthelastlargesquareriggedshipsbuilttotradeundersail.UndertheharddrivingJ.HermannPiening,shemadesome
ofthefastestpassagesofthepostwarera,includinga1928runfromHamburgtoTalcahuanoin71daysandareturnfromMejilonestoTerneuzen,Holland,in72
days.Fiveyearslater,shesailedfromHamburgfortheSpencerGulfin63days,onedaybehindPriwall,whosepassagewastherecordtime.Herlastdeepwater
voyageforLaeiszwasfromBrementoValparaiso,PortLincoln,and,inthelastgrainrace,backtoGlasgow,whereshearrivedonJuly3,1939.Havingdischarged
hercargoofgrain,shesailedtoHamburginballastandarrivedthereonAugust8,lessthanamonthbeforethestartofWorldWarII.
Imagenotavailable.
BuiltforcommercialserviceafterWorldWarI,thestately,powerful
PADUAwasoneofthelastclippersofherage.Ofherkind,Harold
Underhillwrote,theywere"builttosailandbesailedshipswhich
couldtakeallthedrivingtheirmastercaredtogivethem,and...keep
itupvoyageaftervoyage."SheisseenhereinlateryearsastheSoviet
Union'strainingshipKRUZENSTERN.PhotobyBekenofCowes.

In1946PaduawasseizedbytheSovietUnionandrenamedKruzenstern,inhonoroftheRussianadmiralwholedtheNevaandNADEZHDAexpeditionsin1803.
OperatedbytheMinistryofFisheriesasasailtrainingshipwithacomplementof230cadetsandcrew,KruzensternwasactiveinEuropeanwatersandvisitedNew
YorkfortheU.S.bicentennialin1976andtheStatueofLibertyCentennialin1986.WiththebreakupoftheSovietUnionintheearly1990s,shecameunderthe
authorityoftheEstonianMinistryofFisheries.
Rohrbach,etal.,FL:ACenturyandaQuarterofReedereiF.Laeisz.

Pamir
Bark(4m).L/B/D:316'46'23.4'(96.3m14m7.1m).Tons:3,020grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:3052cadets.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1905.
OrderedbyReedereiF.LaeiszforitsFlyingPLineofnitrateclippersandnamedfortheCentralAsianmountainrange,Pamirwasbuilttosailintheharddriving
nitratetradebetweenEuropeandChileviaCapeHorn.LeavingChileinJulyof1914,whenCaptainMaxJrgenHeinrichJrslearnedthatwarhadbrokenout,he
putintoSantaCruzintheCanaryIslands,wheretheGermanshipandcrewremainedforoverfiveyears.AllocatedtoItalyasreparations,shewaslaidupat
CastellamareandGenoauntil1922whenshewassoldbacktoLaeisz,returningtothenitratetradeuntilJuly1931.BoughtbyGustafEriksonofMariehamn,land
Islands,inFinland,sheenteredthegraintradefromAustralia,occasionallycarryingtimberandotherbulkcargoesfromEurope.In1941,Finlandwasinastateofwar
withGreatBritain,andPamirwasseizedatWellington.ShemadetenvoyagesundertheNewZealandflagfromNewZealandandAustraliatotheUnitedStates.
RestoredtoFinnishownershipin1948,shewasthelastsailingshipcharteredtocarrygrainfromAustraliatoEurope.SheleftPortVictoriaonMay28,1949,three

Page385

daysbeforehernearsistership,PASSAT,anddroppedanchorinFalmouth128dayslater.(Passatwas110daystoQueenstown.)Soldtoshipbreakersin
Antwerp,thetwoshipsweresavedwhenHeinzSchliewenofLbeckpurchasedPamirandPassatascargocarryingsailtrainingshipswithaccommodationsfor52
cadets.Theshipslaterpassedtoaconsortiumof40Germanshipowners(Laeiszwasnotamongthem),theStiftungPamirundPassat,Lbeck,totrainandtrade
betweenEuropeandSouthAmerica.Onherfifthvoyage,in1956,shesailedfromBuenosAiresonAugust10boundforHamburgwith3,780tonsofbarleyanda
complementof86.OnSeptember21,about600mileswestsouthwestoftheAzores,shesailedintoahurricane.Herinadequatelystowedcargoshiftedinthehigh
windandsea,andaftertransmittingtwodistresscalls,shesankatabout1600intheafternooninapproximately3557'N,4020'W.Therewereonlysixsurvivors.
Churchouse,"Pamir"undertheNewZealandEnsign.TunstallBehrens,"Pamir":AVoyagetoRio.Waters,"Pamir."

USSPanay(PR5)
Rivergunboat.L/B/D:191'29'5.3'(58.2m8.8m1.6m).Tons:474disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:59.Arm.:23"8.30cal.mg.Built:KiangnanDockyard&
EngineeringWorks,Shanghai,China1928.
NamedforaPhilippineisland,USSPanaywasoneofseveralvesselsbuiltfortheYangtzeRiverpatroltoprotectU.S.interestsduringtheChinesecivilwar.
JapaneseforcesinvadedChinainJuly1937,andonDecember11,thelastofficialsattheU.S.EmbassyinNankingwereevacuatedaboardPanay,commandedby
LieutenantCommanderJamesJ.Hughes.Avoidingthesharpconflictinandaroundthecapital,PanayandtheSoconyVacuumOilCompanytankersMeiPing,Mei
Hsia,andMeiAnsailedupriver,notifyingthelocalJapanesecommanderoftheirintentiontodoso.Thenextday,theJapaneseorderedthedestructionofallshipping
ontheYangtzeaboveNanking.At1327,JapanesedivebombersattackedtheclearlymarkedAmericanflotillaabout27milesfromNanking.Panaywasabandoned
afteranhourandsankat1554withthelossof2killedand48wounded.MeiAnwassunkwiththelossofherskipper,CaptainCarlH.Carlson,andseveraldozen
ofhercrew.TheUnitedStateslodgedaformalprotest,andalthoughtheclaimthattheattackwasaccidentalwasincredible,Japan'sapologyandpaymentof
indemnitieswereaccepted.
Grover,"PanayRevisited."Koginos,"Panay"Incident.Perry,"Panay"Incident.

Imagenotavailable.
BuilttoprotectAmericaninterestsinChinaduringthatcountry's
civilwar,in1937thedoughtygunboatUSSPANAYwassunkby
JapaneseplanesinaneventthatprefiguredtheJapaneseattack
onPearlHarborfouryearslater.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistorical
Center,Washington,D.C.

HMSPandora
6thrate24(3m).L/B/D:114.5'32'16'(34.9m9.8m4.9m).Tons:520bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:160.Arm.:229pdr,23pdr.Built:Adams&Barnard,
DeptfordDockyard,Eng.1779.
HMSPandorawasnamedsomemightsayaptlyforthewomanofGreekmythwholetescapefromaboxalltheevilstowhichmankindissubject,savehope,
whichlay,inexplicably,atthebottom.OnNovember7,1790,shesailedfromPortsmouthunderCaptainEdwardEdwardsinsearchofthemutineersfromHMS
BOUNTY.CallingatTenerifeandRiodeJaneiro,sheroundedCapeHorninJanuary1791andarrivedatTahitionMarch23,1791.Withintheweekthefourteen
"mutineers"someofwhomhadbeenkeptaboardBountyagainsttheirwillremainingatTahitiwerearrested.Havingalsoacquiredsomebreadfruittrees(the
objectofBounty'svoyage)aswellasaschoonernamedResolutionbuiltbythemutineers,Pandorasailedsixweekslater.Theprisonerswereconfinedin
"Pandora'sBox,"an11by18foothutcherectedonthequarterdeck.Sailingwestward,theshipsearchedinvainforBountyandtheothermutineersamongthe
islandsofPolynesia,losingoneboatandfourofhercrewoffPalmerstonIsland,andthenResolution,withninemen,forwhichshesearchedtheFriendly(Tonga)
Islandsforalmostamonth.
PassingwithinsightofVanikoro,intheSantaCruzIslands,whereLaProuse'sBOUSSOLEandASTROLABE

Page386

hadwreckedthreeyearsbefore,onAugust26PandoraenteredEndeavourStraitbetweenNewGuineaandAustralia.Twonightslatershestruckareef.The
followingmorningshesankinsixtyfeetofwaterthirtyonecrewandfourprisonersweredrowned.OnAugust31,theninetynineillprovisionedsurvivorsputtosea
inthefourship'sboatsandsailedfortheDutchsettlementatKupang,Timor,1,100milestothewest.TheyarrivedonSeptember13threeweekslater,theysailed
forBataviaintheEastIndiamanRembang.AtSemarangtheywerereunitedwiththecrewofthelonglostResolution,whichhadarrivedafewweeksbeforewithout
amanlostduringits5,000milevoyage.AfewdayslatertheyarrivedatBatavia,whereEdwardsandcompanyembarkedinfourDutchtraders.Theyarrivedat
TableBayonMarch18,1792,wheretheyjoinedHMSGorgon,whichfinallylandedatSpitheadonJune20.InthesubsequenttrialofthenineBountymutineers
whosurvivedthejourney,fourwereacquitted,twopardoned,onereprieved,andthreehanged.Pandora'sremainswerediscoveredbydiversinthe1980sand
excavationbeganin1993.
ThereisaninterestingsidebartothePandorastory.WhileatTimor,Edwardshadbeenforcedtotakeresponsibilityforeightmen,awoman,andhertwochildren.
TheadultswereconvictswhohadstolenasmallboatfromtheBritishpenalcolonyatBotanyBayandsailed3,254milesinsixtyninedayswithoutthelossofasingle
life.Thewoman,MaryBryant,hadbeentransportedin1786andgivenbirthtoagirlenroute.Shelaterboreason,whowasstillatherbreastonthevoyageto
Timor.HediedatBataviaandherdaughterdiedaboardGorgon.HercasecametotheattentionofJamesBoswell,whovisitedherandthefourothersurviving
convictsinNewgatePrison,andlatersecuredforthemapardonandbestowedanannuityonBryantof10peryear.
McKay&Coleman,24GunFrigate''Pandora."Marden,"WreckofH.M.S.Pandora."Rawson,"Pandora"'sLastVoyage.

PantanoLongariniWreck
Merchantman.L:100'(30m).Tons:200300.Hull:wood.Built:GreeceorS.Italy7thcent.
In1973,workersdrainingafieldonthesouthcoastofSicilywestofCapePasserocameuponthetimbersofashipapproximately600meters(1,800feet)fromthe
shoreline.Samplesofthewoodweretakentoanearbyshipwright,whointurnnotifiedtheDepartmentofAntiquitiesinSyracuse.Formalexcavationofthesitewas
turnedovertoGerhardKapitn,wholedexcavationsofthesitein1964and1965workingwithgrantsfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania.Preliminarytestsindicated
thatthesurvivingtimbersoakframesandcypressplankingandwalesdatefrombetween350and650CE.Althoughitlaterturnedoutthatworkershad
destroyedasmuchas15metersofplankingonthestarboardside,thesurvivingtimberswereabout12meterslong,anditisestimatedthattheshipwasoriginallyas
longas30meters.TheshipissimilarinconstructiontotheseventhcenturyYASSIADAWRECK.Thehullwasbuiltfirstandtheframesinsertedlater.One
interestingdetailpreviouslyknownonlythroughrepresentationsofRomanshipsisthewayinwhichthelongitudinalbeamsweretucked,orhooked,overthewales.It
istheorizedthattheshipwasblownashoreinasirocco,andthatpartofthehullwasbrokenupforfirewoodorscrapshortlyafteritsloss.
Throckmorton&Kapitn,"AncientShipwreckatPantanoLongarini."

Panther
Iltisclassgunboat(2f/2m).L/B/D:219.4'31.8'11.8'(66.9m9.7m3.6m).Tons:1,193disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:130.Arm.:210.5cm,48.8cm,6mg.
Mach.:verticaltripleexpansion,1,344ihp,2screws13.5kts.Built:KaiserlicheWerft,Danzig,Germany1902.
PantherwasagunboatdesignedforserviceinGermany'sfarflungoverseaspossessionsfromSouthwestandEastAfricatoTsingtaoinChina.Inthesummerof
1909,shewashomewardbounduptheAtlanticwhenshebecametheinstrumentofadiplomaticintrigueinMoroccothatinvolvedGermany,France,andGreat
Britain.TheseedsoftheAgadirCrisisweresownin1905whenMoroccowasinthethroesofpoliticalupheaval.France,whichhadlongharboredcolonialambitions
intheNorthAfricanstate,soughttoassertitssupremacybutwaschallengedbyGermany'sinsistenceonan"opendoor"policy.TheMoroccoCrisisof1905was
partiallyresolvedbytheAlgecirasConference(attendedbythirteengovernments),themostsignificantoutcomeofwhichwasthestrengtheningofAngloFrench
diplomatictiesundertheEntenteCordiale.
Fouryearslater,Germany'scolonialambitionshadincreasedsubstantially,anditsoughttoacquiresouthernMoroccooranotherAfricancolony.AsMoroccoveered
towardscivilwar,theFrenchorderedtroopstotheregioninresponse,GermanyorderedthegunboatPanthertoprotectGermaninterestsatAgadir,asmallporton

Page387

theAtlanticcoastabout260milessouthofCasablanca,whereshearrivedonJuly1.TheonlyGermaninthevicinitywasaHerrWilburg,residentatMogador75
milesaway.Poorroadsprevented"theEndangeredGerman,"ashewasdescribed,fromgettinginpositiontohavehisinterestsdefendeduntilJuly4.Asbefore,
BritainmovedtoreaffirmitscommitmenttoFranceinthefaceofGermangunboatdiplomacy.NegotiationsbetweenFranceandGermanyresultedinadefacto
FrenchprotectorateinMoroccoinexchangeforGermanacquisitionofCameroona100,000squaremilepieceofFrenchEquatorialAfrica.
PantherfinallydepartedAgadirinNovember.SheremainedinEuropeanwatersthroughWorldWarIandservedasacoastaldefensevessel.Disarmedin1921,she
performedsurveyworkuntil1926andwasbrokenupatWilhelmshavenin1931.
Grner,GermanWarships.Massie,"Dreadnought."

HMSParamore
Pink(3m).L/B/D:64'od(52'keel)18'9.6'(19.5m(15.8m)5.5m2.9m).Tons:89bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:24Built:FisherHarding,DeptfordDockyard,
Eng.1694.
EdmundHalley,whowouldlaterhaveacometnamedafterhim,wasthefirstmasterandcommanderofHMPinkParamore,thefirstshipbuiltspecificallyfor
surveying.ThefirstofHalley'stwoexpeditions"toimprovetheknowledgeoftheLongitudeandthe[magnetic]variationsoftheCompasse"leftPortsmouthon
November29,1698.TheshipvisitedMadeira,FernandodeNoronha,Brazil,Barbados,andAnguilla,andreturnedtoEnglandonJune22,1699.Aftercashiering
hisrefractorylieutenant,HalleysailedagainonSeptember16.Thesecondvoyageventuredasfarsouthas5224'S,whichwasreachedonFebruary1,1700.There
theyencountered"greatislandsofice,ofsoincredibleaheightandmagnitudethatIscarcedarewritemythoughtsaboutit."AftersightingTristandaCunha,alanding
wasmadeatSt.Helena(whereHalleyhadspentfromFebruary1677toJanuary1678cataloguingstarsofthesouthernskies).TheythensailedtoTrinidadIslandoff
Brazil(whichHalleytriedtoclaimforBritain),Pernambuco,andfromtherenorthwardthroughtheCaribbeantoNewfoundland.ParamorereturnedtoEnglandon
September7,1700.Halley'sthirdvoyage,in1701,wasafourmonthcruisecrisscrossingtheEnglishChanneltoobservetidalcurrents.Thesameyearhepublished
thefirstmagneticchartsoftheAtlanticandPacificOceans.Refittedasabombketch,HMSParamoresailedunderCaptainRobertStevensinSirGeorgeRooke's
Mediterraneansquadroninthe1702waragainstFrance.ShewassoldtoCaptainJohnConstablein1706.
Thrower,ThreeVoyagesofEdmundHalley.

Paris
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:764.3'85.3'(232.9m26m).Tons:34,569grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st565,2nd460,3rd1,100crew648.Mach.:steamturbines,quadruple
screw,46,000shp21kts.Built:Chantiers&AteliersdeSt.Nazaire(Penhet),St.Nazaire,France1921.
PariswasoneofaquartetofluxurylinersintendedforCompagnieGnraleTransatlantique(CGT)'sNorthAtlantictradeintheyearsbeforeWorldWarI.Laid
downin1913,workwassuspendedfollowingtheoutbreakofwar,butin1916shewaslaunchedtofreeupherslipwayandlaidupatQuiberonBay.Oneofthefirst
newshipstoentertransatlanticpassengerserviceafterthewar,ParisembarkedonhermaidenvoyagebetweenLeHavreandNewYorkinJune1921.Nearlyhalf
againasbigasthenextlargestCGTship,France(1912),shewasknownasthe"AristocratoftheAtlantic."(Thethirdandfourthshipsofthefoursome,originally
plannedfordeliveryby1920,wereILEDEFRANCEandLafayette,commissionedin1927and1930,respectively.)SeverelydamagedbyfireatLeHavrein
1929,Parisreenteredservicethefollowingyear,butduringthenextdecade,shewasusedincreasinglyforcruising.OnApril19,1939,sheagaincaughtfireatLe
Havreand,inadisasterthatprefiguredthelossofCGT'sNORMANDIEatNewYorkin1942,capsizedinherberthaftertoomuchwaterwaspumpedontothe
flames.TheoutbreakofWorldWarIIinSeptembermadesalvageimpossible,andshewasbrokenupafterthewar.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

Parma
(exArrow)Bark(4m).L/B/D:327.7'46.5'26.2'(99.9m14.2m8m).Tons:3,090grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:32.Built:A.Rodger&Co.,PortGlasgow,
Scotland1902.
ArrowwasbuiltfortheAngloAmericanOilCompanyfortradebetweenNewYork,theFarEast,andAustralia.Herprimarycargooutboundwascaseoil,returning
withwoolandgrain.In1911,shewassoldtoFerdinandLaeisz'sFlyingPLine.RenamedParma,sheenteredthe

Page388

Imagenotavailable.
Hardatworkinthebusinessdistrictofasquarerigger,thecrew
ofPARMAfurltheforeuppertopgallantsail,inaphotobyAlan
Villiers.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

nitratetradebetweenChileandEurope.ThestartofWorldWarIfoundheratIquique,whereshewasinternedforthedurationofthewarwithherfleetmate
PASSAT.In1921,shewasallocatedtotheBritishgovernmentaswarreparationsandreturnedtoEurope,onlytobesoldbacktoLaeiszthesameyear.Themarket
forsquareriggedshippingcontractedinthedepression,andin1931LaeiszsoldParmatoanlandIslandbasedsyndicateheadedbyReubendeCloux,whom
AlanVilliers(hispartnerintheventure)wouldlaterdescribeas"theoutstandinglandsmastermariner."AtthetimeshewastheonlyFinnishflagsailingshipinthe
graintradenotownedbyGustafErikson.In1933ParmasailedfromAustraliatoFalmouthineightythreedays,thebesttimeofthecentury,despitethefactthat
manyofhercrewthoughtthatthepresenceoftwowomenthecaptain'sdaughter,RubydeCloux,andBettyJacobsen,anAmericanapprenticewouldbringher
badluck.In1936,ParmawasdamagedatGlasgowwhilebeinghandledbytwotowboats.Thecostofrepairsbeingprohibitivelyexpensive,shewassoldtoGerman
shipbreakers.ShewasriggeddownasahulkatHamburgandtowedtoIsraelafterthewar.
Greenhill&Hackman,GrainRaces.Jacobsen,GirlbeforetheMast.Potts,WindfromtheEast.Rohrbachetal.,FL:ACenturyandaQuarterofReedereiF.Laeisz.Villiers,Lastof
theWindShipsVoyageofthe"Parma."

Passat
Bark(4m).L/B/D:322'47.2'22'(98.1m14.4m6.7m).Tons:3,091grt.Hull:steel.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1911.
AsistershipofPEKING,Passat("TradeWind")wasbuiltforthenitratetradebetweenChileandEurope.Afastship,inherfourvoyagesbeforeWorldWarIshe
averagedseventyninedaysouttoValparaiso,andninetydaysback.HeldatIquiqueduringWorldWarI(withherrunningmatePARMA),in1921shewas
surrenderedtoFranceasreparationsonlytobesoldbacktoLaeiszattheendoftheyear.Resumingheroldtrade,duringthe1920sshewasinvolvedintwoserious
accidentsintheEnglishChannel:in1928,sherammedandsanktheFrenchsteamerDaphne,andthefollowingsummershecollidedwithanothersteamer.Inboth
instances,shewasforcedbacktoRotterdamforrepairs.
Thedepressionandthedevelopmentofsyntheticfertilizersmadethenitratetradeunprofitable,andin1931LaeiszsoldPassattothelandIslandshipmaster,
CaptainGustafErikson.UnderhisflagshetookpartinthegrainracesbetweenAustraliaandEuropethroughthestartofWorldWarII.In1949,sheandPAMIR
sailedfromAustraliatoEuropeforthelasttime,apassagerecordedinHolgerThesleff'sFarewellWindjammer.SoldtoGermaninterestsforuseasamerchant
trainingvessel,shesailedbetweenArgentinaandEuropewithgrain.Withdrawnfromthatworkin1957,shehasbeenpreservedasafloatingcampatLbecksince
April1966.
Rohrbachetal.,FL:ACenturyandaQuarterofReedereiF.Laeisz.Thesleff,FarewellWindjammer.

Patria
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:489.7'56.7'(149.3m17.3m).Tons:11,885grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st140,2nd250,3rd1,850.Mach:tripleexpansion,2screws17kts.
Built:Forges&ChantiersdelaMditerrane,LaSeyne,France1914.
Launchedin1913fortheCompagnieFranaisedeNavigationVapeurCyprienFabre&Compagnie(Fabre

Page389

Line),PatriaenteredservicebetweenMarseillesandNewYorkinApril1914.ShemadeonlythreevoyagesbeforethestartofWorldWarI,butdespitethe
submarinethreat,shemaintainedfairlyregularservice.Inthe1920s,shefrequentlycalledatProvidence,RhodeIsland,aFabrestopthatwasmoreconvenientfor
FrenchemigrantsboundforCanada.TheU.S.Congresspassedmorestringentimmigrationlawsin1921,andFabre'spassengertrafficfellbynearlyhalf.Threeyears
later,PatriawasputinthecruisetradefromNewYorkwithcallsintheAzores,Madeira,andMediterraneanportsasfareastasConstantinopleandAlexandria.The
depressionforcedFabretocharterPatriatoMessageriesMaritimein1932,andshewassoldtothatlineatthebeginningof1940.
Thatfall,theBritishgovernmentcharteredPatriaforaschemetorelocatetotheIndianOceanislandofMauritius1,771Jewishimmigrantswhohadbeendetained
whiletryingtoenterPalestinefromEuropeillegally.TheundergroundJewishresistancegroupHaganahwasopposedtoBritishpolicyinPalestinegenerallyandtothis
planinparticular.InanefforttodramatizetheplightoftheJewishillegalshousedaboardtheship,onNovember25,1940,theyattemptedtoscuttletheshipwhileshe
layinHaifaHarbor.Unfortunately,theexplosivesusedweretoopowerful,andPatriarolledoverandsankin12minutes,takingwithher202passengersand50
crewandpolice.HershatteredhulklayinHaifaHarboruntilbrokenupin1951inLaSpezia,Italy.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Holly,"Exodus1947."Steiner,Storyofthe"Patria."

USSPeacock
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:117.9'31.5'16.3'(35.9m9.6m5m).Tons:509bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:140.Arm.:212pdr,2032pdr.Des.:William
Doughty.Built:Adam&NoahBrown,NewYork1813.
NamedtocommemoratethevictoryofUSSHORNEToverHMSPeacock,onFebruary24,1813,USSPeacockdepartedforthesoutheasternUnitedStatesin
March1814.WhilecruisingoffCapeCanaveralonApril29,sheencounteredtheeighteengunHMSEpervierandamerchantshipboundfromHavanatoBermuda.
ShefoughttheBritishbrigforfortyfiveminutesbeforeCommanderRichardWade,RN,wasforcedtostrike.AfterputtingintoSavannahwithherprize(which
servedintheMediterraneanSquadronunderthesamenameuntilherdisappearancein1815),Peacocksetoutonhersecondcruiseduringwhichshetookfourteen
prizesbetweentheGrandBanks,thecoastsofIrelandandSpain,andtheWestIndies.OnJanuary23,1815,shebeganherthirdcruise,totheIndianOcean,where
shecapturedtheEastIndiaCompany'scruiserNautilusonJune30,onlytoreleaseheruponlearningthattheWarof1812wasover.
PeacocksailedwiththeMediterraneanSquadronfrom1816to1821.ThefollowingyearshebeganservicewithCommodoreDavidPorter'santipiracy"Mosquito
Fleet"intheWestIndies.In1824,shejoinedthePacificSquadronwithwhichshesailedunderMasterCommandantThomasapCatesbyJones.Overthenextthree
yearssherangedaroundthePacificworkingtoprotectU.S.commercialintereststhreatenedbyrevolutioninSpain'sSouthAmericancolonies,aswellasinthePacific
islandsfrequentedbyAmericanwhalers.PeacockwasthefirstU.S.warshiptovisitTahiti,whereJonesdrewupanagreementforthesafetyofshipwrecked
Americansailors.In1826hevisitedtheHawaiianIslandsandnegotiatedamorecomprehensivetreatywithKingKamehamehaIIIneverratifiedbytheUnited
StatesrelatingtoboththetreatmentofU.S.sailorsandfavorabletradingrightsforAmericanmerchants.Enroutehome,Peacockwasnearlystovebyawhale.
ShewasbrokenupshortlyafterherreturntoNewYorkin1826.
Johnson,ThenceRoundCapeHorn.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Peggy
Schooner(2m).L/B:26.4'7.7'(8.1m2.3m).Hull:wood.Des.:GeorgeQuayle.Built:Castletown,IsleofMan,UK1789.
NamedforMargaretQuayle,wifeofCaptainGeorgeQuayle,Peggyistheworld'soldestsurvivingyacht.Quaylewasanearlyexponentoftheslidingkeel(asthe
earliestcenterboardswereknown),firstdevelopedbyCaptainShankatBoston,Massachusetts,inabout1775.Peggywasoneofseveralmultipurposeworkboats
orderedbyQuaylein1789.Riggedwithtwomastsandfittedwithsixoarports,herhullformwasapparentlycommononbothsidesoftheAtlanticinthelate1700s.
Duringherconstruction,QuayledecidedtofitPeggywithslidingkeels,whichmadeimpracticalheremploymentineitherfisheriesorgeneraltrade,andQuayleused
herashisprivateyacht.In1796,hesailedPeggyfromtheIsleofMantotheEnglishmainlandandcartedheroverlandtoaregattaonLakeWindermere.Quayle
describedhisreceptiontherewithevidentprideandwrotethat
thelongbolsprit[bowsprit]andslidingkeelshavealreadyproducedstrongsymptomsofscisme[dividedopinion]amongthedevoteesoffreshwatersailing.CaptainHey

Page390
wood'sboatisthesecondbestintheLakemodestypreventsmefromsayingwhobearsthebell.

QuaylealsospokehighlyofPeggy'sperformanceintheroughreturntoMan.AfterdecidingnottorunbeforethestormforLiverpoolorWales,
WeputdowntheSlidgKeelsandthatinabledustostandonnow&thenlettgflytheForeSailcontinuingourtackedwefetchedabt.3LeaguestotheLeewardoftheCalfthe
WindnowchangedtotheWestward&byonetackwemadethisBay...TheQuarterClothswereofthegreatestprotection,withoutthemIbelievewehadgonetoDavyJones'
Locker&withouttheSlidgKeelswecdnothavecarriedSailenough.

Atsomepointthereafter,PeggywaswalledupinthecellarofaboathousebuiltbyQuayleonCastletownHarbor.Theresheremaineduntilthe1930s,whenshewas
rediscovereddocumentsrelatingtoherhistoryandusealsocametolight.Preservedastheonlysurvivingtwomastedvesseldatingfromtheseventeenthcentury,
PeggyhasbeenthecenterpieceoftheMaritimeFolkMuseumatCastletown,IsleofMan,sincethe1970s.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Greenhill,"SchoonerPeggy."

Peking
(exArethusa,HMSPeking,Arethusa,Peking)Bark(4m).L/B/D:320.1'46.9'15.4'(97.8m14.3m4.7m).Tons:3,100grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:31crew
43trainees.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1911.
BuiltbytheReedereiF.LaeiszCompanytheFlyingPLineofHamburgforthe11,000milehaulfromGermanytoChileviaCapeHorn,Pekingcarried
generalcargofromEurope,returningwithnitrate,thebestandcheapestfertilizeruntiltheadventofchemicalfertilizersinthe1920s.PekingwaslaidupinValparaiso
forsevenyearsduringandafterWorldWarI.GiventoItalyasreparationsin1921,twoyearslatershewasboughtbackforheroriginaltradebyLaeisz,whoin1926
begancarryingmerchantmarinecadets.
In1929ayoungAmericannamedIrvingJohnsonjoinedPeking,thenundercommandofCaptainMaxJrgenHeinrichJrs,foravoyagefromHamburgto
Valparaiso.Theresultwastwofold:The"Peking"BattlesCapeHorn,asplendidaccountofhisninetythreedayvoyagepublishedin1933,andanastonishing
sixteenmillimeterfilmofthevoyage,includingfootagetakenfromthemainroyalyardinafullhurricaneoffCapeHorn.HeshowedhismovietotheHonorable
CompanyofMasterMariners,whichpromptlyaskedforacopyofthissingularvisualrecordtobegiventotheBritishMuseum.
Imagenotavailable.
Builtin1911,thesteelbarkPEKINGachievedimmortalitywhen
in1929IrvingJohnsonfilmedhispassageinherfromGermanyto
Chile.AroundCapeHorncontainssomeofthemostdramatic
footageofawindjammerundersaileverfilmed.Afteracareer
asatrainingship,PEKINGmovedtoNewYork'sSouth
StreetSeaportMuseum.CourtesyNormanBrouwer.

LaeiszsoldPekingtotheShaftesburyHomesandArethusaTrainingShipin1932,andshewasusedasastationaryschoolshipforthenextfourdecades.(During
WorldWarII,shewasrequisitionedbytheRoyalNavyforuseasanaccommodationshipattheChathamDockyardinDevon.)In1974,shewasacquiredbythe
SouthStreetSeaportMuseumforuseasamuseumshipinNewYork,whereshehasbeensince1975.
Johnson,"Peking"BattlesCapeHorn.Rohrbachetal.,FL.:ACenturyandaQuarterofReedereiF.Laeisz.Film:Johnson,WarwithCapeHorn.

Page391

Preire
Screwsteamer(1f/3m)(laterLancing,ship,4m).L/B/D:345'43.5'29'dph(113.4m13.3m6.9m).Tons:3,015grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st226,2nd98,
3rd31.Mach.:verticalengine,3,390ihp,1screw13kts.Des.:SirWilliamPearce.Built:RobertNapier&Sons,Glasgow1865.
Originallyintendedasabarkriggedsidewheelsteamer,theCompagnieGnraleTransatlantiquesteamerPreirewasconvertedtoasinglescrewsteamshipwhile
stillonthestocks.NamedforthepresidentoftheFrenchLine,shewasbuiltfortransatlanticserviceandsailedbetweenLeHavre,Brest,andNewYork.Shewasa
remarkablyfastvesselfromthestart,andin1868madethepassagefromBresttoNewYorkin8days,10.5hours,anaveragespeedof14.5knots,fasterthanthe
timepostedbyCunard'sSCOTIAbetweenQueenstownandNewYorkin1863.ExceptduringtheFrancoPrussianWarin187071,sheremainedinthisservice
withoutinterruptionuntil1882,whenshewasfittedwithcompoundenginesandasecondfunnel.ThefollowingyearsheenteredservicetoMediterranean,Caribbean,
andGulfofMexicoports.
In1888shewassoldtoG.A.HatfieldofNovaScotia,whoconvertedhertoafourmastedfullriggedshiprenamedLancing.Hernewdimensionswere356feetby
43.8feet,withadepthofholdof27.25feetandagrosstonnageof2,678hercrewnumberedaround27men.Withalengthtobeamratioofnearly8to1,Lancing
provedextremelyfastundersail.Sheonceloggedanaverage18knotsover72hours,fasterthansheeversteamed,andin1916shesailedfromScotlandto
Newfoundlandin6days,18hours,landtoland.Evenmoreoutstanding,whilerunninghereastingdownfromMelbournein189091,shelogged22knotsover15
consecutivehours,aspeedneverequaledbyacommercialshipundersail.ThoughsheinitiallysailedundertheCanadianflag,LancingwasmanagedbyA.E.Kinnear
&Company,ofLondon.ShewassoldtoNorwegianinterestsin1893,andthentoCanadianinterests.From1901to1920,shewasownedbyAkt.Lancing,
Johansen&CompanyofChristiania(Oslo).HerlastNorwegianownerswereMelsom&Melsom,whooperatedheruntil1925,whenstillcarryingthe100A1
classificationatLloyd'sshewassoldtoItalianshipbreakers.
Craig,BoyAloft.

Imagenotavailable.
ACurrierandIveslithographofthebarkriggedsinglescrewsteamshipPREIRE,
whichwentontoasuccessfulcareerasthefourmastedshipLANCING.Sheisflying
theFrenchflagatthestern,theU.S.courtesyflagattheforetruck,and,atthemain
truck,theFrenchLineflag:aredcircleandthelegend"Cie.Gle.Transatlantique"
onawhitefield.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

HMASPerth
Sydneyclasslightcruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:562'56.7'19.5'(171.3m17.3m5.9m).Tons:8,850disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:682.Arm.:86"(42),84",
120.5"821"TT1aircraft.Armor:3"belt,1.3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,72,000shp,4shafts32.5kts.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1936.
CommissionedasHMSAmphion,thiscruiserspenttwoyearsasflagshipoftheAfricaStation.TransferredtotheRoyalAustralianNavyandrenamedHMAS
Perth,sherepresentedAustraliaattheNewYorkWorld'sFairbeforesailingforhome.WhilestillintheCaribbean,onAugust26,shewasputunderAdmiralty
ordersinanticipationofthestartofwarinEurope.SheremainedinAtlanticandCaribbeanwatersthroughFebruary1940whenshereturnedtoAustralia.Detailed
forserviceintheMediterraneaninDecember1940,PerthtookpartintheBattleofCapeMatapanandtheevacuationofGreeceandCretebeforereturningto
Australiaattheendof1941.
InearlyFebruary1942,PerthjoinedtheAmerican

Page392

BritishDutchAustralian(ABDA)forcecobbledtogethertostoptheJapaneseadvancethroughIndonesia.FollowingthedisastrousBattleoftheJavaSea,Perthand
USSHOUSTONwereorderedtoTjilatjap.AfterrefuelingtheysailedfromBataviaintheearlyeveningofFebruary28.At2245thetwoshipsranintoaJapanese
convoyescortedbyanaircraftcarrier,sevencruisers,andtwentydestroyers.Struckbyfourtorpedoes,PerthwassunkoffBantamBayat0025withthelossof352
crew,includingCaptainH.M.L.Waller.(Another111diedasPOWs.)Theship'sremainswerediscoveredbyAustraliandiverDavidBurchallin1967.
Burchell,BellsofSundaStrait.Payne,H.M.A.S."Perth."

Phnix
Redoutableclasssubmarine.L/B/D:302.5'27'16'(92.2m8.2m4.9m).Tons:1,379/2,060disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:67.Arm.:1121.7"TT,137mm,1
mg.Mach.:diesel/electric,6,000/2,500hp,2screws17/10kts.Built:C.H.Dubigeon,Nantes,France1927.
AmemberofoneofthemostsuccessfulsubmarineclassesbuiltbyFrancebeforeWorldWarII,PhnixwasstationedinFrenchIndochina.OnJune15,1939,she
wasonroutinepatrolswithhersistershipL'EspoirandthecruiserLamottePicquet,whenshesankwithallhandseightmilesnortheastofCamRanhin365feetof
water.TherewereseventyoneofficersandcrewaboardunderLieutenantCommanderD.M.Bouchacourt.FollowingsocloseonthelossofthesubmarinesUSS
SQUALUS(May23)andHMSTHETIS(June1)andagainstabackgroundofrisingtensioninEuropeandtheFarEast,thetragedyexcitedsuspicionsof
conspiracyandsabotage.Onejournalquestioned,"Canthisbethelawofaveragesthatthreedemocracieslosethreesubmarinesinlessthanamonth?"American
industrialistHenryFordblamedthesinkingson"aschemebyfinancialwarmakerstogetthecountryintowar.OfcoursetheywillblameGermany,butIdon'tthink
theGermansaretheresponsibleparties.Therealtroubleisthatwarsareoverwithandthefinancialwarmakersdon'tknowit."EffortstorecoverPhnixbythe
salvagevesselsValeureuxandUSSPIGEONwereabandonedafteracableloopedaroundthesubmarinesnappedonJuly13.
Chesneau,ed.,Conway'sAlltheWorld'sFightingShips.Pressreports.

Philadelphia
Gundalow(1m).L/B/D:53.3'15.5'3.8'dph(16.3m4.7m1.2m).Hull:wood.Comp.:45.Arm.:112pdr.,29pdr.Built:Skenesborough,N.Y.1776.
DuringtheAmericanRevolution,oneofBritain'sprimaryobjectiveswastoseverNewEnglandfromtherestofthecolonies,byattackingdownLakeChamplain,
betweenNewYorkandVermont,andintotheHudsonRiverValley.Tocounterthisthreat,GeneralBenedictArnoldassembledasmallarmyofsoldiersand
shipbuildersatSkenesborough,NewYork,and,inthecourseofafewmonths,threwtogetherafleetofthreegalleys,onecutter,andeightgunboats,oneofwhich
wasPhiladelphia.Thelightlyarmed,flatbottomedgundalowssettwosquaresailsonasinglemast,althoughtheship'sprimarymeansofpropulsionwasprobably
sixteenoars.OnOctober11,1776,Arnold'sfleetwasmooredoffsouthwestValcourIslandaboutfiftyfivemilesnorthofFortTiconderoga,whenCaptainThomas
Pringle'sfleetfivewarships,twentygunboats,andtwentyeightlongboatsroundedthesouthernendoftheisland.Intheensuingaction,thetwomastedgalleys
CongressandWashingtonwererunagroundandcaptured,andPhiladelphiawassunkbyasingleroundof24pdr.shot.Thefourdaybattlewasatacticaldefeat
fortherevolutionaries.Nonetheless,withhisammunitiondepleted,Pringlewasforcedtopostponehisdrivesouthuntilthefollowingspring.Inthemeantime,the
ContinentalArmyreinforceditspositionenoughtoinflictastunningvictoryagainsttheBritishatSaratoga,consideredaturningpointintheAmericanRevolution.
In1934,ColonelLorenzoF.Hagglund,asalvageengineer,foundtheremainsofPhiladelphiaintenfathomsofwater,hermaststillstanding.Remarkablypreserved
after158yearsinthecold,freshwaterofLakeChamplain,thehullwasraisedonAugust1,1935,andexhibitedinNewYorkuntil1961.Philadelphiathen
underwentfouryearsofrestorativeworkbeforebeingexhibitedattheSmithsonianMuseumofAmericanHistoryinWashington,D.C.
Fowler,RebelsunderSail.Lundeberg,ContinentalGunboat"Philadelphia."

USSPhiladelphia
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:157'39'13'(47.9m11.9m4m).Tons:1,240bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:307.Arm.:2618pdrlong,1632pdrcarr.Des.:Josiah
Fox.Built:SamuelHumphreys,NathanielHutton&JohnDelavue,Philadelphia1800.
OneofsixfrigatesbuiltwithfundsprovidedbymerchantsduringtheQuasiWarwithFrance,USSPhiladelphiawascommissionedunderCaptainStephenDecatur,
Sr.,towardstheendofthewar.Consideredoneofthefastestshipsofherday,onherfirsttourofdutyoffGuadeloupe,shecapturedfiveFrencharmedvesselsand

Page393

recapturedsixU.S.vessels.ReturningtotheUnitedStatesinMarch1801,PhiladelphiawaspreparedforserviceintheMediterraneanwhereU.S.merchantvessels
werebeingharassedbecauseofthegovernment'srefusaltopaytributetotherulersalongtheBarbaryCoastofNorthAfrica.SailingundercommandofCaptain
SamuelBarroninasquadronledbyCommodoreRichardHaleinUSSPRESIDENT,PhiladelphiasailedonblockadedutyoffTripoliforayearbeforereturningto
theUnitedStatesattheendofJuly1802.Thefollowingspring,shereturnedtotheMediterraneanunderCaptainWilliamBainbridge.OnAugust26,1803,she
capturedtheMoroccanshipMirboka(24guns)togetherwithherAmericanprize,thebrigCelia,andbroughtthembothintoGibraltar.
ProceedingtoblockadedutyoffTripoli,onOctober31Philadelphiahitanunchartedreefintheharbor.Underfirefromshorebatteriesandgunboats,theship
remainedfastandBainbridgewasforcedtosurrenderhisshipandcrew.Shortlyafterthenewyear,CaptainStephenDecatur,Jr.sonofherfirstcommander
proposedtoCommodoreEdwardPrebleaplantodestroytheshipwhereshelay,andsopreventtheenemyfromrefloatingherfortheirownuse.OnFebruary16,
1804,DecaturslippedpasttheTripolitanshipsinthegunboatINTREPID.ThevolunteercrewofsixtyboardedPhiladelphia,overpoweredhersmallcrew,andset
firetotheship,allwithoutanyAmericancasualties.Uponhearingoftheexploit,Britain'sViceAdmiralLordNelsondeclaredit"themostboldanddaringactofthe
age."
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Phoenix
Steamboat(1f/2m).L/B/D:101'16'6.4'(30.8m4.9m2.1m).Hull:wood.Comp.:40.Mach.:lowpressureengine,sidewheels5.5kts.Des.:JohnStevens.
Built:PerthAmboy,N.J.1808.
DesignedandbuiltbyColonelJohnStevens,whofirstbecameinterestedinsteamengineswhenapproachedbyJohnFitchin1787,Phoenixwasthefirststeamboat
builtafterRobertFulton'sNORTHRIVERSTEAMBOATenteredserviceontheHudsonRiver.StevenshadmadeseveraloverturestoFultonandhispartner
RobertLivingston,whohappenedtobehisbrotherinlawandonetimecollaborator,butwasrebuffed.SimilartoFulton'sboatinmanyrespects,thebiggest
improvementinPhoenixwasthattheenginemountingdistributedtheweightmoreevenlyandminimizedpressureonthehull.LaunchedinApril1808,Phoenixwas
putinservicebetweenPerthAmboyandNewBrunswick.FultonandLivingstonrejectedanyoffertogointobusinesswithStevensontheHudson,andafterFulton
putRaritanindirectcompetitionwithhisship,StevensdecidedthatPhoenixcouldbemoreprofitablyoperatedontheDelawareRiver.Thismeantapassageof150
milesalongtheJerseyshoreoftheAtlanticOcean.
OnJune10,1808,shesailedundercommandofRobertLivingstonStevens(ColonelStevens'sson),stoppedforafewdaysattheQuarantinestation,thenransouth
forthreeandahalfdaysuntilforcedintoCranberryInletforrepairstoapaddlewheel.PhoenixalsoputintoBarnegatBay,CapeMay,andNewcastlebefore
reachingPhiladelphiathirteendaysout.Althoughthetripcouldonlybedescribedastentative,itwasthefirstseajourneyofanysteamboat.Phoenixenteredservice
betweenPhiladelphiaandTrenton,NewJersey,thelastlegofthejourneyfromNewYork,whichincludedasailfromNewYorktoNewBrunswickandanoverland
passagetoTrenton.HerfirstcaptainontheeighthourrunontheDelawarewasMosesRogers,wholatercommandedSAVANNAHwhenthatsteamermadethe
firsttransatlanticcrossingin1819.PhoenixremainedinserviceontheDelawareuntilretiredin1815.
Turnbull,JohnStevens.

USSPigeon(ASR6)
Lapwingclassminesweeper.L/B/D:187.8'35.4'13.4'(57.3m11.2m4.1m).Tons:1,400disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:85.Arm.:4mg.Mach.:triple
expansion,1,400shp,1screw14kts.Built:BaltimoreDryDock&ShipbuildingCo.1919.
Firstcommissionedasaminesweeper,USSPigeonspentherentirecareerinthePacific.HomeportedatPearlHarborfrom1920to1922,shewasrecommissioned
asagunboatin1923whenshejoinedtheYangtzeRiverPatrolForceatShanghai,attachedtoSubmarineDivision16.Sixyearslater,shewasreclassifiedas
submarinerescuevesselASR6,andfittedoutwithdeepseadivingequipmentandotherapparatusforsalvagingorrescuingsubmarinesindistress.In1939,shetook
partinthebriefefforttoraisetheFrenchsubmarinePHNIX,whichsankoffthecoastofVietnam.
InthelastdaysofNovember1941,PigeonwasassignedtoescortAmericanforceswithdrawingfromChinesewatersinthefaceofJapaneseforcessweepingover
northeastChina.TheAmericanforcereturnedtoManilaBayonDecember4.HearingoftheJapaneseattackonPearlHarborthreedayslater,CommanderRichard
E."Spittin'Dick"Hawesloadedtheshipwithasmanysuppliesasshecouldhold.MostoftheAmericanfleethadleftbythetimetheJapanesefirstbombedCavite
NavyYardonDe

Page394

cember10.Pigeon'screwmanagedtosaveUSSSeadragonwhichwentontomaketwelvewartimepatrolsagainstJapaneseshippingforwhichtheywere
honoredwiththefirstPresidentialUnitCitation.
EvenasCaviteburned,Pigeon'screwsalvageddeckguns,munitions,andotherequipmentfromthebase.AstheJapaneseadvancedonManilaBay,Pigeonshuttled
betweenU.S.forcesatManila,CorregidorIsland,andBataan,earning,intheprocess,hersecondPresidentialUnitCitation.CommandofPigeonpassedto
LieutenantCommanderFrankAlfredDavis.UnabletoleaveManilaBaybecauseoftheJapanesefleetintheSouthChinaSea,Pigeoncontinuedtosupportthelast
U.S.forcesonBataanandCorregidoruntilsunkbyadivebomberonMay4,onlytwodaysbeforeMajorGeneralJonathanWainwrightwasforcedtosurrenderhis
forcestoLieutenantGeneralHommaMasaharu.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Pilgrim
Brig.L/B/D:86.5'21.6'10.8'dph(26.4m6.6m3.3m).Tons:181bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:15.Built:SpragueJ.James,Medford,Mass.1825.
BuiltforJoshuaBlake,FrancisStanton,andGeorgeHallettofBoston,Pilgrimwasatypicaltradingbrigofherday.Between1831and1834shechangedhandsfour
times,finallywindingupundertheownershipofBryant,Sturgis&Company.OnAugust15,1834,shesailedfromBostonfortheWestCoasttotradefinishedgoods
forhides.SailingasaforemasthandwasRichardHenryDana,sonofaBostonlawyer,whohadbeensuspendedfromHarvardforhispartinastudentprotest.He
thencontractedmeasles,whichseverelyaffectedhiseyesight,andinanefforttobothimprovehishealthandalleviatetheboredomofhis"rustication,"hedecidedto
sailbeforethemastinashipboundfortheremotecoastofCaliforniafifteenyearsbeforethegoldrush."Ourcargo,"Danawrote,
wasanassortedonethatis,itconsistedofeverythingunderthesun.Wehadspiritsofallkinds,(soldbythecask,)teas,coffee,sugars,spices,raisins,molasses,hardware,
crockeryware,tinware,cutlery,clothingofallkinds,bootsandshoesfromLynn,calicoesandcottonsfromLowell,crapes,silksalso,shawls,scarfs,necklaces,jewelry,and
combsfortheladiesfurnitureandinfact,everythingthatcanbeimagined,fromChinesefireworkstoEnglishcartwheelsofwhichwehadadozenpairswiththeirironrims
on.

PilgrimarrivedontheCaliforniacoastonJanuary13,1835,andaftersometradingatMonterey,thecapitalofUpperCalifornia,turnedsouthforSantaBarbara.
Therethecrewbegantoloaddriedhides,whichtheycarriedthroughthesurfontheirheadstoasmallboatthatwasthenrowedouttoPilgrim.Thecrewsoon
realizedthatthevoyage,whichtheyoriginallybelievedwouldtakeeighteenmonths,wouldbeextendeduntiltheycollected50,000hides."Herewewere,inalittle
vessel,withasmallcrew,onahalfcivilizedcoast,attheendsoftheearth,andwithaprospectofremaininganindefiniteperiod,twoorthreeyearsattheleast."The
routineoflifeinCaliforniaconsistedofsailingbetweenthesmallmissiontownsalongthecoastinsearchofhides.OnAugust25,1835,Bryant,Sturgis&Company's
AlertarrivedatSanDiego,andDana,whosefatherwasanxiousthatheresumehisstudies,wasallowedtotransfertotheship,whichwasduetosailforBoston
beforePilgrim.Nonetheless,AlertremainedonthecoastuntilthefollowingMay.Shorthanded,shehadaroughtimeofitroundingCapeHorninJuly,thedeadof
winterinsouthernclimes.AlertarrivedatBostononSeptember20,1836.
DanareturnedtoHarvard,hiseyesightmuchimproved,andgraduatedattheheadofhisclassinJune1837.Whileattendinglawschoolandteachingelocutionat
Harvard,healsowrotehisnarrativeofhisexperiencesTwoYearsBeforetheMastwaspublishedin1840.Afrankandunromanticnarrativeoflifeatsea,thebook
isoftenregardedasapolemiconthebrutalityoflifeafloat.Dana'sconcernforthewelfareofseamenwasgenuine,andhedevotedhisadmiraltylawpracticetothe
advocacyofseamen'srights.AlthoughDanawasrevoltedbyfloggingandthecapricethatseemedtoanimatePilgrim'smaster,FrancisA.Thompsonheregarded
Alert'sEdwardH.FauconasabetterseamanandcaptainDanaappreciatedtheshipboardhierarchyandhissympathyforthewelfareofsailorsdidnotextendto
overturningtheexistingorder.
Ihavenofanciesaboutequalityonboardship.Itisathingoutofthequestion,andcertainly,inthepresentstateofmankind,nottobedesired.Icannotconceiveofanyrational
man'stroublinghisheadaboutit.IneverknewasailorwhofoundfaultwiththeordersandranksoftheserviceandifIexpectedtopasstherestofmylifebeforethemast[asin
facthehadcontemplated],Iwouldnotwishtohavethepowerofthecaptaindiminishedaniota.

Moreover,DanaleavenedhisaccountwithhisobservationsaboutthecustomsofMexicansandIndians,thecrewsofthehandfulofothershipsMexican,British,
American,andRussianencounteredinthesametrade,andthegeography.Hewasmorethanalittleprescientwhenhedeclared,ofSanFranciscoBay,"If
California

Page395

everbecomeaprosperouscountry,thisbaywillbethecentreofitsprosperity."
TwoYearsBeforetheMastwasaninstantsuccessbothintheUnitedStatesandabroad,andithasbeeninprintcontinuouslyformorethan150years.(Ironically,
theyoungadvocatesoldallrightstohispublisherfor$250andhereceivednoroyaltiesfor28years.)PilgrimeventuallyreturnedtoBoston,andbetween1837and
1841shechangedhandsseveraltimes.InthelatteryearshewassoldtoRobertHaleyofBoston,forwhomshetradeduntil1856whensheburnedoffthecoastof
NorthCarolina.Areplicaofthebrigwasbuiltin1945andisnowoperatedbytheOrangeCountyMarineInstituteinDanaPoint,California.
Dana,TwoYearsBeforetheMast.

Pinta
Caravelaredonda(3m).L/B/D:55'74'18'21'7'dph(1723m57m2mdph).Tons:75116toneladas.Hull:wood.Comp.:26.Arm.:9cmlombard,
4.5cmfalconets.Built:LosPalos,Spain(?)<1492.
ThesmallestandleastknownofChristopherColumbus'sthreeshipsonhisfirstvoyagetotheAmericasin149293,Pintawasacaravelaredonda,atradingvessel
settingasinglesquaresailontheforeandmainmasts,andasinglelateensailonthemizzen.AswasthecasewithNIA,Columbusrequisitionedtheshipforthe
voyageinsatisfactionofafineleviedbySpain'sFerdinandandIsabella.AcquiredfromCristbalQuintero,whosailedasaseamanonthevoyage,shewasputunder
thecommandofMartnAlonsoPinznandsailedfromLosPalosincompanywithSANTAMARAandNiaonAugust3,1492.Threedaysout,Pintahadtrouble
withherrudder,whichcouldnotbepermanentlyrepaireduntilPinznputintoLasPalmas,onGrandCanaryIsland.ColumbuspressedontoGomera,inhopesof
findingareplacementvessel,andwhentheyreturnedtoLasPalmasonAugust25,twoweekslater,Pintahadbeentherebarelyaday.WithrepairstoPinta
complete,andNiasportinganewrig,thelittlefleetsailedonSeptember1,andaftertwodaysatGomera,theyresumedtheirwestwardvoyageonSeptember6.
Pinzn,oneoftheleadingseamenofPaloswhosebrotherVicenteYezPinzncommandedNia,wasinlargepartresponsibleforColumbus'ssuccessinrecruiting
crewandoutfittinghisships,andheseemstohavechafedsomewhatatbeingsecondincommand.TheGenoeseColumbuswas,afterall,aforeigner,andhis
EnterpriseoftheIndieswasnotonetowhichpeoplethronged,eventhoughithadroyalbacking.OnSeptember25,Pinznclaimedalandfall,whichprovedfalse
theywereinmidatlanticandonOctober6,headvisedColumbusthathethoughttheyhadalreadyovershotCipango(Japan),theirintendeddestination.Bythe
secondweekofOctober,flotsamindicatedthatlandwasnear.Atabout0200onOctober12,Pinta'slookoutRodrigodeTrianamadethefirstverifiablesightingof
land.Nonetheless,onthebasisofhavingseenalightsomehoursbefore(whentheywereprobably30milesfromland),Columbusclaimedthefirstsightingandthe
10,000maravedspromisedbyFerdinandandIsabellaforhimself.
Theisland,whichColumbusnamedSanSalvador,wastheTainoIndianislandofGuanahan,inwhatisnowtheBahamas.(Thoughtheexactlandingplaceis
unknown,theleadingcandidatesfortheislandareSanSalvadorand,about60milessouthwest,SamanaCay.)ThethreeshipsexploredtheBahamasbetween
October12and26,andthenheadedsouthtothenortheastcoastofCuba.
OnNovember20,thethreeshipsmadeatentativeforayinthedirectionoftheBahamas,butwhiletryingtoreturntoCuba,PinzntookoffinPintatoinvestigate
Babeque(nowGreatInaguaIsland)inhopesoffindinggold,andprobablytoasserthisindependencefromColumbus.Theeffortprovedfruitless,andhesailedsouth
tothenortherncoastofHispaniola,spendingaboutthreeweeksinaharbortotheeastofwhereSantaMaraandNiawereexploring.Fromhisbase(possibly
PuertoBlanco),PinznexploredtheinteriorandclaimedtohavevisitedthegoldrichregionofCibao.HearingofthewreckofSantaMaraonChristmasDay,he
attemptedtorejoinColumbus,andhedidsoatIslaCabraonJanuary6,1493,justasColumbuswasbeginninghisvoyagehomeinNia.
Aftertwodaysofrepairsandprovisioning,thetwoshipssailedforSpain.TheyremainedincompanyuntilFebruary13whentheywereseparatedinastorm.Pinta
madeherwaytoBayona,northofthePortugueseborder,probablybytheendofFebruary.Whilethere,PinznsentletterstoFerdinandandIsabellarequesting
permissionofreporttotheminpersononthesuccessfulcompletionofthevoyage.Rebuffed,hewasforcedtoreturntoLosPalos,wherehearrivedonlyhoursafter
Columbus.IllanddespondentatbeingbestedbyColumbus,Pinznmadehiswayhomeanddiedsoonthereafter.Pinta'ssubsequentfateisunknown.
Morison,AdmiraloftheOceanSea.Pastor,ShipsofChristopherColumbus.Philips,"EvolutionofSpanishShipDesign."

Page396

CSSPioneer
Submarine.L/B/D:30'4'6'dph(9.1m1.2m1.8m).Tons:4tons.Comp.:2.Arm.:clockworktorpedo.Mach.:manualscrew.Built:J.R.McClintock,
NewOrleans,La.1862.
DesignedandbuiltbyNewOrleansmachinistJ.R.McClintock,thecigarshapedPioneerwasthefirstofthreesubmarinesbuiltintheConfederacyduringtheCivil
War.(HersuccessorswerethefivemanPioneerIIandthecelebratedH.L.HUNLEY.)CommissionedasaprivateerinMarch1862,J.K.Scottcommanding,on
trialsPioneerreportedlycompletedseveralsuccessfuldivesandsankaschoonerandseveralsmallervesselsbymeansofaclockworktorpedodesignedtobe
screwedintotheenemyship'shull.Beforeshecouldseeactionagainsttheenemy,PioneerwasscuttledinBayouSt.JohntoavoidcapturebyFlagOfficerDavid
Farragut'sforcesafterthefallofNewOrleansonApril25,1862.Raisedafterthewar,PioneerwasdisplayedattheLouisianaHomeforConfederateSoldiers.In
1954shewasmovedtotheLouisianaStateMuseuminNewOrleans.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.

USSPlunger(SS2)
(laterA1)Hollandclasssubmarine.L/B/D:63.9'11.9'10.6'(19.5m3.6m3.2m).Tons:107/123disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:7.Arm.:118''TT.Mach.:
gasolineengine,150bhp,1screw8/7kts.Des.:JohnP.Holland.Built:CrescentShipyard,Elizabeth,N.J.1902.
Thefirstsubmarineofthename,USSPlungerwasthesecondsubmarinecommissionedintotheU.S.Navy,aftertheHOLLAND.Usedprimarilytoexaminethe
mechanicsofsubmarinetechnologyandtactics,shealsotrainedmanyofthemenwhowouldgoontocrewthefledglingsubmarinefleet.Amongthoseespecially
interestedinthenewtechnologywasPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.Neveronetoshyfromadventure,theformerSecretaryoftheNavyboardedPlungerforatest
divenearhishomeinOysterBay,N.Y.,onAugust23,1905.Hisreflectionsontheexperienceshedsomelightonbothhisownmotivesaswellasonwhatmany
consideredtheprospectsforthenewestadvanceinnavalarchitecture.
IwentdowninitchieflybecauseIdidnotliketohavetheofficersandenlistedmenthinkIwantedthemtotrythingsIwasreluctanttotrymyself.Ibelieveagooddealcanbe
donewiththesesubmarines,althoughthereisalwaysthedangerofpeoplegettingcarriedawaywiththeideaandthinkingthattheycanbeofmoreusethantheypossiblycould
be.

Fiftysixyearsand598veryusefulsubmarineslater,theNavycommissionedtheGEORGEWASHINGTONclassnuclearpoweredfleetballisticsubmarineUSS
TheodoreRoosevelt.
Decommissionedfortwoyears,PlungerwasassignedtotheFirstSubmarineFlotillaatNewYorkwhere,in1909,EnsignChesterW.Nimitztookcommand.The
futureFleetAdmiral,whowoulddeploysubmarinestobrillianteffectagainsttheJapanesemerchantmarineandnavyinWorldWarII,laterdescribedPlungerand
herilkas"acrossbetweenaJulesVernefantasyandahumpbackedwhale."RenamedA1in1911,shewasstrickenfromtheNavyListthefollowingyear.Usedas
atargetship,shewassoldforscrapin1922.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSPolaris
(exPeriwinkle,America)Schoonerriggedscrewtug(1f/2m).L/B/D:140'28'10.5'(42.7m8.5m3.2m).Tons:387burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:1637.
Arm.:224pdr.Mach.:steam,1screw.Built:Neafie&Levy,Philadelphia1864.
OriginallynamedAmerica,thescrewtugUSSPeriwinklefirstsawdutyonChesapeakeBayandtheRappahannockRiverwiththeU.S.Navy.Shewaslaidupat
theNorfolkNavyYardfrom1867to1870,whentheNavyloanedhertoCharlesFrancisHall'sNorthPolarExpedition.RenamedPolaris(fortheNorthStar),after
fittingoutforworkintheArcticice,shesailedfromtheNewYorkNavyYardinJuly1871.Thatseason,thenorthernreachesofBaffinStraitwereremarkablyclear
oficeandbyAugust30,PolariswasontheedgeoftheLincolnSeaat8211'N,arecordfarthestnorth.PolariswasstoppedbytheiceandpushedsouthwhileHall
establishedwinterquartersatThankGodHarbour,Greenland,onSeptember10.OnNovember8,Halldiedfollowingasuspiciousillness.(A1968autopsyfound
highlevelsofarsenic,althoughwhetherhewaspoisoneddeliberatelyoraccidentallypatentmedicinesofthedaywererichinarsenicwasneverdetermined.)
CommandoftheexpeditiondevolvedonSidneyO.Budington,whodispatchedanexpeditiontotryforthePoleinJune1872.ThiswasunsuccessfulandPolaris
turnedsouth.OnOctober12,theshipwasbesetbyiceinSmithSoundandwasonthevergeofbeingcrushed.NineteenofthecrewandEskimoguidesabandoned
shipforthesurroundingiceandfourteencrewremainedontheship.PolariswasrunagroundnearEtahandcrushedonOctober24.Afterwinteringashore,thecrew
sailedsouthintwoboatsandwererescuedbya

Page397

whaler,returninghomeviaScotland.Miraculously,thenineteeniceboundcastaways,includingEskimowomenandchildren,drifted1,500miles,migratingfromfloeto
floeastheirtemporaryhomesthreatenedtobreakup,andwererescuedbythewhalerTigressonApril30,1873.
Loomis,WeirdandTragicShores.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.
Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
TheU.S.Navy'ssecondsubmarine,theUSSPLUNGERof1902hadthedualdistinctionof
hostingPresidentTheodoreRooseveltonatestdiveonLongIslandSoundandofbeingan
earlycommandofChesterNimitz,whoasFleetAdmiralsignedacopyofthisphoto.Atleft,
PLUNGERistiedalongsideUSSSHARK.Below,theofficerrisingfromtheconningtower
givesanideaofjusthowsmallthefirstsubmarineswere.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistorical
Center,Washington,D.C.

Politician
(exLondonMerchant)Cargoship.L/B/D:450.4'58.1'38.5'(137.3m17.7m11.7m).Tons:7,939grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:steamturbine,1,004hp,1
screw.Built:FurnessShipbuildingCo.,Ltd.,HavertonHillonTees,Eng.1923.
PopularlyknownasPolly,thesteamshipPoliticianwasabreakbulkfreighterownedbytheCharenteSteamshipCompany.DuringWorldWarII,Britainemployed
avarietyofstrategiestoraisehardcurrencytobuywarmaterielforthefightagainstNaziGermany,includingtheexportofspirits.OnFebruary3,1941,Politician
sailedunderCaptainBeaconsfieldWorthingtonfromLiverpoolforKingston,Jamaica,andNewOrleanswithacargothatincludedJamaicancurrencyandabout
22,000casesofdutyfreeScotchfortheU.S.market.Twodaysout,PollyranagroundonEriskayIslandintheOuterHebrides.Salvageeffortsrecovered13,093
casesofwhiskey.Another2,000caseswere"saved"byislanderswhohidthemincroftsandhousesacrosstheisland.Severaloftheislanderswerelaterprosecuted
fortheftbythetaxauthorities,butafterthewar,theirstorywasrecountedinWhiskyGalore,anovelbytheScottishauthorComptonMackenzie.Thefirstbest
sellingnovelwithaScotsGaelictitle(aroughtranslationis"abundantwhiskey"),the

Page398

bookwaslatermadeintoamovieofthesamename,releasedasWhiskeyGoGoinFrance,andbecauseAmericancensorswouldnotallow"whiskey"inthetitle,
asTightLittleIslandintheUnitedStates.(HumoristJamesThurberlaterobservedthattheproperAmericantitleshouldhavebeenScotchontheRocks.)
Hutchinson,Polly.

PollyWoodside
(exRona,PollyWoodside)Bark(3m).L/B/D:192.2'30'17'(58.6m9.1m5.2m).Tons:678grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:15+10trainees.Built:Workman
Clark&Co.,Belfast,Ireland1885.
PollyWoodsidewasbuiltforWilliamJ.WoodsideofBelfast,whonamedherforhiswife.From1884to1904,shewasregisteredasasingleshipcompany.Her
primarycargoeswerecoalfromtheUnitedKingdomand,chiefly,nitrateorwheatfromSouthAmerica.Herseventeenvoyagesinthisperiodeachlastedabouta
year,althoughin189395,shecalledinSantos,Chittagong,Trinidad,NewYork,RiodeJaneiro,andRosariobeforereturningtoKing'sLynn.
In1904shewassoldtwice,thesecondtimetoArthurHughesTurnbullofChristchurch,NewZealand.From1905to1921,renamedRona(aMaoriname),she
carriedvariousbulkcargoesbetweenportsinAustralia,NewZealand,andTasmania,withafewpassagestoSanFranciscoduringWorldWarI.In1917shewas
fittedouttocarrytenapprentices.Endinghersailingcareerin1921,shewasacquiredbytheAdelaideSteamshipCompany,Ltd.,foruseasacoalhulk.Shestayed
inthatroughworkundervariousownersuntil1962.DuringWorldWarIIshewasrequisitionedbytheRoyalAustralianNavyforuseinNewGuinea.
Activeinterestinpreservingtheshipbeganin1962,initiatedbyKarlKortuminSanFranciscoandDr.E.GraemeRobertson,whobecamechairmanofthePolly
WoodsideRestorationCommittee.TheshipwastransferredtotheNationalTrustofAustralia(Victoria)in1968.Nineyearslater,shewasopenedtothepublicat
OldDuke'sandOrr'sDryDockinMelbourne.
Darroch,Barque"PollyWoodside"("Rona").

Porticellowreck
L:ca.53'56'(1617m).Tons:ca.30burden.Hull:wood.Built:ca.400BCE.
ThePorticellowreckliesintheStraitsofMessinajustoffthetownofPorticello,Calabria,inabout3814'N,1540'E.Thesitewasfoundbyadiverin1969,and
localfishermenlootedthewreckoftablepottery,anchors,andabout100amphoraebeforethepoliceintervened,whereuponthelooterswerearrested,convicted,
andjailed,andtheantiquitiesfoundintheirpossessionconfiscated.AttherequestoftheSuperintendentofAntiquitiesforCalabria,DavidOwenoftheUniversity
MuseumattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaorganizedateamofdiversandarchaeologiststobeginexcavationthefollowingyear.
Thewrecklay225metersoffshore,atadepthof33to37meters.Aftersinking,theshipprobablybrokeuprapidlyontheboulders,andthescouringactionofthe
currentsweptmostofthehullaway.However,someelementsofthevesselandhercargopreservedinthehollowsbetweenthebouldersprovidedarchaeologistswith
cluesabouttheshipanditslastvoyage.Themodestremainsofthehullincludedtenonsandafragmentofmortisedtimberthatshowthatthestrakeswereedge
joinedthecommonestmethodofshipconstructionintheancientMediterranean.Longcoppernails,severaldozenofwhichwererecovered,wereusedtofasten
strakestoframes.Excavatorsalsofoundseveralrectangularstripsofleadwithtackholesatintervalsalongtheedgesusedtopatchleaksinthehull.Thefindofa
woodencleatisuniqueamongancientMediterraneanwrecks.Asquareboltdriventhroughthecenterofthecleatwouldhavefastenedittothemastorcaprail.Also
ofinterestisanhourglassshapedtoggleadeviceknownfromtheKyreniaandotherancientwrecksthatmayhavebeenusedaspartofanantiluffingsystemfor
asquaresail,andsuggeststhatthePorticelloshipwassquarerigged.Theshipcarriedcompositeanchorswithwoodenshanks,woodenarmswithbronzeteeth,and
woodenstockswithleadcores.Themostunexpectedfindsfromthecargoweretwentytwopiecesofcastbronzesculpture,includingawellpreserved,strikingly
realisticmalehead,probablyofGreekorigin,datingfrombetween450and420BCE.Theheadhasbeendescribedasaportraitofaphilosopherorpoet,orperhaps
thecentaurChiron.
Thewreckcanbedatedreliablytoabout400BCEonthebasisofthefindsofAtticpotteryusedbythecrew.Inadditiontothesculpture,thecargoincludedwinefrom
ByzantiumontheBosporusandMendeinthenorthernAegean,saltfishfromaPunicsite,andleadingotsfrom

Page399

theLaurionminesnearAthens.Lootingofthesitemadeitdifficulttoreconstructtheship'srouteonthebasisofartifactualclues,butonepossibilityisthatshestarted
hervoyageatAthens,wheretheleadandpossiblythebronzestatueswereproduced,andwherewinefromthenortheasternMediterraneanwasreadilyavailable.
HerintendeddestinationwascertainlysomewhereinthewesternMediterranean.
Eiseman,"PorticelloShipwreck."Eiseman&Ridgway,PorticelloShipwreck.Owen,"ExcavatingaClassicalShipwreck"''PickingUpthePieces."

Portland
Passengersteamer(2f/2m).L/B/D:280.9'42.1'15.5'(85.6m12.8m4.7m).Tons:2,283grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:700pass.Mach.:verticalbeamengine,
sidewheels13kts.Built:NewEnglandShipbuildingCorp.,Bath,Me.1890.
In1890,thePortlandSteamPacketCompanycommissionedthesidewheelpassengersteamerPortlandforitsovernightservicebetweenPortlandandBoston.A
handsome,wellfoundboat,sheremainedonthisrunwithoutseriousmishapforeightyears.Atabout1900onNovember26,1898,theSaturdayafterThanksgiving,
PortlanddepartedBostonwithbetween160and190passengersandcrewaboard.AlthoughthePortlandSteamPacketCompanylaterclaimedtohavewired
CaptainHollisH.Blanchardtopostponehisdepartureuntil2100,inviewoftheweather,prudenceshouldhavedictatedadelay.Manyothershipsscheduledto
departNewEnglandportsthatnightremainedatthedock.
TwovesselslaterreportedseeingPortlandinMassachusettsBay,butthefollowingnight,remainsoftheshipandherpassengersbeganwashingashoreonCape
Cod.Theexactnumberofdeadwasneverdeterminedbecausetheonlypassengermanifestwaslostwiththeship.(Shipswerethereafterrequiredtomakeacopyto
beleftashoreatsailing.)Althoughsome400boatsandshipsofvariousdescriptionswerelostalongthecoastthatnight,thestormhasbeenknowneversinceasthe
PortlandGale.In1989,diverswiththeMaritimeHistoricalGroupofNewEnglandlocatedthewrecklyingabout20milesnorthofCapeCodin300feetofwater.
Cooke,"DiversReportMysteryShipFound."Humiston,WindjammersandWalkingBeams.

KniazPotemkinTavricheski
Potemkinclassbattleship(3f/2m).L/B/D:378.5'73'27'(115.3m22.3m8.2m).Tons:12,582tons.Hull:steel.Comp.:741.Arm.:412"(22),14
6",5457mmTT.Armor:229mmbelt,76mmdeck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,10,600ihp,2screws16kts.Built:NikolaievAdmiraltyYard,Nikolaiev,Russia
1903.
ImmortalizedinSergeiEisenstein'sclassicsilentfilmBattleshipPotemkin(1925),thepredreadnoughtbattleshipKniazPotemkinTavricheskiwasnamedfor
PrinceGrigoryAleksandrovichPotemkin,whounderCatherinetheGreatannexedtheCrimeaandbuiltRussia'sfirstfleetontheBlackSeainthelateeighteenth
century.PotemkinwasthelastandlargestofeightRussiancapitalshipscommissionedbetween1886and1900fortheBlackSeaFleet,oneofthreedictatedby
Russia'speculiarmaritimegeography.UndertheTreatyofBerlin(1878),RussianwarshipsweredeniedaccesstotheTurkishheldBosporus,andtheBlackSeaFleet
hadtooperateindependentlyoftheBalticandFarEastFleets.WhentheBalticSquadrondispatchedtothePacificduringtheRussoJapaneseWarwasdestroyedin
theStraitofTsushimaonMay27,1905,PotemkinwasthemostpowerfulshipintheRussianNavy'sonlycohesivenavalforce.
Russia'shumiliationintheFarEastdemoralizedthemilitaryandwasaccompaniedbyaworseningeconomicsituationandwidespreadantigovernmentunrestamong
reformmindedintellectualsandfactoryworkers.ApeacefulmarchoutsidetheWinterPalaceinSt.PetersburgwasbrutallysuppressedbyCossacksonJanuary22,
1905,knownasBloodySunday.TheBlackSeaportofOdessaremainedrelativelyunaffectedbythesedevelopmentsuntilthespring,whenstrikeswerecalled.On
June26,workersinnearbyPeresypclashedwithCossacks,andthelocalarmycommander,GeneralKokhanov,establishedmartiallaw.
SocialDemocratshadbeenactiveinthefleetsince1903,andinJune1905theyplannedforageneralmutinyduringgunnerytrialsoffTendraIsland.Sympathyfor
reformvariedfromshiptoship,andPotemkin'screwwasviewedasamongthemostloyal,butaftertheshipsailedforTendra,onJune27themenrefusedtoeat
maggotinfestedmeatthathadbeenbroughtaboard.CaptainYevgenyGolikovtriedtoassurehiscrewthatthemeatwasedible,butCommanderIppolitGiliarovsky,
hissecondincommand,wasintentonassertinghisauthority.Heorderedtwelvesailorschosenatrandomrankstobeexecutedthoughsomefeelhemayhave
beenbluffing.Whenafiringsquadappeared,TorpedoQuartermasterAfanasyMatushenko,aSocialDemocratagitator,reportedlyshouted,"Don'tshootyourown
comradesyou

Page400

can'tkillyourownshipmates."Thiswasfollowedbyshoutstoseizetheship,andsomeofthemenrushedthearmory.Withinhalfanhour,sevenofficershadbeen
killedandthrownoverboard,includingGiliarovskyandGolikovamongthemutineers,AbleSeamanGrigoryVakulinchukwasmortallywounded.
MatushenkoorderedtheshiptoOdessa,andaPeople'sCommitteewasestablishedtoruntheship.Themutineersthreatenedtobombardthecityifmetwith
resistance.AsthemostpowerfulweaponinRussia'sarsenalwasinthehandsofinsurrectionists,thethreatwasrealenough,andCzarNicholasdeclared"astateof
war"toexistwiththemutineers.ThemutineerslandedVakulinchuk'scorpseonthequaynearthefootofthemajesticRichelieuSteps,whereitbecameafocalpoint
forOdessa'srevolutionaries.Thatafternoon,demonstratorsonthestepswerecaughtbetweentwodetachmentsofCossacks.Themassacreofhundredsofcivilians
wentunnoticedaboardthePotemkinbecauseofthenoiseanddustofcoalingoperations.Yetwhenapprisedofthetragedy,themutineersrefusedtoturntheirguns
againstthecitybecausetheycouldidentifynospecifictargets.Thatnight,Odessawasengulfedinriots,andanestimated6,000peoplewerekilledbysoldiersand
looters.
WhennewsofthemutinyreachedSevastopol,GeorgiPobiedonsets("GeorgetheVictorious"),TriSviatitelia("ThreeSaints"),andDvenadtsatApostolov
(''TwelveApostles")weredispatchedtoOdessa.Astheshipsapproached,Potemkinsailedoutwithasignalordering"Surrenderorwefire,"andRearAdmiral
VishnevetskyturnedforTendratojointheflagshipRotislavandSinop,whilePotemkinreturnedtoOdessa,flushwithvictory.Thestrengthenedsquadronreturned
toOdessa,andshortlyafternoononJune30Potemkinsailedouttomeettheships.Notgunfirebutcheersmettheshipasshetwicesteamedthroughthefleet,and
thecaptainofGeorgiPobiedonsetssurrenderedhiscommandtomutineersaboardhisship,whichreturnedtoOdessawiththePotemkin.(Whentheremainingships
returnedtoSevastopol,theBlackSeaFleet'sAdmiralChukhnindismissed5,000ratingsandorderedtheenginesoftheremainingbattleshipsdisabled.)
GeorgiPobiedonsets'screwwerenotcommittedrevolutionaries,andonJuly1theshipweighedanchortoleaveport.UnderthreatofbombardmentbyPotemkinat
pointblankrange,shecameaboutbutwasdrivenhardagroundontheharbormole,thusputtingherpowerfulgunsatthedisposalofthemilitaryauthoritiesinOdessa.
Withthetablesturnedagainstthem,Potemkin'screwvotedtosailforConstanta,Romania,wheretheyarrivedthefollowingday.
Romania'sKingCarolwaswaryofoffendinghisgiantneighbortothenorthandrefusedtheshipmorethanaday'sprovisions,andonJuly3Potemkinsailedfor
FeodosiyaintheCrimea,whereshearrivedonJuly6.Armypatrolskilledanumberofsailorsastheyattemptedtostealcoalbarges.Facedwiththelackoffood,fuel,
andfreshwater,themutineersreluctantlyreturnedtoConstantsa,whereamajorityofthecrewacceptedtheofferofRomaniancitizenship.Beforeleavingtheship,
Matushenkoorderedherscuttledintheshallowharbor.TwoRussianbattleshipsreachedConstantathenextday,andbyJuly11Potemkinhadbeenpumpedout
andwasintowbacktoOdessa.ThemutinythatprefiguredtheRussianrevolutionbytwelveyearswasover.
OnOctober9,CzarNicholasorderedtheshiprenamedPanteleimoninhonorofaRussianOrthodoxsaintwhosefeastdayisalsotheanniversaryoftheRussian
victoryovertheSwedesattheBattleofGangut(inSwedish,Hang)onJuly27,1714.ThepredreadnoughtsoftheBlackSeaFleetremainedinservicethrough
WorldWarI,thoughtheyweresupersededbythreeImperatritsaMariaclassdreadnoughtscommissionedin1915.InApril1917,thenewlyinstalledProvisional
GovernmentrenamedtheshipPotemkinandamonthlaterBoretzzuSvobodu("FighterforLiberty").Theoldshipchangedhandsseveraltimesoverthenexttwo
yearsascontrolofSevastopolpassedtotheindependentUkraine,theGermanarmy,counterrevolutionaries(whoscuttledheronApril25,1919),andBolsheviks.
Shewasfinallybrokenupin1923.
Hough,The"Potemkin"Mutiny.Silverstone,DirectoryoftheWorld'sCapitalShips.

USSPotomac(AG25)
(exElectra)Presidentialyacht.L/B/D:165'23.8'8.1'(42.6m9.5m2.5m).Tons:416disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:45.Mach.:diesel13kts.Built:Manitowoc
ShipBuildingCo.,Manitowoc,Wisc.1934.
Thefourthshipofthename,USSPotomacoriginallysawserviceastheCoastGuardcutterElectraoperatingagainstrumrunnersontheEastCoastduring
Prohibition.TransferredtotheNavyin1935,shewasrefurbishedasFranklinD.Roosevelt'spresidentialyachtPotomacthenextyear.Slatedforreplacementbya
largervesselin1940,thestartofWorldWarIIpreventedthisandshecontinuedinservicethrough1946.ReplacedbyUSSWilliamsburg,Potomacwastransferred
tothestateofMaryland'sTidewaterFisheriesCommissionuntil1960.HersubsequentcareerincludedserviceasaferrybetweenSanJuan,PuertoRico,andSt.
Thomas,U.S.VirginIslands,andasafloatingRooseveltmuseum.In1964Elvis

Page401

PresleypurchasedPotomacanddonatedhertoSt.Jude'sChildren'sHospitalinMemphis.Latersold,shewasseizedbytheU.S.CustomServiceinaSanFrancisco
drugraidandlatersankatthedock.PurchasedbythePortofOaklandinthe1990s,shewasundergoingrestorationatthiswriting.
Crockett,SpecialFleet.

PourquoiPas?
Screwbark(1f/3m).L/B/D:139.7'31.2'15.4'dph(77.4m13.7m5.6m).Tons:449reg.Hull:wood.Comp.:42.Mach.:compoundengine,1screw.Built:
EdGautier,St.Malo,France1908.
WhimsicallynamedbyFrance'sforemostAntarcticexplorer,thenameofJeanBaptisteCharcot'sPourquoiPas?translatessimply,"Whynot?"Theveteranleaderof
France'sfirstAntarcticexpeditioninFranais(19031905),CharcotdepartedLeHavreonhissecondexpeditiononAugust23,1908.AftercallinginvariousSouth
Americanports,hesailedfromtheNorwegiansealingportatDeceptionIsland,SouthShetlandIslands,onChristmasDay.Charcotwasdisappointedinhisambitious
expectationofsailingfarthersouththananyonebeforehim,andPourquoiPas?winteredatPointCircumcision,onPetermannIsland,untilNovember.Despitea
cursorysurveyatDeceptionIslandthatrevealeddamagetothestem,PourquoiPas?sailedforasecondwinterintheAntarctic.Onthistrip,shesailedbetween69S
and70S,asfarwestas122W.Amongotherachievements,theCharcotexpeditionsurveyed1,250milesofAntarcticcoastline,madeextensivehydrographic
surveysincludinga225daystudyoftidesmeteorologicalstudies,bacteriologicalexperiments,andmagneticobservations.OnJanuary7,1910,theexpedition
alsodiscoveredCharcotLand,whichCharcotnamedforhisfather,anesteemedphysician.
ReturningtoFranceinJune1910,PourquoiPas?washandedovertothecolePratiquedesHautestudesforuseasatrainingship,sailinginnorthernlatitudes.
LaidupatthebeginningofWorldWarI,in1916shewasrequisitionedbytheFrenchNavyforworkasatrainingshipstationedatL'Orient.Followingthewar,
Charcotresumedcommandofhisship,sailinghertoIcelandandtheFaeroeIslandsnearlyeverysummer.In1925,shemadeherfirstvisittoGreenland'sScoresby
Sound,andthenextyearshecarriedninetyEskimosfromAngmagssaliktoRosenvingeBaytoestablishanEskimocolonyatScoresbySound.
In1928,PourquoiPas?wasdispatchedinavainsearchforRoaldAmundsen,theArcticexplorerwhoseplanehaddisappearedduringasearchforUmberto
Nobile'sairshipItalia.In1931,shewasbackatScoresbySoundtoestablishanobservationpostatRosenvingeBay,andshereturnedthereeveryyearuntil1936,
thelastyearinwhichthesixtynineyearoldCharcotwouldbeeligibletosail.DepartingSaintServanonJuly16,PourquoiPas?spentamonthintheremarkably
icefreewatersofGreenland,hercrewengagedprimarilyincorrectingcharts.OnAugust30,acoaldustexplosionforcedhertoacceptatowintoReykjavik.
Followingrepairs,PourquoiPas?sailedforFranceonSeptember15.Despitethefineweatherthatday,astormofunusualviolencecameupthatnightand
PourquoiPas?narrowlymissedgoingashoreonAkranesPoint.Anhourandfortyminuteslater,themizzenmastwentbytheboards,andat0515shehita
submergedrockoffBargafjord,northofReykjavik.Therewasonlyonesurvivor,aseamannamedGonidec,amongthefortytwoofficersandcrew.
Charcot,Voyageofthe"PourquoiPas?"Ouli,CharcotandtheAntarctic.

USSPowhatan
Sidewheelsteamer(3m).L/B/D:253.8'45'18.5'(53.3m13.5m4m).Tons:3,479disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:289.Arm.:111",109",512pdr.
Mach.:inclinedengine,1,500ihp,sidewheels11kts.Built:GosportNavyYard,Portsmouth,Va.1852.
NamedfortheIndianchiefwhoruledthecoastalareaofeasternVirginiainwhichtheEnglishcolonyofJamestownwassettledin1607,thebarkriggedUSS
PowhatanwasthelargestandoneofthelastoftheU.S.Navy'spaddlefrigates.AftertwoyearsasflagshipoftheNavy'sHomeSquadron,in1853shejoinedthe
EastIndiaSquadron.CommodoreMatthewC.PerryhadarrivedintheOrienttheyearbeforewithinstructionstoeffectatreatytoopenJapantoAmericantradeand
toguaranteetheprotectionofshipwreckedAmericansailors.Perry'sfirstvisittoEdo(Tokyo)BaywiththesteamersMississippiandSusquehannaprecededthe
arrivalofPowhatan,butduringhissecondvisit,theTreatyofKanagawawassignedonherdecksonMarch31,1854.EnroutebacktotheUnitedStates,inthe
summerof1855shejoinedtheRoyalNavyscrewfrigateHMSRATTLERinfreeinganumberofshipsbeingheldbypiratesatKulan.
TwoyearslaterPowhatanjoinedtheWestIndiesSquadron,andsheremainedinactiveservicethroughtheCivilWar.UnderLieutenantDavidDixonPorter,in
1861shetookpartinthereliefofFortPickens,Florida,andhelpedestablishblockadesoffMobileandtheMississippi.From1863to1864sheoperatedoff
CharlestonandwiththeWestIndiesSquadron,andinthewinterof

Page402

Imagenotavailable.
OneofthelastsidewheelsteamersbuiltforservicewiththeNavy,USSPOWHATANservedasflagshipof
CommodorePerry'sfamousmissionto"open"Japanin1854.Thisprimitivepaintingshowstheships'boats
Americanflagsflyingapproachingtheshore,withthefleetanchoredoffshore.POWHATANisflyingthe
Commodore'spennant.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

186465,shetookpartinthereductionofFortFisher,NorthCarolina.Afterthewar,shewasRearAdmiralJohnA.Dahlgren'sflagshipintheSouthPacific.
ReturningtotheHomeSquadronin1869,sheremainedinAtlanticwatersuntildecommissionedin1886.ShewasbrokenupthefollowingyearinMeriden,
Connecticut.
Canney,OldSteamNavy,U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Predpriyatiye
Sloopofwar(3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:122.Arm.:246pdr.Built:St.Petersburg1823.
BuiltspecificallyforservicebetweenKamchatkaandRussia'sNorthAmericancoloniesinwhatisnowAlaska,Predpriyatiye("Enterprise")sailedfromKronstadton
July28,1823,undercommandofOttovonKotzebue,aveteranofcircumnavigationsinNADEZHDA(18036)andRURIK(181518).Althoughthepurposeof
thevoyageoutwastodelivergoodstoKamchatka,Kotzebuewasalsounderorderstoconfirmolddiscoveriesormakenewonesalonghisroute.After
roundingCapeHorn,withastopinValparaiso,PredpriyatiyesailedthroughtheTuamotuArchipelago,whereKotzebuefoundseveralpreviouslyunseenislands,one
ofwhichhenamedforhisship.TheRussianscontinuedfirsttoTahitiandthenSamoabeforeturningnorthwesttosailthroughtheRadakChaintoPetropavlovsk,
wheretheyarrivedonJune9,1824.ArrivinginNovoArkhangelsk(Sitka)inOctober,Kotzebuelearnedthathisshipwasnotneededonstationuntilthefollowing
spring,sohesailedforYerbaBuena(nowSanFrancisco),wheretheRussiansspentamonthbeforesailingfortheSandwich(Hawaiian)Islands.Predpriyatiye
returnedtoNovoArkhangelsk(Sitka)onFebruary24,1825,andremainedinAlaskanwatersforfivemonthsconductingextensivesurveysoftheapproachesand
surroundingwaters.ThereturnvoyageviaHawaiiandtheRadaksresultedinthediscoveryofBikiniIsland(initiallynamedforJohannF.Eschscholtz,oneoftwo
naturalistsaboard).AftertwomonthsatManila,PredpriyatiyesailedforKronstadt,whereshearrivedonJuly10,1826,afterseveralstopsenroute.
Ivashintsov,RussianRoundtheWorldVoyages.Kotzebue,NewVoyageRoundtheWorld.

Page403

Imagenotavailable.
PortraitofthefrigateUSSPRESIDENTridingoutagaleatanchoroffthecoastofMarseilles.
Notehowhertopmastsandyardshavebeensentdowntoreducewindage.CourtesyU.S.
NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

USSPresident
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:175'44.3'13.1'(53.3m13.5m4m).Tons:1,576bm.Hull:wood.Comp:450.Arm.:3224pdr,2242pdr,119pdr.Des.:
JoshuaHumphries,JosiahFox,WilliamDoughty.Built:ChristianBergh,NewYork1800.
OneoftheU.S.Navy'soriginalsixfrigates,USSPresidentwasauthorizedbyCongresstocombattheBarbarycorsairsofNorthAfrica.Laiddownin1795,work
onPresidentwassuspendedfollowingthepeacewithAlgiers,onlytoberesumedatthestartoftheQuasiWarwithFrancethreeyearslater.Completedin1800
underthedirectionofNavalConstructorWilliamDoughty,Presidentwasconsideredthefastestshipofherclassintheworld.ThefrigateputtoseainAugust1800
underCommanderThomasTruxton,buthostilitieswithFranceendedthenextmonth.In1801,shesailedasflagshipofCommodoreRichardDale'sSquadronof
Evolution(whichincludedUNITEDSTATES,PHILADELPHIA,andESSEX)senttotheMediterraneantoprotectAmericanmerchantmenfromrenewedattacks
bycorsairs.PresidentremainedintheMediterraneanuntilthefollowingyear,returningagainin18045.Putinordinaryuponherreturn,shewasreactivatedin1809
astheBritishcontinuedimpressingAmericanseamenintotheRoyalNavy.
FollowingtheimpressmentofonesuchsailoronMay1,1811,byHMSGUERRIRE,PresidentwasorderedtoseaonthetwelfthunderCommodoreJohn
Rodgers,andafteralongchase,fivedayslatersheengagedHMSLITTLEBELT(18guns)aboutfortyfivemilesofftheChesapeake.Thenightactionbrokeoff
afterfifteenminutesPresidenthadonemaninjuredandsufferedslightdamagetotherigging,asagainstthirteenkilledandnineteenwoundedonLittleBelt,which
wascondemnedas"almostawreck"uponherreturntoHalifax.InmanyrespectstheincidentresembledtheCHESAPEAKESHANNONaffair,anditmighthave
broughtonthestartofanAngloAmericanwarayearearlybutforRodgers'srestrainedhandlingoftheincident.
TheUnitedStatesdeclaredwaronJune18,1812,andthreedayslaterPresidentsailedasflagshipofasquadronthatincludedUnitedStates,Congress,HORNET,
andAR

Page404

GUSonaNorthAtlanticcruise.TwodayslaterPresidentfellinwithHMSBelvedira,butafteraneighthourchasetheBritishshipescapedafteroneofPresident's
bowchasersblewup,killingandwoundingseveralofthecrew,includingRodgers,whoselegwasbroken.PresidentmadethreemorecruisestoEuropeanwaters
andtheCaribbean,butwithlacklusterresults.ReturningtoNewYorkonFebruary18,1814,shewasforcedtoremaintherebytheBritishblockadeforalmosta
year.
Attheendof1814,shecameundercommandofCaptainStephenDecatur.AlthoughtheTreatyofGhenthadbeensignedonDecember24,thenewshadnotyet
arrived,andonJanuary14,1815,Decaturtriedtosliptheblockade.Presidentgroundedonasandbarseveralhourslater,breakingherkeelandstrainingherhull.
Thenextday,HMSEndymion(50)gavechaseuntilDecaturturnedforabroadsideaction.PresidenthadtheadvantageuntilHMSPomoneandTenedosarrived
onthescene.Vastlyoutgunnedandwithfiftyofhiscrewdeadorwounded,Decaturstruck.PresidentwastakentoBermudaandseizedasawarprize.Too
damagedforfurtherwork,shewasbrokenupatPortsmouthin1817,butnotbeforeherlinesweretakenoffandusedforanewshipofthesamenameandreputation
forspeed.
Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

PresidenteSarmiento
Ship(3m).L/B/D:265'43'18.5'(80.8m13.1m5.6m).Tons:2,750disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:294.Arm.:24.7",24",26pdr3TT.Mach.:
compoundengine,2,800ihp,1screw15kts.Built:LairdBros.,Birkenhead,Eng.1898.
Oneofthefirstshipsbuiltbyagovernmentfornavalsailtraining,PresidenteSarmientowasnamedforPresidentDomingoSarmiento(186874),oneofthefathers
ofmodernArgentinaandfounderofthecountry'snavalacademy.Between1898and1938,shetrainedmorethanathousandprospectiveofficersundersailinthirty
sevenlongdistancevoyages,includingsevencircumnavigations.Inthecourseofthesetrainingcruises,sherepresentedArgentinaatcoronationsandpresidential
inaugurationsinEngland,Spain,theUnitedStates,Chile,andMexico.Incontrasttomostnavalsailtrainingships,whichgenerallyemploysalutingcannon,Presidente
Sarmientocarriedtwo4.7inch,two4inch,andtwo6pdr.guns,aswellasthreedeckmountedtorpedotubes.Laidupin1938,sheservedasashoresidetraining
shipforanothertwentythreeyears,whenshewasfinallydecommissioned.Since1961,PresidenteSarmientohasbeenamuseumshipinBuenosAires,together
withthebarkriggedformerhydrographicsurveyshipUruguay,originallycommissionedin1874asthecorvetteParana.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

PresidentMonroe
(exPanhandleStatelaterPresidentBuchanan,EmilyH.M.Weder)Liner(1f/2m).L/B:501.8'bp62.3'(153m19m).Tons:10,533grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:
1st78.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws14kts.Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,Camden,N.J.1920.
ThepassengercargoshipPanhandleState(thenicknameforWestVirginia)wasthefirstshipbuiltfortheshortlivedUnitedStatesMailSteamshipCompany.After
onlyeightroundtripsbetweenNewYork,Boulogne,andLondon,U.S.MailfoldedanditsshipsweretransferredtoUnitedStatesLines.RenamedPresident
Monroein1922,thefollowingyearshewassoldtotheDollarSteamshipLineofSanFranciscoand,from1924,putinroundtheworldservice:NewYork,Havana,
thePanamaCanal,LosAngeles,SanFrancisco,Honolulu,Kobe,Shanghai,HongKong,Manila,Singapore,Penang,Colombo,theSuezCanal,Naples,Genoa,
Marseilles,andBostonavoyageof105daysfromNewYorktoNewYork.From1931to1937sheranbetweenNewYorkandManila,beforeresumingher
circumnavigation.Dollarfoldedin1939andmanyofhershipsweretakenoverbytheAmericanPresidentLines.RenamedPresidentBuchananwhenanew
PresidentMonroewascommissionedin1940,sheenteredgeneralservice.DuringWorldWarII,sheservedasatroopshipuntil1943andthenasthehospitalship
EmilyH.M.Weder.SailingagainasPresidentBuchananafterWorldWarII,sheremainedinserviceuntil1957,whenshewasscrappedatSanFrancisco.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

Preussen
Ship(5m).L/B/D:407.8'53.6'27.1'(124.3m16.3m8.3m).Tons:5,081grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:48.Built:J.C.Tecklenborg,Geestemnde,Germany
1902.
ThesecondshipofthenamebuiltforReedereiF.Laeisz,Preussen(Prussia)wasoneofonlyfourfivemastedsquareriggers,theonlyfivemastedship,andthe
largestshipwithoutauxiliaryenginesevertosail.(TheonlybiggersquareriggerswerethebarksR.C.RickmersandFRANCE.)Builtforthenitratetradebetween
EuropeandChile,thePrideofGermany's5mastsand30yardsset43sailswithatotalareaof59,848squarefeet.Although

Page405

fivemastedvesselscouldcarrymorecargothanfourmastedones,theshiprigofferedlittleincreaseinspeedoverthebark,andbecausetheyrequiredlargercrews,
theseshipsweredefinitelymoreexpensivetoman.Notwithstandingsuchrelativeeconomies,Preussenwasafastship,especiallyunderCaptainBoyeR.Petersen,
hermasterfrom1902to1909.PreussensailedfromEuropetoChiletwelvetimeswithaveragepassagesofsixtyfivedaysherthirteenreturnswerecompletedin
seventythreedaysonaverage.In1903,shewasarecordfiftyfivedaysfromtheEnglishChanneltoIquique.Fiveyearslater,underchartertoStandardOil
Company,shesailedfromNewYorktoYokohamaviatheCapeofGoodHope,andinoneelevendayperiodshereeledoff3,019miles,anaveragespeedofover
elevenknots.
OnNovember7,1910,outwardboundtoChileundercommandofJ.HeinrichH.Nissen,PreussenrammedSSBrighton.Thecrosschannelsteamerwasmaking
seventeenknotsinfoggyconditionsPreussenwasloggingfourknots.AsBrightonturnedtocrossinfrontofPreussen,theship'sbowspritsheeredoffoneofthe
steamer'stwofunnelsandrippedaholeinthesteamer'shull.Withherbowsstovein,PreussenwastakenintowbythesteamtugAlert.EighteenmilesfromDover,
NissentriedtoanchorintheleeofDungeness,buttheship'sanchorchainspartedinasquallandNissenwasforcedtorunforDover.StandingintoDoverescorted
bythreetugsAlert,Albatross,andJohnBullPreussen'stophampercreatedsomuchwindagethatthetowlinesparted.Settingsailinanefforttobackoutof
theshallows,Preussen'sbowsnaggedonareefinCrabBay.Allattemptstofreethehugefivemasterfailed,andtheshipendedherdayswhereshelay.(Laeisz'sfirst
Preussen,asteelshipof1891,hadbeenrenamedPosenwhenthisshipwasbuilt.Outwardboundwithacargoofgunpowder,sheexplodedandburnedintheSouth
AtlanticonOctober14,1909.)
Rohrbach,etal.,FL:ACenturyandaQuarterofReedereiF.Laeisz.

HMSPrinceofWales
KingGeorgeVclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:745'103'29'(227.1m31.4m8.8m).Tons:43,786disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,560.Arm.:1014"(24,
12),165.25",322pdr,3rocketprojectors2aircraft.Armor:14.7"belt,6"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines.4shafts,100,000shp28kts.Built:Cammell
Laird&Co.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.1941.
Lessthantwomonthsaftercommissioning,HMSPrinceofWaleswaspartoftheBattleSquadronForcesentfromScapaFlowtocovertheexpectedbreakoutof
BISMARCKandPRINZEUGEN.Twodayslater,onMay24,1941,PrinceofWalesandHMSHOODinterceptedtheGermanssouthoftheDenmarkStraitand
openedfireat0553.SevenminuteslaterHoodexplodedandsank.PrinceofWaleswashitseventimesfourshellsfailedtoexplodebeforeretiringat0613,
butnotbeforescoringthreehitsonBismarck.Towardsevening,PrinceofWalesengagedBismarckbrieflybeforereturningtoScapa.
PrinceofWalescarriedPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchilltoArgentiaBay,Newfoundland,fortheAugust912,1941,AtlanticConferencewithPresidentFranklin
D.Roosevelt,atwhichtheysignedtheAtlanticChartercreatingtheUnitedNations.Thesamesummer,theAdmiraltybeganplanningforthedefenseoftheFarEast,
andPrinceofWalesandREPULSEweredispatchedtoSingaporeasthenucleusoftheEasternFleetunderAdmiralSirTomPhillips.TheyarrivedonDecember2
bytheeighth,theJapanesehadattackedPearlHarborandbegunmovingintoSoutheastAsia.ThatafternoonForce"Z"thetwocapitalshipsanddestroyersHMS
Electra,Express,andTenedos,andHMASVampiresortiedtoattackJapaneseforcesinsouthernThailand.SightedbysubmarineI68thenextafternoon,
Force"Z"avoidedfurtherdetectionuntil0220onDecember10.Shortlybeforedawn,theJapaneselaunchedthirtyfourhighlevelbombersandfiftyonetorpedo
bombers,whichattackedthetwocapitalshipsat1115.PrinceofWaleswashitbysevenoreighttorpedoesandbombsbeforesinkingat1318withthelossof325
crew,includingAdmiralPhillipsandCaptainJohnLeachthesurvivorswererescuedbyExpress.In1959,PrinceofWaleswaslocatedinposition334'N,104
27'E.ThesinkingofPrinceofWalesandRepulsewastheworstBritishnavaldefeatofWorldWarIIandthefirstunqualifieddemonstrationofthevulnerabilityof
capitalshipstocoordinatedairattackonthehighseas.
Middlebrook&Mahoney,Battleship.Morton,AtlanticMeeting.

PrincessVictoria
Ferry.L/B/D:309.8'48.1'11.5'(94.4m14.7m3.5m).Tons:2,700.Comp.:60crew172pass.Hull:steel.Mach.:Sulzerdiesels,2screws19.6kts.
Built:WilliamDenny&Bros.,Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland1947.
TheBritishTransportCommission'sPrincessVictoriaoperatedontheIrishSeabetweenLarne,NorthernIreland,andStranraer,Scotland,from1947to1953.The
ferrywasareplacementforanearliervesselofthesamenamewhichhadbeenrequisitionedasaminelayerandlostin1940.Inadditiontocarryingpassengers,
PrincessVictoriawasalsodesignatedtocarrymilkfromNorthernIreland

Page406

toScotland,aspecialserviceheldoverfromtheleanyearsofWorldWarII.OnJanuary31,1953,PrincessVictorialeftStranraerat0745underCaptainJames
Ferguson,sailingintotheteethofanortherlygalewithsnowsquallsgustingover60milesperhour.ShortlyafterclearingLochRyan,awavestoveinoneofherdoors
andfloodedthecardeck.Hovetoandnotundercommand,at1034shebroadcastherfirstSOScall.ThedestroyerHMSConstantwasdispatchedfromRothesay,
fourhoursdistant,andSirSamuelKelly,theRNLIlifeboatatPortpatrick,Scotland,waslaunched.At1358,PrincessVictoriawasonherbeamendsshewas
abandonedaboutfivemileseastofCopelands,atthemouthofBelfastLough.Anumberofmerchantshipsjoinedthesearchforsurvivors,and44peoplewere
rescued128passengersandcrewdied.
MacHaffie,ShortSeaRoute.Pollock,LastMessage1358.

USSPrinceton
Sloopofwar(1f/3m).L/B/D:164'31.5'17'(50m9.3m5.2m).Tons:954disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:166.Arm.:212",1242pdr.Mach.:semicylindrical
reciprocatingengines,220hp,1screw10kts.Built:JohnLenthall,PhiladelphiaNavyYard1843.
Awarshipofinnovativedesignandarmament,USSPrincetonwasbuilt"underthepatronageofCaptainRobertF.Stocktonandthesuperintendenceof[John]
Ericsson."ThetwohadpreviouslycollaboratedinthebuildingofROBERTF.STOCKTON,thefirstshiptocarryadirectactingscrewengine,theprimary
advantageofwhichwasthattheenginescouldbeplacedbelowthewaterlineandoutofthelineoffire.BuiltbyMerrickandTowneofPhiladelphia,Princeton's
propulsionconsistedofasemicylindricalreciprocatingsteamenginedrivingasinglehelicoidalscrewthatis,onewithasinglebladethatspiralsaroundtheshaft.
ArrivingatNewYork,onOctober19,1843,PrincetonbeatBrunel'ssidewheelerGREATWESTERNoveratwentyonemilecourse.
ThefollowingJanuaryshereceivedhertwo12inchshellguns,theBritishbuilt"Oregon,"designedbyEricsson,andtheNewYorkbuilt"Peacemaker,"modeledon
Ericsson'sgunbutdesignedbyStockton.InFebruary1844,theshipsailedtoWashington,D.C.,withaviewtopersuadingCongresstoapprovethefittingoutof
moreshipswithmoreheavyguns,ameasureendorsedbyPresidentJohnTyler.HerthirdPotomaccruise,onFebruary29,wasattendedby300to400people
includingofficialsandtheirfamiliesand,forthesecondtime,Tyler.Duringthedemonstrationofthe"Peacemaker''thegunexploded,killingeightpeople.Amongthem
wereSecretaryofStateAbelP.UpshurandSecretaryoftheNavyThomasGilmerninewerewounded,includingStocktonandSenatorThomasHartBenson.
Imagenotavailable.
OneoftheU.S.Navy'sworstpeacetimetragedieswastheexplosionof
USSPRINCETON's12in.gun,the"Peacemaker,"duringanofficialcruise
onthePotomacRiver,February28,1844.PresidentJohnTylerwasbelow
whentheexplosionoccurred,butSecretaryofStateAbelP.Upshurand
SecretaryoftheNavyThomasGilmeronethirdofhiscabinet
werekilled.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Followingrepairs,PrincetonwasdeployedwiththeHomeSquadronin1845,servingonblockadedutyintheMexicanWarandcarryingtoGalvestonthe
CongressionalresolutionannexingTexas.AfterserviceintheMediterraneanin184849,whereshewasadmiredbyEuropeanobservers,shereturnedtoBoston
NavyYardin1849andwasbrokenup.SomeofhertimbersandEricsson'senginewereusedintheconstructionofUSSPrincetonof1851,thesecondoffive
vesselssonamed.
Baxter,IntroductionoftheIroncladWarship.Tucker,"U.S.NavySteamSloopPrinceton."

USSPrinceton(CV23)
Independenceclasslightaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:622.5'71.5'(109.2'ew)26'(189.7m21.8m(33.3m)7.9m).Tons:11,000.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,569.
Arm.:45aircraft2640mm.Mach.:steamturbine,100,000shp,4screws31kts.Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,Camden,N.J.1943.
LaiddowninJune1941asthelightcruiserUSSTallahassee,aftertheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarII,itwasdecidedtocompletethehullastheaircraftcarrier
USSPrinceton.Aftercommissioning,shesailedforthe

Page407

PacificinAugust1943andjoinedTaskForce11.InSeptembershewasflagshipofaforcethatseizedBakerIsland,about1,700milessouthwestofHawaii.After
supportingtheNovemberinvasionoftheGilbertIslands,sheproceededtothesouthwestPacificwhereshemountedoperationsagainstJapaneseairfieldsduringthe
AlliedlandingsatEmpressAugustaBay.AfterrepairsontheWestCoast,shejoinedTaskForce58fortheattackontheMarshallIslandsinJanuaryandFebruary
1944.FollowingraidsintheCarolineIslands,PrincetonsailedforNewGuinea,whereherplanesprovidedaircoverfortheAprillandingsatHollandia.
PrincetonnexttookpartintheinvasionoftheMarianaIslands.DuringtheBattleofthePhilippineSeaonJune19,thesocalledGreatMarianasTurkeyShoot,her
aviatorswerecreditedwithdowningthirtyJapaneseplanes.Thereafter,PrincetonalternatedbetweenattacksonJapanesepositionsinthePalaus,thePhilippines,and
Taiwan.DuringtheOctober20landingsatDulagandSanPedroonLeyteIsland,Princeton'sTaskGroup38.3providedaircoverfromtheSibuyanSeaoffLuzon,
about200milesnorth.Fourdayslater,TG38.3wasattackedbylandbasedaircraft.At1100,abombcrashedthroughPrinceton'sflightdeckandhangardeck.
Envelopedinsmokeandflames,hercrewtriedtosavetheship,assistedbyanumberofotherships.At1524,amagazineexplosionblewoffhersternandafterflight
deck,killing237andwounding436crewonthecruiserBirmingham,whichwasalongsideatthetime.With200ofherowncrewdead,Princetonwasabandoned
at1406,andfinallysankin1512'N,12337'EafterbeingtorpedoedbythedestroyersUSSIrwinandReno.
Morison,TwoOceanWar.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

PrinzEugen
PrinzEugenclassheavycruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:681.3'71.8'26.1'(207.7m21.9m8m).Tons:18,750disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,600.Armor:3.2"belt,2"
deck.Mach.:steamturbines,133,631shp,3screws32.5kts.Arm.:88"(42),124",123.7cm,82cm1221"TT3aircraft.Built:FriedrichKrupp
GermaniawerftAG,Kiel,Germany1940.
AmodifiedAdmiralHipperclasscruiser,PrinzEugenwasnamedforEugeneofSavoy,whofoughtforLeopoldIofAustria,tosymbolizeAustroGermanunity.
UnderCaptainHelmuthBrinkmann,PrinzEugensailedwithBISMARCKinMay1941,makingcontactwiththeradarequippedFirstCruiserSquadron,HMS
NORFOLK,andSuffolkamidtheiceandfognortheastofIcelandonMay23.AninterceptingbattlecruisersquadronincludingHMSHOODandPRINCEOF
WALESopenedfireat0553onMay24.ThefourshipsexchangedfireandHoodwassunkbyBismarck.PrinzEugenremainedunscathedandlaterthatday
partedcompanywiththedoomedBismarck.OnJune1PrinzEugenarrivedatBrest,joiningGNEISENAUandSCHARNHORSTforseveralmonthsofinaction.
HitlerorderedtheshipshomeviatheEnglishChannel,andOperationCerberustheChannelDashbeganonFebruary11,1942.PrinzEugenmadeitsafelyto
BrunsbttelwithaminimumofdistractionfromtheRAFordestroyers.Aweeklater,shewasdispatchedtoNorwaywithADMIRALSCHEER.OnFebruary23,
nearTrondheimfjord,HMSTrident(LieutenantCommanderSladen)torpedoedPrinzEugen,knockingoutthesteeringgear.Followingrepairsandastintasa
trainingship,inJune1944PrinzEugen(CaptainReinicke)wasorderedtotheGulfofFinlandtoprovidesupportagainstSovietlandtargetsfortheGerman
withdrawalfromthecollapsingEasternFront,andfortheevacuationofGermanforcesfromFinland.InOctober1944,theshipcollidedwiththelightcruiserLeipzig,
nearlycuttingthesmallershipintwo.AfterthewarPrinzEugenenteredthelistsoftheU.S.Navyas1X300.UsedinthenuclearbombtestsatBikiniAtollinJuly
1946,thehullwasseverelystrainedandfinallygaveoutonDecember22,whentheshipcapsizedatKwajaleinAtollin922'N,16709'E.
Whitley,GermanCruisersofWorldWarTwo.

Priscilla
Sidewheelsteamer(2f/4m).L/B/D:440'52.3'18.3'(134.1m15.9m5.6m).Tons:2,673grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,500pass.200crew.Mach.:inclined
compoundengines,8,500hp,sidewheels22kts.Des.:GeorgePeirce.Built:DelawareRiverIronShipBuilding&EngineWorks,Chester,Pa.1894.
Knownvariouslyasthe"QueenofLongIslandSound"andthe"MAURETANIAofInlandWaters,"theFallRiverLine'snightboatPriscillawasoneofthelargest
vesselseverbuiltforserviceonLongIslandSound,beingsurpassedonlybyherrunningmate,Commonwealth,in1908.BeforetheopeningoftheCapeCodCanal
topassengersteamerservicein1916,travelersfromNewYorktoBostonsailedinnightboatsintheearlyevening.AfterastopatNewport,theboatswouldcontinue
uptoMountHopeBayandFallRiver,wherepassengerswouldboardthe0710traintoBoston,ninetyminutesfartheron.Thatnight,theboatswoulddepartFall
River,andafterastopatNewportwouldarriveatNewYorkat0700thenextmorning.NamedforthefairPuritanmaidenimmortal

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izedbyLongfellow,PriscillawasoneofsixsimilarsteamboatsbuiltfortheFallRiverLinebetween1883and1908.Inadditiontosizeandspeed,shewaswell
knownforheropulentinteriors,whichincludeda130footlongmainsaloondecoratedinnorthernItalianRenaissancestyle,whileherdiningroomboastedIndo
Moorishmotifs.
ApartfromworkduringspecialeventssuchastheAmerica'sCupraces,PriscillaworkedasaFallRivernightboatforfortythreeyears.Themostdramatic
departurefromherroutinecameonthenightofJuly21,1924,whensheracedattopspeedthroughheavyfogtopickupsurvivorsofherrival,thesteamerBoston,
afterthatvessel'scollisionwiththetankerSwiftArrow.TheonlysignificantalterationstoPriscillaweretoimprovesafetyfollowingtheTITANICandMORRO
CASTLEdisastersin1912and1934,respectively.
Bythe1930s,thenightboatswerefacingstiffcompetition,forbothfreightandpassengers,fromrailroads,trucks,andcars.Threeyearslater,theFallRiverLine
ceasedoperationsandsoldoffitsremainingboatsPriscilla,Plymouth,Providence,andCommonwealth.AllfourwerescrappedatBaltimore,andwiththem
diedtheageofthe"floatingpalaces"thatdominatedtransportationinNewEnglandforacentury.
Brouwer,"QueenofLongIslandSound."McAdam,"Priscilla"ofFallRiver.

Provence
Provenceclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:551'91.5'29.5'(168m27.9m9m).Tons:28,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,190.Arm.:1013"(52),14
5",475mm.Armor:10.8"belt,1.6"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,28,000shp,4screws20kts.Built:ArsenaldeBrest,France1916.
NamedfortheFrenchprovince,ProvencewasthefirstofthreeProvenceclassbattleshipslaiddownin1912theotherswereBRETAGNEandLorraine.After
completionin1916,shewasmadeflagshipoftheAlliednavalforcesintheMediterranean,whoseprimaryobjectivesweretocontaintheAustroHungarianfleetinthe
AdriaticandcombattheUboatmenace.DuringtheRussiancivilwar,inDecember1918FrenchforcesoperatinginconcertwithWhiteRussiansoccupiedOdessa,
Ukraine,andinearly1919ProvencewasdispatchedtotheBlackSeatoprovideadditionalsupporttothecounterrevolutionaries.
In1937,ProvencesailedonneutralitypatrolduringtheSpanishcivilwar.ThestartofWorldWarIIfoundherintheSouthAtlantic,andshetookpartinthesearch
fortheGermanpocketbattleshipADMIRALGRAFSPEEbeforereturningtotheMediterranean.FollowingthearmisticebetweenFranceandGermanyandthe
establishmentoftheVichygovernment,ProvencewassenttotheportofMerselKbir,nearOran,Algeria,togetherwithBretagneandthebattlecruisers
DunkerqueandPROVENCE.FearingaGermantakeoveroftheFrenchfleet,theBritishlaunchedOperationCatapulttocooptordestroytheFrenchfleet.OnJuly
3,1940,ViceAdmiralSirJamesSomerville'sForceHarrivedoffMerselKbirwiththebattleshipsHMSHOOD,BARHAM,andResolutionandaircraftcarrier
ARKROYAL.WhenAdmiralGensoulrefusedtodemilitarizehisships,dispersethemtooverseasports,orsurrenderthemoutright,theBritishshipsopenedfire.
BretagnewassunkoutrightandSTRASBOURGescaped.ProvenceandDunkerquewerebothdamaged,buttheylaterreturnedtoToulonwheretheywere
scuttledinNovember1942.ProvencewasraisedbytheGermans,sunkagainasablockshipin1943,andfinallybrokenupin1949.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.

Providence
(exKaty)Topsailsloop(1m).L/B/D:67'20'9'(20.4m6.1m2.7m).Tons:95bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:5290.Arm.:126pdr,10swivels.Built:
Providence,R.I.ca.1768.
OriginallyownedbyProvidencemerchantJohnBrown,themerchantsloopKatywasoneoftwosloopscharteredbytheRhodeIslandGeneralAssemblyinJune
1775toprotectRhodeIslandshippingfromBritishwarships,inparticularHMSROSE.AbrahamWhipple,Katy'sfirstcaptain,capturedthesloopDianaduringthe
summerandwasthenorderedtocaptureastoreofgunpowderatBermuda,anunsuccessfuloperation.PurchasedbytheGeneralAssemblyonherreturn,Katy
sailedforPhiladelphiaand,renamedProvidence,enteredtheContinentalNavyunderCaptainJohnHazard.
OnFebruary17,1776,ProvidencesailedfortheBahamas,againinsearchofgunpowder,aspartofasquadroncommandedbyEsekHopkinsinALFRED.The
AmericansoccupiedNassauinearlyMarchbutfailedtocapturethegunpowder.Hopkins'sshipsreturnedtoNewLondon,whereProvidencebecameJohnPaul
Jones'sfirstcommand.AftercarryingsoldiersfromNewLondontoNewYorkandescortingaconvoyofcollierstoPhiladelphia,Providencesailedonan
independentcruiseonAugust1.JonesquicklycapturedawhaleshipandamerchantshipanddispatchedhisprizestoPhiladelphia.HethenturnedforNovaScotia,
whereheburnedorcapturedeightfishingschoonersandrecruitednewcrewtoreplacethosehehadputaboardhiscapturedships.

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ReturningtoRhodeIslandonOctober9,JonestookcommandofAlfred.Thetwoships,withProvidencenowunderCaptainHoystedHacker,tookthe
merchantmenActiveandKittyandthearmedtransportHMSMellish,beforeProvidencewasforcedbacktoNewportforrepairs.InFebruary1777,Providence
rantheBritishblockadeoffNarragansettBayandcapturedanothertransportoffCapeBreton.PutunderCaptainJohnP.Rathbun,Providencemadetwomore
coastalcruisesbeforesailingagainfortheBahamasinearly1778.Throughaseriesofbrilliantstratagems,Rathbuntookandheldthetownforthreedays(January27
to30)duringwhichtimehespikedthegunsofFortNassau,seized1,600poundsofgunpowder(atlast),took6Britishprizes,andfreed30Americanprisoners,all
withoutbloodshed.ShereturnedtoRhodeIslandunscathedonJanuary30,1779.
ProvidencefollowedupthisactionwiththecaptureofHMBrigDiligent(12guns)offNewYorkonMay7.ThelatterwastakenintotheContinentalNavyand
repairedintimetotakepartinthedisastrousPenobscotexpeditionunderCommodoreDudleySaltonstallinWARREN,togetherwithProvidenceandthirtyseven
otherships.OnAugust13,ProvidenceandallbuttwooftheAmericanshipswererunagroundandburnedtoavoidcapturebyasuperiorBritishfleetthathad
appearedinPenobscotBay.
In1976afiberglassreplicaofProvidencewasbuilttocommemoratetheU.S.Bicentennial.BasedatNewport,RhodeIsland,shewasusedforsailtrainingthrough
the1990s.
Miller,SeaofGlory.Morison,JohnPaulJones.Rider,ValourForeandAft.

PT109
Patroltorpedoboat.L/B/D:80'20.8'5'(24.4m6.3m1.5m).Tons:45tons.Comp.:13.Arm.:140mm220mm421"TT.Hull:wood.Mach.:
Packardmarineengines,4,050bph40kts.Built:ElcoNavalDivision,ElectricBoatCo.,Bayonne,N.J.1942.
Oneofthemorethan500lightweight,fasttorpedoboatsbuiltduringWorldWarII,PT109enteredserviceinthePacificonJuly10,1942.TransferredtoMotor
TorpedoBoatSquadron5inSeptember1942,shecameundercommandofLieutenantJohnF.Kennedy.ActivethroughouttheSolomonscampaign,onthenightof
August12,1943,PT109wasoneoffifteenPTboatspatrollingtheBlackettStraitsouthofKolombangaraIsland.InthewordsofSamuelEliotMorison,theaction
was"unsuccessfulinamilitarysense,butimportanttoafuturePresidentoftheUnitedStates."Atabout0230,PT109wascutinhalfbytheAmagiri,aFubukiclass
destroyerunderCommanderHanami,andsankinabout803'S,15658'E.Afterthewar,thestoryofLieutenantKennedy'seffortstorescuetheinjuredandbring
abouttherescueofhiscrew(twoofthethirteendiedinthecollision)weremagnificentlyexploitedtofurtherhispoliticalcareer.Itisinterestingtonotethatoneofthe
authorsoftheofficialreportonKennedy'sconductwasLieutenantByronS.White,whomKennedywouldlaterappointtotheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.
Bulkley,AtCloseQuarters.

USSPueblo(AGER2)
Environmentalresearchship(1f/2m).L/B/D:176.5'32'9.3'(53.8m9.8m2.8m).Tons:850disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:81.Mach.:12kts.Built:Kewaunee
Shipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Kewaunee,Wisc.1944.
BuiltasasupplyshipfortheU.S.ArmyTransportationCorps,FP344servedasaharborcraftinthePhilippinesfrom1944to1954,whenshewaslaiduponthe
WestCoast.TransferredtotheU.S.Navyin1966,shewasrenamedPuebloandcommissionedasanenvironmentalresearchshipthefollowingyear.Homeportedat
Yokosuka,Japan,shewasassignedtointelligenceandoceanographicresearchworkintheSeaofJapan,possiblyundertheauthorityofthehighlysecretiveNational
SecurityAgency(NSA).SeizedbytheNorthKoreansonJanuary23,1968,severalversionsofwhathappenedandwhyhavebeenadvanced.Accordingtoastudy
byRobertA.Listonpublishedin1988,theNSAintendedforthePueblotobeseizedbytheNorthKoreansinthehopesthattheywouldfindanduseanencoding
machinethatwouldenableU.S.intelligencetomonitortrafficbetweenNorthKoreaandChina.ThisplanwassupersededafterthePueblointerceptedmessages
indicatingthattheSovietUnionwasplanninganinvasionofChina.AfterleakingareportoftheintercepttobothChineseandSovietintelligenceagents,theNSA
orderedPueblobacktosea,knowingthatboththeSovietsandChinesewouldbeonthelookoutfortheship.
PueblowascruisingininternationalwatersbetweenJapanandKoreawhenaNorthKoreanpatrolboatorderedhertoheavetoandshewasboarded.Accordingto
Liston,ChinesetroopshadboardedwhenaSovietshipcamewithinrangeandfiredonPuebloinhopesofkeepingheroutofChinesehands.OneoftheAmerican
crewwaskilled,andtheshipwaseventuallytakentoWonsan,wheretheAmericanswerechargedwithviolatingNorthKorea'sterritorialwaters.AlthoughU.S.naval

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forcestookupstation,therewerenoreprisals.Thecrewfourofwhomhadbeenwoundedintheattackweredetainedforelevenmonthsbeforetheirrelease
onDecember22,afteracontrivedagreementunderwhichaU.S.representativetotheMixedArmisticeCommissionsignedadocumentstatingthatPueblohadbeen
engagedinespionage.WiththeagreementoftheNorthKoreans,theconfessionwaspromptlydenouncedasfalse.ThoughPueblo'scapturehasbeendescribedby
oneintelligenceofficeras"thegreatestintelligencecoupofmoderntimes,"owingtothesecrecyinwhichtheNavy'sinvestigationoftheincidentwascarriedout,itis
unlikelythatallthefactsofthecasewillbebroughttolight.
Liston,"Pueblo"Surrender.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Punic(Marsala)ship
Liburnian.L/B/:ca.110'16'(33.5m4.9m).Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.75.Built:Tunisia(?)<241BCE.
In1969,acommercialdredgerworkingintheharborofMarsalainwesternSicilyuncoveredtheremainsofseveralshipwrecks.Thefollowingsummer,HonorFrost
ledateamofunderwaterarchaeologiststothesite,whichoverfourseasonsyieldedapileofballaststones,afortyfootlengthofkeel,togetherwithaboutonethirdof
theoriginalportsideofthehullandfragmentsofthestarboardside.Mostsignificantwastherecoveryofaportionofthesternpostfromwhicharchaeologistswere
abletodeterminetheshapeofthehull.Thefactthatthesternhadbeendrivenintotherelativelyhardbottomofseaweedandsandindicatedthattheshiphadsunk
sternfirst,probablyafterbeingrammed.This,combinedwiththepresenceofballaststoneandtheabsenceofamphorae,suggestedthatshewasawarship.
Thosecrewwhocouldgetofftookwiththemtheirpersonalweaponstheship'sprimaryarmamentwasthebowrambuttheyleftampleevidenceofwhatthey
ate.Foodremainsshowthatthecrewhadanexcellentdietthatincludeddeer,goat,horse,ox,pig,andsheep,aswellasolives,nuts,andfruit.Mostunexpectedwas
therecoveryofthestemsofplantmaterial,whichbotanicaltestingshowedtobehops,nettles,orcannabis.Circumstancessuggestthelatter,andthatpossiblyitwas
chewedduringlongdistancerowingorbeforegoingintobattle,justastheRoyalNavylaterissuedrumtoitscrews.Mixedinwiththeballaststoneswerethebones
ofadogandahuman,possiblyaninjuredcrewmantrappedbytheshiftingballast.
Thevesselisbelievedtohavebeena"longship"knownasaLiburnian,anoaredvesselwithseventeensweepsoneitherside,eachpulledbytwooarsmen.Smalland
swift,Liburnianswereemployedforcarryingmessagesandforscouting.Allotherknownwrecksoftheperiodhavebeenof"round"cargoships.Thepresenceofthis
wreckatMarsalaishistoricallysignificant,becauseitwasnearthisportthenknownasLilybaeumthatRomedefeatedCarthageintheBattleoftheAegates
(Egadi)Islands,sinkingabout50shipsandcapturinganother70fromafleetof220ships.ThisbattleconcludedthefirstPunicWarandforcedtheCarthaginiansto
giveuptheirholdinwesternSicily.InthefirstmillenniumBCE,Mediterraneantradewasdominatedbythreegreatpowersinturn.FirstwerethePhoenicians,whose
chiefportswereSidonandTyreinwhatisnowLebanon,fromtheeleventhtotheeighthcentury.Theyweresucceededbytheircolonialoffspring,Carthage,inwhat
isnowTunisia,wholosttoRomeafterasuccessionofthreePunicWars,foughtfrom264to241BCE,from218to201BCEand,finally,149146BCE.
OneofthemostfascinatingdiscoveriesaboutCarthaginianshipbuildingwasthehighdegreeofliteracyandorganizationassociatedwithit.Carefulexaminationofthe
Punicshipshowedthatthebuildershadwrittenonthevariousmemberstomarktheirplacementinrelationtooneanother.Archaeologistsandhistoriansof
shipbuildingconcurthat"thefindingsonthePunicshipshowadegreeofplanningandorganizationthatiswithoutparalleluntiltheIndustrialRevolution."
Tragically,despitetheenormoushistorical,archaeological,andculturalvalueofthisfind,thePunicMarsalashiphasbeenallbutabandoned.Afterseveralyearsof
neglect,in1992theSicilianparliamentvotedtodesignatefundsforrepairandconservationoftheship'sremains,whichhadbeenraisedandhousedinMarsala.Three
yearslater,beforeanymoneyhadbeenspent,theparliamentannulledthegrant.
Frost,"HowCarthageLosttheSea"Frostetal.,"MarsalaPunicShip"PunicShip.

Puritan
Sidewheelsteamer(2f/4m).L/B/D:403.5'52.5'8.1'(123m16m2.5m).Tons:3,075grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:364staterooms.Mach.:walkingbeamengine,
7,500hp,sidewheels20mph.Des.:GeorgePeirce.Built:DelawareRiverIronShipBuilding&EngineWorks,Chester,Pa.1888.
OneoftheFallRiverLine'slastquartetofnightboatsthatcarriedpassengersbetweenNewYorkandFallRiver,Massachusetts,forthetraintoBoston,Puritanwas
drivenbythebiggestwalkingbeamengineeverbuilt.Designed

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byAndrewFletcher,thecompoundengineweighed46tons,thelowpressurecylindermeasured110inchesindiameterwitha9footstroke,andthehighpressure
cylindermeasured75incheswitha14footstroke.ThismachinerywascarriedintheFallRiverLine'sfirststeelhull,whichrosefourdeckshigh:theenginewasallbut
hidden,thebeamenclosedonthehurricanedeckandthepaddlewheelsshieldedbyordinaryjoineryworkratherthanornatelydecoratedpaddleboxes.Theoverall
effectwaselegant,anditwassaidthat"whenunderwayshewasthemostbeautifulsteamerofherday."ThiswasreflectedalsoinPuritan'sinterior,whichwasa
celebrationofnorthernItalianRenaissancestyle,hardlyinkeepingwithhername.
Aftertwodecadesinservice,PuritanwassupersededbyanewquartetofFallRiverboats,Commonwealth,Plymouth,PRISCILLA,andProvidence.After
sevenyearsasareservevesselatNewport,in1915shewassoldforscraptotheScottWreckingCompanyofNewLondon.
McAdam,OldFallRiverLine.

Pyroscaphe
Steamboat(1f).L/B:ca.130'140'14'(4043m4.3m).Tons:163tons.Hull:wood.Mach.:horizontal,doubleactingsteamengine,sidewheels.Des.:Marquis
ClaudedeJouffroyd'Abbans.Built:Ecully,France1783.
Inthelateeighteenthcentury,EuropeanandAmericaninventorsbegantoconsiderwaysofapplyingthesteamenginetotransportationonlandandsea.Oneofthe
firstworkingsteamboatswasdevelopedinFrancebytheMarquisClaudedeJouffroyd'Abbans.In1782,Jouffroybuiltafortythreefootsteampoweredboat
propelledbytwoflappedpaddles,butthemachinerywasinadequatetothetask.ThenextJuly,JouffroybuiltPyroscaphe(fromtheGreekfor"fireboat"),avessel
drivenbyahorizontaldoubleactingenginethatdrovetwo13.1footsidewheelseachequippedwitheightpaddles.TheenginewasdevisedbyMessieursFrresJean
etCompagnieofLyonsandconsistedofa25.6inchdiametercylinderwitha77inchstroke.OnJuly15,1783,PyroscaphesteameduptheSaneRiverforfifteen
minutesbeforetheenginegaveout.TheAcademyofLyonsendorsedJouffroy'sexperiment,buthisapplicationforafifteenyearmonopolytobuildsteamboatsin
FrancewasrejectedafterafuriousdebateintheAcademyofSciences.PoliticaleventsovertookJouffroy,andhedidnotbuildasecondvessel,CharlesPhilippe,
until1816,longaftersteamhadbeensuccessfullydevelopedelsewhere.
Baker,EnginePoweredVessel.Flexner,SteamboatsComeTrue.

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Q
QuanzhouWreck
Fuship(3m).L/B/D:111.5'32.1'9.8'(34m9.82m3m).Tons:374.4disp.Hull:wood.Built:SouthChina13thcent.
In1975,workersdredgingacanalonQuanzhouBay(2491'N,11859'E)inFujianProvince,China,uncoveredtheremainsofwhatturnedouttobeathirteenth
centuryshipdatingfromtheendoftheSouthernSongDynasty.Overthecourseofthesummer,theremainsofthevesselwerecompletelyexcavatedandtakento
Quanzhouforconservationandstudy.Theremainsofthehull,whichhasaVshapedbottom,includesthekeelandtheremainsofthirtystrakes,fourteentoportand
sixteentostarboard.Therewerestepsfortwomasts,theplacementofwhichforwardandamidshipssuggeststheexistenceofathirdmastinthestern.Althoughthe
remainingvesselmembersareonly24metersinlengthby9meterswide,interpretationofthefindssuggeststhattheshiporiginallymeasured34.6metersby9.82
meters,withaloadeddraftof3meters.Thehullissolidlyconstructed,withtwolayersofplankingbelowthewaterlinethefirstelevenstrakesfromthekeeland
threeabove,usingacombinationofclinkerandcarveljoinerythatAustralianarchaeologistJeremyGreenhasdescribedas"complexrabbetedcarvelclinker."
Thefirstpairofstrakesoutfromthekeelisjoinedbya"rabbetedcarveljoint"inwhichtheedgebetweenthestrakesisrabbetedwithsimplelapjoints.Thesecond
andthirdstrakesarejoinedbya"rabbetedclinkerjoint"inwhicharabbetiscutintheinsideloweredgeofthethirdplank,whichisfittedagainsttheuncutupperedge
ofthesecond.Thethird,fourth,andfifthstrakesarejoinedbytherabbetedcarveljoint,andthefifthandsixthbytherabbetedclinkerjoint,andsoon.Thisinnermost
layerofplankingissheathedbyasecondlayerofstrakesthatareedgejoinedtooneanother.However,asthesearelaiddirectlyontopoftheinnerlayer,thethird,
sixth,ninth,andthirteenthstrakesareclinkerlaidoverthesecond,fifth,eighth,andtwelfth,respectively.Thethirdlayerofplankingiscarvellaidfromthethirteenthto
theseventeenthstrakes.
Twelvebulkheadsdividetheshipintothirteencompartmentstherearewaterwayscutintothebaseofallbuttheaftermostandforemostbulkheads,whichwere
watertight.Thebulkheadswerefastenedtotheinnerlayerofplankingwithironbracesandironnails,thelatterbeingsetandcoveredwitht'ungputtyasa
preservative.AnotherinterestingfindistheplacementinthekeelofsevencoinsinthepatternoftheconstellationofUrsaMinor,andabronzemirror,bothofwhich
werethoughttobringthevesselgoodluck.Whiletheunderbodyofthehulltaperedtowardsthebow,theupperdecksforeandaftwereprobablytrapezoidal.
ThecargorevealsthattheQuanzhouwreckwasoriginallya"spicesandpeppership"ora"spicejunk."Thecargoincludedmedicinalsand2,300kilogramsofspice
woodsincludinglakawood,sandalwood,andblackpepperfromJava,garuwoodfromCambodia,betelnutsfromIndonesia,frankincensefromcentralArabia,
ambergrisfromSomalia,andtortoiseshell.ItisnotclearfromthismanifestthattheQuanzhoushipactuallysailedasfarafieldasAfrica,butitdoesattesttothe
importanceoftheportofQuanzhou(onmainlandChinaoppositeTaiwan),whosemerchantsbegantradingwithAfricaandtheMiddleEastinthesixthcentury.
ComparingQuanzhouwiththegreatMediterraneanentrept,MarcoPolowrote,
Thequantityofpepperimportedthereissoconsiderable,thatwhatiscarriedtoAlexandria,tosatisfythedemandofthewesternpartsoftheworld,istriflingincomparison,
perhapsnomorethanthehundredthpart.Itisindeedimpossibletoconveyanideaofthenumberofmerchantsandtheaccumulationofgoodsinthisplace,whichisheldtobe
oneofthelargestportsintheworld.

Theshiphasbeendatedbasedonevidenceprovidedbythehoardof504coins,thelatestofwhichwerestruckin1273,aboutthetimetheshipisthoughttohave
sunk.TodaythereassembledhullisondisplayattheQuanzhouMuseumofOverseasCommunicationHistory.
Green,"SongDynastyShipwreckatQuanzhou."Keith&Buys,"NewLightonMedievalChineseSeagoingShipConstruction."

Page413
LiGuoQing,"ArchaeologicalEvidencefortheUseof'ChuNam'ontheThirteenthCenturyQuanzhouShip."Merwin,"SelectionsfromWenwuontheExcavationofaSung
DynastySeagoingVessel."

QueenAnne'sRevenge
(exConcorde)Ship(3m).L/B/D:103'24.5'13.3'(12.8'dph)(31.4m7.5m4.1m).Tons:200tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:125.Arm.:2040guns.Built:
Britainca.1710.
QueenAnne'sRevengewasthenamegiventotheFrenchmerchantshipConcordeafterhercapturein1717bythepirateEdwardTeach,popularlyrememberedas
Blackbeard.ConcordeisbelievedtohavebeenbuiltinEnglandinabout1710andsailedtoRiodeJaneiro.In1713,shewassoldtoSpanishinterestsandspent
severalyearstradingonthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica.SoldtoaM.Mountaudinin1717,shewasputintheslavetradebetweenSenegalandMartinique.The
sameyear,shewascapturedbyBahamasbasedpiratesledbyBenjaminHornigold,whogaveTeachcommandoftheship.PartingamicablyfromHornigold,Teach
namedhisshipQueenAnne'sRevenge,inhonoroftheBritishmonarchwhoruledfrom1702to1714.
Increasingthearmamentofhisshiptofortyguns,manyofwhichwereprobablyshortrailgunsthatcouldbehandledbyoneman,Teachspentthenextyearraiding
merchantshipsintheCaribbeanIslands,theBayofHonduras,andthesoutheastcoastofNorthAmerica.Bythespringof1718,hehadfourvesselsunderhis
command,includingthecapturedmerchantmenRevengeandAdventure,andanunnamedsloop.InMay,TeachcapturedabouteightorninevesselsatCharleston,
SouthCarolina,anddemandedasransomasupplyofmedicinesomebelievebecausesyphiliswasrifeamonghiscrew.DepartingCharleston,hesailednorth
alongthecoastofNorthCarolina.TurningintoTopsail(nowBeaufort)Inlet,QueenAnne'sRevengeandAdventurewerelostonasandbar.Theremainsofaship
thoughttobeQueenAnne'sRevengewerelocatedinthespringof1997.
OnDecember3,1718,TeachwaskilledinanattackbyforcesdispatchedbyVirginia'sGovernorAlexanderSpottswood.Althoughhehadcapturednomajorprizes
duringhisshortcareerasapirate,Teachachievedlastinginfamyastheruthlessandsadisticdrunk,Blackbeard,ofDanielDefoe'shighlycoloredGeneralHistoryof
theRobberiesandMurdersoftheMostNotoriousPyrates,publishedin1724.
Lee,BlackbeardthePirate.Rankin,PiratesofNorthCarolina.

HMSQueenCharlotte
Umpireclass1strate(3m).L/B:190'52.3'22.3'(57.9m15.9m6.8m).Tons:2,279bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:850.Arm.:3032pdr,2824pdr,42
12pdr.Des.:EdwardHunt.Built:ChathamDockyard,Eng.1790.
NamedfortheconsortofGeorgeIII,HMSQueenCharlottewasbuiltduringaperiodwhenBritainwasnotactivelyatwarwithhertraditionalenemies.Butan
uneasypeaceruledandtheNavywasonawarfooting.QueenCharlottespentseveralyearsasflagshipofAdmiralRichardHowe,duringtheNootkaSound
ControversywithSpainin1790,andagainduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryWarsstartingin1793.InMay1794,shesailedfromPortsmouthwiththirtytwoshipsof
thelinetointerceptagrainfleetboundfromNorthAmericatoFrance.AFrenchfleetunderRearAdmiralVillaretJoyeusesailedfromBresttoprovideprotectionfor
theconvoy,andonJune28,thetwofleetsmadetheirfirstcontact.ApartialactionresultedinthedismastingoftheFrenchRvolutionnaire,whichlostabout400
mendeadandwoundedbutescapedcapturethatnight.HMSAudaciouswasalsodismastedandforcedhome.Thenextday,HowenearlycapturedthreeFrench
shipsbeforeVillaretJoyeusecededtheweathergaugeadvantagetorescuethem.Twodaysoffogpreventedafurtherengagement.ButonJune1Howerangedhis
fleettowindwardoftheFrenchandsignaledforeachofhisshipstosteerforherFrenchcounterpart,passunderherstern,andengageherontheleeside.Afew
minutesbefore1000,QueenCharlottepassedbelowVillaretJoyeuse'sMontagneandpouredinasuccessionofbroadsides.EngagedbybothMontagneand
Jacobin,QueenCharlottelostherforetopmast,butMontagneescapedwithhersternstoveinand300ofhercrewdeadorwounded.Howe'stacticwasso
successfulthatthebattlewasoverbynoonandsixprizesweretaken.Howewastooenervatedtofollowuphistacticalvictorywithastrategicone,andtheFrench
grainfleetcontinuedunscathedtoBrest.Nonetheless,thebattlewasknownastheGloriousFirstofJune.
OnJune23,1795,QueenCharlotteflewtheflagofAdmiralAlexanderHood,ViscountBridport,whenheengagedanotherfleetunderVillaretJoyeuseintheBattle
ofGroix,duringwhichtheFrenchlostthreeshipsinageneralchaseoffBrest.Twoyearslater,themenofQueenCharlottetookpartintheNoremutiny,whichwas
resolvedthanksinlargeparttotheinterventionofViscountKeith,whohoistedhisflaginherassecondincommandoftheChannelFleet.ShewasKeith'sflagshipin
theMediterraneanthreeyearslaterwhenonMarch17,1800,

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Imagenotavailable.
PhilippeJacquesdeLoutherbourg'sdepictionofthe"BattleoftheGloriousFirstofJune1794."showingAdmiral
LordHowe'sHMSQUEENCHARLOTTEwithhertopmastbytheboards,closelyengagedbyRearAdmiral
VillaretJoyeuse'sMONTAGNE.ThoughtheFrenchfleetlostsixships,thegrainfleetundertheirprotection
reachedFrance,givingVillaretJoyeuseastrategicvictory.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

shecaughtfireabouttwelvemilesoffLivorno.Keithwasashoreatthetime,buthisshipsankwith690ofhercrew.
DictionaryofNationalBiography.Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.

HMSQueenElizabeth
QueenElizabethclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:645.9'90.6'30.8'(196.9m27.6m9.4m).Tons:33,000disp.Comp.:1,120.Hull:steel.Arm.:815"(4
2),166",23",43pdr.Armor:belt13",deck3".Mach.:Parsonsturbines,75,000hp,4screws24kts.Des.:E.N.Mooney&W.H.Gard.Built:
PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1915.
ThefiveQueenElizabethclassbattleships,whichincludedBARHAMandWARSPITE,werelongconsidered"themostperfectexampleofthenavalconstructor's
art...putafloat."Theywerethefirstbattleshipstouseoilforfuelormountfifteeninchguns,andtheywerethefastestyetbuilt.AsflagshipoftheEastMediterranean
Squadron,HMSQueenElizabethsupportedtheGallipolilandings.RecalledtotheGrandFleetin1915,shewasAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'sflagshipfrom1916to
1918,andthesurrenderoftheGermanFleetwasconcludedonherdecks.
QueenElizabethlaterservedintheAtlanticandMediterraneanandunderwentextensivealterationsbetween1937and1941.WhilewiththeFirstBattleSquadronin
Alexandria,Egypt,sheandhersistershipValiantweredamagedbylimpetminesplantedbythreeItaliantwomansubmarinesonDecember19,1941,andrepairs
hadtobecompletedintheUnitedStates.From1943shewas

Page415

flagshipofAdmiralSirJamesSomerville'sEasternFleetandsupportedAlliedlandingsinIndonesiaandBurmathroughtheendofthewar.Shewassoldin1948.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

QueenElizabeth
(laterSeawiseUniversity)Liner(2f/2m).L/B:1,030.6'118.5'(314.2m36.1m).Tons:83,673grt.Comp.:1st823,cabin662,tourist798crew1,318.Hull:
steel.Mach.:steamturbines,4screws29kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1940.
InthemidstofthegreatrivalryforpreeminenceontheNorthAtlanticrun,CunardLinewasdeterminedtomaintainweeklyservicebetweenSouthamptonandNew
Yorkwithjusttwoships,therecordsettingQUEENMARYwhoseultimaterivalforspeedprovedtobeNORMANDIEandQueenElizabeth.Laiddownin
1936,QueenElizabethwaslaunchedtwoyearslater.Benefitingfromcareful,andinthecaseofCunardrivals,clandestineobservationoftheothergreyhoundsofher
era,thetwinfunneledQueenElizabethwasatoppriorityforherbuildersuntilshipyardfacilitiesbegantobeturnedovertomilitaryvesselsin1939.
IntheopeningmonthsofWorldWarII,therewasincreasedconcernabouthervulnerabilitytoGermanbombers,andinFebruary1940,asyetunfinished,itwas
announcedthatshewouldproceedtoSouthamptonforfittingout.Instead,shemadehersecretmaidenvoyagetoNewYork.Thereworkwascontinueduntilthe
followingNovember,whenshewasdispatchedtoSingaporeforfittingout.Somethoughtwasgiventoconvertinghertoanaircraftcarrier,butshewasfinishedasa
troopshipinstead,andpliedtheIndianOceanroutesbetweenAustralia,India,andSuez.In1942shewasbackinNewYorkandhercapacitywasincreasedfroma
mere5,600troopsto15,000.Thoughshewasneverasfastasherolderconsort,herspeedwashergreatestdefense,andsheworkedthesubmarineinfestedAtlantic
aloneforthedurationofthewar.
Returnedtopeacetimeservice,shemadeherfirstvoyageinthepassengertradeforwhichshewasintendedbetweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYork
in1946.Betweenthem,QueenElizabethandQueenMary,thetwolargestpassengershipstosurvivethewar,becamethemostprofitablepairofshipseverputin
service,evenafterthecommissioningoftheworld'sfastestoceanliner,UNITEDSTATES,in1952,andtenyearslater,CGT'sFRANCE.Butbythattime,
commercialjetlinershadmadetheirpresencefeltandthetransatlanticpassengershiptradebeganquicklytoerode.Between1957and1965,trafficplummetedfrom
analltimehighofmorethanonemillionpassengerstoonly650,000,whileairlinepassengershadquadrupledtofourmillion.Still,theQueensheldtheirownas
countlessothershipswerewithdrawnfromservice.
Tomakeupforlostrevenues,QueenElizabethwasputintocruiseservicefromNewYorkinthewintermonths.Sheprovedsosuccessfulthatin1965shewas
givensomethingofareprievewhenshewasreconditionedandfittedoutwithalidodeckwithoutdoorswimmingpoolandairconditioning.Still,itwasnotenough.In
1968,shewaswithdrawnfromservice,soldtoanAmericancompanycalledQueen,Inc.,andlaidupinPortEverglades,Florida,asatouristattraction.Twoyears
later,shewasauctionedofftoTaiwanshippingmagnateC.Y.Tung,renamedSeawiseUniversity(SeawisebeingapunonTung'sfirsttwoinitials),andsailedfor
HongKongtobeconvertedintoanoceangoinguniversity.Aftera$6millionrefit,afireofsuspiciousoriginbrokeoutandshecapsizedinHongKongHarbor.
Salvageprovedimpossible,andshewasscrappedwhereshelay.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

QueenElizabeth2
Liner(1f/1m).L/B:963'105.3'(293.5m32.1m).Tons:65,863grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st564,tourist1,441crew906.Mach.:steamturbines,3screws28.5
kts.Built:UpperClydeShipbuilders,Glasgow1969.
EvenasthejetagesignaledthedemiseofthegreattransatlanticsteamshipsthathadcarriedtensofmillionsofimmigrantsfromEuropetotheAmericas,Britain's
veteranshippingconcernCunardLinedecidedthatitsgreatlinerQUEENMARYshouldhaveanheir.In1959,itbeganformulatingplansforhersuccessor,known
firstasQ3,andlater,whenthedesignshadbeenradicallychanged,Q4.Insodoing,Cunarddidnotentirelyignoreeconomicreality.Herdesignbothpaidhomageto
herowner'srootsontheNorthAtlanticandanticipatedtheexpandingclienteleofthecruiseshipindustry.Thelastofthesuperlinerswaslaunchedin1967asQueen
Elizabeth2,namedafterCunard'sfirstQueenElizabethandnotforthesovereign,QueenElizabethII.
TheQE2'smaidenvoyagewasscheduledforJanuary1969,butrepeatedproblemswithherenginesandotherdefectsforcedCunardtorefusedeliveryuntilApril,
andshedidnotsailonhermaidenvoyageuntilMay2.Althoughapopularship,shehasrunatadeficitalmostfromtheoutsetofhercareer.Herfamehasalsobeen

Page416

somethingofaliability,andthroughouthercareershehasbeenthetargetofseveralscaresandhoaxes.Thefirstofthesecameinatransatlanticcrossingin1972when
theRoyalAirForceparachutedfourbombdisposalexpertstoherinresponsetoabombthreat.InApril1973,whileundercharterforacruisetoIsraelin
commemorationofthatcountry'stwentyfifthanniversary,shewasthreatenedbyterroristattack,anditwaslaterreportedthatLibyanleaderMuammarQaddafihad
intendedtotorpedotheshipintheMediterranean.Despitetheseandotherdifficulties,includingonecripplingenginefailurethatleftheradriftinmidatlanticin1974,
shehasimprovedsteadilywithage.
InthebesttraditionsoftheBritishmerchantmarine,duringBritain'swarwithArgentinaovertheFalklands/MalvinasIslandsin1982,sheperformedyeoman'sservice
asatrooptransporttogetherwithP&OLine'sCanberra.Shehasalsocircledtheworldmanytimeswithoutincident.Afterreturningtoservice,sheremainedoutof
theheadlinesuntil1992,whenshesufferedhulldamageaftergroundingoffCuttyhunkIsland,Massachusetts.Asof1997,QueenElizabeth2wasstillgoingstrong,
verymuchthelastofanera.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

QueenMary
Liner(3f/2m).L/B:1,019.4'loa118.6'(310.7mloa36.1m).Tons:80,774grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:cabin776,tourist784,3rd579crew1,101.Mach.:steam
turbines,160,000shp,4screws31.7kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1934.
InternationalrivalryforsupremacyontheNorthAtlanticreacheditszenithintheearly1930s.Britishshipshadreignedsupremefromthe1850sto1898,when
NorddeutscherLloyd'sKAISERWILHELMDERGROSSEbecamethefirstGermanshiptowintheBlueRibandforthefastestAtlanticcrossing.Shewasfollowed
byHapag'sDEUTSCHLANDandNDL'sKRONPRINZWILHELMbutBritainreturnedwithsistershipsLUSITANIAandMAURETANIA,whichbetween
themheldtherecordfrom1907to1929.Fromthatyearuntil1938,theBlueRibandwouldchangehandseightmoretimesbetweenfiveshipsfromfourdifferent
countries:Germany'sBREMENandEUROPA,Italy'sREX,France'sNORMANDIE,andultimatelyBritain'sQueenMary.
ConsideredbymanytheapogeeofBritishpassengershipbuilding,CunardWhiteStarLine'sQueenMarywaslaiddownjustastheGreatDepressionbegantotake
holdinEurope,acircumstancethatheldupherconstructionbetween1931and1934.Astatelyship,builtalongthesamelinesasitspreWorldWarIbeauty
AQUITANIA,shewasthesecond1,000footshiptoenterservice,followingtheFrenchLine'ssleekNormandie.Thelegendsurroundinghernameiswellknown.
Cunardships'namescustomarilyendedinia,anditwaswidelyreportedthatCunardsoughtKingGeorgeV'spermissiontonameitsgreatestshipafterEngland's
greatestQueenmeaning,presumably,QueenVictoria.TheKing,thestorycontinues,repliedthathiswifewouldbegreatlyhonored,andsohull''534"became
QueenMary.AmoreprosaicexplanationforthechoiceofnameisthatCunardintendedtobreakwithtraditiontoaccommodateits1934mergerwithWhiteStar,
whoseships'namesgenerallyendedinic.
QueenMaryenteredservicebetweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYorkin1936,andquicklywrestedtheBlueRibandfromNormandiewithawestbound
voyagebetweenBishopRockandAmbroseLightatarecordspeedof30.14knots(4days,27minutesAugust2024),followedimmediatelywithaneastbound
recordof30.6knots(3days,23hours,57minutes).Normandiereclaimedbothrecordsthefollowingyear,onlytohaveQueenMaryreplywithspeedsof30.99
knots(3days,21hours,48minutesAugust48,1938)westbound,and31.7knots(3days,20hours,and42minutesAugust1014)eastbound.Althoughthe
recordforthefastesttransatlanticcrossinghadbeenknownastheBlueRibandsincethe1890s,in1935BritishparliamentarianThomasK.Halesofferedasilver
trophytothesteamshipcompanywhoseshipheldthecurrentrecord.Cunardrefusedtorecognizethehonor,whichfelltoonlythreeothercompaniesItalia(Rex),
CompagnieGnraleTransatlantique(Normandie)and,from1952,UnitedStatesLines(UNITEDSTATES).
QueenMary'sspeedmadeheroneofthemostpopularshipsafloat,andsheearnedhandsomeprofitsforherownersuntiltheoutbreakofWorldWarII,whichfound
heratNewYork.Afterlyingidleforsixmonths,sheenteredserviceasatroopshipinMarch,sailingunescortedfromNewYorkforSydney,viaCapeTown.She
ferriedtroopsbetweenAustraliaandSuezuntiltheUnitedStatesenteredthewar,whenshebeganbravingtheNorthAtlanticwithonlyherspeedtoprotectherfrom
Germansubmarines,whosecommanderswerereportedlyofferedarewardof$250,000forsinkingher.Fasterthananywarshipafloat,shewasknownas"theGray
Ghost."Sogreatwastheimperativeforspeedthatwhen,onOctober2,1942,sherammedHMSCuracoa,shecouldnotstandbytorescuethecruiser's364crew,
only26ofwhomsurvived.QueenMarycarriedonaver

Page417

agemorethan15,000troopseastbound,andin1943sheembarked16,683soldiersandcrewononevoyage,morethananyothershiphasevercarried.Overthe
courseofthewholewar,sheandherconsort,QUEENELIZABETH,carriedmorethan1.6millionpeoplebetweenthem,including37percentofthe875,000U.S.
troopswhosailedforEurope.
QueenMarywasreleasedfrommilitarydutyin1946,andafterrefurbishmentbyherbuilderssheleftSouthamptononherfirstpeacetimecrossingtoNewYorkon
July31,1947.Herpostwartonnagewasgivenas81,237grossregisteredtonnagetheonlyothermajormodificationwasthefittingofDennyBrownstabilizersin
1958.ThetwoQueensmaintainedweeklyservicebetweenSouthampton,Cherbourg,andNewYork,andin1960QueenMarypostedanimpressive30knot
crossingbetweenAmbroseandCherbourg.Bythistime,though,thejetairlinerhadalreadysignaledthetwilightofthetransatlanticliner.In1963,QueenMarybegan
aseriesofoccasionalcruises,firsttotheCanaryIslandsandlatertotheBahamas.However,withoutcentralairconditioning,outdoorpools,orotheramenitiesnow
commonplaceoncruiseships,sheprovedillsuitedforthework.In1967,shewaswithdrawnfromserviceaftermorethan1,000transatlanticcrossings.
Thesameyear,QueenMarywassoldtothecityofLongBeach,California,foruseasamaritimemuseumandhotel.AfterafarewelldeparturefromSouthampton,
shesailedviaLisbon,LasPalmas,RiodeJaneiro,Callao,Balboa,andAcapulcotoarriveatLongBeachonDecember9,1967.There,thethirdlargestpassenger
shipevertosailtheNorthAtlanticseawayandthelargesttosurviveremains(asof1997)oneofthelastremindersofthetechnologicalandaestheticgeniusthat
dominatedtheNorthAtlanticOceanformorethanacentury.
Bailey,DowntheBurmaRoad.ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,CunardWhiteStar...Liner"QueenMary."Steele,"QueenMary."

Page418

R
RaII
Reedraft(1m).L/B/D:39'16'6'deep(11.9m4.9m1.8m).Hull:papyrusreed.Comp.:8.Des.:traditional.Built:Safi,Morocco1970.
IntriguedbythestrongresemblancebetweenvariousaspectsofancientEgyptianandpreColumbianculture,ThorHeyerdahlsetouttodemonstratethatthesources
ofNewWorldtechnologyandbeliefcouldhavecomefromacrosstheAtlantic.AcrucialpointofsimilaritywasthedesignofreedboatsshowninEgyptiantombsand
foundonLakeChad,theAndeanLakeTiticaca,andEasterIsland,towhichhehadsailedinthebalsaraftKONTIKIin1947inthePacific.HeyerdahlhiredChadian
reedboatbuilderAbdullahDjibrineandtwoBurumacolleaguestobuildakadayfrompapyruscutonLakeTana,thesourceoftheBlueNileinEthiopia.Thedesign
wasworkedoutinconsultationbetweenDjibrineandBjrnLangstrm,aSwedishauthorityonancientEgyptianboatdesign.
ThefinishedRanamedfortheEgyptiansungodmadeentirelyofpapyrusandropewastakenbytruckandshiptotheMoroccanportofSafiwhereshewas
launched.ThepolyglotcrewconsistedofHeyerdahl,Djibrine,YuriAlexandrovichSenkevich(SovietUnion),NormanBaker(UnitedStates),CarloMauri(Italy),
SantiagoGenoves(Mexico),andGeorgesSourial(Egypt).Provisionsforthevoyagewerecarriedin160amphoraemadeaccordingtoa5,000yearoldexamplein
theCairoMuseum.ThevoyagebeganonMay25,1969.AlthoughRamadeitmostofthewayacrosstheAtlantic,coveringabout60milesaday(2.5knots),the
crewwereforcedtoabandonRanearBarbados,becausemuchofthesternhadsaggedandtheraftwasbreakingup.
Convincedonlythathehadchosenthewrongdesign,HeyerdahlarrangedtobuildRaII,aMoroccanmadiawhosedesignmorecloselyresembledthatofthereed
raftsonLakeTiticaca.FourAymarareedbuildersfromBoliviawerebroughttoMoroccofortheproject,whichagainusedreedsfromLakeTana.Though10feet
shorterthanRa,RaIIcarriedeightcrew,MadanniAitOuhanni(Morocco)andKeiOhara(Japan)sailinginplaceofDjibrine.Thesecondattempt,in1970,wasa
success,thevoyagefromMoroccotoBarbadosbeingcompletedinonly57days.
Heyerdahl,"Ra"Expeditions.

RainbowWarrior
(exSirWilliamHardy)Researchvessel(1f/2m).L/B:131'27.5'(48.8m8.4m).Tons:418grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:23.Mach.:oilengine,600bhp11kts.Built:
Hall,Russell&Co.,Aberdeen,Scotland1955.
BuiltasaresearchvesselforBritain'sMinistryofFisheriesandAgriculture,SirWilliamHardywasnamedforaneminentmarinescientist.In1977theallbut
abandonedtrawlerwasboughtbytheinternationalactivistenvironmentalgroupGreenpeaceandrenamedRainbowWarrior.Shespenttwoseasonsharassing
IcelandicandSpanishwhaleshipsandNorwegiansealersintheNorthAtlantic,andin1979wasdetainedforfollowingthenuclearwastedumpshipPacificSwan
intoCherbourg.ThenextyearshewasarrestedatElFerrolbySpanishauthoritiesandherengineswerestrippedpendingatrial.Greenpeacesmuggledenoughengine
partsaboardforRainbowWarriortomakeadaringnightescapeintointernationalwaters.AfterrepairsinEngland,sheproceededtoNewfoundlandtostop
sealers,thenprotesteddevelopmentofoilreservesoffNewEnglandandtoxicwastedumpingintheNewYorkbight.GreenpeacenextdispatchedRainbowWarrior
topreventJapanesefishermenfromcollectingdolphinsintheirtunacatch,andtoprotestdevelopmentofoilreservesoffthecoastofCalifornia.Theship'smost
audaciousactcameinJuly1983,whensheenteredSovietwatersandhercrewlandedatLorino,Siberia,tophotographanillegalSovietwhalingoperation.
AttentionthenturnedtoFrenchnucleartestingonMuroroaAtollinFrenchPolynesia,about700milessoutheastofTahiti.TheFrenchfirstusedthetestsitein1966,
andthefirstshipboardprotestwasinitiatedbyDavidMcTaggart,whoobjectedtotheFrenchclosingto

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navigationof100,000squaremilesofoceanforsecurityreasons.Thefirstyearhis38footketchVegawasrammedbyaFrenchnavalvessel,andthenextyear
whenNewZealandsentHMNZSOtagoandCanterburytoprotestthetestsFrenchsecurityforcesassaultedthecrew.In1985,GreenpeacedispatchedVega
andRainbowWarriornowriggedwithtwomaststothearea.Enroute,RainbowWarriorhelpedtransport320RongelapIslandersdisplacedbyU.S.nuclear
testinginthe1950stoMejatoonKwajaleinAtoll.TheshiparrivedatAucklandonJuly7topreparefortheprotestatMuroroa.Threedayslater,at2338onJune
10,twobombswentoff,scuttlingtheshipatthedockandkillingGreenpeacephotographerFernandoPereira.Thesubsequentfindingthatthebombshadbeensetby
membersoftheFrenchOfficeofExternalSecurity(DirectionGnraledelaScuritExtrieure)ledtotheresignationofFrenchDefenseMinisterCharlesHernu,
amongothers.Beyondrepair,RainbowWarriorwasstrippedandscuttledatsea.
Dyson,Sinkthe"Rainbow"!

HMSRamillies
(exRoyalKatherine)2ndrate90(3m).L/B:153'40'(46.6m12.2m).Tons:1,086bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:888.Arm.:90guns.Built:WoolwichDockyard,
Eng.1664.
ThenameRoyalKatherinewasfirstgiventoan84gunshipbuiltin1664whichsawconsiderableactionintheSecondandThirdAngloDutchWars.Shetookpart
intheEnglishvictoryattheBattleofLowestoft(June3,1665),theEnglishdefeatintheFourDays'Battle(June14),andtheirsubsequentvictoryatOrfordness(July
25,1666).WhenwarwiththeDutchwasrenewedafewyearslater,RoyalKatherine(sometimesspelledCatherine)waspartoftheAngloFrenchfleetdefeated
bytheDutchatSolebayonMay28,1672,andagainatthetwobattlesofSchooneveldonMay28andJune4thenextyear.DuringtheWaroftheLeagueof
Augsburg,RoyalKatherinewaspartoftheAngloDutchfleetthatdefeatedtheFrenchatthethreedayBattleofBarfleur,onMay1922,1692.
Inageofsail,inordertoobtainfundingfornewshipsfromaparsimoniousParliament,theAdmiraltywouldrequestfundingto"rebuild"anoldone.Despite
appearancestothecontrary,theresultwasinessencethesame.Soitwasthatthe"rebuilt"RoyalKatherineemergedfromtheyardin1702.DuringtheWarofthe
SpanishSuccession,shewaspresentatthesiegeofGibraltaronJuly24,1704,andatthesiegeofVlezMlaga,Spain,onAugust13,sheflewtheflagofAdmiralof
theFleetSirGeorgeRooke.
Twoyearslater,theshipwasrenamedforthesiteoftheDukeofMarlborough'svictoryovertheFrenchinBelgium.Thenexthalfcenturywasrelativelyuneventfulfor
theRamillies.
AtthestartoftheSevenYears'War,theMarquisdelaGalissonirecapturedMinorca,inthewesternMediterranean,inApril1756.Orderedtothereliefofthe
besiegedgarrisonatPortMahon,ViceAdmiraltheHonourableJohnByngwasdispatchedfromPortsmouthwiththirteenshipsofthelineandthreefrigates.OnMay
20,1757,heengagedLaGalissonire'sfleetaboutthirtymilesfromPortMahon.WhentheFrenchwithdrew,ByngfailedeithertopursuethefleetortorelievePort
Mahon,whichsoonsurrendered.Instead,heretiredtoGibraltartoawaitreinforcements.ViceAdmiralSirEdwardHawkewassentouttotrytorecaptureMinorca,
buttheEnglishhadlosttheislandforgood.
AlthoughtherewaswidespreadcondemnationofByngforfailinginhismission,ashiscourtmartialprogressedaboardHMSST.GEORGE,itbecameclearthathe
wasbeingmadethescapegoatforafailureofgovernmentpolicy.Sentencedtoafiringsquad,ByngwasexecutedonthedeckofHMSMonarchonMarch14,
1757.Condemnationofthepunishmentwaswidespread.InEnglanditwassaidthat"theunfortunateAdmiralwasshotbecauseNewcastle[thePrimeMinister]
deservedtobehanged."ButtheFrenchhadthelastword.WhenVoltaire'sfictionalCandidevisitsPortsmouth,heaskswhyanadmiralhasbeensentencedtodie."In
thiscountry,"heistold,"it'sconsideredagoodideatokillanadmiralfromtimetotime,toencouragetheothers."
RamilliesdidnotlongsurviveByng.In1760shewasreturningtoPlymouthbeforeanapproachinggalewhenacombinationofpoorpilotingandinadequateship
handlingledtotheship'spilingupontherocksoffBoltHeadontheeveningofFebruary15.Only26ofthe725crewsurvived.
Clowes,Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Pope,AtTwelveMr.ByngWasShot.

Randolph
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:132.8'34.5'18'(40.5m10.5m5.5m).Tons:ca.690.Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.200.Arm.:32guns.Des.:JoshuaHumphreys.Built:
JohnWharton&JoshuaHumphreys,Philadelphia1776.
NamedforPeytonRandolph,aprominentVirginiadelegatetotheFirstContinentalCongress,USSRandolphwasoneofthefirstfrigatesorderedbyCongressfor
thefledglingContinentalNavy.Ashisshipwaslaunchedduring

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anacutemanningshortage,CaptainNicholasBiddlerecruitedalargenumberofhiscrewfromamongimprisonedBritishseamen.Duringherfirstcruise,shelosther
mainmastandalargenumberofcrewdiedoffever,beforesheputintoCharleston,S.C.,onMarch11.Shelosttwomoremaststolightningbeforedepartingon
September1.Twodayslatershecapturedfourrichprizes,whichweretakenintoCharleston.Whilethere,JohnRutledge,PresidentoftheSouthCarolinaGeneral
Assembly,suggestedthatRandolphleadaflotillaofSouthCarolinaNavyshipstoescortanumberofmerchantshipsthroughtheBritishblockade.Theshipssailedon
February14,1778,andgotawayunscathed.ThecolonialwarshipssailedfortheCaribbeanbutcapturednosignificantprizes.OntheeveningofMarch7,Randolph
engagedHMSYarmouth(64guns)offBarbados.ThebattlewasgoingwellforBiddle'sshipwhenitsmagazineblewup,destroyingtheshipandkillingallbutfourof
hercomplement.
Jamieson,"AmericanPrivateersintheLeewardIslands."McCusker,"AmericanInvasionofNassauintheBahamas."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Ranger
Shipsloop(3m).L/B/D:131.4'(berthdeck)28'11'dph(40.1m8.5m3.4m).Tons:697bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:140.Arm.:186pdr.Built:JamesK.
Hackett,Portsmouth,N.H.1777.
TheContinentalCongressappointedJohnPaulJonesasmasterofthenewlybuiltshipRangeronJune14,1777.(Onthesamedate,coincidentally,Congress
resolved"thattheflagofthethirteenUnitedStatesbethirteenstripes,alternateredandwhitethattheunionbethirteenstars,whiteinabluefield,representinganew
constellation.")RangersailedforFranceonNovember1andarrivedatNantesonDecember2,havingtakentwoEnglishprizesenroute.OnFebruary14,1778,
AdmiralLaMottePiquet'sflagshipRobustebecamethefirstforeignshiptosalutetheStarsandStripesafterRangerrenderedhonorstotheFrenchfleetatQuiberon
Bay.
Imagenotavailable.
Recruitingposteradvertisingpositionsaboard"theshipRANGER,
ofTwentyGuns,(forFrance)nowlayinginPortsmouth,inthe
StateofNewHampshire,commandedbyJohnPaulJonesEsq."
TherearenoknownpicturesoftheshipinwhichJonesfirsttook
theAmericanRevolutiontotheshoresofEnglandinthespringof
1778.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

RangerdepartedBrestonApril11andtookorburnedfourvesselsintheIrishSea.OnthenightofApril22,JonesenteredSolwayFirthandthenextmorningtook
fortymenintwoboatstoraidWhitehaven,fromwhichJoneshadsailedtoAmericaattheageofthirteen.TherebelsspikedthegunsoftheEnglishfortandsetfireto
acollier.JonesthencrossedthebaytoScotlandwithaviewtocapturingtheEarlofSelkirktohelpeffectaprisonerexchange.Selkirkwasaway,andtheshoreparty
contenteditselfwithstealingsomesilverfromLadySelkirk.Joneswasappalledandlaterpurchaseditfromhiscrewandreturnedit,withapologies.OnApril25,
RangerfoughtHMSDrake(20guns)offCarrickfergus,Ireland,inanengagementdescribedbyJonesas"warm,closeandobstinate."ThepoorlymannedDrake
lostfivekilled(includingCaptainGeorgeBurdon)andtwentyinjured.AprizecrewwasputaboardandthetwoshipsreturnedtoBrest,capturingastoreshipen
route.RangerreturnedtotheUnitedStatesunderLieutenantThomasSimpsonincompanywithBostonandProvidence,arrivingatPortsmouthwiththreeprizeson
October15,1778.
BetweenFebruaryandNovember1779,RangersailedwithQueenofFranceand,variously,WARRENorProvidence,capturingeighteenprizes(threewerelater
retaken)valuedatmorethan$1million.OnNovember23,1779,RangerjoinedCommodoreAbrahamWhipple'ssquadronboundforCharleston,SouthCarolina.
OnJanuary24,1780,RangerandProvidencecapturedthreesupplytransportsoffTybeeIslandbeforereturningtothedefenseoftheport.WhenCharlestonfellon
May11,1780,

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Ranger,Providence,andBostonwerecapturedandcommissionedintotheRoyalNavy.HMSHalifax(exRanger)wassoldthenextyear.
Miller,SeaofGlory.Sawtelle,JohnPaulJonesandthe"Ranger."

USSRanger
(laterUSSRockport,Nantucket,BayState,EmeryRice)Screwsteamer(1f/3m).L/B/D:177.3'32'12.8'(54m9.8m3.9m).Tons:1,120disp.Hull:iron.
Arm.:111",29",160pdr.Mach.:compoundengine,560ihp,1screw10kts.Built:Harland&Hollingsworth,Wilmington,Del.1876.
FirstdeployedwiththeAsiaticFleet,aftertwoyearsatHongKongUSSRangerbeganatwentytwoyearcareerasahydrographicsurveyvesselandasaprotector
oftheAmericansealfisheries.From1905to1908shesailedasaschoolshipwiththePhilippineNauticalSchool,andin1909shewasloanedtotheMassachusetts
MaritimeAcademy.Sheremainedunderitscontroluntil1940,exceptfortheyears191720when(renamedfirstUSSRockportandthenNantucket)shewasused
asagunboatandatrainingship.In1940,NantucketwastransferredtotheMaritimeAdministration'snewU.S.MerchantMarineAcademyatKingsPoint,New
York.RenamedEmeryRice,forthemasterofthemerchantshipMongoliathefirstU.S.vesseltofireonaUboatin1917shewaswithdrawnfromseaduty
in1944.Fourteenyearslatershewasbrokenupforscrap.Althoughitwasimpossibletopreservetheship,theSanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum'sKarlKortum
savedthesixtyonetonhorizontalbackactingcompoundcondensingmainpropulsionsteamengine(knowninEnglandasareturnconnectingrodengine).Aftera
quartercenturyinstorage,thisenginewasputondisplayattheAmericanMerchantMarineMuseuminKingsPoint.
Imagenotavailable.
ThebarkentineriggedscrewsteamerUSSRANGER
dryingsails,probablyofftheMareIslandNavyYard,
California,inDecember1899,towardstheendofher
twodecadetourofdutyasafisheriesprotectionvessel.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.
McCready,"EmeryRiceEngine."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSRanger(CV4)
Rangerclassaircraftcarrier(3m/6f).L/B/D:769'81.7'(86'ew)19.7'(234.4m24.9m(26.2m)6m).Tons:14,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,7882,461.
Arm.:76aircraft85",40mg.Armor:2"belt1"flightdeck.Mach.:gearedturbines,53,500shp,2shafts29kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDock
Co.,NewportNews,Va.1934.
ThesixthUSSRangerwasthefourthAmericanaircraftcarrierbuilt,butthefirsttobedesignedassuchfromthekeelup.Amongherotherinnovationswasthe
additionofagallerydeckforthedefensivearmamentjustbelowtheflightdeck.Hermostdistinctiveattributewashersixfunnels,threeoneithersideoftheflightdeck
aft,whichcouldfolddownduringflightoperations.ThoughsubstantiallylargerthantheescortcarriersbuiltduringWorldWarII,Rangerwastoolightandtooslowto
beeffectiveasafleetcarrier.
RangerbeganhercareerintheAtlanticbeforetransferringtothePacific,wheresheremaineduntil1939.ShethenreturnedtotheAtlanticfordutywiththeNeutrality
Patrol,designedtokeepEuropeanbelligerentsfromoperatinginAmericanwaters.AftertheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember7,1941,Ranger
commencedfourmonthsofpatrolsintheSouthAtlantic.FollowingmaintenanceinNorfolk,shecarriedatotalof140ArmyAirForceplanesontwovoyagesto
Accra,WestAfrica.InNovember1942,shetookpartintheAlliedinvasionofNorthAfrica.FromNovember8to11,herplanesflew496combatsortiesover
targetsbetweenRabatandCasablanca,destroying85enemyplanes,scoresoftanksandothervehicles,anddisablingtheFrenchdestroyerAlbatros.Ranger'slosses
totaled16planes.
InFebruary1943,shecarried75planestoAccraand,afterpatrolsalongtheEastCoast,Rangerwasattachedto

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Britain'sHomeFleetinAugust.InOctober,shetookpartinraidsonGermanshippingnearBod,Norway.ReturningstatesideinJanuary,Rangerconvoyeda
further76planestoCasablancainApril.Refittedforserviceasanightfighterinterceptortrainingcarrier,sheproceededtothePacificinJuly1944.Decommissioned
in1946,shewassoldforscrapthenextyear.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Ranger
Jclasscutter.L/B/D:135.5'20.7'19'(41.2m6.4m2.3m).Tons:128grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:24.Des.:W.StarlingBurgess&OlinStephens.Built:Bath
IronWorks,Bath,Me.1937.
ThefinestandfastestofthetoweringBermudariggedJboatsthatcompetedfortheAmerica'sCupin1930(SHAMROCKVvs.Enterprise),1934(Endeavour
vs.Rainbow),andin1937,RangerwasdesignedbytheteamofStarlingBurgessandthetwentynineyearoldOlinStephens.NamedforJohnPaulJones's
command,herownerwasHaroldS.Vanderbilt,thefirstsoleownerofaCupdefendersinceGeneralCharlesJ.Paine,whoseVolunteerhadbeendesignedby
Burgess'sfather,Edward,in1887.EnroutefromBathtoMarblehead,Rangerlosther165footduraluminummastassherolledinaquarteringsea.Ittookthree
weekstomakeanewmast,butevenriggedwithRainbow'ssmallermastasatemporaryreplacement,RangereasilywontherighttodefendtheCupwithtwelve
straightvictoriesinmatchraces.Asananonymousobserverwrote,"W.StarlingBurgessandOlinJ.Stephens,indesigningRanger,hitonsomethingthatjumpedover
sometwentyyearsofnormalprogressinyachtdesignandcamedownwithaboatwhosespeed,comparedwithhercontemporaries,isnothingshortofphenomenal."
ToavoidherthirteenthracebeingthefirstoftheCupseries,sheracedtwicemore,losingtoT.O.M.Sopwith's1933challenger,Endeavour,andtoYankee.The
CupseriesbeganonJuly31,andRangersweptSopwith'sEndeavourII,settingfivecourserecordsinasmanyraces.Heroverallrecordconsistedofthirtytwo
victoriesinthirtyfourracescompletedwithanaveragemarginofvictoryof7minutes,42secondsthetwolosseswerebyanaverageofonly45seconds.Ranger's
careerwasasbriefasitwasbrilliant,andshewasbrokenupforscrapin1941.
Snow,BathIronWorks.Taylor,"Ranger,theAmericanDefender."

CSSRappahannock
(exHMSVictor,Scylla)Commerceraider(2f/3m).L/B/D:201'(lbp)30.3'14.5'(61.3m9.2m4.4m).Tons:1,042tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:100.Arm.:2
9"Mach.:reciprocatingengines,350nhp,1screw11kts.Built:Mare&Co.,Blackwall,Eng.1856.
Laiddownandlaunchedasascrewgunship,HMSVictorsawserviceintheRoyalNavyduringtheCrimeanWarbutwasputinordinaryafteronlytwoyearsin
commission.SoldtoaConfederatenavalagentwhoclaimedtowantherfortheChinatrade,BritishauthoritiesseizedtherenamedScyllawhenitbecameclearshe
wasintendedforserviceintheConfederateNavyasareplacementforCSSGEORGIA.Withherrefitstillincomplete,onNovember24,1863,hercrewtookher
outofSheernesswithriggersandmachinistsstillaboard.CommissionedatseaandnamedfortheVirginiariver,herenginesburnedoutandsheputintoCalaisfor
repairs.InFebruary1864theFrenchgovernment,afraidofcompromisingitsneutrality,refusedtoallowherdeparture,andshespentthebalanceofthewarasa
supplyvessel.Followingthewar,shewasturnedovertotheU.S.government.
Spencer,ConfederateNavyinEurope.

HMSRattler
Screwsloop(1f/3m).L/B/D:176.5'32.7'11.8'(53.8m10m3.6m).Tons:1,112disp.Hull:wood.Arm.:168pdr,432pdrcarr.Mach.:vertical
"Siamese"engine,519ihp,1screw9.1kts.Des.:IsambardKingdomBrunel&FrancisPetitSmith.Built:SheernessDockyard,Eng.1843.
FollowingaseriesofdemonstrationsofthefeasibilityofscrewpropulsionbyJohnEricsson(withthe45footlaunchFrancesB.Ogden),FrancisPetitSmith(withthe
34launchFrancisSmithandthe237tonArchimedes),andothersinthelate1830s,theAdmiraltyBoardorderedtheconstructionofitsfirstscrewsteamerin
1840.WithmachinerydesignedbyIsambardKingdomBrunel(whohadchangedthepropulsionofGREATBRITAINonthestrengthoftheArchimedestrials)and
Smith,Rattlereasilyattained83/4knotsandprovedherselfinraceswithherpaddledrivenhalfsisterPolyphemus.BetweenFebruary1844andJanuary1845,the
designersexperimentedwiththirtytwodifferentpropellersoftwo,three,andfourblades.ThemostsuccessfulofthesewasaSmithtwobladepropellerwitha
diameterof10feet1inch,apitchof11feet,andalengthof1foot3inches.
TheultimatecontestbetweenscrewandpaddlepropulsionwasactuallyaseriesofracesbetweenRattlerand

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ALECTO,anotherpaddlehalfsister.StartingonMarch30,1845,thetwoshipsracedeachotherinavarietyofconditionsandusingvariouscombinationsof
propulsion:steamorsailonly,orbothtogether.ThemostcelebratedcontestfellonApril4,whenRattlerandAlectoengagedinatugofwar.Alectowasgivena
significantadvantagebytowingRattlersterntoat2knotsbeforeRattler'sengineswereengaged.Fiveminuteslater,RattlerhadpulledAlectotoastandstillandwas
soonpullingthepaddledrivenvesselat2.8knots.AlthoughthisisfrequentlycitedastheturningpointintheAdmiralty'sthinkingaboutscrewpropulsion,ithad
alreadyorderedsevenscrewfrigates,aswellasothersmallerships,andthefirstscrewbattleship,HMSAjax,wasabouttobelaiddown.
HMSRattlerwasfinallycommissionedin1849,whenshejoinedtheantislaverypatroloffAfricaunderCommanderArthurCumming.Twoyearslatershewas
dispatchedtotheEastIndiesstation,wheretheRoyalNavywasactiveinthesuppressionofpiracyalongthecoastsofChinaandMalaysia.InJuly1855,under
CommanderWilliamFellowes,shewasjoinedbyHMSEagletandcrewfromtheUSSPOWHATANinfreeingfourshipstakenbypiratesatKulan,China.An
estimated500pirateswerekilledandanother1,000takenprisoner,withthelossofonlysixBritishandfourAmericanlives.RattlerreturnedtoBritainshortly
thereafterandwasbrokenupatWoolwichin1856.
Brown,"IntroductionoftheScrewPropellerintotheRoyalNavy."Lambert,ed.,Steam,Steel,andShellfire.Phillips,ShipsoftheOldNavy.

Rawalpindi
Passengership.L/B/D:547.7'71.3'18.9'(166.9m21.7m5.8m).Tons:16,619grt.Hull:steel.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,2screws.Built:Harland&
Wolff,Ltd.,Belfast,NorthernIreland1925.
OneoffoursocalledRclasspassengershipsbuiltforthePeninsularandOrientalSteamNavigationCompanyinthemid1920s(hersisterswereRajputana,
Ranchi,andRanpura),Rawalpindiwasbuiltforthecompany'stradebetweenGreatBritainandIndiaviatheMediterranean,SuezCanal,andRedSea.
RequisitionedforwartimeserviceonAugust24,1939,oneweekbeforetheGermaninvasionofPolandignitedWorldWarII,RawalpindiwasthefirstP&Oship
convertedforserviceontheNorthernPatroltointerceptGermanmerchantshipsandtoescortAlliedconvoys.OntheafternoonofNovember23,Rawalpindi
(namedforatributaryoftheIndusRiver)wassteamingbetweenIcelandandtheFaeroeIslandswhensheencounteredtheGermanbattlecruisersSCHARNHORST
andGNEISENAU.Fittedwithonlyeight6inchgunsandcrewedlargelywithnavalreservists,Rawalpindiwasnomatchforheropponents,bothofwhichhada
primaryarmamentofnine11inchguns.Nonetheless,CaptainE.C.Kennedysteeredhisshipdirectlyfortheenemy.Aquarterofanhourlater,Rawalpindiwas
sinkingand54ofhercrewof365weredead.Theheroicactionwasnotacompleteloss,fortheshipalertedtheHomeFleetandtheGermanbattlecruiserswere
forcedtoaborttheirfirstwartimecruiseandreturntoport.
Edwards,Salvo!Howarth&Howarth,StoryofP&O.

Reale
Galley(3m).L/B/D:ca.131'18'4.5'(40m5.5m1.5m).Tons:170disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:700.Arm.:136pdr,29pdr,84.5pdr.Built:<1571.
Reale,orRoyal,isthenamegiventoDonJuanofAustria'sflagshipattheBattleofLepantoin1571.Thelastgreatbattlebetweenoaredships,Lepantopitteda
combinedfleetofVenetian,Papal,andSpanishgalleysagainstaunitaryTurkishfleet.In1570,theTurksdemandedthatVenicecedecontrolofCyprus,andwhenthe
VenetiansrefusedtheybesiegedtheportofNicosia.VeniceappealedtootherChristianpowersforhelp,andfoundalliesinPopePiusV,whoignoredthePapacy's
traditionalrivalrywithVeniceinnorthernItaly,andSpain'sPhilipII,whowasindifferenttoVenetiantroublesintheeastbutirritatedbyMuslimpiratesinthewestern
Mediterranean.FleetsfromthethreeunlikelyalliessailedtoCreteattheendofAugust,butbytheendofSeptembertheyhadsplitupandreturnedhome.Meanwhile,
theTurkscapturedNicosiaandbesiegedFamagusta.Thoughprospectsforjointactionweredim,Venice,Spain,andthePapacyhammeredoutaTreatyofAlliance
inMay1571.DonJohnofAustria,sonofEmperorCharlesVandhalfbrotherofPhilipII,wasdesignatedCaptainGeneral,whileSebastianoVeniero,Venice's
generalatsea,andMarcAntonioColonna,thepapalcommanderinchief,reportedtohim.
InSeptember1571,thefleetsassembledatMessina,Sicily,andsailedfromthereonSeptember16.SkirtingthecoastofItaly,theycrossedtheAdriatictoarriveten
dayslateratCorfu,oppositetheGulfofPatras.TheTurkishfleethadbeenraidingVenetianoutpostsalongtheDalmatiancoastoftheAdriatic,andwiththefallof
Fam

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agustainAugust,AliPashawasorderedtofindanddestroytheChristianfleet.OnthedaytheenemyleftMessina,hesailedforLepanto(inGreek,Navpaktos)on
thestraitbetweentheGulfsofPatrasandCorinth.ReconnaissancemissionsbyboththeChristiansandtheTurksunderestimatedeachother'sstrength,andby
October7,1571,bothsideswereeagerforbattle.
ToensurethattheChristianfleetwouldfightasone,shipsofallnationalitiesweremixedthroughthedifferentsquadrons,andDonJohn,Veniero,andColonnasailed
sidebysideattheheadofthe62galleysinthecentersquadron.JuandeCardonasailedwith7galleysinthevan,AgostinoBarbarigoofVeniceontheleftflankwith
53galleys,AndreaDoriaofGenoawith50galleysontheright,and,inreserve,theMarquisofSantuzwith30galleys.SixVenetiangalleassescommandedby
AntonioDuodosailedaheadofthemainsquadrons.TheChristianshadabout44,000menand30,000soldiers,mostofthelatterrelyingongunsratherthanbows
andarrowsastheirchiefweapon.
OpposingtheChristianswasaslightlylargerTurkishforceunderAliPashainthecenterwith90galleys,UluchAliwith61galleysand32galliotsontheleftwing,and
MohammedSciroccowith55galleysontheright.Inadditiontherewereabout30vesselsinreservetotalTurkishmanpowerwasabout75,000.AlthoughtheTurks
hadanumericalsuperiorityinshipsandtheirlinewasamilelongerthanthealliedone,Turkishgalleystendedtobemorelightlybuiltnordidtheyhaveanything
equivalenttotheheavyfirepoweroftheVenetiangalleasses,whichmountedaheavierbroadsidearmamentthangalleys,carriedonadeckabovetherowers.
Thepowerofthesehybridshipstoldearly,andtheysankagalleyofScirocco'ssquadronatabout1030anddisruptedtheTurkishlineasitpassedandveered
towardstheshore.AliPasha'sdivisionattackedtheChristiancenterandhadtheadvantageuntilaPapalgalleyattackedtheTurkishflagship.By1300,theTurkish
standardwascapturedandAliPashadead,andtheTurkishcenterwasdisintegrating.Thecourseofbattleonthesouthernflankwasthesubjectofmuchdiscussion.
UluchAlitriedtooutflankDoria,buttheGenoesemovedsouthtopreventhimfromdoingso,untilUluchAliwheeledandattackedthecenteragain.Venetian
resentmentoftheGenoeseDoriawassogreatthathewaslateraccusedoftryingtofleethebattle.Infactheacquittedhimselfbravely.
Bytheendofthebattle,theTurkshadlost80shipssunkordamagedbeyondrepairandanother130captured.Casualtiestotaled30,000deadandwounded,about
7,000takenprisoner,andabout10,000Christiangalleyslavesfreed.Againstthese,theChristianshadlost12shipsandabout7,700men,withanother14,000
wounded.AlthoughdefeatcouldhavespelleddisasterforChristianEurope,thevictorywasmostimportantasproofthattheTurkswerenotinvincible.TheChristian
alliespursuedatiresomecampaignin1572duringwhichtheycapturedasingleTurkishship,andthatwinterVenicesignedatreatyunderwhichitsmerchantswere
allowedtoresumetheirtradetoAlexandria.Itmatteredlittle,fortheoldspiceroutetotheEast(uponwhichVenetianprosperityrested)wasgoingthewayofthe
oaredgalley,replacedbyPortuguesecarrackstradingdirectlywiththeIndiesviatheCapeofGoodHope.
Rodgers,NavalWarfareunderOars.

RearAdmiralPopov
Circularbattleship(2f).L/D:120.0'14.8'(36.6mdia.4.5m).Tons:3,550disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:206.Arm.:212.2".Armor:1.8"belt.Mach.:compound
engines,4,500ihp,6screws8kts.Des.:AndreiAleksandrovichPopov.Built:NewAdmiraltyYard,St.Petersburg,Russia1874.
ThelargerandbetterknownoftwocircularbattleshipsbuiltbytheRussianImperialNavyinthe1870s,RearAdmiralPopovwaslaiddownasKievbutlater
renamedinhonorofherdesigner,RearAdmiralAndreiAleksandrovichPopov.Popov'sideawastocreateastableplatformforlargecalibergunstoguardthe
shallowcoastalwatersaroundtheBlackSeaportsofOdessa,Nikolayev,andOchakov.Theshipsmountedtwo11inchguns(theymayhavebeenfittedultimately
with12inchguns)mountedonarevolvingturntablethatcouldturninanarcofthirtyfivedegreesoneithersideofthecenterline.Novgorod,thefirstofthetwoships,
wasconstructedatSt.Petersburgin1872andthentakenapartandputontrainsforreassemblyatNikolayev,whereshewascompletedin1874.Kievwasbuiltfrom
thekeelupatNikolayev.AfterreviewingtheresultsofNovgorod'strials,Popovrecommendedthatthesecondship'sdiameterbeenlargedbyalmostsixmeters.
KievwasrenamedinhonorofPopovbeforeherlaunch,andbyimperialdecreebothshipsweredesignatedasPopovkas,aswasLIVADIA,ayachtofsimilar
design.BothRearAdmiralPopovandNovgorodperformedwellintheirassignedroles,andduringtheRussoTurkishWar,thetwoshipsservedwiththeDanube
Flotilla.DesignatedCoastalDefenseArmorCladShipsin1892,theylaterservedasstoreshipsuntilstrickenfromthenavallistsin1903.Theywerenotscrapped
until1912.
Martelle."NovgorodandRearAdmiralPopov."

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Imagenotavailable.
ThecuriouslydesignedRussiancircularironcladREARADMIRALPOPOVlyingintheNikolaiev
DepositingDock,SouthRussia.Thedesignconceptwasaninterestingone,butitfellshortof
expectations.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Rebecca
Brig.Hull:wood.Built:England(?)<1731.
AnotherwiseobscuremerchantbrigthatsailedbetweentheWestIndiesandEngland,RebeccawasdetainedbyaSpanishpatroloffthecoastofHavanaonApril9,
1731.TheSpanishCaptainFandino,whowasknownforhisexcesses,pillagedtheshipandabusedthecrew,goingsofarastosliceofftheearofRobertJenkins,
Rebecca'smaster.AlthoughtheSpanishintentwasthattheship"shouldperishinherpassage,"shearrivedatLondononJune11,1731.Jenkins'scasegained
widespreadattention,andhewassummonedbeforeGeorgeII.Therethematterlayforsevenyears.RelationsbetweenEnglishmerchantsandSpanishauthority
continuedtodeteriorate,andin1738ParliamentcalledJenkinstotestifyabouthisexperience.Hispatriotictestimony"IcommittedmysoultoGodandmycause
tomycountry"andthedisplayofwhatheclaimedweretheremainsofhisearmadeitinevitablethattheensuingconflictwithSpainbecomeknownastheWarof
Jenkins'Ear.ThisrapidlyevolvedintothemorecomplexWaroftheAustrianSuccession(173948),bestrememberedinnavalhistoryforCommodoreGeorge
Anson'scircumnavigationinHMSCENTURIONandthelossofHMSWAGERinthesamevoyage.
DictionaryofNationalBiography.

RedJacket
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:251.2'44'31'(76.6m13.4m9.4m).Tons:2,305reg.Hull:wood.Comp.:98crew650passengers.Built:GeorgeThomas,
Rockland,Me.1853.
NamedfortheSenecachiefSagoyewatha,knownasRedJacketfortheBritishArmyofficer'scoathewore,theclipperRedJacketwasbuiltforSeacombeand
Taylor,Boston,whointendedtoputherintheCaliforniatrade.UnderCaptainAsaEldridge,shesailedfromNewYorktoLiverpoolandmadethepassagein13
days,1hour,and25minutes,docktodock,asailingshiprecordthatstandstothepresentday.CharteredbyPilkington&Wilson'sWhiteStarLinechiefrivalof
JamesBaines'sBlackBallLineforservicetoMelbourne,underCaptainSamuelReidshemadethepassagein69days,11hours,and15minutes.Afterareturn
passageof73days,shewaspurchasedbyWhiteStar.ShewasconsideredthesmartestlookingshipintheBritishmerchantfleet,andoneofthefastest.Aftersome
runstoIndia,shewassoldtoWilson&Chambers,Liverpool,andthentoH.Milvain,Newcastle,forthetimbertradebetweenQuebecandLondon.In1883,she
wassoldtoTurner&Company,London.ShewashulkedintheCapeVerdeIslandsin1886.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Page426

Reliance
Cutter.L/B/D:144'25.8'19.6'(43.9m7.9m6m).Tons:189disp.Hull:bronzeplateonsteelframes.Comp.:66.Des.:NathanaelG.Herreshoff.Built:
HerreshoffManufacturingCo.,Bristol,R.I.1903.
Thelargestsinglemastedvesseleverbuilt,CaptainNatHerreshoff'sfourthAmerica'sCupdefender,Reliance,wasoneoftheearliestexamplesofaracingmachine.
BuiltforasyndicateheadedbyNewYorkYachtClubCommodoreC.OliverIselin,belowdeckReliancewasanopen,unfinishedhullwithexposedframes.She
wasthefirstAmerica'sCupracertoemploywinchesbelowdeck,givingheradecidedadvantageoverthechallenger,SirThomasLipton'sShamrockIII,which
reliedonunassistedmanpower.Aboveallitwashermassivesailplanthatcaughttheeye.Reliancehadasparredlengthof201feet6inchesfromthetipofthe
bowsprittotheafterendoftheboom,hertopmasttowered199feet6inchesabovethewaterline,andherspinnakerpolewas83feet9incheslong.Her17,730
squarefeetofsailequivalenttothatofabouteight12meteryachtsdroveRelianceatspeedsreaching17.5knotsonhermaidenvoyage,fasterthanmostofthe
steamyachtsthatsailedouttowatchher.
Imagenotavailable.
NatHerreshoff'scelebratedAmerica'sCupdefenderRELIANCEof
1903.Her17,730squarefeetofsailincludeamain,gafftopsail,fore
staysail,jib,andjibtopsail.LithographbyBurnellPoole,courtesy
thefamilyofBurnellPoole.

UndertheredoubtableCaptainCharlieBarr,inthetrialracesRelianceeasilydefeatedColumbia,whichhaddefendedtheCupagainstLipton'sShamrockin1899
andShamrockIIin1901.InthefirstraceagainstLipton'sthirdchallenger,theWilliamFifedesignedShamrockIII,inAugust1903,Reliancesailedthethirtymile
coursein3hours,32minutes,17seconds,winningwithamarginof7minutes,3seconds.Liptonclosedthegapinthesecondrace,losingbyonly1minute,18
seconds,againstReliance'stimeof3hours,14minutes,54seconds.Thethirdracewassailedinlightairsandneitherboatfinishedwithintheallottedtime.
Reliancefinishedherfirstandonlyseasonundefeated,forthenextyearshewasbrokenup.Bythispoint,the''90footer"America'sCupboatssocalledfortheir
waterlinelengthweresoextreme,costly,andevendangerousthatHerreshoffwasaskedtodeviseanewratingrule.TheUniversalRulewasfirstemployedinthe
nextAmerica'sCupchallenge,heldbetweenResoluteandShamrockIVin1920.
Herreshoff,H.C.,"AHistoryofAmerica'sCupYachtRacing."Herreshoff,L.F.,CaptainNatHerreshoff.

HMSRenown
Repulseclassbattlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:794.2'90'25.8'(242.1m27.4m7.8m).Tons:32,727disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,180.Arm.:615"(32),17
4",63pdr221"TT4aircraft.Armor:9"belt,5.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,126,000shp,4shafts32.6kts.Built:FairfieldShipping&Engineering
Co.,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1916.
LaiddowninJanuary1915andcompletedtwentymonthslater,RenownwasoneoftwoveryfastbattlecruisersorderedbytheAdmiraltyonthestrengthofthe
successoftheINVINCIBLEclassshipsoverAdmiralGrafvonSpee'ssquadronattheBattleoftheFalklands.Despitetheirspeed,theywerefittedwithonlysix15
inchgunsandtheywereweaklyarmored.ThelatterdeficiencywasneverthreatenedduringWorldWarI,butduringRenown'stwointerwarrefits(192326and
193639),aneffortwasmadetoimproveherdefenseagainsttorpedoandaircraftattack.
AssignedtotheHomeFleetatthestartofWorldWarII,onApril8,1940,RenownengagedSCHARNHORSTandADMIRALHIPPER.From1940to1943she
sawactionwithForceHintheMediterranean,sailingasaconvoy

Page427

Imagenotavailable.
Forshipsatwar,thecommonenemyistheweather.Herethe
powerfulbattlecruiserHMSRENOWNisseenlaboringinastorm,
inaphototakenfromtheaircraftcarrierARKROYALwhenthe
twoshipswerepartofForceH,basedatGibraltarin194041.It
wasinjustsuchconditionsthatARKROYALlaunchedten
SwordfishduringthehuntfortheBISMARCKinMay1941.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

escortandtakingpartinthebombardmentofGenoainFebruary1941.In1943,sheembarkedPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillonhisreturnfromCanada,anden
routetotheTeheranConference.InDecembershejoinedtheEasternFleetforoperationsagainsttheJapaneseintheDutchEastIndies.Returningtohomewatersin
March1945,RenownfinishedthewaratDevonport.Shewassoldandbrokenupin1948.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.Smith,HitFirst,HitHard.

Republic
Liner(1f/4m).L/B:585'67.8'(178.3mbp20.7m).Tons:15,378grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st250+,steerage230+crew300.Mach.:quadrupleexpansion,
10,000ihp,2screws16kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Ltd.,Belfast,Ireland1903.
BuiltfortheDominionLine'sservicebetweenLiverpoolandBoston,Columbusmadeonlytwovoyagesbeforethatcompany'sLiverpoolBostonandBoston
MediterraneanroutesweretakenoverbyWhiteStarLine,thedominantcompanyoftheInternationalMercantileMarineCompanyofwhichDominionwasalsoa
part.RenamedRepublic,theshipsailedontheNorthAtlanticruninthespring,andbetweenBoston,Naples,andGenoainthefallandwinter.In1902,Elder
Dempster'sLAKECHAMPLAINhadbecomethefirstpassengerlinerfittedwithMarconiwirelessradio,andRepublicwasoneofthefirstshipstobesimilarly
outfitted.OnJanuary23,1909,shewasoutwardboundfromNewYorkwithreliefsuppliesforvictimsofacatastrophicearthquakeinsouthernItaly.Atabout0530,
inposition4017'N,70W,shecollidedwiththeLloydItalianolinerFlorida(CaptainAngeloRuspini),whosepassengersincluded838earthquakesurvivors.
Republic'sCaptainWilliamInmanSealbyorderedradiomanJohnR.BinnstobeginbroadcastingtheCQDdistresssignalinthefirstemergencyuseofaradioonthe
highseas.(Popularlythoughttostandfor"Comequick,danger,"CQDcomprisedtwoelements:CQwasthesignalfor"allstationsattention"andDmeant"urgent."
SOShadbeenformallyadoptedastheinternationaldistresscallin1908,butitwasnotyetinwideuse.)Republic'spassengersweretransferredfirsttoFloridaand
thentoWhiteStar'sBaltic(CaptainJohnR.Ranson)whenshearrivedshortlyafter1800.OthershipsrespondingtoRepublic'sdistresscalls,relayedviaaradio
stationonNantucket,includedLaLorraine,CityofEverett,Furnessia,Lucania,andtherevenuecuttersGreshamandSeneca.FloridalimpedontoNewYork
underherownpower,whileRepublicwastakenintowbyGreshamandFurnessiainthehopesofbeachingheronMartha'sVineyard.Shortlyafter2030on
January24,shesanksouthoftheisland.Inall,threeofRepublic'spassengersandthreeofFlorida'screwdiedasaresultofthecollision.
Eaton&Haas,FallingStar.Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

HMSRepulse
Repulseclassbattlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:794.2'90'27'(242.1m27.4m8.2m).Tons:38,300disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,180.Arm.:615"(32),17
4",63pdr221"TT4aircraft.Armor:9"belt,5.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,120,000shp,4shafts31.5kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Clydebank,
Scotland1916.
HMSRepulsewasoneoftwoveryfastbattlecruisersorderedbytheAdmiraltyin1915onthestrengthofthesuccessoftheINVINCIBLEclassshipsoverAdmiral
GrafvonSpee'ssquadronattheBattleoftheFalklandstheotherwasRENOWN.InWorldWarI,Repulse'scombatservicewiththeBattleCruiserSquadronwas
limitedtoa

Page428

skirmishwithGermanlightcruisersintheHelgolandBightonNovember17,1917.Followingthewar,herbeltarmorwasincreasedtonineinches.Duringtheinterwar
periodshemadeseverallongcruises,includingonearoundtheworld,andsheservedwiththeHomeandMediterraneanfleets.
WhenWorldWarIIbegan,RepulseservedonconvoydutyintheAtlantic,andinApril1940shetookpartinvariousactionsduringtheGermaninvasionofNorway.
InOctober1941,shewassenttotheFarEastwithHMSPRINCEOFWALESasthenucleusoftheEasternFleetunderAdmiralSirTomPhillips.Theyarrivedat
SingaporeonDecember2.Sixdayslater,theJapaneseattackedPearlHarborandbegantheirdriveintoSoutheastAsia.AlsoonDecember8,Force"Z"thetwo
capitalshipsanddestroyersHMSElectra,Express,andTenedos,andHMASVampiresortiedtoattackJapaneseforcesinsouthernThailand.Force"Z"was
sightedbysubmarineI68thenextafternoon,butavoidedfurtherdetectionuntil0220onDecember10.Shortlybeforedawn,theJapaneselaunchedthirtyfourland
basedbombersandfiftyonetorpedobombers,whichattackedthetwocapitalshipsat1115.Theplanesmadethreeseparateattacks,andRepulsesankat1235,an
hourbeforePrinceofWales.Theremainsoftheshipwerelocatedin1959lyingin337'N,10420'E.Thelossofthetwoshipswasthefirstunqualified
demonstrationofthevulnerabilityofcapitalshipstocoordinatedairattackonthehighseas.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.Middlebrook&Mahoney,Battleship.

Resolute
(exRefuge,Ptarmigan)Bark(3m).L/B/D:115'28.3'11.5'(35.1m8.6m3.5m).Tons:424bm.Comp.:61.Hull:wood.Built:Smith(?),Shields,Eng.
1849.
BuiltasthemerchantshipPtarmiganandpurchasedbytheRoyalNavyin1850,HMDiscoveryShipResolutewasoneofsixvesselssentoutthatyearunder
commandofCaptainHenryAustininsearchofSirJohnFranklin'sHMSEREBUSandTERROR.TheexpeditionalsoincludedtheRoyalNavy'sbarkAssistance,
thesteamersIntrepidandPioneer,andtheprivatelyownedbrigsLadyFranklinandSophia.TheshipswinteredinLancasterSoundandreturnedtoEnglandinthe
fallof1851,havingfoundnotraceofFranklin'sships.
ThefourNavyshipssailedagainfortheArcticinApril1852.TheexpeditionwasledbySirEdwardBelcherinAssistance,withCaptainHenryKellettinResolute,
CaptainSherardOsborninPioneer,andCaptainFrancisL.McClintockinIntrepid.LeavingthesupplyshipNorthStaratBeecheyIslandinLancasterSound,
AssistanceandPioneerturnednorthintoWellingtonSound(betweenDevonandCornwallisIslands)wheretheywereicedinoffGriffithIsland.Resoluteand
IntrepidsailedwesttowardsMelvilleIslandandreachedWinterHarboronSeptember5beforewithdrawingtoDealyIsland,thirtyfivemileseast.Fromthere,
varioussledgingexpeditionssetoutinsearchofboththeFranklinexpeditionandthatofLeopoldMcClure'sINVESTIGATORandRichardCollinson's
Enterprisethe"searchforthesearchers."ReturningtoWinterHarbor,asledgepartyfoundanotefromMcClure'spartyindicatingthatInvestigatorwasatBanks
Island,175milessouthwestacrossMelvilleSound.ThefollowingApril,arescuepartywassentoutandthesurvivorsoftheInvestigatorreturnedtoResolute.
HavingexhaustedanyhopeoffindingFranklin'sexpeditioninBarrowStraitorMelvilleSound,KellettdecidedtoreturntoBeecheyIsland.Theicewasimpenetrable,
andResoluteandIntrepidwinteredoffthesoutheastofBathurstIsland.Inthesummerof1854,BelchersentordersforKelletttoabandonhisshipsandmarchhis
mentoBeecheyIsland.Kellettreluctantlycomplied.OnAugust26,1854,NorthStarturnedforhomewithatotalcomplementof263men,comprisingthecrewsof
sixships,includingherown.Thesameday,shefellinwiththesupplyshipsPhoenixandTalbot,andthemenweredividedbetweenthethreeshipsforthereturnto
England.
Thoughacquittedforhispoorhandlingofhisships,noneofwhichwasatriskofsinkingwhenabandoned,Belcherwaspubliclydisgraced.Ayearafterhisreturnto
England,theAmericanwhalerGeorgeHenrycameuponResolutedriftingintheDavisStrait1,100mileseastofwhereshewasabandoned.CaptainJames
BuddingtontooktheshipintowtoNewLondon,Connecticut.TheU.S.governmentpurchasedthevesselandafterarefitpresentedhertotheBritishgovernment.
TheshipwaseventuallylaidupatChatham,butbeforeshewasbrokenupin1879,QueenVictoriaorderedatablemadefromhertimbersandpresentedtoPresident
RutherfordB.Hayes.In1961,PresidentJohnF.KennedyhadthedeskmovedtotheOvalOfficeoftheWhiteHouse.
deBray,FrenchmaninSearchofFranklin.M'Dougall,EventfulVoyageofH.M.DiscoveryShip"Resolute."

HMSResolution
(exDrake,MarquisofGranby)Shipsloop(3m).L/B/D:110.7'30.5'13.2'dph(33.7m9.3m4m).Tons:461tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:11212civilians.
Arm.:126pdr,12swivels.Built:Fishburn,Whitby,Eng.1770.

Page429

ShortlyafterreturningtoEnglandfromhisfirstvoyageofdiscoveryinENDEAVOUR,CommanderJamesCookwasgiventwoshipsforavoyagetodeterminethe
existenceofagreatsoutherncontinent.Cook'sflagshipwasResolutionwhileCommanderTobiasFurneauxwastheseniorofficeraboardADVENTUREoriginally
barkriggedNorthSeacolliers,thetwowerereriggedasships.TheshipsdepartedPlymouthonJuly13,1772.AfterastayatCapeTown,inNovembertheysailed
southtobecomethefirstshipsknowntohavecrossedtheAntarcticCircle,onJanuary17,1773,reachingasfarsouthas6715'S.Thetwoshipswereseparatedby
fogonFebruary8,andafterfailingtofindAdventure,CookcontinuedexploringthefringesofthesouthernicepackuntilMarch17,whenheturnedforNew
Zealand.TheyarrivedatDuskySoundonSouthIslandonMarch25andrendezvousedwithAdventureatShipCoveinQueenCharlotteSoundonthesouthsideof
CookStraitonMay18.
Amonthlatertheysailedeast,lookingforland,thenturnedforTahiti,stayingtherefromAugust15toSeptember7.Sailingwest,thetwoshipscalledintheTonga
Islands,whichCooknamed"theFriendlyArchipelagoasalastingfriendshipseemstosubsistamongtheInhabitantsandtheirCourtesytoStrangersintitlesthemto
thatName,"beforeheadingagainforNewZealand,wheretheyarrivedattheendofOctober.ResolutionandAdventurewereseparatedinastormandafterwaiting
atCookStraituntilNovember26,Resolutionheadedsouth.TheshipcrossedtheAntarcticCircleforthesecondtimeandultimatelyreachedasfaras7110'S,106
30'W(eastofthePalmerPeninsula).AfterstoppingatEasterIsland,shecontinuedeastthroughtheMarquesas,toTahiti,whereCookandhiscrewwerewarmly
entertainedforsixweeks.ResolutionsailedagainonJune4andafterexploringEspirituSanto(Vanuatu),NewCaledonia,andNorfolkIsland,shearrivedagainat
theCookStrait.
Amonthlater,ResolutionshapedacourseforCapeHornonNovember9.SheexploredTierradelFuegoandStatenIslandfromDecember17toJanuary3,1775,
andthensailedeast,discoveringuninhabitedSouthGeorgiaIslandonJanuary14andtheSouthSandwichIslandsafewdayslater.Havingsailedthelengthofthe
SouthernOcean,but"havingfailedtofindasoutherncontinent"asCookexplainedtotheAdmiralty"becauseitdoesnotlieinanavigablesea,"shesailedfor
CapeTown.AfterseveralAtlanticstops,ResolutionarrivedatSpitheadonJuly29.
Nolessremarkablethanthisexpedition'sextraordinarycontributiontogeographicknowledgeisthefactthat,thankstoCook'sstrictregimenforcleaningandairing
theshipandtheantiscorbuticdiet(including"sourkrout")heinsistedontopreventscurvy,inthecourseofa70,000milevoyagelastingthreeyearsandeighteendays,
onlyfourofResolution'screwdied,andonlyoneofthemtosickness.
PromotedtotherankofPostCaptain,CookwassoonoffagainonavoyagetofindtheNorthwestPassage,forthediscoveryofwhichtheBritishParliamenthad
pledged20,000.Resolutionwasretainedforthepurpose,thistimepairedwithDISCOVERYunderCaptainCharlesClerke.AmongResolution'screwonthis
voyagewereLieutenantJohnGoreandWilliamBligh,whosailedasmaster,andOmai,whowasreturningtoTahitiaftertwoyearsinLondon,wherehehadtraveled
inAdventure.ResolutionsailedonJuly14,1776,andwasjoinedbyDiscoveryatCapeTownonNovember10.
Theshipscontinuedeastward,stoppingatnewandfamiliarlands,includingthreemonthsinVanDiemen'sLand,TongaIslands,andTahiti.Theexpeditionleftthe
SouthPacificandheadednorth.AfterstoppingintheSandwich(Hawaiian)IslandsinJanuary1778,theysailednorthwest,arrivingonthecoastofNorthAmericaon
March7andatNootkaSoundonthe29th.ThereResolutionreceivedamajoroverhaul,includingnewmizzen,foretopmast,andforemast.DepartingagainonApril
26,theshipssailednorthwestalongtheAlaskacoast,anchoringinPrinceWilliamSoundonMay12"520leaguestothewestwardofanypartofBaffinsor
Hudsonsbay"andtwoweekslater,CookInlet.RoundingtheAlaskaPeninsula,theysailedintotheBeringSea,callingalongthecoastbeforepassingCapePrince
ofWalestheeastsideoftheBeringStraitandthennorthandwestasfarasIcyCape,126milessouthwestofPointBarrow,onAugust18.Theshipsmadethe
coastoftheChukotskiPeninsulaonthe29th,andthenspentfromOctober3to26attheRussiansettlementatUnalaskabeforeproceedingbacktotheSandwich
Islands.AnchoringatHawaii,theyremainedthroughthewinter,Cookbeingveneratedasachief(somepeoplebelieveasadivinitycalledOrono).Theshipssailed
againonFebruary4,1779,butasprungforemastinResolutionforcedthembackaweeklater.Onthe14th,anargumentbetweenagroupofHawaiiansandashore
partyledtoaskirmishinwhichfourmarinesandCookhimselfwerekilled.Sodied"oneofthemostcelebratedNavigatorsthatthisorformeragescanboastof."
Commandoftheexpedition,andResolution,felltoCaptainClerkeDiscoverywasundercommandofLieutenantJohnGore.TheshipssailedfromtheSandwich
IslandsonMarch23boundforPetropavlovskontheKamchatkaPeninsulaand,afterasecondforaypastIcyCapeto7156'N,thecrewabandonedtheireffortto
findanorthernpassagetotheAtlantic.CaptainClerkediedonAugust22andwasburiedatPetropavlovsk,wherethe

Page430

shipslandedtwodayslater.CommandoftheexpeditionnowfelltoGore,aveteranoftwoexpeditionsinHMSDOLPHINaswellasCook'sfirst,inEndeavour.
JamesKingwaspromotedtocommandtheDiscovery.TheshipsailedsouthwesttotracethecoastofJapan(thoughstormshinderedthemgreatly)andcalledinat
Macao.ShethensailedforCapeTown,avoidingBatavia.ForcednorthaboutIreland,theshipslandedatStromnessonAugust22,1780,andwerebackintheNore
onOctober4,afteravoyageoffouryears,twomonths,andtwentytwodays.
ResolutionsubsequentlybecameaRoyalNavytransportandsailedfortheEastIndiesinMarch1781.OnJune10,1782,shewascapturedbytheFrenchships
AnnibalandSphinxnorthwestofTrincomalee.Itisbelievedthatshewasconvertedforuseasawhaler,renamedLaLibert,andwasinserviceintothe1790s.
F.S.,"Cook'sResolution."Freeston,"HisMajesty'sSloopResolution,1772."McGowan,"CaptainCook'sShips."

Resolution
Ship(3m).L/B:100.3'26.2'(30.6m8m).Tons:291tons.Hull:wood.Built:Fishburne&Broderick,Whitby,Eng.1803.
AmongthemostinfluentialfamiliesinthehistoryofArcticexplorationwasthatofWilliamScoresby,Senior,andJunior,whohailedfromWhitby,NorthYorkshire,
oneofthepremierEnglishfishingandwhalingports.In1803,theelderScoresbytookcommandofthewhaleshipResolution,inwhichhissonrosefromapprenticeto
firstmateand,in1810,captain.EnglishwhalersinthisperiodroutinelymadeannualvoyagestoArcticwaters,andcollectivelytheyhadcontributedmoretothe
scientificunderstandingoftheregionthananyoneelse.OnMay25,1806,theScoresbyssailedResolutiontoarecordhighlatitudeof8130'N.Elevenyearslater,
theyoungerScoresbywouldrelaytoSirJosephBanksthefactthatArcticconditionsweremoderatingtheseawas"perfectlydevoidofice"ashighas80Nand
theGreenlandshorewasicefree.ThisinformationsetinmotiontheparadeofgovernmentsponsoredvoyagesinsearchoftheNorthwestPassage.Although
Scoresbysoughttocommandthefirstexpedition,andwasbackedbyBanks(aveteranofCaptainJamesCook'sfirstvoyageinHMSENDEAVOUR),the
commandfelltoCaptainJohnRoss,withISABELLAandAlexander.ScoresbysoldhisinterestinResolutionin1813,buttheshipremainedunderWhitby
ownershipuntil1829whenshewassoldtoPeterheadinterests.
Berton,ArcticGrail.Lubbock,ArcticWhalers.

USSReubenJames(DD245)
Clemsonclassdestroyer(4f/2m).L/B/D:314.3'30.5'8.6'(95.8m9.3m2.6m).Tons:1,090disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:101.Arm.:44"(22),13"4
21"TT.Mach.:gearedturbines,27,700shp,2screws35kts.Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,Camden,N.J.1920.
NamedforaveteranoftheQuasiWarwithFrance,theBarbaryWars(duringwhichJameswascreditedwithsavingStephenDecatur'slifeaboardINTREPID),and
theWarof1812,USSReubenJameswasaWorldWarIeraflushdeckdestroyer.CommissionedjustafterWorldWarI,shewasassignedtotheAtlanticFleet
andtookpartinpostwarreliefactivitiesintheAdriatic,Mediterranean,andatDanzigundertheauspicesoftheAmericanReliefAdministration.HomeportedatNew
Yorkfrom1922,in1926shewasstationedoffNicaraguatopreventarmsfromreachingGeneralAgustinoSandino'sforcesduringhisuprisingagainstPresident
EmilianoChamorro.FromSeptember1933toJanuary1934,shepatrolledCubanwatersfollowingacoupledbyFulgenciaBatista.TransferredtoSanDiegoin
1934,sheremainedinPacificwatersuntilrecalledtotheAtlanticinJanuary1939.InMarch1941ReubenJameswasassignedtotheescortforcebasedat
Hvalfjordur,Iceland,toprovidecoverforeastboundBritishconvoysbetweenNewfoundlandandIceland.OnOctober23,shesailedfromArgentia,Newfoundland,
withfourotherdestroyersescortingconvoyHX156.ShortlybeforedawnonOctober31,theconvoywasattackedbyU562,andat0525,ReubenJameswas
struckbyatorpedothatdetonatedhermagazine.Theshipsankquicklyandonly44ofher159crewsurvived.ThoughthedestroyersUSSGREERandKEARNY
hadengagedUboatsbefore,ReubenJameswasthefirstU.S.NavyvesselsunkinWorldWarII.HerlossinspiredoneofthefirstantiwarsongsofWorldWarII,
"ReubenJames."
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Revenge
Ship(3m).L/B/D:92'(keel)32'16'dph(28m9.8m4.9m).Tons:441tonsburden.Hull:wood.Comp.:250.Arm.:2demicannon,4cannonperiers.10
culverins,6demiculverins,10sakers,2falcons,2portpieces,4fowlers,or6bases.Built:DeptfordDockyard(?),Eng.1577.
Revengewasoneofthefirstgalleons,builttoanewmodelrecommendedbySirJohnHawkinsandMatthewBakerandcharacterizedbyanarrowlengthtobeam
ratio,alowerfreeboard,andasquarestern.Thesesocalledracebuiltshipswerefasterandmoremaneuverablethanthe

Page431

highchargedships,withtoweringforeandsterncastles,thatthenpredominatedinEuropeannavies.Depictedashavingthreemaststhoughshemayhavecarrieda
bonaventuremizzenonoccasionherupperworkswerepaintedinagreenandwhiteharlequinpattern.Commandedbysomeofthegreatestcaptainsofthe
Elizabethannavy,RevengeisperhapsthemostfamousoftheshipstofightintheSpanishwars.
InSeptember1580,shewaspartoftheEnglishfleetdispatchedtorootoutacombinedPapalSpanishforcethathadlandedinMunster,Ireland,andtakenrefugein
SmerwickCastle.Inthewinterof1587,RevengebecametheflagshipofasquadroncommandedbySirFrancisDrakeandorganizedinanticipationoftheSpanish
Armada.AlthoughDrakeattemptedtosailagainsttheSpanishfleetafteritsfirstdeparturefromSpaininthespring,hewasfrustratedinthiseffortbycontrarywindsin
JuneandJuly.
AfterreturningtoPlymouth,DrakefinallygothischanceonJuly31,whenRevengetookpartinthefirstactionbetweentheEnglishandSpanishfleets.With
Hawkins'sVictoryandFrobisher'sTriumph,RevengeengagedJuanMartnezdeRecalde'sSanJuandePortugal,thelargestoftheSpanishgalleons,between
FoweyandPlymouth.Withtheirlongerrangeculverins,theEnglishshipswereabletohittheiropponentfromadistanceofabout300yards,outofrangeofthe
Spanishguns,untiltheappearanceofElGranGrin,whentheEnglishretired.Thatnight,RevengewastheleadshipintheEnglishsquadronasittrailedtheSpanish
fleet,butDrakedousedhissternlightandsailedoffinpursuitofsomeunidentifiedships,leavingARKROYALandsomeotherstrailingwhatturnedouttobethebulk
oftheSpanishfleet.ThenextmorningDrakecapturedDonPedrodeValds'sNUESTRASEORADELROSARIO,whichhadbeendamagedthepreviousdayin
collisionwithanothership.Thisturnedouttobethebiggestprizeofthecampaign.
OnAugust3,RevengeandothershipsfellonJuanGmezdeMedina'sElGranGrifon,whichhadfallenbehindtherestofthefleet.ThoughtheEnglishsurrounded
theirprey,theSpanishfleetmanagedtorescuetheircomrade,whichwastakenintowbyagalleass.DrakecontinuedthepursuitoftheSpanishfleettotheir
anchorageatCalais,wheretheEnglishfireshipsforcedthemintodisorder.OnAugust8,DrakebrieflyengagedMedinaSidonia'sflagshipSANMARTNbefore
sailingafterthebulkoftheSpanishfleetasitheadedintotheNorthSea.TheEnglishcontinuedaftertheSpanishuntilleavingthemtotheirfatetoputintotheFirthof
ForthforbadlyneededsuppliesonAugust12.
ThenextyearRevengewasagainDrake'sflagshipinthesocalledcounterarmada,withwhichtheEnglishhopedtodestroywhateverSpanishshipshadsurvivedthe
returnfromEngland,establishthepretenderDonAntonioonthethroneofPortugalatLisbon,andthenseizetheAzoresasabasefromwhichtointercepttheall
importantSpanishtreasurefleetfromtheAmericas.TheillconceivedexpeditionwasnotasuccessandtheEnglishfleetreturnedmuchtheworseforwearaftertwo
months,withonlyabout2,000ofthe10,000soldiersoriginallyembarkedfitforduty.In1590,RevengesailedasSirMartinFrobisher'sflagshipinhisunsuccessful
attempttointercepttheSpanishtreasurefleetneartheIberianpeninsula.
InAugust1591,LordThomasHoward(inDefiance)ledasimilarexpeditioncomprisingaboutadozenotherQueen'sshipsandarmedmerchantmen,including
Revenge,nowflyingtheflagofViceAdmiralSirRichardGrenville.UnbeknownsttotheEnglish,theSpanishhaddispatchedafleetoffiftyfiveshipsunderDon
AlonsodeBazantorendezvouswiththeflota,whichhadleftHavanawithaboutseventyshipsofallkinds.OnSeptember7,DonAlonsolearnedthatHoward'sfleet
wasanchorednorthofFloresintheAzores.Onthemorningofthe8th,hedividedhisfleettoencircletheislandandcomeattheEnglishpincerfashion.Takenby
surpriseandvastlyoutnumbered,Howardorderedhisfleetnortheast.Grenvillepreferredtofightandweighedanchoronlyafterembarkingsomemenwhohadbeen
sentashoreforwater.
Atabout1700,RevengewasboardedbythethirtysevengunSanFelipeandSanBernab,followedbySanCristobl,Asuncin,andLaSerena.Thegrappled
shipsfoughtthroughthenight,andbothAsuncinandLaSerenaeventuallysank.Mortallywoundedbymusketfire,Grenvilleorderedhisshipblownup,inthe
wordsofacontemporaryaccount,"thattheSpaniardsshouldneverglorytohavetakenashipofhermajesty's."Butafterfourteenhoursofbattleonlythreefought
indaylightandrepeatedboardings,thecaptainandmastersurrendered,andtheSpanishputaprizecrewaboardthedevastatedship.AccordingtoSirRichard
Hawkins,Revengewallowed
likealoggeontheseas...themastsallbeatenoverboard,allhertacklecutasunder,herupperworkealtogetherrased,andineffectevenedshewaswiththewater,butthevery
foundationorbottomofaship,nothingleftoverheadeitherforflightordefence.

ThesurvivingEnglishcrewweretakenprisonerandtransferredoutoftheship,andGrenvillediedafewdayslater.ThetreasurefleetrendezvousedwithDonAlonso's
fleetsoonafter,andthecombinedfleetofsome120shipssailedforSpain.Enroute,theywereovertakenbyaweek

Page432

longstormduringwhichRevenge,aboutfifteenSpanishwarships,andscoresofmerchantshipswerelost.
Earle,LastFightofthe"Revenge."Tennyson,"LastFightoftheRevenge."

Rex
Liner(2f/2m).L/B:879.9'97'(268.2mloa29.6m).Tons:51,062grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st640,special378,tourist410,3rd866crew810.Mach.:steam
turbines,4screws28kts.Built:Gio.Ansaldo&Co.,SestriPonente,Italy1932.
LaunchedforItalia,RexwastheonlyItalianshipevertoholdtheBlueRibandforthefastestcrossingoftheAtlantic.Launchedin1932forItaly'sNavigazione
GeneraleItaliana,thatlinemergedwithrivalLloydSabaudo,buildersofherfuturerunningmateCONTEDISAVOIA,andItaliaFlotteRiuniteCosulichtoformItalia
thesameyear.ThetwoshipswereintendedasrivalsforthecurrentAtlanticchampions,Germany'sEUROPAandBREMEN.Despiteeverypromiseofarecord
breakingmaidenvoyagefromGenoatoNaplesandNewYork,engineproblemsforcedherintoGibraltarforthreedays,duringwhich730ofher2,030passengers
jumpedshipinsearchofanotherwayacross.Thingsweresoonputtorights.InJuly1933,Europahadbrokenherownrecordforthesecondtime,butthenext
month,Reximprovedonherperformancebyafullknot,steamingfromGibraltartoAmbroseat28.92knots(4days,13hours,58minutesAugust1116).She
neversetaneastboundrecord,buttogetherwithContediSavoiashedidagreatdealtopopularizefirstclasstraveltotheMediterranean.Rexremainedinservice
throughtheopeningmonthsofWorldWarII,sailingbetweenGenoaandNewYorkuntilMay1940.
ItalydeclaredwaronFranceandBritainthenextmonth,andRexwaslaidupatPola,inwhatisnowSlovenia,wheresheremainedoutofharm'swayuntil1944.That
summer,itwasdecidedtoscuttleRexatTriestetoimpedetheAlliedadvance.AsshewasbeingmovedintopositiononSeptember8,1944,shewassunkbyBritish
bombersoffCaped'IstriajustsouthofTrieste.Afterthewar,Italiabrieflyconsideredraisingtheshipandrefittingherforservicebutshelayonthewrongsideofthe
newinternationalboundary.ShewasscrappedbytheYugoslavsin194748.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard,LivesoftheLiners.

RickmerRickmers
(exSantoAndr,Sagres,Flores,Max)Ship(3m).L/B/D:259.3'40.4'19.7'(79m12.3m6m).Tons:1,980grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:300(astrainingship).
Mach.:diesel,350hp.Built:R.C.Rickmers,Bremerhaven,Germany1896.
BuiltforthetradinghouseofR.C.RickmersfortradetotheFarEast,onhermaidenvoyagein1896,RickmerRickmerssailedwithcoalforHongKongand
returnedfromSaigonwithriceandbamboo,thelatterbeingacommonmaterialinhouseholdfurnishingsattheturnofthecentury.Thisremainedherprimaryroute
undertheGermanflag,althoughshealsomadeatleastonepassagetoChileandonetransatlanticrun.Riggedoriginallyasaship,in1905shelostseveralsparsfrom
themizzenmastandherownerstookadvantageofthistorerigherasabark,whichrequiredasmallercrew.In1912shewassoldtoC.Krabbenhoft,Hamburg,who
putherinthenitratetrade.Homewardboundin1916,sheputintoHorta,intheAzores.
ThePortuguesegovernmenthadrecentlyjoinedtheAlliesandseizedtheship,whichtheyrenamedFloresandputintransatlantictrade.Althoughlaidupduringthe
postwarshippingslump,sheresumedserviceasamerchantmanuntil1924,whenthePortugueseNavyboughtherforuseasatrainingship.Thefigureheadof
RickmerRickmerswasreplacedwithoneofPrinceHenrytheNavigator,andtheshipwasnamedSagres,forthesouthwesternpromontoryonwhichheestablished
hisschoolofnavigationinthefifteenthcentury.Asatrainingshipshewasdistinguishedbylargeredcrossesonallhersquaresails.In1962,shemovedtoAlfeiteasa
stationaryschoolshipandrenamedSantoAndrsothatPortugal'snewsailtrainingshipcouldbenamedSAGRES.Inthemid1980s,theoldRickmerRickmers
waspurchasedbyWindjammerfrHamburgwhorestoredhertoheroriginaloutwardappearance.AsadocksideattractioninHamburg,herinteriorspacesnow
includeexhibithallsandarestaurant.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Schuffelen,GreatSailingShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Risdam
Fluit(3m).L/B:ca.121'31'(37m9.5m).Tons:100last.Hull:wood.Comp.:162.Built:VOC,Hoorn,Netherlands1713.
ThewreckoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie's(DutchEastIndiaCompanyorVOC)Risdamistheonlyknownexampleofaneighteenthcenturyfluit.Built
forthecompany'stradebetweentheNetherlandsandthe

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Indies,RisdamcompletedonevoyagetoBataviaandbackbetweenSeptember27,1714,andJuly30,1718.Onthepassageoutshecarried119passengersand
crew,whileonthereturnshecarried87.Shesailedagainwith162peopleaboardonNovember16,1718,andarrivedatBataviaonAugust31,1719.Thereafter
shewasputingeneraltradebetweentheVOC'svariousportsinIndonesiaandSoutheastAsia.Inthelaststagesofherlastpassage,RisdamsailedtoLigor,
Malaysia,wheresheloaded12.8tonsoftin,thennorthtoAyutthayaforsappanwood,ginger,achar(atypeofpickledrelish),andlime.ShelefttheThaiporton
December8andheadedsouth.Leakingbadly,shewasrunagroundneartheislandofPulauBatuGajahoppositeMersing,onNewYear'sDay,1727.Divers
discoveredthesiteintheearly1980s,andtheMalaysiangovernmentbeganexcavationin1985.Inadditiontotheitemslistedonthemanifest,thesitealsoyielded
morethan100elephanttusks.
Green,"SurveyoftheVOCfluitRisdam."

Roanoke
DownEaster(4m).L/B/D:350'49.2'27'(106.7m15m8.2m).Tons:3,539tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:32.Des.:WilliamPotterPattee.Built:A.Sewall&
Co.,Bath,Me.1892.
ThelargestwoodensquareriggedvesselbuiltintheUnitedStates(withtheexceptionofMcKay'soriginalGREATREPUBLIC),Roanokewasoneofaquartetof
hugeSewallDownEastersthatincludedtheshipRappahannockandthefourmastedbarksShenandoahandSusquehanna.Althoughtheseshipswereintendedto
heraldarevivalofAmericanmerchantsail,inmanywaystheyrepresentedtheswansongoftheageof"woodenshipsandironmen."Roanokewasthelastwooden
shipbuiltbyArthurSewall,whofromthistimeonlaunchedonlysteeldeepwatermen.Despiteherenormoussizeonlyahandfulofshipseverexceededher
tonnageRoanokehadareputationforgoodspeed.ShesailedmostfrequentlyintheCaliforniagraintrade,althoughshealsocarriedcaseoiltoShanghai,sugar
fromHonolulu,andcannedfishfromSeattle.AfteralongvoyagefromBaltimorewithcoal,RoanokewasatSanFranciscoonSeptember5,1900,thedaythat
ArthurSewalldiedinMaine.ThiswasalsothefirsttimethatfourSewallshipsweretogetherinportatthesametime,theothervesselsbeingthesteelhulledDIRIGO,
EdwardSewall,andErskineM.Phelps.Onthefollowingvoyage,fromNorfolkforSanFrancisco,Roanoke'scargoofcoalbeganburning,andtheshipwasonly
savedbypouringacontinuousstreamofwateronthecoalandpumpingoutagainwhilemakingforHonolulu,whichshereachedthirteendayslater.In1904,
RoanokecollidedwiththeBritishsteamerLlangibbyandspentsixmonthsinRiodeJaneiroforrepairsbeforeproceedingtoSydney.FromthereshesailedtoNew
Caledoniaforchromeore.OnAugust10,1905,afirebrokeoutintheholdanddespitethebesteffortsofhercrew,assistedbythecrewsofSusquehannaandthe
NorwegianbarkArabia,Roanokewasatotalloss.HercrewshippedaboardSusquehannawhenshesailedonAugust23,onlytoseethatvesselfounderthreedays
later.OfSewall'snoblefoursome,onlyShenandoahsurvived,RappahannockhavingburnedatJuanFernndezIslandin1891.
Lubbock,DownEasters.Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

Rob't.E.Lee
Sidewheelsteamer(4f/2m).L/B/D:285.5'46'9'dph(87m14m2.7m).Tons:1,456grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:highpressuresteamengines,sidewheels.Built:
DeWittHill,NewAlbany,Ind.1866.
ThesteamboatRob't.E.LeewasbuiltsosoonaftertheendoftheCivilWarthatwhenthenameoftheConfederategeneralwaspaintedonherpaddleboxes,
CaptainJohnW.CannonmovedhisvesselacrosstheOhioRivertoKentuckytoavoidoffendingthenonsecessionistHoosiers.Builtforthecottontradebetween
Vicksburg,Mississippi,andNewOrleans,Rob't.E.Leehadareputationasafast,comfortableboatdistinguishedespeciallyby"therichdeeptoneofherbell,and
theloudnoiseproducedbytheescapementofsteamfromhercylinders."Cannon'sgreatestcompetitionunfriendlyatthatwaswithCaptainThomasP.
Leathers,whosemostcelebratedsteamerwasNATCHEZof1869.ShortlyafterthelatterbrokeaquartercenturyoldrecordbetweenNewOrleansandSt.Louis,
thetwovesselswereloadingatNewOrleansfordeparturethesameday,NatchezforSt.LouiswhileLeewasadvertisedforLouisville.
Wordoftheimpendingracespreadquickly,althoughthecaptainsdeniedtheirintentionsvigorouslyevenastheypreparedfordeparture.Neithervesselloadedcargo,
butCannontookadditionalmeasures,removingexcesswoodpanelingandtimberstolightenher,looseningthehogchainstomakethehullmorelimber,andopening
thewindowsanddoorsinthewheelhousetoreducewindresistance.OnJune30,1870,at1658,LeepulledawayfromSt.Mary'sMarketinNewOrleans,3
minutes,45secondsaheadofNatchez.Therewasnostartinglineandtheboatsoperatedunderdifferentprinciples:Natchezstoppedseveraltimesalongthewayto
boardordisem

Page434

Imagenotavailable.
PerhapsthemostcelebratedsteamerevertoplytheMississippiRiver,thesidewheelerROB'T.E.LEEis
seenhereloadingbalesofcotton.CourtesyMurphyLibrary,Univ.ofWisconsin,LaCrosse.

barkpassengers,whileLeedidnot.Thelatter,infact,dischargedherLouisvilleboundpassengersontoanothersteamerthatranalongsideforthepurposenearCairo,
Illinois.Shortlythereafter,afogdescendedontheriver,butLeepassedthroughitmuchfasterthanNatchez,andshearrivedatSt.LouisonthemorningofJuly4
afteranewandenduringrecordrunof3days,18hours,14minutes.AlongthewayshealsobrokerecordsfromNewOrleanstoVicksburg(previouslysetby
Leathers'sPrincessin1855),andtoCairo.
Thoughshewasbadlydamagedinacollisionlaterthatyear,Rob't.E.Leecontinuedworkinguntil1876,carryingmorethan5,000balesofcottononherregularruns
fromVicksburgtoNewOrleans.DismantledatNewAlbanyin1876,herhullbecameawharfboatatMemphis.
Barkhau,GreatSteamboatRace.Way,Way'sPacketDirectory.

RobertF.Stockton
(laterNewJersey)Steamtug(1f/2m).L/B/D:70'10'6.8'(21.3m3m2.1m).Tons:32burthen.Hull:iron.Comp.:5.Mach.:directacting,50hp,2screws
6kts.Des.:JohnEricsson.Built:JohnLaird,Birkenhead,Eng.1838.
In1837,theSwedishengineerJohnEricssonlaunchedthesmallexperimentalscrewvesselFrancisB.OgdeninEngland.Thoughsheperformedasexpected,the
BritishAdmiraltywereunimpressed.(Ericsson'sAmericanbiographerlaterexplainedthathisideaswere"sonoveltheyconfusedthemindoftheaverage
Englishman.")Shortlythereafter,EricssonwasintroducedtoLieutenant(laterCaptain)RobertF.Stockton,USN,whowasinEnglandseekingfinancialbackingfor
hisfamily'sDelawareandRaritanCanalinNewJersey.StocktoninvitedEricssontobuildasecondscrewpropellervessel,namedforhimself.Themachinery
comprisedatwocylinder,directactingsteamenginedrivingatwoscrewsystempatentedbyEricsson.Originallytherewasonescrewonasolidshaftslippedinside
ahollowoutershaftmountinganotherscrewthatturnedintheoppositedirectionthisprovedunwieldy,andonescrewwaslaterremoved.Ontrials,themachinery
provedremarkablyefficient.Towinga650tonshipagainsta2knotcurrent,RobertF.Stocktoncovered3.5milesin40minutes,orbetterthan4.5knots.
Riggedoutasaschooner,RobertF.StocktonsailedtoNewYorkinApril1839andarrivedafteravoyageof46days.RenamedNewJerseyin1840,thetowboat
workedonthecanalfor30years.Somewhatbelatedly,theBritishPatentOfficesoughttobuytheoriginalmachineryforitsmuseumforexhibitionalongsideHenry
Bell'senginefortheCOMETandotherrevolutionaryinventions,butNewJerseyanditsmachinerywerescrappedin1871.
Brown,"RobertF.Stockton."

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HMSRodney
Nelsonclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:710'106'30'(216.4m32.3m9.1m).Tons:38,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,361.Arm.:916"(33),126",
64.7",82pdr,220mm,80.5"224.5"TT.Armor:14"belt,6.25"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,45,000shp,2shafts23kts.Built:CammellLaird&
Co.,Birkenhead,Eng.1927.
NamedafterAdmiralSirGeorgeBrydges,Rodney,whocommandedtheBritishfleetattheBattleoftheSaintes,RodneywasoneoftwoNELSONclassbattleships.
AssignedtotheAtlanticFleetfrom1928,RodneytransferredtotheHomeFleetin1932.DuringtheGermaninvasionofNorwayinApril1940,Rodneysustained
bombdamage.RepairedatBoston,Massachusetts,in1941,inMayshewasescortingthetroopshipBRITANNICwhenHMSHOODwassunkbyBISMARCK.
DetachedtopreventBismarck'sreturntoFrance,at0847onMay27,RodneyandKINGGEORGEVopenedfireontheGermanbattleshipat16,000yards,
quicklyclosingto"pointblanktargetpractice"range.Bismarcksanklessthantwohourslater.AssignedtoAdmiralSirJamesSomerville'sForceHbasedat
Gibraltar,RodneyhelpedmaintainthevitallifelinetoMaltashesailedinsupportoftheOperationTorchlandingsinNorthAfricainNovember1942,andagainduring
theinvasionofSicilyinJuly1943.DuringOperationNeptunethenavalendoftheDdayNormandylandingsshebombardedCaeninJune1944.In
September,shesailedontheMurmanskconvoyrun.Rodneywasbrokenupin1948.
Raven,Battleships"Rodney"and"Nelson."Thompson,HMS"Rodney"atWar.

Roebuck
5thrate26(3m).L/B/D:96'25.5'9.8'(29.3m6.9m3m).Tons:292bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:50125.Arm.:12guns.Built:Snelgrove,Wapping,Eng.
1690.
Originallycommissionedasafireship,HMSRoebuck(theseventhshipofthename)isbestknownforherpartintheexplorationofAustraliaandNewGuineaunder
thejournalkeepingbuccaneerandexplorerWilliamDampier.In1688,DampierhadsailedfromMexicotothePhilippinesinCygnet,subsequentlylandingonthe
coastofAustraliaforrepairs.AlthoughhereturnedtoEnglandpenniless,thecompetenceofhisNewVoyagearoundtheWorldin1697impressedtheAdmiralty,
andhewasgivencommandofRoebuckforavoyagetoAustralia,orNewHolland.DepartingtheDownsonJanuary14,1699,hecalledatBahia,Brazil,andfrom
thereproceededeasttoarriveonAugust7atShark'sBay,nearwhereDirckHartoghadlandedinEENDRACHTin1616.Aweeklaterhesailednorth,following
thecoastasfarasRoebuckBay
Imagenotavailable.
HMSRODNEYinlateMay1944,justbeforetheDdaylandingsinNormandy.Hernine
gunsweremountedinthreeturretsforward.Inthisphoto,twogunsineachturretare
elevatedtonearthemaximum40angle.RODNEYcouldhurlher2,461poundshells
35,000yards,or32kilometers.CourtesytheAdmiralty.

Page436

(nearBroome)beforequittingthecoastofNewHollandonSeptember5.AftercallingatTimoronSeptember15,RoebuckwasofftheNewGuineacoastby
December.DampierroundednorthofNewBritain,whichhenamedafterdeterminingthatit''doesnotjointothemainLandofNewGuinea,butisanIsland,asI
havedescribeditinmyMap."
ReturningtoBatavia,RoebuckwasfittedoutforthepassagetoEnglandandsailedonOctober17viatheCapeofGoodHopeand"SantaHellena."OnFebruary21,
1700,aboutamilefromAscensionIsland,theshipsprang"aLeakwhichcouldnotbestopped,[and]founderedatSea."ThecrewlandedonAscensionandwere
rescuedfiveweekslaterbyaBritishconvoy.
Beaglehole,ExplorationofthePacific.Dampier,Voyages.

Roosevelt
Steamschooner(3m).L/B/D:185'35.6'16'(56.4m10.8m4.9m).Tons:1,600disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Des.:RobertE.Peary.Built:McKay&Dix
Shipyard,Bucksport,Me.1905.
DesignedspecificallyforArcticexpeditions,auxiliaryschoonerRooseveltwasnamedforPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt,whohelpedCommanderRobertPeary
obtainleavefromtheU.S.NavytopursuehisambitionofbeingthefirstmantoreachtheNorthPole.BuiltalongthelinesofRoaldAmundsen'sFRAM,Roosevelt's
roundedhullenabledhertobepushedupbytheencroachingiceratherthanbecrushedbyit.Onthefirstvoyage,RooseveltdepartedNewYorkinJuly1905and
sailedthroughtheDavisStraitandontoCapeSheridanatthenorthernendofEllesmereIslandontheArcticOcean.PearyattemptedtoreachthePoleovertheice,
butheonlyreached876'NbeforebeingforcedtoturnbackonApril21,1906.Meanwhile,Roosevelthadbeenbadlydamagedintheice.CaptainBobBartlett
wrestledherbacktoNewYorkwheresheunderwentextensiverepairsthatpostponedPeary'snextexpeditionbyayear.
OnJuly8,1908,Pearybeganhismostfamousexpedition.AtEtah,Greenland,Rooseveltembarked69Eskimosand246sleddogsforthefinalpushnorthtoCape
Sheridan,EllesmereIsland,wheretheshiparrivedonSeptember5.Aftersettingupsupplydepotsalongtheirprospectiveroutenorth,onMarch1,1909,Pearyset
outfromCapeColumbia,90milesnorthwestofCapeSheridan.Atotalof24menblazedthetrailnorth,butthefinalassaultonthePolewaslefttoPeary,Matthew
Henson,andtheEskimosEgingwah,Seeglo,Ootah,andOoqueah.TheyreachedtheirgoalonApril6andreturnedtotheshipwithoutseriousincidentonApril23.
Peary'sreturntotheUnitedStateswasmetwithgreatacclaim,andCongressmadehimarearadmiral.
In1910,thePearyArcticClubsoldRoosevelttoJohnArbuckle,whosoldhertotheU.S.FisheriesCommissionin1915.EmployedbytheNavyontheWestCoast
duringWorldWarI,shewaslaterboughtforuseasatug,firstbytheWestCoastTugCompanyand,from1924,theWashingtonTug&BargeCompany.Shewas
abandonedin1942.
Peary,NearestthePoleNorthPole.

Roscius
Packetship(3m).L/B/D:167.5'36.4'21.6'dph(51.1m11.1m6.6m).Tons:1,030bm.Hull:wood.Des.:N.B.Palmer.Built:Brown&Bell,NewYork
1838.
Aforerunneroftheswiftclippershipsthatwouldcapturetheworld'simaginationinthe1850s,packetshipRosciuswasorderedforEdwardKnightCollins's
DramaticLine,foundedthepreviousyearforservicebetweenNewYorkandLiverpool.MostofDramatic'sshipsborethenamesofplaywrightsandactorsthe
firstfourwereGarrickSiddons,Sheridan,andShakespeareandRosciuswasnamedfortheRomancomicactorofantiquity.Theship'sdesignowedmuchto
thatofthecottondroughersthatpliedbetweenNewOrleansandNewYork.BecauseoftheshallowbaratthemouthoftheMississippiRiver,cottonshipshadtobe
relativelyshallow,soratherthanhavingVshapedhullswithasharpdeadrise,theyhadnearlyflatfloors.Thisdesignhadtheaddedbenefitofincreasingtheships'
tonnage,whichmeanttheycouldcarrymorecargo,andRosciuswasthefirstpackettoexceed1,000tonscapacity.Roscius'smassiverigwascomparabletothatof
theextremeclipperFLYINGCLOUD,whichwasalmost700tonsbigger.NolessanauthoritythanCommodoreIsaacHullclaimedthatshecouldoutsailanyshipin
theU.S.Navy.Ingeneral,shipswerebecomingfaster,andtheaveragewestboundspeedfortheDramaticLineshipsin1839wastwentyeightdaystwelvedays
fasterthantheaveragefortheBlackBallLinersthatopenedregularservicebetweenNewYorkandLiverpoolwithJAMESMONROEtwentyyearsbefore.
DramaticLinewasacquiredbySpoffordTilestonandCompanyin1848,andfouryearslaterRosciuswassold.AfterservicebetweenNewYorkandMobileforthe
PelicanLine,Rosciusreturnedtothetransatlantictrade,founderingatseaonAugust26,1860,enroutefromLiverpooltoNewYork.
Albion,SquareRiggersonSchedule.Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSeaQueensoftheWesternOcean.

Page437

HMSRose
Seafordclass6thrate20(3m).L/B/D:108'30.1'9.5'(32.9m9.2m2.9m).Tons:430tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:160.Arm.:209pdr.Built:HughBlades,
Hull,Eng.1757.
BearingoneofthemostcommonnamesintheRoyalNavy(firstusedasearlyas1322),HMSRosewasoneofaclassoftheRoyalNavy'ssmallestratedvessels.
BuiltattheoutsetoftheSevenYears'(FrenchandIndian)War,RoseservedonpatrolalongthecoastofFranceandintheCaribbean.In1768,theBoardofthe
AdmiraltyconsideredtheshipforCaptainJamesCook'sfirstSouthSeasexpedition,butasshecouldnotbemadereadyintime,hesailedinENDEAVOURinstead.
Laterthatyear,RosewasdispatchedtothecoastofNorthAmericawhereshewasactiveinimpressingsailorsfrommerchantshipsfortheRoyalNavy.In1774,
RosewasdispatchedtoNarragansettBaytosuppresstheveryactiveandlucrativesmugglingtradethathadhelpedmakeNewportthefourthwealthiestcityinthe
colonies.CaptainJamesWallacewassosuccessfulthatthemerchantsofNewportwereforcedtoappealtoRhodeIsland'scoloniallegislaturefortheformationofa
navytocombatthefrigate,whiletheythemselvesfittedoutthemerchantsloopKatywhichtheyrenamedPROVIDENCEtopatroltheirwaters.RhodeIsland,
inturn,askedtheContinentalCongressforthecreationofaContinentalNavy.InJulyof1776,RosetookpartintheBritishcampaigntoexpelGeneralGeorge
Washington'sContinentalArmyfromNewYorkandsawactionagainstshorebatteriesalongtheHudson.ThreeyearslaterRosetookpartinthedefenseof
Savannah,whichtheBritishhadjustcapturedandwhichwasunderthreatofattackfromaFrenchfleetcommandedbyComteJeanBaptisted'Estaing.On
September9,1779,RosewasscuttledtopreventtheFrenchfleetfromadvancingupriver.ThecityremainedinBritishhandsuntiltheendoftheAmericanRevolution
in1782,whenthehulkwasbrokenupsothatregularcommercecouldberesumed.
In1970,JohnFitzhughMillarbuiltareplicaoftheshipinanticipationoftheU.S.Bicentennial.Atthiswriting,theshipisusedasasailtrainingvesselanddockside
attraction,sailingtoportsfromtheGreatLakestoEuropefromherhomeportofBridgeport,Connecticut.
Bailey,ManualforSailingaboardtheAmericanTallShip"Rose."Lyon,SailingNavyList.

RoyalCaroline
(laterRoyalCharlotte)Royalyacht(3m).L/B/D:90.1'24'12.1'(27.4m7.3m3.7m).Tons:232bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:70crew.Arm.:24guns.Des.:
JoshuaAllin.Built:DeptfordDockyard,Eng.1750.
RoyalCarolinewasaroyalyachtbuiltfortheuseofGeorgeIIandhiswife,QueenCaroline.Shewassailedforpleasurecruisesbytheroyalfamily,andasa
transportformembersofcourtsailingbetweenEnglandandHolland.Onthelatterassignments,shewasusuallyescortedbyasmanyasfourfrigatesand,whenthe
Kingwasaboard,accompaniedbytheFirstLordoftheAdmiralty.HerdistinguishedcaptainsincludedSirWilliamCornwallisandSirHydeParker,bothofwhom
rosetoflagrank.In1761,thevesselwasrenamedCharlotte(laterRoyalCharlotte)forGeorgeIII'sprospectivebrideandQueen,PrincessSophieCharlotteof
MecklenburgStrelitz.Littleusedbytheroyalfamilyafter1806,shewasbrokenupin1821.
RoyalCaroline'sdesignwasbasedonthatofashipbuiltin1700asPeregrineGalleyandlaternamedCarolinaandRoyalCaroline.OrderedbyWilliamIII,this
vesselwasdesignedbyPeregrine,LordDanby,anadmiralwhohaddesignedseveralvesselsforPetertheGreat,butwhoseeffortswerenotinitiallyappreciatedby
theAdmiralty.HissuccessisseennotonlyinthesimilarityofthesecondRoyalCaroline'sdesign,butinthefactthatthelatershipwas,inturn,theprototypefora
longlineof20gunand32gunships,includingtheRichmondclassfrigates,thelastofwhichwereorderedin1804.
Bellabarba&Osculati,RoyalYacht"Caroline":1749.

HMSRoyalCharles
(exNaseby)1strate80(3m).L/B/D:162'42.5'11'(49.4m13m3.4m).Tons:1,230bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:80guns.Des.:PeterPett.Built:Woolwich
Dockyard,Eng.1655.
TwoyearsafterheassumedthetitleofLordProtectorofEngland,OliverCromwellauthorizedtheconstructionofthree"greatship"fortheNavy:the80gunNaseby
(sonamedforhisvictoryovertheRoyalistsin1645),andthe64gunLondonandDunbar(subsequentlyrenamedHenry).Naseby'soriginaladornmentsincludeda
figureheadportraying,accordingtoSamuelPepys,"Oliveronhorsebacktrampling6nationsunderfoote,aScott,Irishman,Dutch,French,SpaniardandEnglishas
waseasilymadeoutbytheirseveralhabits:AFameheldalaurelloverhisinsultinghead,&thewordGodwithus."WhenCharlesIIreturnedfromexileinthe
Naseby,heorderedtheshipnamedforhimselfaswellasanewfigureheadofNeptune,anactthatirritatedtheparsimoniousPepys,whocomplained,"Godknows,it
iseventheflingingawayof100outoftheKing'spurse."

Page438

CommercialrivalrybetweenEnglandandtheDutchRepublicledtothestartoftheSecondAngloDutchWarin1665.AttheBattleofLowestoft,RoyalCharleswas
flagshipoftheDukeofYork(laterJamesII),LordHighAdmiral.Thetwofleetseachnumberedover100shipsmetbeforedawnonJune13.Althoughthe
Englishhadsuperiororganizationandmorepowerfulguns,theDutchfoughtwell.Bymidafternoon,RoyalCharleswasindangerofbeingsunkorsurrenderedto
EendrachtwhentheDutchflagshipexploded,killingallbutfiveofher400crew,includingtheDutchAdmiralWassenaervanObdam.RoyalCharleswasso
damagedthattheDukeofYorkshiftedhisflagtotheSt.MichaelandlaterstilltheJames.Nonetheless,LowestoftwasaclearEnglishvictory,withonly250dead
comparedwith4,000Dutchdead.ForhisfailuretopursuetheretreatingDutchfleet,theDukeofYorkwasobligedtopulldownhisflagafterthebattle,whichwas
thelastoftheyear.
Inthespringof1666,commandofthefleetwasdividedbetweenPrinceRupertandGeorgeMonck,DukeofAlbemarle,inRoyalCharles.AttheendofMay,with
theDutchfleetstillinport,CharlesunwiselydividedhisforceandsentRupertwesttopreventaFrenchforcefromjoiningAdmiralMichielAdriaanszoondeRuyter.
Monckwasleftwithonly56shipstoopposethe85DutchshipsunderdeRuyter.Nonetheless,MonckattackedtheDutchforceassoonasitappearedonJune11.
TheEnglishattackwasimpressive,andherenewedbattlethenextday.Earlyonthesecondday,heprofitedfromatacticalerrorbyLieutenantAdmiralCornelis
Tromp,untildeRuytercametohiscountryman'sassistance.Eachsidelostthreeships.OnJune13,MonckretreatedtothewestinhopesofjoiningRupert,butinso
doingtheRoyalPrince(90guns)ranagroundonGalloperShoalandwasburnedbytheDutch.BattlewasjoinedagainonJune14,butbytheendoftheday,with
thewindrisingandsuppliesexhausted(tosaynothingofthecrews),bothsidesretired.TheFourDays'Battleremainsoneofthelongestfleetengagementsonrecord.
AlthoughtheEnglishlossesweremorethandoublethoseoftheDutch20shipslost,5,000crewkilled,and2,000takenprisonertheEnglishregroupedfast,
andthefleetputtoseaagaininJuly.
OnAugust4,thetwofleetsmetintheNorthSeaoffNorthForeland,bothRupertandMonckflyingtheirflagsinRoyalCharles.Thebattleproveddisastrousforthe
Dutch,asusualbecauseofthelackofdiscipline,althoughdeRuyterfoughtlongandwell.Dutchlossesamountedto20ships,4,000dead,and3,000prisonersthe
Englishlostthreeships.(ThisbattlewasalsoknownastheSt.James'DayFightbecauseittookplaceontheFeastofSt.James,July24intheJuliancalendar,by
whichEnglandstillreckoneddates.)
Inthespringof1667,theEnglishtreasurywasexhaustedbyacombinationofCharles'sextravaganceandthelastingeffectsofboththeGreatPlagueof1665andthe
LondonfireofSeptember1666.Charlesdecidedtoeconomizebylayinguphisfleet.Seeingtheiropportunity,theDutchfleetattackedthefortatSheernessonJune
10andadvanceduptheMedway.TheEnglishscuttledanumberofshipsinanefforttoblockthechannel,andanironchainwasstrungacrosstheriverbetween
UpnorandGillingham.Overthecourseofthreedays,twentythreeshipswerelost,mostintentionallysunkbytheEnglishandthenburnedbytheDutch.Thelosses
includedtwofirstrates,threesecondrates,twothirdrates,sixfourthrates,andonesixthrate.OrdersweregiventoburntheRoyalCharles,butattheapproachofa
DutchboatfromtheBescherming,thecrewfled.AsPepysrecounted,
TheDutchdidtakeherwithaboatofninemen,whofoundnotamanaboardher,and...presentlyamanwentupandstruckherflagandjack...Theydidcarryherdownata
timewhenbothforwindandtide,whenthebestpilotinChathamwouldnothaveundertakenit,theyheelingherononesidetomakeherdrawlittlewater.

IncompatiblewiththeneedsoftheDutchfleet,RoyalCharlesneverfoughtagainandtheDutchdisplayedheratRotterdamasawartrophy.Shewasauctionedand
brokenupin1673,duringtheThirdAngloDutchWar.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.Fox,GreatShips.Hepper,BritishWarshipLossesintheAgeofSail.Pepys,Pepys'Diary.

RoyalCharter
Screwsteamer(1f/3m).L/B:336'22.5'(102.4m6.9m).Tons:2,719tons.Hull:iron.Comp.:112crew400pass.Arm.:418pdr,424pdr.Mach.:direct
actingtrunkengines,200hp,singlescrew9kts.Built:GeorgeCramm,Sandycroft,Eng.1855.
LaiddownbyGeorgeCrammandcompletedbyWilliamPatterson,whohadoverseenthebuildingofBrunel'sGREATWESTERNandGREATBRITAIN,Royal
CharterwaspurchasedbyGibbs,Bright&CompanyforitsAustralianScrewSteamshipCompany(latertheLiverpool&AustralianNavigationCompany).Oneof
thefinestpassengershipsoftheday,RoyalCharterwasthefirstEnglishshiptocarrydoubletopsails,andsheperformedwellintheAustralianpassengertradefor
threeyears.InAugust1859theshipleftMelbournewith511passengersandcrewaboardandbullionwithanestimatedvalueof500,000.After58daysatsea,she
calledatQueenstown,Ireland,anddischarged17passengers.Thefollowing

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night,onOctober26,RoyalCharterencounteredgalesoffMoelfre,AngleseyIsland.CaptainT.Taylortriedtoanchorat2245,butthecablespartedat0330the
nextmorningandtheshipwasdrivenashoreinLligwyBay,aboutfourmilessoutheastofPointLynus.Shebrokeupwiththelossof455people.
Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.McKee,GoldenWreck.

HMSRoyalGeorge
(exRoyalAnne)RoyalGeorgeclass1strate100(3m).L/B/D:178'51.8'21.5'(54.3m15.8m6.6m).Tons:2,047bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:850.Arm.:
2842pdr,2824pdr,2812pdr,166pdr.Built:WoolwichDockyard,Eng.1756.
ThefirstrateshipHMSRoyalGeorgewaslaiddownasRoyalAnnein1746butrenamedinhonorofthereigningmonarchGeorgeIIbeforeherlaunchtenyears
later.Thefirstwarshiptoexceed2,000tonsburden,RoyalGeorgewascommissionedatthestartoftheSevenYears'WarwithFranceandjoinedtheWestern
SquadroninblockadingtheportofBrestandQuiberonBay.OnNovember9,1759,theBritishfleetwasblownoffstation,andViceAdmiralHubertdeBrienne,
ComtedeConflans,seizedtheopportunitytosortiefromBrestwithtwentyoneshipsoftheline.ThishedidthesamedaythatAdmiralSirEdwardHawkeleft
Torbay,beatingagainstthewesterliestoregainhisstation.OntheafternoonofNovember20,1759,thetwofleetsspottedeachotheroffBrest,andHawkeordered
hisshipsto"formasyouchase."ConflansdecidedtoreturntoBrest,anddespitethetreacherousshoalsandreefsofQuiberonBay,Hawkeorderedhisshipsto
followtheFrench.AsConflanslaterwrote,"IhadnoreasontobelievethatifIwentinfirstwithmyshipstheenemywoulddarefollow,inspiteofhissuperiority[of
twoships]whichmustanywayrestricthismovements."
TheensuingdestructionoftheFrenchfleetwasdecisive.Thsefounderedwhenwaterrushedinthroughherlowergunports,andHrosstrucktoHMS
Magnanime(aFrenchprizeof1748).AsRoyalGeorgecameupwithConflans'sflagshipSoleilRoyal(80guns),theFrenchSuperbeinterposedherselfbutsank
afteronebroadsidefromHawke'sflagship.TheFrenchFormidablealsostruckbeforedarknessfellandHawkeorderedhisfleettoanchor.Thenextmorning
revealedHMSResolutionandEssexdrivenashoreonLeFourshoal,butSoleilRoyalwaslostonRouelleshoalandthreeotherFrenchshipsweredamagedbeyond
repair.
Hawkewasknightedforhisaction,andRoyalGeorgespenttherestofthewaronblockadedutyoffBrest.Peacecamein1763,andbetweenthatyearand1778,
theRoyalNavylaidupninetysevenshipsoftheline,RoyalGeorgeamongthem.WhenFrancethrewinherlotwiththeAmericancolonistsandalliedwithSpain,
RoyalGeorgerecommissioned.InJuly1778,shewasundercommandofSirCharlesHardyinhisignominiouswithdrawalbeforethecombinedFrancoSpanishfleet
asitadvanceduptheChannel.(SailorsinRoyalGeorgearesaidtohaveblindfoldedthefigureheads,popularlybelievedtorepresenttheformerking,sothat"George
IIshouldneverseeanEnglishFleetchaseduptheirownchannel.")Intheevent,AdmiralLouisGuillouet,Comted'Orvilliers,withdrewofhisownaccord,and
EnglandwassparedfurtheranxietyaboutthebiggestinvasiontothreatensincetheSpanishArmadain1588.
Attheendof1779,RoyalGeorgesailedwithAdmiralSirGeorgeRodney'sfleettorelieveGibraltarandtookpartinthecaptureoftwoSpanishconvoys,one
guardedbynineshipsunderAdmiralDonJuandeLangarasevenofthesewerecapturedorsunk.In1782,shewaspartofanotherfleet,underAdmiralLordHowe,
assembledforthepermanentreliefofGibraltar.TheshipswereanchoredatSpithead,takingonsupplies,whenonAugust29RoyalGeorgewasbeingheeledata
slightangletomakesomeminorrepairsbelowthewaterline.Atthesametime,casksofrumwerebeingloadedaboardandthelowerdeckgunportswerenot
properlysecured.Atabout0920theshipsuddenlyrolledoveronherbeamends,filledwithwater,andsank,takingwithher800people,includingasmanyas300
womenand60childrenwhowerevisitingtheship.Asubsequentcourtmartialacquittedtheship'sofficersandcrew(mostofwhomweredead)ofanywrongdoing,
andblamedtheaccidentonthe"generalstateofdecayofhertimbers."
Severalattemptsweremadetosalvagetheship.In1783,WilliamTraceysucceededinmovingtheshipslightlybeforetheAdmiraltydecidedtoabandontheproject.
In1834,thepioneeringdiverCharlesDeanerecoveredthirtygunsbeforehisworkwasinterruptedtoinvestigateanearbywreckthatturnedouttobeMARYROSE.
TheremainsofRoyalGeorgewereeventuallyblownupbyRoyalEngineersintheearly1840s.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.Johnson,"RoyalGeorge."Ker,"LossoftheRoyalGeorge."

HMSRoyalOak
Revengeclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:624.3'88.5'30'(190.3m27m9.1m).Tons:33,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:9971,247.Arm.:815"(42),
146",23",43pdr2

Page440

21"TT.Armor:13"belt,4"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,40,000shp,4shafts21kts.Built:DevonportDockyard,Plymouth,Eng.1916.
Twoweeksaftercommissioning,HMSRoyalOaksailedintheGrandFleet's4thBattleSquadronattheBattleofJutlandonMay31,1916.Shemadenosignificant
contributiontothefighting,butsheremainedwiththeGrandFleetforthedurationofthewar.FollowingthescuttlingoftheGermanfleetatScapaFlowin1919,she
wasoneofthreebattleshipsusedtotransporttoInvergordonthenearly2,000Germansailorsnowwithoutships.RoyalOaklaterservedwiththeAtlanticFleet
(through1926)andintheMediterranean.RecalledtotheHomeFleetin1937,atthestartofWorldWarII,shewasbasedatScapaFlow,ahugenavalanchorage
theprotectionofwhichwasmaderelativelysimplethankstothecomplexgeographyoftheShetlandIslands.AdmiralKarlDnitzbelievedthatsinkingaBritish
battleshiptherewouldundermineBritishmorale,andheknewalsothatthougheasilydefended,ScapaFlowwasfarfromimpregnable.LieutenantCommander
GuntherPrieninU47waschosenfortheassignment,andonthenightofOctober1314,1939,thesubmarineslippedintoScapaFlow.U47launchedthree
torpedoesattwotargets(thesecondwastheseaplanetenderPegasus,whichescapedunscathed).OnetorpedohitRoyalOakandcausedasmallexplosion
attributedtospontaneouscombustioninapaintlocker.Fourteenminuteslater,threemoretorpedoeshitRoyalOak'sstarboardside.Thesecausedmassivemagazine
explosionsthatliftedtheshipoutofthewater.Aquarterofanhourlater,sherolledoverandsankwiththelossof24officersand809otherrankstherewereonly
424survivors.
Snyder,"RoyalOak"Disaster.

HMSRoyalSovereign
1strate100(3m).L/B/D:184'52'(56.1m15.8m).Tons:2,175bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:850.Arm.:100guns.Built:DevonportDockyard,Plymouth,Eng.
1787.
Launchedin1787,morethantwelveandahalfyearsafterherlayingdown,thethirdHMSRoyalSovereignwasadullsailerknowntohercrewsas"theWest
CountryWagon."CompletedattheheightoftheNootkaSoundcontroversy,whenBritainandSpainwerepoisedforwaroverpossessionoftheharboron
VancouverIsland,Canada,from1790to1794shewasflagshipofViceAdmiralThomasGravesintheChannelFleet.In1794,shewaspartofLordHowe'sfleet
againstAdmiralLouisThomasVillaretdeJoyeuse'sBrestSquadronattheGloriousFirstofJune,duringwhichshewashotlyengagedbytheFrenchImpetueuxand
Terribleandsufferedfiftyeightcrewkilledandwounded.RoyalSovereignremainedwiththeChannelFleetthrough1803,andwascaughtupintheSpitheadmutiny
of1797,forwhichtwoofhercrewwerehanged.
In1804RoyalSovereignjoinedtheblockadeofToulon,andthefollowingyearbecameflagshipofViceAdmiralCuthbertCollingwoodandCaptainEdward
Rotherham.SheremainedwithViceAdmiralLordNelson'ssquadroninthelongchaseofAdmiralPierredeVilleneuve'sCombinedFleetfromtheMediterraneanto
theWestIndiesandback.AttheBattleofTrafalgaronOctober21,1805,sheledtheleecolumnandwasthefirstBritishshiptoclosewiththeCombinedFleet.
Undermanned,herguncrewscouldonlyfirebroadsidesfromonesideoftheshipatatime.AfterrakingfirstAdmiralAlavayNavarrete'sflagshipSantaAna(112
guns),andthentheFrenchFougueux(74),shecameunderthecombinedfireofSanLeandro(64),SanJusto(74),andIndomptable(80).Thelatterfourships
movedon,leavingRoyalSovereigntograpplewithSantaAnaalone,whichstrucktoherat1415withcasualtiesnumbering340deadandwounded.Royal
Sovereignlosthermizzenandmainmastsduringtheengagementandsuffered141killedandwounded.Collingwood,whohadsucceededtocommandofthefleet
withthedeathofNelson,hadtoshifthisflagtothefrigateEuryalus,andRoyalSovereignwastowedtoGibraltarbyHMSNeptune.
RoyalSovereignreturnedtodutyintheMediterraneanthenextyearandremainedontheblockadeofToulonuntil1812,whenshetransferredtotheChannelFleet.
MadeareceivingshipatPlymouthin1816,shewasrenamedCaptainin1825,andbrokenupatPembrokeDockyardin1849.
Mackenzie,TrafalgarRoll.Schom,Trafalgar.

RoyalWilliam
(laterIsabellaSegunda)Steamer(1f/3m).L/B:176'28'(44'ew)14'(53.6m8.5m4.3m).Tons:1,370grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:50berths,80steerage36
crew.Mach.:sideleverengines,300ihp,sidewheels.Built:Black&Campbell,Quebec1831.
DesignedforservicebetweenQuebecandtheMaritimeProvinces,RoyalWilliam(namedforWilliamIV)wasbuiltfortheQuebecandHalifaxSteamNavigation
Company,ofwhichSamuelCunardwasapartowner.AfterasuccessfulfirstseasonduringwhichshecompletedthreeroundtripsbetweenQuebecandHalifax,
RoyalWilliamwasquarantinedin1832becauseofacholeraepidemic.Soldthefollowingyear,shebecamethefirstBritish

Page441

Imagenotavailable.
Anunknownartist'sportraitoftheROYALWILLIAM,"theFirstSteamshiptoCrossthe
Atlantic."Thisattributionisinaccurate,giventhefactofthesteamshipSAVANNAH's
crossingin1819.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

steamshiptosailintoBostonHarbor.ReturningtoNovaScotia,shesailedfromPictouHarboronAugust18,1833,forEngland,underCaptainJohnMcDougall,
withsevenpassengers.Despitesteamingononlytheportenginefortendays,RoyalWilliamarrivedatCowes,IsleofWight,onSeptember6,andatGravesendon
September12,afterapassageoftwentyfivedays.SoldtoSpainandrenamedIsabellaSegundainSeptember1834,shewasthefirststeamshipintheSpanish
Navy.ShewashulkedatBordeaux,France,in1840.
Spratt,TransatlanticPaddleSteamers.

RumseianExperiment
Steamboat.Hull:wood.Mach.:steamengine,waterjet.Built:JamesRumsey,Shepherdstown,W.Va.1785.
OneofthefirstAmericansinvolvedinthedevelopmentandapplicationofsteamnavigationwasJamesRumsey,anaffablebutsecretivehotelkeeperfromBath,
Virginia(nowWestVirginia).In1785,oneofhisguestshappenedtobeGeneralGeorgeWashington,towhomheshowedhismodelofapoleboatthatusedtheriver
currenttotravelupstream.Laterthatyear,Rumseyhitupontheideaofharnessingsteampowerforhisengine,andheeventuallydroppedthepoleboatideaforaboat
drivenbyawaterjet.Althoughtechnologicallyaheadofitstime,theideaofjetpropulsionhadmoresupportthanthepaddlesystemsdevisedbyRumsey'srivalJohn
Fitch.BenjaminFranklinhadproposedtheideatotheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety,andthemachinerywasrelativelysimple.
Rumsey'sengineconsistedofasinglepistonrodconnectingtwocylinders.Theuppercylinderwaspartoftheenginewhilethebottomcylinderactedasapump,
drawingwaterintotheboatthroughvalvesinthekeelontheupstrokeandforcingwateroutthroughatubeinthesternonthedownstroke.Rumseytriedhisvessel
forthefirsttimeonMarch14,1786."TheboatwentagainstthecurrentofthePotomac,butmanypartsofthemachinery[were]imperfect,andsomepartsrendered
uselessbytheheatofthesteam."Bythenextyear,RumseywasindirectcompetitionwithFitchforstatemonopoliesandonDecember3,1787,hemadeasecond
demonstrationduringwhichhisvesselwassaidtohavegoneatarateofthreemilesperhouragainstthecurrenteightdayslater,hisspeedwasestimatedatfourmiles
perhour.Thevesselmadenomoretrials,butRumseystartedtheRumseianSocietyandin1788,hewenttoEnglandbearinglettersofintroductionfromFranklinand
others.PatentnegotiationswithenginemakersMatthewBoultonandJamesWattcollapsed.Constructionofavesselpatriotically

Page442

calledColumbiaMaid,butwhichRumseyreferredtoasTheRumseianExperiment,wassuspendedfortwoyearswhiletheinventorstavedoffcreditors.Hehad
resumedworkontheenginewhen,onDecember18,1790,hediedjustbeforehewastoaddresstheSocietyofArts.
Flexner,SteamboatsComeTrue.

Rurik
Brig.Tons:180bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:8guns.Comp.:3234.Built:Abo,Finland1815.
NamedfortheninthcenturyfounderoftheRurikdynastythatruledRussiaforeightcenturies,RurikwasbuiltforanexpeditionproposedbyCountNikolaiP.
RomanzoftosailthroughtheBeringStraitandsearchfortheNortheastPassage.LieutenantOttovonKotzebue,whohadcircumnavigatedtheglobeinKrusenstern's
NADEZHDAin1803,commandedtheexpedition,whosemembersincludedthenaturalistsAdelbertvonChamissoandJohannFriedrichEschscholtz.Sailingfrom
KronstadtonJuly30,1815,afterstopsatCopenhagenandPortsmouth,RurikenteredtheAtlanticonOctober5,1815.WhileroundingCapeHorninJanuary
1816,Kotzebuesustainedachestinjurythatwouldplaguehimtherestofthevoyage,andstormdamagetotheshipforcedhimtoputintoTalcahuano.
HeadingwestinMarch,Rurik'snextPacificlandfallwasatEasterIslandonMarch28.SailingviatheTuamotusandMarshallIslands,theRussianshiparrivedat
Petropavlovsk,Kamchatka,onJune3.Overthecourseofthenexttwelvedays,RurikwassheathedincoppertakenfromthehullofVasiliiM.Golovnin'ssloop
DIANA.OnJuly30,RuriksailedthroughtheBeringStraitand,huggingthenortherncoastoftheSewardPeninsula,shesailedintoKotzebueSound,whichatfirst
KotzebuebelievedmightbeanarmoftheNortheastPassage.HeadingeasttoCapeDezhnev,theeasternmostpartofAsia,onAugust19RurikturnedbackfromSt.
LawrenceBay.StoppingatYerbaBuena(nowSanFrancisco)forsuppliesinOctober,shesailedfortheSandwichIslandsinNovemberandthenceontothe
MarshallandCarolineIslands,whichtheexpeditionsurveyedthroughMarch1817.
OnApril13,Rurikwaspoopedandlostherbowspritseveralsailorswerealsobadlyinjured,includingKotzebue.Afewdayslater,theshipwasalmostloston
UnimakIsland,butaftertwomonthsofrepairsatUnalaska,sheputtoseaagainonJune29,withfifteenAleutsandequippedwithbaidarkas(skinboats)forcoastal
surveywork.GreatlyweakenedbyhisCapeHorninjury,KotzebuewasforcedtoabandontheeffortandreturntoUnalaska.ByOctober1,Rurikwasbackat
HonoluluwheretheRussiansgatheredplantsfortransplantationintheRadakIslandchainoftheMarshallIslands,enroutetoManila.AttheendofMarch1818,the
RussiansmettheFrenchshipURANIEattheCapeofGoodHope.AfterstopsatPortsmouthandCopenhagen,RurikarrivedattheNevaonAugust3,1818.
Kotzebue'saccountofthevoyagewasoneofseveral.ChamissoandFriedrichEschscholtzpublishedstudiesofmarineandanimallifeaswellasethnographicstudies
oftheSiberianChuchkis,Californiamissionsociety,andtheSandwichIslands.(EschscholtzsailedagainwithKotzebueonthePREDPRIYATIYEexpeditionof
182326.)
RurikwaslaterpurchasedbytheRussianAmericanCompanyandin182122madeasecondvoyageunderNavigatorKlochov,incompanywiththeshipElisaveta
inwhatwasintendedtobeasecondcircumnavigation.ThelattershiphadtobesoldatCapeTown,andRurikproceededalonetoNovoArkhangelsk(Sitka)where
shewasputintocolonialservice,inwhichsheendedherdays.HerofficersandcrewreturnedhomeviaOkhotskandthenceoverland.
Ivashintsov,RussianRoundtheWorldVoyages.Kotzebue,VoyageofDiscovery.

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S
HMCSSackville
Flowerclasscorvette(1f/1m).L/B/D:205.1'33.1'13.8'(62.5m10.1m4.2m).Tons:950disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:3085.Arm.:14",12pdr,20mm
hedgehogs.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2,620ihp,1screw30kts.Built:St.JohnShipbuilding&Drydock,Ltd.,St.John,NewBrunswick1941.
AtthestartofWorldWarII,theBritishAdmiraltydecidedtobuildasmanywarshipsasitcouldinCanada.Amongthefirstvesselsorderedwerecorvettesfor
convoydutyonthecrucialNorthAtlanticrun.ModeledonaBritishwhalecatcher,thecorvetteshadasmallerturningradiusthanasubmarineandwerethemost
famousescortclasseverbuilt,261ofthembeingturnedoutfortheBritish,Canadian,andFreeFrenchnavies.TheBritishbuiltcorvetteswerenamedforflowersand
theCanadiancorvettesfortowns.
InApril1942,HMCSSackvillewasassignedtoEscortGroupC3,workingoutofSt.John's,Newfoundland.ShesubsequentlysawservicewithEscortGroupC2
untilthesummerof1944whenaboilerexplosionenroutefromLondonderrytoHalifaxputheroutofcommission.Refitasaminefieldsupportvessel,afterthewar
sheremovedtheacousticcontrolledloopminefieldsoffSt.John,NewBrunswick,andSydney,NovaScotia.Aftersevenyearsinreserve,shewasemployed
variouslyasafisheries,oceanographic,andantisubmarinewarfareresearchvessel.Sackvilledecommissionedin1982andwashandedovertotheCanadianNaval
CorvetteTrustforpreservationatHalifax.
Lynch,"SavingtheLastFlowerClassCorvette,HMCSSackville."Raven&Preston,FlowerClassCorvettes.

Sacramento
Galleon(3m).Tons:480burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:8241,000.Arm.:60guns.Des.:FranciscoBento.Built:FranciscoBento,Oporto,Portugal<1663.
ThesceneofoneoftheworstshipwrecksincolonialBrazil,SacramentowasthealmirantaofafleetmaintainedbytheGeneralCommercialCompanyofBrazilto
escorttransatlanticconvoys.Inearly1668,SacramentosailedasflagshipofalargefleetfromPortugaltoBaha(Pernambuco).Hercomplementincludedtwo
hundredfriars,governmentofficials,andotherpassengers.OntheeveningofMay5,thepilotattemptedtoenterAllSaintsBayinroughweather,butatabout1800
theshipstrucktheRioVermelhoBank.Leakingbadly,shefiredhergunstosignalforhelp,butnoshipscouldleavetheport.Shedriftednorthwardforfivehoursand
sankinaboutthirtymetersofwaterat1312'S,3830'W,takingwithherallbut70ofhercomplementof1,000.
Beginningin1976,governmentsponsoredexcavationofthesiteyieldedanimpressivetroveofEnglish,Dutch,andPortugueseironandbrassgunsdatingfrom
between1590and1653,aswellasfivebrasscompassesandothernavigationalinstruments.Althoughtheshipwasprimarilyawarship,sheapparentlywascarryinga
cargoofbrassthimbles,hundredsofwhichwerefoundonthesite.TherewerealsolargenumbersofgreenjarsandscoresofPortugueseoiljarsembellishedwith
Chinesedecorativemotifs.ThelossoftheshipdevastatedBaha,notonlybecauseofthehumantollbut,asGovernorFranciscoCorreadaSilvawrote,duetothe
factthat"Iwasleftwithoutnewsbecausethelettersweredestroyed."
Mello,"ShipwreckoftheGalleonSacramento."

St.Gabriel
(SviatoiGavriil)(1m).L/B/D:60'20'7.5'(18.3m6.1m2.3m)dph.Hull:wood.Comp.:44.Built:Nizhnekamchatsk,Russia1728.
Intheearly1700s,CzarPeterIconceivedanexpeditiontofindNorthAmericafromAsiaanddeterminetheeastwardextentofAsiaticRussia.Thevesselswereto
bebuiltontheKamchatkaPeninsulafromwheretheywouldsailnorth.(ThatAsiaandNorthAmericawerenotacontiguouslandmasshadbeendeterminedina
forgotten1648expeditionbySemenDezhnevheexploredinsevenun

Page444

namedkoches,atypeofSiberiansinglemastedvesselwellsuitedtosailinginicestrewnwaters.)AsthecommanderfortheFirstKamchatkaExpedition,Peterchose
VitusBering,DanishbornbutinRussianservicesince1703,withAlexeiChirikovashissecondincommand.TheyleftSt.PetersburgonJanuary25,1725,tostarta
threeyearjourneythatbroughtthemtothePacificshore.ReachingOkhotskinOctober1726,theybuiltasmallvesselnamedFortunainwhichtheycrossedtheSea
ofOkhotsktotheKamchatkaPeninsula.Fromthere,supplieswerecarriedbylandandrivertoNizhnekamchatskatthemouthoftheKamchatkaRiveronthePacific
inJanuary1728.
HereBeringbuiltSt.Gabriel,whichputtoseaforthefirsttimeonJuly13,huggingtheAsiancoast.OnAugust1helandedinKrestaBay,atthebaseofthe
ChukotskiPeninsula.BeringcontinuedaroundthepeninsulaandsailednorththroughtheBeringStraittoreach6718'N,16653'W,onAugust16,whenheturned
back,havingneverseentheAmericancontinent.RetracinghiscoursealongtheAsianshore,hereturnedtoNizhnekamchatskonSeptember2.OnJune5,1729,
Beringsailedabout130mileseastofKamchatkainhopesoffindinglandNorthAmericaisabout1,500milesawayonthatparallelbutastheboatwasnot
designedfordeepseavoyaging,heturnedbacktoOkhotsk.FromherehereturnedtoSt.Petersburg.
In1732,St.Gabrielundertookasecondmissiontoexploretheislandsand"BigLand"knowntolieeastoftheChukotskiPeninsula.SailingonJuly23underIvan
FedorovandMikhailGvozdev,thebrighuggedthecoastfortwoweeksbeforesailingeasttoBigDiomedeIsland,reachedonAugust17.LittleDiomedeIslandcame
threedayslater,andonthefollowingdaythebrigarrivedatwhatisnowcalledCapePrinceofWales,Alaska.AlthoughBeringandhiscrewdidnotlandontheBig
Land,beforereturningtoNizhnekamchatsk,theylearnedfromEskimosofitsextensiveforestsandfurbearinganimals.
In1738and1739,St.Gabrielwasemployedintwomoreexpeditionstothesouth.Thefirst,includingthreeships,resultedinthediscoveryofnearlythirtynew
islandsintheKurilechainbetweenKamchatkaandJapan.Onthesecond,theshipssailedoverthenonexistent"JuandeGamaLand,"believedtohavebeenseenby
asixteenthcenturyexplorer,beforeturningsouthandsailingtoMatsmaiIsland,wheretheytradedwiththeJapanese.St.Gabriel'sfateisunknown,althoughRussian
supportforexplorationstoppedafterBering'sillfatedexpeditioninST.PETERandST.PAULin1740.
Divin,GreatRussianNavigator,A.I.Chirikov.Fisher,Bering'sVoyages.Frost,BeringandChirikov.

HMSSt.George
Dukeclass2ndrate90(3m).L/B/D:177.5'50'21.1'(54.1m15.2m6.4m).Tons:1,932bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:750.Arm.:2832pdr,3018pdr,30
12pdr,26pdr.Des.:SirJohnWilliams.Built:PortsmouthDockyard,Eng.1785.
ThefourthRoyalNavyshipofthename,HMSSt.GeorgewasnamedforthepatronsaintofEngland.SheparticipatedintheactionatGenoafollowingtheFrench
closureofthatporttoBritishshipping.In1801,shewasRearAdmiralHoratioNelson'sflagshippriortotheBattleofCopenhagenhetransferredhisflagtoHMS
Elephant,whoselighterdraftenabledhimtosailcloserinshoreforthebombardmentoftheDanishcapitalonApril2.In1811,St.GeorgewastheflagshipofRear
AdmiralRobertReynolds'sBalticFleet.OnNovember1,shesailedwithanumberofothershipsfromHanoBaytoEngland.Amerchantshipcollidedwithherand
shewasdrivenagroundonLlandIsland,sustainingextensivedamage.Aftermajorrepairs,shegotunderwayagainwithajuryrigonDecember17,incompanywith
HMSCressyandDEFENCE.OnChristmasEve,theshipswereoffJutlandwhenagalestruck.CaptainDanielGuionattemptedtoanchornearRingkbing,
Denmark,toawaitafavorablewind,butSt.Georgeranagroundbeforetheanchorscouldbeletgo.Despiteeffortstolightentheship,shewaspoundedbytheheavy
seasandsankwiththelossofallbutelevenofhercompany.Defencewaslostthesamenight.
Hepper,BritishWarshipLosses.

St.JeanBaptiste
Ship(3m).Tons:650bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:172.Arm.:2612pdr,106pdr.Built:Nantes,France1767.
St.JeanBaptistewasamerchantshipbuiltfortradebetweenFranceandIndiafollowingthecollapseoftheFrenchEastIndiaCompany.JeanFranoisMariede
Survillewascaptainandpartowner.OnJune3,1767,shesailedfortheGangesRiverontheBayofBengalandarrivedinNovember1768.Thenextspring,she
tradedbetweenFrenchIndianportsatMadras,Chandernagore,andBinganapalibeforeSurvillebegantoreadyherforavoyageeast.Survilleandhispartnershoped
tofindalandrumoredtohavebeendiscoveredbytheEnglishduringCaptainSamuelWallis'scruiseinHMSDOLPHINreportsofwhichhadbeenconflated
withthecenturyoldrumorofDavisLand,offthecoastofChile.Survillewasalsoto"opentradewiththeDutchandshareitwiththeDutch."Iftheseplansfailed,the
enterprisemightatleastbreakevenbysellingofftradegoodsatManila.

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St.JeanBaptistesailedfromtheHooghlyRiveronMarch3,1769.AftercallingatPondicherry,shecrossedtoMalaccaandTrengganu,andthennorthtothe
PhilippinesandtheBashiIslandsbetweenLuzonandFormosa(Taiwan).FromheresheenteredthePacificandsailedsouthwestuntil,onOctober8,shecameto
ChoiseulIsland,easternmostoftheSolomonIslands(firstidentifiedbyAlvaroMendaain1568,thoughtheFrenchdidnotrecognizethemassuch).Survilleandhis
crewanchoredatdeSurvilleIsland,eastofSantaIsabel.OnOctober22,theysailedsouththroughtheCoralSeaandintotheTasmanSeainsearchofnewlands.
TheynarrowlymissedNewCaledonia,andaftertwomonths,duringwhichscurvyravagedthecrew,theyturnedhopefullyeasttoseekshelteronNewZealand,then
knownonlyfromTasman's1642voyageinHEEMSKERCK.
OnDecember12,theyfellinwiththelandoffHokiangaHarbor,about100milesbelowCapeMariaVanDiemen.DoublingtheCape,theycametoanchorinwhat
CaptainJamesCookhadsixdaysbeforenamedDoubtlessBay.OneestimatesuggeststhatSt.JeanBaptisteandCook'sENDEAVOURmissedoneanotherbyas
littleasthirtymiles,andcertainlynotmorethanafewdaysatDoubtlessBay.TheMaorisprovedhelpfulandthesurvivingcrewsoonregainedtheirstrength.After
discussingtheavailableoptions,Survilledecideditwassafertorundownthe5,000milestoChilebeforetheprevailingwesterliesthantorisktheficklewindsand
islandstuddedwatersbacktotheIndies.HavingkidnappedaMaorinamedRanginuitoretaliateforastolenyawlboat,theFrenchsailedonNewYear'sEve1769.
St.JeanBaptistecrossedthePacificinabout35S,ahighersouthernlatitudethananyshiptothattime,andtherebyremovedanylingeringdoubtsaboutthe
existenceofaDavisLandorTerraAustralisinthecentralSouthPacific.Nonethelessthejourneytookitstoll,andmanyofthecrewdied,includingRanginui.Themen
weresoenfeebledthatSurvillecouldnotputashoreatMsAfuera,onMarch24,1770.ContinuingtothePeruviancoast,onApril7theymadealandfallatChilca,
whereSurvilledrownedinthesurfwhenhisboatcapsizedashewentashore.FirstOfficerGuillaumeLabtooktheshiptoCallao,wheretheFrenchwerearrested
andheldforthreeyears.Withacrewthatincluded63Spaniardsrecruitedtomakeupforthe79deathsand23desertionsoftheoriginalcrew,St.JeanBaptiste
sailedonApril7,1773,andarrivedbackatPortLouis,Brittany,onAugust20.Thevoyagewasacommercialdisaster,andtheshipandwhatcargoremainedwere
auctioned.
Dunmore,Expeditionofthe"St.JeanBaptiste."

USSSt.L(CVE63)
(exUSSMidway)Casablancaclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:512.3'65'(108.1'ew)22.5'(156.1m19.8m(32.9m)6.9m).Tons:10,200disp.Hull:
steel.Comp.:860.Arm.:28aircraft15",1640mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,16,000shp,2screws19kts.Built:HenryJ.KaiserShipbuildingCo.,Inc.,
Vancouver,Wash.1943.
Ifrenamingashipconfersbadluckonher,St.Lwastwicedamned,havingbeenlaiddownasChapinandthencommissionedasMidwaybeforereceivingthename
bywhichsheisbestremembered.AfterferryingaircrafttoPearlHarborandAustralia,USSMidwayjoinedRearAdmiralG.F.Bogan'sCarrierSupportGroup1in
June1944andtookpartintheinvasionoftheMarianaIslandsinJuneandJuly.InmidAugustshewastransferredtoManus,intheAdmiraltyIslandsnorthofNew
Guinea,andfromtheresupportedAlliedlandingsonMorotai,Moluccas,onSeptember1523.OnOctober10,MidwaywasrenamedSt.L,forthesiteofamajor
AlliedvictoryinFranceonJuly18,andheroldnamewasgiventoanewattackcarrier(CVB41).
Twodayslater,St.LsailedasoneofsixcarriersofRearAdmiralC.A.F.Sprague'sTaskForce3fortheinvasionofLeyte,thePhilippines.AtdawnonOctober
25,TaskForce3wasaboutsixtymileseastofSamarwhenitwasattackedbyViceAdmiralTakeoKurita'sCenterForce.St.Llaunchedherplanestoattackthe
superiorJapaneseforcefourbattleships,eightcruisers,andelevendestroyers.JapanesesurfaceforcessanktheescortcarrierGAMBIERBAY,destroyers
JOHNSTONandHoel,anddestroyerescortSamuelD.Roberts.At1050,theremainingshipscameunderairattackinthefirstkamikazeattackofthewar.One
planecrashedthroughSt.L'sflightdeckanddetonatedhermagazine.CaptainF.J.McKennagavetheordertoabandonship,andshesankhalfanhourlater,in11
10'N,12705'E.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

St.Louis
Liner(2f/2t).L/B/D:543.8'72.4'42.1'(165.8m22.1m12.8m).Tons:16,732grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:973pass.Mach.:oilengines,3,060nhp,2screws16
kts.Built:BremerVulkanSchiffban&Maschinenfabrik,Vegesack,Hamburg1928.
ThepassengershipSt.LouiswasbuiltforHapag'stransatlantic(HamburgNewYork)andcruisingservice.InMay1939,theGermangovernmentdecidedtoallow
933JewssomeofwhomhadalreadybeeninconcentrationcampstoleaveGermany.OnMay13,theshipsailedfromHamburg.AfterastopatCherbourg,
shearrived

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Imagenotavailable.
TheHapagoceanlinerST.LOUIS,sceneofoneofthemosttragic,andeasilyavoidable,episodesinvolvingJewish
emigrantsintheyearsbeforeWorldWarI.CourtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia.

atHavana,Cuba,onMay27.TheCubangovernment,whichhadalreadyaccepted2,500refugees,hadshortlybeforechangeditsimmigrationpolicy.Itdeclinedto
accepttheSt.Louispassengers,743ofwhomhadappliedforU.S.visasandintendedtoremaininCubaonlyuntiltheycouldbeadmittedtotheUnitedStates.While
negotiationsbetweenJewishleadersandtheU.S.andCubangovernmentsdraggedon,CaptainGustavSchroedersteamedslowlybetweensouthernFloridaand
CubauntilashortageofsuppliesforcedhimbacktoEurope.PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt'sdraconianadherencetoU.S.immigrationquotaswastheresultofa
numberoffactors,includingoverwhelmingdomesticandcongressionaloppositiontoanyincrease.AsSt.LouismadeherwaybacktoEurope,Jewishleaders
redoubledtheireffortstopreventthepassengersfrombeingreturnedtoGermany.WhentheshipdockedatAntwerponJune17,181passengerswenttothe
Netherlands,288toBritain,224toFrance,andtheremainderstayedinBelgium.
St.Louisreturnedtoregularservice,andonAugust27,1939,wasrecalledfromNewYorkjustbeforearuntoBermuda.TheoutbreakofWorldWarIIforcedher
tosailforMurmansk,USSR(newlyalliedwithGermany),andshereturnedtoGermanythroughNorwegianwatersonNewYear'sDay.Severelydamagedbythe
RoyalAirForcebombingofHamburgin1944,theshipwasbrokenupin1950.
Thomas&Witts,VoyageoftheDamned.Film:VoyageoftheDamned(1976).

USSSt.Mary's
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:149.3'37.3'18'(45.5m11.4m5.5m).Tons:958bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:195.Arm.:1632pdr,68''.Built:Washington
NavyYard,Washington,D.C.1844.
NamedfortheMarylandcounty,theU.S.Navy'ssecondSt.Mary'swasoriginallyslatedfordutywiththeMediterraneanSquadron.Immediatelybeforeher
departure,U.S.relationswithMexicobegantodeteriorateovertheannexationofTexas,whichCongressandPresidentJohnTylerhadjustapproved.InMarch
1845,St.Mary'ssailedinCommodoreRobertStockton'ssquadrontobolsterU.S.forcesintheGulfofMexico.InNovember,shecarriedJohnSlidell,thenew
ministertoMexico,toVeraCruz,andsheremainedintheGulfthroughthewinter.WhentheMexicanAmericanWarbeganinMay1846,shewasassignedto
blockadedutyoffTampicoandremainedthereintermittentlythroughMay1847.
ThefollowingyearSt.Mary'swasassignedtothePacificSquadron,withwhichshecruisedbetweenCalifornia,Chile,andtheFarEastforfiveyears.Afterarefitat
Philadelphia,shereturnedtothePacificforafurthertwoyears.In1856,CommanderCharlesDavistookcom

Page447

mandoftheshipatPanamaCity.HisfirstassignmentwastonegotiatethesurrenderofWilliamWalker,aU.S.bornbuccaneerwhohadtriedtoestablisheda
personalempireinNicaragua.Davissucceeded,butin1860,whenWalkerattemptedasimilarintrigueinHonduras,hewascapturedandshot.St.Mary'sremained
ontheWestCoastthroughtheCivilWar.AfteracruisetoAustraliaandNewZealandin1870,shereturnedtoNorfolkin1872.
Twoyearslater,CongresstransferredSt.Mary'stotheNewYorkNauticalSchool.This,thefirstfederallyassistedmerchantmarineofficertrainingprogram,later
evolvedintotheNewYork(State)MerchantMarineAcademy,andformedthemodeluponwhichallotherstatemerchantmarineacademiesandtheU.S.Merchant
MarineAcademyatKingsPointweremodeled.St.Mary'sservedasaschoolshipuntil1908whenshewassoldandbrokenupatBoston.
Mitchell,We'llDeliver.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

St.Paul
(SviatoiPavel)Brig.L/B/D:80'22.5'12'dph(24.4m6.9m3.7m).Tons:360dwt.Hull:wood.Comp.:76.Arm.:14guns,3falconets.Built:Andrei
Kuzmin,Okhotsk173740.
SistershipofVitusBering'sST.PETER,aftersailingfromPetropavlovsk,Kamchatka(June4,1741),undercommandofAlekseiChirikov,St.Paulwasseparated
fromtheflagshiponJune20inaboutlatitude4849'N.Steeringeast,onJuly15,St.PaulreachedthecoastofNorthAmericanearDixonEntrance,in5425'N,
13230'W.ThereChirikovfollowedthecoastlinenorth,andthreedayslater,hesentashoreapartyofelevenmennearLisianskiiStraittogetwaterandinterviewany
nativesaboutthesurroundingcountry.Fivedayslater,anotherboatwassentouttosearchforthemen,butittoodisappearedwithouttrace.Forcedtoreturnto
Kamchatka,ChirikovsailedthroughtheAleutianIslandsandarrivedatPetropavlovskonOctober12.
ThefollowingMay,ChirikovoncemoresailedforAmerica,toreturntoSt.Theodore(Attu)Island,whichhehadseenthepreviousyear.However,hiscrewwere
tooweaktomakethevoyageandtheyreturnedtoOkhotskinAugust.Hereafter,governmentinterestintheNorthPacificwaned,andSt.Paulwaslaidupat
Okhotsk.ChirikovandhisofficersreturnedtoSt.Petersburg.
Divin,GreatRussianNavigator,A.I.Chirikov.Fisher,Bering'sVoyages.Frost,BeringandChirikov.

St.Peter
(SviatoiPetr)Brig.L/B/D:80'22.5'12'dph(24.2m6.9m3.7m).Tons:360dwt.Hull:wood.Comp.:76.Arm.:14guns,3falconets.Built:Andrei
Kuzmin,Okhotsk1740.
In1730,freshfromhisvoyageinST.GABRIELthroughtheBeringStrait,betweenAsiaandNorthAmerica,VitusBeringwrotetheRussiansenatethat"Americais
notfarfromKamchatka,perhapsatadistanceof150or200[German]miles.ItispossibletoarrangetradewithpeopleinAmericasoitisnecessarytobuildasmall
cargovesselinKamchatka."Twoyearslaterhewasauthorizedtobuildtwovesselsforanexpedition"fortheprofitofthestateandtheenhancementofourinterests."
Itwashopedthatthecoreofthisprosperitywouldbenewsourcesoffurandgold.RecruitingmastershipwrightAndreiKuzminandmineralogistGeorgW.Steller
fromSt.Petersburg,BeringproceededoverlandtoOkhotskwheretheshipsSt.PeterandST.PAUL(SviatoiPetrandSviatoiPavel)werebuiltoverthecourse
offouryears.Inthefallof1740,theshipsdepartedOkhotskandinOctoberestablishedwinterquartersatPetropavlovskwhichtakesitsnamefromthetwo
shipsonthePacificcoastofKamchatka.
OnJune4,1741,theshipssailedeastsoutheastasfaras46NinsearchofthenonexistentJuandeGamaLand.SeparatedinafogonJune13,St.Peterheaded
northeast,andonJuly20theRussianslandedonSaintElias(Kayak)Island.Althoughshortofwater,BeringwaseagertoreturntoKamchatkaandweighedanchor
thenextday.AttheendofAugust,hewasforcedtostopagainintheShumaginIslands,butinhishaste,heloadedbrackishwater,whichfurtherdebilitatedthe
weakenedcrew.WinterstormsforcedthemtolandonBeringIslandonNovember6,400milesfromPetropavlovsk.Wrackedwithscurvy,bythesummerthecrew
hadlostthirtymen,includingBering,whodiedonDecember8.St.Peterwasallbutruined,andthesurvivorsbrokeherupandfashionedasmallerSt.Peter(40feet
onthekeel,13feetbeam)inwhichtheyreturnedtoPetropavlovskonAugust27with600furpelts.
Divin,GreatRussianNavigator,A.I.Chirikov.Fisher,Bering'sVoyages.Frost,BeringandChirikov.

St.PeterPortwreck
(1m).L/B/D:82.0'19.7'9.8'(25m6m3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:3.Built:northwestEurope3rdcent.CE.
OneofonlytwoseagoingmerchantvesselsfromtheperiodofRomanruleinnorthernEuropefoundtodate(theotheristheBLACKFRIARSBARGEfrom
London),

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theSt.PeterPortwreckwasdiscoveredintheportofthesamenameonGuernsey,oneoftheChannelIslandsoffthecoastofFrance.FirstidentifiedbyRichard
Keen,thesitewasexcavatedbyMargaretRuleandJasonMonaghanbetween1984and1986.Thedimensionscitedhereareinterpolatedfromtheexistingremains
ofthevessel,whichincludeakeel14.1meterslongandbottomplanksofacombinedwidthofabout4meters.Fromwhatsurvivesofthevessel,whichapparently
burnedsometimearoundtheperiod280287CE,theconstructionappearstoresemblethatoftheshipsoftheVenetidescribedbyJuliusCaesarinhisGallicWars:
Theirkeelswereconsiderablymoreflatthanthoseofourownships,thattheymightmoreeasilyweathershoalsandebbtide.Theirprowswereverylofty,andtheirsternswere
similarlyadaptedtomeettheforceofwavesandstorms.Theshipsweremadeentirelyofoak,toendureanyviolenceandbuffeting.Thecrosspieceswerebeamsafootthick,
fastenedwithironnailsasthickasathumb....Ourshipscouldnotdamagethemwiththeram(theyweresostoutlybuilt),nor,byreasonoftheirheight,wasiteasytohurlapike,
andforthesamereasontheywerelessreadilygrippedbygrapnels.

Thevesselisofskeletonfirstconstruction.Thatis,theframeswereerectedfirstandplanksattachedtothemwithironnails.Thenailholeswerecaulkedwithmoss,
whilethebuildersemployedacaulkingofoakshavingsbetweentheplanks,whichwereshapedbysawsandadzes.Researchontheshipisongoing,andheroriginis
yettobeidentified.
AstudyoftheartifactsfoundonthesiteintheshipsuggestthatthevesselwassailedwithacrewofthreeandtradedasfarsouthandwestasthecoastofSpainalong
theBayofBiscay,andasfareastastheNorthSea.AmongthefindsintheshipwereeightyRomancoins,thegroupingofwhichsuggeststhattheywereoriginallyheld
inacontainerofsomesort,togetherwithpotteryamphorae,cookingpots,bowlsandothervessels,fragmentsofwoodenbarrels,andRomantiles(possiblyfromthe
deckhouse),aswellastracesofgrainandotherfoodstuffs.
Caesar,GallicWars.Rule&Monaghan,GalloRomanTradingVesselfromGuernsey.

St.Roch
Aux.schooner(1f/2m).L/B/D:104.3'bp24.8'13'(31.8m7.5m4m).Tons:323disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:9.Mach.:diesel,150hp.Built:BurrardDry
DockCo.,Ltd.,NorthVancouver,B.C.1928.
BuiltfortheRoyalCanadianMountedPoliceserviceintheArctic,thepatrolvesselSt.RochwasnamedforthefourteenthcenturyFrenchsaintcelebratedforhisgift
ofhealing.NorwegianbornRCMPStaffSergeantHenryLarsenjoinedtheshiponherfirstvoyageandbecame
Imagenotavailable.
TheRoyalCanadianMountedPoliceauxiliaryschoonerST.ROCH,onpatrolinloose
ArcticiceinnorthernCanada.CourtesyVancouverMaritimeMuseum.

Page449

masterinAugust1928.ThefirsttenyearsofSt.Roch'scareerwerespentpatrollingtheEskimocommunitiesoftheWesternArctic,returningtoVancouverviathe
BeringStraitforfreshsuppliesandcreweverysummer.In1940,concernedaboutestablishinguncontestedsovereigntyovertheislandsoftheCanadianArctic,the
governmentorderedLarsen"toproceed,ifpossible,fromVancouver,BritishColumbia,onpatroltoHalifax,NovaScotia,viatheCanadianArctic,iftherewas
sufficienttimeleftafter...dutiesintheWesternArctic."
OnJune23,1940,St.RochsailednorththroughtheBeringStraitintotheArcticSeafullyexpectingtoattemptthepassagethatyear,butmadeitonlyasfaras
VictoriaIsland.Thenextspring,wartimeshippingshortageobligedLarsentoreturntoVancouvertoloadmoresuppliesforthenortherncommunities.Settingoutfrom
CambridgeBayinAugust1941,St.RochmadeitasfarastheBoothiaPeninsulawherethecrewwinteredinPasleyBay.Oneofthecrew,AlbertChartrand,diedof
aheartattack,andLarsenandtwoofthecrewwalked1,140milestofetchaCatholicpriesttoconductafuneralforhimthefollowingspring.Whentheicebrokeup
inAugust,theyproceededthroughBellotStrait,anarrowdefilemeasuringeighteenmileslongandonemilewide.FromtheretheymadeforLancasterStrait,south
intotheDavisStrait,andputintoHalifax,NovaScotia,onOctober11,1942.St.RochwasthefirstshiptohavemadetheNorthwestPassagefromeasttowest,and
afterRoaldAmundsen'sGJAonlythesecondshiptohavemadethepassageineitherdirection.
In1943,St.RochwasemployedinservicingcommunitiesintheEasternArcticforaseasonbeforebeingfittedwithanew300horsepowerengineandreriggedasa
ketch.In1944,LarsenwasorderedtoreturntoVancouver.RatherthangobackbyAmundsen'sroute,thewayhehadcome,hedecidedtosailnortharound
VictoriaIslandviatheMcClureandPrinceofWalesStraits.FromHolmanIsland,heracedtheencroachingiceinasuccessfulefforttoavoidwinteringintheArctic.
HesailedthroughtheBeringStraitinSeptemberandwasbackinVancouveronOctober16.Havingcovered7,295milesin86days,St.Rochwasthefirstshipto
maketheNorthwestPassageinasingleseason.AftertwomorevoyagestotheWesternArcticin194546and194748,shereturnedtoHalifax.Uponherarrival,it
wasdecidedthatshewasnolongerfitforArcticvoyagingandshewaslaidup.InVancouver,publicsentimentfortheshipwasstrong,andin1954fundswereraised
toreturntheshiptoherhomeport.TodaytheArcticveteranispreservedinatentshapedbuildingerectedbytheVancouverMaritimeMuseum.
Delgado,Dauntless"St.Roch."Larsen,TheBigShip.

USSSaltLakeCity(CL25)
Pensacolaclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:585.7'65.3'19.5'(178.5m19.9m5.9m).Tons:11,512disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:631.Arm.:108"(23,2
2),45",23pdr621"TT4aircraft.Armor:3"belt,1"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,107,000hp,4screws32.5kts.Built:AmericanBrownBoveriElectric
Corp.,Camden,N.J.1929.
MostofUSSSaltLakeCity'sprewarcareerwasspentwiththePacificFleet,whichshefirstjoinedin1932.TheJapaneseattackonPearlHarborfoundher
escortingtheaircraftcarrierENTERPRISEenroutefromWakeIslandtoHawaii.FollowingthefallofWakeattheendofDecember,sheescortedsupplyforces
boundforMidway.ArrivinginthesouthwestPacificintimetocoverthewithdrawalofYORKTOWNfromtheBattleoftheCoralSeainApril,SaltLakeCitywas
partoftherearguardatMidwayinJune.ShethensailedinsupportoftheGuadalcanallandingsandhelpedrescuesurvivorsofWASPwhenthecarrierwas
torpedoedonSeptember15.
AssignedtoTaskForce64fortheSolomonscampaign,SaltLakeCitywasoneoffourcruiserstheotherswereBoise,Helena,andSanFranciscoandfive
destroyersattheBattleofCapeEsperanceonOctober1112.Inasomewhatconfusedthirtyfiveminuteengagement,theJapaneselostoneofthreeheavycruisers
andoneoftwodestroyers,withtwoshipsbadlydamaged.Americanlossesincludedonedestroyer,withseveralshipsdamaged,includingBoiseandSaltLakeCity,
whichreturnedtoPearlHarbor.
InMarch1943,underCaptainBertramJ.Rodgers,SaltLakeCitywasdispatchedtogetherwithlightcruiserRichmondandfourdestroyerstothwartthe
reinforcementofJapanesebasesintheAleutianIslands.OnthemorningofMarch26,theAmericanfleetwasengagedbyaJapaneseforceoffourcruisersandfour
destroyersatarangeof10,000yards.InwhatSamuelEliotMorisonhascalled"thelastheavygunfiredaylightaction,withnointerferencebyairpower,submarines
ortorpedoes,"SaltLakeCitywasbroughttoastandstillbyeightinchshellsfromMayaandNachi.ButaggressivemaneuversbyBailey,Coghlan,andMonaghan
promptedViceAdmiralB.Hosogayatowithdrawhisforce,includingthetransports.Despiteherdamage,SaltLakeCityremainedintheAleutiansuntiltheU.S.
landingsinMay.
AfterrepairsatSanFrancisco,shejoinedtheforcesgatheringfortheassaultontheGilbertIslandsinOctober.Thenextyearwasspentinavarietyofmissionsthat
tookherfromtheCentralPacifictotheWestCoastandbacktotheAleutians.PartofthePhilippinesinvasionforceinOctober1944,SaltLakeCitylaterprovided
firesupportatIwoJimaandOkinawa.InSeptember,she

Page450

sailedtonorthernHonshutolendsupporttotheOccupation.In1946,SaltLakeCitysurvivedtwoatomicbombtestsatBikiniAtoll.Shemetherendasatargetship
offsouthernCaliforniain1948.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

SanEstban
L/B:ca.65.9'21.3'(20.1m6.5m).Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.100.Built:Spain(?)<1550.
OnNovember4,1552,fiftyfourvesselsunderCaptainGeneralBartolomCarreosetsailfromSanlcardeBarrameda,Spain.Twentyfouroftheshipswere
boundforTierraFirme(themainlandofSouthandCentralAmerica),sixteenforSanJuandeUlainMexico,tenforSantoDomingo,andfourforportsinPuerto
RicoandPuertodePlata.OfthoseboundforSanJuandeUla,theportforVeraCruz,onlyfourwereslatedforthereturntrip:SanEstban,probablythelargest
shipintheconvoy,underFranciscodelHuertoEsprituSanto,underDaminMartnSanAndrs,underAntonioCorzoandSantaMaradeYciar,underAlonso
OjosandherownerandpilotMigueldeJuregui.Theshipscarriedarangeofgoods,includingwine,clothing,textiles,vinegar,fruit,soap,olives,oils,lead,andwax
forchurchcandles.DespitetheimportanceofthesecargoestoSpain'soutpostsintheNewWorld,andtheeverpressingneedforgoldandsilverinSpain,inthe
1550sthetransatlanticpassagewasconsideredtoohazardoustoriskgoodships,andonlytwelveofthefiftyfourwereduetoreturntoSpain.Therest,wornout
fromhardserviceelsewhere,wouldbescrapped.Itisnotsurprising,then,toreadFrayPerpetuo'scomplainttotheCounciloftheIndiesofships"leakingwaterlike
sievesandsoladenwithmerchandiseandpeoplethattheycouldneithernavigatenordefendthemselves."ThefleetwasatthemercyoftheelementsandFrench
corsairs,andeightwerelostontheoutwardpassage,amongthemCarreo'sflagship,NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin,whichburnedtothewaterlinewiththeloss
ofallbuttwenty(includingCarreo)ofherthreehundredpassengersandcrew.
AfterwateringatDominica,theshipssplitupforthefinallegoftheirrespectivevoyages.ThoseboundforNewSpainsailedbetweenCubaandJamaica,throughthe
YucatanChannelandsouthalongthecoasttoVeraCruz.SantaMaradeYciarandSanAndrsarrivedatSanJuandeUlaonMarch5,SanEstbanand
EsprituSantoonMarch25.Becausetheporthadrecentlybeenravagedbyahurricane,thereweredelaysinunloading.TheywereunabletoreturntoSpainthat
season,andhadtowaitforthearrivalofthefleetin1554.TheonlyoneofthefourshipswhosemanifestforthereturnpassagesurvivesisthatofSantaMarade
Yciar.Shecarried243individualshipments,including25,000pesosoftheking'sgold,themaximumamountthatanyoneshipwaslegallyallowedtocarry.Inaddition
togoldandsilver,hercargoconsistedof22,000poundsofcochineal(areddyestuffderivedfrominsects),cowhides,resins,sugar,silk,sarsaparillaroot,and
personalpossessions.Shealsocarriedtenpiecesofheavyordnance,thirtytwoswivels,andassortedsmallerfirearms,andhercomplementcomprisedtwentyseven
crewandfortypassengers,includingsixwomen.
OnApril9,1554,thefourshipssailedforHavanatorendezvouswiththeshipsreturningtoSpainfromelsewhereintheCaribbean.Twentydayslater,theywere
caughtinastormintheGulfofMexicoandthreeofthemwreckedonwhatisnowPadreIsland,Texas,aboutfortyfivemilesnorthoftheRioGrande.(Corzo'sSan
Andrsweatheredthestorm,butwascondemneduponherarrivalinHavana.)AsmallnumberofsurvivorssailedtoSanJuandeUlainoneortwooftheships'
boats,whiletheothertwohundredorsobeganthelongmarchoverland.BesetbyhostileIndians,environment,andterrain,onlyahandfulreachedSpanishterritory.
Inthemeantime,sixshipsweredispatchedtosalvagewhattheycouldofthegoldandsilverfromSantaMaradeYciar,SanEstban,andEsprituSanto.Diving
beganonJuly23,andthesalvorsrecovered35,804poundsoftheapproximately87,000poundsoftreasurenowestimatedtohavebeenaboardthethreeships.
Inthe1950s,anavigationchannelhappenedtobecutdirectlyoverthewreckofSantaMariadeYciar,andin1967treasurehuntersbegandivingonEspritu
Santo,thoughtheywerestoppedbytheTexasgovernment.In1972,theTexasAntiquitiesCommissionauthorizedthearchaeologicalexcavationoftheSanEstban
site.Findsincludedsevenanchors,ironfastenings,chains,rudderfittings,shiparmament(includingoneversoandthreebombards),navigationalinstruments(including
soundingweights,dividers,astrolabesandsoundingleads),pottery,smallamountsofgoldandsilverbullion,and358silverandgoldcoins.Oftheshipitself,onlya
fewtimberssurvive,themostimportantofwhichcomprisea5.1meterlongsectionofthekeelandpartofthesternpost.Basedonthesefragments,ithasbeen
estimatedthattheshiphadalengthof20to21metersandabeamof5.5to5.6meters.
Arnold&Weddle,NauticalArchaeologyofPadreIsland.Rosloff&Arnold,"KeeloftheSanEstban"

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SanFrancisco
Sidewheelsteamship(2f/2m).L/B/D:285'od41'12'(86.9m12.5m3.7m).Hull:wood.Comp.:3501st,1,000steerage.Mach.:oscillatingengine,2,000
hp,sidewheels8.5kts.Built:WilliamH.Webb,NewYork1853.
BuiltforW.H.Aspinwall&Company'sPacificMailSteamshipCompany,SanFrancisco'spatentcondenserwasremovedafterthreetrialruns.Despitetheneedto
reworktheengine,Aspinwallaccepteda$75,000contracttocarrytheU.S.Army'sThirdArtilleryRegimenttoCalifornia.UnderCaptainWatkins,SanFrancisco
sailedfromNewYorkonDecember22,1853,withapproximately750passengersandcrew,includingwomenandchildren,andsomuchcoalthat300ofthe
soldierswerecampedondeck.At0330onChristmasDay,theshipwaslaboringinagalewhentheairpumpbrokeandtheenginesfailed.At0700theuppersaloon
andits160occupantsweresweptofftheship.Toaddtotheterror,thereweremanycasesofcholeraandseveralchildrenhadcomeaboardwithmeasles.On
December28,about100peopleweretransferredtothebarkKilby.(TheyweretakentoNewYorkintheDownEasterLucyThompsononJanuary14.)OnNew
Year'sDay,theBritishclipperThreeBellsunderCaptainCrightonhoveto,andonJanuary3theAntarctic.OnJanuary4theweathermoderatedandtheremainder
oftheship'scompanywastransferred.AntarcticsailedforLiverpoolwith192people,andThreeBellslandedatNewYorktoahero'swelcomeonJanuary13.All
told,246peopledied,60succumbingtocholera.
Crichton,"WreckofSanFrancisco."Stackpole,WreckoftheSteamer"SanFrancisco."

USSSanJacinto
Screwfrigate(3m).L/B/D:237'37.8'17.3'(72.2m11.5m5.3m).Tons:2,150disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:235.Arm.:68".Mach.:horizontalcondensing
engines,500hp,1screw11kts.Des.:Hartt.Built:NewYorkNavyYard,Brooklyn,N.Y.1852.
TheU.S.Navy'ssecondscrewfrigatewasnamedforthesiteofSamHouston'svictoryovertheMexicanArmyin1836.Builttoanexperimentaldesign,USSSan
Jacintowasfittedwithanoffcenterpropellershaft.Hergreatestdefectwasherengines,whichwerereplacedafteronlyoneyearoffaultyservice.Recommissioned
in1854,shesailedinEuropeanandCaribbeanwatersforayearbeforeassignmentasflagshipoftheEastIndiaSquadron.SailingviatheCapeofGoodHopeas
flagshipofCommodoreJamesArmstrong,inApril1852,SanJacintoconveyedTownsendHarristoSiam(Thailand)tonegotiatethefirstU.S.treatywiththat
country.FromtheresheproceededtoShimoda,whereinAugustHarrisestablishedthefirstforeignconsulateinJapan.SanJacintoremainedintheFarEastfortwo
years,protectingU.S.merchantinterestsandlandingmarinestofightChinesetroopsatWhampoaandCantonduringtheSecondOpiumWar,whichendedwiththe
TreatiesofTientsinbetweenChina,Britain,theUnitedStates,France,andRussiain1858.
ReturningtotheUnitedStatesthatsameyear,SanJacintonextjoinedtheAfricaSquadron,andonAugust8,1860,shecapturedthebrigStormKingfromwhich
616slaveswerefreedatMonrovia,Liberia.SheremainedonstationuntilAugust27,1861,whenshesailedfortheUnitedStatesunderCaptainCharlesWilkes,
returningviatheCaribbeanwhereshesearchedunsuccessfullyforCaptainRaphaelSemmes'sCSSSumter.OnNovember8,WilkesinterceptedtheRoyalMail
steamerTRENTabout230mileseastofHavanaandarrestedtheSoutherndiplomatsJamesMasonandJohnSlidellwhowereenroutetotheirpostsinEngland.The
TrentAffairstrainedrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandBritainuntiltheSoutherners'releasein1862.
InMarch1862,SanJacintotookpartinnavaloperationsofthePeninsularCampaigninVirginiabeforeproceedingtotheEastGulfBlockadingSquadronatKey
West.Fromthenon,herdutiesvariedbetweenblockadedutyintheGulfandoffNorthCarolina,andthepursuitofALABAMA(fromOctober1862toJanuary
1863),FLORIDA,andTALLAHASSEE.Intheinterim,shespentmostofhertimeonblockadeoffMobile,Alabama,whereshecapturedfourprizes.SanJacinto
waslostonNewYear'sDay1865afterhittingareefnearGreatAbacoIsland,Bahamas.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

SanJernimo
Tons:150tons.Built:Guayaquil,Ecuador(?)<1605.
AlthoughAlvaroMendaasoughttoestablishacolonyintheSolomonIslands,whichhediscoveredonhisheroicbutfruitlessvoyageof156769inLOSREYES
andTodosLosSantositwasnotuntil1574thathesecuredinSpainauthorizationtotake500men(50ofthemwiththeirwivesandchildren),aswellascattle,
horses,goats,sheep,andpigsforbreeding,tofortifythreecitieswithinsixyears.NosoonerwasthisdonethanMendaawasarrestedonatrumpedupcharge.By
thetimehewasfree,FrancisDrakehadenteredthePacificinGOLDENHIND,"whereuponcommandmentwasgiventhat[theSolomons]shouldnotbeinhabited
thattheEnglish,oroth

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erswhopasstheStraitsofMagalhanestogototheMalucas,mighthavenosuccourtherebutsuchastheygotoftheIndians."
MendaalanguishedinPeruforthenextfifteenyears,butonApril5,1595,hesetsailwithfourshipsSanJernimo(purchasedfromSebastiandeGoitey
Figueroa),SantaYsabel,thefrigateSantaCatalina,andthegalliotSanFelipeand386emigrantsincludinghiswife,DoaYsabeldeBarreto,andherthree
brothers.ThechiefpilotwasPedroFernndezdeQuirs.TheshipsfirstsailedthroughtheMarquesasIslands,whichMendaanamedfortheViceroyMarquesasde
Mendoza.Mendaa'slackofleadershipplaguedtheexpeditionandcontributedtothemurderof200Marquesans,mostofwhomwerekilledwithlittleorno
provocation.
Runningwestinabout10S,theshipsnextpassedbetweentheElliceandCookIslands,butbeforetheyreachedtheSolomons,theycametoSantaCruzIsland,six
degreeseastofSanCristbal.Atthesametime,SantaYsabeldisappeared,possiblysinkingduringaneruptionofTinakulavolcano,fifteenmilesaway.Aftermaking
astartatacolony,thesoldierswhotreatedtheinhabitantsruthlesslygrewrestiveanddecidedtheywantedtoleave.Mendaakilledthecampmasterinan
efforttorestoreorderandallegiancetohimself,buthewasailinganddiedafewdayslater,onOctober18,leavingcommandoftheexpeditiontohiswife.Sickness
descendedonthecamp,anditwasnotuntilNovember18thatthethreeremainingshipssailed.OnDecember10,neartheequator,SanFelipedisappeared,onlyto
arriveindependentlyatMindanao.ThoughthoseaboardSanJernimoandSantaCatalinawerestarvingordyingofthirstattherateofmorethanonepersonaday,
Mendaa'swidowrefusedtoshareherprovisionswiththeship'scompany,andevenusedthescarcewatertowashherclothes.OnDecember19,Quirsaskedto
bringthefewsurvivorsfromSantaCatalinaaboardhisship,butthegovernessrefusedandthefrigatedisappeared.
OnDecember23,theSpanishsightedPonape,intheCarolines,butwereunabletolandhereor,onJanuary1,1596,ateitherGuamorRotaintheMarianas.Finally,
onJanuary12,SanJernimoreachedthePhilippines,wherethecrewfoundfood.OnFebruary11,Quirs'sshiparrivedatManilafiftyofhercomplementdieden
route.
Therewasnotayardthatwasnotbentdownwardowingtopartedlifts,thetopsailtiesweregone,andperhapsforthreedaysatatimethesailwasflappinginthewaistbecause
noonecaredtohoistitwitharopethathadbeensplicedthirtythreetimes.

Mendaa'swidowremarriedand,withhernewhusband,refittheshipforthereturntoMexicoonAugust10,1596theyarrivedatAcapulcoonDecember11.San
FelipeeventuallyreachedMindanaobutneitherthefrigateSantaCatalinanorSantaYsabelwaseverheardfromagain,exceptforavaguereportthatthelatterwas
runashoreonsomeunknownislandandseenrottingwithhercrew.
Quirs,VoyagesofFernndezdeQuirs.

SanJuan
Galleon(3m).L:ca.50'(keel)(15m).Tons:250300tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:75.Built:Guipuzcoa,Spain(?)<1565.
SanJuanwasaBasquewhalerlostinRedBay,Labrador,in1565.OwnedbyRamosdeArrietayBordaofPasajes(deFuenterrabia),shewaspartoftheBasque
fleetthatsentasmanyasthirtyshipsayearinthemidsixteenthcenturytoworktheStraitofBelleIslewhalefisheriesbetweenNewfoundlandandLabrador.
AccordingtodocumentsfiledinSpainandarchaeologicalevidencegatheredinthe1980s,SanJuanwasapparentlyloadingbarrelsofoilforthereturntoSpainwhen
astrongnortherlywinddroveherontotherocksnearSaddleIsland.Whetheranyonewaslostwiththeshipisunknown,butanotherwhaler,LaConcepcin,
embarkedmostofthecrewtogetherwithwhatsuppliescouldbesalvagedfromtheship.Inaddition,accordingtoSimondeEchaniz,"theoutfitteroftheship,Joannes
dePortu,returnedtoRedBaythefollowingyearinanothership...andtookallthebarrelsthathecouldfromthelostshipandsentthembacktoSpainandother
places."
In1978,governmentarchaeologistslocatedthewreckinRedBay,nearoneofthreeknownencampmentsthatthewhalersusedduringthewhalingseason.Parks
Canadabeganexcavationthenextyear.Findsonthesiteincludedbarrelstavesandtops,thejawboneofawhale(apparentlystowedintheholdatthetimeofthe
sinking),theship'scapstan,fragmentsofceramicpottery,andpiecesoftheship'spumpandpumpwell.Between1979and1984,archaeologistscarefully
disassembledtheremainsoftheshipforconservationandstudyashore.Theseincludedapproximately3,000individualtimberscomprising44ceilingplanks,210
exteriorplanks,230futtocks,50floortimbers,andotherstructuralandmiscellaneouselements.Atthesametime,archaeologistsfromtheUniversityofNewfoundland
havebeenstudy

Page453

ingthenearbyBasquewhalingstationfoundonRedBay.
Tuck&Grenier,"SixteenthCenturyBasqueWhalingStationinLabrador."Waddell,"DisassemblyofaSixteenthCenturyGalleon."

SanMartn
Galleon(3m).Tons:1,000tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:650.Arm.:48guns.Built:Portugal(?)<1588.
BestknownastheDukeofMedinaSidonia'scapitanageneral,orflagship,intheSpanishArmadain1588,thegalleonSanMartnwasoriginallybuiltasa
Portuguesewarship.BroughtintotheSpanishNavyfollowingPhilipII'sannexationofPortugalin1580,shesailedascapitanaofDonAlonzoBazan,Marqusof
SantaCruz,whentheSpanishdefeatedaFrenchfleetof75shipsattheBattleofTerceirointheAzoresonJuly25,1582.Sometimethereafter,Philipbegan
formulatinghisambitiousplanforanamphibiousinvasionofEnglandusingtroopsgatheredundertheDukeofParmaatNieuportandDunkirkintheSpanish
Netherlands.Toaccomplishthis,MedinaSidoniaassembledafleetof130ships.TheseincludedhisownSquadronofPortugalwith12shipsthoseofBiscay,14
Castile,16Andalusia,11Guipuzcoa,14andLevant,10.Otherwarshipsincluded4Neapolitangalleassesand4Portuguesegalleys.Inaddition,theSpanish
charteredfromHanseaticmerchantsintheBaltic23hulks(orurcas)asstoreships,andtheyhad22pinnaceszabrasandpatachesthatservedasdispatch
boatsandscouts.Ofthe30,000peopleintheArmadaships,morethan19,000weresoldiersintendedtofightwithParma'sforces.Rangedagainstthisformidable
assemblage,theEnglishhadabout197ships:34royalshipsbelongingtotheCrown,105merchantships,and58victuallersandcoasters,withacombined
complementofjustunder16,000men.
LaFelicissimaArmada"themostblessedfleet"assembledatLisboninthespringof1588,andonMay30,theysailed,butplaguedbyinadequatesuppliesof
foodandwater(somehadbeenpoorlystowed,somehadsimplyrottedoverthewinter),mostofthefleetputintoLaCorua.Fromtherethefleetsetoutagainon
July22.Aweeklater,theSpanishwereoffPlymouth,minusthefourgalleys,whichfledtoportinthefaceoftheAtlanticgales,andtheBiscayangalleonSantaAna.
MedinaSidoniawasintentonmaintaininghisshipsinadefensiveformationastheystooduptheChannel,buttheycouldnotentirelyavoidconfrontationswiththe
English.AlthoughthemorenumerousEnglishshipswereingeneralsmallerandmorelightlyarmedthantheiropponents,theirgunshadgreaterrangeandtheycould
engagetheSpanishwithoutcomingunderfireorriskingaboardingaction,inwhichcasetheSpanishwouldcertainlyhavehadtheupperhand.
OnSunday,July31,theEnglishshipsmadetheirfirstattackontheSpanish,butasitwasevidentfromtheiractionsthattheEnglishwantedtoavoidaboardingaction
atallcosts,MedinaSidoniaorderedhisshipstoadvanceuptheChannel.TheEnglishpursuedthemthroughthenight,andalthoughtherewerenosignificant
engagementsonAugust1,SirFrancisDrake,inREVENGE,capturedNUESTRASEORADELROSARIO.ThenextdaysawmajorengagementsoffPortlandBill.
Thefirst,betweenSpanishandEnglishgalleons,wasinitiatedbytheSpanish,whohadtheweathergauge,butwhentheSpanishsoughttoclosewithLordHowardof
Effingham'sARKROYAL,hestoodouttoseatoavoidaboardingaction.TheMediterraneangalleasseshadmeanwhiletriedtocutoutsixEnglishships,including
MartinFrobisher'sTriumph.Intheensuingmelee,SanMartnherselfwascutoffformorethananhourandengagedcloselybyArkRoyal.ByAugust4,the
ArmadawassouthoftheIsleofWightwhenSanMartnwasagainisolatedandengagedbyFrobisher.Damagedbelowthewaterline,theSpanishflagshipwas
eventuallyrescuedbyothershipsinthesquadron.
Atthispoint,bothfleetshadspentalotofgunpowderandammunition,thoughtorelativelylittleeffect,andtherewerenoshipactionsforthenextfewdays.By
August6,theSpanishhadcrossedtheChanneltoanchorintheexposedroadsteadatCalais.TheEnglishfleetnownumberingabout140ships,withthearrivalof
Seymour'sfleetgatheredtothesoutheastandatacouncilofwardeterminedtolaunchafireshipattack.OnthenightofAugust78,eightshipswere
commandeeredbetween90and200tonstheshipswereloadedwithcombustiblesand,withgunsdoubleshotted,setonfiretosaildownwindoftheSpanishships.
GoodseamanshipenabledtheSpanishtoavoidthefireshipsinsomeorder,andtheylostonlyoneshiptogroundingthegalleassSanLorenzothoughmany
shipslosttheiranchorsintheirhastetogetunderway.Moreimportant,MedinaSidoniahadlostananchorageandtherewasnowherehisshipscouldgobetween
CalaisandParma's(stillunready)transportsatDunkirk.
ThelastandmosthotlycontestedbattlebetweenthetwofleetswasfoughtoffGravelinesonAugust8.TheinitialfocusofthebattlewasSanMartn,whichfoughta
rearguardactionattheedgeofthesandbanksthatrun

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fromCalaisuptheDutchcoast.Moreunitsofbothfleetsjoinedthebattle,foughtatcloserange,andatleastfourSpanishshipswerelost.Whenthebattlewasover,
theSpanishfleetwaskeptoffthecoastbytheshallowsandtheadversewindandtide.ByAugust9,itwasclearthattherewaslittlechoicefortheonce"invincible"
armadabuttosailintotheNorthSea,aroundScotlandandIreland,forhome.Littledidanyoneimaginethatonly67SpanishshipswouldreturntoSpanishports,
nearly50havingbeenlostatseaorwreckedontherockycoaststhatringtheBritishIsles."Thus,"asitisrecordedinHakluyt,"themagnificent,huge,andmightyfleet
oftheSpaniards(whichthemselvestermedinallplacesinvincible)suchassaylednotupontheOceanseamanyhundrethyearsbefore,intheyeere1588vanishedinto
smoketothegreatconfusionanddiscouragementofitsauthors."SanMartnreturnedtoSantanderonSeptember23,though180ofhercrewsoldiersandcrew
whohadsurvivedthefightingsuccumbedtodiseaseandprivation.SanMartn'ssubsequentfateisunknown.
Hakluyt,PrincipalNavigations.Mattingly,Armada.RodrguezSalgado,Armada:15881988.

SanPedro
Nao(3m).Tons:100tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:47.Arm.:63pdr.Built:Peru(?)<1597.
In1597,PedroFernndezdeQuirs,aveteranofAlvaroMendaa'sSANJERNIMO,beganplanninganexpeditiontofindTerraAustralis.Sevenyearslaterhe
assembledthreeshipsatCallao,the100tonnersSanPedroySanPabloandSanPedro(commandedbyLuisBazdeTorresandnicknamedSanPedrico),and
the20tonLosTresReyes.ThefleetsailedonDecember21,1605,andheadedwestalong26Sforthirteenweeks,whentheshipsarrivedattheDuffGroup
(TaumacoIsland).AfterninedaystheyturnedsouthfortheNewHebridesandEspirituSanto,wheretheystayedsixweeks.Here,onJune11,1606,Quirssecretly
withdrewfromtheexpeditionandreturnedtoMexicoinSanPedroySanPablo.
CommandoftheexpeditionfelltoTorres,andonJune26,SanPedroandLosTresReyessailedintotheCoralSea.TendayslatertheyturnednorthandonJuly14
arrivedintheLouisiadeArchipelago.FromheretheymadetheirwaywestalongsouthernNewGuinea,anchoringaboutAugust28offPortMoresby.Threedays
latertheybeganthreadingtheirwayacrosswhatTorrescalled"elplacel,"theshallow,coralstrewnwatersoftheGulfofPapua,andaboutOctober2,theysailed
throughthestraitseparatingNewGuineafromAustralia'sCapeYorkPeninsula.ThistransitestablishedthatNewGuineawasnotthe"mainlandofthesummitofthe
antarcticpole,"ashadbeenthought.Unfortunately,Torres'sofficialreportswerefiledinSpaintopreventanyintelligencefromthevoyagefallingintothewronghands.
Theywerenotrediscovereduntil1770,thesameyearthatCookpassedthroughTorresStraitasitbecameknownafterabout1775inENDEAVOUR.
Oncesafelythrough,SanPedroandLosTresReyessailedalongsouthwesternNewGuinea.OnNovember9,1606,theyarrivedatKepulauanFam,betweenNew
GuineaandtheMoluccasIslands.HeretheymetaPortuguesespeakinglocalwhotoldthemtheywereonlyfivedaysfromTernate,whichPhilippinesbased
Spaniardshadseizedsevenmonthsbefore.TorresremainedatTernatefromJanuary6toMay1,1607,beforesailingforManila,whereSanPedroarrivedonMay
22LosTresReyeshadbeenleftatTernate.Remarkably,noneofthecrewhaddiedfromdiseaseintheseventeenmonthvoyage.TheshipalsocarriedtwentyNew
Guineans,oneofwhomisbelievedtohavetraveledtoSpainandbeenpaintedbyVelzquez.ThesubsequentcareersofTorresandSanPedroareunknown.
Hilder,VoyageofTorres.

SanPedroyPablo
Nao(3m).Tons:100tons.Hull:wood.Built:Peru<1605.
ThechiefpilotandsaviorofAlvaroMendaa'sillfatedexpeditiontotheSantaCruzIslands,PedroFernndezdeQuirsconcludedthatthoseislands,Mendaa's
SolomonsandNewGuinea,mustlienearoneanother,andthatTerraAustralismustbenearbyaswell.BackedbyPopeClementVIIIandPhilipIIIofSpain,the
piousQuirswasgivenafleetofthreeships,SanPedroyPaulo,SANPEDRO(underLuisVaezdeTorres),andthezabra,orlaunch,LosTresReyesMagos.
Embarking300sailors,soldiers,andfriarsandsufficientprovisionstoestablishacolony,thefleetsailedfromCallao,Peru,onDecember21,1605.Quirsfirstsailed
westsouthwestto26S,thenonJanuary22turnedwestnorthwest.FourdayslaterhesightedDucieIsland(nearPitcairn)andonFebruary10theshipslanded
brieflyonHaoIslandintheTuamotus.Pressingon,in1040'SQuirsturnedwest,sailingthroughtheCookIslandsinsearchofSantaCruzwhereheknewhecould
getfoodandwaterforhisrestlesscrew.ItwasnotuntilAprilthattheshipsanchoredatTaumakoatoll,wheretheylearnedtheywerefivedaysfromSantaCruz(60
milestothesouthwest).Withhiscrewsfreshlyprovisioned,QuirsresumedhissearchforTerraAustra

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lis,headingfirstsoutheastthensouthwest,untilonMay3theshipscametowhathebelievedtobethesoutherncontinent.HenameditAustrialia(forPhilip'sHouseof
Austria)delEspirituSanto,thelargestislandinVanuatu.Despitehisinitialenthusiasm,Quirsdecidedtoleaveafteronlythreeweeks.Onceatsea,hechangedhis
mindagain,butfoulweatherpreventedSanPedroyPablofromregainingtheland,andTorreswasleftwithSANPEDROandLosTresReyesMagostofendfor
themselves.
QuirstriedagaintofindSantaCruz,butgaveupandsailednorthtotheMarshallIslands.Theinadequaciesofseventeenthcenturynavigationandgeographical
knowledgecanbejudgedfromthefactthatonJuly23Quirsandhispilotsbelievedthemselvesabout2,700milesfromMexicoand2,400milesfromthePhilippines,
whichleftabout4,000milesofthePacificunaccountedfor.Nonetheless,theyclimbedintothehighlatitudesandturnedforMexicowiththewesterliesattheirbacks
andarrivedatAcapulcoonNovember23,1606.QuirshadneitherlocatedTerraAustralisnorfoundedanewsettlement,anditwasTorreswhomadethemost
significantifnotimmediatelyappreciatedcontributiontogeography,byfindingthepassagebetweenNewGuineaandAustralia.QuirsturnedoverSanPedro
yPablototheViceroyofMexico,andthenextyeartheshipwassenttothePhilippines.
Beaglehole,ExplorationofthePacific.Kelly,AustrialiadelEspirituSanto.Quirs,VoyagesofPedroFernndezdeQuirs.

SantaMara
Nao(3m).L/B/D:58'86'19'26'10'11'dph(1827m68m3m).Tons:108239toneladas.Hull:wood.Comp.:40.Arm.:9cmlombard,4.5cm
falconets.Built:Galicia,Spain1492.
OneofthesinglemostimportantvoyagesinhistorywasthefirstofChristopherColumbus'sfourvoyagesfromSpaintotheAmericasbetween1492and1502.
ColumbushadnointentionofdiscoveringanythingotherthanadirectroutetotheOrient,"thelandofIndiaandthegreatislandofCipango[Japan]andtherealmsof
theGreatKhan,"thatis,Cathay,orChina.Hisestimatesofthedistancesinvolved2,400milesfromtheCanaryIslandstoJapanand3,550milestoChinawere
wideofthemark.Theactualdistancesare10,600milesand11,766miles,asthecrowflies.Nonetheless,althoughColumbuslandedinSouthAmericaandCentral
Americaonhislastvoyage,hediedinthebeliefthattheOrientwasonlytendaysfromHonduras.
ColumbusfirstapproachedJooIIofPortugal,whodeclinedtosponsorhim,althoughPortugalhadbeenfundingexploratoryexpeditionsdownthecoastofAfricafor
aboutfiftyyears.In1485,ColumbusmovedtoLosPalosdelaFrontera,Spain,withaviewtointerestingFerdinandandIsabellaofCastileinthesameventure,andin
thishewasultimatelysuccessful.WhenColumbusreceivedhiscommission,thecitizensofPalosfurnishedhimwithtwocaravels,NIAandPINTA,insatisfactionof
afineleviedagainstthetownbyFerdinandandIsabella.ColumbusalsohiredthenaoSantaMara,amerchantshipfromGaliciawhoseowner,JuandelaCosa,
sailedaspilot.
Althoughnaoswerelargerthancaravels,andSantaMarawaslargeenoughforColumbustomakeherhiscapitana,orflagship,shewasnotanespeciallylargeship
forherday.SometimescalledLaGallega,anepithetreferringtoherGalicianorigins,shehadthreemasts.Themizzencarriedasingleforeandaftlateensail,the
mainmasttwosquaresails,acourse,andatopsail,andtheforemastasinglesquaresail.Therewasalsoasquarespritsailsetfromthebowsprit.Ingoodweather,the
areaofthemainsailcouldbeincreasedbytheadditionoftwobonnetssparelengthsofcanvasthatcouldbelacedtothefootofthecourse.Thehelmsmansteered
withatillerthatledtoarudder.Withonedeckandayear'sprovisions,therewerefewcreaturecomforts,andsleepingquarterswerefairlyrude.(Crew
accommodationsinEuropeanshipsimprovedmarkedlyafterColumbus'screwadoptedthehammockstheyfoundintheCaribbean.)Forauxiliarypower,theship
couldbepulledbyaheavyyawlboatorrowedbywoodensweeps.ColumbusfoundSantaMaraadullsailer,andhecomplainedthatherdraftwastoodeepto
makeherusefulforexploration.
SailingfromPalosonAugust3,1492,SantaMaraandNiaarrivedattheislandofGomeraintheCanaryIslandsonAugust12.Pinta'sruddertroublehadforced
herintoLasPalmas,whereSantaMaraandNiaputbacktoonAugust25.ThetriosailedforGomeraandfinallyresumedtheirwestwardvoyageonSeptember6.
LightairskepttheminsightoftheCanariesuntilthe9th.Thereaftertheymetfavorablewinds.TheyreachedtheSargassoSea(about32Wlongitude)onthe16th,
andthreedayslatertheywereoutofthetradewinds.Therefollowedaboutaweekoflightandvariablewinds.OnSeptember25,Nia'sVicenteYezPinzn
madethefirstfalselandfall.ConditionsimprovedconsiderablybetweenOctober2and6,whentheymade710miles,includingtheirbestrunof182milesin24hours.
Thenextday,theymadetheirsecondfalselandfallwhilestillabout400mileseastoftheBahamas,butcloseenoughtolandtofollowthepathofbirdsheading
southwest.Nonetheless,bythe10ththecrewofSantaMarawerenearmutinyandColumbusapparentlyagreedtoputaboutwithina

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fewdaysiftheydidnotsightland.Thenextday,theappearanceofmanmadeartifactsandtreebranchesconfirmedthatlandmustbenear.
Alleyesstrainedtobethefirsttoseethenewshore(FerdinandandIsabellahadpromisedarewardof10,000maraveds,theequivalentof10months'payfora
seaman)atabout2200thatnightColumbusbelievedhesawalightinthedistance.Fourhourslater,atabout0200onOctober12,Pinta'slookoutRodrigode
TrianasawtheTainoIndianislandofGuanahan,inwhatisnowtheBahamas,wheretheylandedlaterthatmorning.ColumbusgavethisislandthenameSan
Salvador,althoughtheEnglishlaterrenameditWatlingsIsland.WhenitwasrealizedthatWatlingshadastrongclaimtoahistoricalpedigree,theyrenameditSan
Salvador.Mostimportant,theTainosworejewelrymadeofgoldachiefobjectoftheSpaniards'adventure.
SailingthroughtheBahamasfortwoweeks,thelittlefleetcrossedsouthtoCubaonOctober27.Theyexploredthenorthcoastofthatislandforsixweeks,sailingas
farwestasPuertoPadre.AtthebeginningofNovember,ColumbusdispatchedanembassytotheinlandvillageofHolgun,hopefulthatitwouldprovetobeamajor
Asiaticcapital.Hewasdisappointedtolearnthathisinterpreter,LuisdeTorreswhoselanguagesincludedHebrew,Aramaic,andArabiccouldmakeno
headway.OnNovember20,thethreeshipsmadeatentativeforayinthedirectionoftheBahamas,but,whiletryingtoreturntoCuba,MartnAlonsoPinzninPinta
splitofffromtheotherstoinvestigateGreatInaguaIsland,andhewasgoneuntiltheNewYear.
AftercompletingtheirinvestigationofnortheastCuba,onDecember5SantaMaraandNiasailedeasttoCapeSt.Nicholas,thenorthwesterntipofHispaniolain
whatisnowHaiti.OnDecember12atMoustiqueBay,theytookpossessionofthelandinthenameofFerdinandandIsabella.Thepresenceofmoregoldartifacts
andthefriendlinessofthelocalcacique,Guacanagar,encouragedtheexplorers.Butwhileworkingtheirwayeastward,tragedystruckonChristmasEve.Theonly
manawakeaboardtheshipseemstohavebeenaship'sboyatthetiller,forthemasterofmidwatch,JuandelaCosa,andthehelmsmanhadfallenasleep.Shortly
aftermidnight,SantaMaragroundedonacoralreef.Noonewaskilled,buttheshipwasruinedandChristmasDaywasspentsalvagingwhatcouldbesavedfrom
theflagship.ItwouldhavebeenvirtuallyimpossibletocrosstheAtlanticwithmorethansixtymeninNia,sothirtyninecrewfromSantaMaraandNia
volunteeredtoremainatLaNavidad,inafortfashionedfromtheflagship'stimbers.NiasailedonJanuary4,1493,rejoiningPintaatIslaCabratwodayslaterfor
thevoyagehome.Asfatewouldhaveit,noneofthemenwhostayedinHispaniolawouldsurvivetogreetColumbusonhisreturninNovember1493.
AnumberofreplicasofColumbus'sshipshavebeenbuiltsincethe400thanniversaryofthefirstvoyage.Asthereareneitherdetaileddescriptionsnorplansofanyof
theshipsortheircontemporariesthedimensionshavevariedsignificantly.JosMartnezHidalgo'sdesignsforthe1992replicas,basedinpartonthe
MATARSHIPmodel,aredescribedinXavierPastor'sShipsofChristopherColumbus.
Morison,AdmiraloftheOceanSea.Pastor,ShipsofChristopherColumbus.Philips,''EvolutionofSpanishShipDesign."Smith,VanguardofEmpire.

SantaMaria
Liner(1f/1m).L/B:608.9'loa75.8'(185.6mx23.1m).Tons:20,906grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st156,cabin228,tourist800crew365.Mach.:steamturbines,2
screws20kts.Built:JohnCockerill,Hoboken,N.J.1953.
OneoftwosistershipsorderedforCompanhiaColonialdeNavegaao(theotherwasVeraCruz),SantaMariawasbuiltforservicebetweenLisbon,Madeira,Rio
deJaneiro,Santos,Montevideo,andBuenosAires.SheremainedonthisrouteforonlytwoyearsbeforemakingherfirstvoyagetotheCaribbean,callingatMadeira,
theCanaryIslands,LaGuaira,Curaao,Havana,andPortEvergladesherlastscheduledstop,inBrazil,wasin1957.
SantaMarialeapedtotheworldheadlinesonJanuary22,1961,whenabandoftwentysixterroristsposingastouristsandunderPortugueseNavyCaptain
HenriqueCarlosMaltaGalvaohijackedtheshipjustaftersheleftCuraao.Theship'sthirdmate,NascimientoCosta,wasshotandkilledduringthetakeover.
Galvao'smotivewastoforcetheoverthrowoftheconservativeandrepressivegovernmentofPortugal'sAntoniodeSalazar,whohadruledwithoutinterruptionfor
thirtynineyears.AftereludingasearchbyshipsoftheU.S.andBritishnaviesforelevendays,SantaMariawaslocatedandcontactestablishedwithGalvao.
NegotiationswithBrazilianauthoritiesresultedinthehijackersbeinggivenasyluminthatcountry,andtheywerelandedatRecifeonFebruary2.SantaMarialanded
her600passengersatLisbononthe16thandresumedserviceshortlythereafter.Laterthesameyear,HavanawasdroppedfromtheitinerarybutSantaMaria
continuedtoplybetweenPortugalandCaribbeanportsuntil1973,whenshewasretiredandscrappedatKaoHsiung.
Bonsor,SouthAtlanticSeaway.Day,PassagePerilous.Rogers,FloatingRevolution.

Page457

SantsimaTrinidad
Galleon(3m).L/B/D:167.5'(gundeck)50'33'(51.1m15.2m10.1m).Tons:2,000.Hull:wood.Comp.:400800.Arm.:54guns.Des.:DonDomingo
Nebra.Built:Bagatao,Manila,Philippines1750.
OfficiallynamedSantsimaTrinidadyNuestraSeoradelBuenFin("MostHolyTrinityandOurLadyoftheGoodEnd")andoptimisticallynicknamed"El
Poderoso"thepowerfuloneSantsimaTrinidadwasthelargest"Manilagalleon"builtfortradebetweenthePhilippinesandMexico.ModeledontheSpanish
specificationforasixtygunship,shewaspiercedforonlyfiftyfourbroadsidegunsbutnevermountedafullbattery.DespiteordinanceslimitingthesizeoftheManila
galleons,authoritiesroutinelyoverlookedmostirregularitiesbutwithherenormousdraft,oversizedtophamper,andpronouncedsheer,hersizewastoogreattobe
ignored.TheCrownorderedherreplacedorcutdown,andin1757shehadherbulwarksandupperdecksreduced,furtherlimitingthenumberofgunsshemounted.
Thesealterationsdidnotaffecthergargantuanholdnordidtheymuchimproveherpoorsailingqualities.
OnAugust1,1762,SantsimaTrinidaddepartedCaviteforAcapulco.ItwaslateintheseasonandcontrarywindskeptherfromexitingtheSanBernardinoStrait
untillateSeptember.OnthenightofOctober23,atyphoonbroughtdownherforeandmainmasts,andsheturnedbackforthePhilippinesunderajuryrig.
Unbeknownsttotheship'scompany,SpainandEnglandwereatwarandManilahadfallen.Astheshippassedthroughthestrait,shewasmetbyHMSPanther(60
guns)underCaptainHydeParker(whohadsailedinCommodoreAnson'sCENTURIONduringthecaptureofNuestraSeoradelaCovadongain1743)andthe
frigateArgo(28),underCaptainRichardKing.Although"thePanther'sshotwasnotabletopenetrate"thegalleon'shardwoodhull,thecrewoftheovercrowded
ship(shecarried800people)wasdispiritedandsoonsurrendered,despitethelossofonlyeighteenkilledandtenwoundedtothethirtyfiveBritishdeadandthirty
sevenwounded.SantsimaTrinidadremainedinhercaptor'spossessionuntiltheirreturntoEnglandinJune1764.ShewassoldatPlymouththenextyear,and
proceedsamountedtoabout30,000forthetwocaptainsanenormousamountofmoneyinthoseyearswithsmallersharesfortheotherofficersandcrew.
Theshipherselfwasprobablybrokenupforherwood.
Marley,"LastManilaGalleon."Schurz,ManilaGalleon.

SoGabriel
Nao(3m).Tons:100.Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.60.Arm.:20guns.Des.:BartholomeuDias.Built:Lisbon1497.
AlthoughChristopherColumbus'stransatlanticvoyageof1492hadincomparableconsequencesforworldhistory,ofmoreimmediatesignificancetoworldtradeof
thattimewasthevoyageofVascodaGamawithfourships(fromPortugaltoIndia)fiveyearslater.UnderPrinceHenrytheNavigator,Portugalhadtakentheleadin
thesystematiccompilationofgeographicknowledgeandvoyagesofdiscoverydownthecoastofAfrica.PortugueseshipspushedsouthbeyondtheCanaryIslands
andCapeBojadortheBulgingCape,inwhatisnowMauretaniatoreachMadeirain1420,CapeBiancoin1441,andtheCapeVerdeIslandsin1445.The
nextyear,theyarrivedattheGambiaRiverandthereafterdevelopedabriskWestAfricantradeinslaves,gold,andivory.
DuringthereignofHenry'sgreatnephewJooII,BartholomeuDiassailedwiththreeshipstheirnamesareunknownonavoyagethatfirstbroughtEuropeans
aroundthetipofSouthAfrica,toland,onFebruary3,1488,atMosselBay,200mileseastoftheCapeofGoodHope.DiasreturnedinDecember1488afteran
absenceofmorethansixteenmonths.Atthesametime,JoohadsentPerodaCovilheastwardinsearchoftheEthiopianChristiankingknownasPresterJohn.
(SeveralEthiopianembassiesvisitedEuropeduringthefifteenthcentury,includingonetoLisbonin1452.)CovilhreachedCalicutandGoainIndiabeforereturning
tothecourtofAlexander,"LionoftheTribeofJudah,andKingofKings."LettersbacktoPortugalrevealed
howhediscoveredcinnamonandpepperinthecityofCalicut,andthatclovescamefrombeyond,butthatallmightbehad...inthesaidcitiesofCananorandCalicutandGoa,all
onthecoast,andthattothisonecouldnavigatebythecoastandseasofGuinea[thatis,fromthewestcoastofAfrica].

DomesticproblemspreventedthePortuguesefromfollowingupimmediatelyonDias'smonumentalachievement,butJooorderedDiastobuildtwo100tonsquare
riggednaos,SoGabrielandSoRafael,foranewvoyage.In1497,Joo'ssuccessor,Manoel,namedthecourtierVascodaGamatoleadafourshipexpedition,
includingthe50toncaravelBerrioandananonymousstoreshipofperhaps120tons.GamaappointedhisbrotherPaulocaptainofSoRafaelandNicolauCoelho
captainofBerrio.Provisionedforthreeyears,theshipshadatotalcomplementofbetween140and170crew,includingpilots,interpreters,andtenconvictsfor
hazardousundertakingsashore.
OnJune8,1497,thefleetsetoutfromtheTagusRiver

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villageofRestello,laternamedforthechurchofSt.MaryofBethlehem,orBelm.SailingviatheCanaryandCapeVerdeIslands,theycametoSierraLeone.To
avoidthenortherlyBenguelaCurrent,GamaturnedwestuntilhereachedthesoutherlyBrazilCurrent.Henextsteeredsoutheastuntil,afterthreemonthsatsea,the
shipslandednearthemouthoftheBergRiveronNovember1,1497.ThePortuguesearrivedatMosselBayonNovember22andonChristmasDaytheywereat
Natal,farthereastthanDiashadgone.TheyfirstsawevidenceoftradewiththeeastattheQuelimaneRiverwheretheystayedinJanuaryandFebruary1498,making
repairstotheships.TheirnextstopwasattheislandofMoambique,wherefrictionwithArabsofthetowneruptedintoviolence,asitwouldagainatMombasa,
muchofitinstigatedbythePortuguese.Unaccountably,theexpedition'splannershadprovidedGamawithonlysecondrategoods,andtheArabtradersdisdained
themeagerofferingsofcotton,beads,tinornaments,trousers,andhats.ThePortuguesewerebetterreceivedatMalindi,arivaltoMombasa,andheretheyhireda
pilottoguidethemtoIndia.Thechoicewasagoodone:AhmadibnMajidwastheauthorofmanypilotbooksandesteemedamongArabseafarersas"themost
trustworthyofthemanypilotsandmarinersofthewestcoastofIndiainthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies."TheshipsdepartedtheAfricancoastonApril24.Five
dayslatertheycrossedtheequator,andonMay20ibnMajidbroughtthemtotheshoresofCalicut.Atlonglast,thePortuguesehadopenedthemuchsoughtafter
searoutetotheIndies.
CalicutwasthemostimportantandcosmopolitantradingcenterontheMalabarcoastofIndia,midwayalongtheflourishingtraderoutebetweenAsiaandtheMiddle
East.GamametthesamorinofCalicutonMay28.AlthoughthekingwasinitiallywelldisposedtowardsthePortuguese,hisopinionwastemperedbytheirpaltry
offeringsandoverbearingmanner,togetherwiththeantagonismoftheMuslimtraders.OnAugust9Gamadecideditwastimetoleave,butthesamorininsistedthat
thePortuguesepayacustomschargeforthemeageramountsofcinnamon,cloves,andpreciousstonestheyhadmanagedtoacquire.TheunsoldPortuguesegoods
wereseizedandmembersofthecrewdetainedashore,andinretaliationGamatookeighteenhostages.ThecrisiswasresolvedaweeklaterandonAugust29Gama
sailedwiththreeships.(Healsokeptanumberofhostages,fiveofwhomreturnedtoIndiawithPedroAlvaresCabralin1500.)
AfterfinalrepairsintheAngevidaIslandswheretheyembarkedaVenetianspeakingpirate,aPolishJewlaterknownasGaspardaIndiatheyturnedweston
October2foratorturousthreemonthcrossingoftheArabianSea,duringwhichthirtypeopledied.SkirtingtheAfricancoast,theycametoMalindionJanuary7,
1499.Afteronlyfourdays,theyresumedtheirvoyage,butbythistimethereweresofewcrewthatoffMombasa,GamadecidedtoburnSoRafael,andhe
continuedthevoyagewithonlySoGabrielandBerrio.AfterstoppingbrieflynearMoambique,theydoubledtheCapeofGoodHopeonMarch20andreached
theCapeVerdeIslandsinmidApril.Fromhere,BerriosaileddirectlytoLisbon,whereshearrivedonJuly10SoGabrielarrivedsometimelater.Gamahadleft
hisshipatCapeVerdetoraceforhomeinahiredcaravelwithhisailingbrother,Paulo,whodiedandwasburiedatMadeira.GamafinallyreturnedtoLisbonabout
September1,1499.
Gama'svoyagewastheculminationofthePortugueseageofdiscovery,andinonestrokeitalteredthepatternofEuropeantradeforever.HavingbrokentheArab
Venetianmonopolyofthespicetrade,Lisbonbecame,briefly,themostimportantentreptinEurope.Whetherbygoodluckordesign,Gamahadalsopioneeredthe
standardsailingshiproutefromEuropetotheIndianOcean.AlthoughthePortuguesemaintainedcoloniesinIndiaandAsiawellintothetwentiethcentury,their
prosperitywasunderminedbyruthlessnesstowardstheirhostsandrivals.(Onhissecondvoyagein1502,Gamashoweduncommonsavageryintheburningofa
pilgrimshipfromMecca.)Howeverbrief,Portugal'sgoldenagewaswelldeserved,owingasitdidnottoluckbutperseverance.
Hart,SeaRoadtotheIndies.Velho,JournaloftheFirstVoyageofVascodaGama.

USSSaratoga
Corvette(3m).L/B/D:143'bp36.5'12.5'(43.6m11.1m0.3m).Tons:734bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:212.Arm.:824pdr,642pdr,1232pdr.Des.:
HenryEckford.Built:NoahBrown,Vergennes,Vt.1814.
DuringtheAmericanRevolution,theBritishweretwicefrustratedintheirattempttomarchfromCanadadowntheLakeChamplainHudsonRiverValleytoNew
York.InOctober1776,GeneralBenedictArnold'sautumnvictoryattheBattleofValcourBayhadforcedthepostponementoftheinvasion,andinthefollowingyear
GeneralHoratioGateswonacrucialvictoryattheBattleofSaratoga.LateintheWarof1812,theBritishunderGeneralSirGeorgePrevostwerereadytoattempt
thesamestrategy.StandinginhiswaywasMasterCommandantThomasMacdonoughwho,aidedbytheNewYorkshipbuilderNoahBrown,hadbuilthisflagship,
theaptlynamedcorvetteUSSSaratoga,intheremarkablyfasttimeofonlythirtyfivedays.Afterblockadingthemouthof

Page459

theRichelieuRiverduringthesummer,MacdonoughwasforcedtodropdownthelakeastheBritisharmybeganitsadvanceinAugust.Thearmywasaccompanied
byanavalforcethatincludedthethirtysixgunHMSConfiance,thelargestwarshipeverbuiltonLakeChamplain.AmericanforceswithdrewtoPlattsburgBay,
whereMacdonoughdeployedhisfleetoffourteenvesselsacrossthemouthofCumberlandBay,withkedgeanchorsandspringlinessetsothateachshipcouldturn
onitsownaxis.BattlewasjoinedwhentheBritishfleetroundedCumberlandPointonSeptember11.HMSLinnetopenedfirefirst,followedbyConfiance,which
letlooseherfirstbroadsideagainstSaratogaatpointblankrange.Aftertwohours,MacdonoughbroughthisshiparoundtopresentafreshbroadsidetoConfiance,
whichwassoonforcedtostrikefortyoneofhercrewwerekilled,CaptainGeorgeDownieamongthem,andalikenumberwounded.Linnetsurrenderedsoon
thereafter,ashadFinchandChubbearlier.ThevictorywasdecisiveinendingthethreattotheUnitedStatesfromCanada,andnewsofthevictoryinfluenced
negotiationsattheTreatyofGhent,whichwasconcludedonDecember24.
Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSSaratoga(CV3)
Lexingtonclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:888'105.5'(130'ew)24.2'(270.7m32.2m(39.6m)7.4m).Tons:33,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,951.
Arm.:81aircraft125",481.1"quad,1820mm.Armor:7"belt,4.5"deck.Mach.:turboelectric,180,000shp34kts.Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,
Camden,N.J.1927.
NamedforthesiteofanAmericanRevolutionaryWarvictory,USSSaratogawasasistershipofUSSLEXINGTON.Originallylaiddownasbattlecruisersin1921,
theWashingtonNavalConferencethatyearledtoagreementslimitingthetonnageofbattleshipsandbattlecruisers.Underthesocalled5:5:3formula,theUnited
StatesandBritainweretoreducetheircapitaltonnageto525,000tonseachandJapanwouldreduceto315,000tons.FranceandItalywerebothrestrictedto
175,000tons.TheUnitedStatesandJapanwereallowedtoconverttwobattlecruiserscurrentlyunderconstructiontoaircraftcarriers.Theoverallrestrictionson
carriertonnagewere135,000tonseachfortheUnitedStatesandBritain,and81,000fortheJapanese,carriersbeingdescribedasshipsbuiltsolelyforcarrying
airplanesandarmedwithnothinglargerthan8inchguns.
ConversionofSaratogaandLexingtonwasauthorizedin1922,buttheshipswerenotcompletedfornearlysixyears.Unlikelatercarriers,theyhadenclosedhangar
decks,andunliketheirBritishcounterparts,whosedecksweresteel,theLexingtonclassshipshadflightdecksofsteelwithwoodplanking.Withthemostpowerful
enginesofanycontemporaryU.S.warship,theywerethelargestaircraftcarriersbuiltuntilafterWorldWarII,withtheexceptionofJapan'sdesperateendofwar
conversionoftheYamatoclassbattleship,Shinano.Inadditiontoher8inchand5inchbatteries,augmentedbyincreasingnumbersofantiaircraftgunsastimewent
on,Saratogawasoriginallyintendedtocarry90aircraft.Despitethedramaticincreaseinthesizeofcarrieraircraft,bytheopeningofWorldWarII,theycouldstill
carry88planes.OnJanuary11,1928,thefirstplanetolandonSaratoga'sflightdeckwasflownbyherairofficer,MarcA.Mitscher,whowouldgoontobecomea
carriertaskforcecommanderduringWorldWarII.ThesameyearSaratogawasassignedtothePacificFleetandthroughthe1930ssheparticipatedinfleet
exercisesthathelpeddevelopandrefinecarrierstrategy,tactics,andoperations.
Japan'sDecember7attackonPearlHarborfoundheratSanDiego.SheimmediatelysailedforWakewithMarineaircraft,thoughshewasrecalledtoPearlHarbor
onDecember22,thedaybeforeWakefell.OnJanuary11,1942,enroutetoarendezvouswithLexington,shewastorpedoedbyJapanesesubmarineI16,500
milessouthwestofOahu.Shereturnedunderherownpower,offloadedher8inchguns,andproceededtoBremerton,Washington,forrepairs,arrivingatPearl
HarboronJune6,thedayaftertheBattleofMidway.FlyingtheflagofRearAdmiralFrankJ.Fletcher,SaratogasailedforthesouthwestPacificinmidJuly,andon
August7herplanesflewcoverforthefirstAlliedlandingsonGuadalcanalandTulagiintheSolomonIslands.OnAugust23,theJapaneselaunchedacounterattack
andintheBattleoftheEasternSolomons,Saratoga'splanessanktheJapanesecarrierRyujoanddamagedChitosewhileSaratogaherselfremainedundetected.
Moreimportant,theJapanesetransportswererecalledfromGuadalcanal.
OnAugust31,atorpedofromthesubmarineI26leftSaratogadeadinthewater,andshewastakenintowbyUSSMinneapolisuntilshecouldagainproceed
underherownpower.AfterrepairsatPearlHarbor,shereturnedtothesouthwestPacificwheresheremainedthrough1943,joinedbyUSSPRINCETONforthe
BougainvillelandingsonNovember1,andstagedaraidonRabaulthatresultedinheavydamagetosixJapanesecruisersandadestroyer.Aftersailingaspartofa
ReliefCarrierGroupfortheGilbertIslandsinvasiononNovember20,SaratogasteamedfortheWestCoastforoverhaul.ReturningtothecentralPacificattheend
ofJanuary1944,shetookpartinthelandingsintheMarshallIslandsbeforeheadingtotheIndianOceantojoinAdmiralSirJamesSomerville'sEast

Page460

ernFleet.ThisforcecomprisedBritishaircraftcarrierHMSVICTORIOUS,fourBritishbattleships,and,fromApril12,theFrenchbattleshipRICHELIEU.OnApril
15,theforcelaunchedanairraidontheJapaneseheldportofSabangatthenorthwesttipofSumatraintheDutchEastIndies,followedbyasecondraidon
SurabayaonMay17.Bothoftheseattacks,fromacompletelyunexpectedquarter,caughttheJapanesebysurpriseandresultedinheavydamagetocrucialport
facilitiesandoildepots.ReturningoncemoretoBremertonforrepairsthatlastedthroughthesummer,Saratogabegantrainingpilotsfornightcarrieroperations.
ReturnedtothefrontlinesinFebruary1945,SaratogaflewraidsagainstTokyoandYokohamaonthe16thand17th.Fourdayslater,shewascrashedbyfive
kamikazesoffIwoJima.Theflightdeckforwardwasdestroyed,andshewashulledtwiceandlost123crew.RepairslastedthroughJune,whensheresumedtraining
operationsinHawaii.
DuringOperationMagicCarpetaftertheJapanesesurrenderinSeptember,Saratogarepatriated29,204troopsfromthePacifictheater,morethananyothership.
Shealsoheldtherecordformostcarrierlandings,with98,549since1928.Decommissionedafterthewar,in1946shewasusedasatargetshipforOperation
Crossroads,thenuclearweaponstestsatBikiniAtoll,whereshewassunkonJuly25.
Delgado,"DocumentingtheSunkenRemainsofUSSSaratoga."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

SSSavannah
Steamship(1f/3m).L/B/D:109'25.8'12'(33.2m7.9m3.7m).Tons:320grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.2022pass.Mach.:inclinedsinglecylinder,72hp,
sidewheels8kts.Built:SamuelFickett&WilliamCrockett,NewYork1819.
SavannahwasthefirststeampoweredshiptocrosstheAtlanticOceanorBalticSeaineitherdirection.Theshipwastheinspirationofveteransteamboatcaptain
MosesRogers.In1809RogerscommandedJohnStevens'sPHOENIXontheDelawareRiver,andin1818heinauguratedthefirststeamservicebetweenSavannah
andCharlestoninCharleston.IttooklittletopersuadetheprosperousandcivicmindedleadersoftheGeorgiaporttofinancewhattheLondonTimeswouldcall
"thegreatexperiment":thecrossingoftheAtlanticbyasteampoweredvessel.Havingsecuredcapitalof$50,000fortheproject,RogersproceededtoNewYork
"topurchaseasuitableshipofthefirstclass,completelyfittedandequippedintheordinarymanneronboardofwhichshallbeplacedasteamenginewiththeother
necessaryapparatus."HefoundthisshiponthestocksattheyardofSamuelFickettandWilliamCrockett.Theenginewasdevelopedandbuiltunderthesupervision
ofStephenVail,ofspecialnotebeingthefivefootdiameterpiston,thelargestofitsday.
OnMarch28,1819,SavannahbeganhermaidenvoyageforhernamesakeportunderCaptainRogers.Withneitherpassengersnorcargo,andwithaslowtimeof9
days,6hours,itwasaninauspiciousbeginning.Aweeklater,RogerstookhisshipfromSavannahtoCharlestonwiththreepassengers,andreturnedwithseven.On
May11,theshiphostedPresidentJamesMonroe,whotouredthecity'sharbordefensesinthecompanyofSecretaryofWarJohnC.Calhounandraisedthe
possibilityofacquiringSavannahforuseagainstCubabasedpirates.(ThesteamvesselSeaGullwasacquiredforthepurposein1823.)
Savannahwasneveracommercialsuccess,though,andafterfailingtosecureanybusinessforNewYork,onMay22,1819,shesailedforSt.Petersburg,Russia,
viaLiverpool,againwithoutfreightorpassengers.(ThedateisrememberedintheUnitedStatesasNationalMaritimeDay.)IrelandwassightedonJune16,after23
days,4hours,atsea,duringwhichseveralvesselswestboundsawSavannahsteaminginmidatlantic.AstheshipapproachedtheIrishcoastwithsmokepouringfrom
herfunnel,reportsofavesselonfirereachedQueenstownandtherevenuecutterKitewasdispatchedtoSavannah'srescue.Rogerstooktheopportunityto
demonstratetheabilityofsteampoweredvesselstooutmaneuversailingvesselsbysteamingintothewind.TheshipproceededtoLiverpool,whereherarrivalmade
quiteanimpression.Steampropulsionwasbynomeansnew,butitsuseonthehighseaswas.Moreover,thedisplayofYankeeingenuitygaveatremendousboostto
themoraleofAmericancitizensanddiplomatsbothinEnglandandelsewhereinEurope.
SavannahsailedfortheBalticonJuly23,proceedingmuchofthewayundersteamalone,stoppingatHelsingrinAugustforaweekbeforesailingforStockholm,
wheretheshipwasmuchadmiredCharlesXIVofferedtopurchaseSavannahfor$100,000inhempandiron.OnSeptember5,RogersandSavannahembarked
theonlypayingpassengersoftheirvoyage,SirThomasGraham,LordLynedoch,andhiscousinRobertGrahamRoger.FivedayslatertheyanchoredatKronstadt,
theportofentryforSt.PetersburgSavannah'sdraftwastoogreattoascendtheNevaRiver.Asbefore,Rogersandhisshipwerewellreceived,particularlybythe
AmericanministerGeorgeM.Campbell,andtherewerethreecruisesfordignitariesonSt.PetersburgBay.RogershadprobablydeclinedtheSwedishking'sofferof
ironand

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hempinanticipationofanevenbetteronefromtheczar.ButAlexander'ssuggestionthatRogersandSavannahremaininRussianwaterswiththeexclusiverightof
steamnavigationontheBalticandBlackSeaswasmorethanRogerscouldaccept,andhedecidedtoreturntotheUnitedStates.
OnOctober14,SavannahsteamedawayfromSt.Petersburg,makingCopenhageninfourdaysandstoppingbrieflyinArendal,Norway,herlastportofcallin
Europe.ThereareconflictingclaimsbymembersofthecrewastowhetherSavannahgotsteamuponherreturntripsomesaysteamwasusedon19days,and
onesourcesaysnotatall.OnNovember30,shewasbackatSavannah,butsailedagainonDecember3forWashington,whereRogershopedthegovernment
wouldpurchasehisship.Despitepublicinterestintheship,theNavyhadnoneedofher.ThatwintershewasmooredattheWashingtonNavyYardwhentheFrench
navalengineerJeanBaptisteMarestierstudiedtheshipandengines.
Inthemeantime,theSavannahSteamShipCompanywasforcedtodissolve,andinAugust1820,CaptainNathanHoldridgeofNewYorkboughttheshipatauction
foranunknownamount.HeremovedtheenginesandusedherasapacketbetweenNewYorkandSavannah,carrying24passengersandafullcargoonthefirst
voyage.Savannahcompletedeightroundtripsinthistrade,untilNovember5,1821,whensheranagroundonFireIslandoppositewhatisnowBellport,NewYork.
Therewasnolossoflife,buttheshipwasatotalloss.
Whenlargervesselswithmorepowerfulenginesbutstillriggedassailingshipswerebuilt,Savannah'sclaimtobeingthefirststeamshiptocrosstheAtlantic
begantoerode.Thiswouldsurprisetheship'scontemporariesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Savannahwasdesignedandintendedfortransatlanticserviceitisonly
duetoareluctantpublicthatshedidnotsucceed,anditwouldbeanothernineteenyearsbeforeSIRIUSandGREATWESTERNwouldheraldthebeginningof
regulartransatlanticsteamservice.
Braynard,S.S."Savannah."

NSSavannah
Passengerfreighter(3m).L/B:595.5'78'29.5'(181.5m23.8m9m).Tons:15,585grt.Comp.:1st60.Hull:steel.Mach.:nuclearreactorandgeared
turbines,22,000shp,1screw21kts.Des.:Messrs.GeorgeG.Sharp,Inc.Built:NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,Camden,N.J.1964.
BuiltandlaunchedinCamdenandfittedoutinGalveston,theworld'sfirstcommercialnuclearpoweredshipoweshernamelargelytotheenthusiasticlobbyingof
maritimehistorianFrankO.Braynard.HefeltitwouldbeanappropriatetributetooneofAmerica'sfirstgreatmarineengineeringachievements,thefirsttransatlantic
crossingbyasteamship,SSSAVANNAH,in1819.Thatship'stwentiethcenturynamesakewasauthorizedbyanActofCongressin1956,oneyearafterthe
commissioningofUSSNAUTILUS,thefirstnuclearpoweredsubmarine,andshewaslaunchedin1959,oneyearaftertheSovieticebreakerLeninbecamethe
world'sfirstoperationalnuclearsurfaceship.Asuccessionoftechnologicaldifficultiesandlabordisputesdelayedhercommissioninguntil1964.TheUnitedStates
MaritimeAdministrationleasedSavannahtoAmericanExportIsbrandtsenLinesfor$1peryear.Thegovernmentwascommittedtopromotingapolicyof"atoms
forpeace,"andtheshipwasoperatedunderthestrictestsafetyregulationsthattheAtomicEnergyCommissioncouldconceive.Despiteallassurances,publicfearof
nuclearpowerworldwiderestrictedthenumberofportsSavannahcouldvisitandthis,combinedwithhighmanningrequirementsdemandedbytheAECandother
factors,madehereconomicallyunviable.
SavannahbeganhermaidenvoyageonMay5,1964,sailingfromtheportofHoustonforNewOrleans,Baltimore,Boston,andNewYork.Fromthereshe
continuedonJune8forDublin,Bremerhaven,Hamburg,andSouthamptonbeforereturningagaintoNewYorkonJuly20.AsecondvoyageinJulytookhertothe
Baltic,asfarasMlm,athirdtotheNetherlandsandBelgium,whilethefourthandfifthvoyagestookherintotheMediterraneanandtheAegeanasfarasIstanbul.
Thoughthesewereallaccomplishedwithoutincident,passengerbookingswerenegligibleandsheeventuallybecameapurefreighter.Sheremainedinserviceasa
cargoshipuntil1968,whenhernuclearfuelwasreplacedforthefirsttime.
Savannah'sfuelplantconsistedofapressurizedwaterreactorbuiltbyBabcockandWilcoxCompany,ofNewYork,whichdroveasetofDeLavalbuiltcompound
doublereductiongearedturbines.Ratedat74millionwatts,thereactororiginallyconsistedofabout17,000pounds(8.5tons)ofuranium235andwasratedtolast
1,230daysalmostthreeandahalfyears.Duringthesameperiodofactiveservice,aconventionallyfueledfreighterofthesamesizewouldhaveconsumed90,000
tonsoffueloil.Oneuniqueaspectoftheship'sprofilewastheabsenceofevenasinglefunnel,forwithnuclearpower,thereisnoexhaust.
In1970,SavannahsailedfromBaltimorefortheFarEast,butbythenextyearthegovernmenthaddecideditcouldnolongeraffordtosubsidizeheroperationsand
shewaslaidupatGalveston.Inthemid1970sthecityof

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Savannahtriedtooperateherasamaritimemuseum,butsheprovedtoocostlyandwastransferredtothePatriotsPointMaritimeMuseuminCharleston,South
Carolina,in1981.In1994shewastakentoBaltimoreforrepairwork.In1995,shewaslaidupaspartoftheJamesRiverReserveFleetinVirginia.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard,FamousAmericanShips.

SMSScharnhorst
Scharnhorstclassarmoredcruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:474'70.8'26'(144.5m21.6m7.9m).Tons:12,900disp.Comp.:860.Hull:steel.Arm.:88.4",6
5.9",1888mm418"TT.Armor:6"belt,2.4"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,26,000ihp,3screws22.5kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1907.
ThearmoredcruisersScharnhorst(namedfortheNapoleoniceraPrussianGeneralGerhardvonScharnhorst)andGNEISENAUwerethemostpowerfulshipsin
theGermanImperialNavy'sEastAsiaticSquadronstationedatTsingtao,China.WhenWorldWarIbegan,ViceAdmiralMaximilianGrafvonSpeewasona
trainingcruiseintheCarolineIslands,andfearinganengagementwithacombinedBritishandJapanesefleet,heabandonedtheGermanbaseatTsingtao(whichfellon
November7,1914)andtookhissquadronincludingthelightcruisersLeipzigandNrnbergacrossthePacifictoharassAlliedcoastalshippingonthewest
coastofSouthAmerica.ThesquadronwasjoinedbythelightcruiserDRESDEN.
OnOctober31,1914,theGermanandBritishsquadronswerealertedtooneanother'spresenceoffthecoastofChile,althougheachbelievedtheyweremaking
contactwithonlyonelightcruiser.At1620onNovember1,about50mileswestofCoronel,SpeesightedRearAdmiralChristopherCradock'sforce,consistingof
armoredcruisersHMSGOODHOPEandMonmouth,lightcruiserGlasgow,andarmedmerchantshipOtranto.AftermaneuveringforadvantagetheGerman
shipswerefaster,theirgunswerebigger,andtheircrewsmoreexperiencedtheBattleofCoronelbeganatdusk.ScharnhorstconcentratedherfireonGood
Hope,whichtookatleast35hitsbeforebeingrippedapartbyaninternalmagazineexplosionatabout2000.
CoronelwasaPyrrhicvictoryforSpee,whohadexpended42percentofhisships'8inchammunitionScharnhorsthadfired422shellsandhadonly350
remainingandthenearestsupplywasinGermany.AfterabriefstopatValparaiso,SpeesailedfortheAtlanticonNovember5.Thenextmonthhisforcewasoff
theFalklandIslandswhenatabout0940onDecember8,GneisenauandLeipzigreportedthepresenceoftwobattlecruisersatStanley.Withinferiorspeed,range,
andweightofshell,Spee'sshipshadlittleornochanceagainstAdmiralSirFrederickDovetonSturdee'sbattlecruisersHMSINVINCIBLEandINFLEXIBLE.
Scharnhorstwasengagedatabout1320,andalthoughshemanagedtocloseandinflictsomedamageonheradversaries,bymidafternoonshewasallbutfinished.
Afterrefusinganordertosurrender,shesankat1617inabout5240'S,5551'W,withthelossofherentirecrew.OfSpee'sfleet,onlyDresdenandthecollier
Seydlitzescaped.ThelatterwasinternedinArgentinaandtheformerwaslostinChilethefollowingspring.
Yates,GrafSpee'sRaiders.

Scharnhorst
Scharnhorstclassbattlecruiser(1f/2m).L/B/D:770.5'98.4'32.5'(234.8m30m9.9m).Tons:38,100disp.Comp.:1,800.Hull:steel.Arm.:911.2"(3
3),126",1410.5cm,163.7cm,342cm621"TT4seaplanes.Armor:14"belt,2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,165,930shp,3screws31.5kts.
Built:Kriegsmarinewerft,Wilhelmshaven,Germany1939.
UnderthetermsoftheVersaillesPeaceTreaty,Germanywasprohibitedfromlayingdownanywarshipswithadisplacementofmorethan10,000tons.TheAnglo
GermanNavalAgreementof1935raisedthemaximumtonnage,andScharnhorstandhersistershipGNEISENAUwerelaiddownthesameyearwithanominal
displacementof26,000tons.CommissionedtwomonthsbeforetheGermaninvasionofPoland,Scharnhorst'sfirstwarcruiseintotheNorthAtlantic,with
Gneisenau,resultedinthesinkingofthearmedmerchantcruiserRAWALPINDIonNovember23,1939,southeastofIceland.ThefollowingAprilthetwoships
tookpartintheGermanlandingatNarvikonApril9,1940,theyengagedHMSRENOWN,thoughScharnhorstwasunscathed.DuringtheAlliedwithdrawalfrom
Norwaytwomonthslater,theshipssankaircraftcarrierHMSGLORIOUSanddestroyersAcastaandArdentoffNarvik.However,Scharnhorstwastorpedoed
byAcastaandwastwiceattackedbyaircraftfromHMSARKROYALatTrondheimbeforeshecouldreturntoKiel.TheresheremaineduntilJanuary22,1941,
whenScharnhorstandGneisenaubeganacommerceraidingcruiseduringwhichtheysankatotalof22shipstotalingmorethan105,000grosstons.Theyreturned
onMarch23toBrestwheretheywerejoinedbyPRINZEUGENonJune1.
ThoughunderperiodicattackbyBritishaircraft,theships'greatestthreatwasthatHitlerwouldordertheir

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Imagenotavailable.
OneoftheluckiestGermannavaloperationsofWorldWarIIwasOperationCerberus,ortheChannelDash.On
February11,1942,thebattlecruisersSCHARNHORST(secondfromright)andGNEISENAU,heavycruiserPRINZ
EUGENandahostofescortssailedintightformationfromBrestthroughtheEnglishChannelandtheNorthSea
toWilhelmshaven,some675milesaway.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

gunsremovedforuseasshorebatteriesinNorway.Toeffecttheirreturntohomewaters,AdmiralErichRaederorderedOperationCerberus,aplanofdramatic
simplicity.TheshipswouldleaveBrest,sailuptheEnglishChannel,throughthe20milewideDoverStrait,intotheNorthSeaandhome.TheshipsleftBrestat1930
hoursonFebruary11,1942.ThoughspottedbyBritishpatrolsat1042thenextmorning,duetoaseriesoferrorstheywerenotevenchallengeduntilafternoonwhen
shorebatteriesonSouthForelandopenedfireontheships,thenabout10mileswestofCalais.About12minuteslater,aflotillaofsevenmotorgunboatsandmotor
torpedoboatstriedtoworktheirwaypastthescreenofEboatsanddestroyers,buttheyweredrivenbackorsunkwithoutinflictingseriousdamage.Aflightofsix
Swordfishattackedat1245,withthelossofallplanesandmostoftheircrews.At1432,Scharnhorststruckaminethatleftherdeadinthewaterfor17minutes,
thoughtherewerenoBritishforcestotakeadvantageofthesituation.SixdestroyersengagedtheoverwhelmingGermanforcestartingat1517buttonoeffect,anda
totalof242bomberslaunchedthatafternoonlikewisefailedtodamagetheenemy.Scharnhorsthitasecondmineat2134butdockedunderherownpowerat
Wilhelmshaventhenextmorning.
FollowinglengthyrepairsatKiel,ScharnhorstwasdeployedtonorthernNorway,andshesailedwithTIRPITZtobombardSpitzbergenonSeptember68,1943.
ShewasnotatAltenfjordwhenBritishmidgetsubmarinescrippledTirpitz.OnChristmasDay,Germany'sonlyoperationalcapitalship,flyingtheflagofRearAdmiral
ErichBey(CaptainHintzecommanding),wasorderedtoseawithfivedestroyerstointerceptconvoyJW55B.At0820thenextmorning,Beyinexplicablyturned
awayfromthedestroyers,whichtooknopartinthecomingengagement.Withinhalfanhour,ScharnhorsthadbeenpickedupontheradarofthreeBritishcruisers,
HMSNORFOLK,BELFAST,andSHEFFIELD,whichwereescortedbyfourdestroyers.At0930,Norfolkopenedfireandscoredtwohitsthatknockedout
Scharnhorst'sradar,andBeywithdrewthethreecruisersalsoturnedaway.Ratherthanreturntobase,Beytriedforasecondattackonthecruisers.Thisbeganat
1221atthistimeofyearitwasvirtuallyanightactionandknockedoutNorfolk's"X"turretbeforebreakingoffagainafter20minutes.
Allthistime,AdmiralSirBruceFraserhadbeensteamingtocatchupwithScharnhorstinHMSDUKEOFYORK,whichopenedwithaccuratefirefromher14
inchgunsat1651,followedbythecruiserHMSJamaicathisforcewasalsoaccompaniedbyfourdestroyers.Scharnhorstwashitatleast13timesbeforegetting
outofrangeorsothecombatantsthought.At1820,a14inchshellfiredatarangeofmorethan18,000yardsmorethan16kilometers,or10miles
plungedintoherboilerroom,reducingherspeedfrom26knotstoabout10knots.Al

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thoughherspeedwassoonbackupto22knots,within20minutesofthisfatalblow,thedestroyershadmaneuveredintoposition.Fourtorpedoesstruckhomeand
ScharnhorstcameunderwitheringfirefromJamaica,Belfast,andDukeofYork,whichclosedto3,000yardsandonlystoppedfiringat1729.Fifteenminuteslater,
havingbeenhitbyeightmoretorpedoes,Scharnhorstexplodedandsankin7216'N,2841'E,withthelossof1,803crew.Therewereonly36survivors.
Grner,GermanWarships.Kemp,Escapeofthe"Scharnhorst"andthe"Gneisenau."Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

USSScorpion(SSN589)
Skipjackclasssubmarine.L/B:251.8'31.6'(76.7m9.6m).Tons:3,075/3,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:99.Arm.:621TT".Mach.:nuclearreactor,steam
turbines20/30kts.Built:ElectricBoatDivision,GeneralDynamics,Groton,Conn.1960.
OneofsixSkipjackclasssubmarinesdesignedforantisubmarinewarfareindefenseofU.S.fleetballisticsubmarines,USSScorpion'sfirstassignmentwasin
Europeanwaters,whereshewasdeployedonexerciseswithNATOforcesandwiththeSixthFleetintheMediterranean.HomeportedinNorfolkfortheremainder
ofhercareer,shewasusedextensivelyindevelopingtacticsforantisubmarinewarfare,bothashunterandhunted.AfterdutyintheMediterraneanduringthespringof
1968,shewasreportedoverdueatNorfolkonMay27,1968,herlastreportedpositionhavingbeenabout50milessouthoftheAzores,whenshewasmaking18
knotssubmerged.Amassiveairandseasearchwaslaunchedimmediately,butonJune5,theNavydeclaredthesubmarineandher99crewunderCommander
FrancisA.Slatterypresumedlost.SubsequentinvestigationrevealedthatanunderwaterimplosionhadbeenrecordedonMay21about400milessouthwestofthe
Azores.OnOctober24,theNavy'soceanographicresearchshipMizarlocatedpartsofScorpion'shulllyingatadepthofabout10,000feet.Despiteanexhaustive
reviewofphotographstakenbythesubmersibleTRIESTEandotherdata,thecauseofthedisasterwasneverdetermined.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Scotia
Liner(2f/2m).L/B/D:379.4'bp47.8'(76.5'ew)30.5'(115.6m14.6m(23.3m)9.3m).Tons:3,871grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:1st573.Mach.:sideleversteam
engine,sidewheel14kts.Built:RobertNapier&Sons,Glasgow1862.
ThelastoftheCunardLinepaddlesteamers,Scotiawasthefirstshiptosetanewtransatlanticrecordineightyears,andthefirsttomakethewestboundpassage
fromtheBritishIslestotheUnitedStatesinUnderninedays.EnroutefromLiverpooltoNewYork,shesteamedfromQueenstowntoSandyHookatanaverage
speedof14.46knots(8days,3hoursSeptember1725,1863).Threemonthslatershesetawestboundrecordof14.16knots(8days,5hours,and42minutes
December1624).WhenScotiafirstenteredservice,CunardmaintainedabiweeklyschedulebetweenLiverpoolandNewYorkwithherolderconsort,Persia,and
Africa,anewersinglescrewsteamer.Bythetimeshewaswithdrawnfromservice,Cunard'sservicewasweeklyPersiahadbeenwithdrawnin1867,andScotia's
otherconsortsincludedJava,Cuba,China,andAustralasian.By1872,thesidewheelerwasananachronism,andScotiawaslaidup.Twoyearslaterherpaddles
andonefunnelwereremovedandshewasfittedwithtwinscrews.ThustransformedshebeganworkasacablelayingshipsailingundertheflagoftheTelegraph
ConstructionandMaintenanceCompany.In1896herwatertightbulkheadspreventedherfromsinkingwhenanunexplainedexplosionblewoutherbows,butshe
wasrepaired,andsixyearslater,ScotiawassoldtotheCommercialPacificCableCompany.HerendcameonMarch11,1904,whenshewaswrecked
accidentallyonCatalanBank,offGuam.
Baker,EnginePoweredVessel.Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners.

ScottishMaid
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:92.4'19.4'11.7'dph(28.2m5.9m3.6m).Tons:142tons.Hull:wood.Des.:WilliamHall.Built:AlexanderHall&Sons,Aberdeen,
Scotland1839.
Inthe1940s,akeendebatebetweenAmericanandBritishhistorianseruptedoverthestatusoftheAberdeenbuiltschoonerasthefirsttrueclipper.Asthewritten
useoftheword"clipper"todescribefastships(andhorses)antedatesScottishMaid,andthefirstefforttoforgeaprecisedefinitionfollowedseveralyearslater,her
claimtoprimacyseemsweakbutintheargumentsproandconechotherivalryofnineteenthcenturyBritishandAmericanshipbuilders.
OrderedbythefirmofNicolandMunro,shewasbuilttocompetewithsteamersonthecoastalrunbetweenAberdeenandLondon.Asfreightrateswerebasedon
tonnagemeasurements,WilliamHallsoughttoachievethegreatestspeedwiththesmallesttonnage.Oneoftheearliestdesignerstodevelopmodelsbasedonstudies

Page465

madeinmodeltanks,Halldiscoveredthatifthestemhada50degreeforwardrake,hecouldreducethetonnagemeasurementwhilegivingthehullasharpentrance
andhollow(orconvex)waterline,aprimarycharacteristicoflaterclipperships.Whilethis"Aberdeenbow"workedwellinScottishMaidandotherrelativelysmall
vessels,largersquareriggerssomodeledwerewetshipsandtookexcessivewateroverthebow.
ScottishMaiddidwellforheroriginalowners,andshortlyafterhercommissioningHallandSonsbuiltthreemoreschoonersforthesametrade.Shecontinuedsailing
forhalfacenturybeforeshewasdrivenashoreandlost.
Cable,"World'sFirstClipper."Chapelle,"FirstClipper."MacGregor,FastSailingShips.

USSScourge
(exLordNelson)Schooner(2m).L/B:57'20'(17.4m6.1m).Tons:110.Hull:wood.Comp.:50.Arm.:132pdr,812pdr.Built:AsaStanard,Niagara,
N.Y.,1811.
BuiltforWilliamandJamesCrooks,theLakeOntariomerchantschoonerLordNelsonwasseizedonJune5,1812,byLieutenantMelancthonWoolseyinOneida,
forviolatingtherecentlyimposedEmbargoAct.ThirteendayslatertheWarof1812brokeout,andLieutenantWoolseypurchasedLordNelsonfortheU.S.Navy
atauctionfor$2,999.25.RenamedUSSScourge,thevesselwasincorporatedintoCaptainIsaacChauncey'sLakeOntariosquadronunderLieutenantH.
McPherson.ShetookpartinattacksonYork(nowToronto)onApril27,1813,andFortGeorge,ontheNiagaraRiver,onMay27.OnthenightofAugust8,while
offtheNiagaraRiver,Scourgewasoverwhelmedinalinesquallandlostallbutnineofhercrew.TheschoonerUSSHAMILTONwasalsolost.
In1930,theU.S.governmentpaidanindemnitytoCrooks'sdescendants.In1971,thesameyearthatMARYROSEwasdiscovered,theHamiltonandScourge
Projectwasformedtolocatethesunkenships.Twoyearslater,theywerelocatedlyingatadepthof300feet,bothinaremarkablestateofpreservation.
Cain,GhostShips"Hamilton"and"Scourge."Nelson,"HamiltonandScourge."Roosevelt,NavalWarof1812.

USSSculpin(SS191)
Sargoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:310.5'27'13.8'(94.5m8.2m4.2m).Tons:1,450/2,350disp.Hull:steel256'dd.Comp.:70.Arm.:821"TT(4/4)1
3",4mgs.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,500/3,300hp,20/9kts2screws.Built:PortsmouthNavyYard,Kittery,Me.1939.
OnherinitialshakedowncruiseonMay23,1939,USSSculpinwasdivertedtohelpinthesearchforhersistershipUSSSQUALUS,whichhadsunkinabout240
feetofwateroffthecoastofPortsmouth,NewHampshire.SculpinestablishedcontactwiththecrewtrappedaboardSqualusandassistedthesubmarinerescueship
USSFalconduringthesubsequentrecovery.SculpinjoinedthePacificFleetin1940andwastransferredtothePhilippinesin1941.ThestartofWorldWarIIfound
heratCavite.Sculpincompletedeightwarpatrols:thefirstendedatSurabaya,DutchEastIndies,thenextfivewereoutofeitherFremantleorBrisbane,andthelast
twooutofPearlHarbor.
OnNovember5,1943,shesailedfromPearlHarborastheleadboatofathreesubmarinewolfpackorderedtopatrolnorthofTrukintheMarshallIslands.While
trackingaconvoyonNovember19,adepthchargeattackbyaJapanesedestroyerknockedouthersonaranddepthgaugesothatshealternatelybroachedthe
surfaceorranbelowasafedepthasshetriedtoevadeherpursuer.CommanderFredConnawayorderedhertothesurfaceinordertosavehiscrew,42ofwhom
werepickedupbythedestroyerYamagumo.AfterabriefinternmentatTruk,thePOWsweresenttoJapanintwoships.At0016onDecember4,oneofthese,the
lightcarrierChuyo,wastorpedoedbyUSSSailfish,therenamedSqualus,asfatewouldhaveitandallbutoneofthecapturedSculpincrewaboardherdied.
LaVo,BackfromtheDeep.

SeaCloud
(exSeaCloudofGrandCayman,Patria,Antarna,Angelita,SeaCloud,Hussar)Bark(4m).L/B/D:316'50'19.4'(96.3m15.2m5.9m).Tons:2,350
grt.Hull:steelMach.:diesel,3,200ihp,2screws14kts.Mach.:FriedrichKruppGermaniawerftAG,Kiel,Germany1931.
BuiltasHussarforthebreakfastcerealheiressMarjorieMerriweatherPost(thenmarriedtoE.F.Hutton),thiscelebratedfourmastedyachtwasdesignedtocarry
twelveguestswithacomplementofsixtysixofficers,crew,andstaff.WhenPostmarriedAmbassadorJosephE.Daviesin1935,sherenamedheryachtSeaCloud
andtookherfirsttoLeningrad(nowSt.Petersburg)andthentoBelgium,untilDavies'srecallin1939.From1942to1944,SeaCloud(IX99)servedasaCoast
GuardweathershipintheNorthAtlantic.Postsailedheragainasayachtfrom1947to1955.Overthenexttwentyyears,thebark

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hadasuccessionofnamesandowners,includingDominicanRepublic'sPresidentRafaelTrujillo.In1974,shewaspurchasedbyaGermanconsortiumandrefittedfor
theMediterraneanandCaribbeancruisetrade,inwhichshestillsailstoday.
Leek,''MarjorieHutton'sBarqueHussarof1931."

SeaVenture
Tons:ca.240burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:150.Arm.:8sakers,8minions.Built:EastAnglia(?)1603.
OneofthebestknownshipwrecksinliteratureisthatofthemerchantmanSeaVenture(sometimescalledSeaAdventure,Seaventure,orSeaventer),whoseloss
onaBermudanreefin1609becamethesubjectofWilliamShakespeare'sTempest.Herearlyhistoryisnotknownwithcertainty,butitisbelievedthatsheisthe
sameSeaVentureownedbymembersoftheCompanyofMerchantAdventurers,forwhomshetradedbetweenLondon,theElbeRiverportofStade,andthe
DutchmarketatMiddleburg,carryingmostlywoolandcloth.In1609shewaspurchasedbyorcharteredtotheVirginiaCompanytosailasflagshipofthesecond
supplymissionsentouttothefledglingJamestowncolonysinceitsestablishmentin1607.TheshipsailedfromPlymouthonJune2asflagshipofthe"ThirdSupply"(as
itwasknown),whichcomprisedsixfullriggedshipsandtwopinnaces.OnJuly23,theywerecaughtinahurricaneandSeaVenturebecameseparatedfromtherest
oftheships.Afterfourdaysinmidocean,whentheship"wasgrownefivefeetsuddenlydeepewithwateraboveherballast,"AdmiraloftheflotillaSirGeorgeSomers
sawland.Soonthereafter,theshiplodgedfastbetweentworeefsaboutthreequartersofamilefromland,andtheentirecompanyof150rowedashoreonBermuda,
aplacedreadedbymarinerswhoknewitas"theIslandofDevils."Theshipremainedafloatlongenoughforthecrewtosalvagemostofherequipmentandstores.
TheyalsobuiltthepinnacesDeliveranceandPatienceinwhichallbuttwoofthecompanycontinuedtheirpassagetoJamestown,arrivingonMay10,1610.The
twomenwhoremainedatBermudawerethefirstpermanentsettlersinwhatofficiallybecameanEnglishsettlementin1612.
In1610,WilliamStracheypublishedaneyewitnessaccountentitled"ATrueRepertoryoftheWreckandRedemptionofSirThomasGates,Knight,"andSilvester
JourdainpublishedDiscoveryoftheBermudasotherwiseCalledthe"IsleofDevils."ItisbelievedthatShakespearereadbothoftheseaccountsinthecourseof
writinghiscelebratedromanticdramaTheTempest(1611),thelastofhiscompleteplays.
Thewreckremainedundisturbeduntil1959whenAmericandiverandamateurhistorianEdmundDowlingfounditatadepthof9.1meters.Theartifactsheretrieved
suggestedthatthewreckwasthatofSeaVenture,untilexpertsattheTowerofLondonmisidentifiedoneoftheship'sgunsasasakerdatingfromtheeighteenth
century,ratherthanaminionfromtheearlyseventeenth.Workonthesiteceasedandwasnotresumeduntil1978,whendiversworkingundertheauspicesofthe
BermudaMaritimeMuseumAssociationresumedoperations.Thesiteyieldedrelativelyfewartifacts:somecannonshotandsmallerweapons,fragmentsofceramic
platesandvesselsofEnglish,Rhenish,Spanish,andChineseorigin,andpewterspoons.Littleofthehullremainsapartfroma15metersectionofkeel(which
originallymayhavebeenaslongas25meters),afewceilingsandouterplanks,andsomefloors.
Peterson,"SeaVenture."Winwood,"SeaVenture."

SeaWitch
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:192'34'19'(58.5m10.4m5.8m).Tons:908om.Hull:wood.Built:Smith&Dimon,NewYork1846.
BuilttotheorderoftheNewYorkfirmofHowlandandAspinwallfortheCantontrade,SeaWitchwasdesignedasarunningmateforitsclipperRainbow.Though
herhullwasnotassharpasthoseoflaterextremeclippers,theNewYorkHeraldremarkedonher"peculiarmodelandsharpbows[that]haveforthepastfew
monthsattractedsomuchattention."Theywentontoobservethat"theSeaWitchis,foravesselofhersize,theprettiestvesselwehaveeverseen,andmuch
resemblesthemodelofthesteamerGREATBRITAIN,onlyonasmallerscale."Unconventionalthoughshemayhavebeen,hersailingrecordoverthecourseoften
voyagesinasmanyyearsremainsoneofthemostremarkableofthatera.
Forherfirstthreevoyages,SeaWitchwascommandedbytheharddrivingCaptainRobertH.Waterman,famousforhishandlingofthefastpacketNATCHEZon
theChinarunandlaternotoriousforhishandlingofCHALLENGEonhermaidenvoyage.Onherfirstvoyageout,SeaWitchestablishedasuccessionofrecords:42
daysfromNewYorktotheCapeofGoodHopeand70days,10hourspastJavaHead,outbound,whilereturningagainstthemonsoon,shewas26daysfromAnjer
tothe

Page467

Imagenotavailable.
UnidentifiedChineseartist'sportraitoftheclipperSEAWITCH,flyingtheHowlandand
Aspinwallhouseflag.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Capeand62daystoNewYork.Onhersecondvoyage,shenippedadayoffhertimefromJavaHeadandtheCapeofGoodHopeandarrivedatNewYorkafter
avoyageof77daysfromCanton.Betterthingswerestilltocome.OnherthirdChinavoyage,SeaWitchsailedfromNewYorktoCantonandbackinonly194
sailingdays,withcallsatValparaisoandCallaoontheoutwardpassage.DepartingCantononJanuary8,1849,shereachedNewYorkonMarch25afterapassage
of74days,14hours."Itwas,"asCarlCutleremphasizes,"theWorld'sFirstPermanentSailingRecord."Afewdaysafterherreturn,theCommercialAdvertiser
describedtheparticulars:
Duringthevoyageshehasmadetheshortestdirectpassagesonrecord,viz.:69daysfromNewYorktoValparaiso50daysfromCallaotoChina75daysfromChinatoNewYork.
DistancerunbyobservationfromNewYorktoValparaiso,10,568milesaverage,62/5milesperhour.DistancefromCallaotoChina,10,417milesaverage,85/8knotsperhour.
DistancefromChinatoNewYork,14,255milesaverage,77/8knotsperhour.Bestten(consecutive)days'run,2,634milesaverage,111/10knotsperhour.

ReturningfromChinainApril1850,theyearafterthestartoftheCaliforniaGoldRush,SeaWitchwasputontheberthforSanFrancisco,withWaterman
relinquishingcommandinfavorofhisequallyharddrivingfirstmate,GeorgeFraser.Notsurprisingly,shesetanewrecordof97netsailingdaysfortheoutward
passage,thefirstshiptomaketheruninlessthan100days.(IncludingfourdaysatValparaiso,shewas101daysfromporttoport.)Itisinterestingtonotethatthe
averagetimefor57vesselsarrivingfromtheEastCoastataroundthesametimewas171days.Justasremarkable,SeaWitch'snexttwopassagestoSanFrancisco,
in1851and1852,weremadein111daysand108days,respectively.HernextvoyagewasviatheCapeofGoodHopetoHongKong,continuingeastwardto
SouthAmerica,whereshewasforcedtoputintoValparaisobecauseofholesinthehull,possiblyboredbyamemberofthecrew.
Theship'sninthandlastvoyagebeganonApril5,1855,whenshesailedfromNewYork.WhilestillintheAtlantic,CaptainFraserwaskilledbyoneofhismatesand
theshipwasforcedintoRiodeJaneiro,whereCaptainLangassumedcommand.ContinuingtoChina,SeaWitchembarked500Chineseworkerscalled
cooliesboundforHavana.OnMarch28,1856,after99daysatsea,shestruckareef12milesfromHavanaandsank.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Sector
Rowboat.L/B/:26.3'5.2'(8m1.6m).Tons:1,500lb.(650kg).Hull:carbonfiber.Comp.:1.Des.:JeanBarret.Built:BernardFournierLeRay,LaTrinitsur
Mer,France1991.
In1990,veteranoarsmanGerardd'Aboville,whohadrowedthesinglehandedCaptainCookacrosstheAtlanticfromCapeCodtoBrittanyin1980,determinedto
bethefirstpersontorowacrossthePacific.Hisrowboat,Sector(namedfortheSwisswatchmanufacturerthatunder

Page468

wrotetheventure),wasbuiltinFrance.Therewasanopencockpitforrowing,andwatertightcompartmentsforward,forsupplies,andaft,forlivingquarters.The
boatwasfittedwithtelexcommunications,waterdesalinatorsandsolarpanels,andacaseofwine.D'AbovilleandtheboatflewtoJapanandsetoutfromtheportof
ChoshionJuly11,1991,boundforSanFrancisco.Rowingtenhours,orabout7,000strokes,aday,d'Abovillesetseaanchorsatnighttopreventdrifting
backwards.Buthavingleftlateintheseason,Sectorencounteredcontrarywindsthatforonetwoweekperiodpreventedherfrommakinganyheadway.Twodays
outtheboatcapsizedforthefirsttime,somethingthatwouldhappenfrequentlythroughoutthe134daycrossing.Theboathadbuiltinballasttanksthatcouldbe
trimmedtorighttheboat,butSectorwasoncestuckupsidedownforanhourandahalf.D'Abovillewasamazedatthequantityofgarbageheencounteredonthe
lonelyNorthPacificsearoute:
Pollutionwasvisibleeverywhere.Iamnotreferringtothosesignsofterribleandperhapsirremediablepollution,suchastheoilspillsfromthegigantictankers,butofarampant
ordinarypollutionthatrevealeditselfincountlesslittleways:plasticbags,styrofoampacking,etcetera.EverytwentyminutesorsoIwouldcomeuponsomesortoranotherof
debris,which,consideringmylimitedhorizon,suggeststhemagnitudeoftheproblem.

SectormetwithaRussianshiponOctober29,butrefusedanyoffersofassistance,andasd'AbovillenearedthecoastofWashingtonStateonNovember19,hewas
greetedbythetrawlerMissMary.HewastakenintowovertheColumbiaRiverbaronNovember21,afterapassageof4,300miles.
d'Aboville,Alone.

Seeadler
(exPassofBalmaha)Ship(3m).L/B/D:245.5'38.8'22.5'dph(74.8m11.8m6.9m).Tons:1,571grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:63crew.Arm.:28.8cm.
Mach.:dieselengine,1screw9kts.Built:RobertDuncan&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1878.
BuiltfortheRiverPlateShippingCompanyofNewYork,atthebeginningofWorldWarI,PassofBalmahawassoldtotheHuntCompany.EnroutetoMurmansk
inJuly1915,shewasboardedbyaBritishcrewandorderedtotheOrkneysforasearchofhercargo.Released,thenextdayshewasboardedbyacrewfromU36
andsenttoHamburg.Seizedforcontraband,shewaseventuallyrequisitionedbytheNavyandfittedoutasanarmedmerchantcruiser.RenamedSeeadler("Sea
Eagle"),LieutenantCommanderFelixGrafvonLucknercommanding,shesailedfromHamburgonDecember21,1916,disguisedastheNorwegianflagIrmabound
forAustralia.BetweenJanuary9andMarch11,1917,sheseizedelevenships,allofwhichwerescuttled.InMarch,her264prisonersweresenttoRiodeJaneiro
aboardtheFrenchbarkCambronne,andSeeadlerenteredthePacificwhereshecapturedthreeU.S.shipsbeforeputtingintoMopelia,FrenchSocietyIslands,on
July31.Twodayslater,shewasdrivenontoacoralreefandwrecked.OnAugust23,Lucknerandfiveotherssailedinsearchofanothershipinwhichtoresume
theirraiding.OnSeptember5,theremainingGermansseizedtheschoonerLutce,whichtheyrenamedFortunaandsailedtoEasterIsland.Lucknerwascapturedin
theFijiIslands.ThecrewofthefourshipsseizedinthePacificwereeventuallyrescued.Afterthewar,Lucknerbecameworldfamousforhisexploits,whichincluded
thecaptureofsixteenshipsof30,099grosstonswithoutthedeathofoneAlliedsailor.
Hoyt,CountvonLuckner.Thomas,CountLuckner,theSeaDevil.Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

Seeandbee
(laterUSSWolverine)Sidewheelsteamer(2f/4m).L/B/D:484.5'58.1'24'(147.7m17.7m7.3m).Tons:3,434grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,500pass.Mach.:
1,596nhp,sidewheels.Des.:FrankE.Kirby.Built:DetroitShipBuildingCo.,Wyandotte,Mich.1913.
ThenameoftheCleveland&BuffaloTransitCompany'smammothpassengersteamerwaschosenbyacontest,thewinnerbeingateenagegirlwhosuggestedthe
phoneticspellingofthecompanynickname,"C&B."Designedforthe189mileovernightrunbetweenClevelandandBuffalo,thesteamerboasted510staterooms
andcouldaccommodate1,500passengersinadditiontofreight.Commissionedinlate1913,herearlyyearscoincidedwithadownturninpassengertrafficinthe
wakeoftheTITANICandEASTLANDdisasters,aproblemaggravatedbyherenormoussize.PairedwithCityofBuffalo,inadditiontoherregularLakeErie
route,sheoftenranovernightexcursionstoNiagaraFallsontheweekends.Passengershippingagaingroundtoahaltduringthedepressionandin1932shewaslaid
up,beingrecommissionedfortheruntoChicagoduringtheWorld'sFair,andsheafterwardremainedininterlakebusinessuntilC&B'sbankruptcyin1939.
Inthesameyear,Y.J.McGuireboughttheoldsteamerfor$135,000andsoldhertotheU.S.Navythefollowingyearfor$750,000.Convertedtoatrainingaircraft
carrierandrenamedUSSWolverine,morethan18,000naval

Page469

aviatorstrainedonher550footlongflightdeckduringWorldWarII.Soldin1946,shewasscrappedin1947.
Hilton,NightBoat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Senyavin
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:90'bp29'12.8'(27.4m8.8m3.9m).Hull:wood.Comp.:62.Arm.:16carr.Built:OkhtaShipyard,St.Petersburg,Russia
1826.
Intheearly1820s,relationsbetweenRussiaandtheUnitedStateswerestrainedovertheextentofczaristholdingsinNorthAmerica.Russiaplannedtosendtwo
warshipstopatrolitsclaims,butagreementon5440'NasthesouthernlimitofitsAmericanterritoryin1824obviatedtheneedforsuchamilitarypresence,andthe
shipswereorderedtoexplorethecoastsofRussianAmericaandAsia.OttovonKotzebuereturnedtoKronstadtfromhiscircumnavigationinPREDPRIYATIYEon
July10,1826,andonAugust16Senyavin(CaptainLieutenantFedorPetrovichLitke)sailedincompanywithMller(CaptainLieutenantM.N.Staniukovich).
Litke'sorderswereto
reconnoiter,anddescribe,thecoastsofKamchatka,thelandoftheChuchkisandtheKoriaks(thecoastsofwhichhavenotyetbeendescribedbyanyone,andwhichare
unknownexceptbythevoyageofCaptainBering)thecoastsoftheOkhotskSea,andtheShantarIslands,whichalthoughtheyareknowntous,havenotbeensufficiently
described.

DuringthewintertheyweretocruisethewesternCarolineIslandsasfarsouthastheequator.(StaniukovichwastoexplorealongtheAlaskancoastbutwas
lacklusterinpursuitofhisobjectives.)
ThevesselsproceededincompanytoPortsmouth,buttheywereseparatedsoonaftersailingfromEngland.RoundingCapeHornonFebruary24,1827,Senyavin
calledatConcepcin,Chile,inMarchbeforeproceedingtoNovoArkhangelsk(Sitka),wheretheRussiansremainedfromJune11toJuly19.Aftercallingat
Unalaska,theyarrivedatPetropavlovsk,Kamchatka,inmidSeptember.FromNovember1827throughApril1828,theycruisedintheCarolineIslandsandthe
BoninJimagroupbeforereturningtoKamchatkainMay.ThatsummertheysurveyedthecoastfromAvachaBaytoKaraginskiiIslandandthensailedthroughthe
BeringStraitforasurveyoftheChuchkicoastfromtheEastCapetotheAnadyrRiver.TheshipsleftPetropavlovskforthelasttimeinOctoberandrejoinedMller
atManilaonJanuary1,1830,beforesailingforEuropeviatheCapeofGoodHope.SenyavinreturnedtoKronstadtonSeptember16,1829.
Litke'svoyageinSenyavinwasamongthemostproductivevoyagesofdiscoverysentoutbyanycountryinthenineteenthcentury.Inadditiontothesurveyworkon
theAsiancoast,theexpeditiondiscoveredtwelveislandgroupsanddescribedanothertwentysixintheCarolines.Experimentswithaninvariablependulumenabled
thecompanytodeterminethedegreetowhichtheearthflattensatthepoles.NaturalistKarlHeinrichMertens,ornithologistBaronvonKittlitz,andmineralogist
AlexanderPostelsdescribedover1,000newspeciesofinsects,fish,birds,andotheranimals,andmorethan2,500differenttypesofplants,algae,androcks.In
addition,theyalsocollectedethnographicartifactsandmademorethan1,250sketchesoftheirfindings.
Shortlyaftertheconclusionofthevoyage,SenyavinwasdispatchedonasecondscientificexpeditiontoIceland,againunderLitke.Theexpedition'schiefscientist
Mertensdiedtwoweeksaftertheship'sreturntoKronstadtinSeptember1830.
Ivashintsov,RussianRoundtheWorldVoyages.Litke,VoyageRoundtheWorld:18261829.

SereLimaniShip
Ship.L/B/D:49.2'16.7'(15m5.1m).Tons:3040burden.Hull:wood.Built:easternMediterranean11thcent.CE.
Theearliestknownshipincorporating"modern"shipbuildingtechniqueswasdiscoveredatadepthof32to34meters(100feet)inthebayofSereLimani(Sparrow
Harbor)onthecoastofTurkeynorthofRhodes(3634'N,2805'E).FirstshowntoGeorgeBassin1973byTurkishspongediverMehmetAskin,thesitewas
excavatedbetween1977and1979underthedirectionofBassandFrederickVanDoorninck,Jr.ThelinesoftheSereLimaniship,asreconstructedbyJ.Richard
Steffy,showadeep,fullendedvessel,roundedinprofile,withaflatbottom,asharpturnatthebilge,andasteepsheer.Shewasprobablytwomastedandlateen
rigged.TheSereLimanishipmaybecalledthefirsttrulymodernshipbecauseitshullwasbuiltentirelyontoapreexistingframeskeleton.Bythebeginningofthe
eleventhcentury,thetransitioninMediterraneanshipbuildingfromtheGrecoRoman"shellfirst"tothemodern"skeletonfirst"constructiontechniquewascomplete.
About20percentofthehullsurvived,primarilythebottomandasmallareaoftheupperportstern.Widelyscatteredfragmentsrepresentedvariousportionsofthe
hulluptothedecklevel,andthekeelsonandsomeceil

Page470

Imagenotavailable.
Afterreassemblingtheremainsofthe11thcenturySereLimaniwreckintheBodrum
MuseumofUnderwaterArchaeology,J.RichardSteffywasabletodrawasetofplansof
theoriginalship.Upperleft:thehalfbreadthorwaterlineplanshowshalfthehullasseen
fromabove.Lowerleft:thesheerandprofileplanshowsthevesselinprofile.Right:the
bodyplanshowingtheviewfromthesternforward(lefthalf)andfromthebowsternward
(righthalf).PhotocourtesyInstituteofNauticalArchaeology,CollegeStation,Texas
planscourtesyofJ.RichardSteffy.

ingplankingwerepreservedintheafterpartofthehold.Thekeelofwhich11.3meters(37feet)survivedwashardwoodstringersandwaleswereall
softwood,mostlikelypine.Asingle,flatscarfwaslocatedaftofamidships,buttheforemostpartofthekeelcurvedintothestempostwithoutthefamiliarkeel
stempostscarf.Therewasnoevidenceforafalsekeel.Thegarboardswerenotrabbetedorattachedtothekeelinanyway,buttracesofpitchindicatethatthekeel
garboardseamwascaulked.AkeelsonranthelengthoftheshipandwasattachedtothekeelwithironboltssimilartothoseusedintheByzantineshipatYASSI
ADA.Thesternpostwasanaturallycurvedtimberrabbetedtoreceivetheplankends.Theframingplanwascomplexandthespacingoftheframesirregular.Inthe
hold,floortimberswithlongarmstoportalternatedwithfloorswithlongarmstostarboard.Vfloorsandhalfframeswereusedinthebowandstern.Thehullwas
assembledbyfasteningplankstoframes(bothironnailsandwoodentreenailswereused)withoutanyedgejoiningofplanks.Thewaleswerelogssawninhalf
lengthwise,asintheYassiAdaship.Theceilingconsistedofthreeelements:halfroundlongitudinalstringers,transverseboards,andstandardlongitudinalplanks.The
resultwasastrongflatfloorinthehold

Page471

perhaps,ashasbeensuggested,intendedtofacilitatethetransportofanimals.
Theshipcarriedanunusualcargo.Diversdigginginthesandcameupwithhandscutandbleeding,andtheysoonrealizedtheywereexcavatinganenormouspileof
glasssomethreemetrictonsofbrokenglassvessels,rawglass,andfactorywaste.Thisconsignmentwasundoubtedlyenroutetoaglassmakingcentertobe
melteddownanearlyexampleofrecycling.Theglassvesselsweredeliberatelysmashedbeforebeingloadedintothehold,butmanyhavenowbeenreconstructed
throughpainstakingwork.
Thereisconflictingevidenceabouttheoriginoftheshipandcrew.OneoftheeightironanchorswasstampedwithArabiclettersandabronzebucketalsoborean
Arabicinscription.AmongtheceramicfindswereIslamicglazedbowlsimitatingChineseTangdynastyporcelain.Completeglassvesselsfoundinthesternwerealso
ofIslamictype.Ontheotherhand,Christiansymbolswerefoundonsomeofthenetweights,someamphoraeandcookingpotshadGreekgraffiti,Byzantinecoins
werediscoveredaswellasIslamicgoldpieces,andpigboneswereamongtheanimalremains.Thissurprisingculturalmixturesuggeststhatcommercialtiesbetween
theByzantineandArabworldsintheeleventhcenturymayhavebeencloserthanisgenerallysupposed.
AglassbalancepanoftheFatimidCaliphalZahir(102035)providesaterminuspostquemforthewreck.Thefinds,includingthepreservedtimbers,aredisplayed
attheBodrumMuseumofUnderwaterArchaeology.
Bass,"EleventhCenturyShipwreckatSereLimani,Turkey."Steffy,"ReconstructionoftheEleventhCenturySereLimanVessel."

SMSSeydlitz
Battlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:658.0'93.5'30.5'(200.6m28.5m9.3m).Tons:28,550disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,143.Arm.:1011.2"(52),126",12
8.8cm420"TT.Armor:12"belt,3.2"deck.Mach.:turbines,89,738shp,4screws28.1kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1913.
EssentiallyanimprovedMoltkeclasscruiserandthusquitesimilarinappearanceanddesigntoSMSGOEBEN,SMSSeydlitzwasoneofthemostbattlehardened
shipsoftheImperialGermanNavy.NamedfortheeighteenthcenturycavalryofficerFriedrichWilhelmvonSeydlitz,thecruiserwastheflagshipofRearAdmiral
FranzvonHipper'sFirstReconnaissanceGroup,stationedatWilhelmshaven.OnNovember3andDecember16,1914,Hipper'sbattlecruisersbombardedBritish
coastaldefensesatYarmouthandHartlepool.OnJanuary24,1915,Seydlitzsortiedattheheadofaneightshipgroup,includingtheheavycruisersMOLTKE,
DERFFLINGER,andBLCHER,andfourlightcruisers.TheBritishdeployedAdmiralDavidBeatty'sFirstandSecondBattleCruiserSquadrons,supportedby
unitsfromRosyth,Harwich,andScapaFlow.Actionopenedbetweenlightcruisers,andHipperquicklyrealizedthathewasdangerouslyoutgunned.Intheensuing
chase,Seydlitz'stwoafterturretswereknockedoutandshelost165crewtheolderBlcherwassunkwiththelossof792lives.Britishlosseswerelight,although
Beatty'sflagshipHMSLIONrequiredfourmonthsofrepairs.ButSeydlitz'sbattledamageresultedinimprovementstodeckarmorandantiflashprotectioninthe
magazinesthatgavetheGermanfleetandSeydlitzinparticularadramaticadvantageattheBattleofJutland.
Afterrepairs,SeydlitzservedintheBalticbeforereturningtotheNorthSea.DamagedbyamineonanineffectualraidagainstLowestoftandYarmouthonApril25,
1916,shewasagainbattleworthybythetimetheHighSeasFleetsalliedinanefforttoengagetheRoyalNavy'sGrandFleet.Hipper'sbattlecruisersfiredtheopening
salvosoftheBattleofJutlandat1547.Shortlyafter1600,VonderTannsankHMSINDEFATIGABLEandfifteenminuteslater,coordinatedfirefromSeydlitzand
DerfflingersankHMSQueenMary.Beforetheafternoonwasout,Seydlitzhadreceived23hitsandhadbeentorpedoedbythedestroyerHMSPetardwith
5,300tonsofwaterinherhullandwelldownattheheadshelimpedbacktoport.Repairslastedfourmonths,butforallintentsandpurposesSeydlitz'swarwas
over,asitwasformostoftheGermansurfacefleet.
OnNovember21,1918,Seydlitzled74shipsoftheImperialGermanNavyintointernmentatScapaFlowunderthearmisticeagreementthatbroughthostilitiestoa
close.WeigheddownbythehumiliationofhisignominioussurrendertotheBritish,AdmiralLudwigvonReuterorderedtheGermanFleettoscuttleitselfonJune21,
1919,oneweekbeforetheVersaillesPeaceTreatywasratified.Seydlitzrolledoverandsankinabout70feetofwater.WhileBritishandFrenchpoliticiansdecried
theGermans'action,othersweremoreaccepting.HenryWilliamMassingham,editoroftheliberalBritishweeklytheNation,wrote:
IhavenotspokentoaBritishsailorwhodidnotheartilyapproveoftheactionoftheGermansailorsinsinkingtheirfleet."ImustadmitIdidnotexpectthemtodoit,"saidone
navalofficertome,"butIknowIshouldhavedoneitintheirplace."

SeydlitzlayatScapaFlowwithabout25feetofherhullexposeduntilNovember2,1928,whenaftermorethan

Page472

40attemptsshewasrefloatedbytheCoxandDanksLtd.salvagecompany.TowedtoRosyththefollowingyear,shewasbrokenupin1930.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Grner,GermanWarships.VanderVat,GrandScuttle.

ShamrockV
(exQuadrifoglio,ShamrockV)Jclasscutter.L/B/D:119.8'19.7'14.7'(36.5m6.8m4.5m).Tons:104grt.Hull:composite.Built:Camper&Nicholsons,
Southampton,Eng.1930.
ThemostcelebratedyachtsmanevertochallengefortheAmerica'sCupwastheselfmademillionaireSirThomasLipton.BorntoanIrishgrocerinaGlasgow
tenement,LiptonmountedthefirstofhisfivechallengesundertheauspicesoftheRoyalUlsterYachtClubin1898.HisWilliamFifedesignedcutterShamrock,the
firstchallengernottocrosstheAtlanticunderitsownpower,losttoJ.PierpontMorgan'sColumbia(designedbyNatHerreshoff)inthreeraces.Graciousindefeat,
LiptonwasmadeanhonorarymemberoftheNewYorkYachtClub.Twoyearslater,hisGeorgeWatsondesignedShamrockIIlostthreeracesoncorrectedtime
toColumbia,thoughthemarginswerenegligibleandsheactuallycrossedthelineaheadbytwosecondsinthesecondrace.Theextremelimitsofracingdesignwere
reachedin1903,whenFife'sShamrockIIIwaspittedagainstHerreshoff'sRELIANCE.Theraceconditionsweremediocre,butinthecontestbetweensailareas,
Shamrock's14,154squarefeetwerenomatchforReliance's17,730squarefeet.ThesewerethelastAmerica'sCupracesforalmosttwodecades,andwhenthey
resumedin1920itwaswithsmalleryachtsbuilttoHerreshoff'sInternationalRule.ShamrockIVandResolute,bothbuiltbeforeWorldWarI,hadthemostexciting
raceseriesheldtothattime,andShamrockIVwonthefirsttwooffiveracesbydecisivemargins.
Imagenotavailable.
TheJboatSHAMROCKV,thefifthandlastofSirThomas
Lipton'sAmerica'sCupchallengers,heelsoveronaporttackin
agentlebreeze.Wellintoherseventhdecade,thecutterstillsails
undertheauspicesoftheMuseumofYachtinginNewport,R.I.
CourtesyNewYorkYachtClub.

Theruleschangedyetagainandthe1930America'sCupraceswerethefirstofthreebetweenyachtsdesignedtotheJclassrule.ThecelebratedJboatswiththeir
loftyrigs,Bermudarigs,andParkAvenueboomswerebetween75and87feetinlength,withsailareasbetween7,550and7,583squarefeet,thoughthisincluded
threeheadsailsjib,jig,andtopsailjib.ShamrockVwasnomatchforResolute,whichwaschosenfromamongfourtrialboats,andshelosttheseriesinfour
straightraces.SoendedtheracingcareerofSirThomasLipton,"theworld'sbestloser,"whodiedthenextyearattheageofeightyone.
ShamrockVwasnextpurchasedbyT.O.M.Sopwith,whousedherasatrialhorseforhisEndeavoursin1933(Rainbowvs.Endeavour)and1937(Rangervs.
EndeavourII).ShamrockVsubsequentlychangedhandsseveraltimes.Anauxiliarydieselenginewasinstalledandshewasatonetimeriggedasacruisingketch.
WhileownedbytheImmobiliareSIFISpainSardinia,shewasnamedQuadrifoglio,Italianfor"shamrock."Inthe1980s,shewasacquiredandrestoredtoher
originalrigbytheMuseumofYachtinginNewport,RhodeIsland,wheresheismaintainedinsailingcondition.
Leather,BigClassRacingYachts.

HMSSheffield
Southamptonclasscruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:591.5'61.7'20.3'(180.2m18.8m6.2m).Tons:11,350disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:796.Arm.:126"(43),8
4",82pdr,20.5"621"TT3aircraft.Armor:4.5"belt,2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,75,000shp,4screws32kts.Built:VickersArmstrong,Ltd.,
NewcastleonTyne1937.

Page473

OriginallyassignedtotheHomeFleet,atthestartofWorldWarII,HMSSheffieldwasontheNorthernPatrolalmostcontinuouslyfromNovember1939through
February1940.DuringtheGermaninvasionofNorway,shewasdeployedtoNamsosinanticipationofaBritishcounterattack,whichnevercame,andsheleft
NorwegianwatersforthelasttimeonMay2,evacuatingtroopsandrefugeesfromNarvik.TransferredtoForceHinAugust,"OldShiny"servedasaconvoyescort
betweenGibraltarandMalta.ShewasinthefleetengagementwiththeItalianbattleshipsVITTORIOVENETOandGIULIOCESAREoffCapeSpartiventoon
November27,1940,andshetookpartinthebombardmentofGenoaonFebruary9,1941,duringwhich5merchantshipsweresunk,18damaged,and144people
killed.
InmidMay1941,ForceHheadedintotheNorthAtlantictohelpsearchfortheGermanbattleshipBISMARCK,andonMay26Sheffieldwasaccidentally
attackedbytorpedoplanesfromHMSARKROYAL,butsheescapedunscathed.EnroutetoBritainlaterinJune,SheffieldsankthetankerFriedrichBreme.By
thefollowingspring,SheffieldhadrejoinedtheHomeFleetandtheArcticconvoys,andonMarch4,1942,shewasdamagedbyamineoffIcelandandreturnedto
Britain.OnNovember8,1942,thecruisersupportedlandingsnearAlgiersduringOperationTorch,theAlliedinvasionofNorthAfrica,butshewassoonrecalledto
Arcticduty.AttheendofDecember1942,theGermansmountedOperationRegenbogen,afailedattackledbythecruisersADMIRALHIPPERandLTZOWon
ConvoyJW.51B.Aspartofthecloseescort,SheffieldsanktheGermandestroyerFriedrichEckoldtBritishlossesincludedthedestroyerHMSAchatesand
minesweeperBramble.
CaptainCharlesLarcomwasreplacedbyCaptainA.W.ClarkeinFebruary1943,andshortlythereafterSheffieldsustainedconsiderablestormdamageoffIceland.
AftersupportingantisubmarineoperationsintheBayofBiscay,attheendoftheyearSheffieldwaspartofthecruiserforcethatbroughttobayandhelpedsinkthe
GermanbattlecruiserSCHARNHORSTintheBattleoftheNorthCapeonDecember26.Sheremainedinnorthernwatersthroughthespringof1944andsupported
BritishnavalairoperationsagainstTIRPITZinNorway.
FromJuly1944throughMay1945,SheffieldunderwentanextensiverefitatBoston,Massachusetts.InthepostwarperiodshewasstationedintheMediterranean.
Decommissionedin1959,shewasbrokenupatFaslanein1967.
Bassett,HMS"Sheffield."

CSSShenandoah
(exSeaKing,laterElMajidi)Commerceraider.L/B/D:220'36'20'(67.1m11m6.1m).Tons:1,018grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:73.Arm.:48",232pdr,
212pdr.Mach.:directactingengines,1screw9kts.Built:AlexanderStephen&Sons,Ltd.,Govan,Scotland1864.
Thefirstshipdesignedsolelyasatrooptransport,thecompositebuiltauxiliaryscrewsteamshipSeaKingmadeonevoyageundertheBritishflagbeforebeing
purchasedinSeptember1864byConfederateagentsinEngland.SailingfromLondononOctober8,ShenandoahmetthesupplyvesselLaureloffFunchalon
October19andwascommissionedunderLieutenantJ.I.Waddell.ShenandoahproceededtoAustraliabywayoftheCapeofGoodHope,takingfiveprizesinthe
AtlanticandoneintheIndianOcean.DepartingMelbourneonFebruary19,1865,ShenandoahhadspectacularluckagainsttheAmericanwhalingfleet,burningfive
shipsbeforesailingintotheBeringSea.OnJune23,WaddelllearnedthattheCivilWarwasover,buthecontinuedhiscruiseandtooktwentyonemoreprizes,eight
ofwhichweresunk.OnAugust2,aBritishshipinformedWaddellofthewar'send,atwhichpointheconvertedShenandoahtolookasmuchlikeamerchantmanas
possible.ShenandoaharrivedatLiverpoolonNovember6,1865,havingcaptured38prizes.SeizedbytheU.S.government,shewassoldtotheSultanofZanzibar
andrenamedElMajidi.ShefounderedatseaenroutefromZanzibartoBombay.
Horan,ed.,CSS"Shenandoah."Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.

Shinanwreck
Junk(3m).L/B/D:105.0'32.8'8.2'dph(32m10m2.5m).Tons:200burden.Hull:wood.Built:southernChina14thcent.
In1975,Ch'oeHyonggunrecoveredanumberofencrustedceramiccontainersfromashiplyinginabout20metersofwateroffthecoastofShinan,SouthKorea(in
3501'N,12605'E).Thesecontainerswerepositivelyidentifiedasantiquities,anddiversbegantolootthesitebeforegovernmentauthoritiesputitundertheauspices
oftheCulturalPropertyPreservationOffice.Properarchaeologicalexcavationbeganin1976andcontinuedthrough1984,culminatingwiththesalvageand
conservationoftheship'shullinaspecialshoresidefacility.
Theremainsofthehullinclude445ship'stimbersand223planksofChineseredfirandChineseredpine,bothofwhicharenativetosouthernChina.Theshipis
similartothethirteenthcenturyQUANZHOUWRECK,though

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therearedifferencesintheconstructiondetails.Inbothships,thebottomofthehullisVshaped,andthehullplankingisjoinedinavarietyofways.TheShinanwreck
yieldedthekeel,fourteenstarboardstrakes,andsixportstrakes.Thestrakeswerelaidoveroneanotherinarabbetedclinkerconstruction,withtherabbetbeingcut
outoftheinnerlowerpartoftheplank.Towardsthebow,thischangestoarabbetedcarvelconstructiontogivethehullasmoothside.Partsoftwomaststeps
surviveaforeandamainandtheinteriorofthehullisdividedbysevenbulkheads.
FurtherstudyofthesiterevealedthatthewreckwasofaChinesevesselenroutefromChina,possiblyNingpo,towardsJapan,whenitsankinastorm.Thecargo
consistedofmorethan12,000piecesofChineseceramics,includingceladonvases,platesandbowls,stoneware,incenseburners,andchingp'ai(bluishwhite)
porcelainpiecesfromtheYandynasty.Amongotherartifactsrelatedtothecargowerenumbered729metalobjects,45stoneobjects,20,000individualChinese
coppercoins,1,017piecesofredsandalwoodmeasuringbetween1and3metersinlength,andover500otherobjects,includingthecrew'spersonalpossessions.
Manyofthefindswerestillpackedintheirshippingcontainersmarkedwiththeyear,1323,towardstheendoftheYandynasty.
Green&Kim,"ShinanandWandoSites."Kim&Keith,"FourteenthCenturyCargoMakesPortatLast."

Shoho
(exTsurugizaki)Zuihoclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:671.9'59.7'21.75'(204.8m18.2m6.6m).Tons:11,262disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:785.Arm.:30
aircraft85",825mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,52,000shp,2screws26kts.Built:YokosukaDockyard,Yokosuka,Japan1939.
Laiddownasasubmarinedepotship,Shoho("HappyPhoenix")wasconvertedtoalightaircraftcarrierin1941.Fourmonthsafterhercommissioning,shewasone
ofthreecarriersintheJapanesefleetsenttocapturePortMoresbyinthesoutheastcornerofNewGuinea.Atabout0900onMay7,1942,planesfrom
LEXINGTONandYORKTOWNweresearchingfortheelusiveheavycarriersSHOKAKUandZUIKAKUintheopeningstagesofwhatbecametheBattleofthe
CoralSea.Wanderingoffcourse,aflightofLexington'sdivebomberscameacrossShohonearWoodlarkIsland(in1029'S,15255'E)betweenNewGuineaand
theSolomonIslands.Hitbythirteenbombsandseventorpedoes,thesmallcarriersankwithintenminutes,withthelossofabout600crew.ThelossofJapan'sfirst
aircraftcarrierwasreportedinLieutenantCommanderRobertE.Dixon'smemorablesignal:"Scratchoneflattop."
Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

Shokaku
Shokakuclassaircraftcarrier(2f/1m).L/B/D:844.8'85.3'29'(257.5m26m8.8m).Tons:25,675disp.(32,105full).Hull:steel.Comp.:1,660.Arm.:84
aircraft165",4225mm.Armor:5.9"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,160,000shp,4screws34.5kts.Built:YokosukaDockyard,Yokosuka,Japan1941.
Shokaku,whosenamemeans"happycrane,"wasamongthemostpowerfulJapanesecarrierseverbuilt,specificallydesignedtosailasaconsorttothebattleships
YAMATOandMUSASHI.OneofsixcarrierstakingpartintheDecember7,1941,attackonPearlHarbor,shelatersailedinsupportofoperationsagainstthe
DutchEastIndiesandCeylon.AttheBattleoftheCoralSeaonMay8,1942,planesfromShokakuandhersistershipsankUSSLEXINGTONandseverely
damagedYORKTOWN.However,planesfromtheAmericancarriersalsomanagedtoscorethreebombhitsonShokaku,andasaresultshedidnottakepartin
theBattleofMidwayinearlyJune.AttheBattleofSantaCruzonOctober26,1942,divebombersfromUSSHORNETinflictedanotherninemonths'worthof
repairsonShokaku.JustpriortotheBattleofthePhilippineSea,ShokakuwasstruckbythreetorpedoesfromthesubmarineUSSCAVALLAandsankabout140
milesnorthofYapIsland(in1140'N,13740'E),withthelossof1,263crew.
Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

Silberhorn
Bark(4m).L/B/D:267.4'40.2'24'dph(81.5m12.2m7.3m).Tons:1,853grt.Hull:iron.Built:Russell&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1884.
SilberhornwasoneofthreesistershipsbuiltforCharlesE.deWolfofLiverpoolbetween1882and1884theotherswereGoldenhornandMatterhorn.Oneof
theearlierfourmastedironbarks,shewassmallincomparisonwithlatervesselsofthetype,carryingsingletopgallantsandroyals.Hercareerwasunexceptional,
exceptforBillAdams'sremarkableaccountofhisapprenticeshipinherbetween1897and1901.Inthatperiod,Silberhornmadefourvoyages:toVictoria,Astoria,
andtwicetoSanFrancisco,whereAdams'sapprenticeshipendedandaweakheartforcedhimtoquitthesea.(Inlateryearshebecame

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knownforhissailingshipstoriespublishedintheSaturdayEveningPost.)Silberhornwaslostin1907onavoyageboundfromNewcastleforIquiquewithcoal.
TheGermanbarkAnnyreportedseeingashiponfirenearJuanFernndezIsland,buttheonlylettersthatcouldbereadonhersternwere"ool,"thoughttobethelast
lettersofSilberhorn'sportofregistry.In1910,itwasdiscoveredthatoneofSilberhorn'slifebuoyshadwashedashoreatPitcairnIsland.
Adams,ShipsandMemories.

USSSilversides(SS236)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.3'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,256/2,410disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:61.Arm.:1021"TT13",3
mg.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740hp,2screws20/9kts.Built:MareIslandNavyYard,Vallejo,Calif.1941.
OneofthemostsuccessfulU.S.submarinesofWorldWarII,USSSilversides(namedforafish)wascommissionedonlyeightdaysaftertheJapaneseattackon
PearlHarbor.UnderLieutenantCommanderC.C.Burlingame,Silversidesgotofftoanaggressivestart,sinkingfourprizesinherfirstpatrols,offtheJapanesehome
islands.ThiswasfollowedbyalacklustercruiseintheCarolineIslandsafterwhichsheputintoBrisbane.OnJanuary18,1943,shescoredherfirstoffourhattricks,
sinkingthreefreightersshedidthesameonOctober24,offNewGuinea,onDecember29,1943,inthePalauIslands,andonMay10,1944,intheMarianas.The
lasttookplaceonhertenthandmostsuccessfulmission,duringwhichshesankatotalofsixshipsfor14,000grosstons.FollowinganotheroverhaulontheWest
Coast,SilversidesreturnedtoJapanesewatersinSeptember.There,sheworkedinconcertwithsubmarinesTriggerandSterlettorescueSalmonaftershewas
forcedtothesurfacebydepthcharges.Silversides'slastthreecruiseswererelativelyuneventful.UsedasanavalreservetrainingshipinChicagofrom1947to1962,
in1969shewasopenedasamemorialandmuseumshipattheGreatLakesNavalandMaritimeMuseuminMuskegon,Michigan.
Roscoe,UnitedStatesSubmarineOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSSims(DD409)
Simsclassdestroyer(1f/1m).L/B/D:347.6'36.1'17.3'(105.9m11m5.3m).Tons:1,570disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:241.Arm.:45",821"TT.Mach.:
gearedturbines,44,000shp,2screws36.5kts.Built:BathIronWorks,Bath,Me.1939.
NamedforCanadianbornAdmiralWilliamS.Sims,aprogressivegunneryofficerwhohelpedpropeltheU.S.Navytothefrontrankofworldnaviesintheearly
yearsofthetwentiethcentury,USSSimswasthefirstofatwelveshipclasscompletedin193940.AspartofDestroyerSquadron2,Simswasassignedtothe
NeutralityPatrolintendedtokeepEuropeanbelligerentsoutofAmericanwaters.FollowingtheJapaneseattackonPearlHarbor,DestroyerSquadron(DesRon)2
wasassignedtoTaskForce17,centeredonUSSYORKTOWN.InJanuary1942,SimshelpedconvoyAmericantroopstoSamoaandtookpartinattackson
JapanesepositionsintheMarshallIslands.
Thatspring,TF17wasdeployedtotheCoralSeatochecktheJapaneseadvancetowardsAustraliaandNewZealand.OnMay6,theeveoftheBattleoftheCoral
Sea,SimsandtheoilerUSSNEOSHOweredetachedfromthefleet.Thenextday,Japanesereconnaissanceplanesmisidentifiedthepairasanaircraftcarrierand
herescort.Attackedbysixtyoneplanes,Simswassunkin1510'S,15805'Ewhentwobombsexplodedinherengineroom.Sixteensurvivorswerepickedupby
Neosho,whichwasintentionallysunkbyUSSHenleyfourdayslater.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSSirius
6thrate10(3m).L/B/D:110.4'32.8'12.9'(33.7m10m3.9m).Tons:512bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:50160.Arm.:46pdr,618pdr.Built:Christopher
Watson,Rotherhithe,Eng.1781.
ThemerchantshipBerwickwasbuiltfortheBaltictrade,butwhilestillonthestocks,shewaspurchasedbytheRoyalNavyforuseasanarmedtransport.Afterfive
yearsinservicebetweenBritainandNorthAmerica,shewasrenamedHMSSiriusandfittedoutforserviceasflagshipofthe"FirstFleet"sentouttoBotanyBayto
establishaEuropeansettlementinAustralia.WhiletheexpeditionhasoftenbeenderidedasnothingmorethananexpedientmeasuretoridEnglandofcriminals,infact
itwaspartofawellconsideredplantoestablishafirmBritishpresenceinthePacificasacounterweighttotheSpanishintheAmericasandthePhilippines,andthe
DutchintheEastIndies.Norwastheideaof"transportation"ofconvictsnewthepolicyoriginatedin1717andpreviousdestinationsincludedAfricaandthe
Americancolonies.
OnMay13,1787,sixthrateSiriussailedfromPortsmouthattheheadofafleetofelevenshipsandatotal

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complementof1,350peopleunderCommanderinChiefandGovernorArthurPhillip.TheseincludedtheconvicttransportsScarborough(with208maleconvicts),
Alexander(195men),LadyPenrhyn(101femaleconvicts),Charlotte(88men,22women),Friendship(76men,21females)andPrinceofWales(1man,49
women).TherewerealsothestoreshipsFishburn,GoldenGrove,andBorrowdale,andthereplenishmentshipSupply.Theconvictsweregivenacertainamountof
freedomintheships,whichthemajorityofthemseemnottohaveabused.However,therewastroublenotonlyfromsomeoftheprisonersbutfromthecrewand
guardsaswell,someofwhomweredisciplinedformutiny,disobedience,orsleepingwiththewomenprisoners.TheshipssailedviaTenerife,RiodeJaneiro(where
theyremainedamonth),andCapeTown.Shortlybeforetheirarrivalatthelatterport,convictsandmembersofAlexander'screwconspiredtoseizetheshipbut
werethwartedatthelastminute,andtheshipsarrivedwithoutfurtherincidentonOctober13.
DepartingonNovember12,thefleetbrokeintothreeseparatesquadrons.Supplyandthefastertransportswouldarriveearlyandmakepreparationsforthearrivalof
theothers.BadweatherslowedSupply'sprogress,andshearrivedatBotanyBayonJanuary18,1788,onlytwodaysbeforetherestofthefleet,andeightmonths
andoneweeksinceleavingPortsmouth.DissatisfiedwiththesituationatBotanyBay,PhillipreconnoiteredPortJacksontenmilestothenorth,whichhefoundmuch
moresuitableforacolony,withabetteranchorageandmorefertileland.ThefirstshipsarrivedonJanuary26atSydneyCove,namedforLordSydney,Secretaryof
theHomeOffice,underwhoseauspicestheFirstFleetsailed.Onthesameday,SiriusandthenineremainingshipswereattemptingtoleaveBotanyBaywhenthey
encounteredJeanFranoisdeLaProuse'sASTROLABEandBOUSSOLE.TheFrenchexplorersremainedatPortJacksonforseveralweeksbeforesailingto
theirdoom.
ThelastconvictswerefinallylandedonFebruary6,andafteranightofdebaucheryamongthenewlyreleasedconvicts,Phillipestablishedacolonialgovernmenton
thefollowingday.Despitetheroughmaterialwithwhichhehadtowork,hewasinordinatelyoptimisticaboutthepotentialforsuccess.Hewrote:
Wehavecometodaytotakepossessionofthisfifthgreatcontinentaldivisionoftheearth,onbehalfoftheBritishpeople,andhavefoundedhereaStatewhichwehopewillnot
onlyoccupyandrulethisgreatcountry,butalsowillbecomeashininglightamongallthenationsoftheSouthernHemisphere.Howgrandistheprospectwhichliesbeforethis
youthfulnation.

Ashorttimelater,SupplysailedforNorfolkIsland,about1,500milesnortheastofSydney,toestablishanotherpenalcolony.InMay,threeshipssailedforChinato
loadteaforLondon.BySeptember,thecolonywasdangerouslyshortofsupplies,andunderCaptainJohnHunter,SiriussailedviaCapeHornforCapeTown,
arrivingbackatPortJacksononMay9,1789.Afterfourmonthsofrepairs,PhilliporderedSiriusandSupplytocarryadditionalconvictstoNorfolkIslandtorelieve
thestrainonthePortJacksonsettlement.Forcedbytheweathertostandofftheislandforfourdays,onMarch19,SiriusapproachedthesettlementonSydneyBay.
Thestrongcurrentandasuddenwindshiftpushedherontoareef.Asherlieutenantrelated,''AnAnchorwasletgoonHerfirststriking/inLessthan10Minutesthe
Mastswereallovertheside,theShipanintireWreck."
Everythingthatcouldbesalvagedwastakenashore,butthelossoftheshipandhersupplies,togetherwiththeadditionofthesurvivorstothepopulation,testedthe
island'sresourcestothelimit.ItwasnotuntilAugust1791thatthenextreliefshipsarrived.ThelocationofthewreckofSiriusremainedunknown.Itwasnotuntilthe
1980sthattheSiriusProjectexcavatedthesiteinanticipationofAustralia'sbicentennial.Theshiphasyieldedhundredsofdiverseartifacts,includingironandcopper
fastenings,navigationalinstruments,apantograph(usedforcopyingmapstoscale),medicalsupplies,twocarronades,personaleffects,andanaboriginalstoneax,
probablyobtainedasasouveniratPortJackson.
Henderson&Henderson,"Sirius."Phillip,VoyageofGovernorPhilliptoBotanyBay.Stanbury,HMS"Sirius."

Sirius
Steamship(1f/2m).L/B/D:208'25.8'(47.3'ew)15'(63.4m7.9m(14.4m)5.6m).Tons:703grt410burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:35crew40+pass.
Mach.:sideleverengines,320nhp,24'diameterpaddles9kts.Built:RobertMenziesandSon,Leith,Scotland1837.
BuiltfortheSt.GeorgeSteamPacketCompany(laterCityofCorkSteamPacketCompany),SiriuswasthefirstshiptocrosstheAtlanticundersustainedsteam
power.Oneoftheship'smostimportantinnovationswasthatshewasfittedwithsurfacecondensers,patentedbySamuelHallin1834,whichmeantthatherboilers
wouldnotbecomecakedwithsaltfromtheseawaterusedtocoolthesteam.AlthoughbuiltforservicebetweenCorkandLondon,theBritishandAmericanSteam
NavigationCompanycharteredSirius(namedfortheDogStar)for

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atransatlanticrunwithaviewtobeatingGREATWESTERNtoNewYork.(WorkonitsBritishQueenwouldnotbecompleteduntilaftertheGreatWesternwas
readytosail.)UnderLieutenantRichardRoberts,RN,SiriusleftLondononMarch28,1838,andsailedfromCorkonApril4afterstoppingtoloadcoal.Amid
muchexpectation,shearrivedatNewYorkonApril22afterapassageof18days,10hours.Heraveragespeedwas6.7knots,andsheloggedanaveragedaily
distanceof161milesperday.(GreatWesternarrivedthenextday,havingspedatanaverage8.8knots.)SiriusdepartedNewYorkagainonMay1andarrivedat
FalmouthonMay18.AfterasecondroundtripinJuly,shereturnedtohercrossChannelservice.OnJanuary29,1847,whileboundfromGlasgowforCorkunder
CaptainMoffett,shebecameatotallossinBallycottonBay,withthelossof19ofher90passengersandcrew.
Sheppard,"Sirius."Spratt,TransatlanticPaddleSteamers.

SirLancelot
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:197.6'bp33.7'21'(60.2m10.3m6.4m).Tons:886net.Hull:composite.Des.:WilliamRennie.Built:RobertSteele&Co.,
Greenock,Scotland1866.
OneofthelongerlivedoftheBritishclippers,SirLancelotwasanear,ifnotexact,sistershipofthecelebratedARIELlaunchedtheyearbefore.BuiltforJames
MacCunnofGlasgow,shehadamediocrefirstrununderaCaptainMcDougall,andCaptainRichardRobinsonleftFIERYCROSStotakecommandin1866.His
firstvoyagegotofftoabadstartwhenSirLancelotwasdismastedoffUshant,butafterreriggingatFalmouth,sheeventuallyreachedShanghaitoloadtea,sailing
againonJune16,1867.Sixteenshipshaddepartedintheprevioustwoweeks,andmostofthemfromFoochow,440milestothesouth.SirLancelotbeatallbut
TaepingandarrivedonthesamedayasARIELandFieryCross.In1869,shesailedfromFoochowonJuly17andreturnedtoLondononOctober14,arecord
runofonly89days.
FollowingtheopeningoftheSuezCanalin1870,manyclipperswereforcedtoloadteaforNewYorkratherthanLondon.Toreducemanningrequirements,Sir
Lancelotwasdownriggedtoabarkineither1874or1877,andbythe1880s,shewasintradebetweenEuropeandIndia.In1886shewasboughtbyViscount
IbrahimfortradebetweenIndiaandMauritius.NineyearslatershewassoldtoPersianinterests,andonOctober1,1895,shesankoffCalcuttainacyclone.
Lubbock,ChinaClippers.MacGregor,TeaClippers.

SirRobertPeel
Steamboat.L/B/D:161'30'4'(49.1m9.1m1.2m).Comp.:350.Built:Brockville,Canada1837.
NamedforthefounderofBritain'sConservativePartyandthreetimeprimeminister,SirRobertPeelwasapassengersteamerbuiltforserviceonLakeOntario.The
steamer'sownerwasCanadianJohnB.Armstrong,whowasconsideredaspybymembersoftheCanadianRefugeeAssociation,anundergroundgroupseekingto
formanindependentstateforUpperandLowerCanada(nowOntarioandQuebec)andbasedinNewYork.Seekingretributionforthedestructionofthe
CAROLINEbyCanadiantroops,at0300onMay29,1838,twentytwomembersoftheassociationseizedPeelasthevesselstoppedforwoodonWellsIslanden
routetoOswego.UnderCommodoreWilliamJohnsonPatriotAdmiraloftheLakes,orPirateoftheSt.Lawrence,dependingonone'spointofviewthey
roustedthefiftyninepassengersfromtheirslumbersandsentthemashore.Thevesselwasplundered,towedintothestream,andburned.Peelcapsizedandwasa
totalloss.Followingtheincident,governmentforcesoneithersideoftheborderwerereinforcedinanefforttosuppresstherebellionandrelievethethreattopeace
andcommercebetweentheUnitedStatesandCanada.
Musham,"EarlyGreatLakesSteamboats:TheCarolineAffair."

USSSkate
Skateclassnuclearsubmarine.L/B/D:267.7'25'20'(81.6m7.6m6.1m).Tons:2,570/2,861disp.Hull:steel700'dd.Comp.:93.Arm.:621"TT.
Mach.:18+kts.Built:ElectricBoatDivision,GeneralDynamicsCorp.,Groton,Conn.1957.
Namedforatypeofray,USSSkatewasthesecondsubmarineofthename.AssignedtotheAtlanticforherentirecareer,onJuly30,1958,shebeganavoyageto
theArcticCircleunderCommanderJamesF.Calvert.Overthecourseoftendaysduringwhichshesailed2,400milesandsurfacedthroughtheiceninetimes,she
becamethesecondshipafterUSSNAUTILUStoreachtheNorthPole.InMarch1959,sheheadedtotheArcticforasecondtimetodevelopoperational
capabilitiesforsubmarinesatperiodsofextremecoldandicethickness.OnMarch17,SkatesurfacedattheNorthPolethefirstshiptobeonthesurfaceatthe
PoleandtherecommittedtheashesofArcticexplorerSirHubertWilkins.Threeyearslater,sheundertookathirdArcticmission,thistimerendezvousingwith
USSSeadragon.ThesubmarinessurfacedtogetherattheNorthPoleonAugust2,1962.Inaddition

Page478

tonormaloperationswiththeAtlanticFleet,SkatemadethreemorevoyagestotheArcticbetween1969and1971.Shewasdecommissionedin1986andheldfor
disposalthroughthenuclearpoweredshipandsubmarinerecyclingprograminBremerton,Washington.
Calvert,SurfaceatthePole.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Skuldelevships
TheSkuldelevfindconsistsoftheremainsoffiveclinkerbuiltVikingeraships.TheseshipswereloadedwithrocksandsunkinthePeberrendenarrowsofRoskilde
FjordinanefforttopreventanenemyfleetfromsailingupthefjordandattackingthetownofRoskilde,Denmark.Longknownas"QueenMargrethe'sship,"inthe
beliefthattheywereasinglevesselsunkonordersoftheQueeninabout1400,thisdatingprovedwrong,althoughthepurposewasnot.Roskildewasamajortrading
centerinthetenthandeleventhcenturies,anditsprotectionfromseaborneraiderswouldhavebeenofmajorimportance,especiallyintheperiodofunrestbetween
about1040and1070.
Excavationofthesitebeganin1957underOlafOlsenandOleCrumlinPedersenoftheDanishNationalMuseum.Twoshipswereidentifiedinthefirstseason,andin
thesecondyearathirdshipwasexcavatedtogetherwithwhatwasinitiallycalledWreck4.TheseremainsturnedouttobepartofWreck2,butbecausethiswasnot
discovereduntil1959,thefourthandfifthshipshavealwaysbeenknownasWrecks5and6.Afterexcavation,labeling,andconservation,thefragmentaryremainsof
thefivevesselswereerectedondelicatemetalframesthatshowthegeneralshapeofthecompleteship.ThesearehousedintheVikingShipMuseuminRoskilde,
builtonasiteoverlookingRoskildeFjord.Thefiveclinkerbuiltshipsincludetwowarships(Wrecks2and5),twoknorrs(Wrecks1and3),andafishingboat
(Wreck6).
Skuldelev1
Tradingvesselknorr.L/B/D:53.5'14.8'6.9'(16.3m4.5m2.1m).Hull:deal,oak,lime.Built:1010.
ThelargerofthetwotradingvesselsfoundatRoskildewasinalllikelihoodbuiltnotinDenmarkbutinNorway,atheorysupportedbydifferencesindetailandthe
factthatthepineplankingusedinbuildingwasprobablyunobtainableinDenmarkduringtheperiodinquestion.Inaddition,thehullisofheavierconstructionandnot
suitedtobeingdrivenashoreonthebeachesofDenmark,asweretheothervessels.Withacapacityof15to20tons,thisisthesortofshipthatwouldhavebeen
usedforlongdistancetradingtotheBritishIsles,Iceland,Greenland,andbeyond.
Skuldelev2
Longship.L/B:95.1'13.1'(29m4m).Comp.:50100men.Hull:wood.Built:ca.930.
Wreck2istheleastwellpreservedoftheRoskildeships,withonlyaboutonequarteroftheoriginalfabricsurviving.Althoughheroriginallengthcanonlybe
approximated,thisisthelongestVikingshipyetfound.Accordingtothesagas,shipsthatcarriedbetween13and23pairsofoarswereconsideredlongshipsof
whichthiswasprobablyonewhilethosethatcarriedmorethan25pairswerecalledgreatships.Builtwiththinoakplanking(thosethatsurviveareonly22.5
centimetersthick),thebottomplankshavebeenworndownfrombeingrepeatedlyrunuponbeachestodischargetheship'screws.
Skuldelev3
Tradingvesselknorr.L/B/D:45.3'11.2'4.6'(13.8m3.4m1.4m).Hull:wood.Comp.:59.Built:1030.
ThebestpreservedshipofthefiveshipsatRoskilde,withapproximatelythreequartersoftheoriginalwoodhavingsurvived,thisvesselisthefirstVikingshipin
whichthewholestemhasbeenpreserved.ItissimilarinconstructiontoWreck5,thechiefdifferencebeingabroaderlengthtobeamratiothanthatofthesmall
warship,andthefactthatthegunwalehasonlysevenoarholes,fiveforward(threetoportandtwotostarboard)andtwoaft.Inaddition,thevesselhadahalfdeck
anda4meterlongholdamidshipswithatotalcargocapacityofabout5tons.
Skuldelev5
Warship.L/B/D:57.1'8.5'3.6'(17.4m2.6m1.1m).Hull:oakandash.Comp.:2530.Built:960.
Knownasthesmallwarship,thisshipissimilarinformtotheLADBYSHIP.Ofparticularnoteisthecomparativelynarrowlengthtobeamratio,afeaturethathad
beenconsideredananomalyintheLadbyship.However,

Page479

Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
ThereconstructedremainsofSkuldelev1,aDanishtradingknorroftheearly11th
century,onviewattheVikingShipMuseuminRoskilde,Denmark.Thesilhouette
profilesandoverheadviewsoftheactualremainsshowthedifferentshapesand
sizesofthefiveSkuldelevhulls.CourtesyVikingskibshallen,Roskilde.

itisnowacceptedthatDanishshipsoftheperiodweregenerallynarrowerthantheirNorwegiancounterparts.Thehullispiercedfor12pairsofoars,andaswith
Wreck2,itshowssignsofrepeatedbeaching.VesselsofthisdesignseemtohavebeencopiedbothintheBalticaswellasinNormandy,wheredescendantsofthe
typeareamplyillustratedintheBayeuxtapestryshowingWilliamtheConqueror'sNormaninvasionofEnglandin1066.
Skuldelev6
Fishingboat.L/B/D:38.0'8.2'3.9'(11.6m2.5m1.2m).Hull:pine.
ThesmallestofthefiveshipsfoundatRoskilde,thisvesselisoftenregardedasafishingboat.Shecarriedamastandcouldprobablybepropelledbyoars,although
therearenooarholesintheremainsoftheship.
CrumlinPedersen,"SkuldelevShips."Olsen&CrumlinPedersen,FiveVikingShipsfromRoskildeFjord.

Page480

Snark
Ketch.L/B/D:55'15'7.7'(16.8m4.6m2.3m).Tons:10net.Hull:wood.Comp.:7.Mach.:gas,70hp,1screw9kts.Built:SanFrancisco1906.
In1904,JackLondon,hiswife,Charmian,andtheirfriendRoscoedeterminedtosailaroundtheworld,payingfortheadventurethroughthesaleofmagazinearticles
tobewrittenbyLondonalongtheway.SowasbornSnarkandwithherLondon'sCruiseofthe"Snark,"acollectionofessaysonavarietyoftopics."Wenamed
hertheSnark,"writesLondon,"becausewecouldnotthinkofanyothername.''(ThenamemayhavebeenborrowedfromLewisCarroll'spoem"TheHuntingofthe
Snark.")MuchofLondon'sbookisconcernedwiththeirportsofcallandwhattheyfoundtheresurfingandlepersinHawaii,"BchedeMerEnglish"spokenin
thesouthwestPacific,"StoneFishinginBoraBora,"London'sexperienceas"TheAmateurM.D.,"andhisfascinatingencounterwithErnestDarling,a90pound
weaklingfromOregonwhohadtransformedhimselfintotherobust"NatureMan"ofTahiti.ThepiecesaboutSnarkandthevoyagearehumorousandsomewhat
carefree.Theinterminabledelaysinfinishingtheketcharedescribedin"TheInconceivableandMonstrous"andselftaughtnavigationin"FindingOne'sWayAbout"
and"TheAmateurNavigator."FromHawaiitheysailedtoTahiti,theFijiIslands,andtheSolomons,beforeturningsouthforAustralia,whereLondonwas
subsequentlyhospitalizedwithamysteriousskinailmentthatforcedhimtoreturntoCaliforniaprematurely.SnarkherselfeventuallyreturnedtoCaliforniaandended
herdayshauledashorenearSanPedro.
London,Cruiseofthe"Snark."

SnowSquall
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:157'bp32'18.5'dph(47.9m9.8m5.6m).Tons:742reg.Hull:wood.Built:CorneliusButler,CapeElizabeth,Me.1851.
CondemnedatStanley,FalklandIslands,in1863,SnowSquallisoftendescribedasthelastsurvivingAmericanclippership.Purchasedafterhermaidenvoyageto
NewYorkbyCharlesR.Green,sheremainedunderhisflagforherentirecareer,carryinggeneralcargooutandreturningwithsilksandtea.Shemadeonaverage
onevoyageperyearbetweenNewYork(oncefromBoston,in1858)andtheOrient,makingthreeoutwardpassagesviaCapeHorn,andtheremainderviathe
CapeofGoodHope,oftenviaAustralianports.Anextremeclipper,shewasdescribedatherlaunchas"verysharpatthebows,withaleanbuthandsomely
graduatedrun,butfromhergreatbreadthofbeam,willbeenabledtocarrywell,whileatthesametimeshecannotfailofbeingafastsailor."Andindeedshemade
someverygoodtimes,postingnearrecordrunsbetweenportsonalloceans.
Nowherewasherspeedputtobetterusethanona94daytransitbetweenPenangandNewYorkin1863underCaptainJamesS.Dillingham,Jr.NeartheCapeof
GoodHopeonJuly28,1863,thecrewspokethebarkriggedCSSTuscaloosa,whichclosedflyingtheAmericanflag.Whenalongside,theConfederateraider
showedhertruecolorsandopenedfirewithhersterngun.Nothingdaunted,DillinghamhauledclosetothewindandSnowSquallshowedherheelsuntilTuscaloosa
gaveupthechaseaboutfourhourslater.Onhernextvoyage,SnowSquallsailedfromNewYorkforSanFrancisco,butonFebruary24,1864,shewasbecalmed
intheStraitsofLeMaireeastofCapeHornanddriftedashoreonTierradelFuego.Leakingbadly,SnowSquallputbacktoStanley,FalklandIslands,whereshe
wascondemned.DillinghammadehiswaytoRiodeJaneirofromherehesailedforhomeinMondamin,onlytohavethatshipcapturedandburnedbythe
ConfederateraiderCSSFLORIDA.
Meanwhile,SnowSquallwasincorporatedintotheFalklandIslandsCompany'smakeshiftjettywhicheventuallycomprisedEgeriaandWilliamShand.Overthe
next122years,herhullwasloadedwithballaststone,puncturedforpilings,andsubjectedtotheharshelementsoftheSouthAtlantic.Intheearly1980s,Harvard
UniversityarchaeologistFredYalourislaunchedtheSnowSquallProjecttosavewhatremainedoftheYankeeclipper.Thefirstoffivevisitstodocumentthebow
tookplacein1982,justtwoweeksbeforeArgentinainvadedtheBritishcolony.Fouryearslater,athirtyfivefootsectionofthebowwascutfreeandtransportedto
theSpringPointMuseuminSouthPortland(formerlyCapeElizabeth),Maine,andeventuallytotheMaineMaritimeMuseuminBath.
Bayreuther&Horvath,"SnowSquallProject."Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Sobraon
(laterHMASTingira)Ship(3m).L/B/D:272'40'27'(82.9m12.2m8.2m).Tons:2,131net.Hull:composite.Comp.:250pass6070crew.Built:
AlexanderHall&Co.,Aberdeen,Scotland1866.
SobraonwasoriginallylaiddownasasteamshipforGel

Page481

latly,HankeyandSewell.Whileunderconstruction,itwasdecidedtofinishherasafullriggedship,andwhencompletedshewasthelargesteverbuilt,withiron
framesandwoodplanking.Shesetskysailsonallthreemasts,andshecarriedfiddedroyalmastsabovehertopgallantmasts,anunusualrigforthatlatedate.Named
forthesiteofaBritishvictoryinthePunjabduringthefirstSikhWarin1846,shewasownedbyLowther,Maxton&Company,butcharteredtoDevitt&Moorefor
passengerservicetoSydney.In1873,Devitt&MooreboughtheroutrightandsailedherthereaftertoMelbourne.Afast,comfortableship,shewasoneofthemost
popularintheAustralianimmigranttradeexceptforherfirstvoyage,shesailedundercommandofCaptainJ.A.Elmslie.Inadditiontopassengers,shecarriedgeneral
cargoesout,returningwithgrainandwool.In1891,SobraonwaspurchasedbythegovernmentofNewSouthWalesforuseasafloatingreformatoryatSydney.
TwentyyearslatershebecamethestationaryNavytrainingshipHMASTingira(anaboriginewordmeaning"opensea").Soldin1927,sheremainedathermoorings
inBerry'sBayuntilbrokenupforscrapin1941.
Course,PaintedPorts.

Sohar
Dhow(2m).L:87'(26.5m).Hull:wood.Comp.:19.Des.:ColinMudie.Built:Sur,Oman1980.
InspiredbyTheThousandandOneNights(acollectionofstoriesascribedtoSinbadtheSailor,whowasprobablyamythicamalgamofArabseafarersfrom
betweentheeighthandeleventhcenturies),TimSeverindecidedtosailadhowona6,000milevoyagefromthePersianGulftoChina.ThedesignofSohar(named
foranancientportsaidtohavebeenthebirthplaceofthelegendarySinbad)wasbasedonadrawingofaboom(atypeofdhow)inasixteenthcenturyPortuguese
manuscript.Thevessel'shullwasbuiltofainiwoodfromIndiasewntogetherwith
Imagenotavailable.
ThethreemastedshipSOBRAON,builtfortheAustralianimmigranttrade.Thisundatedphotooftheship,taken
offGravesend,showsherwithherupperyardssentdown.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page482

400milesofhandlaidcoconutcordfromAgattiintheLakshadweepIslands(Laccadives)offsouthwestIndia.The20,000holesthroughwhichthecoirpassedwere
pluggedwithcoconuthusksandamixtureoflimeandtreegum,andthehull'sinteriorwaspreservedwithvegetableoil.
Sohar'sbuildingandfittingoutpaidforbyOman'sSultanQaboosbinSaidtookelevenmonths.WhenshesailedfromMuscatonNovember23,1980,her
crewincludednineOmanisandtenEuropeans,includingTrondurPatursson,aveteranofSeverin'sBRENDANvoyage.Thetimingofthevoyagewasdictatedbythe
availabilityoffavorablewinds,andSoharranoffbeforethenorthwestmonsoon,makingfourknots,oreightymilesperday,andarrivingatChetlatinthe
LakshadweepIslandsinmidDecember.FromthereshesailedtotheIndianmainland,stoppingatCalicutandBeypore,wheretheshipwascareened.Thenextport
ofcallwasatGalle,SriLanka,whereshearrivedonJanuary21,1981.Severinhadhopedtocatchthesouthwestmonsoon,butthewindswerelateandhewasfifty
fivedaysatseabeforearrivingatSabangatthenorthernentrancetotheStraitofMalaccaonApril18.Fromthere,hecontinuedontoSingapore.Pressingonto
avoidthetyphoonseason,inmidJuneSoharwashitbyfivedaysofvicioussquallsintheSouthChinaSea.ShearrivedoffthePearlRiveronJune28,andwas
greetedatGuanzhou(Canton)byChineseandOmaniofficials.SoharwaslatershippedbacktoOmanfordisplayasamuseumshipatMuscat.
Severin,SinbadVoyage.

LeSoleilRoyal
Vaisseau(1strate)(3m).Hull:wood.Arm.:104guns.Built:Brest,France1669.
NamedinhonoroftheSunKing,LouisXIV,LeSoleilRoyalwasoneofthemostpowerfulshipsofherday.AsflagshipoftherevitalizedFrenchNavybroughtinto
beingbyMinisterofMarineJeanBaptisteColbert,shewassumptuouslydecoratedwithwoodencarvingsdepictingavarietyofmotifsemblematicoftheFrench
monarch.Thetaffrailwasembellishedwitharenderingofthesungoddrawnacrosstheskybyateamofhorses,whiletheornatefigureheadshowedaseahorse
flankedbywingedmaidens.Thehullwaspaintedaroyalbluehighlightedbythewales,strakes,andadditionalembellishmentsingold.Asthesculpturesrecovered
fromtheSwedishwarshipWASAprove,suchlavishornamentwasnotuncommoninseventeenthcenturywarships.CharlesLeBrun'sdrawingsofthestatuaryforLe
SoleilRoyalareintheLouvre.
DetailsofthefirstdecadeofLeSoleilRoyal'sserviceareobscure,butafterherrefitin1689,sheflewtheflagofViceAdmiralAnneHilariondeCotentin,Comtede
Tourville,AdmiraloftheFrenchfleet.Theyearbefore,England'sCatholicKingJamesIIhadbeenoverthrowninfavoroftheDutchProtestantWilliamIIIofOrange
intheGloriousRevolution.InMarch1689,aFrenchfleethelpedJamesIIlandinIrelandinthefirstofseveralfailedeffortstoregainhisthrone.InJuly1690,Tourville
ledafleetofseventyshipsoutofBrestandonJuly10,hemetacombinedEnglishandDutchforceoffiftysevenshipsoffBeachyHead.Orderedtoengagethe
enemyagainstthelargerfleet,AdmiralArthurHerbert,LordTorrington,losteightshipswhiletheFrenchlostnoneinavictorytheycalledBveziers.
Twoyearslater,thepositionwasreversedasTourville,withafleetofonlyfortyfourshipstheremainderwerewithViceAdmiralJeand'Estresinthe
MediterraneanwasorderedtosailfromBrestonMay12,1692,tocleartheEnglishChannelforLouisXIV'sinvasionforceof30,000menassemblednear
Cherbourg.OnMay20,TourvillemetanAngloDutchfleetofeightyeightshipsoffPointedeBarfleur.Byincreasingthedistancebetweenhisshipssailinginline
ahead,TourvillepreventedhisfleetfrombeingencircledoroutflankedbytheEnglishandDutchships,undercommandofAdmiralEdwardHerbert,EarlofOrford,in
HMSBritannia.ButLeSoleilRoyalwassobadlydamagedthatTourvillewasforcedtotransferhisflagtoAmbiteuxthenextday.TenFrenchshipsslippedaway,
butLeSoleilRoyal,Admirable,andConquerantwereforcedintoCherbourgwheretheyranagroundandweredestroyedbyEnglishfireships.Anothertwenty
shipsmadeforBrest,andTourvilleorderedtheremainingtwelvetotheshallowroadsoffLaHogue.There,onJune2,Tourville'sbrillianthandlingofthefleetat
Barfleurwasobliterated,andastheFrenchArmyandJamesII(audiblyproudofhisdisloyalsubjects,tothechagrinofhisallies)lookedonfromshore,theEnglish
fleetburnedorsankadozenships.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.Culver,FortyFamousShips.

USSSomers
Brig(2m).L/B/D:103'25'11'dph(31.4m7.6m3.4m).Tons:259bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:120.Arm.:1032pdr.Built:NewYorkNavyYard,
Brooklyn,N.Y.1842.
USSSomers,thesecondshipofthename,wasnamedforRichardSomers,whodiedwhilecommandingthebomb

Page483

Imagenotavailable.
TheDutchpainterAdriaenvanDiestcapturesthedestructionofAdmiralTourville'sflagshipSOLEILROYAL
(104guns)byBritishfireships,twodaysaftersheranagroundattheBattleofLaHogue,May23,1692.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

ketchINTREPIDatTripoliin1804.Asmall,swiftvessel,oneofSomer'sprimarymissionswastotrainyoungnavalratingsandofficersforcareersatsea,anidea
fosteredespeciallybyCommodoreOliverHazardPerry.Althoughdesignedtocarry90officersandcrew,onhersecondvoyage,thebrigcarriedacomplementof
120.Althoughthreequartersofthemwerestillteenagers,theyincludedthescionsofsomedistinguishedfamilies:twosonsofMatthewCalbraithPerry,thesonof
CommodoreJohnRodgers,andPhilipSpencer,thesonofPresidentJohnTyler'sSecretaryofWar,JohnCanfieldSpencer.
UndercommandofCaptainAlexanderSlidellMackenzie,SomerssailedfromNewYorkonSeptember12,1842,boundforMonroviawithdispatchesfortheslave
patrolfrigateUSSVandalia.AftercallingatMadeiraandtheCanaryIslands,theshiparrivedatCapeMesurado,thesitechosenbyMatthewPerryfortheAfrican
AmericancolonyofLiberiain1822,onlytofindVandaliahadleft.Afteronlytwodaysinport,SomerssailedforSt.Thomas,DanishWestIndies,onNovember12.
Twoweekslater,onthestrengthofareportofashipmate,MidshipmanPhilipSpencer,togetherwiththeboatswain'smateandanotherseaman,wereplacedunder
arrestforplottingamutiny.FurtherinvestigationbyMackenzieandhisofficersrevealedthatSpencerintendedtoseizetheshipandkilltheofficersandanywhosided
withthem.Fortheircrime,theywerehanged,whilestillatsea,onDecember1.Mackenziewaslatercourtmartialedand,despitethestandingofSpencer'sfather,
acquittedofchargesofillegalpunishment,oppression,andmurder.
SomerssubsequentlyremainedwiththeHomeSquadron,cruisingalongtheAtlanticandGulfCoasts.DuringtheMexicanAmericanWar,shetookupblockadeduty

Page484

Imagenotavailable.
AnanonymouswoodcutofthebrigUSSSOMERS,homeward
boundfromthecoastofWestAfrica,December1,1842,with
thebodiesofallegedmutineershangingfromthemainyard.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

offVeraCruz,undercommandofLieutenantRaphaelSemmes,latercaptainofCSSALABAMA.OnDecember8,1846,whilechasingablockaderunner,Somers
capsizedinasquallandsankwiththelossof32ofher76crew.In1986,herremainswerefoundin110feetofwateraboutamileoffIslaVerde.
Delgado,"RediscoveringtheSomers."McFarland,SeaDangers.

Srlandet
Ship(3m).L/B/D:186'29'16'(56.7m8.8m4.9m).Tons:577grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:107.Built:A/SHoivoldsMek.Verksted,Kristiansand,Norway
1927.
In1922,NorwegianshipownerA.O.T.Skjelbredadvanced50,000fortheconstructionofasailtrainingship.TheNorwegianSailTrainingAssociationwas
organized,anditcommissionedthefullriggedSrlandet,ascaleddownversionofatypicaloceangoingmerchantship,designedexclusivelyforsailtrainingwithno
thoughttohaulingcargoes.Theship'scurriculumwasthesameasthatofashoresidehighschool,withadditionalinstructioninallaspectsofseamanship,including
workinthegalley.FromApriltoSeptembersheengagedinlongdistancecruising,andin1933shesaileduptheSt.LawrenceRiverandthroughtheGreatLakesto
visittheChicagoWorld'sFair.
DuringWorldWarIIshewasusedbytheNorwegianNavy,andaftertheoccupationbyGermanforces,asaprisonship.Sunkasaresultofbombdamage,shewas
raisedandconvertedtoanaccommodationhulkforsubmariners.TheendofthewarfoundSrlandetinappallingcondition,butherformerownerslostnotimein
restoringherand,theyreported,"Shesailedin1947asanewandbettership."Asthedeedofgiftstipulatedthatshebebuiltwithoutanengine,itwasnotuntil1960
thatanenginewasfinallyinstalled.ShecontinuestoworkasasailtrainingshipoutofKristiansand.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Soryu
Soryuclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:746.5'69.9'25'(227.5m21.3m7.6m).Tons:18,800disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,100.Arm.:71aircraft125",28
25mm.Mach.:gearedturbines,152,000shp,4screws34kts.Built:KaigunKosho,Kure,Japan1937.
UnderCaptainRyusakuYanagimoto,Soryu("BlueDragon")wasoneofsixcarriers(theotherswereAKAGI,HIRYU,KAGA,SHOKAKU,andZUIKAKU)
involvedintheattackonPearlHarboronDecember7,1942.AsthePacificwarunfolded,shetookpartinthecaptureofWakeIslandonDecember27,the
campaignfortheDutchEastIndiesinFebruary1942,andtheAprilstrikesonCeylon,afterwhichshereturnedtoJapan.OnMay27,shewasoneoffourcarriersin
ViceAdmiralChuichiNagumo'sFirstCarrierStrikingForceasitsailedfromHashirajimaenrouteforthecentralPacific.
TheBattleofMidwaybeganonJune4,andSoryuaircraftwerepartofthefirststrikeagainsttheislandbase.TheJapanesewerepreparingforasecondstrikewhen
NagumolearnedofanAmericanforcethatpossiblyincludedanaircraftcarrier.NagumovacillatedbetweenarminghisplanesforanotherrunagainstMidwayor
armingthemwithantishipbombsandtorpedoes.Inthemeantime,AdmiralRaymondSpruancehadlaunchedhisattack.Firstinwerethetorpedoplanes,though
withoutfightercovertheywereturnedawayhandily.Butat1026,divebombersfromUSSYORKTOWN,ENTERPRISE,andHORNETbegantheirattackfrom
14,000feet.Theattackwasdevastating,andwithinminutes,Soryu,Akagi,andKagawereburningoutofcontrol.At1913,Soryusankin3042'N,17838'E,with
thelossof718crew.HersistershipHiryuwasnotsunkuntilthenextday.
Prange,AtDawnWeSleptMiracleatMidway.

Page485

SouthernCross
(laterCalypso,AzureSeas,OceanBreeze)Cruiseship(1f/1m).L/B/D:604'76.8'26'(184.1m76.8m23.4m).Tons:20,204grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,160
tourist.Mach.:gearedturbines,2screws20kts.Built:Harland&Wolff,Belfast,NorthernIreland1955.
Oneofthemostinnovativepassengershipsofthe1950s,theShaw,Savill&AlbionCompany'scruiseshipSouthernCrosswasdesignedforroundtheworld
cruiseswithmorethan1,000passengersinasingleclass.Assuch,shewasthefirstmajorpassengershipdesignedwithoutprovisionforcarryingcargo.Shewasalso
thefirstwithengines,andthushersinglefunnel,aft.Herprofilewassomewhatunbalancedbytheplacementofherbridgeslightlyforwardofamidships.A100foot
longsportsdeckranbetweenthefunnelandthebridgesuperstructure.
LaunchedbytheyoungQueenElizabethII,whopraisedher"entirelynewandoriginaldesign,"SouthernCrossmadefourcircumnavigationsfromSouthamptoneach
year.Theitineraryofherfirstvoyageillustratesthepatternofthevacationcruiseinthe1950s:Trinidad,Curaao,PanamaCanal,Tahiti,Fiji,Wellington,Sydney,
Melbourne,Fremantle,Durban,Capetown,LasPalmas,andbacktoSouthampton.Onestapleofherlongdistancevoyagingwasthelargenumberofemigrants
boundfromGreatBritaintoNewZealandandAustralia.Withtheadventofjettransportation,thismarketdeclinedinthe1960s.Thisandtherisinglaborcostsledto
herwithdrawalfromservicein1971.
Twoyearslater,SouthernCrosswaspurchasedbytheGreekUlyssesLine,andin1975shewasrecommissionedastheCalypso.Underhernewowners,she
cruisedonavarietyofdifferentroutesworldwide,intheMediterranean,Scandinavia,thePacificNorthwest,WestAfrica,andtheCaribbean.Fiveyearslater,she
wassoldagaintotheWesternCruiseLinesand,renamedAzureSeas,begancruisesfromLosAngelestoMexico.In1992,shewassoldtoDolphinCruiseLines
andbeganshorthaulcruisesalongtheEastCoastoftheUnitedStatesastheOceanBreeze.
Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners3.Gardiner,GoldenAgeofShipping.

HMSSovereignoftheSeas
(laterHMSSovereign,HMSRoyalSovereign)1strate102(3m).L/B:232'loa(128'keel)48'(70.7m(39.8m)14.6m).Tons:1,141bm.Hull:wood.Arm.:
102guns.Des.:PhineasPett.Built:PeterPett,WoolwichDockyard,Eng.1637.
In1634,theillfatedmonarchCharlesIinformedthegreatEnglishshipbuilderPhineasPettofhis"princelyresolutionforthebuildingofagreatnewship"aspartofhis
overallefforttoimproveandexpandEngland'snavy,whoseenemiesandconcernsincludedtheDutchhermostseriousrivalinoverseastradeFranceand
Spain,andNorthAfricancorsairspreyingonvesselswestoftheEnglishChannel.Thoughcriticswarnedthat"theartorwitofmancannotbuildashipfitforservice
withthreetierofordnance,"neitherCharlesnorPettwastobedissuaded.Builtatacostof65,586aboutten40gunshipscouldhavebeenbuiltforthesame
amountSovereignoftheSeaswasintendedasaninstrumentofpropagandaaswellaswar.TheRoyalNavy'smostlavishlyornamentedvessel,herdecorations
werecarvedbythebrothersJohnandMathiasChristmasanddescribedinabookletpreparedbyThomasHeywood,whoalsomanagedtoincludeadescriptionof
theshipitself:
ShehaththreeflushDeckes,andaForeCastle,anhalfeDecke,aquarterDecke,andaroundhouse.HerlowerTyre[tier]haththirtyports,whicharetobefurnishedwithDemy
Cannon[30pdr.]andwholeCannonthroughout,(beingabletobearethem).HermiddleTyrehathalsothirtyportsforDemiCulverin[10pdr.],andwholeCulverin:HerthirdTyre
hathTwentiesixePortsforotherOrdnance,herforeCastlehathtwelveports,andherhalfeDeckehathfoureteeneportsShehaththirteeneorfourteeneportsmorewithinBoard
formurderingpeeces,besidesagreatmanyLoopeholesoutoftheCabinsforMusketshot.ShecarriethmoreovertenpeecesofchaseOrdnanceinher,rightforwardandten
rightaff,thatisaccordingtoLandserviceinthefrontandthereare.ShecarrietheleavenAnchors,oneofthemweighingfourethousandfourehundred,&c.andaccordingto
theseareherCables,Mastes,Sayles,Cordagewhichconsideredtogether,seeinghisMajestyisatthisinfinitecharge,bothforthehonorofthisNation,andthesecurityofhis
Kingdome,itshouldbeeagreatspurandincouragementtoallhisfaithfulandlovingSubjectstobeeliberallandwillingContributariestowardstheShipmoney.

Infact,theshipmoneytaxleviedbyCharlesforhisnavalprogramwasmuchresentedbyhis"faithfulandlovingsubjects,"andinSovereignoftheSeascanbeseen
someoftheexcessthatcontributedtohisoverthrowandexecutionin1649.UnderOliverCromwell'sCommonwealth,theshipwasrenamedSovereign,and
followingtherestorationofCharlesIIin1660shewasrebuiltandrenamedRoyalSovereign.Despitehervastsize,theshipwasslowandoflimitedvalueinactual
combatasshecouldnotkeepcompanywithotherships.Nonetheless,duringthethreeAngloDutchWars,shesawactionatthe

Page486

BattleofKentishKnockin1652,Orfordness(1666),Solebay(1672),Schoonveld(1673),andtheTexel(1673).Followinganotherrebuildin1685,intheWarof
theLeagueofAugsburg,shewasatBeachyHead(1690)andBarfleur(1692).ElevenyearslateramisplacedcandlesettheshiponfireandsheburnedatChatham.
Heywood,HisMajesty'sRoyalShip.

SovereignoftheSeas
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:258.2'44'21'(78.7m13.4m6.4m).Tons:2,421grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:45crew.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,Mass.1852.
"BeholdthemodernSovereignoftheSeas,thelongest,sharpest,themostbeautifulmerchantshipintheworld,designedtosailatleasttwentymilesanhourwitha
wholesailbreeze.Seeherinthe'beautyofherstrength,'thesimplicityandneatnessofherrig,flyingbeforethegaleandlaughingattherisingsea."Sowrotethe
BostonDailyAtlasupontheoccasionofthelaunchingofthenewMcKayclipper.PurchasedbyFunchandMeinke,NewYork,SovereignoftheSeasfirstsailed
forSanFranciscounderCaptainLauchlanMcKay,Donald'sbrother,whofollowedaroutedeterminedbycarefulstudyofLieutenantMatthewFontaineMaury'snew
windandcurrentcharts.Sailingwithacrewof105,anunprecedentednumber,afterroundingCapeHorn,SovereignoftheSeasencounteredagalethatcausedthe
lossofthemaintopmast,mizzentopgallantmast,theforetopsailyard,andallsailsontheforemast.Inafeatofseamanshiprarelyequaled,muchlessbettered,her
officersandcrewsavedthesparsandreriggedtheshipsothatshearrivedatSanFranciscoin103days,exactlyasMauryhadpredicted.ReturningviaHonolulu,
wheresheshippedacargoofwhaleoil,shesailedarecord411milesinone24hourperiod,andhadastoundingrunsaveraging378milesadayover4daysand330
milesadayfor11days.WithunfavorablefreightratesforSanFrancisco,shesailedforLiverpoolandarrivedatthatportinarecord13daysand23hours.James
Baines'sBlackBallLinecharteredSovereignoftheSeasfortheAustraliarunandshewasadvertisedwiththesingularoffer:"Freightsevenpoundsatonfor
MelbournefortyshillingsatontobereturnediftheSovereigndoesnotmakeafasterpassagethananysteamerontheberth"whichshedid,althoughtherunwas
asluggish78days.Shereturnedin68days,duringwhichthreemembersofthecrewwerearrestedforthreateningmutiny.UponherreturntoLiverpool,shewassold
toJ.C.GodeffroyandSon,Hamburg,andsailedunderitsflagtoAustraliaandtheFarEast.In1859,onavoyagefromHamburgtoChina,sheranagroundon
PyramidShoalandwasatotalloss,hercrewbeingrescuedbytheAmericanshipEloisa.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Hollett,FastPassagetoAustralia.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

HMSSpeedy
Brig(14).L/B:78'26'(23.8m7.9m).Tons:208bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:90.Arm.:144pdr.Built:King,Dover,Eng.1782.
EuropeannaviesdidnotemploybrigriggedvesselsinsignificantnumbersuntilaftertheSevenYears'War.TheRoyalNavyintroducedanewclassofbrigthe
prototypewasHMSChildersin1778.Fastandnimble,thetwomastedsquareriggerswereusedasdispatchboatsandforconvoyprotection.Probablythe
mostfamousRoyalNavybrigwasHMSSpeedy.AlthoughrememberedasthevesselinwhichLieutenantThomasLordCochraneacquiredhisreputationasoneof
themostenterprisingofficersofhisday,herearlycareerisillustrativeofthevarietyofdutiestowhichthesevesselswereassigned.
AtthestartoftheFrenchRevolutionaryWarsin1793,SpeedywasdispatchedtoGibraltarunderCharlesCunningham.Sheundertookavarietyofassignments
aroundtheIberianpeninsulaandinthewesternMediterraneanforthenextyear.OnJune9,1794,shewaslookingforaBritishsquadronoffthecoastofNicewhen
sheclosedwiththreeFrenchfrigatesthatCommanderGeorgeEyreassumedtobeBritish.Herealizedhismistaketoolate,andSpeedystrucktotheSrieuse(36
guns).TakenintotheFrenchNavy,shewasrecapturedthefollowingMarchbyHMSInconstant(36).SpeedyremainedintheMediterranean,cruisingwith
CommodoreHoratioNelson'ssquadronoffthecoastofItaly,andshetookpartinthecaptureofsixvesselscarryingarmsforthesiegeofPadua.
OnOctober3,1799,undercommandofJahleelBrenton,Speedyattackedaconvoyofeightmerchantmenandtwoescorts.Thoughnoneweretaken,sixwere
forcedashorenearCapeTrafalgaranddestroyed.OnNovember6,SpeedyfoughtoffaflotillaoftwelveSpanishgunboatswhileescortingatransportboundfor
Livornowithwineforthefleet.AlthoughtheSpaniardsweredrivenoff,Speedysufferedextensivedamagetoherhullandrigging.Shortlythereafter,Brentonwas
assignedtocommandtherecentlycapturedGnreux,andLieutenantCochraneassumedcommandofSpeedyonMarch28,1800.
SpeedycruisedofftheSpanishcoastwithgreatsuccess.InthirteenmonthsunderCochrane'scommand,shecapturedupwardsoffiftyvessels,togetherwith122guns
and

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534prisoners.OnDecember21,1801,CochraneevadedaSpanishfrigatedetailedtocaptureherbyflyingtheDanishflagandthequarantineflagandhavinga
DanishspeakingofficerexplainthattheshiphadbeenataNorthAfricanportriddledwiththeplague.OnMay6,1802,SpeedyfellinwiththeSpanishfrigateEl
Gamo(32)offBarcelona.AlthoughCochranehaddescribedSpeedyas"crowdedratherthanmanned"withacrewofninetyofficersandmenwhenhetook
command,nearlyfortyofthesehadbeenputaboardvariousprizestobetakenintoport,andSpeedy'scomplementnumberedonlyfiftyfour.Nonetheless,Cochrane
commencedanattackofunrivaleddaring.Runningalongsidethelargership,CochranefiredaseriesoftrebleshottedbroadsidesintoElGamo,whosetwentytwo
12pdr.,eight9pdr.,andtwocarronadesweremountedtoohightodamagethesmallerbrig.Cochranethenledaboardingpartyandcapturedthefrigateandher
crewof319.Spanishlosseswerefifteenkilled(includingCaptainDonFranciscodeTorris)andfortyonewounded,asagainstthreeBritishdeadandeightwounded.
Althoughoutnumberedsixtoone,theBritishtookElGamointoPortMahon,Minorca.TokeeptheSpanishcrewbelowdecks,theircaptorsloadedElGamo's
maindeckgunswithcanisterandpointedthemdownthehatchways.
Insteadofthehonorshesorichlydeservedforsuchanunparalleledfeatofarms,Cochranewasallbutignored.Althoughhewaspromotedtotherankofpost
captain,hisrecommendationthatLieutenantParkerbepromotedwasoverruledbyLordSt.Vincent,FirstLordoftheAdmiralty,onthegroundsthat"thesmall
numberofmenkilledonboardtheSpeedydidnotwarranttheapplication."CochraneimprudentlyobservedthatshehadsufferedmorecasualtiesthanhadHMS
VICTORYattheBattleofCapeSt.Vincent,forwhichAdmiralSirJohnJervishadbeenmadeEarlSt.Vincentandhisfirstcaptainaknight.
Cochranereceivedmorerespectfromhisenemies.OrderedbacktotheMediterranean,onJuly3Speedywasescortingaslowtransportwhenshewassetuponby
threeFrenchfrigates.Afterseveralhoursofcombat,Cochranewasforcedtohauldownhisflag.TheFrenchcaptainoftheDessaixwassoimpressedbyhisenemy
thathedeclinedtoacceptCochrane'sswordinsurrender.Speedy'ssubsequentcareerisunknown,butitisdoubtfulthatsheenteredFrenchservice.
CochranewassoonexchangedandwentontofurtherfameinthefrigatesPallasandImprieuse.Hisbrazenandtirelesscampaigningagainstcorruptioninthe
servicekepthimoutoffavorwithhissuperiors,andin1814hewasdisgracedbecauseofhisapparentcomplicityinastockswindleperpetratedbyaFrenchrefugee
underhiscommand.In1816,CochraneacceptedanoffertocommandtheChileanNavyagainsttheSpanish,andhesailedintheO'HIGGINS.Hewentontoserve
intheBrazilianandGreeknaviesbeforehisreinstatementasarearadmiralintheRoyalNavyin1832.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.Cochrane,AutobiographyofaSeaman.Phillips,ShipsoftheOldNavy.

Sprague
Towboat(2f).L/B/D:317.9'61'7.2'(96.9m18.6m2.2m).Comp.:55.Mach.:compoundengines,2,720hp,sternwheels.Built:Dubuque,Iowa1901.
Spraque,orderedfortheMonongahelaRiverConsolidatedCoalandCokeCompanyandnamedforCaptainPeterSprague,wasthelargeststeamsternwheel
towboateverbuilt.HerhullwasbuiltinDubuqueandhersternwheelfittedatSt.Louis.Popularlyknownas"BigMama,"Spraguewasengagedinthetowageofa
varietyofbulkcargoesontheMississippi,includingbauxite,coal,andcrudeoil,aswellasgeneralcargosouthbound.InFebruary1907,"BigMama"leftLouisville
with60bargescarrying67,307tonsofcoalthenandformanyyearsarecordsizedtow.(Despitethename,towboatspush,ratherthanpull,barges.)Duringthe
greatMississippiRiverfloodof1927,sheevacuated20,000peoplefromtheleveesofGreenville,Mississippi.
Retiredfromrivertrafficin1948,SpraguewassoldtotheCityofVicksburgfor$1.ThesiteoftheRiverHallofFame,Spraguewasalsousedasastageforthe
ShowboatPlayers'melodramaGoldintheHillsandshewasfeaturedinMGM'smusicalmovieShowboat.OnApril15,1974,the73yearoldSpragueburnedat
hermoorings.
Legler,"PercyRuizVisitsColorfulOldSternwheeler."

Spray
Sloop.L/B/D:36.8'14.2'4.2'dph(11.2m4.3m1.3m).Tons:13grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:1.Built:ca.1800rebuiltJoshuaSlocum,Fairhaven,Mass.,
1894.
TwoyearsaftercompletinghiscelebratedvoyagefromArgentinatotheUnitedStatesinLIBERDADE,JoshuaSlocumwasofferedtheuseofa"ship"lyinginafield
inFairhaven,Massachusetts.ThevesselturnedouttobeSpray,theremainsofacenturyoldDelawareoystersloop.Nothingdaunted,SlocumrebuiltSprayfromthe
keelup.Afteraseasonasafisherman,he"resolveduponavoyagearoundtheworld"anddepartedBostonon

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Imagenotavailable.
Oneofthemostpowerfulsternwheelerseverbuilt,thetowboatSPRAGUEoncepushedaraftof
60barges."BigMama,"asshewasknown,endedherdaysasashowboat.CourtesyMurphy
Library,UniversityofWisconsin,LaCrosse.

April24,1895.AmonghisstoreswereanumberofbooksgiventohimbyMabelWagnalls,daughterofencyclopediapublisherAdamWagnalls,andthepersonto
whomhededicatedhismemoirofthevoyage:"Totheonewhosaid,'TheSpraywillcomeback.'"
Innoparticularhurry,SlocumspentthenexttwoweeksfittingoutinGloucesterbeforesailingforhischildhoodhomeinWestport,NovaScotia.Fromthereheputto
seainearnestonJuly2.Slocum'scoursetookhimfirsttotheAzores,andfromtheretoGibraltar,wherehearrivedafterapassagethatincludedanightofdelirium
duringwhichhebelievedhewasbeingguidedbythepilotofColumbus'sPINTA.WellreceivedatGibraltar,henarrowlyescapedcapturebypiratesashemadeoff
southwest,reachingPernambucoonOctober5afterfortydaysatsea.Afteranunsuccessfulbidtorecoupsomemoneyhehadforfeitedonapreviousvoyage,he
madehiswaysouth,callingatRiodeJaneiroandthen,afterrunningagroundonthecoastofUruguay,MontevideoandBuenosAires.
Therenextbeganthemostdifficultlegofhisjourney,throughtheStraitsofMagellan.AftercallingatPuntaArenasonFebruary14,1896,SlocumworkedSpray
throughtheStraitstoCapePillaronlytoemergeintoafuriousgalethatdrovehimsoutheastforfourdaystoFuryIsland:"Thiswasthegreatestseaadventureofmy
life."HesailedbackintotheStraitsviaCockburnChannel,andthissecondtimehesailedintothePacificandmadeforJuanFernndezIsland.Afterapassageofone
monthtotheMarquesas,hewasseventytwodaystoApia,Samoa,wherehevisitedwithFannyStevenson,widowofRobertLouisStevenson.Fromtherehesailed
toAustralia,wherehespentaboutfivemonthsvisitingandfrequentlylecturinginNewcastle,Sydney,Melbourne,Tasmania,andCooktown.Hesailedfromthelast
portonJune6,1897,headingnorthandwestthroughTorresStrait.
Throughouthismemoirofhiscircumnavigation,SlocumisfullofadmirationforSpray,butatnopointmoresothaninhisdescriptionofthe2,700milerunfrom
ThursdayIslandtoKeelingCocosIslands."Itwasadelightfulsail!"hewrites."DuringthosetwentythreedaysIhadnotspentaltogethermorethanthreehoursatthe
helm,includingthetimeoccupiedinbeatingintoKeelingharbour.Ijustlashedthehelmandlethergo."HecontinuedacrosstheIndianOceantoMauritiusandSouth
Africa,arrivingonNovember17atPortNatal.WhileinSouthAfricahehadtherunofthecountry,andhemetwithfiguresasdistinctastheexplorerHenryM.
StanleyandPresidentPaulKrger,whoseeccentricideasincludingafirmbeliefthattheearthwasflatledSlocumtoobserve,withcharacteristicgenerosity,
''OnlyunthinkingpeoplefindPresidentKrgerdull."
DepartingCapeTownonMarch26,1898,SlocumcalledatSt.HelenaandAscensionIslands,thenshapedacoursefortheCaribbean.WhileoffthecoastofBrazil

Page489

Imagenotavailable.
PhotobyWillardB.JacksonofMarbleheadshowingJoshuaSlocum'sSPRAYriggedas
ayawlwithamizzenandshortenedmainmast.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,
Salem,Massachusetts.

justnorthoftheequator,SprayencounteredthebattleshipUSSOREGONduringthatship'sdashfromSanFranciscotoFloridaontheeveoftheSpanishAmerican
War.Everhelpful,Slocumsignaledhiscompatriots,"Letuskeeptogetherformutualsupport."AftercallingatseveralCaribbeanislands,hesailedfromAntiguafor
CapeHatterasandNewYork.Encounteringagalenearhisdestination,heinsteadroundedMontaukPointandsailedupNarragansettBaytoNewport,Rhode
Island,wherehedroppedanchoronJune27,1898.Theworld'sfirstsolocircumnavigationhadtakenSprayandhercrewona46,000milevoyagelastingthree
years,twomonths,andtwodays."MyshipwasalsoinbetterconditionthanwhenshesailedfromBostononherlongvoyage.Shewasstillassoundasanut,andas
tightasthebestshipafloat."
In1901,SlocumexhibitedSprayatthePanAmericanExpositioninBuffalo,NewYork.Thoughhemadeanefforttosettledown,thecalloftheseawastoostrong.
In1906,heloadedSpraywithaconsignmentofCaribbeanorchids,whichhedeliveredtoPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.Twoyearslaterhefreightedatwoton
pieceofcoralfromtheBahamastoNewYorkfortheMuseumofNaturalHistory.OnNovember14,1909,SlocumsailedfromVineyardHaven,boundforthe
OrinocoRiverand,hehoped,theheadwatersoftheAmazon.NeitherhenorSpraywaseverseenagain.
Slocum,SailingAlonearoundtheWorld.Teller,ed.,VoyagesofJoshuaSlocum.

USSSqualus(SS192)
(laterUSSSailfish)Sargoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:310.5'27'13.8'(94.6m8.2m4.2m).Tons:1,450/2,350disp.Hull:steel256'dd.Comp.:59.Arm.:8
21"TT13",4mgs.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,500/3,300hp,20/9kts2screws.Built:PortsmouthNavyYard,Kittery,Me.1939.
CommissionedonMarch1,1939,USSSqualuswasonhernineteenthtestrun,thirteenmilessoutheastofthePiscataquaRiverentrancelightoffthecoastofNew
Hampshire(May23),whenthemaininductionvalveleadingtotheengineroomfailed.ShesankoffPortsmouthNewHampshire.Althoughtwentythreeofhercrew
werelostimmediately,thebulkheaddoortotheengineroomwassecured,andthirtythreecrewmembersremainedaliveintheforwardpartofthesubmarine,which
layinabout240feetofwater.ThestrickensubmarinewasdiscoveredbyhersistershipUSSSCULPIN,andwiththeassistanceofsubmarinerescueshipUSS
Falcon,hersurvivorswerebroughtsafelytothesurfacebymeansoftheMcCanndivingbell.
Threemonthslaterthehullwasraised,andafteranelevenmonthrefitatthePortsmouthNavyYard,shewasrecommissionedasUSSSailfish.Attachedtothe
AsiaticFleetinthePhilippinesinearly1941,whentheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarIIinDecember,sheembarkedonthefirstoftwopatrolsoutofManila,
headingfortheDutchEastIndiesattheconclusionofthesecond.ShesankherfirstshiponMarch2,intheJavaSea,buthad

Page490

onlytwomoreconfirmedkillsinhernextfivepatrols.HertenthbeganatPearlHarboronNovember17,1943.Whileenroutetoherpatrolareaofftheislandof
Honshu,Japan,sheencounteredaconvoyabout250milessoutheastofTokyoBayonthenightofDecember34.SailfishsankthelightcarrierChuyo,whose
complementincludedtwentyonePOWsfromUSSSculpin,twentyofwhomdiedwhentheshipwentdown.Followingthewar,Sailfishwascreditedwithsinking
nineJapaneseshipsduringhertwelvepatrols.ShewassoldforscrapatPhiladelphiain1948.
LaVo,BackfromtheDeep.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Staffordshire
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:243'loa(230'keel)41'19.5'(74.1m12.5m5.9m).Tons:1817grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:214.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,
Mass.1851.
BuiltbyDonaldMcKayforEnochTrain&Company'sWhiteDiamondLine,thethreedeckerStaffordshirewasoneofthefewclippersbuiltfortransatlanticpacket
service.OnherfirstruninMay1851,shesailedfromBostontoLiverpoolin14days.InAugustofthatyear,TrainhiredveteranclippercaptainJosiahRichardsonto
takeStaffordshiretoSanFrancisco,whichhedidinabrisk103days.FromtheretheysailedtoSingaporein51days,Calcutta(21days),andthencetoBostonin
thethenrecordtimeof84days,apacethatfewsailingshipseverbettered.
Uponherreturn,shereenteredtheBostonLiverpoolrun.Staffordshire'stragiclastvoyagebeganatLiverpoolonDecember9,1853,fromwhereshedepartedwith
214passengers,mostofthemIrishemigrants.OnDecember24thesteeringgearwasdisabledandthebowspritandforemastwerecarriedaway.Inthecourseof
repairs,CaptainRichardsonwasinjuredandafewdayslater,onDecember30,1853,theshipstruckBlondeRockoffSealIsland(nearCapeSable)andsank
quickly,bowfirst.Becausetherewasnotenoughroomintheboatstoaccommodatethepassengersandcrew,170peopleweredrowned,includingRichardson.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

StagHound
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:215'bp39.8'21'(65.5m12.1m6.4m).Tons:1,534om,1,100nm.Hull:wood.Comp.:40.Built:DonaldMcKay,EastBoston,
Mass.1850.
AlthoughtheearlynineteenthcenturysawthedevelopmentofavarietyoffastshiptypesintheUnitedStates,itwasnotuntiltheCaliforniagoldrushof1849thatships
begansailingthe15,000milesfromNewYorkaroundCapeHorntoCaliforniainsignificantnumbersandthesearchforspeedbecameanimperative.Thefirsthalfof
the1850ssawthefullfloweroftheclipperage,whenspeedgeneratedhigherprofitsthansheervolume.Consideredthefirstextremeclippereverbuilt,StagHound
wasthepioneeringcreationofDonaldMcKay,whoinsubsequentyearswouldlaunchFLYINGCLOUD,SOVEREIGNOFTHESEAS,andGREATREPUBLIC,
amongothersofthebestknownclipperships.StagHoundexcitedgreatinterestatherlaunch,andtheBostonAtlas,amongotherjournals,waseffusiveinitspraise:
Thismagnificentshiphasbeenthewonderofallwhohaveseenher.Notonlyisshethelargestofherclassafloat,buthermodelmaybesaidtobetheoriginalofanewideain
navalarchitecture.Sheislongerandsharperthananyothervesselofthemerchantserviceintheworld,whileherbreadthofbeamanddepthofholdaredesignedwithspecial
referencetostability.Everyelementinherhasbeenmadesubservienttospeedsheisthereforeherbuilder'sbeauidealofswiftnessforindesigningher,hewasnotinterfered
withbyherowners....
Sheis,aswehavealreadystated,anoriginal,andtooureye,isperfectinherproportions.Hermodelmustbecriticizedasanoriginalproduction,andnotasacopyfromanyclass
ofshipsorsteamers.Wehaveexaminedhercarefully,bothonthestocksandafloat,andarefreetoconfessthatthereisnotasingledetailinherhullthatwewouldwishtoalter.
Wethink,however,thatsheisrathertooheavilysparredbutmanyNewYorkcaptains,however,whohavemuchexperienceintheChinatrade,saythatsheisjustrightaloft.

Consideringherlines,marineunderwriterWalterR.JonesreportedlyremarkedtoCaptainJosiahRichardson,"Ithinkyouwouldbesomewhatnervousingoingso
longavoyageinsosharpaship,soheavilysparred"(shecarried11,000squarefeetofsail)."No,Mr.Jones,"saidRichardson,"Iwouldnotgoinashipatall,ifI
thoughtforamomentthatshewouldbemycoffin."
StagHoundwasbuiltfortheBostonmerchantsGeorgeB.UptonandSampson&TappantheyputherintheCapeHorntrade,fromNewYorktoSanFrancisco,
thencetoChinaandwestwardontoNewYork,sometimesviaLondon.Althoughshewasafastshipinastrongwindfrequentlyloggingasmuchasseventeen
knotsanunfortunateschedulehadhersailingmostlyintheoffseasonandpreventedherfromsettinganyrecords.Onhermaidenvoyagethemaintopmastandall

Page491

topgallantmastswerelostonlysixdaysout,butStagHoundstillmadeValparaisoinsixtysixdays,thesecondfastestpassageatthetime.Onherlastvoyage,Stag
HoundsailedfromSunderland,England,withaloadofcoalforSanFrancisco.ShewasoffPernambuco(Recife),Brazil,whenatabout0100onOctober12,1861,
hercargoofcoalwasfoundtobeonfire,probablyfromspontaneouscombustion.Theshipwasabandonedat1700andanhourlatersheburnedtothewaterline.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

USSStark(FRG31)
OliverHazardPerryclassguidedmissilefrigate.L/B/D:413'45'22'(125.9m13.7m6.7m).Tons:3,658disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:214.Arm.:1Harpoon
SSM,176mm,120mmPhalanx,612.75"TT2helicopters.Mach.:gasturbines,1shaft29kts.Built:ToddShipyards,Seattle,Wash.1983.
USSStarkwasnamedforAdmiralHaroldStark,chiefofnavaloperations,193942.StationedatMayport,Florida,inFebruary1987theheightoftheIranIraq
WarStarkwasassignedtotheMiddleEastForcetoprotectshippinginthePersianGulf.OnMay17,Starkwasonroutinedutyabout220milesnortheastof
Bahrain,inornearanIraniandeclaredexclusionzone.AdvisedofanIraqiMirageF1jetflyingdownthePersianGulfat1700,shefirstmaderadarcontactat1758,
whentheplanewas70milesaway.EightminuteslatertheMiragefiredtwoExocetmissilesfromadistanceofabout10miles.Themissilesstrucktheportsideand
destroyedacrewcompartment,killing37andinjuring21.TheIraqipilotclaimedthathehadfiredatStarkbecausehebelievedhertobeanIranianvessel20to25
milesinsidetheIranianexclusionzone.Stark'sCaptainGlennBrindelwaslaterrelievedofcommandandhisrecentpromotiontocaptainwasneverconfirmedhe
retiredwiththerankofcommander.ThefrigatereturnedtoMayportinAugust,andafter15monthsofrepairs,sherejoinedtheAtlanticFleet,wheresheremained
through1996.
"AttackontheUSSStark."Polmar,NavalInstituteGuidetoShipsandAircraftoftheU.S.Fleet.Pressreports.

StarofIndia
(exEuterpe)Bark(3m).L/B/D:205.5'35.2'23.4'(62.6m10.7m7.1m).Tons:1,197grt.Hull:iron.Built:Gibson,McDonald&Arnold,Ramsay,Isleof
Man1863.
BuiltwithashiprigfortradetoIndiaforWakefield,NashandCompanyofLiverpool,Euterpewassoldin1871toShaw,Savill&Company,whoputherinthe
colonialtradetoNewZealandandAustralia.In1898shewassoldtothePacificColonialShipCompanyofSanFranciscoandregisteredatHawaii.Registeredinthe
UnitedStatesthefollowingyear,onJanuary17,1901,shewassoldtotheAlaskaPackersAssociation,andbecamethefirstironshiptojointhePackers'fleet.
Reriggedasabark,shebeganatwodecadecareercarryingmenandsuppliestothesalmonfisheries.ShewasrenamedStarofIndiafollowingthePackers'
acquisitionoffouroftheBelfastbuilt"Star"fleetofjutecarriers.LaidupinOaklandin1923,JamesWoodCoffrothboughtherforuseasamuseum
Imagenotavailable.
KnowntolatergenerationsasthebarkSTAROFINDIA,theironhulledmuseumship
nowlyinginSanDiegobeganlifeastheironshipEUTERPEin1863.Shetraded
throughouttheworlduntilsoldtotheAlaskaPackersin1901,whoreriggedand
renamedherandputherinthefishpackingtrade.CourtesyNational
MaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page492

shipinSanDiego.AlthoughherrigwascutdownduringWorldWarII,shewasfullyrestoredasabarkinthe1960s.
Arnold,ed.,Euterpe.Huycke,"ColonialTradertoMuseumShip."MacMullen,"StarofIndia."

StaroftheWest
Sidewheelsteamship(2m/1f).L/B/D:228.3'32.7'24.5'dph(69.6m10m7.5m).Tons:1,172grt.Hull:wood.Arm.:268pdr432pdr.Mach.:2
verticalbeamengines11.5kts.Built:JeremiahSimonson,Greenpoint,N.Y.1852.
LaiddownasSanJuanbutlaunchedasStaroftheWest,thisbrigantineriggedsidewheelsteamshipwasbuiltforthepassengertradebetweenNewYorkand
California.InDecember1860,theBuchananadministrationcharteredhertocarryarmsandmentoMajorRobertAnderson'sgarrisonatFortSumterinCharleston,
SouthCarolina,andonJanuary5,1861,sheleftNewYork.AlthoughSecretaryoftheInteriorJacobThomsonalertedauthoritiesinCharlestonofherimpending
arrival,PresidentJamesBuchananneglectedtoadviseAnderson,andwhenStaroftheWestenteredCharlestonHarborfourdayslater,shecameunderfire.
ReceivingnosupportfromAnderson,thecaptainofStarreturnedtoNewYork.AndersonandSouthCarolinaGovernorFrancisW.Pickensexchangedaccusations
ofhavingcommittedactsofwar,andPickensbeganpreparationstoattackFortSumter.
ThreemonthslaterthefederalgovernmentagaincharteredStaroftheWest,tocarrytroopsfromTexastoNewYork.OnApril17fivedaysafterthebombingof
FortSumterandtheoutbreakoftheCivilWarshewascapturedoffTexasbytheConfederateArmysteamerGeneralRusk.RenamedSaintPhilip,shesailed
fortwoyearsundertheConfederateflag.DuringUnionoperationstotakeVicksburginMarch1863,shewasscuttledintheTallahatchieRivertoprotectthe
approachestoFortPemberton,Mississippi.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

StatsraadLehmkuhl
(exGrossherzogFriedrichAugust)Bark(3m).L/B/D:258.2'41.5'21.4'(78.7m12.6m6.5m).Tons:1,701.Hull:steel.Comp.:240.Mach.:aux.Built:
J.C.Tecklenborg,Geestemnde,Germany1914.
RegardedbythenavalarchitectandhistorianHaroldUnderhillas"thebestlookingofallthethreepostersofbarquerig,"GrossherzogFriedrichAugustwasbuilt
fortheGermanSailTrainingAssociation,whichalreadyoperatedPrinzessEitelFriedrich(laterDARPOMORZA)andGrossherzoginElisabeth.Shemadeno
trainingvoyagesbeforethestartofWorldWarI,andhercareerduringthewarisnotknown.AfterwardsshewasturnedovertotheBritishaspartofreparations.
TherebeingnouseforasailtrainingshipinBritainatthetime,shewassoldtotheBergenSchoolshipAssociation(BergensSkoleskib)asareplacementforits
trainingbarkAlfen,builtfortheNorwegianNavyin1853.Between1923and1939,therenamedStatsraadLehmkuhlmadeannualcruiseslastingfromAprilto
September.SeizedbyGermanoccupationforcesin1940,shespenttherestofWorldWarIIasadepotship.Restoredtosailingconditionin1946,from1952onthe
costofsendinghertoseawasprohibitive,andsoshehasbeenkeptatBergenasastationaryschoolship.
Schuffelen,GreatSailingShips.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

Steamboat
(1f)L/B:60'14'(18.3m4.3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:60.Mach.:horizontalcylinder,doubleactingcondensingsteamengine,sternpaddles.Des.:JohnFitch.
Built:JohnFitch&HenryVoight,Philadelphia1790.
WhileRobertFultonispopularlycreditedwithdevelopingthefirstworkingsteamboat,JohnFitchranasteamboatontheDelawareRiverforanentiresummer17
yearsbeforeFulton'sNORTHRIVERSTEAMBOATslidintotheHudsonRiver.Fitchfirstconceivedofemployingsteamfornavigationin1785althoughhedidso
independently,hewasnotthefirstpersontohavetheidea.Afterbuildinga23by4.5inchmodelthatfeaturedaconveyorbeltofpaddlesmountedonthesideofthe
hull,heappealedtoCongressforsupportofhis"attempttofacilitatetheinternalnavigationoftheUnitedStates,adaptedespeciallytothewatersoftheMississippi."
Thiswasnotforthcoming.FitchalsofoundGeneralGeorgeWashingtonnoncommittal(JamesRumseyhadconfidedinhimhisplansforamechanicalboat),and
BenjaminFranklin,towhomFitchlaterappealed,offeredonlytepidsupport.
BeforethefoundingoftheU.S.PatentOffice,thebestthatwouldbesteamboatmencoulddotoprotecttheirinventionswastoobtainastatemonopoly.Supported
byColonelJohnCox,inMarch1786FitchsecuredfromtheNewJerseylegislatureexclusiverightsto"allandeveryspeciesorkindsofboats,orwatercraft,which
mightbeurgedorimpelledbytheforceoffireorsteam."CoxandhissoninlawJohnStevens,Jr.,failedtohonoracommitmenttofundFitch,buthefoundfinancial
supportelsewhere.(ThesameStevens,incidentally,laterbuiltthe

Page493

PHOENIXandcontendedovermonopolyrightsontheHudsonRiverwithanotherbrotherinlaw,ChancellorRobertLivingston,Fulton'spartner.)Atthesametime,
FitchfellinwithGermanwatchmakerHenryVoight,whohelpedhimbuilda45footskiffformanualtrialsofvariouspaddlesystems.Themostnovelofthesewasa
mechanismthatmimickedtheactionofcanoers.AsFitchdescribedit,
Eachrevolutionoftheaxletreemoves12bars51/2feet.Assixoarscomeoutofthewater,sixmoreenterthewater,whichmakesastrokeofabout11feeteachrevolution.The
oarsworkperpendicularly,andmakeastrokesimilartothepaddlesofacanoe.

In1787,theyappliedasteamenginetothisdevice,andtheboatmovedunderherownpower.Herspeedof3knotscouldnotcompetewiththestagecoachesthat
ranalongtheDelaware,muchlessstemthecurrentoftheMississippi.ThetrialstookplaceduringtheConstitutionalConventionandwereobservedbymanyleading
politicians.InNovember1787FitchsecuredaVirginiamonopolyvalidfor14years,providedthathehadtwovesselsinoperationby1790.
In1788,Fitchdecidedtouseatubeboilerthatlightenedtheengineplantby31/2tons(mostofitthebricksupportfortheboiler).Theenginenowdroveasystemof
verticalpaddlesatthestern.InJuly1788,thisboatsteamed20milestoBurlington,NewJerseybyfarthelongestdistanceevertraveledbyasteamboat.But
misfortuneplaguedFitch.Anappealtohisbackersformoneytobuyalargervesselwasrejected,andhiscollaborationwithVoightcollapsedoverthewinterfor
personalreasons.
During1789,Fitchwaitedanxiouslyforanew18inchcylindertobecast,butthisprovedtobenoimprovementbeforetheboatwaslaidupforthewinter.The
followingspring,Fitchhitontheideaoffittingtheenginewithasmallercondenser,aswellasnewairpumps,andonApril16,1790,heandVoightsteameda
measuredmileat8milesanhour.OnMay11,theysailedtoBurlington"fromPhiladelphiainthreehoursandaquarter,withaheadtide,thewindintheirfavor."On
June5,theboattraveled90milesin12.5hours,andonJune14,theybeganadvertisinginPhiladelphiapapers:
TheSteamboatisnowreadytotakepassengersandisintendedtosetofffromArchStreetFerryinPhiladelphia,everyMonday,Wednesday,andFridayforBurlington,Bristol,
Bordentown,andTrenton,toreturnonTuesdays,ThursdaysandSaturdays.

Inthecourseofthefirstseasonofsteamnavigation,Steamboatmade14tripsandcoveredmorethan2,000miles.Despitecompetitivefares,afairdegreeof
reliability,andtheprovisionoffoodanddrink,thepublicremainedapprehensive.Theaveragepassengercountwasonlysevenandtheboatranataloss.Asecond
vesselPerseverancewasnotcompletedbeforethedeadlinestipulatedintheVirginiamonopoly,andjustatthemomentofsuccess,Fitch'sbackerswithdrew.
In1793,thelucklessinventorattemptedtobuildanothervesselunderpatentinFrance,buthisambitionwasoverwhelmedbytheFrenchRevolution.Returningtothe
UnitedStates,hediedpennilessandforlornfiveyearslater.
Baker,EnginePoweredVessel.Boyd,PoorJohnFitch.Flexner,SteamboatsComeTrue.

StephenHopkins
Libertyship(1f/3m).L/B/D:441.5'57'27.8'(134.6m17.4m8.5m).Tons:7,181grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:59.Arm.:14",237mm6mg.Mach.:triple
expansion,2,500ihp,1screw11kts.Built:KaiserPermanenteYardNo.2,Richmond,Calif.1942.
OnlyfourmonthsafterenteringserviceinMay1942,theLibertyshipStephenHopkinswasenroutefromCapeTowntoBahiaandParamaribounderCaptainPaul
Buck.NamedforaRhodeIslanddelegatetotheContinentalCongress,theshipwasunderthemanagementoftheLuckenbachSteamshipCompany.OnSeptember
27,1942,inanareaoftheSouthAtlantic"throughwhichnoshipeverpassed,"shestumbledupontheGermancommerceraiderSTIERandherconsortTannenfels.
Becauseofthefog,theadversariesdidnotseeeachotheruntilonlytwomilesseparatedthem.Stieropenedfireat0856StephenHopkinsreturnedfireat0900,and
fiveminuteslatershescoredtwowellplacedhitsthatstoppedStierdeadinthewater.ButStier'ssix6inchgunswereoverwhelming,andby0918Hopkinswas
obviouslysinkingshefinallywentdownat1000,withthelossof42crew,inposition2808'S,1159'W.Her19survivorsreachedthecoastofBrazilafter31days.
UnknowntotheAmericanseamenatthetime,Stieralsosank.SowellhadStephenHopkinsacquittedherselfthatCaptainHorstGerlachclaimedinhislogthathe
hadcomeunderfirefromashiparmedwith"six4.7"gunsandlighterweapons."StierwasthefirstGermansurfacecombatantinWorldWarIIsunkbyanAmerican
surfaceshipofanykind.
Moore,NeedlessWord.Schmalenbach,GermanRaiders.

Stier
(exCairo)Commerceraider(1f/2m).L/B/D:439.5'23.9'23.6'(134m7.3m7.2m).Tons:4,778grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:

Page494

324.Arm.:66",13.7cm,22cm221"TT2seaplanes.Mach.:diesel,3,750bhp,1screw14kts.Built:FriedrichKruppAGGermaniawerft,Kiel,
Germany1936.
BuiltfortheAtlasLevantLineforservicebetweenBremenandtheMediterranean,Cairowasconvertedforuseasacommerceraiderin194142andrenamed
Stier("Bull").UnderCaptainHorstGerlach,sheslippedoutofRotterdamonMay12andsaileddowntheEnglishChannelintotheAtlantic.Stierwasanunlucky
raider,sinkingonlythreeAlliedshipstwoinearlyJuneandathirdonAugust9.Sevenweekslater,onSeptember27,whilelyingwelloffthesealanesoftheSouth
AtlanticwithhersupplyshipTannenfels,shewassurprisedbytheAmericanLibertyshipSTEPHENHOPKINS,enroutefromCapeTowntoBahia.Becauseofthe
fog,theadversariesdidnotseeeachotheruntiltheywereabouttwomilesapart.Stieropenedfireat0854andquicklyreducedthelumberingAmericanshiptoa
hulk.ButHopkinshitbackwithhersingle4inchgunandhitStier15times,includingtwoshotsthatknockedouthersteeringgearandstartedafireintheengine
roomat0905.Stierceasedfireat0918,andHopkinssankat1000,withthelossof42crew.Withhisownshipablaze,Gerlachgavetheordertoabandonshipand
Stiersankatabout1140.TannenfelsreturnedtoLaVerdon,France,withthe320survivorsofthebattle.StierwasthefirstGermansurfacecombatantsunkbyan
AmericansurfaceshipduringWorldWarII.
Schmalenbach,GermanRaiders.

Stockholm
Liner(1f/2m).L/B/D:524.7'69.2'24.9'(159.9m21.1m7.6m).Tons:11,700grt..Hull:steel.Comp.:1st113tourist282.Mach.:oilengines,2screws19
kts.Built:A/BGotaverken,Gothenburg,Sweden1948.
StockholmwasbuiltforSwedishAmericanLineservicebetweenGothenburgandNewYork,onarouteshesharedwithGripsholm(1925thefirstpassenger
motorshipinNorthAtlanticservice)andlaterKungsholm.Atabout2100,onJuly25,1956,outwardboundfromNewYorkwiththirdofficerErnstJohannsen
Carstensatthehelm,StockholmrammedtheluxurylinerANDREADORIA.Herbowswerehorriblymangled,andfivecrewwerekilledintheaccident.After
standingbytotakeonsurvivorsfromtheItalianLineship,StockholmreturnedtoNewYorkandafterrepairstoherbow,shereenteredheroldservice.In1958she
begansailingfromCopenhagen,withstopsatGothenburg,Bremen,Halifax,andNewYork.Twoyearslater,shewassoldtotheEastGermanFreierDeutsche
GewerkschaftsBundinRostock.RenamedVlkerfreundschaft("InternationalFriendship"),shewasrefittedtocarry568passengersinoneclassonworkers'
holidays.Sheremainedinthatworkthroughthe1980s.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Hoffer,Saved!

Stornoway
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:157.8'28.8'17.8'dph(48.1m8.8m5.4m).Tons:527nm.Hull:wood.Built:AlexanderHall&Sons,Aberdeen,Scotland1850.
NamedforStornowayCastleontheIslandofLewis,StornowayisoftenconsideredthefirstBritishclipperbuiltexpresslytobringteafromChinatoEngland.While
Stornowaycontinuedthetraditionofthe"Aberdeenbow"firstseeninHall'sSCOTTISHMAID,shewasaconsiderablylargershipthanherimmediate
predecessors.TheimpetusforthedevelopmentofsuchshipswastherepealoftheNavigationActs,whichprohibitedtheimportationofteainforeignships.Whenthis
happened,thelarge,fastAmericanclipperswouldautomaticallydominatethetrade.Infact,OrientalwasthefirstAmericanteashiptoarriveatLondon,onlytwenty
daysbeforeStornoway'slaunch.
Despitethegreatpromiseofherdesignshewasadvertisedas"thefarfamed,yachtbuiltclipper"Stornowayneverfulfilledherpromisebecausehercaptains
didnotdriveherhardenough.UnderCaptainJohnRobertson,shemadefivevoyages,stoppingatBombayorCalcuttaenroutetoChina.Herreturntimeswerequite
goodandsheaveraged119daysfromChina.Shedroppedoutoftheteatradein1860,whenshemadearoundtriptoSydney,andspenttheremainderofhercareer
intheAustralianandNewZealandtrades.ShewasownedbyMackay&CompanyofLondonfrom1861to1867,andafterfouryearsshepassedtoR.Chapman
ofNewcastle.Twoyearslater,onJune7,1873,shewaswreckedontheKentishKnock.
MacGregor,TeaClippers.

Strasbourg
Dunkerqueclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:703.6'102.0'31.5'(214.5m31.1m9.6m).Tons:35,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,431.Arm.:813"(2
4),1613cm,837mm,32mg4aircraft.Armor:9.6"belt,5.2"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,4screws,112,500shp,31kts.Built:Chantiers&Ateliersdela
Loire(Penhot),St.Nazaire,France1938.

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UnderthetermsoftheWashingtonNavalTreaty,theFrenchgovernmentwasallowedtobuildatotalof70,000tonsofcapitalships.WaryofGermanandItalian
constructionplans,butpressedbydomesticfinancialconsiderations,FranceoptedforthebattleshipsDunkerqueandStrasbourgwithastandarddisplacementof
only26,500tonsconsiderablyundertheallowedlimit.Strasbourgmountedeight13inchgunsintwoquadrupleturrets,bothmountedforwardofthebridge
structure.AssignedtotheAtlanticSquadron,atthestartofWorldWarII,StrasbourgtookpartinthesearchfortheGermanraiderADMIRALGRAFSPEEinlate
1939.TransferredtotheMediterraneanfollowingtheFrenchcapitulationtoGermanyandtheestablishmentoftheVichygovernment,shewassenttotheAlgerian
portofMerselKbirnearOran,togetherwithhersistershipandthebattleshipsBRETAGNEandPROVENCE.OnJuly3,theBritishgovernmentdemandedthat
theFrenchcommandersdispersetheirfleettooverseasports,disarmtheirships,orsurrenderoutright.AdmiralGensoulrefused,andHMSHOOD,BARHAM,and
ResolutionopenedfireonlyStrasbourgescapedseriousinjuryandmadearunforToulon.ScuttledinNovember1942andlaterraised,followingthewarshewas
usedforweaponstestsbeforebeingscrappedfinallyin1955.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattleCruisers.

Struma
(exMacedonian)Cattleship.Tons:400tons.Built:<1941.
ShortlyafterKristallnacht,theNaziorganizeddemonstrationsinGermanythatledtothedestructionofthousandsofJewishownedshipsandbusinessesinNovember
1938,JewishleaderscalledontheBritishgovernmenttoincreasethenumberofJewseligibletoimmigratetoPalestine,thenmandatedtoBritainbytheLeagueof
Nations.WhentheBritishmandatoryauthorityrefused,Haganah,theundergroundJewishmilitaryorganizationofEretzIsrael,formedMossadleAliyehBeth("illegal
immigrationbureau")togetJewsoutofEurope.ManyoftheserefugeesmadetheirwaydowntheDanubetoBlackSeaports,wheretheyembarkedinshipsbound
forPalestine.
BritainmaintaineditsrigidimmigrationquotasevenafterthestartofWorldWarII.InDecember1941,thediminutivePanamanianflagfreighterStrumaformerlya
cattleboatnamedMacedonianembarkedmorethan700JewishrefugeesinBulgarianandRomanianports.TheshipmadethroughtheSeaofMarmara,butwhen
Turkishofficialslearnedthattheillegalsdidnothaveappropriatevisas,theyfirstdetainedtheshipatIstanbul,andthenhadhertowedbackintotheBlackSeain
February1942.FivemilesfromtheBosporus,theshiphitamineandsankwiththelossofallbutoneofthe769passengersandcrew.Turkey'srolewaslikenedto
thatoftheUnitedStatesintheST.LOUISincident,buttheBritishmandatoryauthorityinPalestinecameinforinternationalcensure.Officialsclaimedvariouslythat
immigrantquotasfortheyearhadalreadybeenexceeded,thattheywerefearfulofantagonizingPalestinianMuslimsbyadmittingmoreJews,andthattheycouldnot
admitrefugeesfromenemyterritory.ChaimWeizmann,laterthefirstpresidentofIsrael,denouncedBritain'spolicyas"inimicaltotheAlliedwareffort,"and
EmmanuelNeumann,directoroftheAmericanEmergencyCommitteeforPalestine,saidthatitepitomized"thewholecaseofJewishhomelessness,thefateofthe
JewishpeopleafterthewarandtheneedforsecuringtheestablishmentofaJewishcommonwealthinPalestine."Thetragedyalsoledtocallsforamorelenient
immigrationpolicyforrefugeesfromcountriesunderNazioccupation,thoughafterthewarBritishintransigenceledtoothertragicincidents,suchastheattackonthe
immigrantshipEXODUS1947.
Holly,"Exodus1947."

Success
Ship(3m).L/B/D:117.3'26.8'22.5'(35.8m8.2m6.9m).Tons:621net.Hull:wood.Built:Natmoo,Tenasserim(Moulmein),Burma1840.
OnceadvertisedastheoldestmerchantvesselafloatandaconvictshipfromAustralia'sfirstfleetin1790,Successwasoneoftheearliestfloatingmaritimeexhibitsin
theUnitedStates.Infact,heroriginsweresomewhatmoreprosaicthanherpromotersclaimed.BuiltforCockerell&CompanyofCalcutta,shewasemployedin
tradearoundIndiafortwoyearsbeforebeingsoldtoFrederickMangus&CompanyofLondon,whoputherintheemigranttradetoAustralia.Soldin1845to
WilliamPhillipsandWilliamH.TipladyofLondon,shewasintheirserviceforsevenyearsbeforebeingsoldtotheVictoriastategovernmentforusevariouslyasa
women'sprison,a"reformatoryshipforseamen,"andasanexplosiveswarehouse.
In1885SuccesssankinSydneyHarbor,butin1890shewaspurchasedandfittedasafloating"convictship"exhibit.AfterfiveyearsinAustralia,shesailedfor
EuropeandtouredportsinGreatBritainandonthecontinentfortwodecades.In1912,hernewAmericanowners

Page496

Imagenotavailable.
BuiltasamerchanttraderinBurma,thebrigantineSUCCESScametoacuriousendas
anamusementparksideshowatvariousportsinEnglandandlatertheGreatLakes.
Author'scollection.

reriggedherasabarkentineandsailedhertoBostonwhereshearrivedaftera92daycrossing.OverthenextthirtynineyearsshetouredportsfromNewEnglandto
thePacificNorthwestandtheGreatLakes.Sheattractedvisitorsatthe1915SanFranciscoWorld'sFairandtheChicagoWorld'sFairin1933.Sixyearslatershe
waslaidupatSandusky,Ohio,whereshesank.In1943,herlastowneraccidentallyranheragroundoutsidePortClinton,Ohio,anddecidedtobreakherup.Her
remainswereburnedbylocalteenagersontheFourthofJuly1946.
Brouwer,"The'ConvictShip'Success."

Suhaili
Ketch.L/B/D:32'11.1'5'(9.8m3.4m1.5m).Tons:14TM.Hull:wood.Comp.:15.Mach.:aux.Des.:ProductionPromotions,Ltd.Built:Colaba
WorkshopLtd.,Bombay,India1964.
MerchantmarineofficerRobinKnoxJohnsonwasstationedinIndiawiththeBritishSteamNavigationCompanywhenhebuilttheteakhulledketchSuhaili.(The
nameisArabicforthesoutheastwind.)OrderedhomeforworkontherunbetweenEnglandandAfrica,hesailedSuhailithe12,000milesbacktoLondonwithhis
brotherandafriend.Ayearlater,motivatedinpartbyrumorsthattheFrenchyachtsmanEricTabarlywasplanninganonstop,solocircumnavigationand
determinedthatanEnglishsailorshouldbethefirstKnoxJohnsonbeganpreparingforthesame.Inthemeantime,theSundayTimesputuptheGoldenGlobe
awardforthefirstpersontoaccomplishthisfeat.BetweenJune1andOctober31,1969,sixboatssetsail:JohnRidgway'sEnglishRose,ChayBlyth'sDytiscus,
Suhaili,theFrenchBernardMoitessier'sJOSHUA,andtwoEnglishtrimarans,DonaldCrowhurst'sTEIGNMOUTHELECTRONandNigelTetley'sVictress.
Suhailisailedthird,departingFalmouthonJune14,1968.Overthecourseofthenext310days,shewouldloganaverageof96.2milesperday,followingwhatSir
FrancisChichesterhadcalledtheclipperrouteonhisonestopcircumnavigationinGIPSYMOTHIV.Suhailididnothaveaneasytimeofit.Aknockdownoffthe
CapeofGoodHoperenderedherradioinoperableformostoftherestofthevoyage.CrossingtheIndianOcean,KnoxJohnsondecidedtosailthroughBassStrait
ratherthansouthofTasmania,andthereSuhailitookanotherknockdownthatresultedindamagetothewatertanks,tiller,andselfsteeringgear.Pressingon,he
crossedtheTasmanSeaandsailedthroughFoveauxStraitbetweenNewZealand'sSouthIslandandStewartIsland,onlytorunagroundonasandbarnearDunedin.
(Thechallenge

Page497

judgesdeterminedthatthisdidnotconstituteastop.)Shortlyafterthisheradioedhissponsors,theSundayMirrorandTruemagazine:
IambeginningtowonderhowmuchoftheoriginalboatIamgoingtobeleftwithbythetimeIreachhome.SofarIhavewrittenofftheselfsteeringgear,twotillers,ajib,a
spinnaker,halfthecookingstove,andthewatertank.Thecabinhasshiftedandleaks,anditscanvascoveriscrackingup.

Thisupbeattransmissionwashislastfor134days,duringwhichSuhailiranhereastingdownintheRoaringForties,roundedCapeHornonJanuary17,1969,and
saileduptheAtlantic.TherewasnowordofSuhailiuntilApril5,whenaBritishtankerspokeherabout500mileswestoftheAzores.Thirteendayslatershewasoff
thecoastofEngland,butfourdaysofadversegaleskeptKnoxJohnsonfrommakingportuntilApril22,whenhelandedatFalmouth,havingsailed30,123milesin
313days.
WhilehisachievementgarneredKnoxJohnsontheGoldenGlobe,hisfellowsailorsseemedpoisedtocompletethecircuitinfastertime.Asithappened,none
finished.BlythwasforcedtolandinSouthAfrica.Havingaveraged110.6milesperday,Tetley'sVictressbrokeupafter247daysatsea,1,200milesfrom
Plymouth.AfterroundingCapeHorn,MoitessierthoughtbetterofracinganddecidedtostayintheRoaringFortiesbeforeturningnorthforTahiti,sailing37,455miles
in301dayswithouttouchingland.MostcuriousofallwasthefateofDonaldCrowhurst,whoseTeignmouthElectronwasfounddriftingintheAtlanticonJuly10,
onlydaysafterhehadslippedovertheside.
SuhailiwasrepairedandKnoxJohnsonresumedlongdistancevoyaginginher.In1989,hecrossedtheAtlanticusingonlyfifteenthcenturynavigationaltechniques
andinstruments.Twoyearslater,SuhailimadeherfirstvoyagenorthoftheArcticCircle,whenKnoxJohnsontookagroupoffourclimbersandphotographersto
attemptCathedralMountain,30milesinlandfromGreenland'sKangerdlugssuaqFjord(6812'N,3150'W).SuhailiismaintainedinsailingconditionatSt.Katherine
Dock,London.
KnoxJohnson,AWorldofMyOwn.

Sultana
Packetboat.L/B/D:260'42'7'(79.2m12.8m2.1m).Tons:660grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:376(pass.&crew).Mach.:highpressureengines,sidewheels.
Built:JohnLitherbury,Cincinnati,Ohio1863.
BuiltforCaptainPresLodwickofCincinnati,whooperatedafleetofboatsontheUpperMississippiandOhioRivers,Sultanawasdesignedforthelongrouteto
NewOrleans.WartimeconditionskeptherontheOhioRiversailingbetweenCincinnatiandWheeling,WestVirginia,forherfirstyear,anditwasnotuntilJanuary
1864thatshemadeherfirstvoyagetoNewOrleans.ThesameyearshewassoldtoaconsortiumofSt.Louisowners,includingCaptainJ.CassMason.Herlast
southboundjourneybeganjustaftertheassassinationofPresidentAbraham
Imagenotavailable.
AtypicalMississippiRiversteamerofthemid19thcentury,theSULTANAwasthesceneof
oneofthemosttragicpeacetimeaccidentsinU.S.history.OnApril26,1865,onlytwoweeks
aftertheendoftheCivilWar,shecaughtfireandburnedwiththelossofmorethan1,500
passengersandcrew1,200morepeoplethanshewasdesignedtocarrymostofthemUnion
Armyveteransreturninghome.CourtesyMurphyLibrary,UniversityofWisconsin,LaCrosse.

Page498

Lincoln.Headingnorthagain,shestoppedatVicksburgwhereUnionArmyCaptainSpeedorderedCaptainMasontoembark1,886homewardboundsoldiers,
morethanfivetimesthenumberofpeopleSultanawasbuilttocarry.ShelandedbrieflyatHelena,Arkansas,andMemphisonApril26,1865.Earlythenext
morning,afewmilesabovethelatterport,threeofherfourboilersexploded.Theheavilyoverloadedvesselburnedandsankwiththelossof1,547people
accordingtotheofficialcountmorethan1,100ofthemUnionveterans.
Potter,TheSultanaTragedy.Salecker,DisasterontheMississippi.Way,Way'sPacketDirectory.

SultanOsmanI
(exRiodeJaneiro,laterHMSAgincourt)Battleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:671.5'89'27'(204.7m27.1m8.2m).Tons:30,250disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,115
1,267.Arm.:1412''(72),206",103".Armor:9"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,34,000shp,4screws22kts.Des.:Tennysond'Eyncourt.
Built:SirW.G.ArmstrongCo.,Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1914.
SultanOsmanIwasoriginallyorderedfortheBrazilianNavyandlaiddownin1911asRiodeJaneiro.TheBraziliansdroppedtheprojectbecausehertwelveinch
gunswereconsideredinadequate,althoughwithseventwinturrets,shewasthemostheavilyarmedbiggunshipbuilttodate.TheOttomanEmpirepurchasedtheship
inJanuary1914andcrewsarrivedinBritainonJuly27totakedeliveryofherandReshadieh,whichhadalsobeenorderedfromBritishbuildersin1911.OnAugust
2,thedayAustriadeclaredwaronSerbia,FirstLordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchillrequisitionedtheshipsfortheRoyalNavyandrenamedthemHMS
AgincourtandErin,respectively.MoneyforthenewshipshadbeenraisedpartlybypublicsubscriptioninTurkey,andthismoveplayedintothehandsofTurkey's
proGermanfaction.ItremovedallremainingobjectionstotheOttomangovernment'ssigningamutualdefensetreatywithGermany,whichitdidthenextdaytwo
monthslaterTurkeywasofficiallyatwarwithBritain.WhileChurchillhasbeencriticizedforhisheavyhandedmaneuver,suchanalliancewithoutshipswascertainly
preferabletooneinwhichtheTurksandGermanshadtwopowerfulnewbattleshipstounleashintheMediterranean.(In1915,theBritishrequisitionedathirdship,
AlmiranteLatorre,beingbuiltforChile.CommissionedasHMSCanada,shewashandedovertoChileafterthewar.)
NamedforthesiteofHenryV'svictoryovertheFrenchin1415,HMSAgincourtwasassignedtotheGrandFleetatScapaFlow.ShesortiedwiththeFirstBattle
SquadronattheBattleofJutlandonMay31,1916,butshesawlittleactionotherwise.Laidupin1919,shewassoldtoRosythShipbreakingCompanyandbroken
upin1924.
Halpern,NavalWarintheMediterranean.Parkes,BritishBattleships.

CSSSumter
(exHabana,laterGibraltar)Commerceraider(1f/3m).L/B/D:184'30'12'(56.1m9.1m3.7m).Tons:437grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:18.Arm.:18",4
32pdr.Mach.:directactingengine,1screw10kts.Built:Vaughn&Lynn,Philadelphia1859.
BuiltfortheNewOrleans&HavanaLine,theauxiliarymerchantbarkHabanawaspurchasedatNewOrleansandcommissionedastheauxiliarycruiserCSS
SumteronJune30,1861.ThefirstcommandofCaptainRaphaelSemmes,shecapturedeighteenprizesinacruisethattookherthroughtheCaribbeanandAtlantic
asfarsouthasMaranho,Brazil,andwhichalsotiedupaconsiderablenumberofUnionwarships.WhilecoalingatMartiniqueinDecember,shewasdiscoveredby
USSIroquois,butsheeludedtheblockadeandescapedtoCadizonJanuary4,1862.TheSpanishgovernmentallowedheronlytomakenecessaryrepairs,and
SumtersailedforGibraltarwithoutrefueling.Unabletoescape,shewassoldatauctiontotheLiverpoolbasedFraser,TrenholmandCompany,whichservedas
financialagentfortheConfederacy.(SemmesmeanwhileprecededhertoLiverpooltotakecommandofCSSALABAMA.)
RenamedGibraltar,theshipsailedtoLiverpoolundertheBritishflag.SoldbacktotheConfederategovernment,shesailedforWilmingtonwithacargoofmunitions
includingtwoBlakeleycannon.ShearrivedthereinApril1863.Hersubsequentservicerecordisunknown.ShewasreportedatBirkenheadinJuly1864,anditis
believedthatin1867"shewentdowninagalenearthespotwheretheAlabamawassunk."
U.S.Navy,DANFS.Wise,LifelineoftheConfederacy.

Sunbeam
Topsailschooner(3m).L/B/D:170'27.6'13.5'(51.8m8.4m4.1m).Tons:334grt.Hull:composite.Comp.:41.Mach.:compoundsteamengine,350ihp,1
screw10.3kts.Des.:St.ClairByrne.Built:Bowlder&Chaffers,Seacombe,Eng.1874.
Oneoftheworld'smostrenownedyachts,SunbeamwasbuiltforBritishrailroadmagnateThomas(laterEarl)Brassey,whoownedherforfortyfiveyears.Intended
for

Page499

Imagenotavailable.
LordBrassey'sSUNBEAM,a170footauxiliarytopsailschooner,wasmannedbyacrewof36whosailedher
onalltheworld'soceans.Grandyachtsremain,thoughdifferencesinthepriceoftechnologyandlabormake
suchsightsasthisrareindeed.CourtesyNewYorkYachtClub.

longdistancecruisingonagrandscale,SunbeamcarriednineguestsandacrewofthirtytwowhosailedunderLordBrasseyhimself,anaccomplishednavigatorand
sailorwhoactedasship'scaptain,unusualinanerawhenmostyachtswerehandledentirelybyprofessionalcrew.OnJuly1,1876,SunbeamsailedfromEnglandat
thestartofa425daycircumnavigationthattookhertoBrazil,throughtheStraitsofMagellantoChileandontoTahiti,Hawaii,andJapan.EnroutefromtheOrient,
shecalledatHongKong,Macao,Singapore,andPenangbeforeheadinghomeviaCeylon,theSuezCanal,andPortugal.Thisandothervoyageswerepopularized
byLadyBrassey'saccountsinSunshineandStormintheEastandAVoyageinthe"Sunbeam,"publishedin1888,ayearafterherdeathaboardthegreat
schoonerduringacircumnavigationofAustralia.
BrasseyhimselfreturnedtotheAntipodesinSunbeamtotakeuphispostasgovernorofVictoriain1895.Inadditiontotheselongervoyages,Sunbeamalsomadea
numberofvoyagestoNorthAmerica,themostcelebratedofwhichwasin1905whensheenteredtheKaiser'sCuptransatlanticracewonbythethreemasted
schoonerATLANTIC.In1916,LordBrasseyturnedSunbeamovertotheRoyalIndianMarineforuseasahospitalship.FollowingWorldWarI,hepresentedher
toDevitt&Moore'sOceanTrainingShipsLtd.,thoughshe

Page500

neversailedwithcadets.In1922shewaspurchasedbyshipownerWalterLordRuncimanwhosailedherasayachtuntil1929,whenshewasscrapped.
Brassey,IntheTradesLastVoyagetoIndiaandAustraliaSunshineandStormintheEastVoyageintheSunbeam.Hofman,SteamYachts.Runciman,BeforetheMastand
After.

Sunneshine
Bark(3m).Tons:50tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:1623.Built:England<1585.
JohnDavisin1584organizedanexpeditiontosearchfortheNorthwestPassage.HissupportersconstitutedtheNorthWestCompanyandincludedSirHumphrey
Gilbert,SirFrancisWalsingham,andWilliamSanderson.ThenextyearhesailedfromDartmouthwiththeshipsSunneshineandMooneshine,thelatterhavinga
crewof19.AdversewindsheldthemintheScillyIslandsuntilJune28.TheshipsroundedsouthernGreenlandonJuly20andsailedupthewestcoast,whichDavis
calledtheLandofDesolation.OnJuly28theylandedinabout6415'N,theareaofmodernGodthb,thennamedGilbertSound.Heretheyencounteredtheirfirst
Eskimos,forwhomtheSunneshine'sfourmusiciansplayedtheirinstrumentsandwithwhomtheytradedforfurs,kayaks,andotheritems.OnJuly31,theEnglish
resumedtheirsearchtothenorthwest,reachingBaffinIslandonAugust6in6640'NandstuddingtheareawiththenamesofpatronsandfamiliarssuchasMt.
Raleigh,ExeterSound,andCapeWalsingham.Turningsouth,theytooktheirdeparturefromCapeofGod'sMercyandsailedacrosstheopeningofCumberland
Gulf,whichDavisthoughtmightbetheNorthwestPassageandwhichhenamedforGeorgeClifford,EarlofCumberland.Theonsetofwinterforcedtheirreturn
beforehecouldexplorefurther,andtheshipsarrivedinEnglandinSeptember.
ThefollowingyearDavisundertookasecondexpedition,sailingonMay7withtheshipsMermaid(120tons)andNorthStar(10tons).DaviswentwithMermaid
andMooneshinetoexploreagaintheshoresofDavisStrait,whileSunneshineandNorthStarsailednorthtoIcelandinsearchofastraitbetweenthereand
Greenland.Thisroutewasblockedbyiceafteronlytwodays,butthetwovesselsfollowedtheiceeastwardbacktoIceland,thenwestwardsagainforarendezvous
withDavisatGilbertSoundbutDavishadchosenanotherroute,andthetwoshipssailedforhomeattheendofAugust,thoughNorthStarandhercrewwerelost
atsea.Inthemeantime,Davissailedupthecoasttoabout6633'NbeforecrossingDavisStraitandsailingintoCumberlandGulfwhere"weplainelyperceiveda
greatcurrentstrikingtotheWest.ThislandisnothinginsightbutIsles,whichincreasethourhope"oftheexistenceofapassagewest.Theythensailedsouthalongthe
Labradorcoastbeforeturningforhome.
Thenextspring,Davissailedwiththreeships,Sunneshine,Elizabeth,andHelen.AftersailingtoGreenland,SunneshineandElizabethsailedfortheNewfoundland
fisheriesaneasywaytoearnbacktheexpensesofthevoyage.DavisresumedhisexploringinHelen,sailingnorththroughtheDavisStraittoapointhecalled
HopeSanderson(7246'N),arrivingonJune30.Fromthereheshapedasoutherlycourse,passingtheCumberlandIslands,Lumley'sInlet(Frobisher'sStrait),and
CapeChidleyinnorthernLabrador.HelenreturnedtoDartmouthinSeptemberthefateofSunneshineisunknown.
Hakluyt,PrincipalNavigations.Morison,EuropeanDiscoveryofAmerica.

SuomenJoutsen
(exOldenburg,Lannec)Ship(3m).L/B/D:262.5'bp40.3'17'(80m12.3m5.2m).Tons:2,260grt.Hull:steel.Built:Chantiers&AteliersdeSt.Nazaire,
St.Nazaire,France1902.
OriginallynamedfortheeighteenthcenturyphysicianLannec,SuomenJoutsenisthelastsurvivorofthesocalledbountyships,squareriggerswhoseconstruction
andmanningweresubsidizedbytheFrenchgovernment.Thesubsidies(authorizedin1881,andagainin1892,andwhichappliedtosteamshipsaswell)continuedfor
thefirsttenyearsoftheship'slife.Therevivalofworldcommercein1897resultedinaburstofshipbuildingthatsawtheconstructionof212bountyshipsinfive
years.BythestartofWorldWarI,therewerestill140FrenchsquareriggersworkingthelongsearoutesbetweenEurope,Australia,Chile,andCalifornia.
BuiltfortheSocitdesArmateursNantais,LannecenteredthelongdistancetradebetweenAtlanticandPacificports.Hermaidenvoyagebeganbadlywhen,
boundforCardiffinballast,sherammedandsankaBritishcollierintheBristolChannel.Followingrepairs,sheresumedhervoyageandspentthenextnineteenyears
incontinuousserviceforherowners.HeronlyothermajormishapoccurredwhenshewasbadlydamagedinastormwhiledischargingacargoofnitrateatSantander,
Spain,in1911.LaidupnearNantesin1921duringthepostwarshippingslump,thefollowingyearshewaspurchasedbyH.H.SchmidtofHamburg.

Page501

RenamedOldenburg,shebeganasecondcareerasacargocarryingtrainingship.In1925shewasdismastedoffCapeHornandreturnedtoHamburgwithnothing
onhermainmastabovethelowertopsail.ThenextyearshesailedfortheWestCoastfornitrate.Sheremainedinthenitratetradeuntil1928,whenshewassold
again,thistimetotheSeefahrtSegelschiffsReedereiofBremenforwhomshetrainedcadetsofNorthGermanLloyd.Herownerswerenotsatisfiedwithher
performance,andin1930shepassedundertheFinnishflagforworkasatrainingshipfortheFinnishNavy.RenamedSuomenJoutsen("SwanofFinland"),her
trainingvoyagesweresuspendedduringWorldWarII.After1949sherarelylefttheBaltic.Laidupasastationaryschoolshipin1956,sheispresentlyownedbythe
MerchantNavySeamen'sSchoolatTurku.
Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

Surcouf
Cruisertypesubmarine.L/B/D:361'29.5'23'(110m9m7m).Tons:3,304/4,318disp.Hull:steel214'dd.Comp.:130.Arm.:10TT(28"&8
21")28",237mm1floatplane.Mach.:diesel/electric,7,600/3,800hp,1screw19/8kts.Built:Cherbourg1931.
NamedforRobertSurcouf,anineteenthcenturyFrenchcorsair,Surcoufwasbuiltasacommerceraidingsubmarine.Attachedtothe2ndSubmarineFlotillaat
Brest,thetwodeckedsubmarinesufferedfromanexcessoftechnologicalinnovation.Her8inchgunswerepronetofloodingandhermachinerywasfickle.Cruising
offAfricawhenWorldWarIIbegan,shewasdeployedtotheCaribbeanuntilrecalledtoBrestforarefitinOctober1939.FollowingtheGermaninvasionofFrance,
SurcoufescapedtoPlymouth,England,butwithacrewofdividedloyalties.OnJuly3,1940,thesubmarinewasseizedbytheRoyalNavyandturnedovertothe
FreeFrenchNavy.Afterservingonconvoyduty,SurcoufwasdispatchedtoBermudainJune1941,butshehadtoundergoextensiverepairsatPortsmouth,New
Hampshire,andNewLondon,Connecticut,fromJuly28untilNovember27.SurcouftookpartintheFreeFrenchChristmasEveseizureofSt.PierreetMiquelon.
FollowingfurtherrepairsatBermuda,shewasdispatchedtoTahiti.LeavingBermudaonFebruary12,1942,enroutetothePanamaCanal,Surcoufwasneverseen
again.DespitesuggestionsthatshewasdeliberatelysunkbytheBritishorAmericans,itismorelikelythatshewassunkaftercollidingwiththeAmericanarmy
transportThompsonLykesin1040'N,7931'WonthenightofFebruary18,orthatshewasmistakenlysunkbyunitsoftheU.S.ArmyAirCorpsflyingoutofRio
Hato,Panama,onthemorningofthe19th.
Rusbridger,WhoSank"Surcouf"?

SusanConstant
Bark(3m).L/B/D:approx.55.2'22.8'9.5'(16.8m6.9m2.9m).Tons:120.Hull:wood.Comp.:85.Arm.:4minions,4falcons.Built:Londonca.1605.
OriginallyownedbythemerchantfirmofColthurst,DapperandWheatley,SusanConstantwasprobablybuiltinornearLondonontheThamesRiverinabout
1605.SheisknowntohavemadeatleastonevoyagetoSpainin1606,theyearinwhichshewaspurchasedbytheVirginiaCompanytosailasflagshipofan
expeditiontotakesettlerstoNorthAmerica.Inthesameyear,sheisalsoknowntohavebeenincollisionwitha100tonmerchantship,PhillipandFrancis,acase
thatwassettledbythecourts.
WithChristopherNewportascaptainoftheexpedition,SusanConstantembarked71colonistsherconsortGodspeedcarried52andDiscovery21."On
Saturday,thetwentiethofDecemberintheyeere1606,thefleetfellfromLondon."SowroteGeorgePercy,oneofthecolonists.StormboundintheEnglishChannel
fornearlyamonth,theydidnotreachtheCanaryIslandsuntilFebruary21.FromtheretheyheadedwesttotheWestIndies,wheretheylandedtotakeonwaterand
otherprovisions.Headingnorth,theshipsenteredChesapeakeBayinmidAprilandfinallylandedatJamestownIslandnamedinhonoroftheirKingonMay
13,1607.Althoughitsearlyyearsweremarkedbyillnessanddissension,thecolonyweatheredasuccessionofcrisestobecomethefirstpermanentEnglish
establishmentinNorthAmerica.
SusanConstantreturnedtoEnglandinMay1607andastheVirginiaCompanyhadnofurtheruseforher,sheresumedgeneraltrade.Herultimatefateisnotknown,
buttherearerecordsofhersailingfromBristoltoMarseillesaslateas1615.TheJamestownYorktownFoundationatWilliamsburg,Virginia,builtreplicasofthe
threeshipsinthe1980s.(ThedimensionsforthereplicaSusanConstantdiffersomewhatfrompublishedestimates.)Todaytheseareusedaslivinghistoryexhibits
andtoteachpeoplehowseventeenthcenturysailorsmadetheirwayintheoceans.
Lavery,ColonialMerchantman"SusanConstant":1605.

Page502

Sussex
Passengerferry.L/B/D:275'34.1'14'(83.8m10.4m4.3m).Tons:1,353grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:450+pass.,50crew.Mach.tripleexpansionsteam,292
nhp,2screws.Built:WilliamDenny&Bros.,Ltd.,Dumbarton,Scotland1896.
DespitethethreatofGermansubmarines,civilianpassengerservicebetweenEnglandandFrancewasnotentirelyinterruptedduringWorldWarI.Followingthe
sinkingofthepassengershipARABIConAugust19,1915,theGermangovernmenthadpledgedtorefrainfromsinkingpassengershipswithoutwarningintheso
calledArabicPledge.ThoseintheGermanhighcommandfavoringthepositioncitedbothhumanitarianreasonsandthedesiretomaintainU.S.neutrality.
Nonetheless,onMarch24,UB29sanktheLondon,Brighton&SouthCoastRailwayCompany'scrossChannelferrySussexaboutanhouroutsideDieppe.
Althoughtheshipreachedport,50peoplewerekilledintheattack,includingsomeAmericans.Thecausewasnotimmediatelyknownsomethoughttheshiphita
minebutanalysisoffragmentsfoundinthehullprovedthatshehadbeentorpedoed.LieutenantHerbertPustkuchenclaimedthattheshipappearedtobeatroop
transportandthathisactionwasthereforejustified,butPresidentWoodrowWilsonthreatenedtoseverdiplomaticrelations.TheGermangovernmentcapitulatedand
agreedthatUboatswouldoperateundertraditionalprizerules.Ratherthancondemnhissubmarinesandcrewstocertaindestruction,AdmiralReinhardScheer
recalledallattacksubmarinesoperatinginBritishwatersuntilOctober1916.InJanuary1917itwasdecidedtoallowunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare,andtheUnited
StatesbrokediplomaticrelationsonFebruary3.FollowingthesinkingoffiveU.S.flagsteamers,theUnitedStatesdeclaredwaronApril6.
Grey,UBoatWar.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.

Sutil
Brig.L/B/D:45.8'11.8'4.6'(14m3.6m1.4m).Tons:33toneladas.Hull:wood.Comp.:20.Arm.:4arrobas.Built:SanBlasdeCalifornia,Mexico1791.
In1791,followinghisvoyageofexplorationinthecorvettesDESCUBIERTAandAtrevida,DonAlejandroMalaspinadispatchedhishydrographer,FrigateCaptain
DionisioAlcalGaliano,onavoyagetothePacificNorthwest.HisprimaryobjectivewastosailthroughtheStraitofJuandeFuca"todecideonceandforallthe
excessivelyconfusedandcomplicatedquestions"ofwhetheraNorthwestPassageexistedfromHudsonBayintheeasttosomewherenearVancouveronthewest
coast.ThislastSpanishvoyageofdiscoveryinthePacificsailedfromAcapulcoonMarch8,1792,andtheexpeditionarrivedattheSpanishsettlementatNootkaon
May12.InearlyJune,SutilandMexicanaenteredtheStraitofJuandeFucaandproceedednorththroughtheislandsoftheStraitofGeorgia.NeartheFraser
River,theSpanishencounteredCaptainGeorgeVancouver'sHMSDISCOVERYandChathamwithwhomtheyexchangedinformationabouttheirrespective
discoveries.ContinuingaroundVancouverIsland,GalianosailedwestintoQueenCharlotteStraitandbacktoNootka,wheretheSpanishcaughtupwith
Vancouver'sshipsbeforereturningtoSanBlasonNovember25.AlthoughtheGalianoexpeditionwaslesssignificantthanitsimmediatepredecessor,because
Malaspinawasindisgrace,itreceivedgreaterpublicity.
Kendrick,Voyageof"Sutil"and"Mexicana,"1792.

SuttonHooShip
L/B/D:88.6'14.8'4.9'dph(27m4.5m1.5m).Hull:wood.Comp.:41+.Built:England(?)ca.625.
SuttonHooisthenameofagravesiteinEastAngliaabouteightysixmilesnortheastofLondonnearthetownofWoodbridge.Theareacontainsfifteenburialmounds
datingfromtheearlyAngloSaxonperiodandislocatedamilenorthoftheRiverDebenabouteightmilesfromtheNorthSea.In1938,theownerofthelandon
whichthesitelies,EdithPretty,commissionedarchaeologistBasilBrowntoexcavatesomeofthemounds.Whileexcavatingmound1thefollowingyear,Brown
discoveredtheremainsofashipthathadbeenburiedwiththeeffectsofanimportantchieftain,circumstantiallyidentifiedasRaedwald,whoruledtheEastAnglesfrom
599to625andwhowastheacknowledgedoverlordoftheotherkingsofEngland.
Oneinterestingaspectoftheshipisthatatthetimeofitsdiscovery,itnolongerexisted.Inreactingwiththesoil,theship'stimbersandironfasteningshaddissolved,
leavingveryclearcasts,tracesandimpressionsoftheiractualformandplacement.Inoutline,theSuttonHooshipissimilarto,thoughlongerthan,theNorse
OSEBERGorGOKSTADships,whichdatefromtheninthcentury.Thecentralkeelwasscarfedtolongstemandsternpoststhatcurvedgracefullyupward,
increasinginthicknessastheyreachedtheirends.Thehullconsistedofninestrakesoneithersideofthekeel,fastenedtoeachotherwithironrivetsandstrengthened
bytwentysixtransverseframes.Therearetracesoftwentyeightrowlocksinfourgroups,

Page503

sevenoneithersideofthehullforwardandaftofamidships(asimilarmidshipsbreakinrowingpositionscanbeseeninshipsdepictedintheBayeuxtapestry),andthe
helmsmanprobablysteeredtheshipwithanoarlashedtothestarboardsideofthehullabouttwometersforwardofthesternpost.Althoughthereisnoevidencethat
theSuttonHooshipcarriedasail,thehullshapeandcertainconstructiondetailssuggestshecouldhavesailed.SWylfing,ahalfscalemodelbuiltin1993,
demonstratedexcellentsailingability,achievingspeedsoftenknotsorbetterinForce4conditions.Theshipwasprobablydraggedfromtheriveroverrollersandthen
slidintothetrench,duringwhichprocesssomeofthesternplanksappearedtohavesprung.Evidenceofrepairstothehullsuggestthattheshipsawmanyyearsof
servicepriortointerment.
Itislikelythatthesitewasaburialmoundwhoseinhumedbodysimplydissolvedintheacidicsoil.Alternatively,themoundmayhaveservedonlyasacenotaphtothe
deadchieftain.Buriedwiththeshipwerethepersonaleffectsofamalewarriorofsomesignificance.Personalbelongingsincludedbeautifullyfashionedgoldandgarnet
bucklesandclasps,silverandbrassbuckles,anironhelmetandfacemask,anotterskinhat,twopairsofleathershoes,bonecombs,andalyrewrappedinabeaver
skinbag.Fightingimplementsincludedanironswordanditsscabbard,sixspears,fourironknives,amailshirt,anaxhammer,threethrowingspears,andashield.In
addition,therewasacuriousobjectthathasbeenidentifiedasascepteritconsistsofalongfoursidedwhetstonewithfourcarvedfacesateitherend,surmountedby
aringatopwhichstandsastagmodeledinbronze.
WhiletheAngleswereGermanicinorigin,otherartifactsfoundwiththewarrior'spersonalpossessionsshowthatseventhcenturyEnglandwasbynomeanscutoff
fromEuropeantrade.Inadditiontoavarietyofwoodandhorndrinkingvessels,caldrons,andothercontainersoflocalprovenance,thereweresixteensilverartifacts
ofeasternMediterraneanorigin.Thelargestoftheseisaseventytwocentimeterwidedishwithmaker'smarksdatingfromthereignoftheByzantineEmperor
AnastasiusI(491528).Therewasalsoabronzebowlofatypeknownas"Coptic"becausetheprincipalsiteofmanufactureforsuchvessels(20ofwhichhavebeen
foundinEngland)wasinEgypt'sNileDelta,thoughthesametypeofbowlwasmadeelsewhereintheeasternMediterranean.Twosilverspoonsinscribedwiththe
namesSaulandPaulinGreekletters,towhichhasbeenattributedaChristiansignificance,werealsofound.(Raedwaldisthoughttohaveconvertedbrieflyto
Christianity,butrevertedtopaganism.)TherewerealsothirtysevengoldcoinsfromMerovingianGaul,theearliestofwhichhasbeendatedto575andthelatestto
625,theyearofRaedwald'sdeathand,presumably,theerectionoftheburialmound.
Evans,SuttonHooShipBurial.Gifford,"SailingPerformanceofAngloSaxonShips."

HMSSwallow
Sloop14(3m).L/B:92'26.5'(28m8.1m).Tons:278bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:86.Arm.:146pdr.Built:Rotherhithe,Eng.1745.
HMSSwallowspentherfirsttwentyyears'servicelyinginordinaryintheMedway.Surveyedin1763,shewasfoundinneedofrepairs,whichwereonlycarriedout
whenitwasdecidedthatshesailasaconsorttoHMSDOLPHINonthatship'ssecondcircumnavigation,underCaptainSamuelWallis.Theshipwassmallandmuch
slowerthanthecopperbottomedDolphin,andCommanderPhilipCarteretdescribedhisnewcommandas"amiserabletool"and"oneoftheworstifnotthevery
worstofherkindinhismajesty'sNavy."TheshipsleftPlymouthonAugust21,1766.Swallow'sdullhandlingmadeprogressdowntheAtlanticslowgoing,andshe
barelysurvivedtheagonizingfourmonthtransitoftheStraitofMagellan.AsthetwoshipsenteredthePacificonApril11,1767,Dolphinvanishedfromsight,leaving
CarteretandSwallowtocarryonalone.
Contendingwithunseasonablegales,CarteretmadefirstfortheJuanFernndezIslandsandthensailedwestinlatitude28S,"inashigh,ifnothigherSouthlatitude
thenAnymen,beforewhichhavegonacrossthisOcean."Inabout130Wlongitude,CarteretheadednorthandonJuly2discoveredanislandthatwasnamedfor
MidshipmanRobertPitcairn.(Threedecadeslater,theuninhabitedisland,"scarcebetterthanalargerock,"wouldsheltertheBOUNTYmutineers.)Headingwestin
about10S,CarterethopedtofindAlvaroMendaa'sSolomonIslands,butrunningshortofwater,hegaveupandcontinuedwestuntilcomingtoEgmontIsland
(namedfortheFirstLordoftheAdmiralty)inthegrouphecalledtheQueenCharlotteIslands.OnlylaterdidherealizethatEgmontwastheSantaCruzIslandof
MendaaandPedroFernndezdeQuirs'svoyageinSANJERNIMOin1595.Unfortunately,eightofSwallow'screwwerewoundedinaskirmishwiththe
islanders,andfourlaterdied,includingthemaster.
AlthoughhehadhopedtoturnsouthtoexploretheeasternpartofNewHolland(Australia),withscurvydebilitatinghiscrewCarteretwasforcednorthwest.On
August20,SwallowwasoffGower's,Carteret's,andSimpson'sIslands,whichheallbutignored,littlerealizingthat

Page504

theycomprisethenorthernlimitoftheSolomonIslands.OnAugust26,SwallowcametoNewBritainwhereCarteret'screwwasrefreshedandtheshiprepaired,
andwhichCarteretclaimedforEngland.SailingagainonSeptember7,theypassedthroughSt.GeorgeChannel,identifiedbyCarteretasastraitbetweenNew
BritainandNewIrelandandnotagulfaspreviouslybelieved.SwallowreachedtheDutchsettlementatMacassaronDecember27,1767,andsheremainedthere
untilthefollowingMaywhenfavorablewindsallowedforthepassagetoBatavia.Afterrepairstotheship,shesailedforEnglandinSeptember,stoppingatTableBay
fromNovember28toJanuary6,1769.ThreeweeksnorthofAscensionIsland,SwallowwashailedbytheFrenchshipLABOUDEUSE,underLouisAntoinede
Bougainville,whowasreturningfromhisownexpedition,and,havingfollowedinSwallow'swakesinceNewIreland,waswellacquaintedwithCarteret'svoyage.
Bougainville'sappreciationforCarteretwasheartfelt,andashesailedawayhewrote,"Hisshipwasverysmall,wentveryill,andwhenwetookleaveofhim,he
remainedasitwereatanchor.Howmuchhemusthavesufferedinsobadavesselmaywellbeconceived."
SwallowfinallystraggledintoSpitheadonMarch20,1769,afteravoyagewhoseresultscouldbeattributedonlytoCarteret'sdetermination.Swallowhadmorethan
outlivedherusefulness,andasshewas"aleewardsloop,andbadsailor,merchantbuiltand24yearsofage,"shewassoldonJune20.
Wallis,Carteret'sVoyageroundtheWorld.

HMASSydney
Townclasscruiser(4f/2m).L/B/D:457'50'18'(139.3m15.2m5.5m).Tons:5,400disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:450.Arm.:86"(81),13"m43pdr
221"TT.Armor:3"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,25,000shp,4screws25.5kts.Built:London&GlasgowEngineandIronShipbuildingCo.,Ltd.,Govan,
Scotland1912.
HMASSydneywastheRoyalAustralianNavy'sfirstcruiser.AftertakingpartinthecaptureoftheGermancolonyofNeuPommern(NewBritain)atthestartof
WorldWarI,onNovember1,1914,SydneywasoneoffourcruisersassignedtoescortthefirstAustralasianconvoy29,000AustralianandNewZealandtroops
in38transports.Eightdayslater,SydneywasdetachedtoinvestigateamysteriousshipintheCocosIslands,55milessouthoftheconvoy.At0940,SMSEMDEN
openedfireonthefaster,betterarmedSydney.By1120,Germany'smostsuccessfulraiderhadbeendrivenashoreonNorthKeelingIslandwiththelossof134
dead,comparedwith4deadinSydney.
Fortherestof1914and1915,SydneypatrolledtheNorthandSouthAtlantic,andinNovember1916,shejoinedtheSecondLightCruiserSquadronbasedat
Rosyth.OnMay4,1917,shebecamethefirstAustralianunittobeattackedfromtheairwhenshewastargetedbytheZeppelinL43withoutsuccessinthe
NorthSea.FollowingthesurrenderoftheGermanfleet,shereturnedtoAustralianwatersinJuly1919.Shewasbrokenupin1929.
Bastock,Australia'sShipsofWar.Hoyt,LastCruiseofthe"Emden."

HMASSydney
Sydneyclasslightcruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:562'56.7'19.5'(171.3m17.3m5.9m).Tons:8,850disp.Comp.:682.Arm.:86"(42),84",120.5"8
21"TT1aircraft.Armor:4"belt,1.3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,72,000shp,4shafts32.5kts.Built:SwanHunter&WighamRichardson,Ltd.,Wallsend
onTyne,Eng.1935.
EssentiallymodifiedLeanderclasscruisers(suchasHMSAJAXandACHILLES),thethreeSydneyclasscruisershadtwofunnelsratherthanone.Laiddownas
PhaetonfortheRoyalNavy,HMASSydneywasacquiredbytheRoyalAustralianNavywhilestillonthestocks.SheremainedondutyinAustralianwatersuntilthe
latespringof1940,whenshewasdispatchedtobolstertheBritishMediterraneanfleet.ShearrivedatAlexandria,Egypt,twoweeksbeforeItalyenteredWorldWar
IIonJune10.Sydney'sfirstactionwasashorebombardmentofBardia,Libya,tendayslater.Onthe26th,whileescortingoneoftheMaltaconvoys,shesankthe
ItaliandestroyerEspero.SydneywasalsopresentattheBattleofCalabriaonJuly9,whentheItalianbattlefleetranfromtheBritishfleetforTarantoatfullspeed.
HermostcelebratedactioncameonJuly19when,offCrete,shetookonBartolomeoColleoniandGiovannidelleBandeNere.TheItalianshipsweresoonin
retreat,butSydneyscoredcripplinghitsontheColleoni(reputedlythefastestcruiserintheworld,withadesignspeedof36.5knots),whichwaslatersunkoffCape
SpadabytorpedoesfromHMSHyperion,Ilex,Hero,andHasty.Ofthisnotableachievement,theTimeswrotethat"theSydneyhasthusdemonstratedthe
hollownessoftheclaimoftheItaliannavalandairforcestodominatethese[i.e.,Mediterranean]waters."Thefollowingmonth,SydneydestroyedItalianairfieldson
theislandofScarpanto.
Inthefallof1940,theBritishwereforcedtoreassessthethreattotheirinterestsinthePacific,andonFebruary

Page505

Imagenotavailable.
HMASSYDNEYatAlexandria,Egypt,inJuly1940,shortlyafterthesinkingoftheItalian
cruiserBARTOLOMEOCOLLEONI.OnNovember19,1941,thelightcruiserandherentire
complementwerelostinanengagementwiththeGermanraiderKORMORANoffthecoast
ofAustralia.ManybelievethatshewassunkbyaJapanesesubmarine,althoughJapandidnot
officiallyenterWorldWarIIforanotherthreeweeks.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

9,1941,Sydneyreturnedtoahero'swelcomeinAustralia.UndercommandofCaptainJ.Burnett,shewasengagedprimarilyinescortingreinforcementsforthe
garrisonatSingapore.OnNovember19,1941,aboutthreeweeksbeforeJapanenteredthewar,Sydneywasabout300mileswestofCarnarvon,Australia,inabout
26S,111E,whensheencounteredtheGermanraiderKormoran.Intheengagementthatfollowed,Kormoranwassunkwiththelossofabout60ofher400crew,
thesurvivorslaterbeinginternedinAustralia.OfSydneytheonlytracewastwoemptylifeboatsandaCarleyraft.Thelossofsuchanaccomplishedshipandher
entirecomplementtoanopponentwhoseprimaryarmamentconsistedofsix5.9inchgunshasneverbeensatisfactorilyexplained.Onetheoryisthatthecruiser
surprisedtheraiderwhileshewasrendezvousingwithaJapanesesubmarine.Toobliterateanyevidenceofthepresenceofoneoftheirvesselsintheareaatall,itis
believedthatSydneymayhavebeensunkultimatelybyaJapanesesubmarinepossiblyI124andnotbyKormoranalone.
Frame,HMAS"Sydney.Winter,H.M.A.S."Sydney".

Syracusia
(laterAlexandria)Grainfreighter(3m).Tons:1,7001,900burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:ca.600.Des.:Archimedes.Built:ArchiasofCorinth,Syracuse,Sicilyca.
240BCE.
AlthoughmuchofthepoweroftheancientMediterraneanstatesdependedonmaritimetrade,untilrecentlyverylittlewasknownoftheshipstheysailed.Suchliterary
fragmentsassurviveseemedwildlyexaggerateduntilthediscoveryofsubmergedshipwrecksprovidedhardevidencetoconfirmtheirsizeandnature.Oneofthemost
completedescriptionsofashipfromantiquityisthatdescribedbytheGreekwriterAthenaeus.WritinginthesecondcenturyCE,butbasinghisaccountonmore
contemporarydescriptions(nowlost),hedescribedahugegrainshipbuiltbyHieronII,kingofSyracusefrom269to215BCE.LionelCassonconsidersthistobethe
largestshipbuiltinantiquity.
Thedescriptionatteststothesophisticationofshipbuildingatthetime,asspecificmaterialsusedinconstructionwereeitherobtainedlocallypineandfirfromthe
forestsofMountEtnaorimportedcordagefromSpainandhempandpitchforcaulkingfromtheRhneValleyinFrance.Theship'sdesignerwasnoneother
thantheengineerandmathematicianArchimedes,whoemployedavariantofhisscrewtopulltheunfinishedshipintothesea,afterwhichworkwascompleted.The
hullwasfastenedwithcopperspikesweighingasmuchas10to15pounds,andtheplanksweresheathedinatarredfabriccoveredbyleadsheets.
Therewerecabinsfor142firstclasspassengersontheseconddeckinadditiontoaccommodationsforsteerage,thelowerdeckbeingreservedforcargoandthe
upperdeckforsoldiers,saidtonumber400.Thefirstclasspassengerscouldusealibrary,agymnasium,promenadeslinedwithflowerbeds,achapeldedicatedto
Aphrodite,areadingroom,andabath.Twentyhorsescouldbecarriedinseparatestalls,andtherewasampleprovisionforfreshwaterandasaltwaterfishtankfor
thecook'suse.Theshipwasalsoheavilyarmed,beingdefendedbymarinessta

Page506

tionedineightdecktowerswhocouldfighttheshipfromthebronzetopsofthethreemastsorfromaraisedfightingdeck.Thelatterwasfittedwithacatapultof
Archimedes'designcapableofhurlingan18footdartor180poundstone600feet.Thenumberofcrewisnotspecified,buttheaccountsaysthat"althoughthebilge
wasextraordinarilydeep,itwasbailedbyonlyonemanusingascrewpump,oneofArchimedes'inventions."
Thedimensionsoftheshiparenotgiven,butthecargoontheship'smaidenvoyagetoAlexandriaisitemizedasfollows:60,000measuresofgrain,10,000jarsof
pickledSicilianfish,20,000talentsofwool,and20,000talentsofmiscellaneouscargo.Convertingtomodernequivalentsyieldsaburdenofabout1,900tons,not
includingprovisionsforthelargecrew.Itsoonbecameapparentthattheshipwastoolargetousemanyoftheusualports,andHierondecidedtorenamehis
SyracusiaforthemainportofEgyptandtogiveAlexandriatohisally,PtolemyIIIEuergetes.
Casson,AncientMariners.

SzentIstvn
Tegetthofclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:499.3'89.7'29'(152.2m27.3m8.9m).Tons:21,689disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,094.Arm.:1212.2"(43),
126",1866mm421"TT.Armor:11.2"belt,1.9"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,26,400shp,4screws20kts.Des.:Popper.Built:StabilimentoTecnico
Triestino,Trieste,AustriaHungary1915.
NamedforthekingandpatronsaintofHungary(9751078),SzentIstvnwasthefourthandlastTegetthoffclassbattleshipbuiltbyAustriaHungary.Theseships
spentmostofWorldWarIatPola,apowerfulfleetinbeingthatcontributedlittleoffensivelytotheAxiswareffort,butwhichtheAlliescouldbynomeansignore.In
June1918,AdmiralNikolausHorthydeNagybnya(laterregentofHungary)conceivedaplantodestroytheOtrantobarragebetweentheheeloftheItalianboot
andthecoastofAlbania,throughwhichGermanandAustroHungariansubmarineshadtopasstoreachtheMediterranean.OnJune8Horthysailedwiththe
dreadnoughtsViribusUnitisandPrinzEugendowntheDalmatiancoast.TegetthoffandSzentIstvnfollowedonthe9th,butatabout0330onJune10,Szent
IstvnwastorpedoedbytheItalianMAS15(onexhibitatRomesince1936)aboutninemilessouthwestofPremudaIsland.Despiteeffortstotakeherintow,she
sankshortlyafter0600withthelossof89inabout4420'N,1440'E.Lackingtheelementofsurprise,HorthycanceledtheattackontheOtrantobarrage.
Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Sokol,ImperialandRoyalAustroHungarianNavy.

Page507

T
CSSTallahassee
(exAtalantalaterCSSOlustee,CSSChameleon,Amelia,HayaMaru)Steamship(2f/1m).L/B/D:250'23.5'13.3'(76.2m7.2m4.1m).Tons:546disp.
Hull:iron.Comp.:120.Arm.:184pdr,224pdr,232pdr.Mach.:directactingengines,1,220ihp,2screws14kts.Built:John&WilliamDudgeon,Millwall,
London1863.
Laterknownastheshipwithsevennames,theAtalantawasbuiltforStringer,PembrokeandCompany,asacrossChannelsteamer.InJuly1864,aftersuccessfully
runningtheUnionblockadeeighttimes,AtalantawaspurchasedandcommissionedasacommerceraiderintheConfederateNavy.RenamedCSSTallahasseeand
laterOlustee,shemadetwocruisesofftheNewEnglandandmidatlanticcoastsduringwhichshecapturedthirtysevenprizes.Convertedbacktoamerchantmanand
renamedChameleon,sherantheblockadeoutboundbutwasfrustratedinherattemptstoreturn.SailingforEngland,whereshewasgivenbackherfirstnameand
thenregisteredasAmelia,shewasseizedbytheU.S.government,auctioned,andendedhercareerasHayaMaru.ShewaswreckedbetweenKobeand
YokohamaonJune17,1868.
O'Driscoll,"ShipwithSevenNames."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSTang(SS306)
Balaoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.5'27.2'15.2'(94.9m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,525/2,424disp.Hull:steel400'dd.Comp.:66.Arm.:1021"TT15",
140mm.Mach.:diesel/battery,6,500bhp20/8.75kts.Built:MareIslandNavyYard,Vallejo,Calif.1943.
Namedafteraspeciesofsurgeonfish,inanactivecareerthatlastedlessthanthirteenmonths,USSTangwascreditedwithsinking24Japaneseshipsof93,824gross
tons,earningtwoPresidentialUnitCitationsintheprocess.OnlyUSSTAUTOGsankmoreships,andonlythreesubmarinessankmoreintermsoftonnage.
CommissionedinOctober1943underLieutenantCommanderRichardH.O'Kane,onJanuary22shesailedfromPearlHarboronherfirstwarpatrol,intheCaroline
andMarianaIslands.BetweenFebruary17and26,TangaccountedforfourJapanesemerchantships.Hersecondpatrolwasdevotedtolifeguarddutyduringwhich
sherescued22downedairmeninthewatersaroundTrukduringtheMarshallIslandscampaign.
Herthirdpatrol,oneofthemostsuccessfulofanyU.S.submarineduringthewar,tookplaceintheEastChinaSea,northofTaiwan,andtheYellowSeabetween
ChinaandKorea.DepartingPearlHarbor,onJune24sheclosedwithaconvoyof22shipssouthofKagoshimaandwascreditedwithsinkingfourmerchantships.
Fourdayslater,patrollingbetweenDairenandKyushu,shebeganafivedayshootingspreeduringwhichshesanksixmoreships,includingthreeontheFourthof
July.
Tang'sfourthwarpatrolwasconductedinJapanesehomewatersoffHonshu.BetweenAugust10and24,Tangsanksixmoreships,retiring,asalways,onlyafter
shehadexpendedthelastofher24torpedoes.Afterafewweeks'overhaulatPearlHarbor,Tangleftonherlastwarpatrol,headingforFormosaStraitbetween
TaiwanandChina.ShesanktwocargoshipsonthenightofOctober1011,andresumedherpatroluntilOctober23.Thatnight,nearTurnaboutIsland,shesailed
intothemiddleofaconvoycomprisingfivemerchantmenandtheirescortships,sinkingthreemerchantships.
TangresumedhersearchforJapaneseshippingthenextmorning.Thatnightshebegantrailingaconvoyandfiredsixtorpedoesatthreetargets,twoofwhichwere
sunk.Afterstandingofffromtheconvoytoloadhertworemainingtorpedoes,Tangclosedtowithin1,900yardsofatrooptransport.Thefirsttorpedorantrue,but
thesecondbroachedthesurface,turnedinanarc,andslammedbackintoTangabout20secondsafterfiring.Thesubmarinesankinabout160feetofwater.Nineof
thecrew,includingLieutenantCommanderO'Kane,survivedtheirescapeviatheemergencyhatchandwerepickedupbyaJapanesedestroyerescortthenext
morning.
O'Kane,CleartheBridgeU.S.Navy,DANFS.

Page508

USSTautog(SS199)
Tamborclasssubmarine.L/B/D:307.2'27.3'13.3'(93.6m8.3m4m).Tons:1,475/2,370disp.Hull:steel250'dd.Comp.:65.Arm.:1021''TT13".
Mach.:diesel/electric20/9kts.Built:ElectricBoatCo.,Groton,Conn.1940.
OneofthemostsuccessfulsubmarinesofWorldWarII,USSTautog(namedforaNorthAtlanticfish)wascreditedwithsinking26Japaneseshipsforatotalof
72,606tonsscoringfirstinnumberofshipsandfourthintonnage.AssignedtothePacificFleetin1940,TautogwasatPearlHarborduringtheJapaneseattack
onDecember7,1941.Herfirstmission,forreconnaissanceintheMarshallIslands,beganthreeweekslater.EnroutetotheMarshallsonhersecondpatrol,onApril
24,1942,shesankherfirsttarget,theJapanesesubmarineRO30.OperatingoutofFremantle,TautogspentfivepatrolsintheEastIndiesandIndochina.Returning
totheWestCoastforarefitinJune,afteronepatrolintheCarolineIslandsshebeganaseriesoffourpatrolsinJapanesehomewatersduringwhichsheranged
betweenHokkaidointhesouthandtheKurileIslandsinthenorth.ShesankthedestroyerShurakumoaswellasavarietyofsmallermerchantandsupportvessels.
Tautog'sthirteenthpatrol(betweenDecember1944andJanuary1945)tookherintotheSouthChinaSea.Tautogendedthewarasatrainingship.
Decommissionedin1945,shewasbrokenupatManistee,Michigan,in1959,aftertwelveyearsasareservetrainingshipatMilwaukee.
Roscoe,UnitedStatesSubmarineOperationsinWorldWarII.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Tegetthoff
Barkentine(3m).Tons:220burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:24.Mach.:steam,100hp.Built:Germany<1871.
Aslateasthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury,therewasstillavestigialbeliefthatnorthoftheArcticicelayawarm"PolarSea."In1871,theAustrian
governmentdispatchedveteranArcticexplorersJuliusvonPayerandKarlWeyprechttoinvestigatethispossibility.AsPayerwrote,"Ouridealaimwasthenortheast
passage,ourimmediateanddefiniteobjectwastheexplorationoftheseasandlandsonthenortheastofNovayaZemlya."TheshipchosenwasTegetthoff,a
woodensteamshipsheathedinironandnamedforthenineteenthcenturyAustrianAdmiralWilhelmvonTegetthoff.Withprovisionsforthreeyears,theshipsailed
fromBremerhavenonJune13,1872.RoundingNorwayandsailingintotheBarentsSea,onAugust20shebecameiceboundoffNovayaZemlyain7622'N,63
3'E.ByAugust1873shehaddriftednorthwestto7943'E,5933',nearthepreviouslyunknownFranzJosefLand,agroupofislandsabout275milesnortheastof
NovayaZemlya.Afterexploringtheislands,whichtheynamedfortheAustrianemperor,andadvancingasfarnorthas825'N,onMay20,1874,Payerand
WeyprechtdecidedtoabandonTegetthoffandsledgebacktoNovayaZemlyawiththeship'sboats.Threemonthsofsledgingbroughtthemtotheedgeoftheice
packin7740'N.Takingtotheirboats,theywererescuedbytheRussianwhaleshipNicholasoffNovayaZemlya.
Payer,NewLandswithintheArcticCircle.

TeignmouthElectron
Victressclasstrimaran.L/B/D:41'22'(12.5m6.7m).Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:1.Built:Brundall,Eng.1968.
FollowingthecircumnavigationsofSirFrancisChichester'sGIPSYMOTHIVandSirAlecRose'sLIVELYLADY,theultimategoalforsoloyachtsmenwasa
nonstopcircumnavigationoftheglobe.In1968,theSundayTimessponsoredtheGoldenGlobechallenge.Sevenyachtsentered,includingRobinKnoxJohnston's
SUHAILIandDonaldCrowhurst'sketchriggedtrimaranTeignmouthElectron,namedforhiselectronicscompanyandhomeport.CrowhurstsetoutonOctober
31,1968,barelyfiveweeksafterhisvessel'slaunch.Hewasillequippedfromthestart,andhisboat'sperformancewaslackluster.Crowhurstcompensatedforhis
boat'spoorperformancebymakingfalseclaimsincludingarecordday'srunof243milesandlyingabouthisprogress.Carefullymonitoringbroadcastsforthe
SouthernOceanfromCapeTownandMelbourne,CrowhurstreportedthathehadroundedtheCapeofGoodHope,sailedintotheRoaringForties,androunded
CapeHorn,thoughinfacthenevergotoutoftheSouthAtlantic.OnMarch6,126daysout,heputinbrieflyatthesmallArgentineportofRioSaladotorepairhis
starboardfloat.OnMay4,thetimehefeltheshouldhaveroundedCapeHorn,hebegansailingnorthagain.TeignmouthElectronwasfoundonJuly10in3311'N,
4028'W,byRMVPicardy.Fromhislogentries,itisapparentthatCrowhursthadbeguntolosehismindafewweeksbeforehislastentrydatedJune29
suggeststhathesimplylethimselfoverthesideofhisboat.TeignmouthElectronwastakenaboardPicardyandlandedatSantoDomingo.Crowhurst's
misadventureinspiredanepisodeinRobertStone'snovelOuterbridgeReach(1992).
Tomalin&Hall,StrangeLastVoyageofDonaldCrowhurst.

Page509

HMSTmraire
Dreadnought/Neptuneclass2ndrate98(3m).L/B:185'51'21.5'(56.4m15.5m6.6m).Tons:2,121bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:750.Arm.:2832pdr,60
18pdr,1012pdr.Des.:JohnHenslow.Built:ChathamDockyard,Eng.1798.
Thesecondshipofthename,HMSTmrairespentherfirstthreeyearsasflagshipoftheChannelFleetandtheWesternSquadronduringtheWaroftheSecond
CoalitionagainstFrance.Attheendof1801,shecalledatBantryBayboundforhernewstationintheCaribbeanwhenthecrewmutinied.Twentywerearrestedand
theshipreturnedtoSpitheadwhereeighteenwerehangedattheyardarm.In1803,TmrairewasassignedtoblockadedutyoffwesternFrance.In1805,shewas
oneofeighteenshipsdetachedfromtheChannelFleettoasquadronunderAdmiralSirRobertCalderinordertofollowtheFrancoSpanishCombinedFleet(Vice
AdmiralPierreVilleneuve)toSpain.ViceAdmiralLordNelsonrelievedCalderonSeptember28andwithhisfleetstalkedtheCombinedFleetuntilitsailedfrom
CadizonOctober1920.Thefollowingday,TmrairewasnextasternofHMSVICTORYinNelson'sweathercolumnattheBattleofTrafalgar.Tmraire
relievedpressureonVictorybyrakingRedoutable'sstarboardside.ShewasbeingmauledbytheFrench74andNeptune(80guns)whenshewasapproachedby
Fougueux(80),againstwhichsheunleashedtwodevastatingbroadsides.TheFrenchshipdriftedontoTmraireandwasswiftlycapturedbyaBritishprizecrew.
Withlossestotaling121killedandwoundedandhermastsandriggingashambles,Tmrairewasunfitforfurtherseaduty.Shewasemployedasaprisonshipfrom
1813to1815,andthereafterasareceivingshipatDevonportandSheerness.In1836shewasbrieflyrecommissionedunderCaptainThomasFortescueKennedy,
whoasherfirstlieutenantledinthecaptureofFougueuxatTrafalgar.TwoyearslatershewasenroutetobebrokenupatRotherhithewhenJ.M.W.Turnerwas
inspiredtopaint"TheFightingTmraire."
Longridge,AnatomyofNelson'sShips.Mackenzie,TrafalgarRoll.

CSSTennessee
Casemateironclad(1f/2m).L/B/D:217'48'14'(66.1m14.6m4.3m).Tons:1,273disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:133.Arm.:27"R,46.4"R.Armor:4"6"
casemate.Mach.:highpressureengines,1screw6kts.Des.:J.L.Porter.Built:HenryD.Bassett,Selma,Ala.1864.
BuiltatSelma,ontheAlabamaRiver,theironcladramCSSTennesseewasfittedoutatMobile.Herconstructionwashamperedbyshortagesofmaterialand
manpower,andAdmiralFranklinBuchananhadtoconscripttheciviliansatMobileinordertocompleteherfittingout.Hercasematewassheathedinlayersoftwo
inchthickiron.Inadditiontosixrifledgunsandaram,shehad"ahotwaterattachmenttoherboilersforrepellingboarders,throwingonestream[ofwater]from
forwardofthecasemateandoneabaft."Tennessee'senginesweretakenfromasidewheelsteamer,andshehadnolivingaccommodations.
TennesseebecametheflagshipofAdmiralFranklinBuchananandinJune1864shewasstationedattheapproachestoMobileBay,ninetymilessouthoftheport.At
0530onAugust5,FlagOfficerDavidG.Farragut'slonganticipatedforceoffourironcladsteamersandfourteengunboatsranpastFortsMorganandGaines.In
additiontoTennessee,Buchanan'sfleetincludedthewoodengunboatsCSSGaines,Morgan,andSelma.TennesseeattemptedtoramUSSHARTFORDandran
downtheUnionlineuntilabreastofFortMorgan.At0900,BuchananturnedforFarragut'sships,nowanchoredfourmilesintothebay.Astheironcladapproached,
shewasrammedbyUSSMONONGAHELA,Lackawanna(twice),andHartford.Theworstdamagewasinflictedatcloserangebythefifteeninchgunsofthe
monitorManhattanandeleveninchgunsofChickasaw.Withtwocrewkilledandfourteenwounded,herexposedrudderchainsshotaway,andnomeansof
escape,Tennesseesurrendered.Selmadidlikewise,Gaineshadsunk,andMorganescaped.UnionlossesincludedthemonitorTecumsehandasupplyvessel.
CommissionedintotheU.S.Navythenextday,USSTennesseetookpartinthesiegeofFortMorgan,whichsurrenderedonAugust28.Afterserviceonthe
MississippiRiver,in1867shewassoldforscrap.
Still,IronAfloat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

TerraNova
Bark(1f/3m).L/B/D:187'31.4'19'(57m9.6m5.8m).Tons:744grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:65.Mach.:compoundsteamengine,140nhp,1screw.Built:
AlexanderStephen&SonsLtd.,Dundee,Scotland1884.
BuiltfortheDundeewhalingandsealingfleet,TerraNova(LatinforNewfoundland)wasideallysuitedtothepolarregions.Herfirstworkinthecauseofsciencewas
asareliefshipfortheJacksonHarmsworthArcticExpeditionof189497.In1903,shesailedincompanywithfellowDundeewhalerMorningtoassistinfreeing
fromMcMurdoSoundtheNationalAntarcticExpedition'sDISCOVERY,underCommanderRobertFalconScott.
In1909,shewaspurchasedfromMessrs.C.T.Bowring

Page510

Imagenotavailable.
WouldbemembersoftheFlatEarthSocietypeerover
thebulwarksoftheTERRANOVA.Thebarkwaslodged
intheRossIceShelfduringCaptainRobertFalcon
Scott'sillfatedBritishAntarcticExpeditionof191012.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

andCompanyfortheBritishAntarcticExpedition,knownalsoastheTerraNovaExpedition.Reinforcedfrombowtosternwithsevenfeetofoaktoprotectagainst
theAntarcticicepack,shesailedfromEnglandinJune1910underoverallcommandofnowCaptainScott,whodescribedheras"awonderfullyfineiceship....As
shebumpedthefloeswithmightyshocks,crushingandgrindingawaythroughsome,twistingandturningtoavoidothers,sheseemedlikealivingthingfightingagreat
fight."
Althoughthetwentyfourofficersandscientificstaffmadevaluableobservationsinbiology,geology,glaciology,meteorology,andgeophysicsalongthecoastof
VictoriaLandandontheRossIceShelf,Scott'slastexpeditionisbestrememberedforthedeathofScottandfourcompanions.AfterwinteringatCapeEvans,on
RossIsland,Scott,HenryRobertsonOwers,EdgarEvans,LawrenceEdwardGraceOates,andEdwardAdrianWilsonsetoutonaracetobethefirstmenatthe
SouthPole.StartingwithtractorsandMongolianponies,thefinal800mileshadtobecoveredbymanhaulingalone.ReachingtheSouthPoleonJanuary17,1912,
theyfoundthatRoaldAmundsen'sexpedition(basedonFRAM)hadbeatenthembythirtythreedays.Worsewastocome,asallfivemendiedonthereturnjourney.
Spurredbynationalpride,EdwardianpropagandistsromanticizedtheexpeditionandmadeScottahero.AsAmundsen'ssuccessclearlyshowed,however,his
planningandlogisticswereinadequateandthelossoftheexplorersavoidable.
AfterreturningfromtheAntarcticin1913,TerraNovawaspurchasedbyherformerownersandresumedworkintheNewfoundlandsealfishery.Herendcameon
September13,1943,whenshefounderedoffGreenlandhercrewweresavedbyaU.S.CoastGuardcutter.
CherryGarrard,WorstJourneyintheWorld.Lubbock,ArcticWhalers.Wilson,Diaryofthe"TerraNova"ExpeditiontotheAntarctic.

HMSTerror
Vesuviusclassbombvessel(3m).L/B/D:102'27'12.5'(31.1m8.2m3.8m).Tons:325bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:67.Arm.:113"mortar,110"
mortar,26",824".Des.:SirHenryPeake.Built:Davy,Topsham,Eng.1813.
BestknownfortwoexpeditionsincompanywithHMSEREBUS,HMSTerrorwasabombketchdesignedprimarilyforshorebombardment.Terrorsawservice
duringtheWarof1812,butshewasthenlaidupuntil1828.RecommissionedfordutyintheMediterranean,shewasdamagednearLisbonandwithdrawnfrom
serviceafterrepairs.Towithstandthetremendousrecoiloftheirthreetonmortars,suchshipswerepowerfullybuiltandthereforesuitableforArcticservice.In1836,
TerrorundercommandofGeorgeBacksailedtoHudsonBaywithaviewtoenteringRepulseBay,fromwhereshorepartiesweresentouttodetermine
whethertheBoothiaPeninsulawasanislandorapeninsula.TerrorfailedtoreachRepulseBayandbarelysurvivedthewinteroffSouthamptonIslandatonepoint
shewaspushedfortyfeetupthesideofacliffbeforetheicesubsided.Aftertenmonthsintheice,BackextricatedhisleakingcommandandlimpedtoIreland,where
shewasbeached.
Followingrepairs,TerrorsailedwithJamesClarkRoss'sexpeditiontoAntarctica,undercommandofFrancisCrozier.OnavoyagelastingfromSeptember1839to
September1843,TerrorandErebusmadethreeforaysintothewatersofAntarctica,crossingtheRossSeasouthofNewZealandtwice,andsailingoncethrough
theWeddellSeasoutheastoftheFalklandIslands.Thenextyear,thetwoshipswerefittedoutwithtwentyhorsepowerenginesandsinglescrewpropellersin
preparationfora

Page511

Imagenotavailable.
AlthoughbestknownfortheirtragicendintheArcticwastesunderSirJohnFranklin,HMSTERRORand
EREBUSalsospenttimeintheSouthPacificduringJamesClarkRoss'sexpeditiontoAntarctica.This
paintingbyJohnWilsonshowsthetwoshipssurroundedbynativecraftinNewZealandintheearly
1840s.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

voyageinsearchoftheNorthwestPassageundercommandofSirJohnFranklin.TheexpeditionsailedfromGreenhitheonMay19,1845,anditwaslastseenin
BaffinBayneartheentrancetoLancasterSoundinAugust1845.
SearchpartieslaterlearnedthattheshipssailedthroughLancasterSound,andaftergoingnorththroughWellingtonChannelandaroundCornwallisIsland,they
headedintoPeelSoundandFranklinStrait,whichliewestofSomersetIslandandtheBoothiaPeninsula.Continuingsouthwest,theshipsbecameiceboundinVictoria
StraitbetweenKingWilliamIslandandVictoriaIsland.FranklindiedonJune11,1847,andcommandoftheexpeditionfelltoCrozier.Bythefollowingspring,
twentythreemoremenhaddied,andonApril22,1848,the105survivorsabandonedtheshipsandattemptedtomarchtoFortResolution,aHudson'sBay
Companyoutpostmorethan600milestothesouthwest.Nonesurvived,andtheirfatewasnotlearneduntil1859,whennotesandotherartifactsfromtheexpedition
werefoundonKingWilliamIslandbysearchpartiesfromFrancisM'Clintock'sFox.
Back,NarrativeofanExpeditioninHMS"Terror."Beattie&Geiger,FrozeninTime.Ross,RossintheAntarctic.

Teutonic
Liner(2f/3m).L/B:565.8'bp57.8'(172.4m17.6m).Tons:9,984grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st300,2nd190,3rd1,000.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2screws,
17,100ihp19kts.Built:Harland&WolffLtd.,Belfast,Ireland1889.
WhiteStarLine'ssistershipsTeutonicandMajestichavethedistinctionofbeingthefirstpassengershipsbuilttoanAdmiraltyspecificationthatwouldallowfortheir
quickconversiontoarmedmerchantcruisers.Inreturn,theiroperatingcostsweresubsidizedbythegovernment.Thoughnotknownfortheirelegance,theywerefast
ships,andMajesticcapturedtheBlueRibandwithawestboundcrossingspeedof20.1knots.Twoweekslater,Teutonicimprovedonthisbyaquarterknotand
crossedfromQueenstowntoSandyHookin5days,16hours,31minutes(August1319,1891).TeutonicremainedinservicebetweenLiverpoolandNewYork
forthenext20years,withCherbourgreplacingQueenstownasanintermediarystopin1907.In1911,TeutonicwasswitchedtoWhiteStarDominionLineservice
toQuebecandMontreal.AttheoutbreakofWorldWarI,TeutonicwasrequisitionedasanarmedmerchantcruiserandjoinedtheTenthCruiserSquadron.The
nextAugust,shewasboughtbytheNavyandworkedasatroop

Page512

shipuntil1918.ShewasfinallyscrappedatEmdenin1921.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

USSTexas
Secondclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:308.8'61.1'24.5'(94.1m18.6m7.5m).Tons:6,315disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:392.Arm.:212",66",12
6pdr418"TT.Armor:12"belt,3"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,8,600ihp,2screws17.8kts.Built:NorfolkNavyYard,Portsmouth,Va.1895.
Oneofthefirsttwoarmoredcruisersbuiltforthe"NewNavy,"theprimaryarmamentofthefirstUSSTexasconsistedoftwo12inchgunsmountedenechelon
thatis,onetostarboardandtheothertoport,butnotonthesameathwartshipsaxis.ShortlyafterthesinkingofhernearsistershipMAINEatHavanaonFebruary
15,1898,TexaswasdetachedfromtheNorthAtlanticSquadrontojoinCommodoreWinfieldScottSchley'sFlyingSquadrontoguardthecoastagainstapossible
attackbySpanishships.TheSpanishAmericanWarbeganonApril24,andonMay27Texas,CaptainJohnW.Philipcommanding,beganblockadedutyalongthe
coastofCubabetweenSantiagodeCubaandGuantnamoBay.There,sheandMarbleheadreducedtheSpanishfortonJune16.OnJuly3,shewaswiththeFlying
SquadronoffSantiagowhenAdmiralPascualCerverayTopetewasorderedtosortiewithhisfleet.UnderwitheringfirefromTexas,BROOKLYN,OREGON,and
otherships,Cervera'sfourcruiserswererunagroundandtwotorpedoboatsweresunk323Spaniardsdiedand151werewounded.Afterserviceasastationship
atCharleston,TexaswasrenamedSanMarcosandconvertedtoatargetshipin1911.ShewassunkoffTangierIsland,Maryland.
Trask,WarwithSpainin1898.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSTexas(BB35)
NewYorkclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:572.7'95.3'28.5'(174.5m29m8.7m).Tons:27,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,530.Arm.:1014"(52),
215"421"TT.Armor:12"belt,2"deck.Mach.:VTEengines,28,100shp,2screws21kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,Newport
News,Va.1914.
Between1905and1916,Congressauthorizedtwentyfourbattleshipsintenclasses.ThefirsttocarryfourteeninchgunswerethetwoNewYorkclassshipslaid
downin1911theywerealsotheonlycapitalshipsorderedafter1906tocarryreciprocatingenginesratherthansteamturbines.Commissionedatalowpointin
MexicanAmericanrelations,USSTexas'sfirstassignmentwasinsupportofU.S.troopslandingatVeracruzinretaliationfortheTampicoIncident,duringwhich
U.S.sailorshadbeendetainedbyMexicantroops.LaterstationedoffTampico,sheresumedregularoperationswiththeAtlanticFleetinFebruary1915.
Imagenotavailable.
ThebattleshipUSSTEXASinthegravingdockattheNewYork
NavyYard,Brooklyn,duringWorldWarI.Seamenscrapethe
hullwhilestandingongangplankshungoverthesideoftheship.
Asworkprogresses,waterispumpedoutofthedockandthe
gangsarelowered.Whenthedockisdry,thehulliscompletely
exposedandcanbepainted.PhotobyBurnellPoole,courtesy
thefamilyofBurnellPoole.

FollowingtheU.S.entryintoWorldWarI,theshipsofBattleshipDivision9wereslatedtojointheRoyalNavy'sGrandFleetatScapaFlow,butTexaswas
detainedafterrunningagroundonBlockIslandonSeptember26.AfterrepairsatNewYorkshejoinedthefleetinFebruary1918.Apartfromconvoydutyanda
fewforaysintotheNorthSea,therewaslittleactivityfortheAmericanships,whichwerepresentatScapaFlowfortheinternmentoftheGermanHighSeasFleeton
November21,1918.
Returningstateside,TexaswasthefirstU.S.Navyshiptolaunchanairplane,onMarch9,1919.AssignedtothePacificFleetfrom1919to1924,shereturnedto
Norfolkforarebuildduringwhichhercagemastswerereplacedwithtripodmasts,hertwintunnelswerereplacedbyone,andaplanecatapultwasaddedto
"Q"(center)turret.DuringWorldWarII,Texassailedonconvoydutyand

Page513

providedgunnerysupportforAlliedlandingsinMoroccoandAlgeriainNovember1942,andatNormandyandinsouthernFrancein1944.Reassignedtothe
Pacific,shedidthesameatIwoJimaandOkinawa.In1948,TexasbecamethefirstNavywarshiptobetransferredbyactofCongressforuseasamuseumship,
andsheisthecenterpieceoftheBattleshipTexasStateHistoricalParkatLaPorte,Texas,onGalvestonBay.
Egan,Lott,&Sumrall,USS"Texas"(BB35).Power,Battleship"Texas."

T.F.Oakes
Ship(3m).L/B/D:255'40.6'23.5'(77.7m12.4m7.2m).Tons:1,997grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:20.Built:AmericanShipbuildingCo.,Philadelphia1883.
OneofthefewironhulledsquareriggersbuiltintheUnitedStates,T.F.OakeswasconstructedforW.H.Starbuck.Sheprovedadullsailerherfirstvoyage
took195daysfromNewYorktoSanFranciscobutisrememberedforonepassagefromHongKongtoNewYork.OnJuly5,1896,sheclearedHongKong
withacargoofhidesandskinsandacomplementoftwentyseven,includingCaptainE.W.Reedandhiswife,threemates,thecook,andtwentycrew.Aweekout
ofHongKong,theOakeswascaughtinasuccessionoftyphoonsthatsenther500milesoffcoursetothenortheast.ReeddecidedtotakehisshiphomeviaCape
HornratherthantheCapeofGoodHopeasoriginallyplanned.Encounteringnearlyendlesscalms,shewas169daystoCapeHornalmostsixmonthsand
manyofhercrewbecameillwithscurvy.Thediseaseprogressedrapidly,killingsevenanddebilitatingeveryoneelsebutthesecondmateandMrs.Reed,whoallbut
assumedherhusband'scommand.OnMarch15,OakeswastakenintowbytheBritishtankerKasbek.Forherskillinhandlingtheship,whichhadbeenposted
missingwellbeforeitsarrivalinNewYork249daysoutfromChina,Lloyd'sawardedMrs.ReeditsSilverMedalforMeritoriousService.T.F.Oakeswasstranded
nearSanFranciscoin1901.
DomvilleFife,EpicsoftheSquareRiggedShips.Lubbock,DownEasters.

Thermopylae
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:212'36'20.9'(64.6m11m6.4m).Tons:991grt.Hull:composite.Comp.:36.Des.:BernardWaymouth.Built:Hall,Russell&Co.,
Aberdeen,Scotland1868.
BuilttotheorderofGeorgeThompson&CompanyofLondon,theteaclipperThermopylaewasnamedforthesiteoftheGreekvictoryoverthePersiansin480
BCE,andherfigureheadportrayedKingLeonidas.Thelargestoftheteaclippers,onhermaidenruntoAustralia(herusualfirststopoutwardbound)underCaptain
RobertKemball,shewasonly63daysfromLondontoMelbourne,arecordneverbeatentheaverageofherfirsttenpassagesoutwasonly69days.Continuing
fromNewcastletoShanghaiinonly31days,ThermopylaeloadedteaandtookherdeparturefromtheRiverMinonJuly3,1869.Shewas25daystoAnjer,49
daystoCapeAgulhas,andofftheLizardonSeptember30,completingherremarkablepassagetwodayslaterafteronly91daysout.Thiswasthefastestofher
elevenrunswithteafromChina,theaverageofwhichwasunder107days,andshewasthefirstofthereturningteaclippersin1873,1874,and1877.Thermopylae
isparticularlyrememberedforherrivalrywithCUTTYSARK.WhileThermopylaegenerallyperformedbetterintheteatradeduringthe1870s,whensteamerson
thetearouteforcedthemintotheCapeHornwooltradefromAustralia,CuttySarkprovedanexcellentheavyweathersailer.Thermopylae'sbestrunfromSydney
of76daysin1882wastwodaysshyofCuttySark'ssevenrunaverageofunder74days.
In1890,ThermopylaewasacquiredbytheCanadianfirmofMountRoyalMillingandManufacturingCompany,andputinthericetradebetweenChinaandBritish
Columbia.In1892shewasdownriggedtoabarkandswitchedfromthericetothelumbertrades.In1896shewassoldtoPortugalforuseasanavaltrainingship
andrenamedPedroNues,forthesixteenthcenturyPortuguesecosmographer.Asurveyfoundherinworseconditionthanexpected,andshespentherlastyearsas
acoalhulkontheTagus.OnOctober13,1907,inthepresenceofAmeliadeOrleans,QueenofPortugal,shewasgivenanavalfuneralandtorpedoedatsea.
Matheson,ClippersfortheRecord.MacGregor,TeaClippers.

USSTheSullivans(DD537)
Fletcherclassdestroyer.L/B/D:376.4'29.6'13.8'(114.7m9m4.2m).Tons:2,050disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:329.Arm.:55"(51),1040mm,7
20mm1021"TT.Mach.:gearedturbines,60,000shp,2screws36.5kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,SanFrancisco1942.
AttheNavalBattleofGuadalcanalonNovember12,1942,thecruiserUSSJUNEAUwaslostwithfivebrothersGeorge,Francis,Joseph,Madison,andAlbert
Sullivan,agestwentytwototwentyeightfromWaterloo,Iowa.

Page514

ThefamilytragedypromptedtheNavytorulethatbrotherscouldnolongerbeassignedtothesameship.Inmemoryofthefive,theNavyrenamedthedestroyer
Putnamwhilestillontheways,andshewascommissionedasTheSullivans,underCommanderKennethM.Gentry.
Thedestroyer'sfirstassignment,aspartofTaskGroup58,wastoscreentheaircraftcarriersINTREPID,Cabot,andESSEXintheirattackonKwajaleinatoll
beginningonJanuary24,1944.Fromthispointon,TheSullivanstookpartinthelongmarchacrossthecentralPacific,seeingactionintheCarolineIslands,the
Palaus,andtheMarianas.TheSullivansremainedondutyaroundthePhilippinesuntillateJanuary,andthensailedwiththeAmericancarriersastheybegantoattack
theJapanesemainlandandOkinawa.HerlastcombatactionofthewarwasonMay14,whenshesplashedakamikazeoffOkinawa,beforereturningtotheWest
Coast.
Putinreservefrom1946,TheSullivansreturnedtodutyin1951.BetweenOctober1952andJanuary1953,shesailedinsupportofUNforcesinKorea,returning
thereaftertoNewportinApril.TheSullivansspentthevariedremainderofhercareerintheAtlanticandMediterranean,supportingtheU.S.landingsatBeirutduring
theLebanoncrisisinJuly1958andtakingpartintheblockadeduringtheCubanmissilecrisisinOctober1962,amongotherassignments.Aftertwelveyearsin
reserve,shewastransferredtoBuffalo,NewYork,foruseasamuseumandwarmemorial.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSThetis
(laterHMSThunderbolt)Tclasssubmarine.L/B/D:275'26.5'12'(83.8m8.1m3.7m).Tons:1,330/1,585disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:53.Arm.:14",10
21"TT.Mach.:diesel/electric,2,500/1,450hp,15/9kts.Built:CammellLaird&Co.,Ltd.,Birkenhead,Eng.1938.
OnJune1,1939,theBritishsubmarineThetiswasundergoingtrailsfourteenmilesoffGreatOrmesHeadinWaleswithatotalof103peopleonboardthefifty
threecrewthatshewasdesignedtocarryandfiftytechniciansandothernavalandciviliancrew.At1340,shesubmergedforathreehourtestdive.Duringher
descent,shewaslightinthebowsbecausethebowcapshadnotopenedtoletwaterintothetorpedotubes.Thiswasseenontheindicatordials,butafifthdialwas
misreadandadropofpaintovertheopeningofatestcockfailedtoshowthatthetubewasfilledwithwater.Whentheloadingdoorwasopened,waterfloodedin
andthehatchcouldn'tbeclosed.Asaresult,thesubmarineplungedbowfirstintothemud165feetbelowthesurface.ThesternofThetiswasseenfromthesurface
at0800thenextmorning,atwhichpointfourmenemergedfromthesubmarineviatheescapehatch.Aseriesoferrorsledtothesubmarine'snotbeingrecoveredin
timetosavethelivesoftheninetyninemenstillinthesubmarine,allofwhomsuffocated.Thetragedyofthelosswasheightenedbythefactthatonlyaweekbefore,
theU.S.NavyhadrescuedthirtythreemenfromUSSSQUALUSinasimilarincident.
Thesubmarinewaseventuallyrecovered,refurbished,and,afterthestartofWorldWarII,renamedThunderbolt.OnDecember15,1940,shewasenrouteto
GibraltarwhenshesanktheItaliansubmarineTarantinireturningfromjointpatrolswithGermanUboatsintheAtlantic.Assignedtovariousstationsinthe
Mediterranean,shesankanumberofsmallervesselsonpatrolsin1942.OnJanuary3,1943,sheandHMSTrooperlaunchedsixchariots(humantorpedoes)into
theharboratPalermo,Sicily,wheretheydamagedthecruiserUlpioTraianoandthetransportViminale.Aftersinkingseveralmoresmallsailingvessels,onMarch
14,1943,ThunderboltwassunkbytheItaliancorvetteCicognaduringanattackonaconvoyboundforNorthAfrica.
VanderVat,StealthatSea.Warren&Benson,AdmiraltyRegrets.

ThomasF.Bayard
(laterSandheadsNo.16)Pilotschooner(2m).L/B/D:86'21.1'8.6'(26.2m6.4m2.6m).Tons:70grt.Hull:wood.Des.:WilliamTownsend(?).Built:C.&
R.Poillon,Brooklyn,N.Y.1880.
BuiltfortheDelawareBayPilotsatLewesandnamedforaU.S.senatorfromDelaware,ThomasF.Bayardwasprobablydesignedbythesamemanwhodesigned
theschoonerSappho,oneoftwosuccessfuldefendersoftheAmerica'sCupin1871.AftersixyearsasapilotboatshewassoldtotheAlaskaTransport,Trading
andMiningCompany,ofPhiladelphia,andsailedtoSanFranciscoviaCapeHorn,arrivingontheWestCoastinJuly1888.Stillwithheroriginalname(Bayardwas
nowU.S.SecretaryofState),shewassoldtotheWhiteStarSteamshipCompanyandspentnineyearsfreightingpeopleandsuppliestothediggingsinAlaskaduring
thegoldrushyears.Whenthatworkceasedtobeprofitable,shewassoldtoCanadiansealersandsailedinthattradeforfiveyears.
In1913,shewassoldtoCanada'sDepartmentofMarineandFisheriesforconversionintoalightship.AnchoredatthemouthoftheFraserRivernearVancouver,
shewasrenamedSandheadsNo.16in1921.Shewas

Page515

drivenashoretwice,neithertimewithanylossoflife,in1947and1955.Thesecondtime,repairsweredeterminedtobetooexpensive,andshewasreplacedbya
lighthouse.Plansbyasuccessionofprivateownerssoughttorestorehertosailingcondition,withoutsuccess.In1978,shewassoldtotheVancouverMuseumsand
PlanetariumAssociation,whichhasbeenrestoringhertoherconditionasaWestCoastsealer.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.VancouverMaritimeMuseum.

ThomasW.Lawson
Schooner(7m).L/B/D:385'50'35'dph(117.3m15.2m10.7m).Tons:5,218grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:17.Des.:B.B.Crowninshield.Built:ForeRiver
ShipbuildingCo.,Quincy,Mass.1902.
Theonlysevenmastedschoonerandoneoftheonlysevenmastedvesselsofanyrigeverbuilt,ThomasW.Lawsonwasanextremeattempttokeepsail
viableinthecoastaltradeagainstcompetitionfromsteamvessels.Carryingtwentysixsailsthreeeachonhersevenmastsandfiveheadsailsshewasequipped
withauxiliarysteamwinchesforsailandcargohandling,aswellassteamsteeringgear,economiesthatenabledherownerstorunherwithaminimumofcrew.
Nonetheless,shehadnoauxiliarypropulsion.Hermasts,eachofwhichwas193feethigh,werecalledfore,main,mizzen,no.4,no.5,no.6,andspanker.Builtfor
theCoastwiseTransportationCompanyofBoston,shewasnearly200tonslargerthanthefivemastedshipPREUSSEN,whichwaslaunchedthesameyear.She
wasnotanespeciallygracefulvessel,andBasilLubbockdescribesherashaving"thelinesofacanalbarge,andaboutassweetasabathtub."
NamedforaBostonbusinessman,Lawsonwasbuiltforcoaltrade,forwhichsheprovedillsuitedbecauseshedrewtoomuchwaterfortheportsshewasintended
toserve.Convertedforuseasanoiltanker,shesailedbetweenTexasandtheDelawareRiverforanumberofyearsbeforebeingcharteredtotheSunOilCompany
in1907.OnNovember19ofthatyear,shesailedfromPhiladelphiaforLondonwith2milliongallonsofoil.Caughtinasuccessionofwintergales,herhullandmasts
providedsomuchwindagethatshereportedlymadetwelveknotsunderbarepoles.OnDecember13,shewasridingoutagaleofftheScillyIsleswhenshedragged
heranchorsandbrokeuponHellweather'sReef,withtheloss
Imagenotavailable.
THOMASW.LAWSON'ssevenmastsrequiredauniquenomenclature:fore,main,mizzen,no.4,no.5,no.
6,andspanker,thoughtheyseemalsotohavebeennamedforthedaysoftheweek.BasilLubbockmay
wellhavebeenreferringtothisphotowhenhecomparedhertoacanalbargeandabathtub.Courtesy
PeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Page516

ofallbutCaptainGeorgeDowandoneofhercrew,EdwardRowe.
Ronnberg,"StrangerinTruththaninFiction."Watts,"ThomasW.Lawson."

USSThresher
Thresherclasssubmarine.L/B/D:278.5'31.7'(84.9m9.7m).Tons:3,700/4,300disp.Hull:steel1,315'dd.Comp.:112.Arm.:421"TT.Mach.:nuclear
reactor,15,000shp,1screw20/27kts.Built:PortsmouthNavyYard,Kittery,Me.1960.
ThesecondUSSThresher(namedforatypeofshark)wasthefirstinaclassofnuclearpowered,deepdivingattacksubmarines.Commissionedin1960under
CommanderDeanW.Axens,ThresherspentvirtuallythewholeofherbriefcareerundergoingtrialsandteststoimprovetheNavy'sunderstandingofnuclear
submarinesingeneralandofherclassinparticular.OnApril10,1963,sheleftPortsmouthincompanywithUSSSkylark(ASR20)foraseriesoftestdivesabout
220mileseastofBoston.Inadditiontoherstandardcomplement,shecarriedseventeenciviliantechniciansandobservers.Shesubmergedatabout0745,reporting
backtoSkylarkeveryfifteenminutes.Allwentwellforthefirsthour,butat0902,Thresherreported,"Experiencingminordifficulties.Havepositiveangle.Am
attemptingtoblow.Willkeepyouinformed."Afewminuteslater,theradiooperatoraboardSkylarkheardasound"likeairrushingintoanairtank."Afinal
transmissionat0917wasalmostincomprehensible,andtheonlythreewordsthatcouldbedistinguishedwere"exceeding...testdepth."
Imagenotavailable.
TheillfatedUSSTHRESHERunderwayonthesurfaceinthespringof1961.Improved
hydrodynamicsintheatomicageledtotheconstructionofsubmarineswithroundedhulls
insteadofflatdecksformountingguns.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Afewitemsfromthesubmarinewerelaterfoundfloatinginthevicinityofwherethesubmarinesankthesehavingsurfacedwhenthehullwascrushedunderthe
intensewaterpressure.TheremainsofthesubmarinewereeventuallylocatedbythedeepsubmergencevehicleTRIESTEII,in8,400feet,wherethepressure
exceeds1,000poundspersquareinch.Thesubmarine'slosswasattributedtoafailureofthesaltwaterinductionsystem,whichresultedinfloodingoftheengine
room.
Hooke,ModernShippingDisasters.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Thursday'sChild
Sloop.L/B/D:60'15'11.5'(18.3m4.6m3.5m).Tons:10disp.Hull:fiberglass.Comp.:13.Des.:WarrenLuhrs.Built:HunterMarine,Alachua,Fla.
1988.
"Thesearchforspeedundersail,"asHowardChapelleelegantlydescribedit,intensifiedenormouslyintheyearsimmediatelyfollowingthe1849Californiagoldrush.
Scoresofclipperswerelaunchedineasternseaports,andasmerchantssettleddownwithlarger,slowershipsandeventuallyabandonedsailsforsteam,recordssetin
the1850sattainedanalmostmythicsignificanceamongseamen.ChiefamongthesewasthatofFLYINGCLOUD,whichtwicesailedfromNewYorktoSan
Franciscoin89days,in1851and1854.Giventhenumberofvariablesoverthe14,000mileCapeHornpassage,itseemedthatthistimecouldneverbebettered
undersail.Startinginthe1970s,thedevelopmentofhightechbuildingmaterialsoflightweightandgreatstrength,coupledwithelectronicaidstonavigation
includingloranandweatherfaxesmadeitincreasinglylikelythatabluewater

Page517

yachtcoulddoso.Andbetween1983and1988,therewerethreeunsuccessfulattemptstobreaktherecord.
In1984,HunterMarineCorporationchairmanWarrenLuhrsbuiltThursday'sChildtocompeteintheOSTARsinglehandedraceandsetatransatlanticeastto
westmonohullrecordof16days,22hours,27minutes.Fouryearslater,LuhrstookaimattheFlyingCloud'srecord.WithLuhrs,LarsBergstrom,andCourtney
Hazeltonascrew,Thursday'sChilddepartedNewYorkonNovember24,1988.Shecrossedtheequator14dayslater,3daysfasterthanFlyingCloudhadin
1854,but5weeksout,shehitasubmergedobjectandwasforcedbacktotheRoyalNavy'sbaseatEastCove,FalklandIslands.Afterfourdaysofrepairs,she
roundedCapeHornonJanuary4,42daysoutand6daysaheadofFlyingCloud.WorkingupthePacific,thecrewincreasedtheirleadtosailintoSanFrancisco
BayonFebruary12,1989,80days,20hoursoutfromNewYork.
Laterthatyear,GeorgsKolesnikov'sandStevePettengill'strimaranGreatAmericanbetteredthetimebyfourdays.Fiveyearslater,thisrecordwasshatteredby
EcureuilPoitouCharentes2.SkipperedbyIsabelleAutissierwithacrewofthree,themonohullslooproaredintoSanFranciscoBayonApril22,1994,aftera
passageofonly62days,5hours,55minutesfromNewYork,anaveragespeedofbetterthan9knots.
Bennett,"Isabelle'sExcellentAdventure."

Ticonderoga
Sidewheelsteamer(1f).L/B/D:220'57.5'11.5'(67.1m17.5m3.5m).Tons:892disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,050.Mach.:verticalbeamengine,1,1150hp,
sidewheels20mph.Built:ChamplainTransportationCo.,Shelburne,Vt.1906.
Ticonderogaisoneofonlytwosurvivingverticalbeam,sidewheelsteamersintheUnitedStates.BuiltfortheChamplainTransportationCompany,formedin1826,
shewasemployedasaferryandexcursionboatonLakeChamplain,initsheydayamajorarteryontheroutebetweenNewYorkandMontreal,whichwerelinked
byasystemofriversandcanals.ThelargestandlastofthesteamboatslaunchedatShelburne,Ticonderogawasathreedeckeddayboatthatcateredespeciallyto
thedenizensofthesummercoloniessprinkledthroughouttheislandsofLakeChamplain.Shealsocarriedlivestock,apples,andotherfreightforlocalfarmers.In
1909,herpilothousewashosttoPresidentWilliamHowardTaftandtheambassadorsofFranceandGreatBritainduringthetercentenarycelebrationsofSamuelde
Champlain'sfirstexpeditiontothelakenamedforhim.
Imagenotavailable.
WalkingbeamsteamerssuchastheTICONDEROGAwere
oncecommonontheinlandlakesandriversoftheUnitedStates.
TodayTIispreservedashoreonthegroundsoftheShelburne
Museum.CourtesyShelburneMuseum,Shelburne,Vermont.

BusinessdeclinedrapidlybeforeWorldWarII,andby1938Tiwastheonlyboatrunningonthelake.Bywar'send,sheoperatedchieflyasashowboat,andin1950
plansweremadetoscrapher.Atthispoint,VermonthistorianRalphNadingHillbeganacampaigntoputTibacktoworkasanexcursionboat.Thelackofqualified
engineersandinadequaterevenuesledtotheboat'ssaletoElectraHavemeyerWebb(granddaughterofpioneersteamboatmanCommodoreCorneliusVanderbilt),
whooperatedtheboatfortwomoreyears.Theship'shistoricalimportanceespeciallyintheformofherW.A.Fletcherbuiltenginescouldnotbeoverlooked,
andWebbaddedTiconderogatotheShelburneMuseum,whichsheandherhusbandhadfounded.In195455,Ticonderogawashauledtwomilesinlandviaa
temporarydoubletrackrailroadtoafield,wheresheremainstoday.In1964,shewasdesignatedaNationalHistoricLandmark.
Hill,SidewheelerSaga.Williamson,"SidewheelerSOSCallAnswered."

Ticonderoga
(exTioga)Ketch.L/B/D:72'16.1'7.9'(21.9m4.9m2.4m).Tons:39grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:gasoline.Des.:L.FrancisHerreshoff.Built:QuincyAdams
YachtYard,Inc.,Quincy,Mass.1936.
BuiltforHarryE.Noyesforcruising,theclipperhulledTioga(theIroquoisnamemeans"swiftcurrent")soonestablishedherselfasoneofthefastestracingyachtsof
all

Page518

time.Inhersecondseason,shesailedthe171milesbetweenNewLondonandMarbleheadnearlytwohoursfasterthanthepreviousbesttimemadebythe136foot
schoonerElenain1911.Threeyearslater,shebeganherquartercenturydominationoftheSouthernOceanRacingCircuitwithastunningtimeof19hours,36
minutesonthe184mileMiamiNassauRace.FollowingtheUnitedStates'entryintoWorldWarII,shewasrequisitionedbytheCoastGuardforuseasasubmarine
picketontheEastCoast.
PurchasedbyAllanP.Carlislein1946,shewasrenamedTiconderoga(anotherIroquoisword,for''betweenthelakes").Sheresumedherwinningwayswitha
record50hour,16minuterunbetweenMarbleheadandHalifax,in1947.Fouryearslater,JohnHertz,Jr.,boughtherandshesailedtoanewbesttimeforthe
NassauCup.ShethenshavedthreeandahalfhoursofftheSt.PetersburgHavanarun,therebybecomingthefirstboattosetrecordsonalllegsoftheSORC.When
HavanawasclosedtotheSORCafterFidelCastrocametopower,shesettherecordfortheSt.PetersburgFortLauderdaleRacein1962.
In1961,Ticonderogaplacedsecondinherfirstshowingonthe2,225mileTranspacRacebetweenLosAngelesandHonolulu.Twoyearslater,RobertJohnson
charteredherforthesamerace,whichshewoninadramaticnighttimefinish.Thefollowingyear,sheestablishedanewrecordinthe3,600mileTahitiRace,which
shesailedin17days,6hoursrunningunderspinnakerformostoftheway.NowownedbyJohnson,Ticonderogahadhermostbrilliantyearin1965.Backinthe
Atlantic,shefell32secondsshyofher1940MiamiNassaurecord,nodoubtbecauseacruiseshipblanketedherwhilesteeringcloseaboardforabetterlookatthe
race'sfinish.Shefollowedupthisdisappointmentwitharecord4day,23hour,8minuterunfromMiamitoMontegoBayenroutebacktotheWestCoast.Later
thatseason,inhersecondTranspacrace,TiconderogapulledoffanamazingvictoryinwhichsheshavedanhouroffMorningStar's1955record.Makingan
averagespeedof9.6knotsovertheentirecourse,shethunderedpastDiamondHeadafter9days,13hours,51minutesatsea,andonly5minutes,48seconds
aheadofsecondplacefinisherStormvogel.Ticonderogacontinuedracinguntil1968,whenshewasrefittedforchartercruising.
Robinson,LegendaryYachts.

Tigris
Reedship(1m).L:60'(18.3m).Hull:Berdireedbundles.Comp.:11.Built:ThorHeyerdahl,alQurna,Iraq1977.
NamedfortheMesopotamianriveralongwhosecoursetheSumeriancivilizationflourishedabout3000BCE,TigriswasbuiltbyNorwegianexplorerThorHeyerdahl,
whointendedtoprovethatSumeriansandtheircontemporariescouldhavenavigatedsuchcraftoverlongdistances.Heyerdahlhadmadeprevioussimilar
investigationsinKONTIKIandRAII.ModeledonearlyrenderingsofseagoingcraftfromthePersianGulfandEgypt,TigriswasbuiltbysocalledMarshArabsof
Iraq'sShattalArab,whobundledthereeds,andAymaraIndiansfromLakeTiticaca,Peru,whoturnedthereedbundlesinto"asickleshapedshipthatwouldneither
capsizenorloseitsshapeintheoceanwaves."Shecarriedasinglemastfromwhichweresettwosquaresails.
LaunchedinNovember1977,andflyingtheflagoftheUnitedNations,TigrishaddifficultynavigatingthroughthePersianGulfowingtounseasonablyadversewinds
andthetremendousamountoftankertrafficandoffshoreoilwellsthathadtobeavoided.ThefirstportofcallwastheislandcountryofBahrain,whichmany
archaeologistshaveidentifiedasDilmun,thegreatseaportoftheGilgameshepic.FromthereshesailedsouthandeastoutoftheStraitofHormuzbeforeheadingwest
alongthecoastofOman.LandingatMuscat,theTigriscrewwereamongthefirstwesternerstovisittheremainsoftheancientcopperminingcenteratShohar.After
headingforAfrica,achangeinthewindenabledthemtosailforPakistan'sIndusValley,thesiteofanancientcivilizationcenteredonMohenjoDaroandHarappathat
evidentlytradedwithSumer.FromtheretheysailedwestuntiltheypassedthroughtheBabalMandebatthemouthoftheRedSeaandontoDjibouti,wherethey
arrivedinMarch1978.AtDjibouti,onApril3,1978,theyburnedTigristoprotesttheconflictsthathadpreventedthemfromlandinginNorthorSouthYemenon
theArabianpeninsula,orinwartornSomaliaorEthiopia.Theirfivemonth,4,200milevoyagethroughthePersianGulfandacrosstheIndianOceanhadprovenboth
thenavigabilityandtheextremeseaworthinessofsuchreedcraftand"shownthattheancientpeopleinMesopotamia,theIndusValleyandEgyptcouldhavebuilt
man'searliestcivilizationsthroughthebenefitofmutualcontactwiththeprimitivevesselsattheirdisposalfivethousandyearsago."
Heverdahl,"Tigris"Expedition.

Page519

Tilikum
Schooner(3m).L:30'(9.1m).Tons:3grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:2.Built:VancouverIsland,BritishColumbia<1901.
InspiredinpartbyJoshuaSlocum'saccountofhissoloadventureinSPRAY,CaptainJohnC.VossriggedaNorthwestIndiandugoutcanoeasathreemasted
schoonerrigforacircumnavigationandnamedherTilikum,Chinookfor"friend."OnMay21,1901,VossleftVictoriawithjournalistNormanLuxton,whostayed
onlyasfarasSamoa.Hewassucceededbynineothercrew,thefirstofwhom,LouisBegent,waslostatsea.InAustralia,thediminutiveTilikumwashauled1,400
milesontrainsasVossventuredintothehinterlandonthelecturecircuit.TilikumarrivedinMargate,England,onSeptember2,1904,havingsailed40,000milesin
threeyears,threemonths,andtendays.VosseventuallyreturnedtoVictoria,andTilikumwasexhibitedatEarl'sCourtfortwoyearsbeforebeingpurchasedforuse
asayacht.TheboatlayinthemudoftheThamesestuaryfrom1911untilH.T.Barnesboughtit.Thevessel'svoyagearoundtheworldwasfinallycompletedaboard
theFurnessLines'PacificRangerin1930.BackinVictoria,TilikumwasexhibitedfirstattheCrystalGardens,lateroutdoorsattheThunderbirdPark,andfinallyat
theMaritimeMuseumofBritishColumbia.
Ross,"TravelsofTilikum."Voss,VenturesomeVoyagesofCaptainVoss.

TillieE.Starbuck
Ship(3m).L/B/D:270'42.7'21.5'(82.3m13m6.6m).Tons:2,750dwt.Hull:iron.Comp.:24.Built:JohnRoach&Sons,Chester,Pa.1883.
TillieE.Starbuckwasthefirstironhulled,fullriggedshiplaunchedintheUnitedStates.BuiltforW.H.Starbuck,arailroadagentinPortland,Oregon,shewasa
profitableshipandmadearecordrunof106daysfromNewYorktoPortland.TheNauticalGazette'ssummaryofhermanifestonthemaidenvoyagegivesanidea
ofwhatsailingshipscouldcarrytowardstheendoftheageofsail:
Hercargoconsistsof22locomotives,1100tonsofrailroadiron,thehull,engines,boilers,etc.,forasidewheelsteamboat40balesofwaste,3lifeboats,1liferaft,90tonsofcar
springs,60tonsofrailroadspikes,1turntable,4bridgegirders,3bargeloadsofcarwheelsandaxles,15tonsofrailroadbolts,20tonsofstovecoal,80cordsofcordwoodused
asdunnage,12,000feetoflumberboards,3,000feetofhemlockjoist

Thecostoftransportingallthisbyshipwasonly$110,000,$40,000lessthanbyrailroad.E.F.LuckenbachboughttheStarbuckinthelate1890s,andafterafew
years,hesoldhertoWelch&CompanyofSanFrancisco.Shehadonlythreecaptainsoverherentirecareer,W.A.Rogers,EbenCurtis(18851902),andWilliam
Winn.Underthelatter'scommand,shewasboundfromNewYorkforHonoluluwhenonJuly30,1907,shewascompletelydismastedin4750'S,8135'W.After
driftingnorthbywestforeighteendays,hercrewweretakenoffbytheBritishshipCambuskennethandlandedatCoquimbo,Chile.
Lubbock,DownEasters.

Tinkerbelle
Sloop.L/B:13.5'5.3'(4.1m1.6m).Hull:wood.Comp.:1.Built:OldTown1932.
TinkerbellewasathirtyyearolddaysailerwhenRobertManryboughtherforrecreationalsailingwithhiswifeandtwochildrenin1962.Afterafewseasonsof
pleasuresailingonthelakesofOhio,Manry,acopyeditorfortheClevelandPlainDealer,determinedtosailacrosstheAtlanticOcean.Followingawinterof
preparation,hetraileredTinkerbelletoCapeCod,Massachusetts.TinkerbelledepartedFalmouthonJune1,1965,provisionedforninetydays.Asithappened,this
wasabouttwoweeksmorethannecessary,notincludingthegiftsoffoodandwaterhereceivedfromshipsencounteredenroute.ThelongestperiodinwhichManry
didnotspotanothervesselwasonlyninedays.Afterseventyeightdaysatsea,hearrivedatFalmouth,England,onAugust17.Tinkerbellewasthesmallestvesselto
makethepassagetothattime.
Manry,"Tinkerbelle."

Tirpitz
Bismarckclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:823.3'118.1'32.5'(251m36m9.9m).Tons:52,600disp.Comp.:2,608.Hull:steel.Arm.:815.2"(42),
126",1610.5cm,163.7cm,782cm821"TT6seaplanes.Armor:12.8"belt,4.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,136,200shp,3shafts30kts.Built:
Kriegsmarinewerft,Wilhelmshaven,Germany1941.
NamedforAdmiralAlfredvonTirpitz,thearchitectofGermany'sImperialNavy,TirpitzwasthelargestandmostfearedsurfaceunitintheGermanNavy.Following

Page520

thelossofhersistership,BISMARCK,inJanuary1942TirpitzwassenttoFoettenfjord,Norway,about40milesfromTrondheim.OnMarch6,1942,Tirpitz
sailedagainstconvoysPQ12(boundfortheUSSR)andQP8(boundforIceland)returningtobasethreedayslater,shewasattackedby12planesfromHMS
VICTORIOUS.Tirpitzwasunscathed,buttheship'svulnerabilityhadbeenbroughthometotheGermanHighCommand,whichbecameincreasinglyreluctanttorisk
itsmostpowerfulship.Asafleetinbeing,sheposedathreatthatcouldnotbeignored,andherdestructionbecameaBritishobsession.
Imagenotavailable.
TheGermanbattleshipTIRPITZspentmuchofWorldWarII
tiedupinNorwegianfjordsnotethecamouflagecoverson
herforwardturrets.Asa"fleetinbeing,"sheposeda
significantthreattoBritishplanners,whoexpended
countlessresourcesintryingtodestroyher.They
finallysucceededonNovember12,1944.
CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

RaidsbyHalifaxandLancasterbomberslaterinMarchandAprilresultedinheavylossesfortheBritish,butwithnodamagetotheship.InJuly1942theGermans
mountedOperationRsselsprung,inwhichTirpitz,ADMIRALHIPPER,andADMIRALSCHEERweretoattackconvoyPQ17intheBarentsSea.Heldinthe
Altenfjord,neartheNorthCape,untilJuly5,Tirpitzwasorderedbacktobaseafteronlythreehoursatsea.ButfearofencounteringTirpitzledAdmiralSirDudley
Poundtoissuethecatastrophicorderfortheconvoytoscatter,whichresultedinthesinkingof21of35ships,theworstlossesofanyconvoyofthewar.
AnefforttosinkTirpitzwithchariotsonOctober28,1942,failedwhenthetwomansubmarinessankbeforetheycouldbelaunched.OnSeptember68,1943,she
sortiedwithSCHARNHORSTtobombardinstallationsonSpitzbergen.BackatAltenfjord,onSeptember22Tirpitzwasattackedbytwo51footlongmidget
submarineseachcarryingtwo3,570tonchargesofhighexplosives.AtleastthreechargeswerelaidbyPdinichthys(X6)andPikerII(X7),andtheseputTirpitz
outofactionforsixmonths.AnattackbyRussianbombersonFebruary11,1944,wasineffectual,andbyMarch15Tirpitzwasundergoingseatrials.OnApril3,
planesfromHMSFURIOUS,Victorious,andfourescortcarriersinflictedanotherthreemonths'worthofdamage.Sixmorecarrierbasedattacksweremounted
throughtheendofAugust.
OnSeptember15,1944,27SovietbasedBritishbombersdropped"Tallboy"bombsagainstTirpitz.Onlyonehit,butitrenderedtheshipuselessasasurfaceunit,
andonOctober15shewasmoveddownthecoasttoTroms,whereshewasreducedtoafloatingbattery.BritishbasedbombersattackedagainonOctober29,
butitwasnotuntilNovember12thataraidby39LancastersoftheFleetAirArmsucceededinsinkingTirpitzinOperationCatechism.HitsfromsixTallboysblew
"C"turretofftheship,whichthencapsizedatanchor(in6936'N,1859'E)withthelossof1,204officersandmentherewere680survivors.Thehulkwasbroken
upbetween1948and1957.
Kennedy,Menace:TheLifeandDeathofthe"Tirpitz."

RMSTitanic
Liner(4f/2m).L/B:852'92'(259.7m28m).Tons:46,329grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st1,034,2nd510,3rd1,026941crew.Mach.:tripleexpansion&steam
turbine,50,000hp,3screws24kts.Built:Harland&WolffLtd.,Belfast,Ireland1912.
TheRoyalMailShipTitanicwasoneofthreesistershipslaiddownforBritain'sWhiteStarLine,thenasubsidiaryofAmericanfinancierJ.P.Morgan'sInternational
MercantileMarine.UnliketheirmoreutilitarianCunardrivals,OLYMPIC,BRITANNIC,andTitanicwereunabashed

Page521

celebrationsofopulenceandtechnologicalwizardry.OneofTitanic'sgreatestinnovationswastheplacementoffifteenwatertightbulkheads(withelectricallyoperated
watertightdoors)thatextendedfromtheship'sdoublebottomthroughfourorfiveofherninedecksandweresaidtomaketheship"unsinkable."Yetforallhersafety
features,Titaniccarriedjustsixteenlifeboatsandfourcollapsibleboats,whichcouldhandleonly1,178people,ameager35percentofthemaximumpassengerand
crewcomplementof3,511.Evenso,thisnumberexceededtheBritishBoardofTrade'srequirements,whichdatedfrom1894(whenthelargestshipafloatwas
12,950tons),underwhichTitanicwasrequiredtocarryonlyenoughlifeboatstoseat962people.
Althoughhermaidenvoyageattractedanimpressiverosterofinternationallyknownnames,TitanicleftSouthamptononApril10,1912,withrelativelylittlefanfare.
Amongthe329firstclasspassengerswhoseaggregatewealthexceeded$500milliondollarswereJohnJacobAstor,IsidorandIdaStrauss,HarryWidener
(forwhomHarvardUniversity'sWidenerMemorialLibrarywouldbenamed),and,amongthesurvivors,J.BruceIsmay,ManagingDirectoroftheWhiteStarLine,
andMargaret"theUnsinkableMolly"Brown.Therewerealso285secondclassand710thirdclasspassengers,and899crewontheship'smanifest.
OverseeingthissmallfloatingcitywasCommodoreEdwardJ.Smith,atwentyfiveyearveteranoftheWhiteStarLinewhopostponedhisretirementtomakethe
voyage.SmithhadcommandedOlympicsinceJune1911,andevenafterseveralpeculiaraccidentshewasevidentlyunfazedbythesuperliner'spowerandsize.
DuringherAugust10departurefromSouthampton,thesuctionofTitanic'spropellerspulledtheInmanLine'sNewYorkfromherdockandsnappedhermooring
lineslikestring.Unscathed,TitanicproceededfirsttoCherbourgandthenQueenstown,wherethelastpassengerswereembarked.
OnApril14,anauraofcomplacencypervadedthebridge,althoughTitanic'swirelessoperatorsJackPhillipsandHaroldBride(employeesnotofCunardbutofthe
MarconiWirelessCompany)receivedwarningsofanicefieldaheadoftheship.Thefirstofthesixmessagescameat1340,butonlyonewasformallypostedonthe
bridge,andSmithneitherslackenedspeednorturnedtothesouth.(ThetransmittingshipsincludedBaltic,Noordam,Amerika,Mesaba,CALIFORNIAN,and
CARONIA.)AsTitanicplowedforwardintothewindless,moonlessnightatbetterthan22knots,at2340,lookoutFrederickFleetreportedfromthecrow'snest:
"Icebergstraightahead."
FirstOfficerWilliamMurdochimmediatelyactedtoleavethebergtostarboard,butTitanicbrushed200feetofherhullalongasubmergedspurthatbuckledherhull
platesalongtherivetedseams.Ahurriedexaminationofthedamagefoundthatthesixforemostwatertightcompartmentshadbeenbreachedeachwouldfloodand
spillsuccessivelyintothenextuntilshesank.Inthewakeofthecollision,CaptainSmith'sbehaviorwasvague,anditwasonlyonhissubordinates'initiativethat
distressrocketswerefiredorthelifeboatslaunched.
At0015onApril15,Titanicsentherfirstdistresscallandat0045shefiredherfirstofeightdistressrocketsinanefforttobestiramysteriousship,laterthoughtto
betheLeylandLine'sCalifornian,lyingaboutnineteenmilesaway.By0220thelastofthelifeboatshadpulledawayandtheshipwasperpendiculartothewater,her
lightsstillblazing.Finally,shebrokeapartbetweenthethirdandfourthfunnelsandsankin13,000feetofwaterinabout4146'N,5014'W.
Manylifeboatslefttheshippartiallyfull,andthough706survivorswererescuedbytheCunardLine'sCARPATHIAshearrivedonthesceneatabout0330,after
speedingfiftyeightmilesthroughtheicefieldtherewere473emptyseats.Thedeathtollwasestimatedatbetween1,500and1,635people.SecondOfficer
CharlesH.Lightollerheldfirmlytotheunwrittendoctrineof"womenandchildrenfirst,"andthoughtheyconstitutedonly24percentoftheship'scomplement,they
madeup53percentofthesurvivors.Therewerealsogreatdisparitiesamongthesurvivorsbyclass.Only25percentofthethirdclasspassengersand24percentof
thecrewsurvived,comparedwith42percentofthesecondclassand60percentofthefirstclasspassengers.
Theexactcircumstancessurroundingthetragedycreatedanorgyofpressspeculation.BecauseshewasownedbyanAmericanconsortiumbutregulatedbythe
BritishBoardofTrade,governmentinquiriesintothedisasterwereconvenedinWashingtonandLondon.Thepoliticsofjurisdictionandliabilityweredelicate,and
neitherinquiryassignedexplicitblameforthedisaster,excepttothehaplessCalifornian.Nonetheless,authoritiesinbothcountriessensiblyaddressedthe
fundamentalsafetyissuesoflifeboatsforall,properlifeboatdrillsandcrewtraining,twentyfourhouradaywirelessoperation,andthecreationoftheInternational
IcePatrol.
TheretheTitanicstoryseemedtoend,thoughitwentthroughasuccessionofinterpretationsinprintandfilm,mostnotablyWalterLord'sauthoritativeaccount,A
NighttoRemember,andamovieofthesamename.Overtheyears,avarietyofexpeditionssoughttolocatetheremainsoftheship,butitwasnotuntil1985thatan
expeditionledbyDr.RobertBallardoftheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitutionsucceeded.WorkingwiththemannedsubmersibleALVIN,thedeeptowing
camera

Page522

sledArgo,andtheremotelyoperatedvehicleJason,Ballard'steamfoundandphotographedTitanicintwosectionsthesternengineroomsection,largely
destroyed,andthebowsection1,930feetaway,moreintactandsurroundedbyahugedebrisfield.In1987,aFrenchexpeditionremovedartifactsfromthesite
despiteaninternationaloutcrythatthewreckberespectedasamassgraveandarchaeologicalsite.In1991,ajointSovietCanadianexpeditionreturnedtothesite
forfurtherdocumentationandfilming,andin1996anexpeditionattemptedtoraiseaportionofthestern.
Ballard&Archibold,Discoveryofthe"Titanic."Lord,NighttoRemember.Lynch&Marschall,"Titanic."ShipbuilderandMarineEngineBuilder,WhiteStar...Liners
"Olympic"and"Titanic."Film:ANighttoRemember.

HMSTonnant
3rdrate80(3m).L/B/D:194.2'bp51.8'23.2'(59.2m15.8m7.1m).Tons:2,281bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:700.Arm.:3232pdr,3418pdr,18
32pdrcarr.Built:Toulon,France1792.
LaunchedinthefirstyearoftheFrenchRepublic,Tonnant("Thundering")wascommissionedaspartoftheMediterraneanfleetofViceAdmiralComteMartin.Her
firstengagementwasagainstViceAdmiralWilliamHotham'sfleetoffGenoaonMarch14,1795.Threeyearslater,duringNapoleon'sEgyptianCampaign,sheflew
theflagofCommodoreA.A.duPetitThouarsattheBattleoftheNileonAugust1,1798.DirectlyasternoftheflagshipL'ORIENT,thoughcompletelydismasted,
shewascapturedonlyafteraprotractedstruggle,exemplifiedbytheconductofhercaptain,who,despitethelossofbotharmsandaleg,continuedtoexhorthiscrew
untilhediedfromlossofblood.
OneofsixFrenchshipscapturedthatday,TonnantwastakenintotheRoyalNavyandin1803becameflagshipofCommodoreSirEdwardPellew.InMarch1805
shewasdetachedfromtheChannelSquadronoffBrestforblockadedutyatElFerrol,Spain.ViceAdmiralLordNelsonassumedcommandofhersquadronin
September,andattheBattleofTrafalgar,TonnantsailedintheleesquadronledbyAdmiralCornwallis'sROYALSOVEREIGN.GoingtothereliefofHMSMars,
sheengagedtheSpanishMonarcaandSanJuanNepomucenoandtheFrenchFougueuxandPluton(all74guns).CaptainCharlesTylerranhisshipinto
Algesiras(74),whosecrewattemptedtoboardTonnant.Theywererepulsed,andat1430theFrenchshipstruckhercolors.Tonnant'scasualtiesnumbered76
killedandwounded.
AssignedtotheChannelFleetfrom1806to1809underRearAdmiralEliabHarvey(captainofRoyalSovereignatTrafalgar),shelatersailedonblockadeoffCadiz.
DuringtheWarof1812,shewasinRearAdmiralGeorgeCockburn'ssquadronatthecaptureofWashington,D.C.InDecember,shewaswithViceAdmiralSir
AlexanderCochrane'ssquadronduringtheattackonNewOrleans.SheendedhercareerontheIrishstationbasedatCorkfrom1815to1818.Threeyearslatershe
wasbrokenupatPlymouth.
Longridge,AnatomyofNelson'sShips.Mackenzie,TrafalgarRoll.Schom,Trafalgar.

TorreyCanyon
Tanker(1f).L/B/D:974.4'125.4"51.4'(297m38.2m15.7m).Tons:123,000dwt.Hull:steel.Comp.:36.Mach.:gearedturbines,25,000shp,4screws
16kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,Va.1959.
At0850onMarch18,1967,thecrudeoiltankerTorreyCanyonranagroundontheSevenStonesReef(5002'N,607'E)atthewesternentrancetotheEnglish
ChanneleighteenmileswestofLand'sEndandeightmilessouthoftheScillyIsles.Atthetimeofthegrounding,theshipwasbetweentheScilliesandSeven
Stones,thoughcommonpractice(andsense)dictatedthatshipspasseitherwestoftheScilliesoreastoftheSevenStones.MannedbyanItaliancrew,theshipwas
ownedbytheBarracudaTankerCorporation,aLiberianbasedsubsidiaryoftheUnionOilCompanyofCalifornia,andwasenroutefromMenaalAhmadi,Kuwait,
toMilfordHaven,England,underchartertotheBritishPetroleumCompany.InvestigatorsfoundCaptainPestrengoRugiatisolelyresponsiblefortheaccidentbecause
hehadkepttheshiponautomaticsteeringandsteamingatitstopspeedofnearlysixteenknots.CaptainRugiatiwasalsoaccusedoffailingtochangecoursewhen
advisedtodosobothbyhisthirdofficerandbysignalsfromtheSevenStoneslightship.
Withinseventytwohoursoftheincident,whichoccurredinbroaddaylight,anestimated37milliongallonsofthetanker's118,000toncargoofoilhadspilled.Inan
efforttobreakuptheslicks,RoyalNavyshipssprayedadispersalagentontheoil,andthensprayedthebeacheswhentheoilbegangoingashoreinCornwallon
March24.EffortstorefloattheshipresultedinthedeathofoneoftheDutchsalvagecrewandwereultimatelyafailure.Astugsattemptedtopulltheshipoffthe
rocksonAugust26,shebrokeintwothefollowingdaytheshipwasdeclaredatotalloss.FromMarch28toMarch30,RoyalNavyplaneshittheshiprepeatedly
with1,000pound

Page523

bombsanddumpedaviationfuel,kerosene,andnapalmonthewreckinanefforttostartfiresthatwouldconsumetheremainingoilbeforeitcouldspread.
Despitethisdrasticaction,oilspreadacross120milesofsouthernEnglandand55milesofthecoastofBrittanyinnorthwestFrance.Theworld'sfirstmajordisaster
involvingoneofthenewbreedofsupertankers,thewreckofTorreyCanyonhadadevastatingeffectontheenvironmentanestimated15,000birdsdied,aswell
asuntoldnumbersoffishandshellfishandonthe$300milliontouristindustryinsouthernEnglandandnorthwesternFrance.
Cowan,OilandWater.Petrow,IntheWakeof"TorreyCanyon."

Trent
Paddlesteamer(1f/3m).Tons:1,856grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:60pass.Mach.:steamengine.Built:WilliamPitcher,Northfleet,Eng.1841.
In1840,theRoyalMailSteamPacketCompanysecuredacontractforsubsidizedmailservicebetweentheUnitedKingdomandtheCaribbean.Withintwoyears,
theyhadbuiltorotherwiseacquirednineteensteamvesselsonthevarioustransatlanticroutes,oneofthelasttoenterservicebeingRMSTrent.Sheoperatedonthat
routefortwentyfouryearsexceptduringtheCrimeanWar(185455),whenshewasrequisitionedforuseasatroopcarrier.UnderCaptainRobertWoolward,she
carried1,180menandseveralhorsesoftheWelshFusilierstoIstanbul,andwhileintheBlackSea,shetowedships(asmanyasseventyatonetime)andferried
troopsbetweentheCrimea,Istanbul,andMalta.HerreturnpassagetowingthemonitorHMSMeteorlastedfiftyfourdays,afterwhichsheresumedhernormal
service.
ShortlyafterthestartoftheAmericanCivilWarin1861,theConfederacyappointedJamesM.MasonandJohnSlidellasagentstoBritainandFrance,respectively.
ThetwomentookablockaderunnerfromCharlestontoHavana,wheretheyembarkedonRMSTrentforthepassagetoEnglandonNovember7,1861.Thenext
day,USSSANJACINTO,underCaptainCharlesWilkes,stoppedtheshipattheentrancetotheBahamaChannel,aboutninemilesfromCuba,andoverthe
objectionofCommanderMoir,RN,andthenavalagent,forciblyremovedMason,Slidell,andtheirassistantsbeforeallowingTrenttocontinuetoEngland.While
WilkeswaswithinhisrightstostoptheBritishshiponsuspicionofherviolatingBritishneutrality,underthedoctrineoffreedomoftheseasheshouldhavebrought
Trentintoportforadjudicationbyaprizecourt.TheLondonTimes'sreactionexemplifiedthatofBritainasawhole:"ByCaptainWilkeslettheYankeebreedbe
judged.Swaggerandferocity,builtonafoundationofvulgarityandcowardice,thesearehischaracteristics,andthesearethemostprominentmarksbywhichhis
countrymen,generallyspeaking,areknownallovertheworld."
AppalledbytheviolationofitsneutralstatusandinanticipationofhostilitieswiththeUnion,theBritishgovernmentformedaWarCommitteeoftheCabinetto
considerthedefenseofBritishCanada.Atthesametime,theysentaprotestexpressingthebeliefthattheAmericangovernmentwould"ofitsownaccordoffertothe
BritishGovernmentsuchredressasalonewouldsatisfytheBrit
Imagenotavailable.
W.Jefferson's1846paintingoftheRoyalMailsteamshipTRENT.Shewaslaterthe
sceneofanincidentthatnearlybroughtGreatBritainintotheCivilWaragainstthe
North.CourtesyPeabodyEssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

Page524

ishnation,namelytheliberationofthefourGentlemen...andasuitableapologyfortheaggressionwhichhasbeencommitted."
OnChristmasDay1861,theLincolnadministrationagreedtoreleaseMasonandSlidell,wholatersailedfromBostontoEnglandonanotherRoyalMailship.Trent
continuedinserviceforanotherfiveyears,whenshewassold.
Bushell,RoyalMail.Warren,FountainofDiscontent.

Triall
Hull:wood.Comp.:43+.Arm.:5guns+.Built:England<1621.
OnSeptember4,1621,theBritishEastIndiaCompanyshipTriallsailedfromPlymouthfortheEastIndiesloadedwithtradegoodsforthekingofSiam.Thoughthis
wasnotthefirstEnglishvoyagetotheSpiceIslands,itwasthefirstontheroutepioneeredbyHendrikBrouwerwestfromtheCapeofGoodHopeandthennorth
toJava.In1622,theshipwaswreckedontheTrialRocks(2016'S,11523'E)aboutthirtyeightleaguesnortheastofNorthwestCape.CaptainBrookesandeight
mensailedoneoftheship'stwoboats,askiff,andarrivedatBataviaonJuly5,followedbythelongboatonthe8thwiththirtyfiveofthecrew.BrookesandtheEast
IndiaCompany'sfactorJohnBrightbothpublishedaccountsoftheirordeal.
In1969archaeologistsvisitedtheoldestwrecksiteinAustralianwaters,andtheoldestknownwreckofanEnglishEastIndiaman.Thesiteholdstheremainsofeleven
anchorssomeofwhichmayhavebeencarriedascargoandfivecannon.Nothingoftheshipremains,thetimbersandotherlightelementshavingbeen
dispersedbytheheavyseasurge.
Green,Australia'sOldestWreck"SurveyandIdentificationofthe...Trial."

Trieste
Bathyscaph.L/B/D:59.5'11.5'18'(18.1m3.5m5.5m).Tons:50disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2.Mach.:electricmotors,2hp1kt.Des.:AugustePiccard.
Built:Navelmeccanica,Naples,Italy1953.
ThecreationofSwissphysicistandoceanographerAugustePiccard,andasuccessortohisFNRS2andFNRS3,thebathyscaphTriestewasbuiltin1953.The
vesselisnamedfortheAdriaticportwhosecitizenssupportedhisendeavorsafterdisagreementswiththeFrenchNavyaroseoverthefateofFNRS3.(Atthetime
theFreeTerritoryofTriestewasadministeredbyYugoslavia,theUnitedStates,andBritainitpassedtoItalyin1954.)
Triestehastwodistinctcomponents.Thelargerisacompartmentalizedsteelfloatwithacapacityof28,000gallons(106cubicmeters)ofgasolineusedtoprovide
buoyancy.Originally50feetlong,itwaslengthenedto59.5feetitsdiameteris11.5feet.Thetwoendcompartmentsareusedforwaterballast.Inaddition,thefloat
holdssolidballastintheformofironpelletsoriginally9tons,thiswaslaterincreasedto16tons.Attachedtothebottomofthefloatisasteelpassengersphere.The
originalsphere,builtbytheIndustrialandElectricalCompanyofTerni,Italy,wasmadeofanalloyofnickel,chromium,andmolybdenum.Ithadanexteriordiameter
of7.2feet(2.18meters)andaninteriordiameterof6.6feet.ThereweretwoconeshapedPlexiglaswindows,4inches(10centimeters)wideontheinsideand16
inches(40centimeters)ontheoutside,and6inches(15centimeters)thick.ThisspherewaslaterreplacedbyaKruppbuiltsphereconstructedespeciallyfortheU.S.
Navy'sProjectNekton.Thishadaninteriordiameterof6.4feet(1.9meters).Thewindowswere2.5inches(6centimeters)ontheinsideand16inches(40
centimeters)ontheoutside.Notdesignedforhorizontalmovement,Trieste'stwoelectricmotorsgenerated2horsepowerandcouldmovethebathyscaphatabout1
knot.Externallightwasprovidedby500mercuryvaporlights.
TriestefirsttookthewaterinAugust1953.AfterthreeshallowtestdivesaroundCastellamare,PiccardandhissonJacquestookherdownto3,540feet(1,080
meters),southofCapri,andthen,onSeptember30,toadepthof10,300feet(3,150meters)offPonzaIsland.Triestemadeafurthereightdivesin1954,butalack
offundingforcedherlayupthefollowingyear.In1956,sheresumedoceanographicexplorationsandachievedarecorddepthof12,110feet(3,691meters),south
ofPonzaIslandin4037'N,1249'E.
By1957,Trieste'sviabilityasaresearchvehiclehadbeenfirmlyestablishedandshewasusedinanumberofexperiments,includingoceanographicandbiological
observation,underwaterhighandlowfrequencysoundexperiments,andlightpenetrationmeasurements.ThesameyearshewasalsocharteredbytheU.S.Navy,
whichwassopleasedwiththeresultsthatitpurchasedherfromPiccardin1958andmovedhertotheNavalElectronicsLaboratoryinSanDiego.
InanticipationofOperationNekton,theNavyorderedthenewpassengerspherefromKruppandlengthenedthefloatbyninefeet.InNovember1960,Triestewas
transferredtoGuaminpreparationforanattempttodescendtothebottomoftheMarianasTrench.JacquesPiccardandLieutenantDonWalshpilotedheronasuc

Page525

cessionofeverdeeperdivesthatculminatedinadescenttothebottomoftheNeroDeep(23,000feet,or7,010meters),andfifteendayslater,onJanuary23,1960,
tothebottomoftheChallengerDeep35,800feet,or10,912metersinposition1118'N,14215'E,about200milessouthwestofGuamthenthedeepest
knownplaceontheplanet.(Thedeepestpointonearthisnowbelievedtobe11,524meters,intheMindanaoTrenchoffthePhilippines.)
SubsequentlyusedforoceanographicresearchoffSanDiego,in1963TriestewassenttotheEastCoasttotakepartinthesearchforthelostsubmarineUSS
THRESHER.AftertendivesunderCommanderDonaldA.Keach,Triestelocatedwreckagefromtheillfatedsubmarine,includingthesail,inabout8,400feetof
water,200milessoutheastofBoston.RetiredafterthecommissioningofTriesteII,TriestewasputonexhibitattheWashingtonNavyYardin1980.
Piccard,Earth,Sky,andSea.Piccard&Dietz,SevenMilesDown.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

TriesteII(DSV1)
Bathyscaph.L/B/D:67'15'12.4'(20.4m4.6m3.8m).Tons:46longtons.Hull:steel.Comp.:2.Mach.:electricmotors.Des.:AugustePiccard.Built:Mare
IslandNavyYard,Vallejo,Calif.1964.
Designedasasuccessortothefirstbathyscaphtoholdthename,TriesteIIwasbuiltbytheU.S.Navyandincorporatedtheoriginalspherebuiltforherpredecessor,
combinedwithalongerbutmoremaneuverableexternalfloat.HerfirstassignmentwastoinvestigatetheareainwhichthesubmarineUSSTHRESHERsankinApril
1963.(TheoriginalTriestehadalreadylocatedpartsofthesubmarinein1963.)TriesteIIwastakenoverbytheNavyin1966andemployedinavarietyofdeep
submergenceoperations.In1971shewasreclassifiedasadeepsubmergencevehicle.ExperimentswithTriestehavecontributedespeciallytothedesignand
constructionofsubmarinerescueandcomparablevessels.Takenoutofservicein1984,shewasputondisplayattheNavalUnderseaMuseuminKeyport,
Washington.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSTrincomalee
(exFoudroyant,Trincomalee)Ledaclass5thrate46(3m).L/B/D:150.1'39.8'13.8dph(45.8m12.1m4.2m).Tons:1,052disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:
284.Arm.:2818pdr,832pdr,109pdr.Des.:SirRobertSeppings.Built:WadiaShipyard,Bombay,India1817.
Imagenotavailable.
The5thrateshipHMSTRINCOMALEEasshelookedin1979
whenshewascutdownasafloatingschool,withwindows
fittedinthegunports.NoteherIndianfigureheadandthe
paintedcatheadthebeamalongwhichtheanchorchain
wasruninordertokeeptheanchorawayfromthehullwhen
"catting"it(raisingit)orlettingitgo.CourtesyNormanBrouwer.

TheoldestRoyalNavyshipstillafloat,TrincomaleewasnamedforaportontheeastcoastofCeylon(SriLanka)capturedfromtheFrenchin1795.ALedaclass
frigatebuiltinresponsetotheheavilybuiltAmericanfrigatesCONSTITUTION,PRESIDENT,andUNITEDSTATES,herhullwasconstructedofMalabarteak.
WiththeadventofthePaxBritannicainthewakeoftheNapoleonicWars,TrincomaleesawlimitedservicebeforebeinglaidupinEnglandin1819.
Recommissionedasasixthrate,twentysixgunsloopin1847,sheservedforthreeyearsonantislavingdutyintheWestIndiesandoffWestAfrica.Afterarefit,in
1852shetransferredtotheRoyalNavybaseatEsquimault,VancouverIsland,andremainedinthePacificforfouryears.In1857shereturnedtoEnglandand
becameatrainingship,stationedfirstatSunderlandandfrom1861asareservetrainingshipatWestHartlepoolandthenSouthampton.In1897,theRoyalNavy
ReservesoldTrincomaleetoG.WheatleyCobb,aphilanthropistwhohadearlierrestoredthesecondFoudroyant,whichwaslostinastormin1893.Cobb
renamedTrincomaleeinhonorofthatship,andshecontinuedasatrainingshipforboysandgirlsasyoungaselevenyearsold.Cobb'swidowdonatedtheshipto
theSocietyforNauticalResearchuponhisdeath,andthenewFoudroyantcontinuedworkasasailtrainingshipuntil1986.HandedovertotheTrincomalee
Restorationandgivenbackheroldname,Trincomaleeisundergoingrestorationtoher1817appearanceforuseasamuseumshipatHartlepool.
Horton,HMS"Trincomalee."Marsh,StoryofaFrigate.

Page526

TrinidadValencera
Tons:1,100.Hull:wood.Comp.:360.Arm.:32guns.Built:Venice(?)<1587.
TrinidadValencerawasoneoffiveVenetiantradersrequisitionedbySpanishauthoritiesinSicilyforuseasanarmedtransportwiththeSpanishArmada.Overthe
objectionsofhermerchantcaptainHoratioDonai,shewasfittedwithtwentyeightbronzeguns.Whenthefleetsailed,shewasthemostheavilyarmedshipinMartin
deBertendona'sLevantSquadron,whichincludedtenconvertedmerchantshipsfromtheMediterranean.Inadditiontoherownarmament,shecarriedfourofthe
King'sguns,andacomplementof79seaman,281Neapolitansoldiers,andacadreofofficers.DuringtheArmadacampaign,TrinidadValencera(aSpanish
corruptionofherVenetianname,Balanzara)sawactionoffPortlandBill(August12),theIsleofWight(August23),andinthecrucialrearguardactionfoughtat
theBattleofGravelinesonAugust79,justbeforetheArmadasailedintotheNorthSeaforthebrutalreturntoSpain.OnaboutAugust20,TrinidadValencera,
GRANGRIFN,andtwootherhulksseparatedfromthemainfleetoffnorthernScotlandnonewouldreturntoSpain.OnSeptember12,TrinidadValencerawas
caughtinastormoffthenorthcoastofIrelandand,leakingbadly,cametoanchorinKinnagoeBayonthe14th.Twodayslater,shesplitintwoandsank.Mostofthe
ship'scompanyseemtohavemadeitsafelytoshore,butseveraldayslatertheyweretrickedintolayingdowntheirweapons.Strippedoftheirclothesandother
possessionsbyanominallyinferiorforce,threehundredofthesoldiersandsailorswereslaughteredbyanAngloIrishforce.Thirtytwoofthesurvivingcrew
eventuallymadeittoScotlandand,withsafepassagefromJamesVI,ontoFrance.TheofficersweremarchedtoDublin,whereallbuttwoweremurderedonorders
fromtheLordDeputy,SirWilliamFitzwilliam.
Sportdiversdiscoveredthewrecksitein1971.Asthecrewhadremovedwhattheycouldfromtheship,therearefewsubstantialartifacts.Chiefamongthemarethe
ship'sguns,whichhaveaddedconsiderablytotheknowledgeofnavalgunneryinthesixteenthcentury.Inaddition,thereareship'sfittings,afewdislocatedstructural
timbers,andpiecesofriggingandothercordage.
Martin,FullFathomFive"LaTrinidadValencera."

USSTriton(SSRN586)
Tritonclasssubmarine.L/B/D:447.5'37'24'(136.4m11.3m7.3m).Tons:5,940/7,780disp.Hull:steel985'dd.Comp.:183.Arm.:6"TT.Built:Electric
BoatDivision,GeneralDynamics,Groton,Conn.1959.
ThefifthU.S.Navyvesselofthename,USSTritonwasnamedforaGreekdemigod,thesonofPoseidonandAmphitrite.Tritonsailedintohistoryonhermaiden
voyagewhen,inlieuofashakedowncruise,sheembarkedonOperationSandblast,thefirstunderwatercircumnavigationoftheglobe.LeavingNewLondon,
Connecticut,onFebruary15,1960,undercommandofCaptainEdwardL."Ned"Beach,TritonsailedsouthintotheAtlantic,passingSt.PeterandSt.Paul'sRocks
offBrazilonFebruary24.TheeffortwasnearlyjeopardizedwhenasailorsufferingfromkidneystoneshadtobetransferredtothecruiserUSSMaconoff
MontevideoonMarch5.However,thiswasaccomplishedbysurfacingonlyfarenoughforhimtoexitthesail,andTriton'shullremainedunderwater.Twodayslater
sheroundedCapeHorn,andfromthereshespedacrossthePacific,passingEasterIslandonMarch13,andGuamonMarch28.OnApril1,Tritonsailedinto
MagellanBayoffthePhilippineislandofMactan,whereFerdinandMagellanwaskilledonApril27,1521.AfterpassingthroughLombokStraitintotheIndian
Ocean,Triton'snextlandfallwastheCapeofGoodHopeonEasterSunday,April17.SevendayslatershewasonceagainoffSt.PeterandSt.Paul'sRocks,
havingsailed27,723milesin60days,21hours.
Althoughthislandfallmarkedtheofficialbeginningandendofthecircumnavigation,TritonhadbeensubmergedsincedepartingNewLondon,andwouldremainso
untilreachingherhomeportonMay10.HersailbrokethesurfaceonlytotakeonadoctorofftheCanaryIslands,andagainofftheVirginiaCapessothatCaptain
BeachcouldbeflowntotheWhiteHouseforaceremonywithPresidentDwightD.Eisenhower.AlthoughthevoyagehadbeenconceivedasawayforEisenhower
toimpressSovietGeneralSecretaryNikitaKrushchevattheParisSummit,thisconferencewascanceledafterU2pilotFrancisGaryPowerswasshotdownover
theSovietUniononMay1.ButcominglessthantwoyearsafterthetranspolarexpeditionofUSSNAUTILUS,Triton'saccomplishmentwasaclearreaffirmationof
U.S.technologicalsupremacy.
NautilusnextdeployedasaradarpicketvesselwithNATOforces.In1962shewasconvertedtoanattacksubmarine,andfrom1964to1967sheservedas
flagshipoftheSubmarineForce,AtlanticFleet,basedatNorfolk.Decommissionedin1969,in1986sheenteredthenuclearpoweredshipandsubmarinerecycling
programinBremerton,Washington.
Beach,AroundtheWorldSubmerged.

Page527

Trumbull
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:151'34'18'(46m10.4m5.5m).Tons:682bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:199.Arm.:2412pdr,66pdr.Built:JohnCotton,Chatham,
Conn.1776.
NamedforGovernorJonathanTrumbullofConnecticut,TrumbullwasoneofthethirteenoriginalfrigatesorderedbytheContinentalCongressin1775.Under
commandofCaptainDudleySaltonstall,followingherlaunchshewasfoundtodrawtoomuchwatertogetoverthebaratthemouthoftheConnecticutRiver.Itwas
notuntilCaptainElishaHinmanassumedcommandandgirdledherwithemptybarrelstofloatheroverthebarthatshewasmovedtoNewLondonforfittingout.In
lateMay1780,TrumbullleftNewLondonandonJune1,1780,sheranintotheLiverpoolprivateerWatt(36guns).Inoneofthebloodiestnavalengagementsof
thewar,thetwoshipsfoughttoadraw,Trumbulllosinghermainandmizzenmasts,sufferingeightcrewdeadandthirtyonewoundedWattwassetonfireandlost
thirteenkilledandseventyninewounded.RepairsandlackoffundskeptheratPhiladelphiauntilAugust8,1781,whenshesailedasescortforamerchantconvoy.
OnthenightofAugust28,shelostherforetopandtopgallantmastsinastorm,andthenextmorningshewassetuponbyHMSIris(32)andGeneralMonk(20).
(IriswasTrumbull'ssistership,theformerHANCOCK.)Althoughthreequartersofthecrewrefusedtofight(manyofthemwereoriginallyBritishprisoners,aswas
commonintheContinentalNavy),Nicholsonengagedtheenemyforanhourandahalfbeforestriking.ThelastoftheoriginalfrigateswastowedtoNewYorkand
brokenup.
Fowler,RebelsunderSail.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Turbinia
Steamlaunch(1f).L/B/D:103.3'9'3'(31.5m2.7m0.9m).Tons:44disp.Hull:steel.Mach.:Parsonssteamturbines,2,100shp,1screw32.75kts.Des.:
CharlesA.Parsons.Built:TurbiniaWorks(Brown&Hood),WallsendonTyne,Eng.1894.
OneofthemostimportantdevelopmentsinthehistoryofsteampowerwasCharlesA.Parsons'ssteamturbine.Althoughtheprincipleoftheturbineissimplerthan
thatofthereciprocatingengine,inpracticethereciprocatingengineissimplertobuild,whichiswhyitdevelopedfirst.Nonetheless,compoundandtripleexpansion
enginesarelessefficient,andtheirheavycylinders,pistons,andbearingsaresubjecttoenormousstressesandcannotbedrivenathighspeedsforlongperiods.
Parsons'sfirstworkingsteamturbinewasasixhorsepowerenginedevelopedin1884,andthetechnologywasquicklyadoptedforgeneratingelectricpoweronland.
Initsfirsttwentyyears,theturbinereducedcoalconsumptionofelectricgeneratingstationsby75percent.ButitwasnotuntilParsons'slitheTurbiniaracedthrough
theSpitheadNaval
Imagenotavailable.
Theworld'sfirststeamturbinedrivenvessel,CharlesParsons'sTUBINIAcaughtthe
attentionofthemaritimeworldwhenshespedthroughtheinternationalnavalreview
gatheredatPortsmouthforQueenVictoria'sDiamondJubileein1897.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich,England.

Page528

Review,heldduringQueenVictoria'sDiamondJubileein1897,thatturbinesfirstseizedthepublicimagination.
Cognizantofthebenefitsofturbineenginesinthemorelimitedconfinesofaship,ParsonshadformedtheMarineSteamTurbineCompanyforthespecificpurposeof
buildingandtestingaturbinedrivenvessel.Thecompany'sprospectusclearlyenumeratedthebenefitsofthemarineturbine:
Increasedspeed,increasedcarryingpowerofvessel,increasedeconomyinsteamconsumption,reducedinitialcost,reducedweightofmachinery,reducedcostofattendanceon
machinery,diminishedcostofupkeepofmachinery,largelyreducedvibration,andreducedsizeandweightofscrewpropellerandshafting.

Parsonshaddifficultyinchoosingthecorrectpropulsionconfigurationandwentthroughsevendifferentpropellerdesigns,includingthreescrewsononeshaft.Because
theturbineturnedtheshaftfasterthananexpansionenginewould,thescrewswerenotasefficientaspredictedduetocavitation.Thisphenomenon,theresultofa
vacuumformingaroundascrewturningathighspeed,wasfirstobservedduringtestsonTurbinia.Whenthevesselfailedtoattainherdesignspeed,Parsonsreplaced
thesingleshaftwiththreeseparateshafts(initially,therewerethreescrewsoneachshaft)andatthesametimereplacedtheradialflowturbinewithamoreefficient
parallelflowturbine.Theresultswerespectacular,andinsupervisedtrialsTurbiniaattainedspeedsofthirtyfourknots.
ParsonslaboredinrelativeobscurityuntilJune26,1897,duringtheinternationalnavalreviewheldtocelebratethesixtiethyearofVictoria'sreign.Aftertheroyal
yachtVICTORIAANDALBERThadinspectedtheassembledships,Turbiniarompedthroughtheanchoredfleetwithbreathtakingspeedandagilityinadramatic
demonstrationofthenewtechnology.Shortlythereafter,theParsonsMarineSteamTurbineCompanywasformed.TheAdmiraltyordereditsfirstturbinepowered
vessel,thedestroyerHMSViper,in1899,andsoonpurchasedasecond,Cobrabothachievedspeedsofthirtysixknots.ThelightcruiserAmethystwas
commissionedin1903,butthetechnologyreceiveditsgreatestboostin1905whenFirstSeaLordJohnArbuthnotFisherdecidedonsteamturbinesforHMS
DREADNOUGHT,thefirstallbiggunbattleshipwhosedesignrevolutionizednavalwarfare.
Commercialinterestsweresomewhatslowertoembracethenewtechnology.Thefirstmerchantshipfittedwithsteamturbines,the3,500horsepowerKingEdward,
wasnotordereduntil1901.Anumberofsmallervesselswerebuilt,andin1904CunardLineorderedtwoshipsthatwereidenticalexceptfortheirmachinery.
CARONIA,poweredbytripleexpansionengines,wasconsistentlyoutperformedbyhersistershipCARMANIA.Asaresult,thenextyearCunardchoseturbines
fortheirnewhighspeedpassengerlinersMAURETANIAandLUSITANIA,whose70,000horsepowerengineswerethreetimesmorepowerfulthanthoseofeither
CarmaniaorDreadnought.
In1900,TurbiniaappearedattheParisExhibitionherlastvoyagewasin1907.HauledbyParsonsin1927,shewascutintwoandtheaftermostfortyfivefeetwas
putonexhibitattheScienceMuseuminLondon.In1944,aboutfifteenfeetoftheforesectionwasdisplayedattheMuseumofScienceandEngineeringin
Newcastle.Fifteenyearslater,Parsonsreassembledthefarflungship,whichsince1960hasbeenexhibitedatTurbiniaHallintheTyne&WearCountyCouncil
MuseuminNewcastle.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Richardson,EvolutionoftheParsonsSteamTurbine.

USSTurnerJoy(DD951)
ForrestShermanclassdestroyer.L/B/D:418'45'22.5'(127.4m13.7m6.9m).Tons:4,200disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:360.Arm.:35'',23"6
15.5"TT1dct,1dcp.Mach.:gearedturbines,70,000shp,2screws33kts.Built:PugetSoundBridge&DredgingCo.,Seattle,Wash.1959.
NamedforRearAdmiralCharlesTurnerJoy,whoservedinthePacificinWorldWarIIandcommandedUNnavalforcesduringtheKoreanWar,USSTurnerJoy
enteredservicein1960.HerfrontlinecareerbeganwithherdeploymentinJuly1960intheTaiwanStraitfollowingmainlandChina'sbombingofMatsuandQuemoy
Islands.InAugust1964,whileonherthirdoverseastourofduty,shewaspartofataskforcebuiltaroundUSSTiconderogapatrollingoffVietnam.OnAugust4,
TurnerJoywasorderedtojoinUSSMADDOX,whichhadbeenfiredonbythreeNorthVietnamesetorpedoboatstwodaysbefore.OnAugust6,TurnerJoyand
MaddoxbelievedthemselvestobeengagedbyNorthVietnamesevesselsinafoulweathernightactionlastingtwoandahalfhours.Therewerenovisualsightingsof
hostilecraft,anditispossiblethatthedestroyerswereactuallyfiringatradarechoesonTurnerJoy'sscreencausedbyfreakatmosphericconditions.Theincidentled
tothepassageofPresidentLyndonB.Johnson'sTonkinGulfResolution,whichinitiatedfullscaleU.S.militaryinvolvementinVietnam.TurnerJoywasstationedin
Vietnamesewaters

Page529

offandonforthedurationofhostilities,withreturnstoLongBeach.Shewasdecommissionedin198586andstrickenfromtheNavylistin1990.
Jane'sFightingShips.Marolda&Fitzgerald,TheUnitedStatesNavyandtheVietnamConflict.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Turtle
Submarine.L/D:7.5'6'dph(2.3m1.8m).Tons:ca.2,000lb.Hull:wood.Comp.:1.Arm.:detachablemine.Mach.:2screws23kts.Des.:DavidBushnell.
Built:David&EzraBushnell,Saybrook,Conn.1776.
DesignedbyDavidBushnellandbuiltbyhimandhisbrotherEzraatthelatter'sfarm,Turtletookhernamefromherresemblanceto"twouppertortoiseshellsof
equalsize,joinedtogether."ConceivedbyBushnellasawayofattackingtheBritishfleetatBoston,Massachusetts,Turtlecombinedthefouressentialabilitiesofa
truesubmersible.Shecouldbepropelledindependently,divebelowthesurfaceofthewater,providethirtyminutesofairfortheonemancrew,andoperate
offensivelyagainstanenemyship.
Divingwasachievedbyadmittingwatertothebilgethewatercouldbeexpelledbyafootoperatedbellows.Lightwasadmittedthroughwatertightwindowsinthe
truncatedconningtowerwhensubmergedtheinteriorwasilluminatedbyaphosphorescentwoodcalledfoxfire.Turtlewaspoweredbytwomanualscrewlike
devices,oneforforwardmovementandtheotherforascendinganddescending.Sheheld700poundsofballast,200poundsofwhichcouldbejettisonedinan
emergency.Airwassuppliedthroughapairofcrudesnorkellikedevicesfittedwithcheckvalves.Inadditiontoatillerhandledrudder,theoperatorwasprovided
withacompassandadepthgauge.Turtle'soffensivecapabilitywasintheformofadetachabletorpedo,ormine,ofBushnell's.Thismineconsistedofacasingfilled
with150poundsofgunpowder,whichwastobeattachedtoanaugerthatwasboredintotheundersideofaship'shull.Theminehadatimersettodetonateanhour
afterthemine'sreleasefromTurtle.
WhentheBritishevacuatedBoston,BushnellofferedhisingeniouscrafttoGeneralGeorgeWashington,whowasdesperateforsomethingthatmightdislodgethe
BritishfromNewYorkandwhoagreedtoprovidefundstobringTurtletothecity.DavidBushnellwastoofrailtooperatethecrafthimself,anditwasintendedthat
hisbrothertakeherintobattle,buthefellill.Inhisplace,SergeantEzraLee,aConnecticutvolunteer,washastilytrained.
Turtle'sfirsttargetwasthe64gunHMSEagle,flagshipofViceAdmiralRichard"BlackDick"Howe,lyingwiththeBritishsquadronoffStatenIsland.At2230on
thenightofSeptember5,1776,LeeandTurtleweretowedasclosetothefleetaspossiblebeforetheywerecastoffontheirown.Againstthecurrent,ittookLee
twohourstomaneuverTurtlealongsideEagle.Everythingwentaccordingtoplan,butforsomereasonLeewasunabletoboretheaugerintoEagle'shullbeforehe
brieflylostcontrolofTurtleandshottothesurface.Afraidofbeingdetected,hedecidedtoabandontheattemptandheadedbacktoshore.AshepassedGovernors
Island,aBritishcutterputouttoinvestigate.Asthecutterapproached,Leedetachedthemine,uponwhichtheBritishreturnedthewaytheycame.Anhourlater,the
mineexplodedintheBritishanchorage,throwingupahugegeyserofwater
Imagenotavailable.
DavidBushnell'ssubmarineTURTLEof1776cameveryclosetodestroyingaBritish
warshipinNewYorkHarbor.This1885drawingbyF.M.BarberisbasedonBushnell's
writtendescriptionofthevessel.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Page530

thatpersuadedtheBritishtosliptheircablesandflee.TwomoreattemptstouseTurtleagainsttheBritishwereunsuccessful.Thesubmarine'sultimatefateisnot
known,thoughitisbelievedthat,aftertheBritishtookNewYork,shewasdestroyedtopreventherfallingintoenemyhands.
Miller,SeaofGlory.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Tusitala
(exSophie,SierraLucena,Inveruglas)Ship(3m).L/B/D:260.4'39'23.5'(79.4m11.9m7.2m).Tons:1,684grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:22.Built:Robert
Steele&Co.,Greenock,Scotland1883.
TusitalawasamongthelastshipstoflytheAmericanflagondeepsearoutes.ThelastshipbuiltbyRobertSteel&Company,shewaslaunchedasInveruglasand
spentthreeyearsintheAustraliangraintradebeforebeingsoldtotheLiverpoolbasedSierraShippingCompanyandrenamedSierraLucena.In1904,shewassold
toNorwegianinterestsandrenamedSophie.WhileworkingintheArgentinegraintrade,in1916herbowwasbadlydamagedinacollisionwithanAmericantanker
inthePlateRiver.Shewassoonbackinservice,andafterWorldWarIshehauledcoalbetweentheUnitedStatesandEurope.LaidupatHamptonRoadsduring
thepostwarshippingslump,in1923shewaspurchasedbythe"ThreeHoursforLunchClub,"aNewYorksyndicateofartistsandwriters.RechristenedTusitala,
theSamoanepithetforRobertLouisStevensonmeaning"TellerofTales,"sheattractedtheattentionofdeepwatermentheworldover,andatherchangeofname
ceremony,ChristopherMorleyreadthefollowingletter:
Iassumeanancientmariner'sprivilegeofsendingtotheownersandtheship'scompanyoftheTusitalamybrotherlygoodwishesforfairwindsandclearskiesonalltheir
voyages,andmaytheybemany!
AndIwouldrecommendtothemtowatchtheweather,andkeepthehalliardsclearforrunning,andtorememberthat"anyfoolcancarryon,butonlythewisemanknowshowto
shortensailintime,"andsoon,inthemannerofAncientMarinerstheworldover.Butthevitaltruthofsealifeistobefoundintheancientsayingthatitisstoutheartsthat
maketheshipsafe.
Havingbeenbroughtuponit,Ipassitalongtotheminallconfidenceandaffection.
JosephConrad

AftertwoyearsintradebetweenNewYorkandRiodeJaneiro,TusitalawassoldtoJamesA.Farrell'sArgonautLine,underwhoseflagshesailedouttoHonolulu
inSeptember1924,returningviaSeattlewithmagnesiteandlumberforBaltimore.In1925,shecameundercommandofCaptainJamesP.Barker,whosailedheron
thesameroute,viathePanamaCanalratherthanCapeHorn,until1933whenshewaslaidupatNewYork.Soldtoshipbreakersin1938,shewasinsteadtaken
overbytheCoastGuardforuseasabarracksship,firstatNewLondon,Connecticut,andlaterJacksonville,Florida.ShewasscrappedatMobile,Alabama,in
1947.
Barker,"Tusitala."Lubbock,DownEasters.Meehan,"ValeTusitala."

TzuHang
Ketch.L/B/D:46.2'11.8'7'(14.1m3.6m2.1m).Tons:18disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:2.Mach.:aux.Des.:H.S."Uncle"Rouse.Built:HopKee,Hong
Kong1938.
NamedfortheChinesegoddessofmercyandseafarers,TzuHangwasbuiltforBritishArmyLieutenantColonelDenisSwinburne.Heandhisyachtwhichhad
notyetbeensailedreturnedtoEnglandin1939,butitwasnotuntilafterthewarthathecouldbegintosailTzuHang.In1951,shewaspurchasedbyretired
BrigadierMilesSmeetonandhisindomitablyperipateticwife,BerylBoxerSmeeton.Followinghisretirementfromthearmy,Smeetonandhiswifesettledonafarmin
BritishColumbia,andtocircumventBritishcurrencyrestrictions,theypurchasedTzuHanginEnglandwiththeintentionofsellingherinCanada.InMay1951,they
setsailwiththeirtenyearolddaughter,Clio,onaneighteenmonthpassagehomeviathePanamaCanalandtheGalpagosIslands.
Afterseveralmoreyearsoffarmlife,theysoldtheirfarmandsetoutonaneighteenmonthclockwisecircuitofthePacific.AtSanFranciscotheymetupwithJohn
GuzzwellinTrekkaandsailedincompanywithhimasfarasAustralia.CliowassenttoboardingschoolinEngland,andtheSmeetonsdecidedtosailthereviaCape
HornwithGuzzwellascrew.About900mileswestofCapeHorn,onFebruary11,1957,TzuHangpitchpoled.Theylostbothmastsandtherudder,andthough
Berylwasthrown100feetfromtheboat,shemanagedtoclamberbackaboard.Withajuryrigandsixteenfootsteeringoar,theywerethirtysevendaystoCoronel,
Chile.Tenmonthslater,withTzuHangrebuiltfromthedeckup,theSmeetonssailedagainfortheHorn.OnDecember26,theywerebackintheRoaringForties,
lyingahullinahurricane,whenTzuHangwascompletelycapsized.Againthemastswererippedout,butthirtydayslatertheylimpedintoValparasofromhereTzu
HangwasshippedtoEngland.

Page531

Afteracompleteoverhaul,andthepublicationofMiles'sOnceIsEnough,inMay1959theSmeetonsbegancruisingaroundEurope.In1961,bothagefiftysix,they
turnedsouthatthestartofanunintendedeightyearcircumnavigation.ThisextendedvoyagetookthemfirstthroughtheMediterraneanandtheSuezCanal,downthe
coastofAfrica,eastwardacrosstheIndianOceantoCeylon,andthenthroughtheEastIndies.Alongthewaytheymademanyextendeddetourstovisitoldfriends
andacquaintancesfromtheiryearsbeforeWorldWarII.Theyspentthewinterof196465inJapanbeforesailingnorthandeastthroughtheAleutianIslandsone
ofthefirstyachtstodosoenroutetoCanada,wheretheyarrivedonSeptember9,1965.AyearandahalflatertheydecidedtoreturntoEngland,thistimevia
thePanamaCanal,theeastcoastoftheUnitedStates,andIceland.
TheSmeetons'passagesinTzuHangwerenormallycharacterizedbyanintentionofgoingfromoneplacetotheother.WhentheydecidedtoreturntoCanada,
however,theywerepiquedbyaletterinayachtingmagazinesuggestingthatTzuHangwastoosmallfortheCapeHornpassage,andtheyimmediatelyabandoned
anythoughtofatransitofthePanamaCanal.SailingwithBobNance,theydepartedEnglandonAugust18anddoubledtheHornthehardwayfromeastto
westbetweenDecember9and23,1967.AfterastopinHawaii,theyreturnedtoVancouver.Retiringfromthesea,theysoldTzuHangtoNanceandestablished
theWildlifeReserveofWesternCanadainAlberta.
NancecontinuedtosailTzuHanglongdistance,includinganotherroundingoftheHorn,andin1979theSmeetonsjoinedhimonapassagefromNewYorkto
EnglandviaLabradorandtheFaeroes.In1982,TzuHangwasboughtbyadrugdealerwhousedhertosmuggle20,000poundsofmarijuanafromColombiato
Maryland.SixyearslatershewasseizedbyfederalagentsintheVirginIslands,andthenextyearshesankathermooringsinHurricaneHugo.In1990,shewas
ignominiouslybulldozedforalandfillinSanJuan.
Clark,HighEndeavours.Smeeton,BecausetheHornIsThereMistyIslandsSeaWasOurVillageSunrisetoWindward.

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U
U9
U3classsubmarine.L/B/D:188.3'19.7'10.2'(57.4m6m3.1m).Tons:493/611disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:29.Arm.:418"TT3.7cmmg.Mach.:
gasoline,engines,1,160ehp14.2/8.1kts.Built:KaiserlichWerft,Danzig,Germany1910.
UnderLieutenantOttoWeddigen,U9tookpartinGermanfleetmaneuversin1912duringwhichshewascreditedwith"sinking"threebattleships.Duringtheuneasy
daysaftertheassassinationofAustrianArchdukeFrancisFerdinand,U9wasthefirstsubmarinetoattemptreloadingtorpedotubesfromasubmergedposition.One
ofthefirstGermansubmarinesonpatrolduringWorldWarI,inSeptemberU9rodeoutatwodaystormoffthecoastoftheNetherlands.Surfacingagainonthe
morningofthe22nd,thecrewwere"agreeablysurprised,"wroteLieutenantCommanderJohannSpiess,Weddigen'ssecondincommand."Thelightstreamedup
fromtheeasternhorizonandspreadoveracloudlesssky....Afinedaytosinkaship.''
Shortlythereafter,smokewasseenonthehorizon,andU9submerged.Threecruiserssooncameintoviewand,closingtoadistanceofonly500yardsfromthe
cruiserHMSABOUKIR,Weddigenfiredonetorpedoat0720.Assumingthattheirsistershiphadstruckamine,CRESSYandHOGUEclosedtopickup
survivors.Halfanhourlater,U9firedtwotorpedoesintoHogue,only300yardsaway.Turningonheraxis,U9firedhertwosterntorpedoesatCressy,oneof
whichmissed,thenturnedagainandfiredherlasttorpedo.InadditiontothethreeoutdatedcruisersFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchillhadreferredto
theBacchanteclasscruisersas"livebait"theRoyalNavylost1,459experiencedcrew.WeddigenandhiscrewwereawardedGermany'shighesthonor,thePour
leMrite.
Ascantthreeweekslater,U9sailedagainfromWilhelmshaventotheRoyalNavy'sbaseatScapaFlow.OnOctober15,U9cameacrossthecruisersHMS
HawkeandEndymionintheNorthSea.Againatarangeofonly500yards,WeddigenfiredonetorpedointoHawke,whichsunkeightminuteslaterwiththelossof
544ofhercrewtherewere52survivors.Asubsequentattackonalineofdestroyersthesubmarine'schiefenemynearlyendedindisasterforU9,andthe
boatachievedsufficientdepthtoavoidrammingwithjustsecondstospare.
Outmodedby1916,U9wasrestrictedtotrainingdutyuntilsurrenderedtotheAlliesonNovember26,1918.ShewastakentoEnglandandbrokenupin1919.
Coles,ThreebeforeBreakfast.Gray,UBoatWar.Grner,GermanWarships.

U21
U3classsubmarine.L/B/D:210.6'20'11.8'(26.6'high)(64.2m6.1m3.6m/8.1m).Tons:650/837disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:35.Arm.:418"TT(22)1
8.8cmgun.Mach.:diesels/batteries,1,700/1,200ehp,2screws15/9.5kts.Des.:Dr.Techel.Built:KaiserlicheWerft,Danzig,Germany1913.
CommissionedoneyearbeforethestartofWorldWarI,underLieutenantCommanderOttoHersing,U21wasthefirstsubmarinetosinkawarshiponthehigh
seas.WhileonpatrolintheNorthSeaonSeptember5,1914,U21torpedoedHMSPathfinderoffSt.Abb'sHeadintheFirthofForththelightcruisersankin
elevenminutes,takingdownallbutthreeofhercrewof350.OnNovember23,HersingstoppedtheFrenchmerchantshipMalachiteanexaminationoftheship's
papersrevealedthatshewasboundfromLiverpooltoLeHavrewithcontraband,andshewassunkbygunfire.Germany'spolicyof"restricted"commercewarfare
wasaimedatkeepingneutralcountriesfromsidingwithBritain,andHersingobservedtheletterofthelaw,evenashesankthreeshipsintheIrishSeabarelytwenty
milesfromLiverpoolonJanuary30,1915.
OnApril25,1915thedaythatAustralianandNewZealandforceslandedatGallipoliU21departedWilhelmshavenandsailedaroundScotlandboundforthe
easternMediterranean.AfterrefuelingfromaHamburgAmerikaLiniefreighterintheleeofCapeFinisterre,

Page533

Spain(thefuelturnedouttobeuseless),U21slippedbyGibraltaronMay6.EvadingseveralBritishandFrenchpatrols,U21madetheAdriaticportofCattaro
(Kotor)onMay13withonly1.8tonsoffuel,enoughforabouthalfaday'ssteaming.AweeklatershesailedforGallipoliwhere,onMay25,shesankthebattleship
HMSTriumphandtwodayslater,thebattleshipMajesticoffCapeHelles,afterwhichtheRoyalNavyordereditscapitalshipstoLemnosandImbros.
NarrowlyescapingfromanunderwatermaelstromintheDardanellesthatdraggedherdown100feet,U21sailedintoIstanbulonJune5.TheKaiserawardedU
21'screwtheIronCrossFirstClassandthePourleMritetoHersing,forwhomtheBritishoffereda100,000bounty.Amonthlater,U21sanktheFrench
transportCarthage,butshewasalmostlostwhenforcedtosubmergeinthemidstofaminefield.HernextmajorsuccesswastheFebruary8sinkingoftheFrench
cruiserAmiralCharner,withthelossof334of335crew,andinAprilthedestructionoftheBritishmerchantmanCityofLucknow,aboutsixtymileseastofMalta.
RecalledtoGermanyin1917,U21resumedpatrolworkaroundBritain,thoughshecameclosetobeingsunkherselfduringanattackonaconvoyinAugust.Later
usedforUboattraining,shewasturnedovertotheBritishafterthewar.TheimplacableHersingscuttledU21whileintowofaBritishshipenroutetosurrender,in
position5419'N,342'W,onFebruary22,1919.
Gray,UBoatWar.Grner,GermanWarships.Hoover,"CommanderOttoHersingandtheDardanellesCruiseofS.M.U21."Terraine,BusinessinGreatWaters.

U30
TypeVIIsubmarine.L/B/D:211.6'19.4'14.4'(31.2'high)(64.5m5.9m4.4m/9.5m).Tons:626/745disp.Hull:steel309'dd.Comp.:4456.Arm.:5
21.3"TT137mm,220mm.Mach.:diesel/electric,2,310/750ehp,2screws17/8kts.Built:DeschimagAGWeser,Bremerhaven,Germany1936.
OnthenightofAugust2223,1939,U30departedWilhelmshaven,oneofeighteenGermansubmarinestotakeupstationintheNorthAtlanticontheeveofWorld
WarII.(GermanyhadonlyfiftysevenUboatsatthestartofthewar.)AlthoughUboatswereorderedtoconductsubmarineoperations"inaccordancewith
internationalrules,"shortlyafterBritain'sdeclarationofwaronGermanyonSeptember3,1939,U30torpedoedthepassengershipATHENIAin5644'N,14
05'W.Theship,whichLieutenantFritzJuliusLempsaidhemistookforanauxiliarycruiser,sankwiththelossof112passengersandcrew1,300peoplewere
rescuedbyHMdestroyersElectraandEscort,merchantshipsKnuteNelsonandCityofFlint,andyachtSouthernCross.AsAdolfHitlerinitiallysoughttoavoid
unrestrictedsubmarinewarfare,Uboatswereremindedthat"theFhrerhasforbiddenattacksonpassengerlinerssailingindependentlyorinconvoy."
AfteratourasaminelayeroffLiverpool,onDecember28,U30torpedoedHMSBARHAMofftheFirthofClyde,forcingthebattleshipintodockuntilApril.As
partofawolfpackoperatingintheBayofBiscay,shesanksixshipsandwasthefirstsubmarinetoenterthesubmarinepensatLorientinJuly1940.Scuttledin
FlensburgerFrdeonMay4,1945,U30wasbrokenupin1948.
MinistryofDefence,UBoatWarintheAtlantic.Rohwer&Hummelchen,ChronologyoftheWaratSea.

U35
U23classsubmarine.L/B/D:212.2'20.7'11.5'(25.3'high)(64.7m6.3m3.5m/7.7m).Tons:685/878disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:35.Arm.:420"TT1
8.8cm.Mach.:diesels/batteries,2,000/1,200ehp,2screws16.4/9.7kts.Built:FriedrichKruppAGGermaniawerft,Kiel,Germany1914.
OneofthemostsuccessfulsubmarinesofWorldWarI,U35wasthefirstcommandofGermany's"Aceofaces,"LotharvonArnaulddelaPerire.Afterdutyinthe
restrictedwatersaroundGreatBritain,inthelatesummerof1915shewasoneoffourlongrangesubmarinesorderedtotheMediterraneantoassistthefledgling
AustroHungarianfleetinoperationsagainstBritishandFrenchshipping.UnderCaptainWaldemarKophamel,shecruisedtheapproachestoSalonikaandKavalla,
Greece.SheclaimedherfirstvictimonOctober23,sinkingthe1,000tontroopshipMarquetteintheGulfofSalonika,thestaginggroundforBritishtroopsboundto
andfromtheGallipolicampaign.U35alsocontributedtotheuprisingofSenussitribesmeninNorthAfricaagainstItalianandBritishcontrol.OnNovember15,
1915,sheaccountedforthe1,800tonarmedboardingcruiserTaraand,duringthesamepatrol,theEgyptiangunboatsAbbasandNuhrelBahr.Oneweeklater,
theBritishevacuated4,500troopsfromSalum,Egypt,toMersaMatruh.ItissaidthatanunforeseenresultofthiscampaignwasU35'semploymentasatransport
fortwocamels,giftsfromagratefulSenussitotheKaiser.AccordingtoEdwynGray,
HowtheUboatmenmanagedtohousetwoawkwardlyshapedandferociousbeastslikethecamelinthecrampedconfinesoftheU35hasneverbeenrevealed,butonestory
indicatesthatthesmelloftheanimalssopermeatedthegarmentsofthecrewthatsailorsfromtheotherUboatsat

Page534
PolarefusedtoallowtheirU35comradestosharethesamemesswiththem.

Inearly1916,KophamelwaspromotedtocommandtheMediterraneanUBoatFlotilla.HisreplacementwasCommanderLotharvonArnaulddelaPerire,fresh
fromtraininginGermany.Onhisfirstcruise,vonArnauldgotofftoabadstart.AttackingtheQshipMargit,hefoundhisownsubmarineunderfire,aftersurfacingto
investigatethe"panicparty"thathadputofffromtheantisubmarinedecoyshipatthestartofhisattack.Undeterred,vonArnauldwentontosinktheFrenchtroop
transportProvenceIIwith990soldiers.OnMarch1,hehadtofendoffmoreunanticipatedresistanceoffPortSaid,whenHMSPrimula,withatorpedointhe
bow,reversedenginesandattemptedtoramU35sternfirst.Inall,ittookfourtorpedoestwoofwhichmissedtosinktheBritishsloop.
InJune1916,vonArnauldreceivedinternationalpresscoverageforsailingU35toCartagena,Spain,todeliveraletterfromtheKaisertoAlfonsoXIIIthankingthe
Spanishkingforhiscountry'sdealingswithGermanrefugees.Followinghisdepartureafterthe24hourlimitallowedtocombatantsinneutralcountries,U35sankor
seized39shipsworth56,818tons.Inlightofthesubmarine'snextvoyage,thiswasamodestachievement.OnJuly26,U35sailedfromCattaroandoverthenext
25dayssank54shipsmorethananyothersubmarinecommanderofanycountryineitherofthetwoworldwarswithanaggregatetonnageofmorethan
90,150tons.Thevastmajorityofthesesinkingswereinsurfaceattacks,andinthecourseofthecruise,vonArnauldusedonlyfourtorpedoes.Intermsofhumanlife,
though,itwasacruiseinOctoberthatprovedmostfatal,whenoffSardiniaonOctober4,U35sanktheFrenchauxiliarycruiserGallia,whichwaslostwith600of
her2,000embarkedtroops.BetweenhiscruisesinU35andU139,vonArnauldprovedthemostsuccessfulsubmarinecommanderinhistory,withtenpatrolsthat
accountedforthelossofabout400,000tonsofAlliedshipping.
TheAlliesconcludedanarmisticewiththeOttomanEmpireonOctober30andtheAustroHungarianEmpireonNovember3,1918.Oneimmediateresultwasthe
collapseoftheGermansubmarinecampaignintheMediterranean.ThosesubmarinesthatcouldbemovedwereorderedhometoGermanythroughtheclosely
watchedStraitsofGibraltar.U35sailedonlyasfarasBarcelonaandwasinternedthereonNovember26,1918.Followingthewar,shewasbrokenupatBlythin
1919.
Gray,UBoatWar.Halpern,NavalWarintheMediterranean.

U47
TypeVIIBsubmarine.L/B/D:218.1'20.3'15.7'(31.2'high)(66.5m6.2m4.8m/9.5m).Tons:753/857disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:44.Arm.:521.3"TT1
88mm,120mmgun.Mach.:diesel/electric,3,200/750ehp,2screws17.9/8kts.Built:FriedrichKruppAGGermaniawerft,Kiel,Germany1938.
LessthanthreeweeksafterthelossoftheaircraftcarrierHMSCOURAGEOUStoU29southwestofIreland,theGermansubmarineservicescoredwhatwas
probablythemostbrilliantlyexecutedsubmarinekillofWorldWarII.Actingonintelligencefromaerialreconnaissance,AdmiralKarlDnitzorderedLieutenant
CommanderGntherPrientotakeU47intotheRoyalNavy'snorthernbaseatScapaFlow.Threadinghiswaythroughthenarrow,eddyingchannelsoftheOrkney
Islands,PrienenteredScapaFlowshortlyaftermidnightonOctober14.AsPrienhimselfdescribedit:
Itisdisgustinglylight.Thewholebayislitup....
Weproceednorthbythecoast.Twobattleshipsarelyingthereatanchor,andfurtherinshore,destroyers.Cruisersnotvisible,thereforeattackonthebigfellows.Distanceapart,
threethousandmetres.Estimateddepth,sevenandahalfmetres.Impactfiring.Onetorpedofiredonnorthernship,twoonsouthern.Afteragoodthreeandahalfminutes,a
torpedodetonatesonthenorthernshipoftheothertwonothingistobeseen.
About!Torpedofiredfromsterninthebowtwotubesareloadedthreetorpedoesfromthebow.Afterthreetenseminutescomesthedetonationonthenearership.Thereisa
loudexplosion,roarandrumbling.Thencomecolumnsofwater.Theharbourspringstolife.Destroyersarelitup,signallingstartsoneveryside,andonland,twohundredmetres
awayfromme,carsroaralongtheroads.Abattleship[HMSRoyalOak]hadbeensunk,asecond[actuallyseaplanecarrierHMSPegasus]damaged,andthethreeother
torpedoeshavegonetoblazes.

U47andPrienreturnedtoahero'swelcomeinGermany.Thesubmarine'snextmajorundertakingwasinsupportoftheGermaninvasionofNorwayinApril1940.
AttacksagainstBritishtransportsatBygdenfjordandlateragainstHMSWARSPITEwerecompletelyineffectual.Thiswasnotalocalizedproblem,butitwasPrien
whoreportedtoDnitzthatGermantorpedoeshadseriousproblemsowing,asitwaslaterdiscovered,toafaultymagneticpistolandtothetorpedoes'runningat
depthsgreaterthanintended.
InSeptember1940,Germanyunleashedthefirstwolfpacksofthewar.OnSeptember7,U47sankthreeshipsofconvoySC2,followedthenextdaybyafourth.
OnMarch7,U47tookpartinanotherattackonconvoyOB293.Inthedecisivecounterattackthatfollowed,sev

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eralboatswereforcedtowithdraw,butPrienkeptuppursuitandreestablishedcontactthenextmorning.Beforeshecouldinflictanydamageontheconvoy,U47
wassetuponbydestroyerHMSWolverine.Afterafourhourhunt,thesubmarinewasdestroyedbydepthchargesin6047'N,1931'W.
Bekker,Hitler'sNavalWar.Grner,GermanWarships.Snyder,RoyalOakDisaster.

U110
TypeIXBsubmarine.L/B/D:250.9'25.6'15.4'(31.5'high)(76.5m6.8m4.7m/9.6m).Tons:1,051/1,178disp.Hull:steel100mdd.Comp.:48.Arm.:6
21.3"TT110.5cm,13.7mm.Mach.:diesel/electric,4,400/1,000ehp,2screws18.2/7.3kts.Built:DeutscheSchiffundMachinenbau,Bremen,Germany
1940.
AttheoutbreakofWorldWarII,theGermanshadacommandingleadovertheBritishinencodingtechnology.SeveraleventsenabledtheBritishtothwartthe
Enigmamachine,butnonewereasimportantasthecapture,onMay9,1941,ofU110.Onthatday,theGermansubmarinewasundercommandofLieutenant
CommanderFritzJuliusLemp,whoasmasterofU30hadsunktheBritishlinerATHENIAatthestartofthewar.U110attackedconvoyOB318southof
GreenlandbutwasforcedtothesurfacebydepthchargeslaunchedfromthedestroyerHMSBulldog.Lempgavetheordertosetscuttlingchargesandabandonship,
butheneglectedtodestroyorjettisontheship'ssecretdocuments.Byanunfortunatecoincidence,thescuttlingchargesfailedtodetonate.BoardersfromBulldog
foundtheciphermachineandcodebooks,whichwerelaboriouslytransportedtoBulldog.U110sankintow(in6022'N,3312'W),whichwasprobablyjustas
wellbecauseanyreportofhercapturewouldhavealertedtheGermanstothefactthattheircipherequipmenthadbeencaptured.
Thetreasuretroveofmachineryanddocumentshadanalmostinstantaneouseffect.UboatswerenormallysentoutwithdailyEnigmasettingsforaboutthreemonths,
andU110wasonlyhalfwaythroughhercruisewhenshewasseized.OfmorelastingbenefitwasthefactthathavinganactualEnigmamachineenabledcrypt
analyststobreakavarietyofGermancodes.ThemostimportantofthesewasHydra,usedbytheGermanUboats,thendecimatingthetransatlanticconvoysupon
whichBritain'ssurvivaldepended.InFebruary1942,theGermanUboatcommandbegantouseanewcode,calledTriton,whichwasnotbrokenuntilDecember
1942.
Lewin,UltraGoestoWar.

U505
TypeIXCsubmarine.L/B/D:251.6'22.3'15.4'(31.5'high)(76.8m6.8m4.7m/9.6m).Tons:1,120/1,232disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:48.Arm.:621.3"TT
13.7mm,12cm.Mach.:diesel/batteries,4,400/1,000ehp,2screws18.3/7.3kts.Built:DeutscheWerft,Hamburg1941.
CommissionedinAugust1941,U505spentfourmonthsontrainingcruisesintheBalticunderLieutenantCommanderLwebeforetransferringtothesubmarine
baseatL'Orient,France.Onherfirst(andmostsuccessful)operationalcruiseoffWestAfrica,fromFebruary11toMay7,1942,shesankfourshipstwoBritish,
oneAmerican,andoneDutchwithacombinedtonnageof25,041tons.Onhersecondcruise,tothesouthernCaribbean,shesankthreeships(12,748tons).The
ailingLwewasreplacedbyLieutenantCommanderCszhechinOctober1942,andduringhernextcruise,alsototheCaribbean,shesankonlyone7,173ton
freighterbeforesustainingseveredamagethatforcedherhome.Hernextthreemissionsresultedinnosinkings.Theywereallcutshortbymoredepthchargesoff
theOrinocoRiver,SpanishSahara,andtheAzores.ThelastwassotraumaticthateventhoughU505lostherpursuers,Cszhechshothimselfinhiscabin.
RefittedwithelectricmotorsonthereturntoL'Orient,U505sailedaroundChristmastimeunderLieutenantHaraldLange.OnDecember28,1943,sherescued
thirtysixGermansurvivorsofadestroyeractionintheBayofBiscayandreturnedthemtoBrest.InApril,shesailedonafruitlessmonthlongmissionoffWest
Africa.WhilereturninghomeattheendofMay,thesubmergedsubmarinewaskeptunderobservationbyantisubmarineaircraftandsonobuoysfromCaptainDaniel
V.Gallery'shunterkillergroupcomprisingescortcarrierUSSGUADALCANALandfivedestroyerescorts.Afteraweekoftryingtoeludehertrackers,onJune4,
1944,U505wasfinallybroughttothesurfacebydepthchargesfromUSSChatelain,Pillsbury,andJenks.Withherrudderjammedandleakingbadly,Lange
broughthisboattothesurfaceandhiscrewabandonedshipat1120inposition2130'N,1920'W,150mileswestofRiodeOro.
AboardingpartyunderLieutenant(j.g.)AlbertL.Davidenteredthesubmarineandshutofftheseacocks.Aftersalvagingthecodebooksandassuringthemselves
thatthescuttlingchargeshadnotbeenset,theyrepairedthedamageandGuadalcanalbegantowingU505toBermuda.Itwasthefirsthighseascaptureofan
enemyfightingunitsinceUSSPEACOCKcapturedHMSNautilusin1815.Noneofthecrewsrevealedthesecretoftheirsuccess,anditwasnotuntilafterthewar
thattheGermanslearnedthatU505hadbeencapturedratherthan

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sunk.ThecodebooksenabledtheAlliestoreadGermantrafficfortherestofthewar.
Followingthewar,U505wasrenamedUSSNemo,andwithanAmericancrewcruisedtheGulfandEastCoastsinapublicitycampaigntosellwarbonds.
DecommissionedatthePortsmouthNavyYardinNewHampshire,shelanguishedthereuntil1954whentheChicagoMuseumofScienceandIndustrysupported
byRearAdmiralGalleryacquiredherasapermanentexhibit.ThesubmarinewastoweddowntheSt.LawrenceRiverandthroughtheGreatLakestoCalumet
City,Michigan,whereshewasrefurbished.Inaninterestingfeatofengineering,U505wasthenrolledacrossChicago'sOuterDrivetodryberthinfrontofthe
museum,wheresheremainstoday.Thesameyear,shewasdedicatedasamemorialtothe55,000Americansailorswholosttheirlivesinthetwoworldwars.
Gallery,TwentyMillionTonsundertheSea.Grner,GermanWarships.

ULUBurunwreck
Hull:wood.Built:easternMediterranean14thcent.BCE.
TheUluBurunwreckisthemostspectacularextantBronzeAgeshipwreckspectacularmoreforthequantityandqualityofthefindsthanforanyadditionallight
shedonancientshipbuilding.In1983aTurkishspongedivertoldDr.DonFreyaboutaheapofingots"metalbiscuitswithears"hehadseenonthebottomjust
eastofthesteeppromontoryofUluburun,abouteightmilessoutheastofthetownofKas.AteamofarchaeologistsfromtheInstituteofNauticalArchaeologyat
TexasA&MUniversityandtheBodrumMuseuminvestigated,andexcavationshavecontinuedeversince.Deepanddangerous,thewrecksiteislocatedinposition
368'N,2941'Ethesitebeginsatadepthof140feetandendsbelow200feet,withtheseafloorslopingasmuchas45degrees.Asof1995,some22,000dives
hadbeenloggedatthesiteover11seasons.
Thebulkofthecargoconsistedofmetalingots:morethan350fourhandled"oxhide"ingotsofcopper,eachweighingapproximately27kilograms,aswellasabouta
tonoftiningots.Theingotswerestowedinfourrows,neatlypackedtominimizeshifting,andcushionedbyalayerofbrushwooddunnage.Inadditiontothemetals,
thecargocomprisedabout170glassingots,mostlyofacobaltcoloredglassprobablyproducedintheSyriaPalestineregion.Otherluxurygoodsincludedlogsof
ebonyandcedarwoodrawhippopotamusandelephantivory,ostricheggs,Balticamber,agoldchalice,anivorywritingtablet,afaiencedrinkingcupintheshapeof
aram'shead,andmanypiecesofjewelry,mostnotablyascaraboftheEgyptianQueenNefertitiandaCanaanitegoldpectoralintheshapeofafalcon.Chemical
studiesofCanaaniteamphoraefoundamidstthecargorevealedtracesofterebinthresin,avaluablecommodityusedintheproductionofincense.Oneamphora
containedorpiment(arsenictrisulfide),whichwasusedasapigment.
Imagenotavailable.
ExcavationinprogressonthemiddlesectionoftheBronzeAge
shipwreckatUluBurun,Turkey.Aboveastackofcopperingots
liesarowofstoneweightanchors.CourtesyInstituteofNautical
Archaeology,CollegeStation,Texas.

ThelargequantitiesofluxurygoodsandpreciousobjectssuitableforroyalgiftssuggestthattheUluBurunship'scargowassentfromonerulertoanother,eitheras
tributeorasacommercialventure.ThecargoincludedobjectsofMycenaeanGreekandCypriotmanufacture,butthepreponderanceofobjectsofNearEastern
originamongtheequipmentandpersonalpossessionsofthesailorsandmerchantstools,weapons,balancepanweights,cylinderseals,andweaponssuggests
thattheshipwasenroutefromaportontheSyroPalestiniancoasttowardsCreteortheGreekmainland.Thedateofthewreck,about1325BCE,wasdeterminedby
examiningthetreeringsonwoodcarriedonboard,perhapsforuseasfuel.
Somewellarticulatedremainsofthevesselwerefoundpreservedbeneaththecargo:partofthekeel,edgejoinedplanking,andfragmentsofawickerbulwark.The
precisedimensionsoftheshipareimpossibletodetermine,but

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herimpressivesizeissuggestedbythecargocapacityandbythe24stoneanchorsfoundaroundthewrecksite.
Bass,"BronzeAgeShipwreckatUluBurun(Kas):1984Campaign""ByzantineTradingVenture."

Unicorn
Frigate(3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:49.Built:BremerholmNavyYard,Copenhagen1605.
OneofthefinestfrigatesinthenavyofChristianIV,Unicorn(inDanish,Enhjrning)appearstohavebeensonamedbecauseearlierintheyearallDenmarkhad
beenexcitedbythesale,for40,000rixdollars,ofthesixfootlonghornofanarwhalcaughtoffIceland.TheshiphadanactivecareerduringChristianIV's
campaignsintheBaltic,butsheismostcelebratedforherconnectionwithJensMunk'sexpeditioninsearchoftheNorthwestPassage.Munk,aveteranofocean
voyagingfromBraziltoNovayaZemlya,wasfirstassociatedwithUnicornin1616.Atthattime,theshipwasoneofsixinafailedexpeditionagainstpiratesoperating
inthewatersbetweenDenmark,theNorthCape,Iceland,andtheFaeroeIslands.(In1615,Munkhadsailedassecondincommandofatwoshipexpeditionthat
capturedtheSpanishpirateMendozaintheKaraSea.)Threeyearslater,UnicornwasmadeflagshipofMunk'sexpeditioninsearchoftheNorthwestPassage,one
oftwoexpeditionsboundforChinadispatchedthatyearbyChristianIV.AmonghersixtyfivecrewweretwoEnglishveteransofnorthernvoyages:JohnWatson,
whoprobablysailedwithThomasButtoninDISCOVERYin1613,andWilliamGordon,whosesalary,advance,andbonus(werethePassagefound)wouldhave
equaledabouthalfthecostoftheentireexpedition.
OnMay9,1619,UnicornandLampreysailedfromCopenhagenwiththepersonalblessingofChristianIV,butsoonaftertheirdeparture,onemanthrewhimself
overboardintheKattegat,andtheshipswereforcedintoharborinNorwayforrepairstoLamprey.PuttingtoseaagainonMay30,theshipspassedShetlandand
theFaeroesandbytheendofJunewereoffCapeFarewell,Greenland.TheycrossedtheicestrewnDavisStraitandfetchedupinFrobisherbayatthesouthernend
ofBaffinIsland.Workingtheirwayoutofthebay,theshipsroundedResolutionIslandonJuly11onlytodriftintheicefortwodaysbeforeresumingtheirwestward
course.ActualtransitofHudsonStraittooknearlysixweeks,astheshipswerecaughtindriftingiceorcametoanchoratvariouspointsalongthesouthernshoreof
BaffinIsland.TheyalsolosttendayssailingthroughUngavaBay(innorthernQuebec),whichGordonmistookforHudsonBay.Finally,afterpassingTheSisters
(DiggesIslands),theshipsturnedsouthwestatthebeginningofSeptember.LampreyandUnicornwereseparatedinastorm,andonSeptember7,Munkconned
UnicornthroughtheshoalwateratthemouthoftheChurchillRiverinnorthernManitoba,wheretheywerejoinedtwodayslaterbyLamprey.
TheunexpectedlycoldweatherleftMunknochoicebuttowinteratMunkHaven.Theshipswerehauledovertheshallowstobeoutofthewayoftheice,whichwas
alreadybuildinguparoundthehulls.Althoughwellprovisioned,themenhadnowinterclothing,andastheweathertighteneditsgripitbecameincreasinglydifficultto
huntorgatherfuel.ThefirstdeathofacrewmancameonNovember21,followedtwoweekslaterbyasecond.ByFebruary20,1620,twentyonemenweredead,
andbyJune4,whenMunkhadgivenhimselfupfordead,thereweresixtyonedead.Munkwroteinhislog,"SinceInolongerhaveanyhopesofliving,...Isay
goodbyetotheworldandgivemysoultoGod'skeeping."
Fivedayslater,helearnedthattwoofhismenwerestillaliveashore,inadestitutestate:"wecreptallabout,whereverwesawtheslightestgreengrowingandcoming
outoftheearthwhichwediggedupandsuckedtheveryrootthereof...andthereafterwebegantofeelwell."ByJune18,theycouldfishalittle,andaweeklater
theybeganpreparationsforleavingMunkHaveninLamprey.Havingunloadedthevessel,hauledherovertherockstodeeperwater,andreloadedher,thethree
mensailedonJuly16,leavingUnicornandtheirdeadcomradesbehind.Miraculously,Lampreyandherenfeebledcrewmadethehazardouseastwardcrossingof
theAtlantictofetchupinSognefjord,Norway,onSeptember20.Munkrecoveredwellenoughtoremainintheking'sserviceuntil1628,twoyearsafterLamprey
sankfollowingChristianIV'sdisastrousdefeatatLutteramBarenberge(August1626)duringtheThirtyYears'War.
Hansen,NorthwesttoHudsonBay.

HMSUnicorn
(exUnicornII,Cressy,Unicorn)Ledaclass5thrate46(3m).L/B/D:150.1'39.8'13.8dph(45.8m12.1m4.2m).Tons:1,052disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:
284.Arm.:2818pdr,832pdr,109pdr.Des.:SirRobertSeppings.Built:ChathamDockyard,Eng.1824.
AmemberofoneoftheRoyalNavy'smostsuccessfulclassesofheavyfrigates,HMSUnicornhasthecuriousdistinctionofbeingoneoftheoldest,leastused,and
best

Page538

preservedwoodenshipsintheworld.Laiddownin1822andlaunchedtwoyearslater,theRoyalNavyrealizedimmediatelythattheyhadlittleuseforanother46gun
frigateofthesameclassasHMSShannonandTRINCOMALEE,andshewasimmediatelyputinordinary,unriggedanddisarmed.Shewasemployedasapowder
hulkatWoolwichfrom1857to1862,whenshewasmovedtoSheernessandlaidup.TenyearslatershewastowedtoDundeeforuseasadrillship.Sheremained
inthislineofworkuntil1967,andduringbothworldwarsservedalsoastheAreaHeadquartersoftheSeniorNavalOfficer,Dundee.In1939,shewasrenamed
UnicornIItofreethenameforanewaircraftcarrier,andin1941shebecameCressy.Whenthecarrierwasscrappedin1959,shetookbackheroldname.The
frigatewasherselfheadedtotheshipbreakersin1967whenformerCaptainJ.C.L.Andersoninitiatedanefforttosavetheshipandhaveherrestoredandriggedin
themanneroriginallyintended.
Stewart,WelcomeAboardtheFrigate"Unicorn."

Union
Sloop(1m).L/B/D:65.4'bp19.8'8.4'dph(19.9m6m2.6m).Tons:94burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:22.Arm.:10guns(6pdr&3pdr),8swivels.Built:
Somerset,Mass.1792.
IntheannalsofAmericanseafaring,thevoyageofthesloopUnionstandsoutforitssheeraudacity.InJuly1794,JohnBoittookcommandofUnionatNewport,
RhodeIsland,inpreparationforavoyagetothePacificNorthwesttogatherfursfortheCantonmarket,atradethatattractedscoresofBostonmerchantsinthelate
eighteenthcentury.Thoughonlynineteen,BoitwasaveteranofCOLUMBIAREDIVIVA'ssecondvoyagetothePacificNorthwestin179083andan
accomplishednavigator.UnionsailedonAugust29,1794,andafterpassingthroughtheCapeVerdeIslands,shecametotheFalklandIslandswheresheremained
fromJanuary4to22,1795.AfteraquickroundingofCapeHorn,UnionheadeddirectlyforColumbia'sCoveonVancouverIsland,landingonMay16.Overthe
courseofthenextfourmonths,thecrewgatheredseaotterskinsfromthemouthoftheColumbiaRiverinthesouthtoDixonEntranceatthenorthernendofthe
QueenCharlotteIslands.
OnSeptember12,UnionsailedfortheSandwich(Hawaiian)Islands,whichshereachedonOctober17.HereJohnYoung,anEnglishmanservingasanadviserto
KingKamehameha,warnedBoitaboutthepossibilityofUnion'sbeingseized.BoittooktheadviceandthenextdaysailedforCanton.Unionreachedthemouthof
thePearlRiverattheendofNovemberandBoitsoldhisfursatCantononChristmasEve.Afterloadingacargoofnankeens(atypeofcloth)andembarkinga
passengerforIledeFrance,UnionsailedonJanuary12,1796.ShereachedIledeFranceinmidMarchandfromtheresaileddirectlyforBoston,whichshereached
onJuly8.Unionwasprobably"thefirstsloopthatevercircumnavigatedtheglobe,"butalthoughBoitconsideredher"anexcellentseaboat&...averysafevessel,
stillIthinkittoogreatarisquefortotrusttoonemastonsuchalongvoyagewhenasmallBrigwouldanswerontheEastCoast."Shortlyafterthesloop'sreturn,her
NewportandBostonmerchantssoldher.
Boit,Logofthe"Union."

USSUnitedStates
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:175'43.5'14.3'(53.3m13.3m4.3m).Tons:2,200tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:364.Des.:JoshuaHumphreys,JosiahFox,William
Doughty.Built:JoshuaHumphreys,Philadelphia1797.
OneoftheU.S.Navy'soriginalsixfrigates,authorizedbyCongressspecificallytocombattheBarbarycorsairsinthewesternMediterranean,USSUnitedStates
waslaunchedin1797,followedshortlybyCONSTELLATIONandCONSTITUTION.Heavilybuiltwithaflushspardeckabovethegundeck,UnitedStates,
Constitution,andPRESIDENTwereratedas44sanddesignedtocarrythirty24pdr.andtwentytotwentytwo12pdr.longgunsthelatterwereeventually
supersededbythemorepowerful,shortrange42pdr.carronades.(The38s,includingCHESAPEAKEandCongress,weredesignedtocarrytwentyeight24pdrs
andeighteentotwenty12pdrs.)
CommissionedunderCaptainJohnBarry,duringtheQuasiWarwithFrance,inJuly1798UnitedStatessailedwithUSSDelawarefortheCaribbeaninsearchof
Frenchprizes.Shecapturedtwoprivateersonherfirstcruise,andthreeinthesecond,duringwhichtheWestIndiessquadrongrewtotwofrigates,threeships,and
fourrevenuecutters.Withtheconclusionofthewar,theAmericanNavywaspracticallydisbanded,andUnitedStateswaslaidupattheWashingtonNavyYard
withfourofhersistershipsConstitutionwasatBoston.
InJune1810,therecommissionedUnitedStatesputtoseaunderCaptainStephenDecatur.TwoyearslatertheUnitedStatesdeclaredwaronGreatBritainand
Decatur'sshipjoinedCommodoreJohnRodgers'sNorthAtlanticSquadron.TheirsecondcruisebeganonOctober8,1812threedayslaterUnitedStatessplitoff
fromtheSquadron.OnOctober25,about500milessouthoftheAzores,UnitedStatesengagedHMSMACEDONIAN(38guns)underCaptainJohnSurman
Carden.Battlewas

Page539

Imagenotavailable.
PaintingoftheactionbetweentheUSSUNITEDSTATESandHMSMACEDONIANonOctober25,
1812,byArthurN.Disney,Sr.TheBritishfrigatewasdismastedandsobadlydamagedthatrepairstook
twoweeksatsea.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

joinedatabout0920,andDecaturpositionedhisshiponMacedonian'squarter.BynoontheBritishfrigatewasadismastedhulkwith104ofhercrewdeador
woundedAmericancasualtieswere12deadandwounded.MidoceanrepairstotheBritishprizetooktwoweeks,anditwasnotuntilDecemberthatUnitedStates
returnedtoNewYork,whereMacedonianwasbroughtintotheU.S.Navy.InMay1813,theshipsslippedoutofNewYorkwiththesloopHORNET,butthey
wereforcedintoNewLondonwheretheywereblockadedforthedurationofthewar.
NosoonerwastheWarof1812overthanCongressdeclaredwaronAlgiers,andUnitedStateswassenttotheMediterranean.Althoughpeacewasquicklymade,
UnitedStateswaskeptonstationuntil1819.Laidupforfiveyears,hersubsequentcareerreflectedthewideningscopeofAmericanmerchantandnavalinterests.
ShesailedvariouslywiththePacificSquadron(182427,184142),MediterraneanSquadron(183338,184748),HomeSquadron(183940),andAfrican
Squadron(184647).ItwasonhersecondpatrolinthePacificthatshewasjoinedbyordinaryseamanHermanMelville,whotranslatedhisfourteenmonth
experienceintothenovelWhiteJacket,orTheWorldinaManofWar,inwhichhisshipiscalledUSSNeversink.
Decommissionedin1849,UnitedStateswascaptured(withtherestoftheNorfolkNavyYard)andcommissionedastheConfederatereceivingshipCSSUnited
States(orsometimesConfederateStates).SunkasablockshipintheElizabethRiver,shewasraisedandbrokenupatNorfolkin1865.
Chapelle,HistoryoftheAmericanSailingNavy.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

UnitedStates
Liner(2f/1m).L/B:990'101.6'31'(301.8m31m9.4m).Tons:53,329grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st913,cabin558,tourist5371,036crew.Mach.:steam
turbine,4screws,240,000shp35kts.Des.:WilliamFrancisGibbs(Gibbs&Cox).Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,Va.
1952.
Inmanyrespectsthemostadvancedpassengershipeverbuilt,theNorthAtlanticpassengerlinerUnitedStateswasthecreationofnavalarchitectWilliamFrancis
Gibbsmorethanofanyothersingleperson.FrankO.BraynardaptlydescribedUnitedStatesandGibbsas"Supership,supermanandsupermergerofthetwo!"
Eversincetheclipperage,AmericanshippingandshipbuildingtechnologyhadbeeneclipsedbyEuropeanrivals,notonlyinEnglandbutinGermany,France,andItaly
aswell.ThelastU.S.shiptosetatransatlanticspeedrecordwasthe

Page540

CollinsLine'sBaltic,whichmadethecrossingfromLiverpooltoSandyHookinninedays,sixteenhoursin1854.Gibbsbeganplanningforashiptorivalthemost
opulentandpowerfulcreationsfromEuropeevenbeforeWorldWarII,andinmanyrespectshisAMERICA(1940)wasapreviewofhisconceptof"thebigship."
WorldWarIImerelypostponedhisinterestintheproject,andintheeraofpostwarprosperity,hebegantoplanhisgrandestcreation.Braynardsummarizedthe
project:
ThenewlinerwasasynthesisofalltheexperiencegainedbyGibbs&CoxfrompassengershipssuchastheLeviathan,theMalolo,thefourGracelinersandtheAmerica,of
course,andthencombinedwiththetechnicaladvancesmadeinmachinery,structure,materialsandmethodsdevelopedintheirworkfortheU.S.Navy.Thenewshiphadtobethe
fastestafloat,withstandardsofsubdivisionandfireresistancesurpassingallothers.ShehadtocompetewiththetwoQueensinluxury,accommodationandtobemuchfaster
andallthisatlessfuelconsumption.And,shehadtobeatthesametimeconvertibletoatroopship.

ThelastrequirementwasduetotheinvolvementoftheU.S.government.Becauseoftheprojectedcostsofbuildingsuchavessel,GibbsdecidedtoselltheNavyon
theideathatintheeventofanationalemergency,theshipcouldserveasatransport.Inexchangeforagovernmentsubsidy,hebuiltintotheshipanumberofspecial
features,includinggreaterspeedthanneededforserviceasapassengershipandtwoengineroomssothatshecouldoperatenormallyintheeventthatoneenginewas
torpedoed.Thegovernmentagreedtosubsidizethecostofbuildingandmaintainingtheship,whichwouldbeleasedtoandoperatedbyUnitedStatesLines.Byfar
themostextraordinaryaspectofthenewlinerwasherincrediblespeed,butalthoughsheboastedthemostpowerfulmachineryofanypassengership,theabundant
useofaluminuminherconstructionkeptherweighttoaminimum.Althoughhighspeedwasanobviousobjective,itwasalsoacloselyguardedsecret,andnonU.S.
Linespersonnelwerebarredfromtheengineroomforwelloveradecade.
IntrialsoffVirginiainJune1952,UnitedStatesgenerated241,785shafthorsepowertostepoutatover39.38knots,andinonespurtshereportedlyhit43knots
fasterthananaccompanyingNavydestroyer.Butwithaviewtoenhancinginterestandpublicity,U.S.Linesclaimedonlythatsheattainedspeedsofbetterthan34
knots.OnJuly3,UnitedStatesembarkedpassengersforhermaidenvoyagefromNewYorktoSouthampton,undercommandofCommodoreHarryManning.
StartingatAmbroseLightoffNewYorkHarbor,shewasoffBishopRockonJuly7,havingcoveredadistanceof2,942milesinonly3days,10hours,40
minutesanaveragespeedof35.59knots.Onherreturnagainsttheprevailingwesterlies,shecrossedfromBishopRocktoAmbroseinonly3days,12hours,12
minutes,anaveragespeedof34.51knots,thewestboundtrackbeing36milesshorterthantheeastbound.Thesespeedswere11to12percentfasterthanthoseof
QUEENMARY,whichin1938crossedat31.69knotseastboundand30.99knotswestbound,andUnitedStatesmaintainedanaverageservicespeedof32to33
knots.
MostvoyagesincludedastopatLeHavre,andsheoccasionallyalsocalledatBremen.AlthoughherpassengercapacitywaslessthanthatofeitherQueenMaryor
QUEENELIZABETH,asmeasuredbyoccupancyrateshewasamorepopularship.Inherfirstfullseason,shefilled90percentofherberthsandcarried69,231
passengers,ascomparedwith70,775forQueenElizabethand63,443forQueenMary.Bytheendofthe1950s,however,thetransatlanticpassengershipwas
doomedasthefirstjetairplanescuttraveltimestoonlyseventoeighthours.Also,skyrocketinglaborcostsandincreasingnumbersofstrikesputsevereeconomic
pressuresonU.S.Lines.OnNovember7,1969,UnitedStatessailedfromNewYorkforwhatwastohavebeenaroutineoverhaulinNewportNews,butinthe
faceofescalatingcostsanddecliningrevenues,herreturntoservicewascanceledandshewaslaidupatNewportNews.
Overtheyears,variousplanswerefloatedtorestoretheshiptooperation,andshewasacquiredvariouslybytheFederalMaritimeCommissionin1973andU.S.
CruiseLinesin1978.In1992,shewaspurchasedbyTurkishinterestswhoplannedtoconverthertoacruiseship.Fouryearslater,shereturnedtotheUnitedStates
andwaslaidupinPhiladelphia.
Braynard,BigShip.Miller,SS"UnitedStates."

HMSUpholder
Uclasssubmarine.L/B:191'16.1'(58.2m4.9m).Tons:630/730disp.Hull:steel200'dd.Comp.:31.Arm.:421"TT13".Mach.:diesel/electric,
615/825bhp,2screws11/9kts.Built:VickersArmstrong,BarrowinFurness,Eng.1940.
HMSUpholderwasoneofaclassofcoastalsubmarinesbuiltjustbeforeWorldWarIIanddesignedfortrainingsurfaceforcesinantisubmarinewarfare.Shortly
beforewarbegan,theUclassboatswereretroactivelyfittedwithtorpedotubes.Difficulttotrimatperiscopedepth,theywerealsotheslowestsubmarinesemployed
bytheBritishduringthewartheironlyadvantagewastheir

Page541

abilitytosubmergefasterthananyother.StationedatMalta,theUclassboatswerefurtherhamperedbytheshortageoftorpedoes,inadequatenightsightsandfire
directorcomputers,andinexperiencedcommanders.OneofthelastwasLieutenantCommanderDavidWanklyn,who,inhisfirstfourpatrols,damagedonlyone
transportanddrovehisdespairingcommandingofficertoaskwhether"suchapoorshotcouldbekeptincommand."Givenoneopportunitytoredeemhimself,
WanklynsailedUpholderforTunisiaonApril21,1941.FourdayslateroffKerkenah,heboardedandburnedamerchantman,andonMay1,hesanktwomerchant
shipsfromahomewardboundconvoy.
Wanklyn'ssixthpatrolinUpholderbeganonMay15.Fivedaysout,Wanklynsighteda4,000tontanker,twosupplyships,andanescort.Hefiredfourtorpedoes
andthetankerwashit.Thebowcapofthefourthtubehadfailedtoopen,andinthecounterattack,depthchargesknockedoutUpholder'sAsdicandhydrophones.
Upholderremainedonpatrol,andthreedayslaterWanklyntorpedoedtheVichyFrenchlinerAlberta.Onlytwotorpedoesremained,andalthoughonewas
defectiveandtheotherwasinthefaultytube,bothwerereadiedforfiring.Atabout2030onMay24,Upholderwasrechargingherbatteriesonthesurfacewhen
Wanklynsightedthreelargetroopshipsandfourorfivedestroyerssteamingat20knotsnearlytwiceUpholder'soperationalspeed.Slippinginsidethescreen,
Wanklynlaunchedfourtorpedoesatthe18,000tontrooptransportConteRosso,whichsankwiththelossofabout1,200Italiansoldiers.Followingawithering
depthchargeattack,thesubmarineescapedtoMalta.WanklynwasawardedtheVictoriaCrossforhisconductonthispatrol.
OnSeptember17,UpholderattackedanothertroopconvoycarryingreinforcementstoFieldMarshalErwinRommel'sAfrikaKorps.Shortlyaftermidnight,
Wanklynsightedtheshipsand,firingtwotorpedoeswith"devastatingaccuracyat5,000yards[twicetheaccepteddistanceforUclasssubmarines]inpoorlightand
withhisshipyawingbadly,"holedandsanktransportNeptuniaanddestroyedthepropellersofOceania,whichwasfinishedoffatdawn.
ByApril1942,Upholderhadsunkfifteentransportsandsupplyships,twosubmarines,twodestroyers,andonearmedtrawler,andhaddamagedfourtransportsand
acruiser.InearlyApril1942,shelandedArabagentsinTunisiaandonthe11thtransferredSpecialCommandoOfficerCaptainWilsontohersistershipHMS
Unbeaten.Shethendisappeared,anditisbelievedthatshewassunkbyamineorpossiblybytheItaliantorpedoboatPegaso,onApril14.Thesignificanceof
Upholder'scontributiontothewareffortcanbegaugedfromtheAdmiralty'sunusualstatementfollowingherloss:
ItisseldomproperforTheirLordshipstodrawdistinctionbetweendifferentservicesrenderedinthecourseofnavalduty,buttheytaketheopportunityofsinglingoutthoseof
HMSUpholder,underthecommandofLieutenantCommanderWanklyn,forspecialmention...Suchwasthestandardofskillanddaring,thattheshipandherofficersandmen
becameaninspiration,notonlytotheirownflotilla,buttothefleetofwhichitwasapart,andMalta,whereforsolongHMSUpholderwasbased.Theshipandhercompanyare
gone,buttheexampleandinspirationremain.
Allaway,Heroofthe"Upholder."Padfield,WarbeneaththeSea.

L'Uranie
(exLaCiotat)Corvette(3m).Hull:wood.Comp.:126.Arm.:20guns.Built:France<1816.
ThelastdecadeoftheNapoleonicWarsforestalledallattemptsbytheFrenchtodispatchanyvoyagesofexploration,butin1816,CaptainLouisdeFreycinetwas
appointedtocommandaoneshipscientificexpeditioninL'Uranie.Amongtheship'scompanywereRosedeFreycinet,thecaptain'swife(whowasdisguisedasa
midshipmanuntiltheshipreachedGibraltar).UraniedepartedToulononSeptember17,1817,enrouteforAustralia.Theprimaryaimoftheexpeditionwasmore
scientificthangeographic,theemphasisbeingonstudiesofterrestrialmagnetismandastronomicalobservation.Thepassageouttookayear,astheFrenchconducted
exhaustivependulumobservationsandcollectedspecimensoffloraandfaunaatRiodeJaneiro,theCapeofGoodHope,andMauritius.AtDirkHartog'sIslandin
SharkBay,Australia,FreycinetfoundaninscribedpewterplatethatWillemVlaminghin1697usedtoreplaceoneoriginallydedicatedbyHartog,sailingin
EENDRACHTin1616.(TheVlaminghplateisnowintheWesternAustralianMaritimeMuseuminPerth.)
FromAustralia,UraniesailedtoDutchandPortugueseTimorandtheMoluccaswherethecrewwereafflictedwithdysenteryand,despitethefrequentstops,scurvy.
OnMarch18,1819,UraniearrivedattheSpanishoutpostonGuam,intheMarianaIslands,wherethecrewrecuperatedandtheyoungLieutenantLouisDuperrey
(wholatercommandedtwoexpeditionsinL'ASTROLABE)conductedsurveysoftheisland.InMay,theshipheadedforHawaii,arrivinginearlyAugusttoan
enthusiasticwelcomebytheHawaiiansandthefledglingEuropeancommunityinHonolulu.Sailingsouthandsouthwest,Uranie

Page542

arrivedatSydney,NewSouthWales,wheretheFrenchspentsixweeksasguestsoftheEnglishgovernorLachlanMacquarie.
OnChristmasDay,1819,UraniesailedforFranceviaCapeHorn.AttemptingtoenterBerkeleySoundintheFalklandIslands,theshipranagroundandhadtobe
abandoned.AssistancearrivedintheformoftwoAmericanvessels.TheFrenchweretakentoMontevideoinMercury,wheretheypurchasedthevesseland
renamedherPhysiciennebeforereturningtoLeHavreonNovember13,1820.
Brosse,GreatVoyagesofDiscovery.Dunmore,FrenchExplorersinthePacific.

Utopia
Steamship(1f/3m).L/B/D:350.3'bp35.2'(106.8mbp10.7m).Tons:2,731grt.Comp.:1st120,2nd60,3rd60060crew.Hull:iron.Mach.:compound
engine,singlescrew13kts.Built:RobertDuncan&Co.,PortGlasgow,Scotland1874.
BuiltfortheHendersonBrothers'AnchorLinein1874tosailontheNorthAtlanticroutebetweenGlasgowandNewYork,in1876Utopiabegansailingbetween
LondonandNewYork.In1882,shewasbrieflyputintoAnchorLine'striangularservicebetweenGlasgow,Calcutta,andNewYork,bywayoftheSuezCanaland
Mediterraneanports.ShelaterresumedservicebetweenGlasgow,theMediterranean,andNewYork.Followingamajoroverhaulin1890,duringwhichshewas
giventripleexpansionenginesandherpassengeraccommodationsweremodernized,UtopiaenteredtheimmigranttradedirectbetweenNewYorkandthe
Mediterranean.Havingembarkedmorethan800passengersatTriesteandNaples,UtopiastoppedbrieflyatGibraltaronMarch16,1891.Duringagale,shewas
blownbroadsideonintotherambowofHMSAnson,whichwasatanchor.ThedamagewasdevastatingandUtopiasankwithinfiveminutesatotalof576
passengersandcrewwerelostwiththeship.RaisedthefollowingJuly,Utopia'shullwaspatched,towedtotheClyde,andlaidup.Shewasfinallybrokenupin
1900.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.McLellan,AnchorLine.

UtrechtBoat
Logboat.L/B:45.6'6.2'(13.9m1.85m).Hull:wood.Built:Netherlandsca.1050CE.
FirstdiscoveredbyworkmendiggingacanalalongUtrecht'svanHoornekadein1930,theUtrechtboatwasimmediatelyexcavatedandtakentotheCentraal
Museumforstudyandreconstruction.Thevesselwasinitiallythoughttobeasmalldecked,seagoingsailingshipdatingfirstfromthesecondandlaterfromtheeighth
centuryCE.ShewasalsocomparedwithrenderingsofshipsfoundintheninthcenturyUtrechtPsalterandonCarolingiancoins.
Subsequentresearchinthe1980srevealedanaltogetherdifferentvessel.MoresophisticateddatingsystemsplacetheUtrechtboatintheeleventhcentury.Thehull
consistsofasingleoaklogthathasbeenhollowed.Thisbasewaslengthenedbothforeandaftbywoodenextensionboards.Toportandstarboard,therewerea
garboardstrake,ahalfroundwale,andasheerstrake.Theseoverlappedclinkerfashionandwerefastenedwithtreenails(ironnailswereusedonlytoholdpatches
overcracksinthelog),andthesheerstrakewasreinforcedwitharubbingstrake.Thevesselwasreinforcedbyanestimatedthirtyeightribs,allbuttwoofwhich
werepreserved.TheUtrechtboatwasprobablyusedonlyininlandwaters,andwaseithertowedorpuntedovershallowwaters.Assuchsheisthoughttorepresent
theultimatedevelopmentofthelogboat,theoriginsofwhichhavebeentracedtoabout7000BCE.
Vlek,MedievalUtrechtBoat.

Page543

V
Vanderbilt
(laterThreeBrothers)Sidewheelsteamer(2f/2m).L/B/D:323'38.4'31.1'(98.5m11.7m9.5m).Tons:3,019grt.Hull:wood.Mach.:verticalbeam
engines,2,800ihp,sidewheels14kts.Built:JeremiahSimonson,Greenpoint,N.Y.1857.
BuiltfordirectcompetitionwiththeBritishCunardLine,thepassengermailsteamshipVanderbiltwasnamedforferrycaptainturnedrailroadbaronCornelius
Vanderbilt.FlyingtheflagoftheNorthAtlanticMailSteamshipLine,shesailed(insummertimeonly)untiltheCivilWar.Vanderbiltwasthencharteredtothe
governmentasatransport,butwhentheConfederacyunveiledtheCSSVIRGINIA,Vanderbiltofferedtheservicesofhisshipwhichhad50feetofironplating
forwardasaramtodestroytheironclad.Armedwithtwo200pdr.,twelve9inch,andone12pdr.guns,shearrivedatHamptonRoadsaftertheduelbetween
VirginiaandMONITOR.ShethensailedinayearlongsearchfortheConfederateraiderALABAMA,duringwhichtimeshecapturedseveralblockaderunners.
(Vanderbiltwasdisquietedtolearn,uponreceiptofatestimonialfromCongress,thathehaddonatedhisshiptotheNavy,buthefiguredouthowtoparlay''their
twentyfivedollargoldmedal"intogoodpublicity.)In1867,"Vanderbilt'sYacht"transferredtothePacificSquadronatSanFrancisco,whereshewasplacedin
ordinaryfrom1867to1873.
InthelatteryearshewassoldtoHowe&CompanyofSanFrancisco,whoremovedherengines,gaveheraclipperbow,andreriggedherasathreemastedshipfor
tradearoundCapeHorntotheEastCoastandEurope.In1885,shewassoldtotheAnchorLineforuseasacoalhulkatGibraltar,wheresheremaineduntil1928,
whenshewassoldforscrap.
Braynard,FamousAmericanShips.Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.

HMSVanguard
3rdrate74(3m).L/B:168'47'(51.2m14.3m).Tons:1,664bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:530.Arm.:2832pdr,3024pdr,169pdr.Built:Deptford
Dockyard1787.
WhenFranceundertheDirectorydeclaredwaronGreatBritainin1793,theKingdomofNaplesallieditselfwithBritain,whichwasforcedtherebytocommitmajor
resourcestotheMediterranean.TheBritishpresencethereintensifiedevenmoreafterNapoleoninvadedItalyin1796.Thenextyear,RearAdmiralHoratioNelson
hadhisrightarmamputatedafteranattemptedlandingatSantaCruzdeTenerife,intheCanaryIslands.HisfirstflagshipuponreturningtodutywasHMSVanguard,
CaptainEdwardBerrycommanding,andhewasimmediatelysenttocruiseoffToulontodeterminetheintentionsofthehugeFrenchfleetmusteringthereunderVice
AdmiralFranoisPaulBrueysd'Aigulliers.OnMay20,1798,VanguardwasdismastedinagaleandmaderepairsatSardinia,returningtoToulontofindthatthe
Frenchhadsailed,alsoonthe20th.EarlSt.VincentthenappointedNelsonovertwomoreseniorofficerstosearchforanddestroytheFrencharmada,
numberingsome75warships,400transports,10,000sailors,and36,000soldiers.
ByJune7,Nelsonhadafleetof14shipsofthelinebut,throughaconfusionoforders,nofrigates,asituationthatledhimtodeclare,"Frigates!WereItodiethis
moment,wantoffrigateswouldbefoundengravedonmyheart!"Lackingthese"eyesofthefleet,"hewasunabletolocatetheFrencharmadauntilafterithad
capturedMalta,atwhichpointhesupposedittobeheadedforEgypttoestablishabridgeheadforthecaptureofBritishIndia.FindingnoFrenchinAlexandria,
NelsonputbacktoSicilyforwaterandprovisions.Settingtoseaagain,onJuly28helearnedthattheFrenchhadbeenseenboundforEgypt,towhichhenow
returned.OnAugust1,theBritishwereoffAlexandria,andthatsameafternoonfoundtheFrenchfleetofthirteenshipsofthelineandfourfrigatesanchoredinline
aheadinAboukirBay.Manyofthecrewswereashorewateringship,andthough

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theywererecalledimmediately,AdmiralBrueysseemstohavebelievedthatNelsonwouldattackthefollowingmorningandthathehadanighttoprepare.
NelsonfeltthatwhentheFrenchclearedforbattle,theywouldassumethathisattackwouldcomefromtheseaandnotbotherwiththegunsfacingtheshore.At
1630,fiveofNelson'sshipspassedbetweentheFrenchvanandtheshorewhileVanguardandfiveothershipsanchoredtoseaward.SevenFrenchshipswere
pummeledbythirteenBritish(CullodenhadrunagroundandSwiftsureandAlexanderdidnotarriveoffAboukiruntil2000),whiletherestoftheFrenchfleet
remainedoutofactiontoleeward.NelsondescribedtheactionbrieflyinalettertoLordHowe:
Ihadthehappinesstocommandabandofbrotherstherefore,nightwastomyadvantage.Eachknewhisduty,andIwassureeachwouldfeelforaFrenchship.Byattackingthe
enemy'svanandcentre,thewindblowingdirectlyalongtheirline,IwasabletothrowwhatforceIpleasedonafewships.Thisplanmyfriendsreadilyconceivedbythe
signals,...andwealwayskeptasuperiorforcetotheenemy.Attwentyeightminutespastsix,thesuninthehorizon,thefiringcommenced.Atfiveminutespastten,whenthe
Orientblewup,havingburntseventyminutes,thesixvanshipssurrendered.IthenpressedfurthertowardstherearandhaditpleasedGodthatIhadnotbeenwoundedand
stoneblind[fromapieceofscrapironthathithimintheforehead],therecannotbeadoubtbutthateveryshipwouldhavebeeninourpossession.

Intheevent,theNileprovedthemostdecisivevictoryofitsday,andRearAdmiralComtedeVilleneuveescapedwithonlyGnreux,GuillaumeTell,andtwo
frigates.Twoshipsofthelineweresunk,threewerebeyondrepair,andsixweretakenintotheRoyalNavy.Nelsonwashonoredwithapeerage(BaronNelsonof
theNileandBurnhamThorpe)andwithgiftsfromCzarPaulofRussia,OttomanSultanSelimIII,andtheEastIndiaCompany,amongothers.
France'sarmyinEgyptremainedcutoffintheMiddleEastuntil1802,althoughNapoleonreturnedtoEuropeinOctober1799.Inthemeantime,Frenchcontinental
armiesadvancedthroughItalywithlittleresistancefromthefragmentedrepublics.InDecember1798,theNeapolitanroyalfamilysailedtoexileinSicilyaboard
Vanguard.Shortlythereafter,NelsoncommencedablockadeofMalta,whichheldoutfortwoyears.NelsonlatershiftedhisflagtoHMSFoudroyant,andin1800
Vanguardreturnedtohomewaters.Thoughsheremainedinactiveservice,shewasnotpresentattheothermajorbattlesoftheNapoleonicWars.Reducedtoa
prisonshipin1812andapowderhulkin1814,Vanguardwasbrokenupin1821.
Bennett,NelsontheCommander.

Vega
Bark(1f/3m).L/B:142'26'(43.3m7.9m).Tons:357grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:35.Mach.:steam,60hp,1screw7kts.Built:Bremerhaven1873.
In1873,veteranpolarexplorerAdolfNordenskildbeganstudyingthefeasibilityofaNortheastPassagefromEuropeanwatersacrossthetopofRussiatothe
BeringSea.Hisfirsttwoefforts,in1873and1875aboardPrvenandYmer,demonstratedthatthecoastoftheKaraSeawasrelativelyicefree,andheeventually
receivedbackingfromOscarIIofNorwayandSweden,amongothers,toundertakeanexpeditionintheconvertedGermanwhalerVega.Accompaniedbythree
supportships,VegadepartedTroms,Norway,onJuly21,1878.ByAugust19,theyhadpassedCapeChelyushkinatthetopoftheTaimyrPeninsula,the
northernmostpointofcontinentalEurasia,andninedayslaterVegawasoffthemouthoftheLenaRiver.FromhereNordenskildtriedtoexploretheNewSiberian
Islandstothenorth,butforcedbackbytheice,Vegacontinuedherwayeast.
OnSeptember27,1878,VegabecameiceboundjusteastofNorthCapeandonly120milesfromtheBeringStrait.Theshipremainedfastintheiceforthenextten
months,duringwhichtimeVega'sethnographicandscientificexpertsstudiedtheChuchkicultureandcollectedfaunaandfloraspecimens.Addressingtheproblemof
packiceheadon,Nordenskildwrote"OnthePossibilityofCommercialNavigationintheWatersoffSiberia,"areportthatanticipatedbyseveraldecadesthe
developmentofsucharoutebySovietplanners.OnJuly18,1879,Vegawasfreeoftheiceandresumedherwayeast,andonJuly20sheclearedBeringStrait.
"Thus,"asNordenskildobserved,"atlastthegoalwasreachedthatsomanynationshadstruggledfor,eversinceSirHughWilloughby[inEDWARD
BONAVENTURE]usheredinthelongseriesofvoyagestotheNortheast."Nordenskildcontinuedtomakescientificobservationsforseveralweeksbeforeturning
forJapan,wherehearrivedinSeptember.VegareturnedtoEuropeviatheSuezCanal,Naples,andLondon,buttheship'sarrivalatStockholmonApril24wasa
momentousoccasion.ThedateisstillcelebratedasVegaDayinSweden.
VegawassoldfollowingthevoyageandreturnedtoherworkinthefisheriesundertheSwedishflagfortwodec

Page545

ades.ShewaslostoffGreenlandwhenshewastrappedintheice,andsank.
Kish,NortheastPassage.Nordenskild,Voyageofthe"Vega"roundAsiaandEurope.

VerguldeDraeck
Ship(3m).L/B/D:125.4'29.3'12.3'dph(38.2m8.9m3.8m).Tons:260tons.Hull.:wood.Comp.:193.Arm.:Built:VOC,Zaandam,Netherlands1653.
OnhersecondvoyagetoBatavia,theVerenigdeOostindishcheCompagnie(VOC,orDutchEastIndiaCompany)retourshipVerguldeDraeckranagroundona
reefabout120kilometers(75miles)northofmodernPerth,Australia,onApril28,1656.Seventyfiveofthecrewlandedsafely,andaship'sboatwithsevencrew
putoutforBatavia,1,600milesaway,whichtheyreachedonJune7.Twoshipssentoutforthesurvivorsthenextdayfoundnothing.Asecondtwoshipexpedition
wasdispatchedinJanuary1658,andonMarch20WackendeBoeycameacrossflotsamfromtheshipnearRottnestIsland.Afewdayslater,shewasdriven
offshorewhilefourteenmenwereashoreintheship'sboat.CaptainSamuelVolkersenabandonedhismen,andunderAbrahamLeemanthecastawaysreturnedto
BataviaonSeptember13,thoughtenofthefourteencrewwerekilledonJava.
In1931,coinsfromVerguldeDraeckwerefoundinthesandnearCapeLeschenault,butlittlemorewasthoughtofthewreckuntil1963,whendiversfoundelephant
tusks,cannon,ship'sfittings,andballastbricksoffLedgePoint.Thesubsequentfrenzyoftreasureseekers,somearmedwithdynamite,ledtothepassageofanact
assigningallwrecksfrombefore1900inWesternAustraliatotheWesternAustralianMaritimeMuseum.Excavationofthesitebeganin1972,andalthoughthehull
hadbrokenup,archaeologistsfoundtradearticles,bricks(forballastandconstructioninBatavia),about7,800coins(about17%ofthetotallistedinthemanifest),
stonewarejugs,severalhundredclaypipes,thirteenelephanttusks,resin,andpersonalpossessionssuchascombsandshoes.
Green."LossoftheV.O.C.JachtVerguldeDraeck."Henderson,Marooned.

Vesta
Screwsteamer(1f/2m).L/B/D:152'20.3'10.4'(46.3m6.2m3.2m).Tons:250.Hull:iron.Comp.:150pass.50crew.Built:Hernoux&Cie.,Dieppe,
France1853.
NamedforthevirgingoddessofthehearthinRomanmythology,VestawasbuiltfortheSocitTerreneuvienneofGranville,Normandy,toservicethefirm'sGrand
BanksfishingfleetsbasedatSt.PierreandMiquelonoffNewfoundland.OnSeptember20,1854,VestawashomewardboundfromMiquelonwith147fishermen
andsaltersandacrewof50undercommandofCaptainAlphonseDuchesne.About50or60milesfromCapeRace,inheavyfog,Vestawasrammedbythe
woodenpaddlesteamerARCTIC.AtenfootsectionofVesta'sbowwasshornoff,butthankstoherironhullandwatertightbulkheads,shewasabletoreturntoSt.
John's,Newfoundland,twodayslaterArcticwentdownwithappallinglossoflife.VestasailedagainonMarch20andwasforcedintoLiverpoolafterbeingbeset
for17daysbygalesandice.
In1855,VestawasboughtbyCompagnieGnraleMaritime,LeHavre,andfiveyearslaterbythenewlyformedCompagnieGnraleTransatlantique,laterknown
astheFrenchLine.In1863,shewassoldtotheSpanishfirmofJ.AmmannofBilbao.RenamedAmberesandputinservicebetweenSpainandAntwerp,sheis
believedtohavesunkatSantanderin1874or1875.(Inlateryears,thedistinguishedCaptainDuchesnecommandedthefaststeamerPREIREpriortoher
conversiontothefourmastedshipLancing.)
Brown,"SteamerVesta."

USSVesuvius
Dynamiteguncruiser.L/B/D:252.3'26.4'9'(76.9m8.1m2.7m).Tons:930disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:70.Arm.:315",33pdr.Mach.:steam,2screws
21kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonShipsandEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1890.
NamedfortheItalianvolcano,thethirdUSSVesuviuswasauniquevesseldevelopedduringthetransitionfrommuzzleloadinggunstorecoilcontrolledbreech
loaders.Herthree15inch"pneumaticdynamite"gunsweredesignedbyU.S.ArmyLieutenantE.L.Zalinskiandusedcompressedairtopropelthe
nitrocellulose/nitroglycerinshells.Mountedinparallel,thebarrelsledfromjustforwardofthemassivecompressedairtanksonthelowerdeckamidshipsupthrough
theforedeck.Therangeupto1.5milesvariedaccordingtotheamountofcompressedairadmittedtothefiringchamber.Thedirectionoffirecouldbechanged
onlybyturningtheship,andaimingthegunswascrude.
VesuviusoperatedwiththeNorthAtlanticSquadronfrom1890to1895,whenshewasdecommissionedfora

Page546

Imagenotavailable.
TheexperimentalgunboatUSSVESUVIUSin1891.Thebarrelsofthethreepneumatic
guns,justforwardofthemast,passthroughthedecktothebottomofthehull.Courtesy
U.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

refit.DuringtheSpanishAmericanWar,onJune13,1898,Vesuvius'sgunswereengagedinanightbombardmentofSantiago.Whiletheyinflictedfewcasualties,the
hugeshellswerenonethelessterrifyingbecausethepneumaticpropellantwasbarelyaudibleashore.Decommissionedattheendofthewar,in1904sheexchanged
hergunbarrelsfortorpedotubesandwasusedasatorpedovesselfortwomoreyears.From1910to1921,VesuviusservedasastationshipatNewport.Shewas
brokenupin1922.
Allen,"StoryoftheUSSVesuviusandtheDynamiteGun."U.S.Navy,DANFS.

VicarofBray
Bark(3m).L/B/D:97'24.2'17'(29.6m7.4m5.2m).Tons:282grt.Hull:wood.Built:RobertHardy,Whitehaven,Eng.1841.
VicarofBraywasbuiltforthecopperoretradebetweenEnglandandChilewhere,thirtyyearsafterChile'sindependence,therewerestillnocoppersmelters.In
TheMirroroftheSea,JosephConraddescribestheworkforwhichshewasintended:
...thefamouscopperoretradeofolddaysbetweenSwanseaandtheChiliancoast,coaloutandorein,deeploadedbothways,asifinwantondefianceofthegreatCapeHorn
seasawork,this,forstaunchships,andagreatschoolofstaunchnessforWestCountryseamen.Awholefleetofcopperbottomedbarques,asstronginribandplanking,as
wellfoundingear,aseverwassentupontheseas,mannedbyhardycrewsandcommandedbyyoungmasters,wasengagedinthisnowlongdefuncttrade.

TheVicarremainedinthisworkuntilthelate1840s,whenshewasputingeneraltradebetweenEnglandandSouthAmericaand,later,Australia.In1849shewas
charteredtocarrytworetortstotheNewAlmadenquicksilvermineinCalifornia.(Retortsaredevicesfordistillingquicksilver,whichisusedtoextractgoldfromits
ore.)Evenasshewasbeingreadiedforthisvoyage,thediscoveryofgoldatSutter'sMillwasbeingannouncedtotheworld.TheVicar'scharterforthisvoyage
probablyhadnothingtodowiththeCaliforniagoldstrikeperse.Atthetime,theRothschildshadanearmonopolyonSpanishquicksilvertheNewAlmadenminesin
CaliforniawereownedbyBaringBrothers,theBritishbankinghouse.
InthetwelvemonthperiodfromApril1848toApril1849,fourvesselsputintoSanFranciscoinallof1849,nearly800vesselssailedfromEastCoastports.Upon
theirarrivalinSanFrancisco,mostcrewsdesertedtheirships,andshortlyafterenteringportonNovember3,1849,mostofVicarofBray'screwleggeditforthe
diggings.Itwasseveralmonthsbeforehercaptainrecruitedenoughhandstosailagain.
TheVicarcontinuedtradingthroughthe1870swhen,outwardboundfromSwanseatoValparaiso,heavydamageforcedherintoStanley,FalklandIslands,where
she

Page547

wascondemned.PurchasedandrefittedbytheFalklandIslandsCompany,shecommencedsailingbetweentheFalklandsandEngland.In1880herentryislistedfor
thelasttimeinLloyd'sRegisterandstamped"nowahulk."ThethriftyFalklandersusedthecondemnedVicarasastoragedepot.In1912,shewasblownashoreat
GooseGreen,attheheadofChoiseulSoundaboutfiftymileswestofStanley,andherremainswereeventuallyincorporatedintoapier.Today,VicarofBrayisthe
onlyshipstillextantthatisknowntohavecalledatSanFranciscoin1849.
TheVicar'slongevityechoesthatofhernamesake.TheTudorclergymanmayhavemistakendoingwellfordoinggood,butheremainedathispost,variously
ProtestantorPopish,asdictatedbythepersuasionofthefourmonarchsunderwhomheserved.Heisimmortalizedinthisbitofdoggerel:
AndthisislawIwillmaintain
untilmydyingday,sir
Thatwhatsoeverkingmayreign
StillI'llbetheVicarofBray,sir!
Conrad,MirroroftheSea.Paine,"BringHometheVicar!"

Victoria
Carrack(3m).Tons:85tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:60.Built:Spain(?)<1519.
Bythe1490s,SpainandPortugalweretheworld'sdominantseapowers,anditseemedreasonableforthePopetobecalledupontodividetheworldbetweenthe
twocompetingkingdoms.In1493,apapalbulldrewaline100leagueswestoftheCapeVerdeIslands,andthefollowingyeartheTreatyofTordesillasdividedthe
worldalonganorthsouthlinedrawn370leagues(about1,100miles)westoftheCapeVerdeIslands.ThisgavePortugalafootholdinwhatisnowBrazil,butit
remainedtobeseenwhethertheSpiceIslands,towhichPortugalhadestablishedaclaim,fellwithinSpanishterritory.Theenormouswealthtobemadetradingin
pepper,cloves,andotherspiceswasimpetusenoughforMagellan,buthewasalsodeterminedtofindawestwardroutetothePacificandtheOrientthroughthe
Americasinessence,tocontinuethevoyageuponwhichChristopherColumbushadembarkedwithNIA,PINTA,andSANTAMARAin1492.Although
sucharoutecouldeasilyhaveledtoacircumnavigationoftheglobe,thatwasnotMagellan'sintent,ashebelievedthatthewestwardroutewasshorterthanthe
PortugueserouteviatheCapeofGoodHope.
SpurnedbyManoelI,thekingofhisnativePortugal,Magellan(hisPortuguesenameisFernodeMagalhes)turnedtotheSpanishcourt,wherehissevenyears'
experienceintheEastIndiesandwellconceivedplanwonhimthesupportofCharlesV,whoconsentedtothevoyageinMarch1518.Despiteroyalbacking,itwas
notuntilSeptember20,1519,thatMagellansailedfromSanlcardeBarramedaontheGuadalquivirRiverheheaded237meninafleetoffiveshipsprovisionedfor
twoyears:SanAntonio(120tons),commandedbyJuandeCartagenaTrinidad(110tons),inwhichMagellanhimselfsailedConcepcin(90tons),underGaspar
deQuesadaVictoria(85tons),underLuisdeMendozaandSantiago(75tons),underJuanSerrano.
EarlyonMagellanlearnedthatsomeoftheSpanishcaptainswereplottinghisoverthrow,buthedidnotmoveagainstthematthetime.SailingfromtheCapeVerde
IslandsonOctober3,theshipsranalongtheAfricancoastasfarasSierraLeone,aroutethathisSpanishcaptainsdidnotunderstand,andwhichMagellandidnot
explain.WhenCartagenaprotestedbyrefusingtoshowtheeveningsignal,MagellanhadhimarrestedandputSanAntonioundercommandofAntoniodeCoca.
Aftercrossingtheequator,theshipsstoodsouthsouthwestuntiltheyreachedthecoastofBrazilonNovember29,stayingtwoweeksintheareaofwhatisnowRio
deJaneiro.TheynextexploredthePlateRiver,andfromtherecontinuedsouth,finallyputtingintoPuertoSanJulianforthewinter.Heretheyencounteredthepeople
theycalledPatagonians(Spanishfor"bigfeet"),twoofwhomwerekidnapped,thoughbothsubsequentlydiedatsea.ItwasherealsothattheSpanishconspiracy
againstMagellancametoahead.OnApril1,Quesada,JuandeCartagena,andJuanSebastiandelCano,Concepcin'smaster,seizedSanAntonio.Magellan
movedquicklytotakeVictoriaand,outnumberedthreeshipstotwo,themutineerssurrendered.Quesadawasdecapitatedandthendrawnandquartered,andwhen
thefleetsailed,Cartagenaandapriestweremarooned.
OnMay22,SantiagowaswreckednearthemouthoftheSantaCruzRiver,about70milessouthofSanJulian,withoutlossoflife,andshortlythereafterMagellan
shiftedwinterquarterstoSantaCruz,wheretheyremaineduntilOctober18.Threedayslater,theshipsroundedtheCapeoftheElevenThousandVirginsnamed
inhonoroftheFeastofSt.UrsulaandConcepcinandSanAntonioweresentaheadtoexplore.Concepcinconfirmedthatthepassagetothewestwasastrait
andtheremainingshipsSanAntonio'sdisgruntledpi

Page548

lotEstevoGmezhadturnedbackforSpainbeganthearduousfiveweekjourneythroughtheficklewindsandcurrentsoftheStraitofMagellanbetween
PatagoniaandTierradelFuego.OnNovember28,thethreesurvivingshipspassedCapeDesirethatis,thethingtheyhadsolongdesiredandenteredthe
Pacific.
Magellan'srouteacrossthePacificisunknown.Theshipsmayhavesailednorthuntilabout20Nbeforeturningwest,ortheymayhavesailedonlytothelatitudeof
JuanFernndezIslandbeforeheadingroughlynorthwest.Whateverthecase,itwasnotuntilMarch6afterfourteenweeksatseathatthesurvivingcrews,
wrackedwithscurvyandonthebrinkofstarvation,reachedtheMarianaIslandsinthewesternPacific.ThesetheycalledtheLadrones("thieves")becausethe
islandersstolefromtheships.Inreturn,theSpanishburnedfortyorfiftyhousesandkilledsevenislanders.AweeklatertheyreachedSamarinwhateventually
becamethePhilippines.AttheislandofLimasawa,Magellan'sMalayslaveEnriquecouldmakehimselfunderstoodinhisnativelanguage.Atthispoint,Enriqueand
Magellanhadeffectivelycircledtheglobe,thoughnotallinasinglevoyage.
OnApril7,theshipslandedattheislandofCebu,thePhilippines.HereMagellanbecameabloodbrotherofthelocalruler,whoconvertedtoChristianitytogether
withseveralthousandofhiskinsmen.ToimpresshisnewallywithChristianmight,MagellanledasmallSpanishexpeditionagainstoneoftherajah'sreluctantvassals.
OnApril27,1521,MagellanwadedashoreontheislandofMactan,wherehewaskilled,togetherwithsevenofthefortyorfiftymenwhoaccompaniedhim.To
makemattersworse,hiswoundedslaveEnriqueplottedwiththerajahagainsttheSpanish,andtwentyfourmoremenwerekilledbyMagellan'serstwhileblood
brother.RetreatingtotheislandofBohol,theSpanishburnedConcepcinanddistributedthecrewbetweenTrinidadandVictoria.Commandoftheexpedition
passedtotheineffectualpilotJooCarvalho.AfterseveralmonthsaimlesslycruisingthePhilippines,JuanSebastiandelCanoandGonzaloGmezdeEspinosatook
charge.
OnNovember8,VictoriaandTrinidadarrivedatTadoreintheMoluccas,ortheSpiceIslands.HeretheSpanishwerewarmlyreceivedbythelocalruler,and
tradedredcloth,hatchets,cups,linen,andotheritemsforcloves,mace,nutmeg,cinnamon,andsandalwood.Sixweekslater,theshipswerepreparedtoreturnto
Spain,butTrinidadwasdetainedforrepairs.OnDecember21,VictoriasailedwithfortysevenEuropeancrewandthirteenEastIndians.StoppingatTimor
towardstheendofJanuary,theyransomedalocalchief'ssonforfoodbeforesettingoutsouthwestacrosstheIndianOceanonFebruary11.Theirpassagehomewas
longanddifficult.IttooktwelveweekstodoubletheCapeofGoodHope,andtheydidnotreachtheCapeVerdeIslandsuntilJuly8.Intheirtwentyoneweeksat
sea,twentyonecrewdiedandtheylosttheirforemast.Then,awateringpartyofthirteenmenwasarrestedbythePortugueseatSantiago,anddelCanowasforced
tocontinuewithhisreducedandenfeebledcrew.OnSeptember6,1522,eighteenEuropeanslimpedashoreatSanlcar,accompaniedbythreeEastIndians,having
completedthefirstsinglevoyagecircumnavigationoftheglobeintwoyears,elevenmonths,andtwoweeks.(EspinosaattemptedtosailTrinidadbackacrossthe
PacificbutwasforcedtoreturntoTadoreonlyfourofhercrewreturnedtoSpain,inAugust1527.)
Despitethedisastrousconsequencesformostoftheparticipants,Magellan'svoyagewasamilestoneinthehistoryofnavigation.Infindingawaterroutefromthe
AtlantictothePacificthroughtheAmericas,hehadproventhattheAmericancontinentwasnotattachedtoasouthernTerraAustralis,andthatthePacificcouldbe
crossed,ifasyetonlybybrutedetermination.Yetinkeyparticularshewaswrong:thewestwardroutetotheSpiceIslandswasnotshorterthanbywayoftheCape
ofGoodHope,andtheMoluccaswereeventuallyfoundtoliewithinthePortuguesespheredescribedbytheTreatyofTordesillas.
VictoriamadetwovoyagestoHispaniola,butshefounderedonthereturnfromthesecondwiththelossofallhercrew.In1524delCanoledafleetofsevenships
fortheSpiceIslandsbywayoftheStraitofMagellan.Theexpeditionwasadisaster,anddelCanodiedinmidPacific.
Pigafetta,Maximilian&Corra,Magellan'sVoyagearoundtheWorld.

HMSVictoria
SansPareilclassbattleship(1f/2m).L/B/D:340'70'29'(103.6m21.3m8.8m).Tons:11,020disp.Comp.:430583.Arm.:216.25",110",126",
126pdr614"TT.Armor:18"belt.3"deck.Hull:steel.Mach.:tripleexpansionsteam,7,500ihp,2screws15.3kts.Built:SirW.G.Armstrong,Whitworth&
Co.,Ltd.,NewcastleonTyne,Eng.1890.
TheSansPareilclasswasthefirstclassofbattleshipsbuiltaftertheAdmiralclassbarbetteships,whichincludedHMSCAMPERDOWN.Thelastsingleturret
shipsbuiltfortheRoyalNavyandassuchrepresentingastepbackwardfromtheearlierclasstheywerethefirsttobedrivenbytripleexpansionengines.
VictoriawascommissionedasflagshipoftheMediterraneanfleet,tore

Page549

placeCamperdown,andremainedonthatstationthewholeofherbriefcareer.OnJune22,1893,enroutefromBeiruttoTripoli,thefleetwassteamingnorth
northeastinparallelcolumnssixcables(1,200yards)apart.Forreasonsneveradequatelyexplained,ViceAdmiralSirGeorgeTryonorderedthetwodivisionstoturn
16pointstowardseachother.Althoughthereseemedtobesomeconcernovertheoutcomeofthemaneuverwhichsenttheshipstowardseachotherata
combinedspeedof10to12knotsnoonequestionedtheorder.Camperdown'sramstruckVictoriajustabafttheanchors12feetbelowthewaterline,makinga
breachnearly28feetlong.AlthoughVictoriawasturnedtowardsshoreinanattempttoreachshallowwater,theinrushofwaterwassogreatthatshequicklywent
downbythebows,takingwithher22officersand336men.
Mead,"LossoftheVictoria."Parkes,BritishBattleships.

VictoriaandAlbertII
Paddleschooner(2f/3m).L/B/D:300'bp40.3'16.3'(91.4m12.3m5m).Tons:2,470disp.Hull:wood.Mach.:oscillatingsteam,sidewheels,2,980ihp
15.4kts.Des.:O.Lang.Built:PembrokeDockyard,Wales1855.
VictoriaandAlbertwasthesecondofthreeroyalyachtsofthesamenamebuiltduringthereignofQueenVictoria.Herimmediatepredecessor,builtin1843,was
thefirststeampoweredroyalyacht.AreplacementforGeorgeIV'sfullriggedshipRoyalGeorge,shedidmuchtolegitimizetheuseofsteampowerinyachts.A
comfortablevessel,VictoriaandAlbertspentmuchofhertimeatCowes,IsleofWight,wheretheQueenheldcourtatOsborneHouseduringthesummerhereshe
presidedoverthefestivitiesofCowesWeek,thepremierannualyachtingregattainthenineteenthcentury.Inaddition,theshipcarriedtheQueenonseveralstate
visitsandwasfrequentlyputatthedisposalofvisitingEuropeanmonarchs,manyofwhomwererelatedtoVictoriabybloodormarriage.Victoriaonlyreluctantly
consentedtotheconstructionofareplacementvessel,informingLordSalisburythat"VictoriaandAlbertisnolongerinaccordwithourdignityastheheadofagreat
maritimeState,andisthesubjectofcontinuouscommentamongourrelationsontheContinent."ThethirdVictoriaandAlbert,atwinscrewsteamermeasuring430
feetoverall,wasnotcommissioneduntiltheyearofVictoria'sdeathin1901.ThesecondVictoriaandAlbertwasbrokenupin1904,andhersuccessorfiftyyears
later.
Heaton,Yachting:AHistory.Hofman,SteamYachts.

HMSVictorious
Illustriousclassaircraftcarrier(1f/1m).L/B/D:753.6'95.9'28'(229.7m29.2m8.5m).Tons:28,619disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,600.Arm.:36aircraft16
4.5",482pdr.Armor:4.5"belt,3"deck.Mach.:steamturbines,110,000shp,3screws31kts.Built:VickersArmstrongLtd,WalkeronTyne1941.
LaunchedtwoweeksintoWorldWarII,HMSVictoriouswasnotcompletedforanothereighteenmonthsbecauseoftheurgentneedforescortvesselstocombat
Germansubmarines.HerfirstactivemissionwasaspartofthehuntforBISMARCKandPRINZEUGEN,whichhadbrokenintotheNorthAtlanticandsunkthe
battlecruiserHMSHOOD.Shewasbarelycombatreadyandputtoseawithonlyonequarterofherplanesembarked.OnthenightofMay24,1941,hernine
SwordfishattackedBismarck,butcontactwiththeenemywaslostandVictoriousplayednofurtherroleinthebattleship'ssinkingthreedayslater.Afterferrying
aircraftforthedefenseofMalta,shereturnedtoScapaFlow.WhenGermanyinvadedtheSovietUniononJune22,1941,Victorioustookpartinattackson
GermanheldportsinNorwayandnorthernFinland,andthenprovideddistantcoverfortheMurmanskconvoys.OnMarch9,Victoriousaircraftattackedthe
battleshipTIRPITZoffNorway'sNorthCape.Althoughnohitswerescored,Hitlerorderedthatcapitalshipsnotberiskedinthepresenceofenemyaircraft.When
theArcticconvoysweresuspendedfollowingthehorrificlossesofPQ17,VictorioustookpartinalastditchefforttorelieveMaltarememberedchieflyforthe
incrediblesurvivaloftheoiltankerOHIO.VictoriouswasoneofsevenBritishcarriersthatreturnedtotheMediterraneantocovertheAlliedinvasionofNorthAfrica
inNovember.OperationTorchwasadramaticsuccess,andreturninghome,VictoriousaircraftsankGermansubmarinesU331andU517.
FromMaytoAugust1943,VictoriousoperatedwiththeU.S.PacificFleetinsupportofSARATOGA,whichwasforatimetheonlyoperationalU.S.carrier.After
arefit,shewasbackinactionagainstTirpitz,stillafleetinbeingatKaaFjord.(Afleetinbeingisashiporgroupofshipsthat,thoughwithheldfromaction,
constitutesapotentialthreatthatmustbecontainedorneutralized.)OnApril3,aircraftfromVictoriousandFURIOUSputthebattleshipoutofserviceforthree
monthsattheexpenseofonlyfiveplanes.SeveralotherattacksinNorwayfollowedbeforeVictoriouswasorderedtojointheEasternFleetatTrincomaleeinJune
1944.Overthenexteightmonths,BritishnavalforcesattackedJapaneseinstallationsinIndonesia,scoringnotablesuccessesagainstthecrucialoilrefineriesaround
PalembanginlateJanuary

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1945.Inthespring,theBritishPacificFleetincludingVictorious'ssistershipsFormidableandILLUSTRIOUSvisitedSydneybeforeproceedingtoattack
airfieldsonSakashimaGuntoandFormosainsupportoftheAprilinvasionofOkinawa.Victorious'slastcombatmissionswereflownagainsttheJapanesehome
islandsbeforeshewasreleasedfromdutyonAugust12,threedaysbeforethewar'send.
Victorioushelpedrepatriateprisonersofwar,andfrom1947to1950,sheservedasatrainingship.From1950to1958sheunderwentarefitfromwhichshe
emergedwithanangledflightdeckandcapableofhandling72carrierjetsherlengthwas781feetandshedisplaced37,000tons.AfternineyearsintheIndian
OceanandFarEast,shewasundergoingarefitatPortsmouthwhenadockyardfirebroughthercareertoaprematureclose.ThelastoftheIllustriousclasscarriers
wasbrokenupatMetalIndustries,Faslane,in1969.
Apps,SendHer"Victorious."Watton,AircraftCarrier"Victorious."

HMSVictory
1strate100(3m).L/B/D:226.5'52'21.5'dph(69m15.8m6.6m).Tons:2,162bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:850.Arm.:268pdr,2842pdr,2824pdr,
2812pdr,166pdr.Des.:SirThomasSlade.Built:ChathamDockyard1765.
Theseventhshipofthenameandthethirdfirstrateshipsocalled,HMSVictorywaslaunchedin1765,twoyearsaftertheconclusionoftheSevenYear'sWar,but
shewasnotcommissioneduntil1778.WhenFrancesignedatreatyofcooperationwiththeAmericancolonies,VictorywasmadeflagshipofAdmiralSirAugustus
Keppel'sChannelFleetand,onJuly23,tookpartinanindecisivebattleoffUshant(orIled'Ouessant,offthewesterntipofBrittany),whereshelostthirtyfivekilled
andwounded.SheremainedintheChannelFleetforthenexttwoyearsandwasbrieflyassignedtoViceAdmiralHydeParker'sNorthSeaconvoysquadron
designatedtoprotectEnglishshippingfromtheDutch,nowalliedwiththeFrench.OnDecember12,flyingtheflagofAdmiralRichardKempenfelt,shecaptureda
FrenchconvoyoffUshantboundforAmerica.In1782,VictorywasLordHowe'sflagshipinthereliefofGibraltar.PaidoffatPortsmouththefollowingyear,Victory
remainedinordinaryforeightyears.
In1792,VictorybecameflagshipofViceAdmiralSirSamuelHood'sMediterraneanFleet,whichoccupiedToulon(surrenderedtotheEnglishbyLoyalisttroops)
andcapturedBastiaandCalvi,Corsica,whichHoodsoughttouseasaBritishbasein1794.Thenextyear,AdmiralSirJohnJervisbrokehisflaginVictory.With
onlyhalfasmanyshipsofthelineastheFrenchandSpanishcombinedfleets,JervisconsolidatedhisforceatGibraltar.OnFebruary14,1797,hesailedwithfifteen
BritishshipstointerceptalargeSpanishconvoyguardedbytwentysevenshipsoftheline.IntheensuingengagementoffCapeSt.Vincent,theBritishbrokethe
SpanishlineandinflictedterribledamageontheSpanishflagship,PrincipedeAsturias(112guns)beforeforcingSalvadordelMundo(112)tostrike.Victorylost
onlyninekilledandwoundedinthebattle.TheBritishalsocapturedthefirstrateSanJosefandthetwodeckersSanNicolsandSanYsidro.Theirsuccesswasdue
innosmallparttoAdmiralLordNelson,theninHMSCAPTAIN.In1798VictoryreturnedtoPortsmouth,whereshewasconsideredfitonlyforaprisonhospital
shipatChatham.
In1800itwasdecidedtorebuildVictory,aprocessthattookthreeyears.OnMay16,1803,shebecameflagshipofLordNelson'sMediterraneanFleet,Captain
ThomasMastermanHardycommanding.AtthistimeNapoleonhadbegunformulatingelaborateplansfortheinvasionofEngland,andNelsonwasorderedtocontain
ViceAdmiralPierreVilleneuve'ssquadronatToulon.FlyinghisflaginBucentaure,VilleneuveslippedoutinJanuary1805,returned,andsailedagainonMarch30.
AfterpickingupAdmiralFedericoCarlosGravina'sSpanishfleetatCadiz,VilleneuvesailedforarendezvouswithotherFrenchforcesatMartinique.Learningofhis
move,NelsonsetoffinhotpursuitacrosstheAtlantic.InJune,VilleneuvelearnedthatNelsonhadfollowedhim,andhereturnedtoEuropealmostimmediately.
Nelsonfollowedclosebehind,arrivingoffsouthernSpainfourdaysbeforetheCombinedFleetskirmishedwithAdmiralSirRobertCalder'sfleetoffElFerrol.
VilleneuvearrivedatCadizonAugust21,andremainedthere,blockadedfirstbyViceAdmiralSirCuthbertCollingwoodandthen,inOctober,byNelson,freshfrom
meetingsinLondonwithPrimeMinisterWilliamPittandFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyLordBarham.DauntedbytheprospectofanengagementwiththeBritishfleet,
VilleneuvestayedputuntilhelearnedthatNapoleonwasrelievinghimofhiscommand.At0600onOctober19,theCombinedFleeteighteenFrenchandfifteen
Spanishshipsofthelineweighedanchor,andwithintwoandahalfhours,thenewshadbeensignaledtoNelson,fiftymilestothesouthwest.Thefleettooktwo
daystostraggleoutofCadiz,andatfirstitseemedasthoughVilleneuvewasgoingtomakearunfortheMediterranean.Butat0800onOctober21,heturnedback
tofaceNelson.Twelvedaysbefore,Nelsonhadoutlinedhisplanofattack,"theNelsonTouch,"ashecalleditinalettertoEmmaHamilton:

Page551
ThewholeimpressionoftheBritishFleetmustbetooverpowerfromtwoorthreeshipsaheadoftheirCommanderinChief,supposedtobeintheCentre,totheRearoftheir
Fleet....IlookwithconfidencetoaVictorybeforetheVanoftheEnemycouldsuccourtheirRear.

Ontheeveofthebattle,heconcludedhisremarkstohisofficerswiththeencouragingobservation,"NoCaptaincandoverywrongifheplaceshisshipalongsidethat
ofanenemy."
Inamovethatmightwellhavefailedunderanyothercommander,Nelsondividedhisfleetintotwodivisions,theweatherdivisionheadedbyVictoryandtheleeby
CollingwoodinHMSROYALSOVEREIGN.AstheBritishlinesapproachedtheCombinedFleet,at1125NelsonorderedhismostfamoussignalrunupVictory's
masts:"Englandexpectsthateverymanwilldohisduty."VictoryfailedtocutoffBucentaure,butshecameunderallbutunchallengedbroadsidesfromRedoutable
forfortyfiveminutes.Finally,at1230,VictoryletoffabroadsideintothesterngalleryoftheFrenchflagship,thoughshewassoonenfiladedbyBucentaure,
Redoutable,underJeanJacquesLucas,andtheFrenchNeptune.(TheRomanseagodwasimpartialatTrafalgar,whichalsosawtheparticipationofHMSNeptune
andtheSpanishNeptuno.)Nelsonhadinsistedonwearinghisfullallotmentofmedalsanddecorations,andat1325hewaswoundedbyaFrenchsharpshooterashe
pacedthequarterdeckwithHardy.Inthemeantime,RedoutableandVictorylaysidebyside,exchangingmurderousvolleysuntilRedoutabledriftedintoHMS
TMRAIRE.StuckfastbetweentheunrelentingbroadsidesofthetwoBritishships,RedoutablefinallysurrenderedandVictorywasoutofthebattleby1430.Her
mizzentopmastwasshotaway,manyoftheothermastsseverelyweakened,andherbulwarksandhullconsiderablyshotup.Nelsonhadbeentakenbelow,andat
1630havingfirstbeeninformedofthecaptureoffifteenoftheenemyshipstheheroofCopenhagen,theNile,andnowTrafalgar,died.
BritishprizesnumberedmorethannineFrenchandtenSpanishships,includingBucentaure.Ofthese,twoescaped,fourwerescuttled,andeightsankinastormthat
hitafterthebattle.CasualtiesintheCombinedFleettotaled6,953,asagainst448Britishdeadand1,241woundedVictorylost57deadand102wounded.Towed
toGibraltarbyHMSNeptune,VictorysailedforEngland,reachingSheernessonDecember22,fromwhereNelson'sbodywascarriedtoSt.Paul'sCathedralfora
statefuneral.Hisdeathwasnotinvain,forwithTrafalgarhehaddestroyedtheFrenchandanythreatofaNapoleonicinvasionofBritain.Englandwouldruletheseas
uncontestedforacentury.Defeatedatseahemayhavebeen,butsixweekslaterNapoleon'sarmieswonacrushingvictoryatAusterlitz,andNapoleonwouldtrythe
fateofEuropeforanotherdecade.
AfterarefitatChatham,in1808VictoryreenteredserviceastheflagshipofSirJamesSaumarez'sBalticFleet,whichblockadedtheRussianfleetandkeptopenthe
supplyofnavalstoresfromSweden.ExceptforabriefspellescortingatroopconvoyforthereliefoftheDukeofWellington'sforcesinthePeninsularCampaign,she
remainedintheBalticuntilpaidoffin1812.Since1824,VictoryhasservedasflagshipofthecommanderinchiefatPortsmouth.In1922shewasdrydockedand
openedasamuseum.ShereceivedherlastbattlewoundinWorldWarII,whenaGermanbombexplodedinherdrydock.
Bennett,NelsontheCommander.Bugler,HMS"Victory."Fraser,"H.M.S.Victory."Longridge,AnatomyofNelson'sShips.McKay,100gunShip"Victory."Mackenzie,
TrafalgarRoll.Schom,Trafalgar.

Victory
Sidewheelsteamer(3m).Tons:85tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:23.Mach.:steam,sidewheels.Built:England<1828.
In1828,EnglishgindistillerFelixBoothcommissionedJohnRosstosailinsearchoftheNorthwestPassage.Rosshadnotheldsuchacommandsincethereturnof
hiscontroversialexpeditioninISABELLAandAlexanderin1819.Fortheexpedition,hepurchasedthepaddlesteamerVictory,originallybuiltforservicebetween
Liverpool,theIsleofMan,andIreland.Rossraisedhersidesby5.5feet,whichincreasedhertonnagefrom85to150tons,andheorderedfromJohnEricssona
highpressureboilerofnew,unprovendesign.VictorysailedfromEnglandinthespringof1829.PassingthroughLancasterSound(whichRossoncethoughtblocked
byamountainrange),theshipsailedsouththroughPrinceRegentInletbetweenBaffinIslandandtheBoothiaPeninsula.ByOctober,VictorywasiceboundatFelix
HarborontheeastcoastoftheBoothiaPeninsula,bothbeingnamedfortheexpedition'spatron.Ross'snephewandsecondincommandJamesClarkRossmade
overlandexpeditionsinsearchoftheMagneticNorthPole,whichhelocatedonMay31,1831,in705'N,9646'W.
Victoryremainedfastintheicethroughthenextwinter,andinthespringof1832,after136daysoftemperaturesbelow0F,Rossdecidedtoabandontheshipin
FelixHarborandseekhelpfromthewhaleshipsthatpliedLancasterSound.AfterwinteringatFuryBeach,nearthewreckofWilliamE.Parry'sFury(abandonedin
theicein

Page552

1825),thepartyreachedLancasterSound.OnAugust26,1833,abouttenmileseastofNavyBoardInlet,theywererescuedbythecrewofthewhaleshipIsabella,
JohnRoss'scommandin181819.Remarkably,threeofthecrewhaddiedinthecourseofthevoyage,andonlyoneofthemafterabandoningship.
Ross,NarrativeofaSecondVoyageinSearchofNorthWestPassage.Ross,PolarPioneers.

USCGCVigilant(WMEC617)
Relianceclasscutter(1f/1m).L/B/D:210.5'34'10.5'(64.2m10.4m3.2m).Tons:930disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:50.Arm.:140mm.Mach.:diesel,5,000
hp,2screws18kts.Built:ToddShipyard,Houston,Tex.1964.
ThesceneofwhattheNewYorkTimesdescribedas"oneofthemostdisgracefulincidentsevertooccuronashipflyingtheAmericanflag,"USCGCVigilantwasa
mediumenduranceCoastGuardcutterbuiltforlawenforcementandsearchandrescueoperations.StationedatNewBedford,Massachusetts,from1964to1988,
hernormaldutiesincludedevacuatingillorinjuredseamenfromtheirships,towingorescortingdisabledshipsandvessels,interceptingdrugsmugglers,andmonitoring
domesticandinternationalfishingfleets.
OnNovember23,1970,shecarriedfiveAmericanrepresentativesandtheirinterpreterforarendezvousininternationalwaterswiththeSovietfactoryship
SovetskayaLitvaforadiscussiononfisheriesissues.Becauseofbadweather,theSovietshiphadanchoredinMenemshaBight,halfamileoffthesouthwesttipof
Martha'sVineyard(4122'N,7047'W),aviolationofU.S.territorialwatersthatwasoverlooked.AtCaptainVladimirPopov'srequest,CommanderRalphW.
EustismooredVigilantalongsideLitva.AsthenegotiationswentonaboardtheSovietship,SimonasKudirka,aLithuanianbornseamanontheship,toldCoast
Guardofficersthathewantedtoseekpoliticalasylum.Whenhisintentionbecameknown,theship'sofficersradioedforinstructions.CaptainFletcherBrown,Jr.,
ActingCommanderofCoastGuardDistrict1,inBoston,decidedtocallRearAdmiralWilliamB.Ellis,whowasonconvalescentleave.EllistoldBrownthatif
anyoneattemptedtodefect,heshouldbereturnedtohisship,ordersthatBrownrelayedtoEustis.
TheSovietsandAmericansexchangedvisitsduringtheday,andaftertheAmericandelegationlefttheSovietship,KudirkaleapedtoVigilant'sdeck.Whennotified
ofthefactthatKudirkahadjumpedship,Ellisorderedhimremoved,byforceifnecessary,andauthorizedSovietseamentoboardthecuttertoreclaimhim.Whilestill
aboardVigilant,KudirkawaschaseddownandseverelybeatenbysevenSovietsailorsastheAmericanofficersandcrewstoodby.Ellismovedhisshipawayfrom
Litvaatabout2300hours,withKurdikaandhisjailersstillaboard,buttheywereeventuallyreturnedtoLitvainoneofthecutter'slaunches.Afterescortingthe
Sovietshipoutofterritorialwaters,VigilantreturnedtoNewBedfordatabout0300onNovember24.
Newsoftheforcedrepatriationsparkeddemonstrationsaroundthecountry.TheWashingtonPostwrote,"Nomoresickeningandhumiliatingepisodeininternational
relationshastakenplacewithinmemorythantheAmericangovernment'sknowingreturnofawouldbeSovietdefectortoSovietauthoritiesonanAmericanshipin
Americanterritorialwaters."PresidentRichardM.Nixon,whoonlylearnedoftheincidentinthepress,calledforafullreport.CaptainBrownwascourtmartialedfor
derelictionofduty,Elliswasremovedfromhiscommandandaskedtoretire,andEustiswasreassignedandissuedanadministrativeletterofreprimand.Theincident
ledtoaclarificationofU.S.policytowardsdefectorsandothersseekingpoliticalasylum,anditprovidedsomeimpetusforthenascenthumanrightscampaignin
LithuaniaandtheotherSovietBalticstates.KudirkawasimprisonedinSiberia,buthisfatewascarefullytrackedbyU.S.authorities.Hisreleasewaseventually
effectedandheimmigratedtotheUnitedStates.
VigilantremainedstationedatNewBedforduntil1988.Afteratwoyearoverhaul,shewasreassignedtotheCoastGuardbaseatCapeCanaveral.
Rukenas,DayofShame.Scheina,U.S.CoastGuardCuttersandCraft.

Viking
Bark(4m).L/B/D:287.6'45.6'23.2'(87.7m13.9m7.1m).Tons:2,760grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:32160.Built:Burmeister&Wain,Copenhagen1907.
OriginallybuiltastrainingshipfortheDanishSchoolshipAssociation,Vikingwasmannedbyabout160cadetsoftheDanishmerchantmarine,whowerehousedina
200footdeckhousethatranfromthepooptothemidshipsbridgedeck.ShesailedinthePeruvianguanotradeuntilWorldWarI,whenshewaslaidupin
Copenhagenforthedurationofhostilities.SoldinthemeantimetoDetForenedeDampskibsSelskabtotraincadetsfortheirships,shemadeonlyshortcruisesafter
thewarandwaseventuallylaidupforlackoffreights.In1925shewasacquiredbyGustafEriksonofMariehamnandsailedintheannual"grainrace"fromAustralia
toEurope.Con

Page553

vertedforuseasastoreshipatStockholmatthestartofWorldWarII,in1946shemadeherlastruntoAustralia,sailingviaSouthAfricawithacargooflumber,
mannedbyacrewof32.Bynow,thesailingshipgraintradewasallbutdead,andin1949EriksonsoldhertothecityofGteborg,Sweden,foruseasastationary
schoolshipwithaccommodationsfor120cadets.Shecontinuedinthatworkformanyyearsbeforebeingconvertedtoafloatingmuseumandrestaurant.
Hutton,CapeHornPassage.Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

VilledeMulhouse
(laterAndalucia)Bark(4m).L/B/D:312'45.5'24.6'(95.1m13.9m7.5m).Tons:2,798grt.Hull:steel.Built:ChantiersdelaMditerrane,LeHavre
1899.
BuiltfortheCompagniedesVoiliersHavraisofLeHavre,VilledeMulhouseenteredthenickeloretradebetweenNewCaledoniaandEurope,carryingpatentoil,
coal,andothercargoesoutward.Aswithalldeepwatersailers,sheoccasionallytookadvantageoffavorableratesinothercargoes,suchaswhensheloadedwheat
atSanFranciscoin1900.Soldin1909totheSocitGnraled'Armament,sheremainedinservicethroughWorldWarI,thoughbywar'sendherrouteswereless
standardized.In1919shesailedbetweenDakar,WestAfrica,andBrazil,returnedtoFrancetoloadforMontevideo,andin1921returnedtoSanFranciscofor
wheat.TheslumpinworldshippingforcedherlayupatNantesfrom1921to1927,whenshewaspurchasedbytheSocietAnonymoGanaderayComercial
MenendezBehetyofPuntaArenas,Chile,andrenamedAndalucia.LoadingcoalatCardiff,shemadethepassageroundCapeHornandthenconvertedtoacoal
hulk.ExceptforserviceasabargeduringWorldWarII,bywhichpointshewasownedbytheCompaaChilenadeNavegacinInterocenica,sheremainedinthis
workuntilabandonedtotheelementsinthe1970s.
Villiers&Picard,BountyShipsofFrance.

VilledeParis
1strate104(3m).L/B/D:177'48.5'23'(57.9m16.4m7.5m).Tons:2,347.Hull:wood.Arm.:90104guns.Built:Rochefort,France1764.
FollowingtheFrenchdefeatintheSevenYears'War,LouisXV'sMinisteroftheMarineEtienneFranoisdeChoiseulsetabouttorebuildtheFrenchNavy.
Between1763and1771,thenumberofFrenchshipsofthelinerosefromaboutthirtyfivetosixtyfour,andin1771therewerealsofiftyfrigatesoperational.Oneof
thefirstofthenewshipswasVilledeParis,whichhadbeenlaiddownin1757butwasnotcompleteduntilafterthewar.Originallyratedasa90gunship,shewas
subsequentlyenlargedtocarry104guns(someauthoritiessay120guns)duringthereignofLouisXVI.
HostilitieswithGreatBritainresumedin1778,whenFrancedecidedtosupportactivelytheaspirationsofBrit
Imagenotavailable.
ThomasWhitcombe'sdepictionofAdmiraldeGrasse'ssurrenderofhisflagshipVILLE
DEPARIStoafleetunderRearAdmiralSirGeorgeB.RodneyattheBattleofthe
Saintes,offtheislandofDominica(April12,1782).Onlysevenmonthsearlier,de
Grasse'sfleethadensuredacolonialvictoryintheAmericanwarofindependence.
CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page554

ain'sAmericancoloniesintheirwarofindependence.Thenavalwarwastrulyglobal,andthereweremajorcampaignsinNorthAmerica,theWestIndies,theIndian
Ocean,andinEuropeanwaters.OnJuly23,1778,aFrenchfleetunderComted'OrvillierssailedfromBrestforamonthlongcruisetowatchtheBritish.Twodays
latertheFrenchcameincontactwithaBritishfleetunderAdmiraltheHonourableAugustusKeppel,flyinghisflaginHMSVICTORY.Fortwodaysd'Orvillierstried
toavoidbattle,butthetwofleetsmetinabloodythoughinconclusiveengagementonJuly27.TheFrenchlost161deadand513woundedto133Britishkilledand
373woundedbeforethetwofleetsreturnedtotheirrespectivehomeports.
InMarch1781,VilledeParissailedfromBrestasflagshipofaconvoyledbyAdmiralFranoisJosephPaulComtedeGrasseboundfortheislandofMartinique.
OnApril28landwassighted,aswasaBritishfleetunderRearAdmiralSamuelHood.AskirmishdevelopedbetweentheBritishandFrenchfleets,buttheFrench
convoyreachedFortdeFranceunscathed.DeGrasselaterattemptedtoland1,200troopsonSt.Lucia,immediatelysouthofMartinique,butthesewererepulsedby
theBritish.HehadmoreluckatTobago,whichcapitulatedonJune2.OnJuly26,theFrenchfleetarrivedatCapFranois,Haiti,torendezvouswithfourshipsunder
RearAdmiralComtedeGuichen(whohadcommandedVilledeParisatUshant)andtoreceiveintelligenceonthesituationunfoldinginNorthAmerica.
TheBritishArmyunderMajorGeneralCharlesCornwallishadbeenorderedintoadefensivepositionontheYorktownPeninsulaofVirginiainChesapeakeBay.
Movingwithdispatch,deGrassesailedfromHaitionAugust2withtwentyeightshipsoftheline,andattheendofthemonth3,300Frenchtroopslandednearthe
mouthoftheJamesRiver.FourshipsweredetailedtoguardtheYorkandJamesRiversandtopreventCornwallisfromfleeingsouth.OnSeptember5,anEnglish
fleetofnineteenshipsunderRearAdmiralThomasGravesarrivedfromNewYork.TheFrenchfleetstoodoutofthebayinsomedisorder,butGraveswasunableto
bringhisshipstobearandtheFrenchledtheBritishfleetawayfromthebay.Althoughtheysufferedmorecasualtiesabout200Frenchdeadto94Britishlight
airsoverthefollowingfewdayspreventedarenewalofthebattle,andbySeptember10deGrassewasbackintheChesapeake.CaughtbetweentheFrenchfleet
andtheContinentalArmy,onOctober19Cornwallissurrendered.TheindependencedeclaredbytheUnitedStatesfiveyearsbeforewasnowsecure.
OnNovember5,deGrassesailedfortheCaribbean.AdversewindstwicekepthimfromanassaultonBarbados,andhehadtocontenthimselfwithtakingthe
islandsofSt.KittsandNevisattheendofJanuary1782.OnJanuary25,AdmiralSirSamuelHood(flyinghisflaginthe90gunHMSBARFLEUR)seizedthe
anchorageatBasseTerrefromdeGrasse,althoughtheEnglishgarrisononSt.KittswasforcedtosurrenderonFebruary12.DeGrasse'sultimateaimwastojoina
SpanishfleetatCapFranoisandinvadeJamaica.
ThisplanwasfrustratedbyaBritishfleetunderAdmiralGeorgeBrydgesRodneyinHMSFormidable(98guns),withHoodassecondincommand.OnApril12,
theBritishandFrenchfleetsmetjustsouthoftheIlesdeSaintesinthechannelbetweenDominicaandGuadeloupe.FailureoftheFrenchtoavoidbattlewitha
superiorforce,ortoengageitonmoreequalterms,stemmedfromdeGrasse'sdecisiontorescuetheZl(74),whichhadbeendismastedafewdaysbeforein
collisionwithVilledeParis.Battlewasjoinedatabout0830.TheBritishquicklybroketheraggedFrenchlineandisolatedanumberofFrenchships.Thebattle
continueduntil1829whenVilledeParis,herammunitionspent,surrendered,thelastoffiveshipstodoso.HoodcomplainedthathadRodneygiventhesignalfora
generalchase,''Iamveryconfidentweshouldhavehadtwentysailoftheenemy'sshipsbeforedark."AlthoughtheremainderoftheFrenchfleetretiredtoHaitiin
reasonablygoodorder,plansformorecampaignsintheWestIndieswereabandoned.
Ironically,theonlyFrenchshipstoreachJamaicawerethosecapturedattheBattleoftheSaintes,includingVilledeParis.OnAugust15,shesailedaspartofalarge
convoyboundforEnglandunderAdmiralGraves.FromSeptember16to19,thefleetwasovertakenbyahurricaneinwhichanumberoftransportsandfightingships
werelost,thelatterincludingVilledeParis(fromwhichtherewasonlyonesurvivor),theFrenchprizesGlorieux,Centaur,andHector,Graves'sflagshipRamillies
(all74gunships),andthestoreshipCornwallis.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.Gardiner,LineofBattle.Hepper,BritishWarshipLossesintheAgeofSail.

USSVincennes
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:127'33.8'16.5'(38.7m10.3m5m).Tons:780reg.Hull:wood.Comp.:80.Arm.:2032pdr.Built:NewYorkNavyYard,
Brooklyn,N.Y.1826.
NamedfortheIndianaforttwicecapturedbyAmericanforcesunderGeorgeRogersClarkduringtheAmericanRevolution,thefirstUSSVincenneshadoneofthe
mostextraordinarycareersofanyshipintheU.S.Navy.DispatchedtothePacificSquadronunderMasterComman

Page555

Imagenotavailable.
OftenattributedtoCaptainCharlesWilkes,thisengravingoftheUSSVINCENNESin
DisappointmentBay,Antarctica,wasprobablybasedonasketchbythecommanderof
theU.S.SouthSeaSurveyingandExploringExpeditionof183842.CourtesyPeabody
EssexMuseum,Salem,Massachusetts.

dantWilliamBoltonFinchoneweekafterhercommissioning,in1828shewasorderedtolookafterAmericanmerchantandwhalinginterestsintheMarquesas,
Tahiti,andSandwichIslands(Hawaii).FromHawaiishesailedeast,stoppingatMacao,Manila,CapeTown,andSt.HelenabeforereturningtoNewYorkonJune
8,1830,thefirstU.S.Navyshiptocircumnavigatetheglobe.ThefollowingyearfoundheronpatrolintheCaribbeanunderCommanderEdwardR.Shubrick.In
183334,shemadeasecondcircumnavigation,underCommanderAlexanderS.Wadsworth,callingatGuamandSumatra,amongotherplaces,enroute.
In1838,VincenneswaschosenasflagshipofLieutenantCharlesWilkes'sUnitedStatesSouthSeaSurveyingandExploringExpedition,alsoknownastheGreat
UnitedStatesExploringExpedition.TheoriginsoftheWilkesexpeditioncanbetracedtoJohnClevesSymmes,Jr.,whobelievedthat"theearthishollowand
habitablewithin...andthatitisopenatthepolestwelveorsixteendegrees."Thistheoryattainedwidespreadcurrency,butCongressdeclinedtosponsoravoyage
ofexploration.Symmesandhistheoryeventuallypassedintomemory,butthecauseofapolarexpeditionwastakenupbyhiserstwhiledisciple,JeremiahReynolds.
In1836,Congressreverseditself,andCommodoreThomasapCatesbyJoneswasappointedtoleadtheexpedition.Exhaustedbytheendlesspoliticsofthe
preparations,Jonesresigned,andcommandeventuallyfelltoWilkes.
OnAugust18,1838,theexpeditionsailedwithsixvessels,Vincennes,Peacock(underLieutenantWilliamHudson),Porpoise(LieutenantCadwalladerRinggold),
Relief,andschoonersFlyingFishandSeaGull.CallingatMadeira,CapeVerde,RiodeJaneiro,andRioNegro,theyroundedCapeHornandputinatOrange
HarboronTierradelFuego.VincennesremainedherewhileReliefsurveyedtheStraitofMagellanandthefourremainingshipssailedsouthonFebruary25,1839.
PorpoiseandSeaGullskirtedthe(unseen)southeastcoastofthePalmerPeninsulaasfaras6310'SonMarch15.FlyingFishknockeditswaysouththroughthe
iceto70S,10111'WonMarch22,andPeacockattained6808'S,9758'W.SeaGullwaslaterlostinastorm,buttheothershipsrendezvousedatValparaiso
inMay,beforecontinuingtoCallao.
TheshipsreachedtheTuamotusgroupinmidAugustandworkedtheirwaywesttowardsTahiti,arrivingonSeptember11.AmonthlatertheycontinuedtoSamoa
andfromtheretoSydney,Australia.Reliefwassenthome,andtheothershipswerereadiedfortheirsecondvoyagesouth.OnJanuary11,1840,theyencountered
anicebarrier,andfivedayslaterin6518'S,15736'E,HenryEldandWilliamReynoldsinPeacocksightedtwomountains(namedforthem),whichconfirmedthe
existence

Page556

ofacontinentallandmass.OnJanuary28,landwasalsosightedfromVincennes,thenin6635'S,14030'E.Wilkeswrotethat"itcouldbeseenextendingtotheeast
andwestofourposition,andnowthatallwereconvincedofitsexistence,IgavethelandthenameoftheAntarcticContinent."Bythenextyear,theregionhad
appearedonGermanmapsasWilkesLand.
AfterregroupinginNewZealand,theexpeditionsailedforHawaii,spendingsixmonthsenroutesurveyingtheFijiIslandsbeforearrivingatHonoluluonSeptember
23,1841.InDecember,PeacockandFlyingFishlefttoreconnoiterislandsinthecentralPacificbeforeproceedingtoarendezvousattheColumbiaRiver.InApril
1842,VincennesandPorpoisesailedforthePacificNorthwestandsurveyedthewatersaroundVancouverIslandandtheStraitofJuandeFuca.Returningtothe
ColumbiaRiverinAugust,WilkeslearnedthatPeacockhadwreckedonthebaronJuly17,thoughwithoutlossoflife.VincenneswassenttoSanFranciscowhilea
partyofninemen,includingthegeologistJamesDwightDana,botanistWilliamDunlopBrackenridge,andnaturalistpainterTitianPeale,marchedoverlandtoSan
Francisco.Peacock'screwwereputaboardapurchasedvesselrenamedOregon.ThesquadronsailedforHawaiiinNovember,andfromtheretheshipsmadetheir
waywestviaWake(wheretheislandsofWilkesandPealewerenamed),Manila,Singapore,CapeTown,andeventuallyNewYork,wheretheyarrivedonJune10,
1842.
Muchoftheexpedition'scollectionshadprecededtheshipshome,havingbeensenttoPhiladelphiafromvariousportsenroute.Thetaskofconservationanddisplay
felltothefledglingSmithsonianInstitution,establishedwithahalfmilliondollarbequestfromanEnglishman,JamesSmithson.Atfirst,thescientificachievementspaled
incomparisonwiththepublicenthusiasmforthevariouscourtsmartialthatbeganshortlyaftertheship'sreturn,allcenteringontheconductofLieutenantWilkes.The
choiceoftherelativelyjuniorofficerasexpeditionleaderhadbeenquestionedearlyon,fordespitehisindustryandscientificattainments,hewasapoorcommander
whoseconduct,inthewordsofWilliamStanton,"inoneincidentafteranothercreatedabondofunity[amonghissubordinates]thatcouldhardlyhaveexistedundera
morepopularcommander."
Littletheworseforwear,VincenneswassoonassignedtotheHomeSquadron,andunderCommanderFranklinBuchanan,shecruisedtheWestIndiesand
Caribbeanuntil1844.ThenextyearVincennesandUSSColumbusweresenttotheOrientwithorderstoopentradewithJapan.ThesquadronarrivedatEdo
(Tokyo)onJuly21,1846,buttheyweredeniedpermissioneventoland,muchlessnegotiateCommodoreJamesBiddlewasobligedtoleaveaftertendays.
VincenneswaslaidupatNewYorkfrom1847to1849,whenshesailedagainforatwoyearstintwiththePacificSquadron.Thefollowingyear,shewasnamedthe
flagshipoftheUnitedStatesSurveyingExpeditiontotheNorthPacificOcean.UnderCommanderJohnRodgers,shesailedwithPorpoiseviatheCapeofGood
HopetochartpartsoftheIndianOcean,theBonins,andLadronesintheSouthChinaSea,andtheRyukyuandKurileIslands(southandnorthofJapan).In1855,
theexpeditionsailedthroughtheBeringStraitand400mileswestto176E,fartherintotheBeringSeathananyshipsbeforethem.
In1857,VincennesjoinedtheantislaverypatrolontheAfricanstation,andfromJune1861totheendoftheCivilWarsheservedwiththeGulfCoastBlockading
SquadronbetweenPensacolaandtheMississippiRiver.ShewassoldatBostonin1867.
Bartlett,"CommodoreJamesBiddleandtheFirstNavalMissiontoJapan."Johnson,ThenceroundCapeHorn.Lundeberg&Wegner,"NotforConquestbutDiscovery."
Stanton,GreatU.S.ExploringExpedition.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSVincennes(CG49)
Ticonderogaclassguidedmissilecruiser.L/B/D:532.5'55'31.5'(162.3m16.8m9.6m).Tons:9,589disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:360.Arm.:8Harpoon
missilelaunchers(24),2SAM/ASmissilelaunchers25",2Phalanx,412.7mmmg613"TT12helicopters.Mach.:gasturbines,86,000shp,2
screws30kts.Built:IngallsShipbuilding,Pascagoula,Miss.1983.
Theadventofmissileshashadaprofoundimpactonmilitarytechnologyinthelasttwentyyears,butitisnowheremoredramaticallyseenthaninthedesignofsurface
warships.EvenastheWorldWarIIera16inchgunbattleshipsIOWA,NewJersey,MISSOURI,andWisconsinwerebeingrecommissionedinthe1980s,the
NavywaslaunchingtheTiconderogaclassguidedmissilecruisers,whoselargestgunswereonly5inches.Rather,theirprimaryarmamentconsistedofsurfaceto
surface,surfacetoair,andantisubmarinemissilesystems,supplementedbysix324millimetertorpedotubesandtwoPhalanxgunscapableoffiring3,000roundsper
minute.TheirrealstrengthwasintheirAegisfirecontrolsystem,whichisnamedforZeus'sshield.Asaresult,introductionofTiconderogaclassshipsenabledcarrier
groupstoreducethenumberofcombatairpatrolsflowntoprotectthetaskforce.
AssignedtotheSixthFleetintheMediterranean,thefourthUSSVincennesfirstsawactiveserviceinMarchandAprilof1986.Atthattimeshewasdeployedin
operationsoffLibyaintheGulfofSidraduringwhich

Page557

timeU.S.landandcarrierbasedaircraftdestroyedmilitaryinstallationsinTripoli.ThisactionwasinretaliationforLibyaninvolvementinaterroristattackonanight
clubinBerlin,inwhichaU.S.soldierwaskilled.InMay1988,USSVincenneswasdispatchedtothePersianGulfinresponsetoreportsthattheIraniangovernment
waspositioningChinesemadeSilkwormmissilesneartheStraitofHormuz.OnthemorningofJuly3,oneofVincennes'shelicopterswasfiredonbythreeIranian
gunboats.ThegunboatswereengagedbythecruiserandthefrigateUSSElmerMontgomery,whichsanktwoanddamagedthethird.Fiveminuteslater,at1047,
VincennesdetectedanaircrafttakingofffromthecivilianmilitaryBandarAbbasairport.Theshipradioedsevenwarningstotheplane,whichapparentlywent
unanswered.SubsequentlyidentifyingtheplaneasahostileF14approachingatanaltitudeofabout7,000feetanddescending,CaptainWillC.RogersIIIordered
twosurfacetoairmissilesfired.Tragically,theaircraftwasanIranAirAirbusA300civilianjetlinerenroutetoDubai,climbingatanaltitudeofabout12,500feet.All
290peopleaboardtheplane66ofwhomwerechildrenand38foreignnationalswerekilled.Anofficialinquiryreportedthatthemistakewasduetohuman
errorandthatidentifyingthetypeof
aircraftbeingtracked...isstillamatterforhumanjudgment....Becauseofitslongrangeradar,[Aegis]givesoperatorsadditionaltimetoreact,togatherdataandtomake
consideredjudgments.Operatingcloseintoalandbasedairfield,however,theseadvantagescanbeseverelyeroded.

ThetragedyheightenedtensionbetweenIranandtheUnitedStates,whichprofessedneutralitybutwasseenasfavoringIraqintheeightyearoldIranIraqWar.
CaptainRogersretired,andVincennesreturnedtodutywiththeAtlanticFleet,remaininginservicethrough1997.
Baker,NavalInstituteGuidetoCombatFleetsoftheWorld,1995.Rogers&Rogers,StormCenter.

HMSVindictive
Arrogantclasssecondclasscruiser.L/B/D:342'57.5'20'(104.2m17.5m6.1m).Tons:5,750disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:480.Arm.:47",64.7",8
12pdr,33pdr,5mgs318"TT.Armor:2"belt,3"deck.Mach.:tripleexpansion,10,100ihp,2screws19kts.Built:ChathamDockyard1900.
Althoughrammingasanoffensivetacticwasnolongercreditableinthelatenineteenthcentury,thefourArrogantclasscruisers,ofwhichVindictivewasone,were
fittedwithheavybowramsforjustthatpurpose.Builtasfleetescortsratherthanforcommerceraidingondistantstations,thecruisers'customaryrole,theArrogants
wereprobablyintendedtobeusedforfinishingoffshipsalreadydisabledincombat.ThewarshiprevolutiontouchedoffbythecommissioningofHMS
DREADNOUGHTin1906quicklyrenderedtheseshipsobsolete,andbyWorldWarItheywererelegatedtoworkasdepotships.Vindictivewasrescuedfrom
obscuritywhenin1918shewaschosenforaseriesofraidsagainstthedestroyer,Uboat,andnavalaviationbasesatZeebrugge,Bruges,andOstendinGerman
heldBelgium.
CommodoreRogerJ.B.Keyes'splancalledforsinkingblockshipsatthemouthofthecanalconnectingZeebruggeandBruges,andattheentrancetoOstendharbor,
whichwasalsoconnectedtoBrugesviacanal.ThecombinedoperationonthenightofApril2223involved165vesselsofalldescriptions.UnderCaptainAlfred
Carpenter,VindictivewasoneofthreeshipsassignedtodisembarkmendirectlyontothemoleatZeebrugge.ShelayunderclosefirefromGermanpositionsonthe
moleandfarshorefornearlyanhourbeforebeingrecalled.TheBritishmanagedtopartiallyblockadetheZeebruggeCanal,thoughthetacticaleffectivenessofthe
operationwasconsiderablyoverrated.Intermsofmorale,however,itwasahugesuccessfortheRoyalNavy,whoseoperationsduringthewarwerewidelyviewed
asmorereactionarythanpreemptive.
TheOstendoperationwaslesssuccessful,andonMay1011,Keyesmountedasecondexpeditionagainstthatport,withVindictiveandSapphochosenasthetwo
blockships.SapphoneverreachedOstend,andVindictivewassunksothatonlyathirdofthechannelwasobstructed.Herhulkwasbrokenupafterthewar,though
partofthebridgewasmaintainedasamemorialatOstend.
Chesneau&Kolesink,eds.,Conway'sAlltheWorld'sFightingShips,18601905.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Pitt,Zeebrugge.

CSSVirginia
(exUSSMerrimack)Casemateironclad(1f).L/B/D:262.8'38.5'22'(80.1m11.7m6.7m).Tons:3,200burden.Hull:wood.Comp.:320.Arm.:27",2
6.4",69",212pdrhowitzers.Armor:4"casemate.Mach.:horizontalbackacting,1,200ihp,1screw7kts.Des.:JohnM.Brooke.Built:GosportNavy
Yard,Norfolk,Va.1862.
OneofthefirstscrewpropelledwarshipsintheU.S.Navy,theshipriggedscrewfrigateUSSMerrimack(namedforaNewEnglandriver)wasbuiltattheBoston

Page558

NavyYardandcommissionedin1855.AfterserviceintheCaribbeanandEurope,sheservedasflagshipofthePacificSquadronfrom1857to1859,whenshe
returnedtoNorfolkandwaslaidup.OnApril17,onedayafterVirginiasecededfromtheUnion,engineerswereabletolightoffMerrimack'sengineshowever,
blockshipsinthechannelpreventedhermovingfromNorfolk.AstheGosportNavyYardwaspreparedforevacuationonApril20,Merrimackwasputtothetorch
andscuttledtopreventhercapturebytheConfederacy.
NorthernersandSouthernersalikeknewthatsuccessrestedintheirabilitytoeithercloseorkeepopenConfederateports,andthattodoeitherrequiredships.
Recognizinghiscountry'sdeficiencyinthisregard,ConfederateNavySecretaryStephenMallorywrote,onMay9,
Iregardthepossessionofanironarmouredshipasamatterofthefirstnecessity...inequalityofnumbersmaybecompensatedforbyinvulnerabilityandthusnotonlydoes
economybutnavalsuccessdictatethewisdomandexpediencyoffightingwithironagainstwood.

OnJuly11,heformallyauthorizedthatMerrimackberaisedandconverted.WorkingtoplanspreparedbyLieutenantJohnM.Brooke,andunderthedirectionof
LieutenantCatesbyapRogerJones,anarmyofworkerswasputtoworktosalvagethehull(whichhadburnedtothewaterline)andmachinery,andtocreatethe
centralbatteryfrigateCSSVirginia.The170footlongcasemateconsistedofashellofoakandpine24inchesthick,sheathedbytwolayersof2inchthickrolled
iron,onelayerlaidhorizontally,theothervertically.Risingatanangleofabout36degrees,thesideswerepiercedforfourgunsoneithersideandthreeateitherend
(thoughshemountedonlytwelveguns),andwereroundedforeandaft.Theslightlysubmergedhullwasalsofittedwithanironram.Hergreatestdefectswereher
deepdraftwhichmadeherasimpracticalforshallowwatersasherlackoffreeboardmadeherunfitfortheopenseaandherengines,whichhadbeen
inadequateevenintheunarmoredMerrimack.
OnFebruary24,1862,theflagofficer,CaptainFranklinBuchanan,assumedcommandofVirginia,whichhadbeencommissionedonthe17th.Workwasstillnot
completewhenshegotunderwayforthefirsttimeonMarch8onwhatshouldhavebeenatrialrun.Instead,escortedbythesteamtugsBeaufortandRaleigh,
VirginiastooddowntheElizabethRiverforHamptonRoads.SixmilesawaylaytheYorktownPeninsula,thelowerhalfofwhichwasoccupiedbytheUnionarmy.
FiveshipsoftheNorthAtlanticBlockadingSquadronstoodatanchorbetweenNewportNewsandHampton.Virginia'sfirstvictimwasthe24gunUSS
CUMBERLAND,whichopenedfireat1400atarangeof1,500yards.Virginiapouredbroadsidesintothewoodensloopofwar,thenrammedandsankherat
1530.VirginianextengagedUSSCONGRESS(44guns),whichhadgroundedsterntoandcouldbringonlytwogunstobear.Shewassetonfirewithincendiary
shellsandblewuplaterthatnight.Inthemeantime,thecaptainsoftheotherUnionvesselsweremakingforNewportNews.Merrimack'ssistershipUSSMinnesota
groundedandcameunderfirefromVirginia,thoughthewaterwastooshallowforhertoclose,andshedisengagedatabout1700.
TheConfederateironcladwasnotundamaged.ThesinkingCumberlandhadsnappedoffherram,twogunswereknockedout,herfunnelwasriddledwithshot,and
Buchananhadbeenwounded,leavingJonesincommand.AnchoringforthenightoffSewell'sPoint,JonesplannedtofinishoffMinnesotathenextmorning.
Unknowntohim,theironcladUSSMONITORhadarrivedatNewportNewsduringthenight.AsVirginiaclosedwiththestrandedfrigateat0800onthemorning
ofMay9,the"cheeseboxonaraft"steamedouttomeether.Forfourhourstheshipsexchangedfire,butneithercouldinflictseriousdamageontheother.Virginia
attemptedtoramthemoremaneuverableMonitor,butshedeliveredonlyaglancingblow.Althoughshemaintainedherstructuralintegrity,twoofhercrewwere
killedandnineteenwounded.TheBattleofHamptonRoadsfinallybrokeoffatabout1215whenMonitorwasorderedintoshallowwaterbyLieutenantJohnL.
Worden,whowastemporarilyblindedbyshellfragments.Jonesalsoretired,andsothefirstbattlebetweenironcladsended,andwithittheageofwoodenships.
VirginiaunderwentrepairsatNorfolkforaboutamonth,duringwhichtimeFlagOfficerJosiahTattnallmadeherflagshipoftheConfederateStatesNavy.OnApril
11,sheescortedCSSJamestownandRaleighonamissiontocapturethreetrooptransportsdestinedforGeneralGeorgeMcClellan'sYorktowncampaign.There
wasnootherengagementbetweenVirginiaandMonitor,astheformerwaschargedwithprotectingtheJamesRiver,andthelattertheYork.AsMcClellan
advanceduptheYorktownPeninsula,ConfederateGeneralJosephP.JohnsonorderedtheevacuationofYorktownandNorfolk.Virginia'sdeepdraftprecluded
hermovinguptheJames,andshewasblownuponMay11,1862.
Lambert,ed.,SteamSteelandShellfire.Still,IronAfloat.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Page559

Virginian
(laterDrottningholm,Brasil,Homeland)Liner(1f/2m).L/B:538'60.3'(164m18.4m).Tons:10,754grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st426,2nd286,3rd1,000
crew250.Mach.:steamturbines,15,000shp,3screws18kts.Built:AlexanderStephen&SonsLtd.,Glasgow1905.
BuiltfortheAllanLine'sservicebetweenLiverpoolandCanada,VirginianworkedsteadilyuntilSeptember1914.DuringWorldWarI,shewasbrieflyrequisitioned
asanarmedmerchantcruiser,sailedasatrooptransportfortheCanadianExpeditionaryForce,andmaintainedsporadictransatlanticserviceforCanadianPacific,
whichpurchasedAllanLinein1915.In1920,shewassoldtoSwedishAmericanLine,renamedDrottningholm,andputinservicebetweenGothenburgandNew
York.Overthecourseofthenextfewyears,Drottningholmreceivednewgearedturbineenginesandherpassengeraccommodationswereredonetocatertothe
expandingtouristtrade.
DuringWorldWarII,DrottningholmandherrunningmateGRIPSHOLMrepatriatedprisonersofwarandwoundedundertheauspicesoftheInternationalRed
Cross,continuinginthisworkthrough1946.AftertwomoreyearswithSwedishAmerican,DrottningholmwassoldtothePanamabasedHomeLines.Renamed
firstBrazilandin1951Homeland,shebeganserviceasanimmigrantshipplyingbetweenMediterraneanandGermanportsinEurope,andeitherSouthAmericaor
theUnitedStates.ShewasfinallybrokenupatTriestein1955.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.

Virginius
(exVirgin)L/B/D:216'24.5'10.9'(65.8m7.5m3.3m).Tons:442burden.Hull:iron.Comp.:100+pass.52crew.Mach.:sidewheel.Built:Aitken&
Mansel,Glasgow1864.
BuiltasaConfederateblockaderunner,VirginmadeonlyonevoyageoutofMobilebetweenJuneandAugust1864.FollowingtheevacuationofMobile,shewas
takentoGainesville,Alabama,andwascapturedthereonApril12,1865.In1870shewaspurchasedbyJohnF.PattersonandrenamedVirginius.Fraudulently
registeredintheUnitedStates,shewasemployedasagunrunner,firstforVenezuelanandthenforCubanrevolutionaries.
Imagenotavailable.
ThecareergunrunnerVIRGINIUSwaslostshortlyafterthis
picturewasdrawninthefallof1873.CapturedbySpanish
authoritiesinCuba,37ofhercrewweretriedandshot.
VIRGINIUSlatersankenroutetotheUnitedStates.
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Afterasuccessionofmasters,AnnapolisgraduateandConfederateNavyveteranCaptainJosephFrywashiredtoskippertheship.Withacrewof52and102
passengers,VirginiussailedfromKingston,Jamaica,forCuba,onOctober23,1873.ForcedtoputintotwoHaitianportsinsuccessionforminorrepairs,on
October31shewaswithin18milesofCubawhenshewasspottedbytheSpanishwarshipTornadocoincidentallybuiltthesameyear,atthesameyard,andfor
thesamepurposeasVirginius.Afteraneighthourchase,VirginiuswasovertakennearMorantBay,Jamaica,andtakentoSantiagodeCuba.Tendayslater,37of
thecrewweretriedaspiratesandshot.Inthediplomaticuproarthatfollowed,SpainsurrenderedVirginiusandtheshipsankintowofUSSOssipeeoffCape
HatterasonDecember26,1873.
Allin,"FirstCubicWar."Hill,"CaptainJosephFryofSSVirginius."Wise,LifelineoftheConfederacy.

VittorioVeneto
VittorioVenetoclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:780.2'107.8'34.4'(237.8m32.9m10.5m).Tons:45,752disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,920.Arm.:9
15.2"(33),126.1",1290mm,2036mm.Armor:14"belt,8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,140,000shp,4screws30kts.Des.:UmbertoPugliese.Built:
CantieriRiunitidell'Adriatico,Trieste,Italy1940.
Oneofafourshipclass,VittorioVenetowasthefirstbattleshipcommissionedbytheItalianNavysinceCaioDuilioandAndreaDoriain1915and1916.Named
foranItalianvictoryoverAustriaHungaryinWorldWarI,VittorioVenetowascompletedshortlybeforeItaly'sentry

Page560

Imagenotavailable.
Herdeckscrowdedwithhundredsofhercrew,thepowerfulbattleshipVITTORIOVENETOisenrouteto
EgyptfollowingItaly'ssurrendertotheAlliesinSeptember1943.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

intoWorldWarII.ShefaredpoorlyagainstForceHandtheMaltaconvoysandnarrowlymissedbeinghitduringtheBritishairraidonTarantoonNovember11
12,1940.OnMarch28,1941,flyingtheflagofAdmiralA.IachinoattheheadoffivecruisersandthirteendestroyersaboutfiftymilessouthwestofCapeMatapan,
Crete,shewascrippledbyanaerialtorpedolaunchedbyanaircraftfromHMSFormidable,andshespentfourmonthsinrepair.OnDecember14,shewas
torpedoedbythesubmarineHMSUrgewhileescortingatroopconvoy,andshesortiedonlyoncemore.OnJune5,1943,shewashitduringanairraidonLa
Spezia,butaftertheItalianarmisticeinSeptember,shesteamedunderherownpowertoMalta.InternedinEgyptuntilwar'send,shewasstrickenfromtheItalian
Navyin1948andbrokenupatLaSpezia.
Breyer,BattleshipsandBattlecruisers.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

SMSVonderTann
Battlecruiser(2f/2m).L/B/D:558'86.5'29.9'(171.7m26.6m9.2m).Tons:21,300disp.Comp.:998.Hull:steel.Arm.:811.2"(42),106",16
12cm,48.8cm418"TT.Armor:10"belt,2"deck.Mach.:Parsonsturbines,79,007shp,4screws27.4kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1910.
NamedforFreiherrvonundzuderTannRothsamhausen,anineteenthcenturyBavariangeneral,SMSVonderTannwastheGermanNavy'sfirstheavycruiser.
DeployedwithRearAdmiralFranzvonHipper'sFirstScoutingGroup,VonderTanntookpartinthebombardmentofYarmouthonNovember3andof
ScarboroughandWhitbyonDecember16,1914.ThefollowingAugustshetookpartintheineffectiveoperationagainstRussianforcesintheGulfofRiga.Returning
toWilhelmshaven,ninemonthslaterVonderTannwasagaininaction.AttheBattleofJutland,onMay31,1916,sheplayedadecisiveroleinthefierceaction
againstViceAdmiralSirDavidBeatty'sBattleCruiserFleet.Hipper'sfleetwasspottedat1530thatafternoonandbattlewasjoinedat1548.Asthelastshipin
Hipper'slineVonderTannengagedHMSINDEFATIGABLE,whichwasblownapartbyamagazineexplosionat1602andsankwiththelossof1,015crew.
MinuteslaterVonderTanncameunderfirefromtheFifthBattleSquadron'sBARHAMandValiant,hermainarmamentbeingsilencedby1730.Aftersurvivingthe
nightengagementwiththeBritishfleet,shereturnedtothesafetyofWilhelmshaven,herwarallbutover.InternedatScapaFlowonNovember24,1918,Vonder
TannwasscuttledonJune21,1919.SoldtoCox&Danks,Ltd.,shewasraisedonDecember7,1930,andtowedupsidedowntoRosythandscrappedin1933.
Grner,GermanWarships.Halpern,NavalHistoryofWorldWarI.Macintyre,Jutland.VanderVat,GrandScuttle.

Vostok
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:129.8'32.7'9.6'(39.6m10m2.9m).Tons:900tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:127.Arm.:28guns.Built:StokeandKolodnin,
OkhtaShipyard,St.Petersburg,Russia1818.

Page561

In1819,CzarAlexanderIorderedthedispatchoftwoexpeditionsforpolarexploration.Thefirst,underCaptainFabianGottliebvonBellingshausen(aveteranof
AdamvonKrusenstern'sNADEZHDAexpeditionof18036),wastosailtowardstheSouthPolewiththeflagshipVostok("East")andthe120foottransport
turnednavysloopMirny("Peaceful,"exLagoda).TheothercomprisingthesloopsOtkrytieandBlagonamerennyiwastosailthroughtheBeringStraitto
exploretheArcticOcean.TheprimaryobjectofBellingshausen'stwoyearexpeditionwas"tocarryoutavoyageofdiscoveryinthehighersouthernlatitudes,andto
circumnavigatetheicebeltofthesouthernPolarCircle.''Duringthesouthernwinter,hewastowithdrawtoequatorialwaters.
VostokandMirnydepartedKronstadtonJuly4,1819,andafterstopsatCopenhagenandPortsmouth,theyenteredtheAtlanticOceanonAugust29,1819,
arrivingatRiodeJaneiroonNovember2.FromRio,thetwoshipsheadedfortheSouthGeorgiaIslands,alongthewaysearchingforseveralfeaturesthatwere
indicatedonchartsbutwhichdidnot,infact,exist.PassingSouthGeorgiaonNovember16,theRussiansnamedseveralnearbyislandsbeforecontinuingtotheSouth
Shetlands,nearwhichtheydiscoveredtheMarquisdeTraversayIslands.ByJanuary4,1820,theyhadsailedto6025'S,2758'Ewhenheavyiceforcedthem
eastward.CrossingtheAntarcticCircleforthefirsttimeonJanuary15inabout3W,theywerenomorethantwentymilesfromthecoastofwhatisnowcalled
PrincessMarthaLand.AsBellingshausen'sEnglisheditorwrote,"Afewhoursofclearweatherhereonthisdaywouldhavecertainlyantedatedthediscoveryofland
by110years."ThoughtheywereforcedbelowtheAntarcticCirclebyheavyiceonseveraloccasions,onFebruary13thesightofshorebirdsindicatedlandwas
nearby,althoughthenearestknownbodiesPrinceEdwardIslandandtheKerguelenIslandswere1,200milesaway.(Itwouldbeanotherelevenyearsbefore
thesealerCaptainJohnBiscoe,sailingwithTulaandLively,actuallyspottedandnamedEnderbyLand.)Continuingintheircircumnavigationoftheasyetunseen
Antarctica,theRussiansencounteredlandbirdsforthesecondtimeonFebruary24(in6232'S,5741'E).OnMarch5,VostokandMirny(commandedbyMikhail
PetrovichLazarev)separatedfortheirreturntoPortJackson(Sydney),Australia,sothattheirparallelcourseswouldfallbetweenthosefollowedbyCaptainJames
CookinHMSRESOLUTIONandCaptainTobiasFurneauxinHMSADVENTUREduringCook'ssecondvoyage.
VostokarrivedatPortJacksononMarch30,andMirnyonApril7,bothremaininginportuntilMay8.IntendingtosailnorthofNewZealand,theshipswereforced
southbycontrarywinds,andtheypassedthroughCookStraitbetweenNorthandSouthIslands.Fromthere,theyheadednortheastfortheTuamotuIslands,where
inearlyJulytheyconfirmedthepositionof,orputonthemapforthefirsttime,fifteenislandsbetween155'Eand1749'Einaboutasmanydays.Onthe22ndthey
putintoMatavaiBay,Tahiti,forfivedays.EnroutebacktoPortJackson,theRussiansdiscoveredLazarev(Matahiva),Vostok,andGrandDukeAlexanderIslands,
amongothers.Repairstothemastsandriggingkepttheshipsinportforsevenweeks,anditwasnotuntilOctober31thattheyresumedtheircruiseinAntarctic
waters.Encounteringiceat6218'S,16413'E,theyturnedeastagain,beingforcednorthintermittentlybecauseoftheice.OnJanuary10,1821,theyspottedacoast
thattheycouldapproachnocloserthanfourteenmiles,butwhichtheynamedPeterIIsland(nowtheNorwegianterritoryPeterIy),inhonorofthefounderofthe
RussianNavy.OnJanuary17theyagainencounteredland,whichtheycalledAlexanderILand.SkirtingtheunseenAntarcticPeninsula,VostokandMirnyturned
northeast,sailingthroughtheSouthShetlandIslands,whoseextenttheydeterminedtobeabout160miles.
AfterstopsatRiodeJaneiroandLisbon(totransfertheRussianambassadorfromBraziltoPortugal),VostokandMirnyreturnedtoKronstadtonAugust28,having
completedavoyageof751days.Theyhadspent224daysatanchor,527undersail,andsailedmorethan57,000milesinthecourseofwhichtheydiscovered
twentynineislandstwointheAntarcticandonecoralreefandalagoon.ThatpartoftheSouthernOceanlyingbetweentheAntarcticPeninsulaintheeastand
ThurstonIslandinthewestwassubsequentlynamedtheBellingshausenSea.
Bellingshausen,VoyageofCaptainBellingshausentotheAntarcticSeas.

Vulcania
Liner(1f/2m).L/B:631.4'79.8'(192.4m24.3m).Tons:23,970grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st310,2nd460,intermediate310,3rd700.Mach.:motorship,2
screws19kts.Built:CantiereNavaleTriestino,Monfalcone,Italy1928.
ThesecondofthreenearsistershipsbuiltforItaly'sCosulichLine(theotherswereSaturniaandUrania),Vulcaniaisconsideredoneofthemostsuccessful
passengershipseverbuilt.DuringhercareershecarriedmorepassengersthananyotherItalianflagship.Intheprewaryearsshehadfourclassesandregularlycalled
attenports:Trieste,Venice,Patras,Messina,Palermo,Naples,Gibraltar,Lisbon,Halifax,andNewYorkinthemid1930sshe

Page562

alsoundertookCaribbeancruises.In1937,shewasgivennewengines,thenthemostpowerfuldieselmachineryeverfittedinaship,whichincreasedherservice
speedtotwentyoneknots.
Vulcania'swartimeservicebeganwithspecialtroopingdutiesduringtheItalianEthiopianwarin1935.SheresumedhertransatlanticsailingsuntilItalyenteredWorld
WarIIinJune1940.Requisitionedasatrooptransport,shesailedinsupportofItaly'sNorthAfricancampaign,andin1942,underchartertotheRedCross,she
repatriatedrefugeesfromEastAfrica.Italysurrenderedin1943andVulcanialatersawdutyasaU.S.troopship.Formallyrequisitionedafterthewar,shemadesix
voyagesforAmericanExportLinebeforerevertingtoItalia.VulcaniamadeonevoyagetoSouthAmericain1947beforeenteringexpressservicebetweenGenoa,
Naples,andNewYork.WhenANDREADORIAandCristoforoColombojoinedthefleetin1955,VulcaniaandSaturniaresumedtheirprewarscheduleuntil
1965.
SoldtoGrimaldiSiosaLineandrenamedCaribia,sheranasanimmigrantshipbetweenSouthampton,Vigo,andLisbon,andvariousCaribbeanislands,before
beingputintoMediterraneancruiseservice.AfterstrandingnearNice,France,shewassoldtothreedifferentshipbreakersinturnItalian,Spanish,and
TaiwaneseandarrivedatKaoHsiungforscrappingonJuly20,1974.
Bonsor,NorthAtlanticSeaway.Braynard&Miller,FiftyFamousLiners2.

Page563

W
USSWachusett
Iroquoisclassscrewsloop(3m).L/B/D:201.3'33.8'13'(61.4m10.3m4m).Tons:1,488disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:123.Arm.:3100pdr,432pdr,2
30pdr,112pdr.Mach.:horizontalsteepleengines,1screw11.5kts.Built:BostonNavyYard,Boston,Mass.1862.
NamedfortheMassachusettsmountain,USSWachusettwasassignedtotheAtlanticBlockadingSquadronin1862.AfterserviceintheJamesRiverduringthe
PeninsularCampaign,in1863shewasmadeflagshipofa"FlyingSquadron"assignedtohunttheConfederateraidersALABAMAandFLORIDA.Followingasix
monthrefit,Wachusett,CommanderNapoleonCollins,wasdispatchedtotheBrazilstation.OnSeptember26,1864,shesailedintoBahia.Afewdayslater,CSS
Floridaenteredport.Inanefforttopreventanincident,theBraziliansstationedtheirfleetbetweenthetwoantagonists.At0300,onOctober7,Wachusettweighed
anchorandslippedthroughtheBrazilianfleettoramFlorida.Theshipdidnotsink,butinthefaceofcannonfire,theoutnumberedcrewsurrenderedtheirship,which
CollinstowedfromBahiatoHamptonRoads.TheflagrantviolationofBrazilianneutralitywasendorsedbyeveryonefromSecretaryofStateWilliamH.Sewardto
theU.S.MinistertoBrazilJ.WatsonEbb,whohadencouragedthetakingofConfederatecruisersinBrazilianportsformorethanayear.Laterdeployedtothe
OrienttosearchforCSSSHENANDOAH,WachusettremainedinthePacificuntil1867.Thereaftershesawserviceinavarietyofdistantstationsuntil1885she
wassoldoutofservicetoW.T.Garrett&Companyin1887.
Owsley,CSS"Florida."

HMSWager
6thrate24(3m).L/B/D:123'32.2'14.3'dph(37.5m9.8m4.4m).Tons:559bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:180crew.Arm.:28guns.Built:England<1739.
HMSWagerwasanEastIndiamanpurchasedspecificallyforCommodoreGeorgeAnson'sambitiousbutillfatedexpeditionagainstSpanishPacificoutpostsatthe
startoftheWarofJenkins'Ear.NamedforFirstLordoftheAdmiraltySirCharlesWager,themission'sprimemover,Wagerwasoneofsixwarshipsinthe
squadron,whichalsoincludedtwovictualers.WhentheundermannedsquadronsailedfromPortsmouthonSeptember18,1740,thecrewsincluded260invalids
fromChelseaHospitaland210untrainedmarines.TheshipswerefortydaystoMadeiraandanothersevenweekstoSt.Catherine'sIslandoffthecoastofBrazil,
wheretheyremaineduntilJanuary18,1741.AlthoughtheyintendedtosaildirectlyfromthereforCapeHorn,theneedforrepairsforcedthemtoputintodeserted
PortSt.Julian,whereWagercameundercommandofLieutenantDavidCheap,formerlyFirstLieutenantinAnson'sflagship,HMSCENTURION.
TheshipstransitedtheStraitsofLeMaireonMarch7,whereupontheywereatthemercyoffuriousandrelentlessstormsthatkeptthemfromroundingCapeHorn
formorethansixweeks.OnApril24,Wagerlostsightoftheotherships,andforthenextfourdaysCheaplaytoatnightdespitethedangerofdoingsoonalee
shoreanddespitestandingordersfromAnsontorendezvousatJuanFernndezIsland.OnMay13,WagerwasintheBayofPeas,but"withonlythirteensickly
hands"toworktheship,at0430thenextmorningshestruckareefandcametorest"notaboveamusketshotfromshore."Atfirsttheship'scompanywasdivided
betweenthosewhowentashoreintheship'sboatsandthosewhostayedaboardsatingthemselveswithbrandyandwine.Eventuallythelattergrouplanded,too,but
thecrewgraduallybrokeintoanumberoffactionssomewereinastateofmutinyagainstCheap'sauthoritywhileotherssimplyignoredtheirfellowcastawaysand
wentoffontheirown.ForfivemonthstheyremainedoninhospitableandbarrenWagerIslanduntilthecarpenterfinishedenlargingthelongboattoaccommodateall
thesurvivors.
Amajorpointofcontentionwaswhethertheyshould

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sailnorth,totrytooverpoweranunsuspectingSpanishmerchantmanandresumetheirvoyage,asCheapproposed,orreturnhomeviatheStraitofMagellan,as
gunnerJohnBulkeleysuggested.Bulkeley'sviewcarriedtheday,andonOctober14mostofthesurvivorsembarkedinthelongboat(namedSpeedwell),cutter,and
barge.TenofthemenvolunteeredtoreturntoWagerIslandinthebargeforextracanvas,butinsteadtheyrejoinedCaptainCheapandthreeotherswhohadstayed
behind.Fivedeserterscamebackaswell,butofthesetwenty,onlyfourincludingCheapandMidshipmanJohnByron(latertocircletheworldinDOLPHIN)
wouldsurvivetheseeminglyendlessstruggleupthecoast.ArrivingatSantiagoinJanuary1743,CheapandtheothersremainedprisonersoftheSpanish,withthe
freedomofthetown,formorethantwoyears.ThoughtheysailedforEnglandonMarch1,1745,theywerenothomeuntilthefollowingyear.
Inthemeantime,Speedwellandthecuttercontinuedsouthwitheightyonemen.OnthenightofNovember6,1742,thecutterwaslostandhertencrewembarkedin
Speedwell.Onthe14ththeyenteredtheStraitofMagellanandreachedCapeVirginMaryonDecember16andPortDesirefourdayslater.Fromtheretheysailed
acrossGolfoSanGiorgio,onwhoseuninhabitedshoreseightmenwereabandoned(threeeventuallyreturnedtoEngland,in1746).Afterlandingbrieflynear
Montevideo,SpeedwellsailedontotheRioGrandeinBrazilwhereshearrivedonJanuary28,1743,withonlythirtymeninhercrew.Mostofthesemeneventually
returnedtoEngland.Upontheirreturn,acourtmartialwasconvenedtoinquireintothelossoftheship,andthemateondutyatthetimewasreprimanded.Thanksto
Anson'sintervention,neitherBulkeleynoranyoftheotherswholeftCheaponWagerIslandweretriedformutiny.InadditiontoeyewitnessaccountsbytheWager's
survivors,PatrickO'Brian'sUnknownShoreisareadableandaccurate,thoughfictional,accountofthevoyageanditsaftermath.
Bulkeley&Cummins,VoyagetotheSouthSeas.Byron,Narrative.Shankland,Byronofthe"Wager."

USSWahoo(SS238)
Gatoclasssubmarine.L/B/D:311.8'27.3'15.3'(95m8.3m4.6m).Tons:1,525/2,424disp.Hull:steel300'dd.Comp.:60.Arm.:1021"TT13",2
.30cal.Mach.:diesel/electric,5,400/2,740shp,2screws20.25/8.75kts.Built:MareIslandNavyYard,Vallejo,Calif.1942.
Namedforatropicalfoodfish,USSWahoowasoneofthemostsuccessfulsubmarinesintheU.S.fleetduringWorldWarII.Wahoo'sfirsttwocruises,inthe
MarshallandSolomonIslands,weremarkedbyalackofaggressiveness,andattheconclusionofthesecondcruise,LieutenantCommanderMarvinGranville
Kennedywasreplacedbyhisexecutiveofficer,LieutenantCommanderD.W."Mush"MortononDecember2,1942.Morton'sdynamicleadershipwasevidentfrom
thestart,whenhearticulatedhisvisionofhiscrew'sduty:"Wahooisexpendable.Wewilltakeeveryreasonableprecaution,butourmissionistosinkenemy
shipping....Now,ifanyonedoesn'twanttogoalongundertheseconditions,justseetheyeoman."Therewerenotransfers.
WahoosailedonJanuary16,1943,toastationofftheJapanesebaseatWewak,northernNewGuinea,usinganAustralianschoolatlasasaguide.Eightdayslater,
shesailedintoVictoriaBayandengagedadestroyeratarangeof800yards.Thefollowingmorning,whileenrouteforPalau,WahoosankaJapanesetrooptransport
andthenproceededtosinktwentylifeboatsandtheirpassengers,anactionforwhichMortonreceivedconsiderablecriticismfromsomeofhisbrotherofficers.
Pursuingacrippledfreighterandtankerfromthesameconvoy,hesankthemlaterthatdaywithhisremainingfourtorpedoes.Inrecognitionofhisoutstandingpatrol,
Morton("theOneBoatWolfPack")wasawardedtheNavyCross.
AftertwoweeksatPearlHarbor,WahoosailedonFebruary23forthepreviouslyuntestedwatersoftheshallowYellowSea.Patrollingalongthetraderoutes
betweenFormosaandJapan,betweenMarch19and29,Wahoosanknineshipstotaling26,826grt,thesinglebestpatrolofthewartothatdate.Afteronlytwo
weeksatMidway,WahoowasdispatchedtotheKurileIslandstointerceptaJapanesefleetboundfortheAleutianIslands.Shedamagedaseaplanetendernear
EtorofuIslandandsankthreemerchantshipsbeforereturningtoPearlHarbor.AtwomonthoverhaulatSanDiegobroughtaboutachangeinluckforWahoo,and
onhernextpatrol,intheSeaofOkhotskandSeaofJapan,tenofhertorpedoeseitherbroachedorfailedtoexplodeonimpact.ReturningtotheSeaofJapanforher
sixthpatrol,WahoowasapparentlysunkbyanantisubmarineaircraftpatrolintheStraitofLaProuseonOctober11.PostwaranalysisofJapaneseandAmerican
recordscreditedWahoounderMortonwithnineteenshipsincludingfouronherlastpatrolandtwounderKennedy,astunningachievementforonlyfourteen
monthsofcombatduty.
O'Kane,"Wahoo."Sterling,Wakeofthe"Wahoo."

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WalkintheWater
Steamboat(1f/2m).L/B/D:145'od32'ew6.5'(44.2m9.8m2m).Tons:338om.Comp.:150200pass.Mach.:highpressuresteamengine,73hp,
sidewheels7kts.Built:NoahBrown,BlackRock,N.Y.1818.
BuiltforpassengerservicebetweenBlackRock,NewYork,andDetroit,WalkintheWaterwasthefirststeamboatontheupperGreatLakesaboveNiagara
Falls.BlackRockwastheterminusfortheportageofgoodsbetweenLakeOntarioandLakeErie,whichareseparatedbyaverticaldropof325feetover27miles.
(TheopeningoftheWellandCanalputanendtotheportagein1833.)TheconsortiumthatunderwrotetheconstructionofWalkintheWaterincludedNoah
Brown,anotedNewYorkshipbuilderwithpriorexperienceontheGreatLakes.HehadsupervisedconstructionofSARATOGA,LieutenantThomas
MacDonough'sflagshipattheBattleofLakeChamplainin1814,andheandhisbrotherhadbuilttheFULTONSTEAMFRIGATEthesameyear.Walkinthe
Water'senginewasbuiltbyRobertMcQueeninNewYorkCityandtransportedviaHudsonRiverslooptoAlbanyandfromthereoverlandtoBuffalo.
NamedforaWyandotteIndianchief,WalkintheWaterenteredserviceinthesummerof1818.Withherlowhorsepower,shewasunabletobuckthecurrenton
theNiagaraRiverandhadtobetowedbyaspanofoxenfromBlackRocktoBuffalo.Onhermaidenvoyage,sheleftBlackRockonAugust23,1818,with29
passengers,callinginDunkirk,Erie,Cleveland,SanduskyBay,and,onAugust27,Detroit.Thereturntripwasmadein44hours.FaresbetweenBuffaloandDetroit
were$18forcabinpassengers(thiswaslatercutto$15inresponsetocompetitionfromGreatLakesschooners)and$7forsteerage.Whenfull,thesteamboat
carriedabout150passengers,thoughshecarried200passengersforMackinacandGreenBayinAugust1821onherfirsttripintoLakeMichigan.Thisprovedtobe
WalkintheWater'slastseason.OnOctober31,sheleftBlackRockforDetroitwith18passengers.Encounteringastiffgalejust20milesout,CaptainRogers
(whohadheldthepostsince1819)putbacktoBuffalo,butheanchoredoffshoreratherthanriskrunningintotheharbor.Beforedawnthefollowingmorning,Rogers
cuttheanchorcablesinthehopethattheshipwouldbeblownashoreratherthanbrokenapartandsunkbythestormlashedlake.WalkintheWaterfetchedupon
theBuffaloshoreatthefootofwhatisnowMainStreet.Thevesselwasatotalloss,buttheLakeErieSteamboatCompanyimmediatelycontractedtobuilda
replacementvessel.
Musham,"EarlyGreatLakesSteamboatsTheWalkintheWater."

WanderBird
(exWandervogel,Elbe5)Pilotschooner(2m).L/B/D:85'18.5'10.5'(25.9m5.6m3.2m).Tons:71grt.Hull:wood.Comp.:26.Built:GustavJunge,
Wevelsfleth,Germany1879.
TheGermangovernment'spilotschoonerElbe5wasnamedfortheriverinwhoseNorthSeaestuaryshesailedforthefirstfortythreeyearsofhercareer.For
periodsoftwotoeightweeks,shecarriedacrewoffiveandasmanyastwentyonepilots,whowouldboardincomingshipsandguidethemthroughthetrickywaters
leadingfromtheNorthSeatotheElbeRiverportsofCuxhavenandHamburg.In1924,sheandhersistershipElbe6weretradedtoaCuxhavenfirmforthesteel
schoonerEmden.(Bycoincidence,thisschoonerwouldalsobecomeworldfamoussailingunderIrvingandExyJohnsonasYANKEE.)Overthenextfiveyears,she
changedhandsseveraltimesbeforeshewasboughtbythejournalistWarwickTompkinsandhiswife.Tohelppayfortheirnewboat,theycarriedpayingtraineeson
passagestotheBaltic,Mediterranean,andCaribbean.
In1936theydecidedtosailhertoSanFrancisco,andsowiththeirtwochildren,agesfourandsix,theysailedfromGloucester,Massachusetts,toSanFrancisco.
Their121dayvoyagearespectabletimeevenforaharddrivenclippershipincludedtwentyeightdaysroundingCapeHornandwasdescribedinTompkins's
memoirFiftySouthtoFiftySouth.WanderBirdsailedthroughoutthePacificforthenextfiveyearsbeforetheTompkinseslaidherupinSanFrancisco,tookout
hermasts,andputacabinondeckaft.Theoldschoonertookabeatingovertheyears,especiallyaftershewassoldin1969andmovedtothefootofJohnson
Street.Nineyearslater,HaroldandAnnaSommerpurchasedWanderBirdandbeganadecadelongprojecttorestorehertosailingform.Afterthousandsofhours
fromcountlessfriendswhocontributedtime,skills,andfittingstoherrestoration,onJune1,1981,thecenturyoldWanderBirdsailedforthefirsttimeinfortyyears.
Sutter,"RebirthofWanderBird."Tompkins,FiftySouthtoFiftySouth.

Warren
Frigate(3m).L/B/D:152'34.4'17'(46.3m10.5m5.2m).Tons:690bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:200.Arm.:1218pdr,1412pdr,89pdr.Built:
SylvesterBowers,Providence,R.I.1775.
OneofthirteenfrigatesorderedbytheContinentalCongressinDecember1775,andoneoffivebuiltalongthesamelinesasJohnWhartonandJoshuaHumphries's

Page566

RANDOLPH,WarrenwasnamedforJosephWarren,apatriotkilledattheBattleofBreed'sHill,Boston,inJune1775.CommandofWarrenwith18pdr.
guns,themostpowerfulofthenewfrigateswasgiventoJohnB.Hopkins,sonofEsekHopkins,commanderinchiefoftheContinentalNavy.(TheelderHopkins
alsoflewhiscommodore'spennantinWarrenuntilhisdismissalinFebruary1778.)
WarrenfinallysailedonMarch8,1778,quicklytakingtwoBritishsupplyshipsbeforereturningtoBostononthe23rd.Withthepossibleexceptionofacruisewith
theMassachusettsStateNavybrigTyrannicide,shedidnotsailagainuntilMarch13,1779,incompanywithQueenofFranceandRANGER.Thethreeships
capturedthearmedschoonerJasonandsevenofatenshipconvoyunderherguard.Nonetheless,CongressdismissedCaptainHopkinsbecauseheendedhiscruise
toosoon,thusallowinghismentojumpshipcrewshortageswereoneoftheworstproblemsfacingtheContinentalNavy.
Warren'snextcommanderwasCaptainDudleySaltonstall.WhiletheshipwasfittingoutatBoston,theBritishestablishedabaseontheBagaducePeninsulain
PenobscotBay,175milesnortheastofBoston.CongressnamedSaltonstalltocommandahugeamphibiousforceconsistingof39shipsandabout300marines.
ArrivingbelowCastineonJuly25,theAmericansseizedNautilusIslandandthreecannonthenextday.Onthe28th,theAmericanslandedonthemainland,but
followingtheirinitialvictory,cooperationbetweenthenavyandarmycollapsed,andtherewasnofollowup.Whilethecommanderstemporized,aBritishforce
consistingofHMSRaisonnable(64guns)andBlondeandVirginia(32s)arrivedfromBostononAugust13.InthefaceofthisintimidatingBritishforce,Saltonstall
panickedandhisundisciplinedfleetscatteredupriver.TheAmericanslosttheirfortyships,allburnedbytheirowncrewssavetwothatwerecaptured,andmorethan
500soldiersandsailorswerekilledorcaptured.ThePenobscotBayexpeditionwasoneofthesingleworstdefeatsoftheRevolution,forwhichSaltonstallwascourt
martialedanddismissed.
Millar,EarlyAmericanShips.Miller,SeaofGlory.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

HMSWarrior
(exOilHulkC77,Warrior,VernonIII,Warrior).Frigate(2f/3m).L/B/D:418'58.4"26'(128m17.8m7.9m).Tons:9,137disp.Hull:iron.Comp.:700
709.Arm.:2668pdr,440pdr,10110pdr,220pdr,112pdr,16pdr.Armor:4.5"hull.Mach.:Penndoubleacting,singleexpansionhorizontaltrunk
engine,1,250nhp/5,267ihp,1screw14.1kts.Des.:IsaacWatts,ThomasLloyd.Built:ThamesIronWorks,Blackwall,Eng.1861.
Oftencalledtheworld'sfirstbattleshipandthefirstironclad,therevolutionaryHMSWarriorwasasuperlativeshipbutshewasneitherthefirstbattleshipnorthe
firstironclad.In1858,theFrenchNavyhadorderedsixironhulledshipshowever,herlimitedindustrialbaserequiredthatthefirstthreeincludingLA
GLOIREhavewoodenhullssheathediniron.TheBritishresponsewasdecisive.OntheinitiativeofFirstSeaLordSirJohnPakington,SurveyoroftheNavy
AdmiralSirBaldwinWakeWalkerdevelopedplansforwhatwouldbethemostpowerfulandheavilyarmoredshipafloat.
Warrior'sgreatinnovationwasinbeingthefirstoceangoingwarshiptohaveanironhull.Asaresult,shewasalsothelargestwarshipofherday140feetlonger
thanthe120gunthreedeckerHMSHowe(1860),and82feetlongerthanHMSOrlandoof1858,thelongestsingledeckwoodenfrigate(40guns)everbuilt.
Gloireandhersisterswereamere256feet.PerhapsmoredistinctivewasWarrior'sgraceful6.5:1lengthtobreadthratioevenOrlandoachievedaratioofonly
5.8:1.Despiteherextremesize,Warrior'sprimaryarmamentconsistedoftwentysix68pdr.breechloadingguns.Twentytwooftheseelevenperbroadside
wereonthemaindeckwithinacentralcitadel,essentiallyanarmorprotectedboxinthemiddleoftheship.Alsowithinthecitadelwerefour110pdr.breech
loaders.Justforwardofthecitadelthereweretwo110pdr.andjustabaft,two110pdr.andfourmore68pdr.Upperdeckarmamentincludedsingle110pdr.bow
andsternchasersand,workingaft,one6pdr.andone12pdr.,two20pdr.,andfour40pdr.Onthebasisoftheheaviestgunsalone,Warriorwasclassifiedasa
40gunship.
Warriorwasnotintendedasalineofbattleship.Rather,hersuperiorspeedenabledhertooutdistanceandoutmaneuveranysteambattleshipshemightencounter.At
thisstageinitsdevelopment,mechanicalpropulsionwasunreliableandenginesweretooinefficienttoallowcoalingforlongrangecruising.Althoughdesignedtofight
understeam,Warriorwasriggedasathreemastedship,andher10ton,twobladedpropellerwasdesignedtobeliftedfreeofthewater,toreducedragwhen
cruisingundersail.Locatedbetweentheforeandmainmasts,herfunnelscouldalsobeloweredtoreducewindresistance.
HMSWarriorwascommissionedaspartoftheChannelFleetonAugust1,1861,byCaptainA.A.Cochrane.Duringhertrialsshereceivedtheaccoladethat
definedherthreattotheexistingnavalorder:"Shelookslikeablacksnakeamongtherabbits"therabbitsbeingthestubbier,highsidedshipsofthelinethatstill
symbolizedthemightoftheRoyalNavy.Warrior'sactivedutyservicewasconfinedtotheChannelFleet,whereshecouldbestfacetheFrenchthreatbasedat
Cherbourg.Duringher

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Imagenotavailable.
Althoughherengines,ironhull,andheavygunsmadeherthemostpowerfulshipafloatwhenshewas
commissionedin1861,withonlyasinglegundeckHMSWARRIORwasofficiallyclassedasafrigate.
Severaltimessavedfromthebreakers,theshipregardedastheworld'sfirstbattleshipwasrestoredin
the1980sandisopentothepublicatPortsmouthNavyYard.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

firstcommission,shesailedasfarasLisbonandGibraltar,andmadeatouraroundBritain.
Warrior'sfirstrefittookplacebetween1864and1867,afterwhichshewascommissionedagainwiththeChannelFleet,CaptainHenryBoyscommanding.Bythis
timeWarriorhadalreadybeeneclipsedbythenextgenerationofBritishironcladsincludingthefourmastedAchillesandfivemastedMinotaurclassbroadside
ships.Hermostremarkableaccomplishmentwasin1869,whenshewasassignedtohelptowthefloatingdrydockHMSBermudatotheRoyalNavybaseat
Bermuda,togetherwithhersistershipBlackPrince.Decommissionedin1871,sheunderwentafurtherfouryearrefitduringwhichapoopdeckwasadded,she
receivednewboilers,andherbowspritwasshortened.CommissionedintotheFirstReserveFleetforeightyears,Warriormadeeightsummercruises,usuallyin
homewatersortoGibraltarandthewesternMediterranean.
Paidoffandreclassedasanarmoredcruiserin1883,Warrior'sstarquicklyfaded.In1900shewasstrickenfromthelistsandbecameahulk,seeingdutyasa
torpedodepotship.In1904shewasrenamedVernonIIItofreeheroriginalnameforanarmoredcruiser.ThisshipsankonJune1,1916,followingdamage
sustainedattheBattleofJutland,andin1923VernonIIIagainbecameWarrior.Anattempttoselltheshipin1925wasunsuccessfulandin1929shebecamea
floatingoiljettyatLlanionCove,PembrokeDock.InWorldWarIIshewasbrieflyusedasadepotshipforminesweepers,andin1942hernamewasappropriated
foralightaircraftcarrier,andshebecameOilHulkC77.
InterestinpreservingandrestoringWarriorbeganinthe1960s,buttheNavyheldontotheshipuntil1978.ThefollowingyearshewastowedtoHartlepooland
placedundertheaegisoftheMaritimeTrust(andlatertheWarriorPreservationTrust).InitialfinancingfortherestorationcamefromJohnSmith'sManifoldTrust.A
largenumberoftheworkersandartisansemployedincleaningandrestoringtheshiptoher1861conditionwereprovidedthroughthegovernmentrunManpower
ServicesCommission.In1987,HMSWarrior1860,assheisofficiallyknown,wastowedtoPortsmouthandputonpermanentpublicdisplayatthePortsmouth
NavalBase.
Lambert,"Warrior."Wells,Immortal"Warrior."

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HMSWarspite
QueenElizabethclassbattleship(2f/2m).L/B/D:645.8'90.4'30.7'(196.8m27.6m9.3m).Tons:33,000disp.Comp.:9251,297.Arm.:815"(42),
146",23",43pdr421"TT.Hull:steel.Armor:13''belt,3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,75,000shp,4shafts24kts.Built:DevonportDockyard,
Plymouth,Eng.1915.
Oneofaclassoffastbattleshipsthatwerethefirsttomountfifteenguns,HMSWarspitewasoneofBritain'smostdecoratedshipsinthetwentiethcentury.Herfirst
actionwasaspartoftheGrandFleet'sFifthBattleSquadronatJutlandonMay31,1916.Damagedbythirteenheavyshellhits,shewasonthevergeofannihilation
whenherjammedsteeringgearreengagedpossiblythankstoanotherhit.Afterthewar,WarspiteservedwiththeAtlanticFleetfrom1919to1924.Followingthe
WashingtonNavyTreatyprohibitingconstructionofnewcapitalships,shewasthefirstofherclasstobemodernized.ShenextservedintheMediterranean(1926
30),Atlantic(193032),andHomeFleets(193234).Sheemergedfromasecondrefit(193437)withasinglefunnel,remodeledtower,andtwoobservation
planeshertorpedotubeswerealsoremoved.
TheoutbreakofWorldWarIIfoundWarspiteatAlexandria,Egypt.AfterescortingaCanadiantroopconvoyacrosstheAtlantic,sheflewViceAdmiralJockWhit
worth'sflagatthebattlesforNarvik,onApril1013,1940.RedeployedtotheMediterranean,sheflewtheflagofAdmiralAndrewBrowneCunningham,reveredas
theRoyalNavy'smostaggressiveadmiralandknownaffectionatelyas"ABC."AttheBattleofCapeMatapan,onMarch2829,1941,Warspitehelpedsinkthe
ItaliancruiserFiume,butshewasherselfdamagedbyGermanfighterbombersduringtheevacuationofCreteonMay22.Underherownpowershesailedvia
SingaporeandPearlHarbortoBremerton,Washington,forrepairs.BySeptember1943shewasbackintheMediterraneaninsupportoftheAlliedlandingsat
Salerno,Italy.There,radiocontrolledbombsblewoutherbottom.AgaintheaptlynamedWarspitemadeithomeforrepairs.ReassignedtotheHomeFleetin1944,
shewasminedlateintheyearbutpatchedupintimefortheWalcherenlandingsin1945.Withfourteenbattlehonorstohercredit,HMSWarspitewassoldoutof
theNavyin1946butonApril23,1947,shedefiantlywentagroundinMountsBay,Cornwall,whileenroutetothebreakers.
Parkes,BritishBattleships.Roskill,H.M.S."Warspite."

Imagenotavailable.
HMSWARSPITE,oneoffiveQUEENELIZABETHclassbattleships,hadalonganddistinguishedcareer
intwowars.ShewasheavilydamagedatJutland,inWorldWarI,andagainduringWorldWarIIwhile
campaigningintheMediterranean.CourtesyImperialWarMuseum,London.

Wasa
Royalship(3m).L/B/D:180'38.3'15.4'(54.9m11.7m4.9m).Tons:1,300disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:145crew300soldiers.Arm.:4824pdr,83pdr,
21pdr,116pdr,262pdr,335pdr.Des.:HenrikHybertsondeGroot&HenrikJacobson.Built:RoyalDockyard,Stockholm1628.
Whenshesetsailonhermaidenvoyage,theshipofthelineWasawasthemostimpressiveshipintheSwedish

Page569

Navy.Shesankwithinminutes,notamilefromland,anditwouldbe333yearsbeforehersalvageamazedtheworldandusheredinanewageofnautical
archaeologyandhistoricpreservation.NamedfortheroyalhouseofWasa,theWasawasbuiltforthenavyofGustavusAdolphus(GustavIIAdolf),thenthe
dominantmilitaryforceintheBaltic,attheheightoftheThirtyYears'War.SwedenwasatwarwithPolandbecausethelatter'semperor,SigismundIII,anolder
cousinofGustavus,wasapretendertotheSwedishthrone.ThecampaigninthesouthernBalticbeganearlyin1628,andbyMaytherewerethirtyfourships
blockadingDanzigtopreventtheanticipatedreinforcementofthecitybyAustrianGeneralAlbrechtWallenstein'sshipsshouldtheyappear.
Wasawasscheduledtojointhethirtyfourassoonasshewasready,andonApril10,1628,shesailedfromStockholmwithabout250peopleaboard.Ordersofthe
dayread,"Ifanyonewishestohavehiswifewithhim,heisfreetodosohereinStrmmen[partoftheStockholmchannel]orintheSkrgardbutnotonavoyage
wheretheobjectiveistheenemy."Inthelightairs,thecrewhadtowarptheshipoutoftheharborcarryingananchoraheadoftheshipinalongboat,droppingit,
andthenpullingtheshipuptotheanchor.TheycontinuedtheprocessuntiltheyreachedSlussen,whentheforeandmaintopsailsandcoursesweresettothefaint
wind.Wasahadgonenomorethan1,500yardswhenasuddengustlaidtheshiponherbeamends.Waterrushedinthroughtheopengunportsandshesank
immediately.Theexactdeathtollisnotknown,butcontemporaryestimatesputitataboutfiftypeople.CaptainSfringHanssonwasamongthosesaved,andduring
hissubsequentcourtmartialtheNavytriedtoassignblametotheDutchmasterbuilder,HenrikHybertsondeGroot.Althoughblamewasnotfirmlyassigned,
constructionofSwedishwarshipssubsequentlycameundermoredirectcontroloftheNavy.
Salvageofthewreckbegansoonafterthesinking,andtheEnglishmanIanBulmersucceededinputtingWasaonanevenifstillsubmergedkeel.Althoughmany
werewilling,thetechnicalapparatusforraisingWasawastooprimitivetoraiseashipofthatsizefromadepthof35meters(115feet).Themostsuccessfulsalvage
operationscamein166364,whenHansAlbrechtvonTreilebenandAndreasPeckellraised53ofthebronzeguns,mostweighing1.5tons,allofwhichwere
exportedtoLbeckinthefollowingyear.Havingyieldeditsmostvaluablecargo,interestintheshipwaneduntilthepublicationinthe1920sofanarticleaboutthe
ship'sloss.Wasaremainedundiscovereduntil1956,when,workingfromasurfacevessel,amateurarchaeologistAndersFranznsucceededinextractingacore
sampleofthehull.Swedishnavaldiversquicklyconfirmedthefind,andeffortsweresoonbeguntoraisetheship.
Navydiversdugsixtunnelsbetweenthehullandthemudintowhichithadsettled.SlingswerepassedbeneaththeshipandattachedtothepontoonvesselsOdenand
Frigg.OnAugust20,1959,Wasawaspulledfromthemud,andfourweekslatertheshipwastransferredstillsubmergedtoanareawherethewaterwasonly
15meters(50feet)deep.Overthenexteighteenmonths,holesinthehullwerepatched.Theseincludedthegunportsandthe5,000holesthroughwhichironboltshad
beenpassedtosecurethehullandwhichhadrustedaway.OnApril24,1960,Wasabrokethesurface,andtwoweekslatershefloatedintoadrydockonherown
hull.Inpreparationforconservationanddisplay,ballastandartifactswereremovedfromthehull,andbyautumnshewassafelyhousedinamuseumbuilding,where
sheremainedundercontinuouswaterspraytopreventhertimbersfromdisintegrating.
Wasahadthreemasts,squareriggedonforeandmain,withalateenmizzen.Amonghermostobviousandunusualfeatureswerethesharpaftrakeofthemainmast
(about8or9degrees)andhersteeplyslopingdecks.Bothfeatureswereknownfromcontemporaryillustrationsandmodels,buthistoriansandnavalarchitects
generallybelievedthatthesewereinaccurateexaggerations.Thequarterdeckwas20meters(65feet)abovethekeel,andhermainmastprobably55meters(165
feet)high.
AsWasa'swasthefirstrecoveryofitskind,virtuallyeverythingthatwasdonewasprecedentsetting.Thewoodandallartifactswerepermeatedwithpolyethylene
glycol,apreservative.Leatherwastreatedinasimilarfashion,whilesixsailshadtobepainstakinglyunfurledinashallowpool.Diversalsorescuedanadditional
3,000artifactsofvariouskindsfromthewrecksite.Theseincludedsculpturalpiecesthathadfallenoffastheironfittingsrusted.Theneedforsuchelaborate
decorationwasarticulatedbyJeanBaptisteColbert,LouisXIV'spronavyMinisterofFinance:"Nothingcanbemoreimpressive,normorelikelytoexaltthemajesty
oftheKing,thanthathisshipsshouldhavemoremagnificentornamentationthanhaseverbeforebeenseenatsea."
Wasa'smorethanathousandsculpturesandfragmentsconstituteoneofthelargestcollectionsofmanneriststyleseventeenthcenturywoodensculptureintheworld.
Individualpiecesincludethemagnificentsterndecorationshowingtwolionsrampantoriginallygilt,andregildedupontheirrecovery.InadditiontotheHouseof
Wasa'scoatofarmsonthestern,thecarvingsincluderenderingsofbiblicalandclassicalthemes:aseriesof

Page570

figuresfromtheBookofJudges,arepresentationofGideon'svictoryovertheMidianites,animageofHercules,and,liningthebulkhead,tworowsofRoman
emperors,tenoneithersideofthebow.Thebowspritportraysaforwardleapinggildedlion.
Amongtheotherartifactswereship'sstoresandsailors'personaleffects,whichgiveaclearpictureofdailylifeaboardship.Theseincludewoodenplatesforthe
sailorsandpewterdishesfortheofficers,ceramicbowls,leatherandfeltclothinginseachests,andmorethan4,000squarecoppercoinscalledklippingar.Among
thehumanremainsfoundonthesitewerethoseofwomenandchildren,membersofthecrew'sfamilywhohadjoinedtheshipforthebriefpassage.Oneofthemost
popularattractionsinSwedensinceherrecovery,WasaisthecenterpieceoftheStatensSjhistoriskaMuseumontheStockholmwaterfront.
Kvarning&Ohrelius,SwedishWarship"Wasa."Naish,"Wasa."

USSWashington(BB56)
NorthCarolinaclassbattleship(2f/1m).L/B/D:728.8'108.3'35.5'(222.1m33m10.8m).Tons:46,770disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,890.Arm.:916"(3
3),205",161.1".Armor:12"belt,6.3"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,121,000shp,4screws27.6kts.Built:PhiladelphiaNavyYard1941.
OnMarch26,1942,USSWashingtonsailedforBritainasflagshipofRearAdmiralJohnW.Wilcox'sTaskForce39thenextday,AdmiralWilcoxwaslost
overboard,presumablyaftersufferingaheartattack.FollowingworkwiththeArcticconvoysthroughJune1942,Washington(underCaptainGlennDavis)sailedfor
theSouthPacific.DuringthenightactionoftheNavalBattleofGuadalcanal,onNovember1415,WashingtonsanktheJapanesebattleshipKIRISHIMAinthefirst
battleshipactionofthewar.AsflagshipofRearAdmiralWillisLee,WashingtoncontinuedoperationsintheSolomonsthroughmid1943.Shethentookpartinthe
landingsintheGilbertIslandsinNovember1943andtheMarshallIslandsinJanuary1944.OnFebruary2,shecollidedwithUSSIndianaandwasoutofactionuntil
June,arrivingbackonstationforthelandingsintheMarianaIslands.InOctobershesupportedlandingsonPalauandLeyte,beforeturningtothesealanesinthe
SouthChinaSea.DuringthefinalAlliedassaultontheJapanesehomeislands,WashingtonshelledpositionsonKyushuandwaspartofthemassivearmadas
marshaledinsupportofthelandingsonIwoJimaandOkinawa.WithdrawnforrefitinJune1945,inSeptembershetransferredtotheEastCoastandhelped
repatriateU.S.troopsinEurope.Putinreservein1947,shewasdecommissionedin1960andbrokenupatNewark,NewJersey.
Musicant,BattleshipatWar.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Wasp
(exScorpion)Schooner(2m).Hull:wood.Comp.:49.Arm.:82pdr,6swivels.Built:Baltimore(?)<1775.
BuiltasamerchantschoonerforBaltimoreowners,theschoonerScorpionwaspurchasedbytheContinentalCongressandcommissionedin1775underCaptain
WilliamHallock.OnJanuary16,sheandHORNETbecamethefirsttwoshipsoftheContinentalNavytoputtosea,sailingfromBaltimoretojoinasquadronunder
CommodoreEsekHopkinsinALFRED.DuringanexpeditiontotheBahamas,WasptookpartinthecaptureofNassau,whichHopkinsheldfortwoweeks.The
squadronsailedonMarch17andWaspreturnedtoPhiladelphia.Operatingfromthatportfortheremainderoftheyear,shepatrolledinandaroundtheDelaware
Capes,capturingfiveprizesandrecapturingtheAmericanSuccessfromaBritishprizecrew.FollowingthefallofPhiladelphiaandthecollapseofAmericanresistance
ontheDelawareonNovember20,1777,WaspwasprobablyburnedtogetherwithANDREWDORIAandHornettopreventcapturebytheBritish.
Miller,SeaofGlory.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSWasp
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:105.6'30.1'14.2'(32.2m9.2m4.3m).Tons:450bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:140.Arm.:212pdr,1632pdr.Built:
WashingtonNavyYard1806.
TheU.S.Navy'ssecondWaspwascommissionedin1806underMasterCommandantJohnSmith.Therecordofherfirstyearsisobscure,butin1808shewas
certainlyoperatingalongtheEastCoast,andby1810shecruisedoutofSavannahandCharleston.Thefollowingyear,WaspjoinedCommodoreStephenDecatur's
squadronUSSUNITEDSTATES,Congress,andthebrigNAUTILUSandatthebeginningoftheWarof1812,shewasstationedwiththeseshipsat
HamptonRoads.OnOctober18,offtheentranceofDelawareBayunderMasterCommandantJacobJones,shegavechasetoaBritishconvoyofsixmerchantmen
escortedbythebrigsloopHMSFrolic(22guns).Thetwoshipsengagedatabout1130,andinahotengagementFrolic'screwboarded.TheBritishshipwassaved
onlybythearrivalofthethirdrateHMSPoictiers(74).WaspwastakenintotheRoyalNavy

Page571

asHMSPeacock,andwaslostatseaoffSouthCarolinainJuly1814.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSWasp
Sloopofwar(3m).L/B/D:117.9'31.5'14.5'(35.9m9.6m4.4m).Tons:509bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:173.Arm.:212pdr,2032pdr.Built:Cross&
Merrill,Newburyport,Mass.1814.
Thefifthshipofthename,andthefourthtoseeserviceintheWarof1812,USSWaspwasashipriggedsloopofwarcommissionedunderMasterCommandant
JohnstonBlakeley,in1814.PuttingtoseaonMay1,shesailedfortheEnglishChannelonacommercedestroyingmission.Enroute,shecapturedfiveships,sinking
fouranddispatchingoneasacartelship.OnJune28,sheengagedthesloopofwarHMSReindeer(21guns),capturingherinashort,sharpactionduringwhichshe
sustainedheavydamageherself.EnroutetoL'Orientforrepairs,shemanagedtocaptureandsinktwomoreprizes.
ResuminghercruiseonAugust27,shecapturedthreeprizesbySeptember1,includingonetakenfromunderthegunsofthethirdrateHMSArmada(74).That
night,WaspfoughttheeighteengunbrigAvon,butshewaspreventedfromboardingthesinkingshipbythearrivalonthesceneofthreeBritishships.Between
September12and21,sheengagedthreemoreships,sinkingtwoanddispatchingthebrigAtalanta(8)totheUnitedStates.AlltraceofWaspdisappearedafter
October9,whenshespokeaSwedishship.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSWasp(CV7)
Waspclassaircraftcarrier(1f/2m).L/B/D:741.3'80.7'(109'ew)19.9'(226m24.6m(33.2m)6.1m).Tons:21,000disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,889.Arm.:8
5",161.1"84aircraft.Armor:4"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,75,000hp,2screws29.5kts.Built:BethlehemSteelCo.,Quincy,Mass.1940.
Theonlyvesselofherclassbuilt,theU.S.Navy'seighthWaspwasthelastofthesocalled"treatycarriers"whosesizewaslimitedbytheWashingtonNaval
Conferenceof1922.WaspenteredserviceontheEastCoast,andinJuly1941,sheferriedArmyAirForceplanestoIcelandwhentheUnitedStatesoccupiedthat
country.TherestoftheyearshespentontheNorthAtlanticNeutralityPatrolbetweenNewfoundlandandtheCaribbean.FollowingtheU.S.entryintoWorldWar
II,WaspmadetwovoyagesfromEnglandtothewesternMediterraneanfromhereshelaunchedBritishSpitfirefightersforthereliefofMalta.OnJune6,1942,she
sailedfromNorfolkforthePacificinanefforttoshoreuptheU.S.carrierfleet,weakenedbytherecentlossofUSSLEXINGTONandYORKTOWN.Joininga
SupportForceunderRearAdmiralFrankFletcher,WaspsupportedthefirstMarinelandingsonGuadalcanalonAugust78.OnSeptember15,HORNETand
Wasp(thentheonlyoperationalU.S.carriersintheSouthPacific)wereagaincoveringMarinetransportsheadedforGuadalcanal.Whilerefuelingplanesabout150
milessoutheastofSanCristobalIsland,WaspwashitbytwotorpedoesfromtheJapanesesubmarineI119.Theresultingfireswereuncontrollable,andCaptain
ForrestP.Shermanorderedtheshipabandoned.ShewasthentorpedoedandsunkbyUSSLandsdowne193ofWasp'screwdied.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

USSWaterWitch
Sidewheelsloop(1f/2m).L/B/D:150'23'9'(45.7m7m2.7m).Tons:378burthen.Hull:wood.Comp.:77.Arm.:432pdr,124pdr.Mach.:inclined
condensingengine,180hp,2sidewheels11.5kts.Des.:JohnLenthall.Built:WashingtonNavyYard1853.
ThefirstassignmentforthegunboatWaterWitchwastoundertakeanextensivesurveyoftheregionaroundtheRiverPlate,andinparticulartheParanRiverin
ArgentinaandParaguay.TheshipsailedundercommandofLieutenantThomasJeffersonPageonFebruary8,1853,andafterseveralstops,shearrivedatBuenos
AiresinMay.AfterensuringthesafetyoftheArgentineConfederation'sGeneralJustoUrquizafollowingthesiegeofBuenosAires,Pagebeganhisofficialassignment.
WaterWitchwasthefirststeamvesseltoascendtheParan,Paraguay,andSaladoRivers,andherthreeyearsofsurveysshowedthattheseriverswerenavigableby
large,poweredvessels,afactthathadgreatimplicationsforthegrowthofArgentina,Paraguay,andBrazil.Thoughtheexpeditionwasasuccess,onFebruary1,
1855,PageignoredaParaguayandecreeforbiddinghimtoascendtheParanRiver,andonesailorwaskilledwhenthefortatItapirfiredontheship.WaterWitch
returnedtotheUnitedStatesin1856,andin1858returnedtothePlateaspartofFlagOfficerW.B.Shubrick'sParaguayExpedition,oneaimofwhichwasto
negotiateatreatyandcompensationforthedeadman'sfamily.
AtthestartoftheCivilWar,WaterWitchwasassignedtotheGulfBlockadingSquadronandoperatedbetweenPensacola,Florida,andtheMississippiRiver.

Page572

TransferredtotheSouthAtlanticBlockadingSquadron,sheoperatedmostlyaroundOssabawIslandoffmainlandGeorgiauntilJune3,1864,whenshewascaptured
nearBradley'sRiver.TakenintotheConfederateNavy,onDecember19,1864,shewasburnedtopreventhercapturebyfederalforces.
Silverstone,WarshipsoftheCivilWarNavies.Wood,Voyageofthe"WaterWitch."

Wavertree
(exDonArianoN,Wavertree,Southgate)Ship(3m).L/B/D:268.5'40.2'12'(81.8m12.3m3.7m).Tons:2,170grt.Hull:iron.Comp.:28.Built:Oswald
Mordaunt&Co.,Southampton1885.
LaiddownasToxtethforR.W.LeylandandCompanyofLiverpool,theshipeventuallyknownasWavertreewasoneofthelastandlargestironhulledfullrigged
shipsbuilt.HerbuilderssoldhertoChadwickandPritchardshortlyafterherlaunch,andshespentthreeyearsinthejutetradeasSouthgate.Althoughshehad
alreadychangedhands,in1888LeylandboughtbacktheiroldshipandrenamedherWavertree(foraLiverpoolsuburb).Anoceanwanderer,Wavertreeloadeda
widevarietyofcargoesinportstheworldover.OnherfirstvoyageforLeyland,shesailedfromPortPirie,Australia,with28,748bags(122,900bushels)ofwheat,
thelargestloadevercarriedinasailingshiptothattime.Onothervoyages,shefreightedsaltfromHamburgtoCalcutta,guanofromChiletoEngland,coalfrom
CalcuttatoMauritius,andcaseoilfromNewYorktotheOrient.
In1910,Wavertreechangedhandstwice,butonMay26shesailedfromCardiffforValparaisowithcoal.SeverelydamagedwhileroundingCapeHorn,sheput
backtoMontevideoforrepairs.Thesecompleted,sheheadedforCapeStiffastheHornwasknownasecondtime,onlytobedrivenbackagain,thistimeto
theFalklandIslands,withfiveofhercrewseverelyinjuredandhermastsandriggingashambles.CondemnedatStanley,in1911shewassoldtoChileaninterests
andtowedtoPuntaArenasforuseasawoolstoragehulk.In1948,herhullstillsound,shewastowedtoBuenosAireswhereshespenttwodecadesasasand
barge.
Imagenotavailable.
Launchedintothejutetrade,thelonglivedshipWAVERTREE
almostendedherdaysasasandbargeinArgentina.Discovered
therebyshippreservationistKarlKortum,shewasrescuedand
broughttoNewYork'sSouthStreetSeaportMuseum.This
picture,takenin1983,showsherridinglightwithonlyher
topmastsfitted.CourtesyNormanBrouwer.

In1966,freshfromasurveyofGREATBRITAINatStanley,KarlKortumfoundtheoldWavertreeinabackwateroftheRiachuelo:"Blackhulled,deepsheered,
foreandmizzenlowermastsstillinplace.Clamshellbucketswereclanginginherhatches.Shewasinuse,caredfor,inawayalive.Andbig."Negotiationstosavethe
shipwereopenedwiththerecentlyfoundedSouthStreetSeaportMuseuminNewYorkCity.Themuseum'schairman,JakobIsbrandtsen,arrangedfortheship's
purchaseanddonationtothemuseum,andinAugust1970,shewastowedtoNewYork.Shehasbeenundergoingrestorationatthemuseumforthelastquarter
century.
Brouwer,InternationalRegisterofHistoricShips.Spiers,"Wavertree."Walker,ChampionofSail.

Westward
Schooner(2m).L/B/D:135'27.1'16.8'(41.1m8.3m5.1m).Tons:323grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:32.Des.:NathanaelG.Herreshoff.Built:Herreshoff
ManufacturingCo.,Bristol,R.I.1910.

Page573

Knownasthe"HerreshoffFlyer,"Westwardwasdesignedbythe"WizardofBristol"forNewYorkindustrialistAlexanderS.Cochran.UnderCharlieBarr,
Westwardcompiledanastoundingrecordinherfirstseason.InApril1910shesailedfromBrentonReeftoSouthamptoninfourteendays.AttheKielRegattain
June,shehandilywontheEmperor'sCupinafourraceseriesduringwhichtheKaiser'sMeteorIVsufferedabrokenbowspritinacollisionwithWestwardwhenthe
indomitableBarrrefusedtogiveway.Thatsummer,BarrwrotetoNatHerreshoff,
Sheisasplendidboat.Crossedoverwithsomeratherroughweatherandgotnowaterondeck,andpracticallyonanevenkeel.Shehasnotshowntheleastsignofstrainand
madenocreakinginside,whichIthinkisararethinginaboatcrossingtheAtlantic.Shehasstartedninetimesandwoneightwithouttimeallowanceandonewithtimeallowance.

ReturningtoCowes,WestwardcontinuedherwinningwaysagainstBritishandGermanyachtsuntilanarbitrarymidseasonchangeinherhandicapratingmadeher
unabletocompeterealistically.
Barrdiedsuddenlythenextyear,andattheendof1911CochransoldWestwardtotheVereinSeefahrtHamburg.RenamedHamburgII,shewaslaidupduring
WorldWarI,andin1919shewaspurchasedbyClarenceHatry,whorestoredheroriginalnamebutracedherlittle.In1923,shewaspurchasedbytheseaman
turnedmillionaireThomasBenjaminDavis,anativeoftheChannelIslandsandholderofanExtraMaster'sticket.UnderDavis,Westwardracedsuchcelebrated
competitorsasBLUENOSE,BRITANNIA,andSHAMROCKV,andonAugust5,1935,shebeateveryothervesselintheRoyalYachtSquadron'sRegatta,
includingaclutchofJboats.Whenin1936hisking,friend,andracingrivalGeorgeVdied,DavisdeclaredWestward'sracingdaysatanendandcruisedher.Davis
diedin1942,andfiveyearslater,WestwardwassunkintheEnglishChannel,justasBritanniahadbeenelevenyearsbefore.
HamiltonAdams,RacingSchooner"Westward."Herreshoff,CaptainNatHerreshoff.

WhiteSwallow
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:192'37'22.8'(58.5m11.3m6.9m).Tons:985nm.Hull:wood.Built:Hayden&Cudworth,Medford,Mass.1853.
BuiltfortheBostonfirmofWilliamLincoln&CompanyintheyearCarlCutlercalledthe"floodtide"oftheclipperage,WhiteSwallowwasoneoffiveclippers
launchedinornearBostononMarch26,1853.Althoughofsharpdesign,hermaidenvoyagefromBostontoSanFranciscotook150days.Thiswasherworstrun
fromanEastCoastport,butherbesttimewasonly110daysandtheaveragefornineruns,130days.OnmanyofhervoyagesshedidreturnviaotherPacificports,
includingHonolulu,Manila,HongKong,andShanghai.ShealsomadeseveralvisitstoJarvis,Baker,andMcKean'sIslandsinthemidPacifictoloadguano,andshe
madeatleastonecallatCallao,Chile,forthesametask.Whilesheusuallyloadedfinishedgoodsforthepassageout,onwhatturnedoutbeherlastpassage,shewas
enroutefromBostontoHongKongwithacargoofice.Shesankabout170milessouthwestofFayalonJune17,1871.
Despiteherunexceptionalrecord,the"WhiteSwallowcase"gainednotorietyforapassagefromNewYorktoSanFranciscoin1865underCaptainElijahKnowles.
Althoughharshtreatmentwasnotuncommononclipperships,Knowlesandhisofficersorderedthecrewtoperformextremelydangerouswork,suchasworkingon
stageshungoverthesidewhiletheshipwasrollingheavilyattenknots.Aftertwoofthemenwerelostoverboard,theremainingcrewseizedKnowlesandhisofficers
andheldthembelowforthreedays,onlyallowingthecaptaintotakesightsandmakecoursecorrections.Knowlesfinallysignedanagreementthathewouldmakeno
unnecessarydemandsandabsolvethecrewfromresponsibilityfortheiractions.TheshiparrivedatSanFranciscowithoutincidentafterapassageof136days.Sixof
thecrewwerearrestedandtried,butonthebasisoftheofficers'owntestimonyandthatofpassengerswhohadwitnessedtheevents,thejudgefoundinfavorofthe
crew,averdictuniquefortheperiod.
Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Whydah
Galleon(3m).L/B/D:ca.100'(30m).Tons:300bm.Hull:wood.Comp.:50.Arm.:18guns.Built:1716.
NamedfortheslaveportinDahomey,WestAfrica(nowOuidah,Benin),themerchantshipWhydahwasaslaverthatsailedbetweenEngland,WestAfrica,andthe
Caribbean.AtthebeginningofMarch1717,shewasreturningtoLondonwithacargo"consistingchieflyofSugar,Indigo,JesuitsBark[thebasisforquinine],Silver
andGold"(asmuchas20,000to30,000ofthelatter),whenshewascapturedbythepirateSamuelBellamyoffLongIsland,theBahamas,afterathreedaychase
fromtheWindwardPassagebetweenCubaandHispaniola(Haiti).Bellamymadeherhisownflagship,andaftertakinga

Page574

FrenchvesselintheBahamas,hesailedfortheVirginiacapes.Enroute,Whydahwasdismastedinastorm.
BellamycapturedanumberofothervesselsofftheVirginiaandDelawarecapesandoffCapeCod.Itwasfromoneoftheseshipsthathechoseapilot.Thepilot
agreedtoguidethefourshipstoProvincetown,butonthenightofApril2627,1717,theshipswerecaughtinafuriousstormoffWellfleetandranaground.(Some
saythepilotrantheshipsashoretosavehisfellowmerchantsfromthepirates.)ThepinkMaryAnnranagroundoffEastham,whilethesnowtogetherwiththesloop
Fishersailedaway.ThereweresevensurvivorsfromMaryAnnandonlytwofromWhydah.About130crewwerelost.ThegovernorofMassachusettsdispatched
CaptainCyprianSouthacktooverseethesalvageoftheship,butneithertheweathernortheCapeCodderscooperatedandaftertwelvedayshegaveup.Thenine
survivorswerebroughttoBoston,andonOctober18,1717,eightwerebroughttotrialfor"Piracy,RobberyandFelonyCommittedontheHighSea...Tothehigh
displeasureofAlmightyGod,inopenViolationandDefyanceofHisMajesty'sgoodandwholesomeLaws."Sevenofthemwerefoundguiltyand,afteramonthin
prisonduringwhichthesupremelypiousReverendCottonMatherpreparedthem"forareturnuntoGod,"theywerehangedonNovember15.
In1982,diverBarryCliffordbeganaquesttofindtheremainsofWhydahandhercargo,whichheestimatedtobeworth$80millionto$400milliondollars.OnJuly
19,1984,diverslocatedaconcentrationofcannonandotherartifactsfromtheship,butitwasnotuntilSeptember1985thathereceivedthepermitsnecessaryto
beginsalvageofthewreckitself.Dozensofartifactsandmillionsofdollarsingoldpiecesweresalvaged,butsomehistoriansandarchaeologistscriticizedCliffordfor
puttingtreasurehuntingandprofitsaheadofhistoricpreservation.Whydahwasoneofseveralunderwatersitesinthe1980sthatexcitedpublicindignationand
ledtopassageoftheAbandonedShipwreckActof1987,whichgrantedameasureoffederalprotectiontohistoricshipwrecks.
Dethlefsen,"Whidah":CapeCod'sMysteryShip.Vanderbilt,TreasureWreck.

Widder
(exNeumarklaterUlysses,Fechenheim)Commerceraider.L/B/D:498.6'59.7'27.2'(152m18.28.3m).Tons:7,851grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:364.Arm.:
66",13",23.7cm4"TT2aircraft.Mach.:gearedturbinediesel14kts.Built:HowaldtswerkeAG,Kiel,Germany1930.
BuiltasafreighterforHamburgAmerikaLinie,NeumarkwasrequisitionedbytheGermangovernmentforuseasacommerceraider.ConvertedbyBlohmand
Voss,sheenteredserviceinDecember1939,wasrenamedWidder("Ram"),andwasdesignatedSchiff21byGermanintelligence.OnMay5,1940,shesailed
underLieutenantCommanderHellmuthvonRuckteschell(wholatercommandedtheraiderMichel).ThefourthcruiseridentifiedbytheBritish(andthusknownas
RaiderD),shewascreditedwiththesinkingorcaptureoftenAlliedmerchantshipstotaling58,645grt.AmonghervictimsweretheFinnishbarkKILLORAN
(August10)andthesteamshipANGLOSAXON(August21).WidderremainedintheNorthAtlanticuntilreturningtoBrestonOctober31.Shespentthe
remainderofthewarasasupplyship,andafterthewarshebecameaBritishprize.SoldbacktoGermanyin1950,Widderresumedworkasatrampsteameruntil
shebrokeupoffNorwayonOctober3,1955.
Lund,RaiderandtheTramp.Muggenthaler,GermanRaidersofWorldWarII.Schmalenbach,GermanRaiders.

WildWave
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:207.8'40'20'(63.3m12.7m2.1m).Tons:1,547om.Hull:wood.Comp.:40.Built:G.H.Ferrin,Richmond,Me.1854.
BuiltfortradebetweentheEastCoast,WestCoast,andEngland,theshortlivedWildWaveattainedfamenotforherownattributesbutforthoseofher
shipwreckedcaptainandcrew.WildWavewasownedbyBenjaminBangsofBoston,andhermasterwasJosiahKnowles,whosemostcelebratedcommandwas
theDownEasterGLORYOFTHESEAS.OnFebruary9,1858,WildWavesailedfromSanFranciscoboundforValparaisoinballast,withacargoconsistingof
twochestsfilledwith$18,000ingoldcoins.ShortlyaftermidnightonMarch5,theshipranagroundonareefofftheuninhabitedislandofOeno,about80milesfrom
PitcairnIsland.Thefollowingday,her30crewand10passengersmadeitsafelyashore,alongwithprovisions,livestock,andsails.Aweeklater,Knowlesandsixof
hisofficersandcrewsailedtheship'sboatforPitcairn,whichtheyreachedinthreedays,onlytodiscoverthatitwasabandoned.(Theinhabitantshadmoved,
temporarily,toNorfolkIsland,3,300milestothesouthwest.)Astheirboatwasdestroyedintheheavysurfshortlyaftertheirarrival,thesevenmenhadnorecourse
buttomakeanewboatfromlocalmaterials,usingthefewtoolsfoundintheislanders'abandonedhouses,someofwhichtheyburnedforthenailsandothermetal.
OnJuly23,theylaunchedaschoonermeasuring30

Page575

feetby8feetby4feetandwhichtheynamedJohnAdams,thenametakenbyBOUNTYmutineerAlexanderSmithaftercomingtoPitcairn.Embarkingwiththreeof
thecrew,KnowlessailedtoNukuHivaonAugust4,wherehiscompanyfoundtheUSSVandalia.Embarkinginthesloopofwar,theysailedforOeno(whereone
ofthecastawayshaddied)andPitcairn.ThesurvivorswerereturnedtoTahitiandeventuallymadetheirwaybacktoNewYork.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

WilhelmGustloff
Passengership.L/B/D:683.9'77.1'47.6'dph(208.5m23.5m14.5m).Tons:25,484grt.Comp.:1,465pass420crew.Hull:steel.Mach.:diesel,9,500
hp,2shafts15.5kts.Built:Blohm&Voss,Hamburg1938.
NamedforaSwissNazileadermurderedin1936,WilhelmGustloffwasbuiltfortheGermanNaziParty'sKraftdurchFreude(WorkthroughJoy)organizationto
providelowcostvacationstoGermanworkers,aprograminitiatedin1934inanefforttoputshipsandseamenlaidupduringthedepressionbackinservice.
Followingthesuccessachievedwitholdervessels,WilhelmGustloffwasthefirstshipbuiltespeciallyforthetradepassengerswereaccommodatedinoneclass.
AppropriatedbytheGermanNavybeforeshecouldenterherintendedservice,GustloffsailedasahospitalshipandtroopcarrierintheBalticthroughoutWorld
WarII.DuringtheGermanretreatfromtheEasternFrontin1945,shewasemployedinferryingrefugeesfromtheadvancingRedArmy.Atabout1900onJanuary
30,1945,sheleftGdynia,inGermanoccupiedPoland,withacomplementofficiallysetat6,600people,althoughsomeestimatesputthetotalatcloserto10,000.
Onlytwohoursout,GustloffwastorpedoedbytheSovietsubmarineS13offwhatisnowUstka,Poland.Theshipsankquickly.Thenumberofsurvivorsis
estimatedatbetween650and1,252people,buttheofficialdeathtollis5,348,makingitthegreatestlossoflifeassociatedwithanymaritimedisaster.
Dobson,Miller,&Payne,CruellestNight.

WilliamMitchell
Ship(3m).L/B/D:272.7'41'23.7'(83.1m12.5m7.2m).Tons:2,035.Hull:steel.Built:FoyleShipyard,Londonderry,Ireland1892.
BuiltforWilliamMitchell'sFoyleLine,thefullriggerWilliamMitchellwasadullsailerwhosegreatestclaimtofameisthatshewasthelastsquareriggedship
engagedinregulardeepseatradeundertheBritishflag.Inthemeantime,sheaccumulatedanunenviablerecordoflongpassages.Earlyinhercareersheposted160
daysfromAntwerptoSanFranciscoand199daysfromNewYorktoJapan.Atthebeginningof1920,shesailedfromBuenosAiresforEnglandandwasprevented
frommakingLeithbywintergalesthatkeptherintheNorthSeafor40daysaftersecuringatow,herfinaltimewas107days.InOctoberofthatyear,shewas
caughtinahurricaneatGulfport,Missisippi.Aftertwoweeksofrepairs,shesailedforBuenosAireswithtimber.Lightandcontrarywindskeptheratseafor147
daysbeforeshemadeBarbadosshefinallyarrivedatBuenosAires266daysout.
Imagenotavailable.
WILLIAMMITCHELLentersHobson'sBay,Melbourne,158daysoutfromWilmington,
Del.CourtesyNationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich.

Page576

SoldtoPotterBrothers,London,in1900,shepassedundertheflagofJohnStewartandCompanyin1909,andherlastvoyageforthatcompanybeganin1925.
AftersailingforAustraliawithaloadofNewBrunswicklumber,shespenttwoyearstradinginthePacific.ShereturnedtoAntwerpwithnitratein1927andwassold
shortlythereaftertoGermanshipbreakers.
Anderson,SailingShipsofIreland.Course,Wheel'sKickandtheWind'sSong.

WindsorCastle
Liner(4f/2m).L/B/D:661'72.5'(201.4m22.1m).Tons:18,967grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:1st235,2nd360,3rd275440crew.Mach.:gearedturbines,15,000
shp,2screws17kts.Built:JohnBrown&Co.,Ltd.,Clydebank,Scotland1922.
Formedin1900bythemergeroftheUnionSteamShipCompanyandtheCastleLine,UnionCastleLinewasthepreeminentshippinglinebetweenBritainand
Africanports.UnionSteamShiphadreceivedagovernmentmailcontractforsteamservicetoCapeTownin1857,anditdominatedthatroutefortwodecades.
DonaldCurrieestablishedtherivalCastleLinein1872,andin1876,themailsubsidywasdividedbetweenthetwocompanies.Curriewasagreatbelieverinthe
potentialofSouthAfrica,anditwasathisinstigationthatthetwocompaniesmerged.CastleLinesquareriggershadbeennamedforcastles,andthistraditionwas
continuedbyUnionCastleLine,whoseserviceeventuallyincludedtheentirecontinent,includingaspecial"roundAfrica"serviceviatheMediterraneanandtheSuez
Canal.
Commissionedin1922and1923,thesistershipsArundelCastleandWindsorCastleweretheonlyfourfunneledmerchantshipsbuiltforotherthantransatlantic
service.AlthoughshewasamongthemostluxuriousshipsontheSouthAfricarun,WindsorCastlecateredtoalessfashionableclientelethanherNorthAtlantic
contemporaries,andheraccommodationswerelesssumptuousthanthoseofthecelebratedexpressliners.Norwasspeedamajorconsiderationatleastatfirst
andatastately17knots,shecouldmakethe6,000milepassageinaboutfifteendays.In1937,WindsorCastleandhersistershipwererefittedinordertofulfillthe
termsofanewmailcontractcallingforaservicespeedof20knots,whichshortenedthepassagebythreedays.Theshipswerelengthened25feet(7.5meters),and
twofunnelswereremoved.
ThereenginedWindsorCastlewasinserviceonlyashorttimewhenshewasrequisitionedbytheRoyalNavyforserviceasatrooptransportduringWorldWarII.
OnNovember3,1940,shewashitbyGermanbombersoffthecoastofSpain.Afterrepairs,shereenteredservice,butshewasnotsoluckythesecondtime.On
March23,1943,shewastorpedoedinthewesternMediterraneaninposition3728'N,110'E.
Kludas,GreatPassengerShipsoftheWorld.

WitteLeeuw
Ship(3m).L/B:ca.155'36'(70m11m).Tons:700gross.Hull:wood.Comp.:190.Arm.:2430.Built:Amsterdam1609.
BuiltfortheVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(DutchEastIndiaCompany,VOC)'sEastIndiestrade,WitteLeeuw("WhiteLion")sailedfromtheNetherlandson
January30,1610,andwasthefirstofherfleettoarriveatBantam,Java,onNovember11,1611.HercomplementincludedPieterBoth,theVOC'sfirstGovernor
GeneraltotheIndies,andabout60passengersandsoldiers.AfterstopsatAmboinaandBanda,theDutchcapturedfiveSpanishsupplyshipsboundforthe
Philippinesbeforeloadingcloves,nutmeg,pepper,andsome1,300diamondsintheMoluccasandatBantamforthereturnpassage.InDecember1612,Witte
LeeuwsailedunderthecommandofRoeloffSijmonzBlom,incompanywiththreeotherDutchships,andwaslaterjoinedbytwoEnglishships.InmidMay,thefleet
calledatSt.HelenaforwaterandonJune1,1613,allbuttheEnglishPearlweighedanchor.NosoonerhadtheysailedthenNossaSenhoradaNazarethand
NossaSenhoradoMontedoCarmoputintoJamestownBay.TheDutchandEnglishputbacktoattackthePortuguesecarracks,andintheskirmish,accordingto
Pearl'smaster,JohnTatton,"oneof[theWhiteLion's]peecesbrokeoverhisPowderRoome,assomethought,andtheshippeblewupalltopieces,theafterpartof
her,andsosunkepresently."
In1976,FrencharchaeologistRobertStnuitfoundtheremainsofWitteLeeuw.Inadditiontoship'sfittings,fifteenguns,personalpossessions,andexoticseashells
fromtheIndianandPacificOceans,diversfoundmorethan400kilogramsofChineseporcelain(nonewaslistedinthecargomanifest)thebulkofwhichhasbeen
identifiedasWanliexportporcelain.
VanderPijlKetel,ed.,CeramicLoadofthe"WitteLeeuw."

Wolf
(exJupiter,WachtfelslaterAntinous)Commerceraider(1f/2m).L/B/D:442.8'56.1'25.6'(135m17.1m7.8m).Tons:

Page577

5,809grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:147.Arm.:66",14.2",35.2cm420"TT1seaplane.Mach.:tripleexpansion,2,800ihp,1screw10.5kts.Built:
FlensburgerSchiffbauAG,Flensburg,Germany1913.
LaunchedasafreighterfortheBremenbasedDeutscheDampfschiffahrtsGesellschaft"Hansa,"WachtfelswasrequisitionedbytheGermanNavyin1916.Afterbrief
dutyasthesubmarinedepotshipJupiter,shewasfittedoutforcommerceraidingandrenamedWolf.AloneoftheWorldWarIGermanraiders,shewasequipped
withaFriedrichshafenFF.33eseaplane,whichhadextraordinarysuccessasascoutplane.UnderCommanderKarlAugustNerger,WolfleftKielonNovember30
andreachedtheSouthAtlanticwithoutincident.AfterlayingminesoffCapeTown,Bombay,andColombo,shetookherfirstprizewestoftheMaldivesIslandson
February27.OtherprizescameatasteadyrateasWolfmadeherwaysouthofAustraliaandaroundNewZealandtotheKermadecIslandsattheendofMay.Wolf
remainedinthewesternPacificthroughthesummer,takingmoreprizesandlayingminesinthewatersaroundNewZealand.PassingintotheJavaSeainSeptember,
WolflaidminesoffSingaporebeforebeginningthelongwestwardjourneyhome.OnOctober15,NergerseizedtheSpanishcollierIgotzMendiofftheMaldives,
whichremainedwithWolfuntiltheendofthecruise,whensheranagroundontheDanishcoastandwasseizedonFebruary24.WolfhadreturnedtoKielon
February19afteravoyageof1year,7months,and3days,duringwhichshehadsteamed64,000milesandtaken13prizes.Afterthewar,WolfpassedtoFrance
asreparationsandsheendedherdaysastheCompagnieMessageriesMaritimesfreighterAntinous.ShewasscrappedinItalyin1931.
Walter,Kaiser'sPirates.

W.R.Grace
Ship(3m).L/B/D:218'42'28'(66.4m12.8m8.5m).Tons:1,893grt.Hull:wood.Built:Chapman&FlintCo.,Bath,Me.1873.
NamedforthefounderofW.R.GraceCompany,amerchanthouseprominentintradetoSouthAmerica(GracehimselflaterservedasmayorofNewYorkCity),
theDownEasterW.R.GracewasbuiltforChapman&FlintCompany.IntendedfortheCaliforniatrade,shemadeelevenpassagesfromNewYork,andonefrom
Baltimore,toSanFrancisco.HerreturnpassagesincludedonetoNewYork,tentoLiverpool,andonetoLeHavre.ShealsomadeasinglevoyagefromSan
FranciscotoSydney.Shewasnotafastship,heraveragepassagesbeing136dayswestboundand123dayseastbound.HertwomasterswereCaptainDudleyO.
BlackandhisbrotherinlawJosephW.Wallnutt.
Imagenotavailable.
ThehandsomeDownEasterW.R.GRACEtiedalongsideatPortCosta,Calif.
CourtesySouthStreetSeaportMuseum,NewYork.

Page578

OnAugust3,1889,W.R.GracesailedfromLeHavreboundforPhiladelphia.Hercrossingwasuneventful,andonSeptember9shewasofftheentranceto
DelawareBay.Inrisingseas,GracewastakenintowbythetugBattlerbutwasforcedtoanchoroffCapeHenlopenasthewindsrosetohurricaneforce.The
veteranclippershipmasterArthurH.ClarkwassailingasapassengerandrecountedthestruggletosavetheshipinconditionshelikenedtotheworstChinaSea
typhoons.Inwindsclockedat104milesperhour,theGracedraggedbetweentwobarks''whichwerelyingsoclosetogetherthatIamsurethatwewouldnever
haveattemptedtotowbetweentheminfineweather."OnSeptember11thecrewcutawaythemaststoreducewindage,butwhentheydidso,"itwasblowingso
hardthatwecouldscarcelyhearthecrashandthewholescenewassograndandterriblethatourenormousmastsandyardsseemedlikejackstrawsgoingoverthe
side."MenoftheHenlopenlifesavingstationmanagedtotakeoffthecrewviaabreechesbuoylaterthatday,thoughfourremained,includingClark,wholater"landed
safelywithmydogandallmybaggage."Inall,thirtysixshipswerelostinDelawareBay.ButoftheGrace'send,Clarkreportedthat"novesseleverwentonshore
underbetterseamanship."
Matthews,AmericanMerchantShips.

USSWyoming
Wyomingclassscrewsloop(1f/3m).L/B/D:198.5'33.2'14.8'(60.5m10.1m4.5m).Tons:1,457disp.Hull:wood.Comp.:198.Arm.:211",1
60pdr,332pdr.Mach.:horizontaldirectactingengine,793ihp,1screw11kts.Built:Merrick&Sons,Philadelphia1859.
NamedforaPennsylvaniavalley,thefirstUSSWyomingbeganservicewiththePacificSquadronatSanFranciscoin1860.WiththestartoftheCivilWar,shewas
assignedtoguardthemailships,andtheirgold,runningbetweenSanFranciscoandPanama.InJune1862,shewasorderedtotheeasternPacifictosearchfor
Confederateraiders.AlthoughWyomingcrossedthetrackofCSSALABAMA,thetwoshipsfailedtomeet.
InadditiontoConfederateraiders,theUnitedStatesalsohadtocontendwiththeisolationistMikadoofJapan,whohadorderedallforeignersexpelledonJune25,
1863.FollowinganattackontheAmericanmerchantmanPembrokethenextday.WyomingsailedfromYokohamatoShimonoseki,andinanhourlongengagement
onJuly16,shebombardedJapaneseshorepositionsandsankaJapanesesteamer.AfterrepairsatPhiladelphiain1864,WyomingreturnedtotheEastIndiesandin
1866tookpartinapunitiveexpeditionagainstFormosanpirates.
In1868,shereturnedtotheUnitedStatesandremainedinhomewatersforthenextdecade.AfteratwoyearstintontheEuropeanstation,shewastransferredto
theNavalAcademywhereshespentanothertenyearsasatrainingship.Shewassoldin1892.
U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Wyoming
Schooner(6m).L/B/D:329.5'50.1'30.4'(100.4m15.2m9.3m).Tons:3,730tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:13.Built:Percy&Small,Bath,Me.1909.
Oneofthelargestwoodenhullseverbuilt,Wyominghadthegreatesttonnageofanywoodenschoonerbuilt(theonlylargerschoonerofanydescriptionwasthe
steelhulledTHOMASW.LAWSON),andshewasthelastschoonerofmorethanthreemasts.Theyear1879sawthecomingofthefirstfourmastedschoonersas
wellastheintroductionofdonkeyenginesintoschooners.Bysignificantlyreducingtheschooners'manningrequirements,theenginemadepossibleathirtyyearquest
foreverlargervessels.BythetimeWyomingslippeddowntheways,Americanshipbuildershadlaunched311fourmastedschooners,45fivemasters,10six
masters,and,insolitarysplendor,thesevenmastedLawson.
ThebigschoonersweredesignedprimarilyfortheDelawareandChesapeakecoaltrade,whichhadbecomeincreasinglydominatedbybarges.Schoonerswere
pushedoutoftheNewYorkmarketfirst,andfollowingtheopeningoftheSewall'sPointcoalfacilityinNorfolk,Virginia,shippersturnedincreasinglytosteamships
ontheirNewEnglandroutes.WorldWarIbroughtabriefreprieveforthewindjammers,butmanyshipswerelaidupinthepostwarshippingslump.Wyoming
escapedthisfatebysailingoneverlongerroutes.OnMarch3,1924,shedepartedNorfolkforSt.John,NewBrunswick.Onthe24thsheanchoredoffthePollock
RipLightshiptorideoutanor'easter,butshesankwiththelossofher13crew,includingCaptainCharlesGlaesel.
Haskell,"GlamorousSixMasters."Parker,GreatCoalSchoonersofNewEngland.

Page579

Y
Yamato
Yamatoclassbattleship(1f/1m).L/B/D:862.6'127.6'34.1'(263m38.9m10.4m).Tons:72,809disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:2,500.Arm.:918.4"(33),
126.2",125.1",2425mm.Armor:16.4"belt,9.2"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,150,000shp,4screws27kts.Des.:HiragaYuzuru&FukudaKeiji.Built:
KureKaigunKosho,Kure,Japan1941.
Firstconceivedin1934,theYamatoclassbattleshipswerethebiggesteverbuilt,andtheyweresurpassedinsizeonlybytheAmericansupercarriersbuiltafterWorld
WarII.Theclasswastohaveconsistedoffiveships,butonlyYamatoandMUSASHIwerecommissionedasbattleshipsShinanowasreconfiguredasanaircraft
carrierwhenshewashalfbuilt,onehullwasbrokenupbeforecompletion,andthefifthwasneverbegun.Despitetheirenormoussizeandstrength,thereweremany
advocatesofnavalairpowerwhobelievedthatbattleshipswereobsoleteandthattheseshipswereawasteofscarceresources.Ironically,oneofthemostvigorous
opponentswastheairmindedAdmiralIsorokuYamamoto,whoseflagshipYamatowouldbecome,onFebruary12,1942justtwomonthsafterJapanhad
proventhetacticaleffectivenessofnavalaviationagainstbattleshipswiththeattackonPearlHarborandthesinkingofHMSPRINCEOFWALESandREPULSE
offSingapore.
Fourmonthslater,itwasuponYamato'sbridge500milesnortheastoftheactualfightingthatYamamotolearnedofthedevastatingdefeatofJapan'sFast
CarrierForceattheBattleofMidwayonJune4,1942,wherethecarriersAKAGI,HIRYU,KAGA,andSORYUweresunk.Realizinghisrearguardfleetwasno
matchfortheU.S.carriers,Yamamototurnedforhome.Withherradiusofactionseverelycurtailedbyherlimitedusefulnessandacriticalshortageoffuel,Yamato
sawlittleaction.OnDecember24,1943,shewasvictimofatorpedoattackbythesubmarineUSSSkateatTrukIsland,althoughthedamagewasrelativelyminor.
AttheBattleofLeyteGulfJapan'sefforttodisrupttheAmericanlandingsinthePhilippinesYamatoandMusashiformedthecoreofViceAdmiralT.Kurita's
ForceA.SailingfromSingapore,viaBorneo,theyweretocrosstheSibuyanSeainthecentralPhilippinesandthroughtheSanBernardinoStrait,betweenLuzonand
SamarIslands.FollowingtheBattleoftheSibuyanSea,inwhichMusashiwaslosttoaircraftfromViceAdmiralMarcA.Mitscher'sTaskForce58,Kurita'sships
slippedoutofthestrait,narrowlymissingViceAdmiralWillisA.Lee'sbattleline,whichincludedthebattleshipsNewJersey,IOWA,WASHINGTON,South
Dakota,MASSACHUSETTS,andALABAMA.SuchanencounterwouldhavedemonstratedYamato'ssuperiorityagainstotherbattleships,thecontestforwhich
shewasintended.Thenextmorningtheyengagedanescortcarriergroupconsistingofsixescortcarriers,threedestroyers,andfourdestroyerescortsintheBattleof
SamarIsland,fromwhichYamatoescapedunscathed.
DuringtheAlliedassaultontheislandofOkinawa,southoftheJapanesehomeislands,YamatowasdesignatedasthecenterofViceAdmiralSeiichiIto'sSpecial
SurfaceAttackForce,consistingalsoofeightdestroyersandonelightcruiser.ThepurposeofthissuicideruntoOkinawaYamatohadonlyenoughfuelforaone
waytripwastodisrupttheamphibiouslandingsthere.OnApril6,1945,theforcewassightedcomingoutoftheInlandSeaandtrackedasitthreadeditsway
westalongthesoutherntipofKyushuintotheEastChinaSea.PlanesfromTaskForce58begantheirattackat1232onApril7.Yamatowashitby10aerial
torpedoesand23bombs,includingnearmisses.Theworld'sgreatestbattleshipfinallysankin3040'N,12803'E,withtheloss2,498men.InthewordsofSamuel
EliotMorison,"Whenshewentdown,fivecenturiesofnavalwarfareended."
Agawa,ReluctantAdmiral.Morison,TwoOceanWar.Skulski,Battleship"Yamato."

Yankee
(exDuhnen,Emden)Brigantine(2m).L/B/D:96'21.5'11'(29.3m6.6m3.4m).Tons:200disp.Hull:steel.Mach.:diesels.

Page580

110hp,2screws6.5kts.Des.:Peterson.Built:Nordseewerke,Emden,Germany1913.
AuthorizedbytheGermangovernmentasaNorthSeapilotschooner,EmdenremainedinthatworkuntiltheendofWorldWarI,whenshewastransferredto
CuxhavenandrenamedDuhnen.In1934shewastransferredtotheGermanNavyandconvertedtoatrainingvessel,andfrom1936to1939shewasusedalmost
exclusivelybythenavalbranchoftheSturmabteilung(SA).AtthestartofWorldWarII,in1939,shewasfittedwithanengineandelectricityforthefirsttimeand
handedovertotheLuftwaffefortrainingmembersoftheNavalAirService.DuhnensurvivedthewarandwassurrenderedtoGreatBritainaspartofwar
reparations.AftertwoyearsasaRoyalAirForceyacht,shewasboughtbytheAmericansailorIrvingJohnson.
DrawingonhisexperienceroundingCapeHorninthefourmastedbarkPEKINGin1928,bythe1930sJohnsonandhiswife,Electa,hadcircumnavigatedtheworld
threetimesintheirtrainingschoonerYankee.Followingthewar,theywantedtoresumethatworkandpurchasedtheDuhnen.InEngland,theJohnsonsriggedthe
renamedYankeeasabrigantine,rebuiltherinteriorwithwatertightbulkheads,andotherwiseadaptedherforcruisingwithtrainees.InOctober1947,sheembarked
onherfirstcircumnavigationavoyageof45,000miles,completedin1949.ManyofthetraineeswhoshippedinYankeeweredrawnfromtheGirlScouts'Mariner
program,andseveralbuiltontheirexperienceswithSkipperandExy,astheJohnsonswereknown,todevelopnewsailtrainingprograms.Theshipandhermission
werewellknownnotonlyamongsailors,but,thankstotheJohnsons'booksandarticles(especiallyinNationalGeographic),theiradventuresintheGalpagos
Islands,NewGuinea,andtheOrientwereknowntomillionsofreaders.TheJohnsonsacquiredathirdYankee,aketch,inwhichtheycruisedextensivelythroughout
EuropeandtheMediterranean.
Johnson,"Yankee"'sPeopleandPlaces"Yankee"'sWanderWorld.Marden,"SagaofaShip."Underhill,SailTrainingandCadetShips.

YarmouthCastle
(exEvangeline)Passengership(1f/2m).L/B:380'57'(115.8m17.4m).Tons:5,002grt.Hull:steel.Comp.:176crew379pass.Mach.:gearedturbines,2
screws18kts.Built:WilliamCramp&SonsShipandEngineBuildingCo.,Philadelphia1927.
BuiltfortheEasternSteamshipLines'intracoastalservice,EvangelineoriginallyranbetweenBostonandNewYorkandtheCanadianMaritimeswithhersistership
Yarmouth.(WhileEvangelinewasonlyrenamedYarmouthCastlein1958,YarmouthhadasuccessionofnamesincludingYarmouthCastle,QueenofNassau,
YarmouthCastleagain,andYarmouthagainin1958.)DuringWorldWarII,Evangelineservedasatrooptransport.Shewaslaidupfrom1948to1953,except
brieflyin1950.PassingintoLiberianandthenPanamanianregistry,in1964shewasacquiredbytheChadadeSteamshipCompany,asubsidiarycompanyownedby
CanadianshippingmagnateJulesSokoloff,forserviceonthe186milerunbetweenMiamiandtheBahamas.OnNovember12,1965,YarmouthCastlesailedfrom
Miami.At1230onthe13th,afireofuncertainoriginwasdetectedincabin610,thenbeingusedforstorage.CaptainByronVoutsinasgavetheordertoabandon
shipat0125,buthedidnotordertheradiooperatortotransmitadistresscall.Voutsinaswasinthefirstlifeboat,althoughaftermakingcontactwiththeFinnish
freighterMVFinnpulp(CaptainLehto),whichhadcometoYarmouthCastle'saidassoonasacrewmansawthefire,hereturnedtohisship.Twelvemilesastern,
thepassengershipBahamaStar(CaptainCarlNetherlandBrown)alsocametotheship'sassistance.YarmouthCastlesankat0603in2555'N,7806'W,with
thelossof87people,allbuttwoofthempassengersFinnpulptookoff51passengersand41crew,BahamaStar240passengersand133crew.Followingthe
YarmouthCastledisaster,CongressenactedlegislationrequiringforeignflagshipssailingfromU.S.portstohaveimprovedsafetymeasures.TheUnitedStatesalso
prevailedupontheUN'sIntergovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrganization(latertheInternationalMaritimeOrganization)topromulgatestricterregulationsfor
shippingworldwide.
Brown,"YarmouthCastleInferno."Watson,DisastersatSea.

YassiAdawreckA
Merchantman.L/B/D:6.2m1.6m0.5m(20.5m5.2m1.8m).Tons:60burden73disp.Hull:wood.Built:Byzantineempire7thcent.CE.
YassiAda("FlatIsland")liesbetweenKalimnosandtheTurkishmainlandin3659'N,2711'E.Overthecenturiesanumberofshipshaverunontothetreacherous
reefthatextendsfromtheisland.ThetwomostimportantareonedatingfromtheseventhcenturyYassiAdaAandanotheronly15metersawaydatingfrom
thefourthcentury,knownasYASSIADAB.TheseventhcenturyYassiAdawreckliesonthesouthsideoftheisland,eastofthereef,atadepthofbetween32and
39meters.ThesitewasfirstshowntoAmericanmaritimephotographerandadventurerPeterThrockmortonbyKemlArasin1958,

Page581

Imagenotavailable.
Top:A1:10scalemodelofthe7thcenturywreckatYassiAda,foundoffthecoastofTurkey.Bottom:Midships
crosssectionandhulllinesoftheship.CourtesyInstituteforNauticalArchaeology,CollegeStation,Texas.

anditwascompletelyexcavatedbetween1961and1964byanexpeditionfromtheUniversityMuseumoftheUniversityofPennsylvania,ledbyGeorgeBass.
Significantpartsofthehullhadbeenpreservedundersedimentontheseafloor.Thehullwasdeepandnarrow.Thelengthtobeamratioofapproximately4:1is
surprisinglyslenderforacargovessel.Thereisnosurvivingevidencefortherig,butgiventhehullshapeandtheprobablelocationsofmainmastandsteeringoars,the
shipwouldhavesailedbestwithaforeandaftrig.
Theexcavatedremainsprovideampleevidenceforconstructiontechniques,materials,andfastenings.Thekeelwasprobablyhewnfromasinglelogofcypress,and
thewalesandceilingstrakeswereunfinishedcypresslogssawninhalflengthwise.Thesternpostandthroughbeamswerealsoofcypress,theplankingofpine,the
frameselm,andthetenonsoak.Onlythreetypesoffastenerswereused:mortiseandtenonjoints,ironnails,andironbolts.Thereisnoevidenceofdowelsor
treenails.Thekeelwasastraightmember35.5centimetersinheightandfrom22centimetersto13centimetersinwidth,taperingsternward.Ahookscarffastenedby
aboltjoinedthekeeltoahigh,curvedsternpost.Anouter,falsesternpostwasnailedtothemainpost,andprobablyafalsekeel,or"shoe,"wassimilarlyattachedto
thekeel.Thesternpostwasnotpreserved.Rabbetswerecutintothesidesofthekeel,thestempost,and(presumably)thesternpostforseatingthegarboardstrakes.
Strakes2through16wereedgelinedwithmortisesandtenonsthatweresmall,looselyfitted,widelyspaced,andnotpeggedwithtreenails.Thesejointsthusdidnot
contributemuchtothestrengthofthehull.Theplanksbelowthewaterlinewerethicklycoatedwithpitchonbothinboardandoutboardsurfaces.Theframing
consistedofshortandlongfloorsandhalfframes,allapproximately15squarecentimetersinsection.Theshipwrightsputguidelinesontheinboardsurfaceofthe
plankingtomarkwhereframesweretobeplaced.Ironboltsaslongas72centimeterswereusedtoconnectsomeoftheframestothekeel.Throughbeams,
supportedthedeckandprojectedoutthroughthehull.Steeringoarsweremountedbetweenthetwoafterthroughbeamsandthehelmsmanprobablysteeredfroma
raisedhelmdeck.Othertopsidefeaturesreconstructedbytheexcavatorsareatileroofed

Page582

galleyinthesternandhatchesforwardandamidships.
Theshipcarriedelevenironanchorswhenshewentdown:twoweresecuredtotheportgunwale,twotothestarboardgunwale,andsevenwerestackedondeck
forwardofamidships.Amongtheshipboardgearrecoveredwereterracottalamps,steelyardsandasteelyardcounterweight,agriculturalimplements,andavarietyof
carpenter'stools.Galleyequipmentincludedfinetableware,pitchers,claycookingpots,storagejars,acoppercaldron,astonemortarandpestle,alargewaterjar,
anda"winethief"pipettefordrawingliquidfromamphorae.AGreekinscriptionpunchedintooneofthesteelyardsreads:"GeorgiouPresbyterouNauklerou."Bass
suggeststhetranslation"George,seniorseacaptain,"butanalternatereadingispossible:"GeorgetheElder,shipowner,"suggestingthatthemerchantownerwasalso
achurchofficial.Thisinterpretationmaybesupportedbytheunexpectedfindofabronzecenserwithafinialintheformofacross.
Theship'scargocomprisedbetween850and900amphorae.Theoriginofthesestoragevesselsisuncertain,buttheclosestparallelsfortheformsarefoundatthe
portofConstanta(ancientTomis)onthewesternBlackSeacoast.Thecargoconsistedatleastpartlyofwine,astherecoveryofgrapeseedsfromthesediment
withinsomeoftheamphoraeproves.Ifalltheamphoraewerefilledwithwine,thecargowouldweighsome37tons.SeventyByzantinecoinswererecovered,54
copperand16gold.ThelatestdatablecoinisacopperfollisstruckinthesixteenthyearofthereignoftheemperorHeraclius,625626.Inalllikelihoodthewreck
occurredwithinafewyearsafterthatdate.WedonotknowforcertainwheretheYassiAdashipbeganherlastvoyage,buttheevidenceofthecoins,thelamps,the
amphorae,andthepotteryallpointtoanorthernhomeport,perhapsinthenorthernAegean,theenvironsofConstantinople,orthewesternBlackSea.
TheYassiAdavesselbelongstoatransitionalphaseinthehistoryofshipbuildingfromshellfirsttoskeletonfirstconstruction.Theshipwrightsedgejoinedthestrakes
inthelowerpartofthehull,butabovethewaterline,strakesandwalesweresimplynailedtoexistingframes.Usingunpegged,widelyspaced,mortiseandtenon
jointsinthelowerhullwasdoubtlessfasterandcheaperthantheelaboratejoineryofearliervesselssuchasKYRENIAorANTIKYTHERA.Similarly,theuseof
unfinishedhalflogsforwalesandceilingscutdownontheinvestmentinlabor.Thesedevelopments,appearingforthefirsttimeintheYassiAdaship,mayhavebeen
motivatedbyeconomicconditions,asthereducedvolumeofmaritimetradeintheseventhcenturyByzantineEmpireledtoanincreaseinsmall,independent
shipownermerchants.Theunexpectedlysleeklinesofthismerchantvesselmayhaveresultedfromtheneedtoavoidoroutrunhostileshipsduringoneofthemany
periodsofinsecurityforMediterraneanshipping.
Bass,"ByzantineTradingVenture."Bass&vanDoorninck,YassiAda.

YassiAdawreckB
Merchantman(1m).L/B:62'21.7'(18.9m6.6m).Hull:wood.Built:4thcent.CE.
ThreecenturiesolderthanYASSIADAA,thefourthcenturywreckknownasYASSIADABwasfirstinvestigatedbyPeterThrockmortonin1958.Nineyears
later,formalexcavationofthesitewasturnedovertoarchaeologistsfromtheUniversityMuseumoftheUniversityofPennsylvania,ledbyGeorgeBass.Excavationof
thesitewasundertakenin1967,1969,andagainin1974,afterwhichtimeoperationsweresuspendedbecauseofhostilitiesinCyprus.Locatedatadepthof
between36and42meters,theshiplayonitsportside.Althoughtheforemosttenfeetofthenearlysymmetricalhullhaderoded,fromtheremainsitisestimatedthat
thecompletehullwas62feetlong,withamaximumbeamofabout22feetamidships.Theshipwasoftypicalshellfirstconstruction,withtheplanksjoinedfirstand
framesinsertedafterwardstostrengthenthehull.Theplankingwasedgejoinedwithmortiseandtenonjoints.Frameswereinsertedatintervalsofabout24
centimeters45ofanestimated68framessurviveandtheywerefastenedtotheouterhullwithoaktreenailsironnailswereusedtofastentheframestothe
wales.Oakwasalsousedforthekeel,whilethehullplankswereofcypress.
Theshiphadaroofedgalleyaftequippedwithastonehearth,anddiversfoundsixstoragevessels,aswellascookingpots,afunnel,drinkingcups,fourlamps,and
otherpersonalartifacts.TheshiphasbeendatedtothesecondhalfofthefourthcenturyonthebasisofanAthenianmaker'smarkonthebottomofalamp.Inaddition
totheseremains,thesitewaslitteredwithapproximately1,110amphoraefromtheship'scargo.
Bass&vanDoorninck,"FourthCenturyShipwreckatYassiAda."VanDoorninck,"FourthcenturyWreckatYassiAda."

USSYorktown(CV5)
Yorktownclassaircraftcarrier(1f/2m).L/B/D:809.5'83'(86'ew)21.5'(246.7m25.3m(26.2m)6.6m).Tons:25,500disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:1,889
2,919.Arm.:72aircraft85"(81),16

Page583

1.1",2420mm.Armor:4"belt,1.5"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,120,000shp,4shafts32.5kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,
NewportNews,Va.1937.
ThethirdshipnamedtocommemoratethesiteofthelastbattleoftheAmericanRevolution,USSYorktown,alongwithENTERPRISEandHORNET,constituted
thesecondclassofU.S.Navyshipsdesignedasaircraftcarriersfromthekeelup.Largerthantheirimmediatepredecessor,USSRANGER,butsmallerthanthe
cruiserhulledSARATOGAandLexington,theYorktownswerebuiltwithinthetonnagelimitsdictatedbytheWashingtonNavalConferenceof1922,which
restrictedtotalcarriertonnageto135,000tonsandapershipmaximumof27,000tons.
AfterayearandahalfoftrainingandfleetexercisesintheAtlanticandCaribbean,inApril1939YorktowntransferredtothePacificandsailedoutofSanDiegoand
PearlHarboruntilApril1941.ReturningtotheAtlantic,sheservedontheNeutralityPatrolalongtheEastCoastasadeterrenttoGermanUboatsoperatingagainst
BritishconvoysintheWesternHemisphere.TheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember7,1941,foundYorktownatNorfolkninedayslatershesailedfor
thePacific,whereshebecameflagshipofAdmiralFrankJackFletcher'sTaskForce17.AfterconvoyingAmericantroopstoAmericanSamoa,shesawherfirst
battleactioninaseriesofattacksonJapaneseinstallationsonJaluit,Makin,andMiliintheGilbertIslandsonJanuary31,1942.
AfterreplenishingatPearlHarbor,YorktownandLexingtonleftonFebruary14boundfortheCoralSeatocoverAlliedlandingsonNewCaledoniaandtocheck
theJapanesesouthwardadvance.OnMarch10,thecarrierslaunched104planesfromtheGulfofPapuaandacrossthetreacherousOwenStanleyMountainsto
attacknewlycapturedJapanesepositionsatLaeandSalamauaonthenorthcoastofNewGuinea.Surprisewascomplete,andonlyoneplanewaslostinthe
operation.YorktownpatrolledintheCoralSeaintoApril,whensheputintotheshelteredbutundevelopedharboratTongatabu,TongaIslands,formaintenance.
WeighinganchoronApril27,YorktownreturnedtotheCoralSea,rendezvousingwithLexington'sTaskForce11southoftheNewHebridesonMay1,in
anticipationofaJapanesethrustintotheSolomonIslands.OnMay4,YorktownattackedanascentJapaneseseaplanebaseatTulagi,FloridaIslandherplanessank
thedestroyerKikuzuki,threeminelayers,andfourbarges,withthelossofthreeplanes.AtthesametimetheJapaneseweresending11trooptransportsguardedby
thelightcarrierSHOHOforamoveagainstPortMoresbyonthesouthcoastofNewGuineainthebackgroundlurkedthecarriersSHOKAKUandZUIKAKU.
OnMay7,planesfromLexingtonandYorktownattackedthetransports,sinkingShoho,whileplanesfromShokakuandZuikakusankthedestroyerUSSSIMS
andtheoilerUSSNEOSHO,whichtheJapanesemistookforacarrier.Thebattlereacheditsclimaxthenextday.PlanesfromYorktownandLexingtonstruckfirst,
causingseriousdamagetoShokaku'sflightdeck.Zuikaku'splaneshitback,causingseriousdamagetoYorktownandsinkingLexington.TheBattleoftheCoral
Seawascriticalinseveralrespects.DespitethelossofLexington,theJapanesedrivetoPortMoresbyhadstalled.Moreover,itwasthefirstnavalbattleinwhichthe
shipsneverestablishedvisualcontact.
IttookYorktown19daystoreturntoPearlHarbor,whereitwasestimatedsheneededthreemonthsforrepairs.ButastheJapaneseattackonMidwaywas
imminent,FleetAdmiralChesterNimitzallowedthreedays,andonMay30,shesortiedtoarendezvouswithEnterpriseandHornetnortheastofMidwayonJune4.
ThefirstU.S.strikeagainsttheJapanesefleetwasadisaster,resultinginthelossof35of41Devastatortorpedoplanes.But,thisattackhadforcedtheJapanese
combatairpatroldowntonearsealevel,sowhentheDauntlessdivebombersattacked,theymetvirtuallynoopposition.Yorktown'splaneslandedthree1,000
poundbombsonSORYU,inthemidstofrearmingherplanes,reducinghertoaburninghulkEnterprise'splanesinflictedcomparabledamageonAKAGIand
KAGA.Meanwhile,HIRYUhadlaunched18fightersand18divebombers,threeofwhichscoredcripplinghitsonYorktown,whichbroughthertoadeadstopby
about1440.Withinanhour,though,shewasagainabletomake20knotsandherfireswereundercontrol.At1620,though,Japanesetorpedoplanesscoredfatal
hitsthatknockedoutherpowerandsteeringsystem.Withtheshipataseverelist,CaptainElliottBuckmasterwasforcedtogivetheordertoabandonshipfifteen
minuteslater.
Meanwhile,planesfromYorktown,stillpressingtheattackonHiryu,thelastofthefourJapanesecarriers,werelandingbackonEnterprise.Despiteherseverelist,
Yorktownrefusedtosink,andthefollowingmorningasalvagecrewwasputaboard.TakenintowbytheNavytugVireoonJune6,andreceivingauxiliarypower
fromthedestroyerHammann,whichhadcomealongside,YorktownwasmakingherwayslowlytowardsPearlHarborwhentheJapanesesubmarineI168
attacked.OnetorpedohitHammann,whichsankwithinfourminutes,takingwithher81ofhercrew,andtwomorehitYorktown.Abandonedonceagain,"Waltzing
Mathilda"remainedafloatuntil0600onJune7,whensherolledoverandsankin3036'N,17634'W.
Cressman,GallantShip.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

Page584

USSYorktown(CV10)
Essexclassaircraftcarrier(1f/2m).L/B/D:872'93'(147.5'ew)28.6'(265.8m28.3m(45m)8.7m).Tons:34,346'disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:3,448.Arm.:18
5",6840mm.Armor:3"belt.Mach.:gearedturbines,150,000shp,4screws33kts.Built:NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,NewportNews,
Va.1943.
LaiddownasBonhommeRichardonDecember1,1941,thefourthUSSYorktownwassonamedfollowingthelossofCV5attheBattleofMidway.
CommissionedunderCaptainJosephJ.Clark,shewasassignedtoFastCarrierForces,PacificFleet.ShetookpartintheinvasionoftheGilbertIslandsin
November1943,andoftheMarshallIslandsinJanuary1944.Throughthespring,YorktownrangedbetweenNewGuineainthesouthandtheMarianaIslands.The
invasionofthelatterbeganinJune,andYorktown'saviatorssupportedlandingsonSaipanandGuam,andfoughtwithdistinctionduringtheBattleofthePhilippine
Sea.FollowingrepairsontheWestCoast,sheresumedoperationsaroundthePhilippinesandintheSouthChinaSea,whereherplanessank44ships.Hitbya
kamikazeonMarch18,sheremainedonstation,flyingmissionsagainstOkinawa(March30May11)andtheJapanesemainland,beingcalledoffstationonlytohelp
intercepttheJapanesebattleshipYAMATO,whichwassunkonApril7.
AfteravisittoTokyoBayfollowingthepeace,Yorktownreturnedstateside.Placedinreservefrom1947to1952,shewentbackonactivedutyinthePacificfor
eighteenyears.ShewaspartoftheU.S.responsetotheCommunistChineseshellingofMatsuandQuemoyin1959,theyearshefirstvisitedthewatersoffSouth
Vietnam,whereshewouldseedutyintermittentlyuntil1968.Thatsameyear,shewascastinthefilmTora!Tora!Tora!,abouttheJapaneseattackonPearlHarbor.
ShewasthentransferredtotheAtlanticFleet.Decommissionedin1970,fiveyearslaterCongressauthorizedhertransfertothestateofSouthCarolinawhereshe
wasputondisplayatthePatriotsPointMaritimeMuseumnearCharleston.
Reynolds,FightingLady.U.S.Navy,DANFS.

YoungAmerica
Clipper(3m).L/B/D:243'od43.2'26.9'(74.1m13.2m8.2m).Tons:1,961om.Hull:wood.Comp.:75.Des.:WilliamH.Webb.Built:WilliamH.Webb,
NewYork1853.
Thename"YoungAmerica"belongedtoanexpansionistfactionoftheDemocraticPartythatadvocatedthedoctrineofManifestDestiny,anditwasalsoperfectly
suitedtooneofthestrong,swiftshipsthathelpedtheUnitedStates'westwardpushinthewakeoftheCaliforniagoldrushof1849.BuiltforNewYorkmerchant
GeorgeB.Daniels,YoungAmericawasthelastWilliamWebbshiptoleavetheways,andmanyconsideredherhiscrowningachievement.Builtfortradebetween
NewYork,SanFrancisco,andLiverpool,hersizeandgreatspeedensuredherconsistentcommandofthehighestratesforfreightandpassengers,andinanage
whenclippersandtheircaptainswerehouseholdnames,shewasalsoafavoriteamongbettors.OverthecourseoftwentypassagesfromNewYorktoSan
Francisco,sheaveraged118days,whileinthirteenreturnpassagessheaveraged98days.In187273,sheestablishedawestboundrecordbetweenLiverpooland
SanFranciscoof99days,andbetweenSanFranciscoandNewYorkherfastesttimeswere82and86days,thetwofastesttimesforashipwithcargoonthatrun.
YoungAmericaalsocalledatstopsthroughoutthePacificandIndianOceans,fromHonolulutoMauritius.OnonepassageshecarriedlivesheepfromGlasgowto
NewZealand,andonanothershetransported800Chineseworkers,knownascoolies,fromHongKongtoMelbourne.HerothercargoesundertheAmericanflag
includedrailroadiron,wheat,andgeneralmerchandise.HerlastpassageunderU.S.ownershipwasfromPortland,Oregon,toSanFranciscoandNewYork.Aleak
forcedherintoRiodeJaneiroforthreeweeks,butshemanagedtocompletethepassageinonly126daysbetweenports,orabout100daysundersail.Soldto
AustrianownersatNewYork,shewasrenamedMiroslavandBuccari(nowBakar,Croatia)becameherhomeport.Aftertwotransatlanticvoyages,onFebruary
17,1886,shedepartedDelawareanddisappeared.
Cutler,GreyhoundsoftheSea.Howe&Matthews,AmericanClipperShips.

Page585

Z
Zeewijk
L:148'(45m).Tons:70tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:212.Arm.:36guns6swivels.Des.:HendrikRaas.Built:VOC,Middleburg,Netherlands1726.
TheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie,orVOC)'sshipZeewijksailedfromFlushingonNovember7,1726,withacargothatincluded
315,834guildersdestinedforthecompany'scoffersinBatavia.SeparatedfromherconsortBarbesteyn,shecontinuedonalonefortheCapeofGoodHope,where
CaptainJanSteynsreplenishedhisstoresandrecruitedreplacementsforthetwentyeightcrewwhodiedinthefirstfourandahalfmonthsatsea.DepartingTable
Bay,ZeewijkranhereastingdownuntilthenightofJune9,1727,whenshehitareefintheHoutmanAbrolhosoffAustralia,notfarfromwhereBATAVIAwrecked
acenturybefore.Overthenexttwoweeks,theninetysixsurvivorsofthestrandedshipmovedtonearbyGunIsland.TenmensailedforBataviaintheship'sboat,
buttheywereneverheardofagain.Despairingofrescue,aftersixmonthsontheisland,Steynsorderedanewboattobebuilt,andSloepie("LittleBoat")was
launchedonFebruary28,1728.OnMarch26,1728,thevessel(1216meters27meters2meters)setsailwithZeewijk'seightyeightsurvivorsandtheir
provisions,andtenchestsofVOCmoney,andarrivedatBataviaonApril30.Zeewijk'sremainswerefoundin1972.
Sigmond&Zuiderbaan,DutchDiscoveriesofAustralia.

ZevenProvincin
Ship(3m).L/B/D:146.7'38.7'14.4'(44.7m11.8m4.4m).Hull:wood.Comp.:450.Arm.:80guns.Built:AdmiraliteitvandeMaze,Delftshaven,
Netherlands1664.
ThecommercialrivalrybetweenEnglishandDutchmerchantsthatledtotheAngloDutchWarof165254reemergedintheearly1660s.Inanticipationofrenewed
hostilities,theDutchundertookamajorbuildingprogramoneofthelargestvesselslaunchedwastheZevenProvincin.AdmiralMichielAdrienszoondeRuyterwas
intheMediterraneanandthentheCaribbeanwhenwarbegan,butuponhisreturntotheNetherlandsinlate1665hewasappointedcommanderinchieftosucceed
thelateAdmiralJacobvanWassenaervanObdam.ShiftinghisflagtotheZevenProvincininMay,deRuyterledtheDutchfleetforthefirsttimeinwhatbecame
knownastheFourDays'Battle.TheDutchhadaslightnumericaladvantageinshipsandmen,thoughthiswasoffsetbythelargersizeandcaliberoftheEnglishships
andgunsofgreatercaliber.Thefleets'paritywasupsetwhenCharlesIIorderedPrinceRupert'ssquadrontopreventajunctionofaFrenchfleetwithdeRuyter.
(FrancehaddeclaredwaronEnglandinJanuary,butprovedanindifferentally.)EarlyinthemorningofJune11,theDutcharrivedofftheDownswithabouteighty
fiveships.TheyweremetbyanEnglishforceofaboutfiftysixshipsunderGeorgeMonck,DukeofAlbemarle.Thebattlewasmarkedbyalackofcoordinationon
thepartoftheDutchandstubborndeterminationbyMonck,whoafterthesecondday'sfightingturnedwesttolinkupwithRupert.ZevenProvincin'sriggingwas
shotupanddeRuyterwasunabletopursue.RoyalPrince(90guns)ranagroundandwasburnedbytheDutchonthe12th,andMonck'sshipswereroughlyhandled
bytheDutchonthe13th,butdeterioratingweatherandtheimminentarrivalofRupert'ssquadronpreventedfurtheraction.
TheDutchfailuretoachieveadecisivevictoryenabledtheEnglishtoputtoseainforceinmidJuly,thusfrustratingDutchplansforalandingontheEnglishcoast.On
July25,theDutchandEnglishfleetsmetoffNorthForeland.AsintheFourDays'Battle,LieutenantAdmiralCornelisTrompfoundhimselfcutofffromthebodyof
theDutchfleet,andhewaseventuallyforcedtoflybeforeasmallerEnglishsquadron.Theheaviestfightingtookplaceinthecenterandvanoftheopposingfleets
threeDutchflagofficerswerekilledandZevenProvincinwascompletelydismasted.TheEnglishattemptedtorenew

Page586

Imagenotavailable.
TheDutchAdmiraldeRuyter'sfavoriteflagshipintheAngloDutchWars,ZEVEN
PROVINCINis"avesselthatdeservestorankwithNelson'sVICTORY,accordingto
BritishnavalhistorianWilliamLairdClowes.AreplicaofZEVENPROVINCINisunder
constructionintheNetherlands.PaintingbythepreeminentDutchmarineartistWillem
vandeVeldetheEldercourtesyRijksmuseum,Amsterdam.

thebattleintheevening,butdeRuytermanagedamasterfulwithdrawal.Alltold,theDutchlosttwentyships,4,000dead,and3,000prisoners.
Thenextspring,Charlesdecidedtoeconomizebylayinguphisfleet.InsodoingheunderestimatedthedeterminationoftheDutch.OnJune14,theysailedintothe
MedwayandThameswheretheyburnedmorethantwentyshipsandcapturedtheROYALCHARLES(90),whichtheysailedbacktoRotterdam.Thiswasthelast
actionofthewarwhichhadbeenfoughtentirelyatseaandthePeaceofBredawassignedonJuly31.
AlthoughtheEnglishandDutchpeoplewouldhavepreferredpeace,LouisXIVhaddesignsonDutchterritoryandbribedCharlesIItojoinanallianceagainstthe
UnitedProvinces.Withwarimminent,theDutchputseventyfiveshipsofthelineintocommission.AgainstthistheFrenchleviedtwentytwoandtheEnglishsixtyfive
ships.OnJune7,1672,deRuyterfollowedthecombinedfleettotheEnglishcoastnearSouthwoldBay(orSolebay),90milesnorthoftheThamesestuary.Inthe
ensuingfight,theDutchlostonlytwoshipstothreeEnglishmoreimportant,theypreventedthecombinedfleetfromsupportingtheFrencharmytheninfestingthe
Netherlands.ThevictoryisalsocreditedwithhelpingtoprecipitatetheoverthrowoftheUnitedProvinces'rulingpartyandtheaccessionofWilliamofOrange.In
England,passageoftheTestActbarringCatholicsfrompositionsoftrustorprofitundertheCrownforcedtheDukeofYork(laterJamesII)toresignfromthe
Admiralty.
Ayearlater,onJune7,1673,andagainonthe14th,thecombinedAngloFrenchfleettriedtobringtheDutchfleettobattleintheshallowsoftheSchooneveldatthe
mouthoftheScheldtRiver,buttheywerebeatenbackbydeRuyter.InlateJuly,thecombinedfleetputtoseaagain,anddeRuytersailednorthtojoinWilliamat
Scheveningen.OnAugust20,hemetthecombinedfleetoffTexelintheFrisianIslands.Theallieshadtheadvantageofthewind,sodeRuyterhuggedtheshoreuntil
thenextmorning,whenhe"madeallsailandstooddownboldlyintoaction."TheBattleofTexelhadtwomajorcomponents.LieutenantAdmiralAdriaenBanckers,in
thevan,cutoffasuperiorFrenchsquadronandthenreturnedtohelpdeRuyter'scenter,whichbroketheEnglishlineinseveralplaces.Intherear,AdmiralSir
EdwardSpraggeandtheDutchTromp"menofkindredkidney,brave,rash,andinsubordinate"foughtanindependentactioninwhichSpraggewaskilled.
Althoughneithersidesufferedheavydamage,theEnglishwereequallytiredofwarwiththeDutchandoftheiralliancewithLouisXIV,andtheTreatyofWestminster
wasconcludedinFebruary1674.(Threeyearslater,WilliamofOrangemarriedPrincessMary,daughteroftheDukeofYorkin1688,thepairaccededtothe
Englishthrone.)
ZevenProvincin'sfinalnavalactioncameduringthe

Page587

WaroftheLeagueofAugsburg,whichpittedanAngloDutchallianceagainstFrance.OnMay29,1692,shewasheavilydamagedattheBattleofLaHoguein
whichtheFrenchfleetwasshatteredandreturnedtoRotterdam.Shewasbrokenuptwoyearslater.AreplicaiscurrentlyunderconstructionintheNetherlands.
Clowes,RoyalNavy.Mahan,InfluenceofSeaPower.

HMSZubian
Tribalclassdestroyer.L/B:288'27'(87.8m8.2m).Tons:1,050disp.Hull:steel.Arm.:24"2TT.Built:ChathamDockyard1917.
HMSZubianwasacompositedestroyercobbledtogetheraswashernamefromtheforwardendofHMSZuluandthesternendofHMSNubian.Originally
builtin1909and1910,theTribalclassdestroyerswerepartoftheDoverPatrol,ahardpressedflotillaofsmallershipschargedwithprotectingAlliedshipping
betweenEnglandandtheContinentfromGermansubmarinesanddestroyersoperatingoutofOstendandZeebrugge,Belgium.Followingaraidonthenightof
October2627,1916,Nubian(CommanderMontagueBernard)wasdispatchedwithotherdestroyerstocontacttheGermans.Outmaneuveredbythefaster
Germanvessels,Nubian'sbowwasblownoffbyatorpedo.Takenintow,theropebrokeandshewentagroundoffDover,eventuallylosingtherestofherforepart.
Twelvedayslater,HMSZulustruckamineinmidChannelandlostherstern,theremainderbeingtakenintowbyaFrenchtorpedoboatdestroyertoCalais.The
twohalveswerejoinedatChathamin1917,andZubianservedwithdistinctionforthedurationofthewar.ShewasbrokenupatSunderlandin1919.
Colledge,ShipsoftheRoyalNavy.Mannering,"TheOldMenandTheirShipsAreGone."

Zuiho
Zuihoclassaircraftcarrier.L/B/D:671.9'59.7'(75.5'ew)21.8'(204.8m18.2m(23m)6.6m).Tons:11,260disp.Hull:steel.Comp.:785.Arm.:30
aircraft85",825cm.Mach.:gearedturbines,52,000shp,2shafts28kts.Built:YokosukaDockyard,Yokosuka,Japan1940.
Imagenotavailable.
TheJapanesecarrierZUIHOunderwayafterseveralhitsattheBattle
ofLeyteGulf,October1944.Thephotowastakenfromacarrierbased
aircraft.CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Laiddownasasubmarinetenderandconvertedtoanaircraftcarrierin1940,Zuiho("LuckyDragon")wascompletedonlytwentydaysaftertheattackonPearl
Harbor.ShewasfirstdeployedtohelpconsolidatetheJapanesegainsinthePhilippines.DuringtheJapaneseattackonMidwayinJune1942,shesailedinsupportof
thelandingforce.DuringtheprolongedstrugglefortheSolomonIslandsinthesouthwestPacific,ZuihowasdamagedattheBattleoftheSantaCruzIslandson
October26,1942.HernextmajorengagementwasattheBattleofthePhilippineSeainJune1944,wheretheJapanesecarrierforcewasallbutannihilated.On
October25,1944,Zuihowaslostinabout1920'N,12551'E,oneoffourJapanesecarrierswithChitose,ZUIKAKU,andChiyodasunkbyU.S.carrier
basedplanesattheBattleofCapeEngaoinoneofthefouractionsthatconstitutedtheBattleofLeyteGulf.
Grove,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.Stephen,SeaBattlesinCloseUp.

Zuikaku
Shokakuclassaircraftcarrier(2f/1m).L/B/D:844.8'85.3'29'(257.5m26m8.8m).Tons:32,105disp.Comp.:1,660.Arm.:84aircraft165",96
25mm.Armor:8.6"belt,6.8"deck.Mach.:gearedturbines,160,000shp,4shafts34.5kts.Built:KawasakiDockyardCo.,Kobe,Japan1941.

Page588

Zuikaku,whosenamemeans''luckycrane,"sawmoreactionthananyotherJapaneseaircraftcarrierofWorldWarII.UnderCaptainIchibeiYokokawa,shesailed
aspartoftheFirstAirFleetintheDecember7,1941,attackonPearlHarbor.ThecarrierlatersawactionintheJavaSea,andtookpartintheApril1942attackon
Ceylon.OnMay8,attheBattleoftheCoralSea,planesfromZuikakuandSHOKAKUsanktheaircraftcarrierUSSLEXINGTONandseverelydamaged
YORKTOWN(CV5),butattheexpenseofsomanyplanesthatshecouldnottakepartintheBattleofMidway.
FollowingthatcrushingdefeatinJune1942,ZuikakuwasthelargestremainingJapanesecarrier,butshesawlittleactionoverthenexttwoyears.AttheBattleofthe
PhilippineSea,onJune19,1944,ZuikakuwashitbydivebombersfromUSSHornet(CV12),YORKTOWN(CV10),andBataan.Althoughsheremained
operational,thatbattlecosttheJapanesenearly405ofthe430planeswithwhichithadstartedthebattle,aswellasthecarriersShokakuandTaiho.Threemonths
later,astheJapanesepreparedtheirdefenseofthePhilippines,ZuikakusailedastheflagshipofAdmiralJisaburoOzawa'sNorthernGroup.Assignedtodraw
AmericanforcesnorthwhiletheCenterForceclosedinapinceraroundtheAmericanlandingforceinLeyteGulf,Ozawa'sforcecomprisedeighteenships,including
threesmallercarriersbutbytheeveningofOctober24,hehadonly29planes.Thenextday,planesfromAdmiralWilliamF.Halsey'sThirdFleetdiscoveredthe
forceabout200milesnorthbyeastofCapeEngao,thenortheasttipofLuzon.Theoutcomewasneverindoubt,asHalseyhadathisdisposal64shipsand787
aircraft.ThreetorpedoesstruckZuikaku,andat1310sherolledoverandsankin1920'N,12551'E.TheBattleofCapeEngaoalsocosttheJapanesecarriers
ZUIHO,Chitose,andChiyoda,togetherwithtwodestroyersandacruiser.ItwastheendoftheJapanesecarrierforce.
Morison,TwoOceanWar.

Zuytdorp
Ship(3m).L/B/D:160.1'39.4'17'(48.8m12.2m5.2m).Tons:125tons.Hull:wood.Comp.:318.Arm.:40guns.Built:VOC,MasterShipwrightPenne,
Zeeland,Netherlands1702.
AretourshipbuiltfortheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie,orVOC)tradebetweentheNetherlandsandBatavia,Zuytdorpwasan
unluckyvessel.Onherfirstvoyageout,shesufferedstormdamagethatrequiredsixweeksofrepairsinTorbay,England,beforeshecouldproceedtoBatavia.After
tradingintheIndies,shesailedfortheNetherlandsinDecember1705,arrivingattheTexelonJuly26,1706.Hersecondvoyagelastedfrom1707to1710.Herthird
passageoutwasadisasterfromthestart.ShesetsailonAugust1,1711,underMarinusWysvliet,andittookhersevenmonthstoreachtheCapeofGoodHope,
duringwhichtimeshelost112ofhercrew.Zuytdorp(namedforaDutchtown)thensailedfromTableBayandvanished.
In1927,AustralianstockmanTomPeppercameacrossvariousartifactsglass,coins,bronzebreechblocks,andawoodenstatueabout65kilometersnorthof
theMurchisonRiver.Wordofhisdiscoveryspreadslowly,buteventuallyitwasdeterminedthatthefindswerefromsurvivorsofZuytdorp.Becauseitisoneofthe
world'smostdifficultwrecksites,itwasnotuntil1963thatdiversfirstsawtheship'sremains,locatedin2711'S,11336'E.Thesitehasyieldedanimpressivehaulof
silvercoins,mostmintedin1711.
Sigmond&Zuiderbaan,DutchDiscoveriesofAustralia.

Page589

MAPS
LITERARYSHIPS
CHRONOLOGIES
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

Page591

MAPS
Imagenotavailable.
WatersoftheWorld

Page592

Imagenotavailable.
AfricaandtheIndianOcean

Page593

Imagenotavailable.
Antarctica

Page594

Imagenotavailable.
ArchaeologicalSitesinWesternEuropeandtheMediterranean

Page595

Imagenotavailable.
BritishIsles

Page596

Imagenotavailable.
CanadianArctic:TheNorthwestPassage

Page597

Imagenotavailable.
PacificOcean

Page598

Imagenotavailable.
NorthandSouthAmerica

Page599

Imagenotavailable.
UnitedStates

Page601

LITERARYSHIPS
HMSAchates(64)RichardBolitho'sflagshipduringthebriefPeaceofAmiensof1803inAlexanderKent'sSuccesstotheBrave(1983).
AdventureIIA350tunmerchantmanfromwhichLemuelGulliverismaroonedinBrobdingnagthelandofthegiantsinJonathanSwift'sGulliver'sTravels
(1726).(SeealsoAntelope.)
AfricanQueenAriverlaunchinC.S.Forester'snovelTheAfricanQueen(1935),mannedbytheCockneyCharlieAllnuttandRoseSayer,amissionary'ssister.
ThetwostrikeablowforEnglandbysinkingtheGermangunboatKnigenLuiseonLakeTanganyikainGermanCentralAfricaduringWorldWarI.JohnHuston's
1951filmstarredKatharineHepburnandHumphreyBogart.
AmazonThesailingdinghyownedbytheBlacketts(theAmazons)inArthurRansome'sSwallowsandAmazons(1930),Swallowdale(1931),andotherbooksin
thesameseries.
AntelopeShipinwhichLemuelGulliver,''FirstaSurgeon,andThenaCaptainofSeveralShips,"isshipwreckedonLilliputinJonathanSwift'spoliticalsatireTravels
intoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorld,betterknownasGulliver'sTravels(1726).
ArabellaBuccaneerPeterBlood'scommandinRafaelSabatini'sCaptainBloodnovels:CaptainBlood(1922),TheChroniclesofCaptainBlood(1931),andThe
FortunesofCaptainBlood(1933).
ArchimedesSteamshipthatencountersaCaribbeanhurricaneinRichardHughes'sInHazard(1938).
HMSArgonaute(74)RichardBolitho'sflagshipintheMediterraneaninAlexanderKent'sColorsAloft(1986).
ArielSloopofwarinwhichJackAubreyconveysStephenMaturintotheBalticinPatrickO'Brian'sTheSurgeon'sMate(1980).
HMSArtemisLightcruiserinC.S.Forester'sTheShip(1943).ThecareeroftheArtemiswasmodeledonthatoftheWorldWarIIexperienceofHMS
Penelope,particularlyintheSecondBattleofSirte,March1942.
HMSAtropos(22)NapoleonicerasloopofwarinC.S.Forester'sHornblowerandthe"Atropos"(1953).
Bachelor'sDelightCaptainAmasaDelano'ssealerinHermanMelville'sshortstory"BenitoCereno"(1855).
BalliolCollegeBritishslavercommandedbyaformerOxforddonwhoshanghaisHarryFlashmaninGeorgeMcDonaldFraser'snovelFlashforFreedom!(1971).
USSBelindaCaptainHanks'sattacktransportinthePacifictheaterfrom1943to1945inKennethDodson'sAwayAllBoats(1954)amovieofthesamename
followedin1956.
HMSBellipotent(74)ShipunderCaptaintheHonorableEdwardFairfaxVereintowhichtheforetopmanBillyBuddisimpressedfromthemerchantmanRightsof
ManandaboardwhichheinadvertentlykillsthetreacherousMasteratArmsJohnClaggart.HermanMelville'sposthumouslypublishedBillyBudd(1924)wasmade
intoanoperabyBritishcomposerBenjaminBritten(1951)andafilmdirectedbyPeterUstinov(1962).
BlackSwanThomasLeach's40gunshipinRafaelSabatini'snovelThe"BlackSwan"(1932).
HMSBoadicea(38)FrigateinwhichCommodoreJackAubreymustseizeMauritiusIslandfromtheFrenchinPatrickO'Brian'sTheMauritiusCommand(1977).
BrokenHeartCaptainCharlesMargaret'sshipinJohnMasefield'snovelCaptainMargaret:ARomance(1908).
CachalotWhaleshipinFrankT.Bullen'sCruiseofthe"Cachalot"(1898),thefirstof36novelsbytheveteranmerchantseaman.
USSCaineFourpiperdestroyerconvertedtoaminelayerunderthecommandofCaptainQueeginHermanWouk'sThe"Caine"Mutiny(1951).The1954movie
starredHumphreyBogartandJosFerrer.
CaleucheSimilartotheFlyingDutchman,fabledshipoftheChileanandPeruviancoasts.
HMSCalypso(36)NicholasRamage'sshipinanumberofDudleyPopenovelsstartingwithRamage'sMutiny(1977),inwhichtheBritishcutoutacapturedfrigate
fromaSpanishstrongholdastorybasedonthefateofHMSHermione.
CannibalHoggedbarkentineattemptingtocrossthePacificinErnestK.Gann'snovelTwilightfortheGods(1956).
HMSCarouselCruiserinwhichFirstLieutenantRobertBadger("TheArtfulBodger")sailsinRobertWinton'sWeSawtheSea(1960).
HMSCharybdisObsoletearmoredcruiserinwhichAbleSeamanBrownservesduringWorldWarIuntilsheissunkbytheGermanSMSZeithen,inC.S.
Forester'sBrownonResolution(alsopublishedasSingleHanded,1929).

Page602

ClorindaShipfromwhichtheBasThorntonchildrenarekidnappedbypiratesinRichardHughes'sHighWindinJamaica(1929).
CompassRoseWorldWarIIFlowerclasscorvetteinNicholasMonsarrat'snovelTheCruelSea(1951).Thebookwasturnedintoamovieofthesamename
(1953),writtenbyEricAmbler.
CovenantBriginwhichthekidnappedDavidBalfourissailingwhenshegoesashoreontheIsleofEarraidinRobertLouisStevenson'sKidnapped:BeingMemoirs
oftheAdventuresofDavidBalfourintheYear1751(1886).
DasBootOtherwiseunidentifiedGermansubmarine"theboat"aboardwhich43crewserveduringtheBattleoftheAtlanticin1941inLotharGunther
Buccheim'sbook(1973),andmovie(1981),ofthesamename.
DasFeuerschiffOtherwiseunnamedNorthSealightshipinastoryofthesamename(1960)bySiegfriedLenzwhosecaptainismortallywoundedafterthree
gangstersboardtheshipandkidnapthecrew.
DawnTreaderGalleyinwhichPrinceCaspiansailsinsearchofthemissinglordsinC.S.Lewis'sVoyageofthe"DawnTreader"(1952),thethirdvolumeinhis
sixpartChroniclesofNarnia.
DazzlerSmallboatinwhichayoungboysailsthroughmanyadventuresinandaroundSanFranciscoBayinJackLondon'sTheCruiseofthe"Dazzler"(1902).
DeathandGloryPirateshipinArthurRansome'sCootClub(1934)usedbymembersoftheCootClubintheNorfolkBroadsinTheBigSix(1940).
USSDelawareWarof1812erafrigate,similartotheUSSConstitution,inC.S.Forester'sTheCaptainfromConnecticut(1941).
HMSDiane(36)ShipcutoutoftheFrenchportofSt.Martin,France,byJackAubreyinPatrickO'Brian'sTheLetterofMarque(1988).AubreyandSteven
MaturinlatersailfortheIndiesintheDianeinTheThirteenGunSalute(1989),thoughtheshipiswreckedthereinNutmegofConsolation(1991).
HMSDido(74)NicholasRamage'scommandintheWestIndiesinDudleyPope'sRamageandthe"Dido"(1989).
HMSDiomedeInFrederickMarryat'sPeterSimple(1834),afrigatecommandedbyCaptainSavage,acharacterbasedonLordCochrane,underwhomMarryat
servedontheFrenchcoastinHMSImprieuse.
DulcibellaCutterinwhichDaviesandCarruthersreconnoiterGermany'sNorthSeacoastshadowedbyHerrDolmann'sgalliotMedusainErskineChilders'sThe
RiddleoftheSands(1906),oftencreditedwithbeingthefirstespionagenovel.The1984filmstarredMichaelYorkandSimonMacCorkindale.(Seealso,inmain
text,Childers'sownAsgard.)
HMSEuryalus(100)RichardBolitho'scommandinthewesternMediterraneaninAlexanderKent'sTheFlagCaptain(1971).
FidleShipaboardwhichoccurthestrangedoingsinHermanMelville'sTheConfidenceMan(1857).
FlyingDutchmanLegendaryDutchEastIndiamanwhosecaptaininsistedonbattlingstormstoroundtheCapeofGoodHopedespitetheentreatiesofhiscrewand
passengers.WhenGodappearedinanapparition,thecaptainshotathim,andhewasthuscondemnedtosailtheseasforeverasatormenttoothersailors.Thestory
hasbeeninterpretedinavarietyofsettings,notablyHeinrichHeine'spoem"Reisebilder"(1826),FrederickMarryat'snovelThePhantomShip(1839),Richard
Wagner'soperaDerfliegenderHollnder(1843),andWashingtonIrving's"TheFlyingDutchmanoftheTappanSea."
GoblinYachtinwhichtheSwallowssailfromHarwichtoHollandinArthurRansome'sWeDidn'tMeantoGotoSea(1937),andinwhichtheSwallows,Amazons,
andEelshaveadventuresinSecretWater(1939).
GoldenMaryAthreemastedshipsunkbyaniceberginTheWreckofthe"GoldenMary"(1896),writtenbyCharlesDickensandWilkieCollins.
HappyDeliveryPirateshipinSirArthurConanDoyle'sshortstory"CaptainSharkey"(1897).
HMSHarpySloopofwarinwhichEasyservesinFrederickMarryat'sMr.MidshipmanEasy(1836).Easy'sadventuresarebasedonthoseofLordCochrane,
underwhomMarryatservedinthefrigateHMS"Imprieuse"from1806to1809.
HesperusTheschoonerofHenryWadsworthLongfellow'sballadWreckofthe"Hesperus"(1840).Thestoryisbasedontheeventsofaterriblegalein1839after
whichayounggirlwaswashedashoreonNorman'sWoe,nearGloucester,Massachusetts.
HighlanderMerchantshipinwhichWellingboroughRedburnshipsforafourmonthvoyagebetweenNewYorkandLiverpoolinHermanMelville'sRedburn
(1849).
HispaniolaShipusedbyJimHawkinsandhisconfederatestoseekCaptainFlint'streasureinRobertLouisStevenson'snovelTreasureIsland(1883).
HopewellShiponwhichLemuelGulliversailsassurgeonatthebeginningofhisthirdvoyageinJonathanSwift'spoliticalsatire,TravelsintoSeveralRemote
NationsoftheWorld,betterknownasGulliver'sTravels(1726).
Hotspur(20)HoratioHornblower's6thrateinC.S.Forester'sHornblowerandthe"Hotspur"(1962).
HMSHyperion(74)RichardBolitho'sNapoleoniceracommandinAlexanderKent'sFormLineofBattle!(1969),Enemyinsight!(1970),andHonourThis
Day(1987).
InchcliffeCastleTrampsteamerthatisthesettingforGuyGilpatric'sstoriesabouttheScotsChiefEngineerGlencannon,includingScotchandWater,HalfSeas
Over,andThreeSheetsintheWind.
IsabelKwelOceangoingtugcommandedbyMartinusHarinxmainaseriesofMurmanskconvoysinWorldWarIIinJandeHartog'sTheCaptain(1966).

Page603

ItaPassengershipcommandedbytheimpostormastermarinerVascodeAragoinJorgeAmado'sHomeIstheSailor:TheWholeTruthConcerningthe
RedoubtfulAdventuresofCaptainVascodeAragofromBahatoBelm(1964).
JudeaShipofabout400tons,whosemottois"DoorDie,"inJosephConrad'sshortstory"Youth"(1898).
JuliaAustralianwhaleshipinwhichthecrewmutinyagainstCaptainGuy"TheCabinBoy"inHermanMelville'sOmoo,aNarrativeofAdventuresinthe
SouthSeas(1847).
HMSJuno(32)FrigateinwhichNicholasRamageattacksaFrenchconvoyoffMartiniqueinDudleyPope'sRamage'sDiamond(1976).
HMCKathleen(8)CutterinwhichNicholasRamagehasaseriesofadventuresincludingthecaptureandrecaptureofhiscommandneartheSpanishcoast
priortotheBattleofCapeSt.VincentinDudleyPope'sRamageandtheDrumbeat(1968).
USSKeelingMahanclassdestroyerunderCommanderGeorgeKrause,escortcommanderofaneastboundAtlanticconvoyinthedarkdaysofWorldWarII,in
C.S.Forester'sTheGoodShepherd(1955).
HMSLeviathanAircraftcarrierinJohnWinton'snovelofthesamename(1967).
HMSLydia(36)FrigateinwhichHoratioHornblowerdefeatstheSpanishNatividad(50)onthePacificcoastofCentralAmericainC.S.Forester'sTheHappy
Return(alsopublishedasBeattoQuarters,1938).
MaryDeareLibertyshipencounteredbyasalvagetugintheNorthSeawithonlyhercaptainaboardinHammondInnes'sTheWreckofthe"MaryDeare"(1956)
the1959moviestarredGaryCooperandCharltonHeston.
MaryGlosterMerchantshipnamedforSirAnthonyGloster'swife,andinwhichSirAnthonywishestobeburied,inRudyardKipling'spoems"McAndrew'sHymn"
and"TheMaryGloster"(1894).
SSMinnowShipwreckedcabincruiserinthe1960stelevisioncomedyGilligan'sIsland.
NanShanCaptainMcWhirr'sstormboundsteamshipenroutefromFormosatoFuchauinJosephConrad'sshortstory"Typhoon"(1902).
NarcissusThenameofarealshipinwhichJosephConradsailedfromBombaytoDunkirkandwhichhetookforthesettingforhisnovelNiggerofthe
"Narcissus"(1897).Heprobablyretainedthenamethatofawhiteflowertocontrastwiththetitlecharacter,theblackseamanJamesWait.(Seeentryinmain
text.)
NarcissusTuginwhichTugboatAnnieexperiencesheradventuresonPugetSoundinNormanReillyRaine'sbookofthesamename(1934).
NatividadOldSpanish50guntwodeckercapturedonthewestcoastofCentralAmericaintheearly1800sbyHMSLydiainC.S.Forester'sTheHappyReturn
(orBeattoQuarters,1938).
NautilusCaptainNemo'ssubmarineinJulesVerne'sTwentyThousandLeaguesbeneaththeSea(1869).Filmversionsincludeasilentmoviemadein1916and
onestarringJamesMasonandKirkDouglasin1954.
NellieCruisingyawlaboardwhichMarlowtellsthestoryofMistuhKurtzinJosephConrad'sHeartofDarkness(1899).
USSNeversinkAmericanfrigateinwhichthetitlecharacterofHermanMelville'sWhiteJacket,orTheWorldinaManofWar(1850)sailsfromCallaoto
Norfolk.ThenovelisbasedonMelville'sownexperiencesaboardtheUSSUnitedStatesonapassagefromHonolulutoBostonin184344.
NonaHilaireBelloc'sactualyacht,aboardwhichheponders"ReflectionsandJudgmentsonLifeandLetters,MenandManners"inTheCruiseofthe"Nona":The
StoryofaCruise(1925).
OrcaWhalewatchingboatsunkbyagreatwhitesharkoffLongIslandinPeterBenchley'snovelJaws(1974).The1975filmdirectedbyStevenSpielbergstarred
RichardDreyfuss,RobertShaw,andRoyScheider.
Patna"Alocalsteamerasoldasthehills,leanlikeagreyhound,andeatenupwithrustworsethanacondemnedwatertank"inJosephConrad'sLordJim(1900).
ThePatnaisbasedonthetruestoryofthepilgrimshipJeddahwhoseBritishofficersabandonedherand1,000pilgrimsboundfromSingaporetoMecca,thoughthe
shipmadeitsafelytoAden.
PeaGreenBoatOtherwiseunnamedvesselinwhichthetitlecharactersofEdwardLear'spoem"TheOwlandthePussycat"(1846)puttosea.
PequodWhaleshipundercommandofCaptainAhab,whoserelentlesspursuitofthegreatwhitewhaleinHermanMelville'sMobyDick(1851)leadstothelossof
theshipandallhercrewsaveIshmael.Filmadaptationsincludethe1926silentfilmTheSeaBeast,a1930soundremakecalledMobyDick,andaMobyDick
directedbyJohnHuston(1956),writtenbyRayBradburyandstarringGregoryPeck.
HMSPhalarope(36)RichardBolitho'scommandduringtheAmericanRevolutioninAlexanderKent'sToGloryWeSteer(1968).
HMSPinaforeCaptainCorcoran's"saucyship"inthe1878operettaofthesamenamebyW.S.GilbertandArthurSullivan.
HMSPolychrest(24)JackAubrey'sbrigtowhichCaptaintheSpanishAzemasurrendersinPatrickO'Brian'sPostCaptain(1972).
PoseidonPassengershipoverwhelmedbyatidalwaveintheMediterraneaninPaulGallico'snovelThe"Poseidon"Adventure(1969).The1972moviestarred
GeneHackmanandShelleyWinters.
PrettyJaneMerchantbriginwhichAdmiralHoratioHornblowerandhiswife,Barbara,arenearlyshipwreckedinC.S.Forester'sAdmiralHornblowerinthe
WestIndies(1957).
PT73WorldWarIIeraPTboatcommandedbyLieutenantCommanderMcHaleinthe1960stelevisioncomedyMcHale'sNavy,starringErnestBorgnine.

Page604

RedOctoberSovietsubmarinestalkedbySovietandU.S.forcesinTomClancy'snovelTheHuntfor"RedOctober"(1984).The1990filmstarredSeanConnery.
USSReluctantU.S.NavytransportinthebackwatersofthePacificduringWorldWarIIinThomasHeggen'snovelMisterRoberts.Thebookwasadaptedfor
stage(coauthoredbyJoshuaLogan)andfilm(1955),directedbyJohnHustonandstarringHenryFondaandJamesCagney.
S.A.VeraNorthGermanLloydpassengerlinerboundfromVeracruz,Mexico,forBremerhaven,Germany,in1931inKatherineAnnePorter'sShipofFools
(1945).The1965filmstarredVivienLeighandOskarWerner.
SanDominickSlaveshipcommandedbyBenitoCerenoandvisitedbyCaptainAmasaDelanooftheBachelor'sDelightinHermanMelville's"Benito
Cereno"(1855).
USSSanPablosAmericangunboatontheYangtzeRiverin1926duringtheChinesecivilwarinRichardMcKenna'snovelTheSandPebbles(1962).The1966
filmstarredSteveMcQueen.
USSScorpionAmericansubmarineinNevilShute'sapocalypticnovelOntheBeach.
SeaBearAnoldNorwegianpilotcutterinwhichtheSwallows,Amazons,andScarabssailtoanislandoftheOuterHebridesinArthurRansome'sGreat
Northern?(1947).
SephoraLiverpoolshipfromwhichSecondMateLeggattescapesafterkillingamemberofthecrewinJosephConrad'sSecretSharer(1910).
ShipofFoolsAshipmannedbyfoolsofvarioussortsinSebastianBrant'slongsatiricalpoemDasNarrenschiff,firstpublishedinLatinasStultiferaNavis(1494).
Thepoem,whichcaricaturesawidevarietyofhumanvices,hasbeenwidelyimitated.AlexanderBarclay'sTheShypofFolysoftheWorldeappearedin1509,W.
H.Ireland'sModernShipofFoolsin1807,andKatherineAnnePorter'sShipofFoolsin1945(seeS.A.Vera).TheGratefulDeadalsowroteasongofthesame
name(1973).
ShipofStateLiterarymetaphorforgovernmentwidelyemployedsinceantiquity.
SofalaSteamerpurchasedbyCaptainHenryWhalleyaftersellingthebarkFairMaidinJosephConrad'sEndoftheTether(1902).
HMBrigSophie(14)JackAubrey'sfirstcommandinPatrickO'Brian'sMasterandCommander(1970).Aubrey'sexploitsinthewesternMediterraneanare
basedonthoseofLordCochraneinHMBrigSpeedy.
HMSSparrow(20)RichardBolitho'scommandinAlexanderKent'sSloopofWar(1972),whichtakesplaceduringtheAmericanRevolution.
HMSSunderland(74)HoratioHornblower'sshipinC.S.Forester'sShipoftheLine(1938).
HMSSurprise(28)JackAubrey'scommandonavoyagetoIndiaduringwhichhefightstheFrenchMarengo(74)inPatrickO'Brian'sH.M.S."Surprise"(1973).
AubreyreturnstocommandoftheSurpriseinTheFarSideoftheWorld(1984),TheReverseoftheMedal(1986),LetterofMarque(1988),TheThirteen
GunSalute(1989),TheTruelove(1992),andTheWineDarkSea(1994).
SwallowThe14footsailingdinghyownedbytheWalkers(theSwallows)inArthurRansome'sSwallowsandAmazons(1930)andotherbooksinthesameseries.
TarongaParkTrampsteamerownedbySt.VincentHalfhydeafterhisdeparturefromtheRoyalNavyinPhillipMcCutchen'sturnofthecenturyseries,including
TheHalfhydeLine(1984),HalfhydeontheAmazon(1988),andHalfhydeandtheAdmiral(1990).
HMSTemeraireRoyalNavyPolarissubmarinespyingontheSovietUnion'sBlackSeafleetinJohnWinton'sTheFighting"Temeraire"(1971).
HMSTempest(38)RichardBolitho'scommandwhilesearchingtheSouthPacificfortheBountymutineersinAlexanderKent'sPassagetoMutiny(1976).
TitanIllfatedunsinkabletransatlanticlinerthatsinksonhermaidenvoyageafterstrikinganicebergathighspeedinMorganRobertson'sFutility,orWreckofthe
"Titan"(1898).ThesomewhatfarfetchedstorytookonnewsignificancefollowingthelossofthesimilarlynamedTitanicinlikecircumstancesfourteenyearsafter
thebookappeared.
Triton(10)BriginwhichNicholasRamagemustsailtotheCaribbeaninthewakeoftheSpitheadMutinyinDudleyPope'sThe"Triton"Brig(alsopublishedas
RamageandtheFreebooters,1969)andGovernorRamage,R.N.(1973).
HMSUlyssesModifiedDidoclasscruiserinwhichtheprotagonistsfromAlistarMacLean's1955novelofthesamenamebattletheGermansontheMurmansk
convoyrun.
HMSUndine(32)RichardBolitho'sEastIndiescommandinAlexanderKent'sCommandaKing'sShip(1973).
HMSVenusThefirstRoyalNavyshipinwhichwomensailascombatantsinJohnWinton'snovelTheGoodShip"Venus"(1984).TheWomen'sRoyalNaval
Serviceactuallywenttoseaascombatantsin1990,anditwasfullyabsorbedintotheRoyalNavyin1994.
USSWalrusAmericansubmarineonpatrolinthePacificduringWorldWarIIinRunSilent,RunDeep(1955),byEdwardL.Beachthe1958moviestarredClark
GableandBurtLancaster.(Seealso,inmaintext,Beach'scommand,USSTriton.)
We'reHereGloucesterfishingschoonerbywhosecrewspoiledrichkidHarveyCheyneisrescuedafterfallingfromaluxurylinerinRudyardKipling'sCaptains
Courageous(1896).VictorFleming's1937adaptation,withSpencerTracyandMickeyRooney,isnotableforitsfootageofschoonersunderway.
WildCatSchoonerinwhichCaptainFlint,theSwallows,andtheAmazonssailfromLowestofttoCrabIsland,intheCaribbean,withableseamanPeterDuckin
ArthurRansome'sPeterDuck(1932).ShelaterburnsinMisseeLee(1941).

Page605

WonderCaptainDavidGrief'sinterislandschoonerinJackLondon'sSouthPacificadventureASonoftheSun(1911).
HMSWorcester(74)ShipofthelineunderJackAubrey'scommandinPatrickO'Brian'sIonianMission(1981).
YellowSubmarineSubmarinecommandedbyOldFredinwhichTheBeatlesandtheLonelyHeartsClubBandsailfromLiverpooltotheunderseakingdomof
Pepperland"torescuethepleasuresoffoodandmusicandperpetualcelebrationandcolorfulbeauty"fromtheBlueMeanies.The1968animatedfilmisapsychedelic
reinterpretationoftheOldEnglishepic,Beowulf.
SMSZeithenGermanlightcruiserdamagedinactionwithHMSCharybdisinC.S.Forester'sBrownonResolution(alsopublishedasSingleHanded,1929).Her
muchneededrepairsarehamperedbyBrown'sintrigues,andsheislatersunkbyHMSLeopard.

Page606

CHRONOLOGIES
ArchaeologicalSites
2500BCE
CheopsshipEgypt
2200BCE
DokoswreckGreece
1840BCE
DahshurboatsEgypt
14thcent.BCE
UluBurunwreck("Kaswreck")Turkey
1300BCE
FerribyBronzeAgewrecksEngland
1200BCE
CapeGelidonyawreckTurkey
800650BCE
BriggboatEngland
600BCE
GiglioshipItaly
550525BCE
BonPortwreckFrance
400BCE
PorticellowreckItaly
4thcent.BCE
KyreniawreckGreece
241BCE
Punic(Marsala)shipSicily
2ndcent.BCE
AthlitramIsrael
1stcent.BCE
MahdiawreckTunisiaGalileeboatIsraelAlbengawreckItaly
ca.85BCE
AntikytherawreckGreece
ca.75BCE
MadraguedeGienswreckFrance
2ndcent.CE
BlackfriarsbargeEngland
3rdcent.
St.PeterPortwreckChannelIslands
ca.350
NydamboatsSweden
4thcent.
YassiAdawreckBTurkeyMainzshipsGermany
7thcent.
PantanoLongariniwreckItalyYassiAdawreckATurkey
ca.625
SuttonHooshipEngland
ca.815820
OsebergshipNorway
890895
GokstadshipNorway
ca.930
GraveneyboatEngland
10thcent.
AgaywreckFrance
ca.1050
UtrechtboatBelgium
11thcent.
SkuldelevwrecksDenmarkSereLimanishipTurkey
1277
QuanzhouwreckChina
1323
ShinanwreckKorea
137980
BremenCogwreckGermany
1418
GraceDieuEngland
16thcent.
HighbornCaywreckBahamas
1510
MaryRoseEnglandMolassesReefwreckBahamas
ca.1550
SanEstbanTexas
1565
SanJuanLabrador
1588
Girona&TrinidadValenceranorthernIreland
1603
SeaVentureBermuda
1609
WitteLeeuwAscension
1620
NuestraSeoradeAtochaFlorida
NuestraSeoradelaConcepcinWestIndies
NuestraSeoradelaConcepcinSaipan
1621
TriallWesternAustralia
1628
BataviaAustralia
1653
VerguldeDraeckWesternAustralia
1663
SacramentoBrazil
1676
KronanSweden
1686
BelleTexas
1693
MeresteynSouthAfrica
1695
AdventureGalleyMadagascar
1697
HenriettaMarieFlorida
1702
ZuytdorpAustralia
1713
RisdamMalaysia
1716
WhydahCapeCod
1726
ZeewijkWesternAustralia
1740
Brown'sFerryvesselSouthCarolina
1742
HollandiaEngland
1744
AmsterdamEngland
1746
GeldermalsenMalaysia
1758
MachaultCanada
1763
DefenceMaine
1779
HMSPandoraAustralia
1781
BetsyChesapeakeBay
1784
HMSDeBraakChesapeakeBay
HMSBountyPitcairnIsland
1787
HMSColossusEngland
1809
HamiltonGreatLakes
1811
ScourgeGreatLakes
1843
HMSBreadalbaneArctic
1848
IndianaGreatLakes
1851
MapleLeafFlorida
1864
BertrandNebraska

Page607

MaritimeandRelatedTechnology
3000BCE
Oaredgalleysemploying"shellfirst"hullconstructionmethodappearineasternMediterranean.Galleyscontinuetobeusedfornearly5,000years.
8thcent.BCE
Shipswith2tiersofoarsappearineasternMediterranean.
5thcent.BCE
Triremesgalleyswith3banksofoarsintroducedineasternMediterranean.
4thcent.BCE
Clinkerbuilt,orlapstrake,hullplanking(asopposedtoedgetoedgeorcarvelconstruction)foundinHjortspringboatfromsoutheastDenmark.
4thcent.CE
Lateen(foreandaft)sailsbegintopredominateoversquaresailsinMediterranean.
7th14thcent.
CogdevelopsinnorthernEurope:flatbottomed,highsidedwithedgetoedgeandclinkerlaidplanking.
9thcent.
Shellfirst,clinkerbuiltVikingshipsevolveinScandinavia.
11thcent.
FramefirsthullconstructionpredominatesinMediterranean.
12thcent.
RudimentarycompassesinEurope.
13th15thcent.
CaravelsevolveinsouthernEurope.Twomasted,lateenriggedvesselsofframefirstconstruction,theywereusedextensivelyinthePortuguesevoyagesof
exploration.
13thcent.
VerticalhingedrudderfirstappearsinnorthernEurope,eventuallytoreplacesidemountedsteeringoar.Crossstaffformeasuringaltitudesofcelestialbodiesinvented
byJacobbenMakirinsouthernFrance.
14thcent.
Navalgunsfirstusedonships.
14th15thcent.
Mediterraneannao,orcarrack,mergesMediterraneanandnorthernEuropeanshipbuildingpractices.Theseforerunnersofthefullriggedshipcombineframefirst
construction,highsides,centerlinerudder,andmixedrigsofsquareandlateensails.
15thcent.
QuadrantfirstusedbyPortuguesenavigatorsformeasuringaltitudesofcelestialbodies.
16th17thcent.
Galleonsimilartoacarrack,butwithalowerforecastlethatmadeitmoreweatherlyevolvesinnorthernEurope.
16951712
Workingindependently,DenisPapin,ThomasSavery,andThomasNewcomendeveloplowpressuresteampump,oratmosphericengine,forerunnerofthesteam
engine.
1757
SextantinventedinEnglanditiscapableofmeasuringanglesofupto120.
1759
JohnHarrisonbuildsfirstmarinechronometer,enablingmarinerstodeterminelongitudeatsea.
1770
GrandTrunkCanallinksEngland'sindustrialheartlandtosea.
1776
DavidBushnellbuildssubmarineTurtleinNewYork.JamesWattdevelopssteamengine,followedbydoubleactingexpansionenginein1782.Commercialsuccess
beginswithpartnershipwithMatthewBoultonin1785.
1778
ScottishCarronCompanydevelopslargecaliber,shortrange"shipsmashing"gunknownascarronade.
1783July15
MarquisdeJouffroyd'Abbans'ssteamboatPyroscapheoperatesonSaneRiver,France,for15minutes.
178790
JohnFitch'ssteamboatoperates,albeitunprofitably,alongtheDelawareRiver.
178687
JamesRumseydemonstrateswaterjetpoweredRumseianExperimentonPotomacRiver.
1793
ClaudeChappedevelopssemaphoresignalingsysteminFrance.
1801
WilliamSymington'sCharlotteDundastows2barges20milesonForthandClydeCanal,Scotland.
1803
RobertFultonbuildsearlysubmarineNautilusinFrance.
1807
Fulton'sNorthRiverSteamBoat,firstcommerciallysuccessfulsteamer,beginsserviceonHudsonRiver.
1808June1023
PhoenixmakesfirstseapassageofanysteamshipalongcoastofNewJersey.
181112
NewOrleansfirststeamboatontheMississippi.
1819
SavannahfirststeamshiptocrosstheAtlantic.
1821
AaronManbyfirstseagoingironhulledship.
1824
HenriJ.PaixhansexperimentswithshellgunsadoptedbyFrancein1837.
1825
ErieCanallinksHudsonRiverandGreatLakes.FirstrailwaybuiltinEngland.
1832April2223
SiriusandGreatWestern,respectively,arriveatNewYork,completingfirsttransatlanticpassagesundersustainedsteampower.
183336
Workingindependently,RobertWilson,FrancisPettitSmith,FrdricSauvage,andJohnEricssondevelopscrewpropellers.
1836
BeaverfirststeamshipinPacificNorthwest.
1837
SamuelF.B.MorseinventshistelegraphicsystemanddevelopsMorsecode.
1839
JohnEricsson'sRobertF.StocktonfirstscrewvesselinU.S.
1840
NemesisfirstironshiptoroundCapeofGoodHope,enroutetoIndia.
1840s1850s
Clippersdevelopedforfasttransport,especiallybetweenEastCoastandSanFrancisco.
1843
IsambardKingdomBrunellaunchesGreatBritain,firstoceangoing,ironscrewpropellership.
1845
TugofwarbetweenHMSRattler&Alecto,whichdemonstratessuperiorityofscrewoversidewheelpropulsion.
1853
JohnEricsson's"caloricship"Ericssonprovesunsuccessful.
1854
WilliamArmstrongdesignsfirstbreechloading,rifledgunRoyalNavyfirstadoptsthemforshipboardbatteriesin1860.
1859
Francelaunchesfirstironcladwarship,Gloire.
1860s
Highpressurecompoundsteamenginedeveloped.
1860
BritainlaunchesHMSWarrior,firstironhulledwarship.

Page608

1862
BattleofHamptonRoadsbetweenUSSMonitor&CSSVirginiaisfirstbetweenironcladvessels.SteamsteeringgearpatentedinGreatBritain.Bansheefirststeel
hulledshiptocrosstheAtlantic.
1864
RobertWhiteheaddevelopsselfpropelledtorpedo.
1869
SuezCanalopens,linkingMediterraneanandRedseas.
1870s
Tripleexpansionsteamenginedeveloped.
1876
Plimsolllinesindicatinglevelstowhichamerchantshipcanbesafelyloadedindifferentwatersandatdifferentseasons,adoptedinBritainafterpassageofMerchant
ShippingAct.Thelevelsaretropicalfreshwater(TF)freshwater(F)tropicalseawater(T)summer,seawater(S)winter,seawater(W)winter,NorthAtlantic
(WNA).AlexanderGrahamBellinventstelephone.
187879
ElectriclightsinventedinEnglandandU.S.pioneeredaboardshipinCityofBerlin(1879).
1881
JohnHollandbuildsFenianRam,earlysubmarine,inU.S.
1885
KarlBenzdevelopsprototypeofautomobile.
1894
CharlesA.ParsonsbuildsTurbinia,10yearsafterpatentingsteamturbine.
1895
KielCanalthroughSchleswigHolsteinopens,linkingBalticandNorthseas.
1900
Hollandbuildsfirstfullyoperationalsubmarine,USSHolland.
1902
LakeChamplainfirstshipfittedwithwirelesstelegraph.
1903
OrvilleandWilburWrightmakefirstairplaneflightatKittyHawk,NorthCarolina.
1906
HMSDreadnoughtfirst"allbiggun"battleship.
1910November14
EugeneB.ElyfliesCurtisspusherbiplaneoffanchoredcruiserUSSBirminghaminHamptonRoads,Virginia.OnJanuary18,1911,Elylandsonandtakesoff
fromanchoredarmoredcruiserUSSPennsylvaniainSanFranciscoBay.
1914
PanamaCanalopens,cuttingdistancebetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscofromabout13,100miles(viaCapeHorn)toabout5,300miles.
1917
OnAugust2E.H.DunninglandsSopwithPuponHMSFuriousinthefirstlandingofaplaneonashipunderway.
1918
AlliedSubmarineDetectionInvestigationCommittee(ASDIC)establishedtodevelopdevicesfordeterminingrangeandbearingofsubmergedobjectslaterknownas
sonar(forSOundNavigationAndRadar).
1919
AlexanderGrahamBell'shydrofoilHD4setsspeedrecordof70.86mph.
1920
AntonFlettnerlaunchesrotorshipBadenBaden.
1921July21
LandbasedMartinbomberssinkdeactivatedGermanbattleshipOstfrieslandinfirstdemonstrationofaircraft'santishipcapability.
1930s
Radar(RAdioDirectionAndRange)developedinBritain,Germany,andU.S.
1942
BattleofCoralSeabetweenJapaneseandAmericancarriersisthefirstinwhichsurfaceshipsarenotwithinvisualrangeofeachanother.Loran(LOngRAnge
Navigation)hyperbolicnavigationsystemdevelopedinU.S.
1944
DeccahyperbolicnavigationsystemusedduringDdayinvasionofNormandy.
1945
NuclearbombsdroppedonHiroshimaandNagasaki.
1952
UnitedStatescapturesBlueRiband,crossingAtlanticeastboundat35.59knotsandreturningat34.51knots.
1954
SubmarineUSSNautilus,firstcommissionednuclearpoweredvesselsailsunderNorthPolein1958.
1957
Sputnik,firstmanmadesatellite,launchedintoorbit.
1958
Firstcommercialtransatlanticjetplaneservice.
1959
SovieticebreakerLeninfirstnuclearpoweredsurfaceship.St.LawrenceSeawayopens,enablingdeepwaternavigationbetweenGreatLakesandAtlantic.
1960
USSTritoncircumnavigatestheworldunderwater.
1964
Savannahcommissionedasfirstcommercialnuclearpoweredship.
1985
U.S.DepartmentofDefensemakesNavstarglobalpositionsystem(GPS)satellitedataavailabletopublic.
VoyagesofDiscovery
ca.1000
LeifEricsson("TheLucky")landsinNorthAmericaestablishmentofshortlivedVikingoutpostatL'AnseauxMeadows,Newfoundland.
1492
Nia,Pinta,&SantaMara.Columbus'sfirstvoyageexploresBahamas,Cuba,andHispaniola.
1497
Mathew.CabotexpeditiontoNewfoundlandandLabrador.
149799
SoGabriel.Gama'sflagshiponfirstvoyageroundCapeofGoodHopetoIndia.
151922
Victoria,etc.Magellan/DeElcanocircumnavigation.
1524
Dauphine.VerrazzanoexploresNorthAmericafromNorthCarolinatoMaineandNewfoundland.
1534,153536,154142
GrandeHermine.CartierexpeditionstoCanada.
155354
EdwardBonaventure.Borough/ChancellorexpeditiontoMurmansk.
156769
LosReyes,etc.MendaatranspacificvoyagetoSolomonIslandsandback.
1576
Gabriel.Frobisher'sfirstsearchforNorthwestPassage.
1577
Aid,Gabriel,etc.Frobisher'ssecondexpedition.
157780
GoldenHind.Drakecircumnavigation.
1578
Aid,etc.Frobisher'sthirdexpedition.
1585
Sunneshine,etc.DavisexpeditiontoGreenland.
159596
SanJernimo,etc.Mendaa'ssecondexpedition,tocolonizeSolomonIslands.
1602
Concord.GosnoldexpeditiontoNewEngland.Discovery.WeymouthexpeditiontoCanada.
16056
Duyfken.JanszexploresnorthernAustralia.
SanPedroySanPablo,SanPedro,etc.Quirosexpedition

Page609

torediscoverSolomonIslands.TorrestransitsstraitbetweenAustraliaandNewGuineainSanPedro.
1607
SusanConstant.EstablishmentofEnglishcolonyatJamestown,Virginia.
1609
SeaVenture.ShipwreckedonBermuda.
HalveMaen.HudsonascendsHudsonRiver.
161011
Discovery.HudsonexpeditiontoHudsonBay.
161213
Discovery,etc.ExplorationofHudsonBay.
161516
Discovery.BylotandBaffinvoyagestoHudsonBayandLancasterSound.
161517
Eendracht,etc.SchoutenandLeMairefirsttoroundCapeHorn.
1616
Eendracht.HartoglandsinwesternAustralia.
161920
Unicorn.JensMunk'ssearchforNorthwestPassageinHudsonBay.
1620
Mayflower.PilgrimsreachPlymouth(Massachusetts).
164243
Heemskerck,etc.AbelTasmanexplorationofAustralia.
1644
Limmen,etc.Tasman'ssecondexpeditiontoAustralia.
166869
Nonsuch.CouartandRadissonvoyagetoHudsonBaylaysgroundworkforHudson'sBayCompany.
1679
Griffon.LaSalle'sship,firstEuropeanvesselontheGreatLakes.
168486
Belle,etc.LaSalleexpeditiontotheGulfCoast.
16981700
Paramore.Halleymakes2voyagestoSouthAtlanticforstudyofmagneticvariation.
16991701
Roebuck.DampierexpeditiontoexploreAustraliaandNewGuinea.
1701
Paramore.Halleymakes4monthstudyoftidesandtidalcurrentsinEnglishChannel.
170811
Dukeetal.Rogerscircumnavigation.
172122
Arend.Roggeveen'ssearchforsoutherncontinent.
172829
St.Gabriel.Bering'sfirstexpedition,throughBeringStrait.
174041
St.Peter&St.Paul.Bering'ssecondexpedition,inAlaska.
174044
HMSCenturion,Wager,etc.AnsoncircumnavigationByronshipwreck.
176466
HMSDolphin,etc.Byroncircumnavigation.
176668/69
HMSDolphin&Swallow.WallisandCarteretcircumnavigations.
176669
Boudeuse,etc.Bougainvillecircumnavigation.
176871
HMSEndeavour.Cook'sfirstexpeditiontoPacific.
176970
St.JeanBaptiste.SurvillecommercialexpeditionfromIndiatoPeru.
177274
Resolution&Adventure.Cook'ssecondexpeditiontoPacific.
177680
Resolution&Discovery.Cook'sthirdexpeditiontoPacific.
178588
Astrolabe&Boussole.LaProuse'sillfatedexpedition.
1788
HMSSirius.EstablishmentofBritishcolonyatBotanyBay,Australia.
178993
Descubierta.MalaspinaexplorationofPacificNorthwestandAustralia.
179193
Esperance.EntrecasteauxexpeditiontoPacificinsearchofLaProuse.
179195
Discovery,etc.Vancouvercircumnavigation.
1792
Sutil,etc.GalianoexploresPacificNorthwestforSpain.
179496
Union.Boitcircumnavigation.
18004
Gographe,etc.BaudinexplorationofAustraliaandcircumnavigation.
18013
HMSInvestigator.FlindersexploresAustralia.
18036
Nadezhda,etc.KrusensternleadsfirstRussiancircumnavigation.
1805
Joliba.Park'sboatontheNigerRiver.
1806
Resolution.ScoresbyattainsrecordfarthestnorthinGreenlandSea.
180713
Diana.GolovninvoyagefromRussiatoNorthwestPacificandJapan.
181518
Rurik.Kotzebuecircumnavigation.
181720
Uranie,etc.Freycinetcircumnavigation.
1818
Isabella,etc.JohnRosssearchesforNorthwestPassage.
181920
HMSHecla.ParryreachesMelvilleIslandinNorthwestPassage.
181921
Vostok.BellingshausenexpeditiontoAntarctica.
1820
Hero.AmericansealerunderNathanielB.PalmersailsnearPalmer(nowAntarctic)Peninsula.
182123
Hecla,etc.ParryexploresnorthernHudsonBay.
182225
Coquille(laterAstrolabe).Duperreycircumnavigation.
182326
Predpriyatiye.KotzebueexpeditiontoPacificcoastofNorthAmerica.
182425
Hecla,etc.ParryexploresPrinceRegentInletinNorthwestPassage.
182527
Blossom.BeecheyexpeditiontoPacificandArctic.
182629
Astrolabe.DumontD'UrvillecircumnavigationfindsrelicsofLaProuseexpedition.
182630
Senyavin.LitkescientificexpeditiontoPacificandcircumnavigation.
1827
Hecla.ParryattemptstoreachNorthPolefromSpitsbergen.
182933
Victory.JohnRoss'ssecondexpeditioninquestofNorthwestPassage.
183136
HMSBeagle.Fitzroy/DarwincircumnavigationviaSouthAmericaandGalapagos.
183637
HMSTerror.BackexpeditiontoHudsonBay.
183842
USSVincennes.Wilkescircumnavigation.
183943
HMSErebus&Terror.RossAntarcticexpedition.
184548
HMSErebus&Terror.Franklin'sillfatedsearchforNorthwestPassage.
184849
HMSInvestigator.RossexpeditioninsearchofFranklin.
185054
HMSInvestigator.McClureestablisheslastlinkofNorthwestPassagefromwest.
Advance.DeHavenArcticexpedition.
185254
Resolute.BelcherexpeditiontofindFranklin.
185759
Fox.M'ClintockfindsremainsofFranklinexpedition.
187173
USSPolaris.Hall'sthirdexpeditioninsearchofNorthPole.
187174
Tegetthoff.PayerandWeyprechtArcticexpeditiondiscoversFranzJosefLand.

Page610

187276
HMSChallenger.Naresoceanographicresearchexpedition.
187576
Alert,etc.NaresArcticexpedition.
187879
Vega.NordenskildcircumnavigatesEurasiaafterbecomingfirsttotraverseNortheastPassage.
187982
Jeannette.IllfatedDeLongexpeditioninquestofNorthPole.
189396
Fram.Nansen'sdriftintheArcticOcean.
189799
Belgica.GerlacheexpeditionfirsttowinterinAntarctica.
19014
HMSDiscovery.ScottleadsBritishNationalAntarcticExpedition.
19036
Gja.AmundsenfirsttocompleteNorthwestPassage.
19056
Roosevelt.Peary'sfourthArcticexpeditionestablishesnewfarthestnorth.
19079
Nimrod.Shackleton'sBritishImperialAntarcticExpedition.
190810
PourquoiPas?CharcotleadsfirstAntarcticexpedition.
1909
Roosevelt.Peary&HensonfirsttoreachNorthPole.
191012
Fram.AmundsenfirsttoreachSouthPole.
191013
TerraNova.Scott'sillfatedattempttoreachtheSouthPole.
191415
Endurance.ShipcrushediniceduringShackleton'sImperialTransAntarcticExpedition.
192154
Bowdoin.MacMillan'sArcticvoyages.
192527
Meteor.TopographicsurveyofAtlanticOceanfloor.
1931
Nautilus.Wilkinsonexpeditionfirstsubmarineundertheicepack.
194142
St.Roch.LarsenexpeditionsecondtotraverseNorthwestPassage,firstfromwesttoeast.
1947
KonTiki.HeyerdahlexpeditionfromPerutoTuamotusinreedraft.
1958
USSNautilus.Andersontakessubmarineto90NfirstvesselatNorthPole.
1969
Manhattan.FirstcommercialvesseltotransitNorthwestPassage.
1970
RaII.HeyerdahltransatlanticexpeditionfromMoroccotoBarbadosinreedboat.
1975
Arktika.FirstsurfaceshiptoNorthPole.
197677
Brendan.SeverinrecreateslegendarytransatlanticvoyageofSt.Brendanincurragh.
197778
Tigris.HeyerdahlexpeditionfromPersianGulftoEastAfricainreedboat.
1980
Sohar.SeverinexpeditionfromOmantoChinaintraditionaldhow.
1984
Argo.SeverinretracesBlackSearouteofmythicalArgonautsfromGreecetoGeorgia.
1995
Hawai'iloa.PolynesianvoyagingcanoerecreatestraditionalvoyagefromHawaiitoTahiti.
NavalHistory
AntiquitytotheEarlyModernPeriod
480BCE
BattleofSalamis:GreekfleetledbyAtheniansdefeatsPersianinvasion.
241BCE
BattleoftheEgadiIslands(Sicily):RomanfleetwinsdecisivevictoryoverCarthaginianstoendFirstPunicWar.
31BCESept.2
BattleofActium(Greece):MarcAntonyandCleopatradefeatedbyfleetunderOctavian(laterAugustus)datemarksRome'stransitionfromrepublictoempire.
838CE
VikingscaptureDublin,Ireland.
1000
Battleofresund:OlafTryggvasonkilledcontrolofsouthernNorwaypassestoEirik.
1066
NormanConquestofEngland:WilliamtheConquerorlaunchesinvasionacrosstheEnglishChannelanddefeatsKingHaraldatBattleofHastings.
1340June24
BattleofSluys(Netherlands):EnglishwincontroloftheEnglishChannelfromFrenchatstartofHundredYears'War.
1512Aug.10
EnglishdefeatFrenchinbattleoffBrestLaCordeliresunk.
1544July19
MaryRosesunkatPortsmouthduringFrenchinvasion.
1568Sept.23
EnglishshipsunderHawkins,inJesusofLubeck,beatenbySpanishatSanJuandeUlloa,Mexico.
1571Oct.7
BattleofLepanto:ChristiancoalitiondefeatsTurksatmouthofGulfofCorinth,Greece.
1588July31Aug.8
SpanishArmadaaganistEnglandendsinfailure.
1591Sept.8
LastfightofRevengeagainstsuperiorSpanishforceintheAzores.
1628Apr10
SwedishflagshipWasasinksoffStockholmonmaidenvoyage.
1651Oct.9
NavigationActrestrictsEnglishtradetoEnglishshipsandrequiressalutetoEnglishflagfromforeignshipsintheEnglishChannel.
1652May29
BattleofDover(Downs):Trompvs.Blake(prelude).
July8
FirstAngloDutchWarofficiallybegins.
Oct.8
BattleofKentishKnock:BritishfleetunderBlakedefeatsDutchunderWittedeWith.
Dec.10
BattleofDungeness:DutchfleetunderTrompdefeatsEnglishunderBlake.
1653Feb.28Mar.2
ThreeDays'Battle(BattleofPortland):EnglishunderBlakeandMonckdefeatDutchunderTromp.
June1213
BattleofNorthForeland(GabbardBank):EnglishfleetunderMonckandDeanedefeatsDutchunderTromp.
Aug.810
BattleofScheveningen(orTexel):EnglishunderMonckdefeatDutchTrompkilled.

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Dec.16
CromwellmadeLordProtectoroftheCommonwealth(untilSept.3,1658).
1654Apr.5
TreatyofWestminsterendswarbetweenEnglandandtheNetherlands.
1660May8
CharlesIIproclaimedKingofEngland.
1664Dec.1666Feb.
GreatPlagueinLondon.
1665Mar.14
SecondAngloDutchWarbegins.
June13
BattleofLowestoft:EnglishfleetunderDukeofYorkdefeatsDutchundervanObdam,whoiskilled.
1666June1114
FourDays'BattleintheChannel:DutchunderdeRuyterdefeattheEnglish.
Aug.45
St.James'DayFight(BattleofNorthForeland):EnglishdefeatDutch.
Sept.24
GreatLondonfire.
1667June1923
DutchfleetsailintotheThamesanduptheMedway,capturingHMSRoyalCharles.
July21
TreatyofBredaendswarbetweenEnglandandtheNetherlands.
1672Mar.17
ThirdAngloDutchWarbegins.
June7
BattleofSolebay:DutchdefeattheEnglish.
1673June7&14
BattlesofSchooneveldt:DutchgainstrategicvictoriesovertheEnglishfleet.
Aug.21
BattleofCamperdown(Texel):DutchvictoryovercombinedFrenchandEnglishfleet.
1674Feb.9
TreatyofWestminsterendswarbetweenEnglandandtheNetherlands.
1676June1
Battleofland:DanishDutchfleetdefeatsSwedesKronansunk.
1689Feb.13
WilliamIIIandMaryproclaimedKingandQueenofEngland.
May7
WaroftheLeagueofAugsburgstarts.EnglandandFranceatwaruntilPeaceofRyswick,Sept.1697.
1690July10
BattleofBeachyHead:FrenchfleetdefeatsEnglish.
1692May28June2
BattleofLaHogue(Barfleur):FrenchfleetnearlydestroyedbyAngloDutchfleet.
1702May4
WaroftheSpanishSuccessionmakesEnglandandFranceadversariesPeaceofUtrechtconcludedin1713.
Oct.23
EnglishdefeatFrenchfleetatVigo,Spain.
1704Aug.4
EnglishseizeGibraltar.
1756May20
BattleofMinorca:ByngfailstopresshomeEnglishattackonPortMahoninfirstactionofSevenYears'Warheislaterhanged.
1759Aug.1819
BattleofLagosBay:violatingPortugueseneutrality,BritishdestroyFrenchsquadron.
Nov.20
BattleofQuiberonBay:BritishbestFrenchfleetinhomewaters.
1763Feb.10
TreatyofParisendsSevenYears'War.
EraoftheAmericanRevolution
1769July19
MerchantsofNewport,RhodeIsland,burnBritishcustomsboatLiberty.
1773Dec.16
Unknownpartiesstagethe''BostonTeaParty"aboardthemerchantshipDartmouthtoprotestimportduties.
1775Apr.19
AmericanRevolutionstartswiththe"Shotheardroundtheworld"attheBattlesofLexingtonandConcord.
Sept.5
SchoonerHannahembarksonfirstnavalmissionpaidforbytheContinentalCongress.
1776March
Hopkins,withAlfred,Providence,Hornet,Wasp,&others,occupiesNassau,Bahamas,for2weeks.
Apr.7
LexingtoncapturesEdward,firstvictoryofContinentalNavyinsingleshipaction.
July4
DeclarationofIndependenceisapprovedbyCongress.
Sept.5
Bushnell'ssubmersibleTurtleattemptstosinkHMSEagleinNewYorkHarbor.
Oct.1113
AmericansgainstrategicvictoryatBattleofValcourIsland,LakeChamplain,butlosePhiladelphia&othervessels.
1777Sept.19
LexingtoncapturedbyHMSAlertoffFrance.
Sept.27
BritishseizePhiladelphia.
1778Jan.2730
CrewofProvidenceseizeFortNassau,Bahamas.
Feb.6
FrancesignsTreatiesofCommerceandAlliancewithUnitedStates.
Feb.14
RangerfirstAmericanwarshipsalutedbyaforeignvesselLaMottePiquet'sRobusteinQuiberonBay,France.
Mar.29
AlfredcapturedbyHMSAriadne&CeresinWestIndies.
Apr.25
RangercapturesHMSDrakeoffCarrickfergus,Ireland.
July27
BattleofUshant:indecisivecontestbetweenBritishandFrenchfleetsoffFrance.
1779July25Aug.13
AmericanexpeditionaryforceagainstBritishstrongholdonPenobscotBayendsinfailureDefence&Warrenamong40shipslost.
Aug.14Sept.22
BonhommeRichard,Alliance,&othersraidBritishshippingintheIrishSea.
Sept.9
HMSRosescuttledinSavannahRiver.
Sept.23
BonhommeRichardcapturesHMSSerapisoffFlamboroughHead,England.JonessailstoNetherlandsinSerapiswhenhisshipsinks.
Nov.24
HMSHussarsinksoffHellGate,NewYork.
1780Jan.16
BattleofCapeSt.Vincent:BritishfleetunderRodneybreaksSpanishblockadeofGibraltar.
May11
Ranger,etc.capturedatfallofCharleston,SouthCarolina.
1781Apr.16
SuffrenattacksEnglishfleetanchoredatPortoPraya,CapeVerdeIslands.
May27
AlliancecapturesHMSTrepassy&Atalanta.
Sept.5
BattleoftheChesapeake:FrenchfleetpreventsBritishfromrelievingCornwallisatYorktown.
Oct.19
CornwallissurrendersBritisharmytoWashingtonatYorktown,Virginia.

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1782Feb.17
FrenchfleetunderSuffren(inHros)engagesBritishfleetunderHughesatMadras,India.
Apr.12
BattleoftheSaintes:BritishfleetunderRodneydefeatsFrenchunderdeGrasseinWestIndies.BattleofProvidien:FrenchfleetunderSuffrenseriouslydamages
EnglishfleetoffCeylon.
July6
SuffrenfailstodislodgeEnglishfleetfromNegapatam,India.
Sept.3
BattleofTrincomaleeoffCeylonisstrategicallyindecisiveSuffrenwithdrawstoSumatraforrepairs.
1783Mar.11
AlliancefightsoffHMSAlarm,Sybil,&Tobago.
June20
SuffrenbreaksEnglishblockadeofCuddalore,India,inlastof5engagementswithEnglishfleet.
Sept.3.
PeaceofParisendshostilitiesbetweenBritain,theUnitedStates,France,andSpain.
FrenchRevolutiontotheWarof1812
1792Sept.21
Franceproclaimsarepublic.
1793Jan.21
ExecutionofLouisXVI.
Feb.1
FrenchRevolutionaryWarsstartwithFrenchdeclarationofwaragainstGreatBritain.
Dec.18
AidedbyFrenchroyalists,BritishforcesburnFrenchfleetatToulon.
1794Mar.10
U.S.Congressauthorizesconstructionof6frigates:Chesapeake,Congress,Constellation,Constitution,President,&UnitedStates.
May28June1
BattleoftheGloriousFirstofJune:FrenchgainstrategicvictoryovertheBritish.
1797Feb.14
BattleofCapeSt.Vincent:BritishdefeatSpanishfleetoffPortland.
Apr.15
BritishsailorsattheSpitheadmutinyforbettertreatmentmanydemandsaremet.
June30
SecondBritishmutinyattheNoreputdownbyforce.
Sept.21
MutinyaboardfrigateHMSHermioneoffPuertoRico.
Oct.11
BattleofCamperdown:BritishdefeatDutchfleetintendingtoassistFrenchlandinginIreland.
1798Aug.12
BattleoftheNile(AboukirBay):NelsondefeatsBrueys.
1799Feb.1
USSConstellationcapturesL'InsurgenteoffNevisduringQuasiWarwithFrance.
1801Apr.2
BattleofCopenhagen:BritishfleetunderHydeParkerandNelsondefeatsDanish.
1802Mar.27
PeaceofAmiensbetweenGreatBritainandFrance.
18035
AmericanfleetblockadesNorthAfricancoastbetweenTripoliandTunisinefforttostoptributepaymentstoNorthAfricanstates.
1803Oct.31
USSPhiladelphiarunsagroundoffTripoliandiscaptured.
1804Feb.16
CapturedUSSPhiladelphiaburnedatTripolibyAmericanforceunderDecatur.
May18
NapoleonproclaimedEmperorofFrance.
Sept.4
Packedwithgunpowder,USSIntrepidexplodesprematurelyatTripoli,killingAmericancrew.
1805Apr.10July27
Villeneuve'sfleetsailsfromSpaintoWestIndiesandback,pursuedbyNelson.
May17
AmericanmarinesandsailorscaptureDerna,Tripoli.
July22
BattleofCapeFinisterre:CalderfailstopressBritishadvantageagainstVilleneuve'sreturningfleet.
Oct.21
BattleofTrafalgar:BritishfleetdemolishesFrancoSpanishfleetoffSpainNelsonkilled.
Oct.27
FrenchoccupyBerlin.
Nov.4
ActionoffCapeOrtegal:Britishcapture4FrenchshipsofthelineFrenchandSpanishshipscapturedorsunkatTrafalgarandinrelatedactionstotal22of33.
Dec.2
NapoleonwinsdecisivevictoryoverAustrianandRussianarmiesatBattleofAusterlitz.
1807June22
USSChesapeakesurrenderstoHMSLeopardfollowingunprovokedattackbytheBritishduringsearchfordeserters.
1811May17
USSPresidentengagesHMSLittleBeltofftheChesapeakeinretaliationforBritishimpressmentofAmericanseamen.
1812JuneDecember
FrencharmyshatteredduringdisastrousinvasionofRussia.
Warof1812toCrimeanWar
1812June18
U.S.declareswaronGreatBritain.
July1720
USSConstitutionnarrowlyescapesBritishsquadronafterprolongedchase.
Aug.19
USSConstitutiondefeatsHMSGuerrirethelatterissunkthenextday.
Oct.18
USSWaspcapturesHMSFroliceastoftheChesapeake.
Oct.25
USSUnitedStatescapturesHMSMacedoniansouthoftheAzores.
Dec.29
USSConstitutiondefeatsHMSJavaoffcoastofBrazil.
181314
BritishmaintaintightblockadeofAmericancoast,especiallyoffConnecticutandinChesapeakeBay.
1813Feb.24
USSHornetsinksHMSPeacockoffDemarara,BritishGuiana.
June1
HMSShannoncapturesUSSChesapeakeoffBoston,Massachusetts.
Aug.8
SchoonersHamilton&ScourgesunkinsqualloffNiagaraRiverinLakeOntario.
Aug.14
USSArguscapturedbyHMSPelicanaftermonthlongspreeagainstBritishcommerceinIrishSea.
Sept.5
USSEnterprisedefeatsHMSBoxeroffPortland,Maine.

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Sept.10
BattleofLakeErie(PutInBay):AmericansunderPerrydefeatBritish.
Oct.5
BattleoftheThames:AmericansunderHarrisondefeatTecumsehandProcterinUpperCanada(Ontario).
1814Mar.28
HMSPhoebe&CherubdefeatUSSEssexatValparaiso.
Mar.31
EuropeanalliesenterParis.Napoleonabdicates
Apr.11
retirestoElbaMay4.
Apr.29
USSPeacockcapturesHMSEpervier.
June28
USSWaspdefeatsHMSReindeer,whichislatersunk,offFrance.
July25
BattleofLundy'sLane:AmericansdefeatBritishinOntario(UpperCanada).
Aug.14
BritishburnWashington,D.C.
Sept.1
USSWaspsinksHMSAvonoffFrance.
Sept.11
BattleofLakeChamplain:MacdonoughdefeatsDowniein"thegreatestnavalbattleofthewar"andamajorAmericanvictory.
Sept.1314
SiegeofFortMcHenry,BaltimoreFrancisScottKeywritesnationalanthem.
Sept.27
PrivateerGeneralArmstrongscuttledatFayalafterspiriteddefenseagainstBritishattack.
Dec.24
TreatyofGhentendsWarof1812ratifiedatWashington,D.C.,Feb.18,1815.
1815Jan.8
BattleofNewOrleans:JacksondefeatsBritisharmy.
Jan.15
USSPresidentcapturedafterrunningbattlewithHMSMajestic,Endymion,Pomone,&Tenedos.
Feb.20
USSConstitutioncapturesHMSCyane&LevantnearMadeira.
Feb.26
AmericanprivateerChasseurcapturesschoonerSt.LawrenceoffCuba.
Mar.23
USSHornetcapturesHMSPenguinoffTristandaCunha.
June18
BattleofWaterloo:FrenchdefeateddecisivelyNapoleonabdicatesasecondtime,June22.
June30
USSPeacockcapturesEastIndiaCompanyshipNautilusnearAnjer.
185356
CrimeanWar:RussiansdefeatTurksatBattleofSinope(Nov.30,1853)BritishandFrenchnavalforcesoperateinBalticandoffCrimeasteam,screws,andshells
areusedextensivelyforthefirsttime.
AmericanCivilWar
1860Nov.6
AbrahamLincolnelectedPresidentoftheU.S.
Dec.20
SouthCarolinasecedesfromUnion.
1861Jan.9
SteamerStaroftheWestcomesunderfirewhilebringingarmsandsuppliestoFortSumteratCharleston,SouthCarolina.
Feb.8
JeffersonDaviselectedPresidentoftheConfederateStatesofAmerica.
Apr.12
USSHarrietLanefiresfirstshotoftheCivilWar,tryingtostopaninboundshipatCharleston,SouthCarolina,beforethebombardmentofFortSumter,whichstarts
laterthatday.
Apr.17
StaroftheWestcapturedoffTexasandtakenintoConfederateNavyasSaintPhilip.
Apr.19
UniondeclaresblockadeofsouthernportsblockadingsquadronsincludeNorthAtlantic(VirginiatoNorthCarolina),SouthAtlantic(SouthCarolinatoKeyWest,
Florida),EastGulf(KeyWesttoPensacola,Florida),andWestGulf(PensacolatoTexas).
Apr.20
UnionsoldiersburnshipsinGosportNavyYard(Norfolk,Virginia)topreventtheircapturebyConfederateforces.
July11
ConfederateNavySecretaryauthorizesconversionofburnedhulkofUSSMerrimacktocentralbatteryshipCSSVirginia.
July21
BattleofManassas,Maryland(1stBullRun):UnionArmyrouted.
Aug.29
FederalforcescaptureFortsClarkandHatterasatHatterasInlet,NorthCarolina.
Oct.25
USSMonitorlaiddown.
Nov.8Jan.1,1862
TrentAffair:tensionsbetweenU.S.andBritainstrainedoverarrestofConfederateagentsaboardBritishshiponhighseas.
1862Jan.12
Semmes'sCSSSumterdetainedatGibraltaraftertaking18prizesin6months.
February
WesternGunboatFlotillahelpscaptureFortsHenry(Feb.6)andDonelson(Feb.16)ontheCumberlandRiverinTennessee.
Feb.25
USSMonitorcommissionedatNewYork.
Mar.8
CSSVirginiasinksUSSCumberland&Congress,andengagesUSSMinnesotaoffYorktownPeninsula.USSMonitorarrives2daysoutofNewYork.
Mar.9
BattleofHamptonRoads:firstironcladbattle,betweenUSSMonitor&CSSVirginia,ushersinnewerainnavalwarfare.
Apr.67
BattleofShiloh,Tennessee:Confederatesdefeated.
Apr.24
WestGulfBlockadingSquadronascendsMississippiRiverandentersNewOrleans,May1.
May11
CSSVirginiablownupinJamesRiver,Virginia,topreventcapturebyUnionforces.
June6
Memphis,Tennessee,fallstoUnionforces.
Aug.24
ConfederateraiderCSSAlabamacommissionedoffAzoresbySemmes.Overthenext23monthsshecaptures55ships.
Sept.17
BattleofAntietam:Confederatesdefeated.
Sept.22
LincolnfreesslaveswithEmancipationProclamation.
October
WesternGunboatFlotillacommandtransferredfromArmytoNavy.
Oct.4
WestGulfBlockadingSquadroncapturesGalveston,Texas.

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Dec.12
USSCairominedandsunkonYazooRivernearBainesBluff,Mississippi.
Dec.31
USSMonitorfoundersoffCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,whileintowofUSSRhodeIsland.
1863Jan.1
ConfederatesretakeGalvestonUSSHarrietLanecaptured.
Jan.11
ConfederateraiderCSSAlabamasinksauxiliaryschoonerUSSHatterassouthofGalveston.
Jan.16
CSSFloridaleavesMobileforraidingcruiseduringwhichshetakes33prizesin7months.
Apr.9
CSSGeorgiastarts6monthraidingcruiseduringwhichshetakes9prizes.
May14
BattleofChancellorsville,Virginia:Confederatesvictoriousbut"Stonewall"Jacksonfatallywounded.
June25
MikadoofJapanordersexpulsionofallforeignersfromJapan.
June27
ConfederatesworkingfromcapturedschoonerArcherseizerevenuecutterCalebCushinginCascoBay,Mainevesselburnedandcrewcapturedthenextday.
July13
UnionvictoryatBattleofGettysburg,Pennsylvania.
July9
UniontakescontrolofMississippiRiverafterfallofVicksburg,Mississippi(July4),andPortHudson,Louisiana(July6).
July16
USSWyomingengagesJapanesefortsatShimonoseki,Japan.
Oct.5
CSSDavidattacksUSSNewIronsidesatCharleston,SouthCarolina.
Nov.2325
BattleofChattanooga,Tennessee:Confederatesdefeated.
1864Feb.17
SubmarineH.L.HunleyattacksUSSHousatonicwithspartorpedobothvesselssink.
June18
Grantbegins10monthsiegeofPetersburg,Virginia.
June19
USSKearsargesinksConfederateraiderCSSAlabamaoffCherbourg,France.
Aug.5
BattleofMobileBay:UnionforcescaptureCSSTennessee.
Sept.2
UnionArmycapturesAtlanta,Georgia
Oct.7
USSWachusettseizesCSSFloridaatBaha,Brazil.
Oct.19
CommerceraiderCSSShenandoahbegins11monthcruise.
Dec.21
UnionArmycapturesSavannah,Georgia.
1865Jan.15
FortFisher,NorthCarolina,capturedbyNorthAtlanticBlockadingSquadron.
Apr.9
LeesurrendersatAppomattox,Virginia,CourtHouse,endingCivilWar.
Apr.14
LincolnassassinatedbyJohnWilkesBooth.
Apr.27
SultanaburnsonMississippiRiverwithlossof1,547people,mostlyveterans.
Nov.6
CommerceraiderCSSShenandoahendscruiseatLiverpool.
1872Sept.14
"Alabamaclaims"settledbyinternationaltribunalBritishgovernmentfined$15.5millionforlossestoAmericanshippingattributedtoBritishbuiltConfederateraiders
Alabama,Tuscaloosa,Florida,andShenandoah.
TheEndofPaxBritannica
1877May29
DuringPeruvianinsurrection,HuascarengagedbyHMSShah&AmethystoffIlo,Peru.
1879May21
WarofthePacific:HuascarramsandsinksChileanscrewcorvetteEsmeraldaoffIquique,Chile
Oct.8
HuascarcapturedafterbattlewithCochrane&BlancoEncaladaoffAntofagasta,Chile.
1898Feb.15
USSMaineblowsupatHavana,Cuba.
Mar.19May24
USSOregonsteams14,000milesfromSanFranciscotoFloridainrecord66days.
Apr.24
U.S.declareswaronSpain.
May1
BattleofManilaBay:U.S.fleetdestroysSpain'sPhilippinesfleet.
July3
BattleofSantiago:U.S.destroysSpain'sCubanfleet.
Dec.10
TreatyofParisendsSpanishAmericanWar.
1904Feb.89
JapanesedestroyerslaunchsurpriseattackonRussianfleetinPortArthur,China.
Aug.10
BattleoftheYellowSea:JapaneseengageRussianfleet.
1905May2728
BattleofTsushima:JapaneseannihilateRussianfleet,intransitfromBalticsinceOctober1904.
June27July6
PotemkinmutinyatOdessa,Russia.
Sept.5
TreatyofPortsmouthendsRussoJapaneseWar.
1909July1
AgadirCrisisprecipitatedbyarrivalofGermangunboatPantheratAgadir,Morocco.
WorldWarI
1914June28
AssassinationofAustriaHungary'sArchdukeFerdinandinSarajevo.
July28
AustriadeclareswaronSerbiaWorldWarIbegins.
July31
SMSEmdenbegins3monthcommerceraidingcruiseinPacificandIndianOceans.
Aug.2
BritishseizeTurkishSultanOsmanI&ReshadiehonwayslatercommissionedasHMSAgincourt&Erin.
Aug.10
SMSGoeben&BreslaureachConstantinopleandrenamedYavuzSultanSelim&Midilli.
Aug.21
ArmedmerchantcruiserKaiserWilhelmderGrosseattackedandscuttledatRiodeOro,SpanishSahara.
Aug.26
RussiansseizeGermancodebooksfromSMSMagdeburg.
Aug.28
BattleofHeligolandBight.
Sept.5
U21sinksHMSPathfinder,firstwarshiplosttosubmarine.
Sept.14
CommerceraidersCapTrafalgarsunk,andCarmaniadamaged,inactionoffBrazil.

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Sept.22
U9sinksHMSAboukir,Cressy,&HogueofftheNetherlands.
Oct.27
BattleshipHMSAudacioussunkafterhittingminenorthofIreland.
Nov.1
BattleofCoronel:GermansquadronunderGrafSpeedefeatsBritishoffChileHMSGoodHope&MonmouthsunkbySMSScharnhorst&Gneisenau.
Nov.3
GermanfleetraidsYarmouth,England.
Nov.4
SMSKarlsruheexplodesinmidatlantic.
Nov.7
GermancolonyatTsingtao,China,surrenderstoJapanese.
Nov.9
HMASSydneysinksEmdenatDirectionIsland,IndianOcean.
Dec.8
BattleoftheFalklandIslands:SMSScharnhorst,Gneisenau,Leipzig,&NrnbergsunkbyHMSInvincible&Inflexible.
Dec.16
GermanfleetraidsScarboroughandHartlepool.
1915Jan.24
BattleofDoggerBank:SMSBlchersunk.
Feb.18
GermanybeginsUboatblockadeofBritain.
Apr.7
LusitaniatorpedoedbyU20offIreland1,201liveslost.
Apr.11
KronprinzWilhelmputsintoHamptonRoads,Virginia,andinterned.
Apr.25
BritishGallipolicampaignagainstTurkeybegins.
May13
ItalydeclareswaronAustriaHungary.
May2527
U21sinksHMSTriumph&MajesticoffGallipoli.
June11
SMSKnigsbergsunkinTanganyika.
Aug.19
ArabicsunkbyU24Germanyissues"ArabicPledge"toeaseUboatcampaign.
1916Jan.9
AllieswithdrawfromGallipoli.
Mar.24
SussextorpedoedbyUB29GermanystopsunrestrictedUboatwarfare.
May31
BattleofJutland:lossesincludebattlecruisersHMSIndefatigable&Invincible,armoredcruisersDefence,etc.GermanslosebattlecruiserSMSLtzow,etc.
June5
HMSHampshireminedoffOrkneysMinisterofWarLordKitchenerkilled.
1917Feb.3
Germanyresumesunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare.
Mar.12
ProvisionalgovernmentinRussia.
Apr.6
U.S.declareswaronGermany.
Aug.2
SeeadlerwreckedinSocietyIslandsafter8monthcommerceraidingcruise.
Nov.7
AuroraopensfireatstartofBolshevikoverthrowofRussia'sprovisionalgovernment.
Dec.6
MunitionsfreighterMontBlancexplodesaftercollidingwithImoatHalifax,NovaScotia2,0003,000peoplekilledand9,000injured.
1918Jan.20
Breslausunk&GoebendamagedbyminesnearDardanelles.
Mar.3
TreatyofBrestLitovsk:Russialeavesthewar.
Apr.23
HMSVindictivesunkasblockshipatZeebrugge,Belgium.
May14
GermansoccupySevastopolintheCrimea.
June10
ItalianMAS15torpedoesAustroHungarianbattleshipSzentIstvninAdriatic.
Nov.11
GermanysignsarmisticeGermanfleetinternedatScapaFlow,Nov.21.
1919June21
GermanHighSeasFleetscuttledatScapaFlow.
June28
TreatyofVersaillessigned.
BetweentheWorldWars
1922Feb.6
WashingtonNavalTreatyimposeslimitsonfleetstrengths:BritainandtheU.S.,525,000tonsJapan,315,000tonsFranceandItaly,175,000tons.Nonewcapital
ships(largerthan10,000tons,with8inchguns)tobebuiltfor10yearsmaximumtonnagefixedforcapitalships,aircraftcarriers,andcruisers.
1930Apr.30
LondonNavalConferenceconfirmsthe5:5:3ratioinbattleshipconstruction(ItalyandFrancerefusetosign)until1936andregulatessubmarinewarfare.
1934Dec.19
JapanrepudiatestermsofWashingtonandLondonnavalconferencestoprotestBritishandU.S.refusaltoallowJapantoachieveparitywiththeminrearmament.
1936Mar.26
LondonNavalTreatybetweenBritain,France,andU.S.callsforexchangeofinformationaboutconstructiondetailsGermannavaltonnagelimitedto35percentof
RoyalNavy.
1937Apr.30
SpanishbattleshipEspaaminedandsunkduringSpanishCivilWar.
1939MayJune
JewishimmigrantsaboardSt.LouisrefusedentrancetotheU.S.in"voyageofthedamned."
WorldWarII
1939Sept.1
GermanyinvadesPoland.
Sept.3
U30torpedoessteamshipAthenia.
Sept.17
HMSCourageoussunkbyU29offIreland.
Oct.14
HMSRoyalOaksunkbyU47atScapaFlow.
Nov.23
RawalpindisunkbyScharnhorst&Gneisenau.
Dec.13
BattleoftheRiverPlatebetweenAdmiralGrafSpeeandHMSAchilles,Ajax,&Exeter.
1940Feb.16
HMSCossackfreesPOWsfromAltmarkinNorwegianfjord.
Apr.89
OperationWeserbung:Blcher,Karlsruhe,&KnigsbergsunkduringinvasionofNorwayHMSGlowwormsunkrammingAdmiralHipper.
May9
U110capturedwithEnigmaencodingmachinery.
May10
GermanyinvadesFrance.
June8
HMSGlorioussunkbyScharnhorst&GneisenauoffNorway.
July3
BritishattackFrenchfleetatOran,AlgeriaStrasbourgescapes.

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Sept.13
CityofBenaressunkinconvoywithlossof73childrenand172adults.
Sept.25
BritishattackFrenchfleetatDakar.
Nov.5
JervisBaysunkbyAdmiralScheer.
Nov.1112
RaidonTaranto,Italy:carrierplanesfromHMSIllustrioussinkbattleshipContediCavouranddamageLittorio&Duilio.
Nov.25
Jewishresistancegroupaccidentallykills252JewishrefugeesinintentionalbombingofrefugeeshipPatriaatHaifa,Palestine.
1941Mar.28
BattleofCapeMatapan:VittorioVenetodamagedbyBritishcarrieraircraft.
May1827
BismarcksortieswithPrinzEugensinksHMSHood,May24Bismarcksunk,May27.
May27
AlliesevacuateCrete.
June22
GermaninvasionofSovietUnion.
Aug.14
RooseveltandChurchillannounceAtlanticCharterthefoundationoftheUnitedNationsaftermeetingsaboardUSSAugusta&HMSPrinceofWales.
Sept.4
USSGreerengagesU652.
Oct.16
USSKearnytorpedoedbyGermanUboat.
Oct.31
USSReubenJamessunkbyU562.
Nov.13
HMSArkRoyalsunkinMediterraneanbyU81.
Nov.19
HMASSydneysunkinactionwithKormoranoffAustralia.
Nov.25
HMSBarhamsunkbyU331inMediterranean.
Dec.7
JapanesesurpriseattackonPearlHarbor:U.S.lossesincludeseveralbattleshipsbutnocarriers.
Dec.10
HMSRepulse&PrinceofWalessunkbyJapaneseplanesoffMalaya.
Dec.19
HMSQueenElizabeth&ValiantsunkbyItalianfrogmenatAlexandria,Egypt.
1942Jan.29
USSYorktownleadsattackonMarshallIslands.
Feb.1113
OperationCerberus:Gneisenau,PrinzEugen,&ScharnhorstmakeChannelDashfromBresttoKiel.
Feb.18(?)
SubmarineSurcoufsunkinCaribbean.
Feb.19
JapanesecarrierraidonDarwin,Australia.
Feb.2728
BattleofJavaSea:AlliedlossesincludeDeRuyter,USSHouston,HMASPerthUSSLangleysunksouthofJava.
Apr.59
JapaneseraidCeylonHMSHermessunk.
Apr.14
HMSUpholderlostinMediterranean.
Apr.18
DoolittleRaidonJapanlaunchedfromUSSHornet.
May4
USSPigeonsunkinManilaBayAmericanforcessurrenderPhilippines,May6.
May38
BattleofCoralSea:firstinwhichenemyshipsarenotvisibletooneanothercarriersShoho&USSLexingtonsunk.
June47
BattleofMidway:JapaneselosecarriersAkagi,Hiryu,Soryu,&KagaUSSYorktownalsosunk.
July4
ConvoyPQ17scatters21of35shipssunkinBarentsSea.
Aug.7
U.S.MarineslandonGuadalcanal.
Aug.9
BattleofSavoIsland:allieslose3cruisersoffGuadalcanal.
Aug.1014
OperationPedestal:tankerOhioand3merchantshipsreachMalta.
Aug.2325
BattleofEasternSolomons:USSEnterprise&Saratogavs.Zuikaku&Shokaku.
Sept.27
LibertyshipStephenHopkins&GermanraiderStiersinkeachotherinSouthAtlantic.
Oct.11
BattleofCapeEsperance,Guadalcanal:U.S.claimsfirstvictoryinnightaction.
Oct.2627
BattleofSantaCruzIslands:carriersUSSHornet&Zuihosunk.
Nov.810
OperationTorch:AlliedlandingsinNorthAfrica.
Nov.1215
NavalBattleofGuadalcanal:USSJuneausunkwith5SullivanbrothersUSSWashingtonsinksKirishima.
1943Feb.2
GermanArmysurrendersbeforeStalingrad.
FebruaryJapaneseevacuateGuadalcanal.
May9
GermansevacuateNorthAfrica.
May13
HospitalshipCentaursunkbyI177offNewZealand.
July6
BattleofKulaGulf,NewGeorgia.
July10
AlliedlandingsinSicily.
Aug.2
PT109sunkoffKolombangara,SolomonIslands.
Sept.8
Italysurrenders.
Sept.22
FirstattacksonTirpitzatAltenfjord,Norway.
Nov.20
U.S.landingonTarawaandMakin,GilbertIslands.
Dec.26
BattleofNorthCape:ScharnhorstsunkbyHMSDukeofYork.
1944Feb.15
U.S.landingonKwajalein,MarshallIslands.
Apr.14
ExplosionaboardFortStikinesinks27shipsandkills1,376peopleinBombay,India.
Apr.28
LST507&LST289sunkoffSlaptonSands,England.
May1931
USSEnglandsinks6JapanesesubmarinesinMarianas.
June4
U505capturedinmidatlantic.
June6
Dday:AlliedlandingsinNormandy,France.
June15
U.S.landingonSaipan,MarianaIslands.
July17
ExplosionsaboardE.A.Bryan&QuinaultVictorykill321peopleatPortChicago,California.
Aug.15
AlliedlandingsinsouthernFrance.
Aug.19
BattleofthePhilippineSea("GreatMarianasTurkeyShoot"):Japaneselosemorethan400carrieraircraftandcarriersShokaku,Taiho,&Hiyo.
Oct.2325
BattleofLeyteGulf,comprisingBattlesofSibuyanSea,SurigaoStrait,Samar,andCapeEngao.
Oct.23
USSDace&DarterattackAtago,Takao,&MayainPalawanPassage.
Oct.24
USSPrincetonsunkeastofPhilippines,MusashiinSibuyanSea,USSTanginFormosaStrait.
Oct.25
Fuso,Yamashiro,&MogamisunkinSurigao

Page617

StraitUSSGambierBay,Hoel,&JohnstonsunkoffSamarUSSSt.LfirstshipsunkbykamikazecarriersZuiho,Zuikaku,Chiyoda,&ChitosesunkoffCape
Engao.
Nov.12
TirpitzsunkoffTromsbybombers.
1945Jan.30
WilhelmGustloffsunkbyS13offPolandmorethan5,000killed.
Feb.19Mar.16
AlliedlandingsonIwoJima.
Apr.1June21
AlliedlandingsonOkinawa.
Apr.7
YamatosunkbycarrieraircraftoffJapan.
Apr.12
Pres.RooseveltdiessucceededbyTruman.
Apr.16
KamikazeattacksonUSSLaffeyoffOkinawa.
May8
VEDay:alliesproclaimvictoryinEurope.
July30
USSIndianapolissunkbyI58offTinian.
Aug.6,9
U.S.dropsatomicbombsonHiroshimaandNagasaki.
Sept.2
JapanesesurrendersignedaboardUSSMissouriinTokyoBay
Oct.24
UNcharterratifiedby29nations.
TheColdWar
1953June25July27
KoreanWar.
1959
USSGeorgeWashingtonfirstballisticmissilesubmarinecommissioned.
1962October
CubanMissileCrisis:U.S.declaresnavalblockadeofCubatosecureremovalofSovietnuclearweapons.
1964Aug.2
GulfofTonkinincidentprecipitatesVietnamWar.
1967June510
SixDayWarbetweenIsraelandEgypt,Syria,Jordan,&IraqIsraelisattackUSSLibertyJune8.
1968Jan.23Dec.22
USSPuebloseizedbyNorthKorea.
1970Nov.23
SovietdefectorSimonasKudirkaforciblyrepatriatedfromUSCGCVigilantoffMartha'sVineyard.
1975May1216
MayaguezseizedbyCambodiangunboat.
1982Apr.2June14
FalklandIslandsWarbetweenArgentinaandBritainGeneralBelgranosunkMay2.
1985June10
FrenchsecretservicesinksRainbowWarrioratdockinAuckland,NewZealand.
1987May17
USSStarkattackedbyIraqijetduringIranIraqWar.
1988July3
USSVincennesshootsdownIranAirpassengerjetduringIranIraqWar.
Shipwrecks,Highjackings,andOtherDisasters
1609July23
SeaVenturewrecksonBermuda.
1629June4
BataviahitsreefoffwesternAustraliamorethan100peoplekilledafterbeingmarooned.
1656Apr.28
VerguldeDraeckwrecksoffwesternAustralia7survivorsreachBatavia.
1668May5
SacramentorunsagroundoffBahia,Brazil,withlossofmorethan900people.
1707Oct.22
HMSAssociation&3othershipswreckonScillyIslesmorethan1,500dead.
1727June9
ZeewijkwrecksonwesternAustralia88ofcomplementof212survive.
1741May14
HMSWagerwrecksoncoastofChileonlyabout30mensurviveensuinghardships.
1743June
HollandiarunsagroundinScillyIslesall276crewkilled.
1782Aug.29
HMSRoyalGeorgecapsizeswhileloadingsuppliesatSpithead800liveslost.
1791March
L'Astrolabe&LaBoussolewreckedonVanikoroIslands.
1799Oct.9
HMSLutinewrecksoncoastofHollandwithlossof240menand2millioningold.
1800Mar.17
HMSQueenCharlotteburnsoffLivorno,Italy,withlossof690crew.
1811Dec.24
HMSSt.George,thirdrateDefence,andbrigFancylostinBalticstormwithdeathofmorethan1,400people.
1816July2
MedusalostoffcoastofMauritaniaonly19of75peopleabandonedbycaptainsurvive.
1820Nov.20
WhaleshipEssexstovebyawhaleinmidPacific.
1838Sept.7
ForfarshirerunsagroundinNorthSea.
1842Nov.26
MutinyaboardUSSSomers3ringleadershangedonDec.1.
1844Feb.29
Shellgun"Peacemaker"explodesaboardUSSPrincetonnearWashington,D.C.twocabinetofficialsamongdead.
1852Feb.26
HMSBirkenheadrunsagroundinFalseBay,SouthAfrica438of631drown.
1853Dec.25
SteamshipSanFranciscofoundersingalewiththelossof246of750passengersandcrew.
1854Sept.27
WoodensteamshipArcticsinksaftercollisionwithironhulledVestaoffNewfoundland240300peoplelost.
1857Sept.12
SteamshipCentralAmericasinksinhurricaneoffSouthCarolina423livesand$1.6millioningoldlost.
Dec.25
MutinyaboardwhaleshipJuniorinPacific.
1859Oct.26
SteamshipRoyalChartersinksinIrishSeawithlossof455peopleand500,000ingold.
1863Feb.7
HMSOrpheuswrecksinAuckland,NewZealandonly69of258crewsurvive.
1870Sept.7
HMSCaptainsinksingaleoffSpainwiththelossof481of499crew.
1872Dec.4
MaryCelestefoundadriftinmidatlanticwithnosignofhercomplementof10.
1873Apr.2
SteamshipAtlanticwrecksonNovaScotiawiththelossof585lives.
1875Dec.6
SteamshipDeutschlandrunsagroundonKentishKnock,England,withlossof157.
1889Mar.14
HMSCalliope,only1of7warshipstosurvivehurricaneatApia,Samoa.
1891Mar.16
SteamshipUtopiablowsontorambowofHMSAnsonatGibraltarandsinkswithlossof576people.

Page618

1893June22
HMSCamperdownramsandsinksHMSVictoriaonmaneuversoffTripoli,Lebanon358peopledrown.
1898July4
SteelsteamerLaBourgognesinksoffCapeSablewithlossof549aftercollisionwithironshipCromartyshire.
Nov.26
SteamerPortland1of400vesselslostinNewEnglandduring"Portland"Gale.
1904June15
GeneralSlocumburnsinNewYork'sEastRiverwiththelossof1,031lives.
June28
NorgehitsRockallIsland,250milesnorthwestofIreland,andsinkswiththelossofabout550people.
1907Dec.13
ThomasW.LawsonlostoffScillyIsles.
1909Jan.23
RepublictransmitsfirstradiodistresscallaftercollisionwithFloridaRepubliclatersinks.
1912Apr.15
RMSTitanichitsaniceberginmidatlanticandsinkswiththelossofabout1,500people706survive.
1914May30
EmpressofIrelandsinksinGulfofSt.LawrenceafterbeingrammedbyStorstad1,024peoplekilled.
Nov.26
HMSBulwarkdestroyedatanchoroffSheernessbymassiveinternalexplosionwithlossof781.
1915May6
LusitaniatorpedoedbyU20offsouthernIreland1,201ofcomplementof1,965killed.
July24
ExcursionsteamerEastlandcapsizesatdockinChicago841dead.
1916Aug.29
USSMemphisthrownashoreatSantoDomingobyseismicwavescausedbyunderseaearthquake40crewkilled.
1919March
USSCyclopslostwithouttraceenroutefromBarbadostoU.S.
1920Jan.12
FrenchpassengershipL'AfriquesinksinBayofBiscaywithlossofallbut32of585aboard.
1922May20
P&OpassengershipEgyptsinksoffFinistre,France,afterrammingbyicebreakerSeine86liveslost.
1923Sept.8
USSDelphyand7destroyersrunagroundnorthofSantaBarbara,California.
1934May15
NantucketlightshipsunkbyCunard/WhiteStarlinerOlympic.
1935Sept.9
MorroCastleburnsoffAtlanticCity,NewJersey137peoplekilled.
1938Mar.1
AdmiralKarpfanger(exL'Avenir)lostenroutefromAustraliatoEurope.
1939May23
SubmarineUSSSqualussinksoffNewEngland.
June1
SubmarineHMSThetissinksduringtrialsinIrishSeaonly4of103aboardsurvive.
June15
SubmarinePhnixsinksoffCamRanhBay,FrenchIndochina,withlossof71crew.
MayJune
JewishrefugeesaboardSt.LouisdeniedentryintoU.S.in"voyageofthedamned."
1941Feb.5
PoliticianrunsagroundonEriskayIsland,OuterHebrides,with22,000casesofwhiskey.
1942February
StrumahitsamineinBlackSea,sinkingwithlossofallbut1of769Jewishrefugees.
Feb.9
NormandieburnsandcapsizesatNewYorkpier.
1945Jan.30
WilhelmGustloffsunkoffPolandbySovietsubmarineS13deathtollputat5,348.
1947Mar.4
Exodus1947forciblyboardedbyBritishshipsinMediterranean.
Apr.16
ExplosionaboardGrandcampkills308andinjures3,000inTexasCity,Texas.
1949Sept.17
GreatLakescruiseshipNoronicburnsatdocksideinToronto118killed.
1952Jan.10
FlyingEnterprisesinksinEnglishChannelafter2weekstruggletosavefreighter.
1953Jan.31
PrincessVictorialostoffNorthernIreland128of172passengersandcrewlost.
1954Mar.1
CrewofJapanesetrawlerFukuryuMaru("LuckyDragon")contaminatedbyfalloutfromhydrogenbombtest.
1955Oct.29
SovietbattleshipNovorossisk(exGiulioCesare)sunkbymysteriousexplosionatSevastopol600dead.
1956July25
AndreaDoriasinksoffNantucketaftercollisionwithStockholm43peoplekilled.
Sept.21
MerchanttrainingbarkPamirsinksinmidatlantichurricaneonly6of86crewsurvive.
1961Jan.22
SantaMariahijackedby26terroristsseekingoverthrowofPortugal'sdictatorAntonioSalazar.
May3
TrainingbrigantineAlbatrossinksinGulfofMexicowithlossof4crewandtrainees.
1963April10
SubmarineUSSThreshersinksduringtrialsoffNewEngland129lost.
1965Nov.12
YarmouthCastleburnsandsinksbetweenMiamiandBahamaswithlossof87passengers.
1967Mar.18
TorreyCanyonrunsagroundoffLand'sEndmassiveoilslickcoatsEnglishandFrenchcoasts.
1968May21
SubmarineUSSScorpionmysteriouslysinksoffAzoreswithlossof99crew.
1975Nov.10
EdmundFitzgeraldsinksinLakeSuperioroffMichigan.
1976Dec.15
ArgoMerchantspills7.7milliongallonsofcrudeoilafterrunningagroundoffNantucket.
1978Mar.16
AmocoCadizrunsagroundoffcoastofFranceandspills223,000tonsofcrudeoil.
Oct.79
AchilleLaurohijackedoffcoastofEgypt.
1987Mar.6
HeraldofFreeEnterprisecapsizesatZeebrugge,Belgium,withlossof135lives.
Dec.20
DoaPazcollideswithtankerVectorinTablasStrait,Philippinesdeathtollputat4,375.
1989Mar.24
ExxonValdezrunsagroundinPrinceEdwardSound,Alaska,spilling260,000barrelsofoil.
1994Sept.29
EstoniasinksinBalticwithlossofabout1,000passengersandcrew.

Page619

GLOSSARY
A
aircraftcarrier
Awarshipdesignedforcarrying,launching,andlandingaircraft.
amphora
AlargeceramicjaroftheancientMediterraneanusedforbulkstorageofolives,wine,fishsauce,andpreservedfruit.Theshape,design,andcontentsofamphorae
(amongotherobjects)foundinancientshipsprovidemanycluesabouttheextentandcourseofseabornetradefromthe3rdmillenniumBCEtotheByzantineera.
armor
Extraironorsteelplateusedtoprotectashipfromgunfire.Thethicknessofironvariedaccordingtothepartoftheshiparoundwhichitwasplacedvitalareas
includedcrewandenginespaces,magazines,andgunturrets.
B
bark
Athree,four,orfivemastedvesselsquareriggedonallbuttheaftermostmast,whichisforeandaftrigged.
barkentine
Avesselofthreetosixmasts,squareriggedontheforemast,andforeandaftriggedontheothers.
battlecruiser
Ahybridcapitalshipoftheearly20thcenturywiththefirepowerofabattleship,butwitharmorprotectionsacrificedforgreaterspeed.
battleship
Ashipfittolieinthelineofbattlethemostheavilyarmedandstoutlybuiltshipoftheday.Thebattleshipconceptlastedfromthe17thcenturyuntilafterWorldWar
II,whenthedevelopmentoftorpedoes,navalaviation,andmissilesrenderedthebattleshipobsolete.
Bermudarig
AforeandaftriginwhichthemainsailistriangularinshapealsocalledMarconirig.(Seealsogaffrig.)
brig
Atwomastedvessel,squareriggedonbothmasts.
brigantine
Atwomastedvessel,squareriggedontheforemast,andforeandaftriggedonthemain.
C
capitalship
Themostimportantclassofwarshipinagivenera.Thetermoriginallyreferredtoshipsfittosailinthelineofbattle,orbattleships.Inthe20thcentury,battleships
wereeclipsedbyaircraftcarriers.
caravel
ArelativelysmallPortuguesevesselofthe15thand16thcenturiessettinglateensailsontwoorthreemastsandsometimesasquaresailontheforemast.Highly
maneuverable,caravelshelpedtomakepossiblethevoyagesoftheearlyPortugueseandSpanishdiscoverers.
carrack
Alargeseagoingvesselofthe14thcenturythatcombinednorthernEuropeanandMediterraneanshipbuildingtechniques.Carracksresembledthenortherncog,but
theywereconstructedframefirstandcarriedmorethanonemast.Bythe16thcentury,theycarriedthreemastsandhighsternandforecastles.Carrackswere
forerunnersofgalleons.
carronade
Ashortbarreledship'sgundevelopedbytheCarronCompanyinScotland.Thoughoflimitedrange,carronadeswereenormouslydestructivetoships'timbersand
wereoriginallyknownas"smashers."Withintwoyears,429shipsoftheRoyalNavy"whereashortrangeiseverthedistancechosen"carriedcarronades.The
additionofcarronadeswasnotreflectedinthenominalrateofashipa54gunshipmounting10carronadeswasstilldesignateda"44."(Seealsogunandrate.)
carvelconstruction
Amethodofhullconstructioninwhichthelongitudinalstrakesformingtheskinofthehullareflushattheedges.Incarvelconstruction,theplanksarefastenedtoa
preerectedframe.(Seealsoclinkerconstruction,framefirstconstruction,andshellfirstconstruction.)
clinker(orlapstrake)construction
Amethodofhullconstructioninwhichthelongitudinalstrakesformingthehulloverlapeachotherandare"clenched"toeachotherwithironnails.Inclinker
construction,thehullisbuiltfirstframesweresometimesinsertedafterward.(Seealsocarvelconstruction,framefirstconstruction,andshellfirst
construction.)
clipper
Thenamegiventoavarietyofsquareriggedmerchantshipsbuiltchieflyforspeed.DuringtheheydayoftheAmericanclippership,between1845and1860,theterm
appliedto"sharpbuilt"shipsthatsacrificedcargocapacityforspeedandcarriedamaximumofcanvasandcorrespondinglylargecrews.Theprimaryimpetusforthe
clippererawerethegoldrushesinCaliforniaandAustralia.Inthelate1860stheBritishbuiltsmallerclippersfortheteatradebetweenChinaandEngland.
cog
AtypeofcapaciousmerchantvesselthatoriginatedinGermanyandgraduallyspreadthroughouttheBalticandtotheMediterranean.Itischaracterizedbyhighsides,
arelativelyflatbottom,andasinglesquaresail.
compositeconstruction
Atypeofhullconstructionconsistingofanironorsteelframeandwoodenplanking.
compoundengine
Asteamengineinwhichthesteamexpandsfirstinahighpressurecylinder,andtheninalowpressurecylinder.

Page620

cruiser
Atypeofwarshipfallingbetweenbattleshipsanddestroyersinsize,armament,andspeed.Cruisersweredesignedprimarilyforreconnaissancewhilewiththefleet,or
forcommerceprotection,commerceraiding,andpatrollingonoverseasstations.
cutter
Asinglemastedvesselsimilartoasloopbutusuallysettingdoubleheadsails.PatrolvesselsoftheU.S.CoastGuardarealsocalledcutters.
D
destroyer
Relativelysmallwarships,torpedoboatdestroyersoriginatedassmall,fastshipswhoseprimaryfunctionwastoprotectlargershipsfromtorpedoattack.Theirroles
laterexpandedtoincludeantisubmarineandantiaircraftwarfareandconvoyprotection.
displacementtonnage
Thestandardmethodofmeasuringwarships.Displacementtonnageisthevolumeofwaterdisplacedbyavessel,theweightofthewaterdisplacedbeingequaltothe
weightoftheobjectdisplacingit.(Seealsotonnage.)
DownEaster
Asquareriggedmerchantshipthatcombinedlargecarryingcapacitywithrelativelysharphulldesign.BuiltespeciallyfortheCaliforniagraintradeinthequarter
centuryfollowingtheAmericanCivilWar(18651890),DownEastersweresocalledbecausetheywerebuiltinMaine,whichisdownwindandeastofthemajor
EastCoastports.
E
escortcarrier
Asmallaircraftcarrierdesignedchieflytoprovideaircoverforconvoysandamphibiousoperations,andusedalsotoferryaircraftandtrainpilots.
F
foreandaftsail
Asailsetparalleltothecenterlineofavessel.Foreandaftvesselsaresimplertorigthansquareriggedvessels,requireasmallercrew,andcansailclosertothe
directionfromwhichthewindisblowing.
forecastle
Originally,abuiltupstructurecomprisingseveraldecksintheforwardpartofaship,fromwhicharchersorgunnerscouldfireintoanenemyship.(Asterncastleaft
servedthesamefunction.)Inmoremodernusage,theforecastle(pronouncedandoftenwritten"focsle")wasthecrew'squartersintheforwardpartofaship.
frame
Atransverseribthatformspartoftheskeletonofaship'shull.
framefirstconstruction
Amethodofconstructioninwhichtheinternalframework,orskeleton,ofaship'shullisconstructedfirst,withthehullplankingbeingattachedafterward.(Seealso
carvelconstruction,clinkerconstruction,andshellfirstconstruction.)
frigate
Asmallcombatantshipa4thor5thrateshipintheRoyalNavy.Intheageofsail,frigatessailedwiththefleetasreconnaissancevesselsandwereknownas"the
eyesofthefleet."Inbattle,theystoodawayfromthelinetorelaysignalsfromtheflagshiptoothershipsinthelinewhocouldnotseetheflagshipbecauseof
gunsmoke.Frigateswerealsousedforconvoyprotectionandcommerceraiding.Inmodernparlance,afrigateisashipdesignedtoprotectshippingfromaircraftand
submarines.
G
gaffrig
Aforeandaftriginwhichtheprimarysailsabaftthemastaretrapezoidalinshape:thebottomofthesailisattachedtotheboom,theluff(orforwardedge)tothe
mast,andtheheadtoasparcalledagaff.(SeealsoBermudarig.)
galleasse
Ahybridtypeof16thcenturyvesselemployingbothafullsailingrigandoarsforpropulsion.
galleon
AfullriggedvesselthatevolvedinEuropearoundthe16thcenturyandistheimmediateancestorofthefullriggedship.Galleons'higherlengthtobeamratioand
lowerforeandsterncastlesmadethemmoremaneuverablethancarracks.
galley
Arelativelynarrowvesseldrivenprimarilybyoars.GalleysevolvedintheancientMediterranean,andthegalleyparexcellencewastheGreek"trieres,"ortrireme.
gun
Agenerictermforacarriagemountedguninsailingwarships.Gunswereratedaccordingtotheweightofshotfired,anywherefrom1poundantipersonnelgunsto
42pounders.Inthesailingnavy,gunsweremountedinbroadside,andthemosteffectiveusewastoarrangetheshipinalinetoenableeachtofireatthesametarget
hencethebattleline,orlineofbattle.Developedinthe19thcentury,rifledguns(measuredbythecaliber,orinternaldiameterofthegunbarrel)werehousedin
rotatingturrets,whichgavethegunswiderarcsoffire.(Seealsocarronadeandrate.)
H
horsepower
Ameasureofmechanicalpower.Avessel'shorsepowerismeasuredinvariousways,dependingonthetypeofengine.Thepowerofasteamengineisexpressedas
indicatedhorsepower(ihp),theworkofthesteaminthecylinder,ornominalhorsepower(nhp),anexpressionofpowerderivedbyformula.Steamturbinesare
measuredbyshafthorsepower(shp),thepoweratthecrankshaftasindicatedbyatorsionmeter.Dieselenginesareoftenmeasuredbybrakehorsepower(bhp),
determinedbyabrakeattachedtotheshaftcoupling.Effectivehorsepower(ehp)istheactualworkdonebyanenginepropellingavessel.
I
ironclad
Awarshipwithawoodenhullsheathedinironforprotectionagainstgunfire.
J
jib
Atriangularforeandaftsailcarriedonastayleadingfromthetopmastheadtotheboworbowsprit.
juryrig
Atemporaryrigusedtoreplaceadamagedmastorspar.
K
ketch
Atwomastedyachtwithatallmainmastandashortermizzenmast.
knot
Aunitofmeasureusedtoexpressthespeedofashipinnauticalmilesperhour.Oneinternationalnauticalmileisdefinedas6,076.1155feet,orapproximately1.15
statute(land)miles.Aknotisgenerallytakentomeanarateofspeed,andsomearguethat"knotsperhour"isanincorrectexpression.Theargumentisapedantic
onemanyship'slogsrecordspeedsinknotsperhour.Theaccompanyingtableshowsthetime(indaysandhours)requiredtotravelagivendistanceatvarious
speeds.

Page621

SPEED

Nautical
miles

5KTS.

10KTS.

15KTS.

20KTS.

25KTS.

30KTS.

10

0d02h

0d01h

0d01h

0d01h

50

0d10h

0d05h

0d03h

0d03h

0d02h

0d02h

100

0d20h

0d10h

0d07h

0d05h

0d04h

0d03h

500

4d04h

2d02h

1d09h

1d01h

0d20h

0d17h

1,000

8d08h

4d04h

2d19h

2d02h

1d16h

1d09h

5,000

41d16h

20d20h

13d21h

10d10h

8d08h

6d23h

10,000

83d08h

41d16h

27d18h

20d20h

16d04h

13d21h

Bycustom,thespeedofvesselsontheGreatLakesandinlandriversoftheUnitedStatesismeasuredinstatutemilesperhour.
L
lapstrake
Seeclinkerconstruction.
lateen
AtriangularforeandaftsailsetfromalongsparattachedtoashortmastandfoundintraditionalvesselsoftheIberianPeninsula,Mediterranean,andIndianOcean.
liner
Apassengersteamormotorshipthatrunsonanestablishedroute,suchasbetweenEuropeandtheUnitedStates.
M
mast
Averticalpoleorsparfromwhichsailsareset.Inasquareriggedvessel,mastsareoftencomposedofseparatesections:lowermast,topmast,topgallantmast,and
royalmast.Mastsarenamed,frombowtostern,foremast,mainmast,mizzenmast,andjiggermast.Insomefivemastedvessels,themiddlemastiscalled,simply,a
middlemast.Driverandspankermastsarealsofoundonsixmastedvessels.
P
packet
Thegenericnameforashipthatsailsinregularservicebetweentwoports.Thedevelopmentofthetransatlanticpackettradecanbedatedto1817,whentheBlack
BallLineinauguratedservicewithshipssailingonapredeterminedscheduleregardlessofwhethertheywerebookedtocapacity.
paddlesteamer
Asteamboatdrivenbyapaddlewheel.Themostcommonarrangementisapairofwheelsmountedoneithersideofthehull.Americanriverboatsfrequentlyhavea
singlesternwheel.
plank
Alongpieceofsawntimberusedintheconstructionofthehullandfordecking.Astrakecanbemadeupofoneormoreplanks.
Q
quadrupleexpansionengine
Asteamengineinwhichthesteamexpandsthroughfourcylinders.
R
rate
Aclassofsailingwarship,particularlyintheRoyalNavy,dependentonthenumberofgunsmounted.Thenumberofgunscarriedbyashipofagivenratechanged
fromtimetotime.In1779itwasasfollows:
1strate

100guns

2ndrate

8498guns

3rdrate

6480guns

4thrate

5060guns

5thrate

3244guns

6thrate

2030guns

Shipsof60gunsandabovewereconsideredfittolieinthebattlelineandreferredtosimplyasvessels''oftheline."Fourthand5thrateswereclassedasfrigates.
Smallercombatantsincludedsloops(shiprigged,mounting818guns),bombs(fittedwithmortarsforbombingshoresidetargets),andfireships(oldervesselsseton
fireandsailedintoanenemyfleettodestroytheirships).(Seealsocarronadeandgun.)
retourship
Acapacious,heavilyarmed,andwellmannedmerchantshipoftheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie,orVOC)designedforthelong
roundtrip(retour)voyagefromtheNetherlandstotheEastIndies.
roundship
Amedievalmerchantsailingship,asdistinctfromalongshiporanoaredgalley.
rudder\

Adevicehungonthecenterlineatthesternandusedtoturnavessel.(Seealsosteeringoar.)
S
schooner
Avesseloftwotosevenmasts,foreandaftriggedoneach.Atopsailschooneralsosetssquaresailsontheforemast.(Seealsobarkentine.)
shellfirstconstruction
Amethodofhullconstructioninwhichthehullisformedwithoutaframe.Inshellfirstconstruction,strakeseitheroverlap,fastenedtooneanotherbyclenchednails
(clinkerorlapstrakeconstruction),ortheyformasmoothskin,fastenededgetoedgebyacomplexsystemofmortiseandtenonjoinery.(Seealsocarvel
construction,clinkerconstruction,andframefirstconstruction.)
ship
Agenerictermusuallyreferringtoanylargeseagoingvessel.
shipoftheline
Afullriggedsailingshipfittolieinthelineofbattleasailingbattleship.Ashipofthelinecarried60ormoreguns,andwasratedasa1st,2nd,or3rdrateship.
ship,fullrigged
Avesselhavingthree,four,orfivemastsandsettingsquaresailsoneach.Fromthedeckup,thesearecourse,topsail(sometimessplitintolowerandupper),
topgallant(sometimessplit),royal,andskysail.Inverylightairs,someclippershipcaptainswouldrigmoonrakersabovetheskysails.
sloop
Asinglemastedvesselsettingamainsailandasinglejib,orheadsail.
sloopofwar
Athreemastedfullriggedwarship,smallerthanafrigateandrating8to20guns.
spartorpedo
Anexplosivedevicecarriedattheendofasparandplacedagainstanenemyshipbeforebeingdetonated.
squaresail
Aquadrilateralsailsetfromayard.Althoughasquareriggercancarrymoresailthanaforeandaftriggedvesselofcomparablesize,itismoredependenton
favorable(following)winds.
staysail
Atriangularforeandaftsailsetfromastay,apieceofstandingriggingleadingforwardfrom,andprovidinglongitudinalsupportfor,amast.

Page622

steeringoar
Anoarmountedonthesideofaship(usuallytherightsteeringboard,orstarboardside)towardthesternandusedforturningaship.(Seealsorudder.)
strake
Acontinuousrowofhullplanking(inawoodenship)orplating(inanironorsteelship)runningforeandaft.
submarine
Awarshipcapableofoperatingunderwaterforlongperiods.Duringthetwoworldwars,thesubmarine'sprimaryarmamentconsistedoftorpedoesandsmallcaliber
deckgunsforworkwhensurfaced.Manysubscouldbeadaptedforminelayingoperations,andafewalsocarriedcollapsibleaircraftindeckhangarsandmidget
submarines.Inthenuclearera,strategicforcesubmarineshavebeenarmedwithintercontinentalballisticmissilesthatcanbelaunchedfromunderwater.
T
tholepin
Averticalpieceofwoodagainstwhicharowingoarpivots.
tonnage
Inmerchantships,tonnageisusuallyanexpressionofaship'scapacityorvolume.Thewordhasitsoriginsinthemedieval"tun,"orwinecask,tunnagebeingthe
numberoftunsavesselcouldcarry.Tonnagerulesvaryenormously.Inthe18thcentury,tonnagewasreferredtoas"burthen."Thiswasreplacedby"Builder'sOld
Measurement,"abbreviated"bm"orlater"om,''todistinguishitfromnewmeasurement(nm).Onetonisnowgenerallyunderstoodtoequal100cubicfeet.
Grossregistertonnage(grt)isthewholecubiccapacityofallenclosedspacesofaship,includingtheentireroomunderthedeckfromstemtosternpostaswellas
thatofthepooporbridgehouse,aforecastle,oranyothererection.Netregistertonnage(nrt)isthecapacityunderdeckavailableforstowingcargoonly,andnot
includingengineroomspaces,passengeraccommodations,orcrewspaces.
Unlikecubicmeasuresoftonnage,deadweighttonnage(dwt)isameasureoftheweightofavessel'scargo.Thisisdeterminedbycalculatingthevolumeofwater
displacedbyavesselwhen"light"andwhenfullofcargo.Becausethewaterdisplacedisequaltotheweightoftheobjectdisplacingit,thedifferenceindisplacement
figuresisequaltotheweightofthecargo.Deadweighttonnageisusuallyusedonlyinreferencetobulkcargocarrierssuchasoiltankers.(Seealsodisplacement
tonnage.)
torpedo
Aselfpropelled,underwaterexplosivedevicelaunchedfromsurfaceships,submarines,andaircraft.Developedinthelate19thcentury,torpedoesproved
enormouslyeffectiveagainstbothmerchantshippingandwarships.
tripleexpansionengine
Asteamengineinwhichthesteamexpandsgraduallyandsuccessivelythroughthreecylinders.Steamisfirstsuppliedtoahighpressurecylinder,thenitpassesintoan
intermediatepressurecylinderatalowerpressureandfinallyintoalowpressurecylinder.
W
weathergauge
Intheageoffightingsail,ifashipwasupwindofanotheritwassaidtohavetheweathergaugethedownwindorleewardshiphadtheleegauge.Theadvantageof
havingtheweathergaugewasthataship'sgunscouldbeaimedattheenemy'shull,oftenbelowthewaterline.Thegunsoftheleewardshipfiredintotherigging,
wheredamagewaslessserious.
Y
yard
Asparfastenedtoamastperpendiculartothecenterlineofavesselandfromwhichsquaresailsareset.Theendsofayardarecalledyardarms.
yawl
Atwomastedyachtsimilarinappearancetoaketchbutwithasmallermizzenmastsetabafttherudderpost.

Page623

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PHOTOSECTION
Imagenotavailable.
CheopsShip
VictorR.Boswell,Jr.,copyrightNationalGeographicSociety

Imagenotavailable.
OlympiasReplica
CourtesyHellenicNavyandtheTriremeTrust,photobyAlexandraGuest

Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
Imagenotavailable.
Kyrenia/KyreniaII
PhotoscopyrightSusanandMichaelKatzev,drawingcourtesyJ.RichardSteffy

Thissequenceofphotographsshowstheexcavationandreconstructionofthe4thcenturyBCEshipwreckatKyrenia,Cyprus,intheearly1970s.Aftercarefully
taggingtheremainsofthehullandcargoinsitu,27metersbelowthesurface,archaeologistsraisedandreassembledthehullintheCrusadercastleatKyrenia.From
theseremainstheywereabletodrawasetofplansoftheship.Templateswerethenmadefromthedrawings,andemployingthesamejoineryandconstruction
techniquesfoundinthepreservedhullfragments,shipwrightsbuiltthereplicaKyreniaII,whichwassailedin1985.
Imagenotavailable.

Imagenotavailable.
Mora
DetailfromtheBayeuxTapestry,courtesyCentreGuillaumeleConquerant

Imagenotavailable.
Oseberg
CourtesyUniversityofOslo,photobyEirikIrgensJohnsen

Imagenotavailable.
NiaReplica
CourtesytheColumbusFleet

Imagenotavailable.
RealeattheBattleofLepanto
"TheBattleofLepanto,1571"byH.Letter,courtesyNationalMaritimeMuseumPictureLibrary

Imagenotavailable.
MayflowerReplica
CourtesyPlimothPlantation

Imagenotavailable.
Wasa
CourtesyVasaMuseum,photobyHansHammarskild

Imagenotavailable.
BataviaReplica
CourtesyBataviaYard.Netherlands

Imagenotavailable.
SovereignoftheSeas
"PeterPettandSovereignoftheSeas"bySirPieterLely,courtesyNational
MaritimeMuseumPictureLibrary

Imagenotavailable.
HMSRoyalCharles
"RoyalCharlesCarriedintoDutchWaters"byLudolfBakhuizen,courtesy
NationalMaritimeMuseumPictureLibrary

Imagenotavailable.
HMSRoseReplica
Pecheurd'Images

Imagenotavailable.
BonhommeRichard
PaintingbyEdwardTufnell,courtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington.D.C.

Imagenotavailable.
HMSVictory
CourtesyRoyalNavalMuseum,Hampshire

Imagenotavailable.
HMSTmraire
PaintingbyJ.M.W.Turner,courtesyNationalGallery,London

Imagenotavailable.
USSConstitution
CourtesyUSSConstitutionMuseum

Imagenotavailable.
VicarofBray
''SanFrancisco.TheVicarofBrayatGoldRushHarborin1849"by
JohnStobart,courtesyofMaritimeHeritagePrints

Imagenotavailable.
USSConstellation
CourtesyU.S.NavalHistoricalCenter,Washington,D.C.

Imagenotavailable.
HenryB.Hyde
PaintingbyCharlesR.Patterson,courtesyMaineMaritimeMuseum,Bath

Imagenotavailable.
Portland
PaintingbyAntonioJacobsen,courtesyCollectionsoftheMaineHistoricalSociety

Imagenotavailable.
Passat
Courtesytheartist,ThomasWells

Imagenotavailable.
Bowdoin
PhotobyTomStewart,1994

Imagenotavailable.
UnitedStates
PaintingbyThomasSkinner,courtesyTheMariners'Museum,NewportNews,Virginia

Imagenotavailable.
USSIowa
CourtesyU.S.NavalInstitute

Page646

INDEX
Pagenumbersinboldtypeindicatemainentries.Pagenumbersinitalicsrefertoillustrations.

A
A1,396
AaronManby,1,354
AbandonedShipwreckAct(1987),134,369,574
Abbas,533
ABDA.SeeAmericanBritishDutchAustraliancommand
"Aberdeenbow,"465
Aberdeen&CommonwealthLine,273
AbielAbbotLow,1
AbnakiIndians,132
AbnerCoburn,1
Aboukir,Battleof.SeeNile,Battleofthe
Aboukir,HMS,2,126,248,532
Abraham(exAbrahamRydberg),2
AbrahamRydberg(1879),2
AbrahamRydberg(1911),235
AbrahamRydberg(1929),235
AcademyofSciences,411
Acadia,79
Acasta,HMS,129,210,211,462
Accame&Figli,Emmanuele,98
Achates,HMS,4,473
Acheos,161
AchilleLauro,23
Achilles,HMS(1933),3,4,10,178,504
Achilles,HMS(1863),567
Ackermann,Richard,212
Active,409
AdaIredale,3
Adams,Bill,474
Adams&Barnard,384
Adams,CharlesFrancis,1213
Adams,Henry,7
Adams,John,71
Adams,John(U.S.pres.),132
Adams,JohnQuincy,25
AdelaideSteamshipCo.,Ltd.,398
Admirable,482
AdmiralGrafSpee,34,10,1819,38,124,314,408,495
AdmiralHipper,4,66,21011,426,473,520
AdmiralKarpfanger,48
AdmiralScheer,3,45,274,314,362,407,520
Admiralty,Boardofthe,312,319,341,391,405,422,541
andexploration,164,265,269,437
merchantshippingand,30
sailtrainingand,122,334
andshipbuilding,419,427,443,511
andshipsalvage,439
andtechnology,63,9293,208,434,528
admiraltylaw,369
AdmiraltyofRotterdam,74
Adolfo,Capt.,34
Adriana,277
Advance(1847),5,65
Advance(1983),48
Adventure,HMS(1771),56,143,165,429,561
Adventure,HMS(1821),54
Adventure(pirateship),413
Adventure(sloop),117
AdventureGalley,67
AdventurerstotheNorthWestfortheDiscoveryoftheNorthWestPassage,9,197
Aeetes,King,33
Aegisfirecontrolsystem,556
Aeolus,HMS,121,351
AfChapman,7,7
Africa,HMS(1781),121,228,351
Africa(1850),464
Africa,HMS(1899),215
AfricanQueen,The(Forester),304
AfricanAmericans,32829
AfrikaKorps,373,541
AfrikaanscheGalei,32,147
Afrique,L',7
Agamemnon,HMS(1781),78,91
Agamemnon,HMS(1852),8,222
Agaywreck,89
Agincourt,HMS,498
Agrippina,12
A.G.Ropes,9
AhmadibnMajid,458
Ahutoru,70
Aid,910,197
AigleL',59,136
Ailsa,72
AilsaShipbuildingCo.,286
Aimable,5758
Airey,SirGeorge,227,354
Aitken&Mansel,559
Ajax,HMS,34,10,178,179,504
Ajax,HMS(1846),423
A.J.Fuller,10
Akagi,1012,11,42,168,242,247,252,484,579,583
AktiesOlivebank,373
alscaloccio,281
alsensile,281
alZahir,Caliph,471
Alabama,CSS,1213,186,234,285,451,48384,498,563,578
Alabamaclaims,12,86
Alabama,USS,12,13,329,579
Alaki,373
landsSjfartsmuseum,246
Alarm,HMS,18,147
Alaska,378
AlaskaPackersAssoc.,50,235,282,286,491
AlaskaTransport,TradingandMiningCo.,514
Albacore,USS,1314,302
Albatros(1920),14
Albatros(destroyer),421
Albatross(tug),405
Albatross,USS(1861),164,233
Albengaship,14,270,317
AlbertBallin(1923),1415,15
AlbertLeoSchlageter,156
Albert,Prince,219
AlbertRickmers,245
Alberta,541
Albizzi,LucadiMasodegli,216
Albright,Alan,82
Alcyone,49
Aldebaran,336
Alden,JohnG.,322
Alden,USS,256
Alecto,HMS,15,423
Alert(1835),394
Alert(tug),405
Alert,HMS(1778),301
Alert,HMS(1804),175
Alert,HMS(1856),1516,16,102,143
Aleuts,442
Alexander,237,269,430,551
Alexander(transport),476
Alexander,HMS,380,544
Alexander(Ethiopia),457
AlexanderGrahamBellMuseum,236
AlexanderI(Russia),348,461,561
AlexanderII(Russia),307
AlexanderIII(Pope),83
Alexandria,505
Alfen,492
Alfieri,52
AlfonsoXIII,173
AlfonsoXIII(Spain),44,361,534
Alfred,1617,67,251,408,570
AlfredtheGreat,16
AlgecirasConference,386
Algsiras,522
AliPasha,424
AliceS.Wentworth,17,105
Aliya,60
Alk,14
AllanLine,558
Allen,Joseph,299
Allen,WilliamH.,34
Allen,Zaccheus"Tiger,"60
Alley&MacLellan,106
Alliance,1718,6768
Alliance,Treatyof,423
Alliance,USAT,186
Allin,Joshua,437
Allison,MichaelS.,327
AlmeiraLykes,373
Almirante,106
AlmiranteLatorre,498
Aloha,18
AltechVoortrekker,126
Altmark,4,1819,19,124
Aluminaut,1920
Alvin,1920,521
AlvinClark,20
AlyeskaMarineTerminal,180
AmaBegonakoa,334
Amagi,12
Amagiri,409
Amalfi,205
Amarylis,20
Amazon,326
Amberes,545
Ambi,73
Ambiteux,482

Page647

Ambrose(LV87),21
Ambrose,JohnW.,21
AmbroseLight,75,178,331,364,416,432,540
Ambrosia,369
Amelia,507
AmeliadeOrleans,513
America,115
America(1851),2122
America(1864),396
America(1874),22
America(1940),2223,23,540
American&ColonialSteamNavigationCo.,127
AmericanBlackSeaLine,112
AmericanBritishDutchAustralian(ABDA)command,137,178,254,296,324,391
AmericanBrownBoveriElectricCorp.,449
AmericanColonizationSociety,25
AmericanDiver,CSS,247
AmericanEmergencyCommitteeforPalestine,495
AmericanExpeditionaryForce,299
AmericanExportLines,331,562
AmericanExportIsbrandtsenLines,461
AmericanLine,111,112
AmericanMerchantMarineMuseum,421
AmericanPhilosophicalSociety,441
AmericanPresidentLines,404
AmericanPromise,2324
AmericanRedCross,44
AmericanReliefAdmin.,430
AmericanReliefExpedition,334
AmericanRevolution,51,134,232,255,273,392,437
inEuropeanwaters,1718,6768,300301,329
Frenchin,51,6768,134,24344,3078,554
Penobscotexpedition,135,409,566
AmericanShipbuildingCo.,222,513
AmericanSiberianExpeditionaryForces,379
AmericanStar,23
AmericanSteelBargeCo.,105,110
AmericanSubmarineCo.,263
America'sCup,2122,44,66,209,408
1871,514
1899,426,472
1901,44,426,472
1903,44,426,472
1920,426,472
1930,422,472
1934,422,472
1937,422,472
1967,264
1970,264
1974,264
1983,4748
AmerigoVespucci,24
Amerika(1905),521
Ames,Butler,22
Amethyst,HMS(1873),255
Amethyst,HMS(1903),528
Amethyst,HMS(1943),24
AmherstCollege,123
AmiralCharner,533
Amistad,25
Ammann,J.,545
AmocoCadiz,2526,26
AmocoOilCorp.,26
Amphion,HMS,391
Amphitrite(Greekgod),526
amphorae,68,204,292,317,583
Amsterdam(1600),154
Amsterdam(1744),2627
AmsterdamII,27
Amundsen,Roald,57,165,170,190,191,207,401,436,449,510
AnastasiusI,502
AnchorLine,42,113,542,543
AnchorDonaldson,Ltd.,42
AnconaofLeith,277
Andalucia,553
Andersen,Magnus,213
Anderson,USS,252
Anderson,AbsalomL.,327
Anderson,A.E.,327
Anderson&Anderson'sOrientLine,246
Anderson,ArthurM.,157
Andersson,D.R.,2
Anderson,J.C.L.,538
Anderson,Robert,492
Anderson,WilliamR.,353
AndreaDoria,27,257,298,494,559,562
AndreaS.Luckenbach,346
Andresson,Arvo,177
AndrewDoria,16,27,251,570
AndrewJackson,2728,187
AndrewWelch,219
Angel,274
Angelita,465
Anglesey,Marquisof,122
AngloAmericanGeneralStaff,153
AngloAmericanOilCo.,128,181,198,297,387
AngloConfederateTradingCo.,51
AngloDutchfleet,482
AngloDutchWar,First,74,486
AngloDutchWar,Second,326,419,438,486
AngloDutchWar,Third,326,419,438,486
AngloFrenchfleet,67
AngloGermanNavalAgreement(1935),462
AngloSaxon,28,574
AngloSaxonOilCo.,334
AngloSaxons,370
Ann,117
AnnaPink,99
AnneRoyal,37
Annesley,William,179
Annibal,430
AnnieJohnson,3
AnnMcKim,2829
Anny,475
Anon,49
Anquteil,E.,344
Ansaldo&Co.,Gio.,46,432
AnsaldoSocietperAzioni,27,298
Anson,George,99100,425,457,563
Anson,HMS,542
Antarctic,451
Antarna,465
Anthony,GeorgeS.,97
Anthony,HMS,111
AntigonostheOneEyed,292
Antikythera,582
Antikytherawreck,29
"AntikytheraYouth,"29
Antinous,57778
Antonio,Dom,10,431
Anversville,7
Apex,Inc.,370
Aphrodite,70
Apollo11,323
ApolloniusofRhodes,33
Appam,347
Aquidneck,303
Aquitania,2930,30,60,416
ArabIsraeliWar,23
Arabi,Ahmed(ArabiPasha),262
Arabia,433
Arabic,30,456,502
ArabicPledge,502
Arabicwares,471
Arabs,458
Arakaka,242
Arare,226
Aras,Kemal,90,580
Arashi,12
ArawakIndians,360
Arbuckle,John,436
Arbuthnot,Marriott,307
Arbuthnot,SirRobert,135,267
ArchaeologicalInstitute(AixenProvence),317
Archer,85
Archer,Colin,39,190
ArchiasofCorinth,505
ArchibaldRussell,31,252
Archimede,19
Archimedes(1831),31
Archimedes(1840),220,422
Archimedes,505
Arctic(1850),3132,32,383,545
ArcticDiscoverer,99
ArcticExpedition(187576),145
Arcturus,33
Ardent,HMS,210,211,462
Arend,32
Arethusa(1890),3233
Arethusa(1932),390
Arethusa,HMS(1759),58
Arethusa,HMS(1934),10,38
Argentina,60
ArgentineNavy,201
Argo(replica),33
Argo(divingsled),522
Argo,HMS,457
ArgoMerchant,3334
Argonautica(Apollonius),33
ArgonautLine,530
Argus(Frenchship),333
Argus(1939),34
Argus,USS(1799),4034
Argus,USS(1803),34,136
Ariadne,HMS,17
Ariel,3435,184,477
Ariel,USS,357
"AristocratoftheAtlantic,"387
Arizona,378
Arizona,USS,12,35,36,262
ArizonaMemorial,36
Ark,3637,221
Arkansas,CSS,95
ArkRaleigh,37
ArkRoyal,37,431,453
ArkRoyal,HMS,38,64,408,462,473
Arktika,39,298
ArlingtonNationalCemetery,375
Armada,HMS,571
ArmadaleCastle,HMS,343
Armed'Italie,91
ArmenLight(France),160
Armistice,331
ArmstrongCo.,Ltd.,SirW.G.,354,498
Armstrong,James,451
Armstrong,John,200
Armstrong,JohnB.,477
Armstrong,Whitworth&Co.,Ltd.,SirW.G.,125,226,231,242,266,548
ArmyofUlsterVolunteers,39
ArnaulddelaPerire,Lotharvon,534
Arnold,Barto,58
Arnold,Benedict,119,392,458
Aronowitz,Itzak,179
ArrietayBorda,Ramosde,452
Arrow,387
ArsenaldeBrest,408
ArsenaldeToulon,208
Arsenale,Venice,83
artdeco"oceanliner"style,257,363
Artiglio,160
ArundelCastle,576
Arunta,HMAS,19596
Asakazi,232
sa,Queen(Norway),213,381
Asgard,39
Askin,Mehmet,469

Page648

Assistance,HMS,428
Association,HMS,3940
AssociationMaritimeBelge(ASMAR),48
AstillerosEspaoles,SA,26
Astor,JohnJacob,56,521
Astoria,USS,109
Astrolabe(1781),40,7273,174,348,385,476
Astrolabe,L'(1811),4042,41,171,541
Asuncin,431
Atago,42,287
Atalanta,571
Atalanta,HMS(1775),18
Atalanta(1863),507
Athabascan,HMCS,229
Athenaeus(Greekwriter),505
Athenia,42,533,535
Athlitram,4243
Atkinson,Capt.,199
Atlanta,CSS,43
Atlanta,HMS,571
Atlanta,USS(1888),148
Atlanta,USS(1940),239
Atlantic(1849),383
Atlantic(1871),4344
Atlantic(1903),44,44,499
Atlantic(whaleship),175
AtlanticCharter,405
AtlanticConference,46,405
AtlanticRichfieldCo.,323
AtlanticTelegraphCo.,8,222
Atlantique,L',4445
Atlantis,45
AtlasLine,72
AtlasLevantLine,493
atomicbomb,194,261,345.Seealsonucleartesting
AtomicEnergyCommission,353,461
"atomsforpeace,"461
Atrevida,13738,502
Audacious,HMS(1785),413
Audacious,HMS(1913),45,376
"AugieMaru,"45
Augusta,USS,4546
Augustus,46
Augustus,Emperor,114
Ault,JamesPercy,94
Aurora(yacht),21
Aurora(whaler),165
Aurora(1900),4647,47
Aurora,HMS,65
Ausburne,CharlesLawrence,103
Austerlitz,Battleof,551
Austin,Henry,428
Australasian,464
AustralianCommonwealthLine,273
AustralianNationalMaritimeMuseum,48
AustralianNavy,100
AustralianScrewSteamshipCo.,438
AustraliaII,4748
Australis,23
AustrianSuccession,Warofthe,99,425
AustroHungarianNavy,78,212,328,533
AustroPrussianWar(1866),280
Autissier,Isabelle,517
Avenir,L',48,335
Averof,205
Avon,HMS,571
Axens,DeanW.,516
AximTransportation,142
Axum,373
Ayesha,162
AymaraIndians,418,518
Ayscue,SirGeorge,74
Azalea,HMS,310
AzureSeas,485
Azzurra,48
B
B25bombers,252
Babcock&WilcoxCo.,461
"BabyFlattops,"276
Back,George,510
Bacon,SirReginald,152
BadenBaden,49,49,88
Badoglio,MarshalPietro,354
Baffin,William,143,269
Bahama,12
BahamaStar,580
baidarkas,442
Bailey,USS,449
Bainbridge,William,121,175,260,393
Bainbridge,USS,308
Baines&Co.,James,271
Baines,James,103,148,187,304,325,425,486
Baker,Matthew,430
Baker,Norman,418
Baker,SirSamuel,68
Baker,Thomas,337
Baker,WilliamA.,118,332
Balanzara,526
Balclutha,50
Baldwin,FrederickW."Casey,"23738
BalkanWars,205,212,334
Ballard,G.A.,100
Ballard,Robert,19,52122
BallardMarineRailway,88
Ballehr,Dietrich,245
BalleneraEspaola,343
Ballin,Albert,1415,60,299,322,363
ballisticmissiles,203
Balmaceda,JosManuel,50
Baltic(1850),383,540
Baltic(1904),427,521
BalticShipbuilding&EngineeringWorks,298
BalticShipyard,39
Baltimoreclippers,29,106
BaltimoreDryDock&ShipbuildingCo.,393
BaltimoreSteamPacketCo.,179
BaltimoreSun,29
Baltimore,USS,50,374
Balzac,163
Banckers,Adriaen,586
Bandari,Pasquale,26
Bang,USS,226
Bangor,Bishopof,216
Bangs,Benjamin,574
BankLine,373
BankofEngland,334
Banks,SirJoseph,6,70,165,174,237,265,430
Banshee,51
BANZARE,146
Barbara,49
Barbarycorsairs,108,167,175,260,315,403,538
BarbaryWars,34,119,120,393,430
Barber,H.G.,336
Barbesteyn,587
barbettes,548
BarcadeAmburg,218
Barclay,RobertH.,306,357
Barclay,Curle&Co.,Ltd.,111,124,295
Barcore,219
BarentsSea,Battleofthe,314
Barents,Willem,230
Barfleur,Battleof,51,67,248,419,482,486
Barfleur,HMS,5152,308,554
Barges,Battleofthe,329
Barham,SirCharlesMiddleton,Lord,52,550
Barham,HMS,52,53,78,408,414,495,533,560
BaringBrothers,363,546
Barker,JamesP.,81,530
Barker,J.,260
Barker,J.F.,210
Barkworth&Hawkes,237
Barling,B.,148
Barnaby,SirNathaniel,87,262
Barnes,H.T.,519
BarnesonHibbardCo.,210
Barnum,P.T.,358
Barnum,Mrs.Walter,78
BaronVonSteuben,29192
Baroque,338
BarracudaTankerCorp.,522
BarrasdeSaintLaurent,Comtede,308
Barr,Charles,44,336,426,573
Barrell,Joseph,11617
Barret,Jean,467
Barreto,DoaYsabelde,451
BarrettoJunior,171
Barrie,Charles,297
Barron,James,1089,175,299,306
Barron,Joseph,349
Barron,Samuel,393
BarrowShipbuildingCo.,113
Barrow,SirJohn,65
Barry,John,1718,300,538
Barry,Rep.WilliamT.S.,31
Barry,USS,69
Barstow,Thomas,217
Bartlett,Art,19
Bartlett,Bob,160,436
Bartlett,CharlesA.,81
Bartlett,Harold,160
BartolomeoColleoni,504
Barton,Otis,53
Baruch,Bernard,241
Baruna,185
Basket,Fuegia,54
Bass(builder),128
Bass,George,265
Bass,GeorgeF.,90,469,582
Bassett,HenryD.,509
Bataan,USS,588
Batavia,5253,305,587,insert
Batchelor,153
Bately,William,91
BathIronWorks,88,295,316,421,422,475
Bath&Sons,Henry,222
bathyscaph,53,187
Bathysphere,53
Batista,Fulgencio,430
Batory,5354
Batory,Stefan,54
Batson(builder),91
Batterbury,Jane,90
batteryships,208
BattleHell(film),24
BattleoftheRiverPlate(film),3
battlecruiser,266
Battler(tug),578
BattleshipAlabamaCommission,153
"BattleshipoftheAmericanMerchantMarine,"59
BattleshipPotemkin(film),399
BattleshipRow,36,86
BattleshipTexasStateHistoricalPark,513
Baudin,Nicolas,202,265
BayState(1876),421
BayeuxTapestry,345,480
BayouCity,CSS,232
Beach,EdwardL."Ned,"68,334,526
BeachyHead,Battleof,482,486
Beagle,HMS,5455
BeagleWatchVessel,55
Beaglehole,Capt.,275
Beaglehole,J.C.,147
Bear,55,55
Bearse,Capt.,356
Bearss,EdwinC.,85
Beattie,S.H.,89
Beatty,SirDavid,52,65,215,267,305,313,341,414,471,560
Beaudouin,LouisAlexis,259
Beaufort,558
BeaufortScale,277
Beaumont,Lewis,16
Beaver(1773),132

Page649

Beaver(1835),56
BeavorWebb,J.,123
BeazleyBros.,278
Bedford,HMS,51
Beebe,William,53
Beechey,FrederickWilliam,65,71
Begent,Louis,519
Behncke,Paul,135
Beitzen,Kurt,231
Belcher,SirEdward,428
Belem,56
Belfast,HMS,5657,153,46364
BelgianAntarcticExpedition,57
BelgianEngelsLine,363
BelgianReliefCommission,344
BelgianTransportAuthority,335
Belgica,57,165
Belgrano,Manuel,201
Bell,AlexanderGraham,236
Bell,Charles,275
Bell,F.S.,178
Bell,Henry,1,117,434
Bell,Jacob,383
Bellamy,Samuel,57374
Belle,5758
BelleoftheWest,37
BellePoule,La,58
Bellerophon,HMS,5859,59,379
Bellingshausen,FabianGottliebBenjamin,Baronvon,41,243,348,561
Bellisle,HMS,299
Bellona(steamboat),368
Bellona,HMS,299
Bellows,Dexter,350
Belvedira,HMS,121,404
"Ben'sBusters,"226
BeneaththeFrozenWorld(film),88
BenjaminF.Packard,5960
BenjaminR.Curtis,216
Benjamin,Robert,46
Bennett,JamesGordon,253,272
Benson,ThomasHart,406
Bento,Francisco,443
Brard,Sieur,67
Berengaria,14,30,60,299,322
BergensSkoleskib,492
Bergensfjord,6061
Bergh,Christian,403
Bergstrom,Lars,517
BergsundsM.V.Aktieb,Stockholm,235
Bering,Vitus,72,444,447,469
Berkeley,SirGeorge,299
Berkshire,61
Berlin(1854),45,226
Berlin(1893),111
Berlin,Treatyof,399
BermudaMaritimeMuseumAssociation,466
BermudaRace,276
1923,322
1926,276,322
1930,276,322
1932,78,149,322
1956,185
1958,185
1962,361
1964,361
1966,361
Bernard,Montague,588
BerndvonArnim,210
BerniceP.BishopMuseum,181
Bernier,Sieur,67
Berringer,Wilson,66
Berrio,45758
BerryBros.&Rudd,Ltd.,128
Berry,Edward,543
Berry,SirWilliam,179
Berryman,Eric,68
Bertendona,Martnde,37,526
Bertrand,6162
Bertrand,John,47
Berwick(French),134
Berwick(1781),475
Bescherming,438
Bessemer,62
Bessemer,SirHenry,62
Bethia,70
BethlehemSteelCo.,96,136,167,302,323,329,513,571
Betsy,6263
Bveziers(BeachyHead),Battleof,67,482
Bey,Erich,463
Bibber,Abrahamvan,300
Bible,3536
Bich,Baron,26465
Biddle,James,251,556
Biddle,Nicholas,27,420
"BigE,The,"168
"BigMama,"487
"BigMamie,"329
Bigelow,Reuben,360
Bigonia,153
Bingham,Capt.,306
Binns,JohnR.,427
Birch,Mike,169
Bird,Peter,80
Birkenhead,HMS,63,220
BirkenheadIronWorks,227
Birkenshaw,Fred,101
Biscoe,John,561
Bismarck(1919),14,299
Bismarck(1940),38,63,6364,124,250,287,362,405,407,435,473,520,549
Bismarck,Ottovon,6364,280
Bizarre,244
Bjaaland,Olav,191
BlackBallLine(1817),271,436
BlackBallLine(1852),28,103,118,148,187,271,304,425,486
Black&Campbell,440
Black,DudleyO.,577
BlackHorseFlag,219
BlackPrince(1774),16
BlackPrince,HMS(1859),567
BlackPrince,HMS(1904),135
"BlackPrince,The,"207
BlackRockYachtClub,100
BlackSwan,HMS,24
Blackbeard,413
Blackford,Jr.,WilliamM.,329
Blackfriarsbarge,6465,447
Blades,Hugh,437
Blagonamerennyi,561
Blake,HomerC.,234
Blake,Joshua,394
Blake,Peter,169
Blake,Robert,7475
Blakeley,Johnston,571
Blanchard,HollisH.,399
Blanche,HMS,228
BlancoEncalada,255
Blandberg,August,241
Blaquiere,Johnde,22
Bleichrodt,Heinrich,111
Blenheim,HMS,191
Bligh,William,7172,265,429
Bloc,W.T.,249
Blohm&Voss,18,380,574
passengerships,14,89,177,292,299,322,575
sailingships,131,156,384,388,390
warships,63,137,152,212,341,462,471,560
Blom,RoeloffSijmonz,576
Blonde,HMS,566
Bloodhound,145
BloodySunday,399
Blossom,HMS,65,71
Blcher,SMS,6566,471
Blcher,66,284,289
Blcher,GebhardLeberechtvon,65
BlueFunnelLine,98
BlueRiband
Germanships,139,282,291
Frenchships,36364
Britishships,30,111,112,331,378,416,511
Italianships,432
U.S.ships,540
Bluenose,6667,116,204,573
BluenoseII,67
Blyth,Chay,81,167,180,496
Blyth,Samuel,167
Boadicea,HMS,259
BoardofTrade,87,170
"BoatofJesus,"197
BOCChallenge,125
BOCCorp.,125
Bode,H.D.,109
BodrumMuseumofUnderwaterArchaeology,471,536
BoerWar,113
Bogan,G.F.,445
Bogart,Humphrey,304
Bogatyr,319
Boghi,Eliseo,355
BogueForts,China,354
Boise,USS,449
Bolt,John,11617,538
BoleslavthePole,309
Bolsheviks,47,375
Bombard,Dr.Alain,182,241
Bon,Le,67
BonaConfidentia,158
BonaEsperanza,158
Bond,Alan,48
Bonefish,USS,110
Bongaree(Aborigine),265
BonhommeRichard,17,6768,insert
BonhommeRichard,USS,584
Bonner,Robert,331
Bonnet,Victor,182
BonPortwreck,68,204
Bonsor,Nigel,113
Boole&Co.,173
boom(dhow),482
Booth,Felix,551
BoothFisheriesCo.,59
Bordein,6869
BordesetCie.,A.D.191
BoretzzuSvobodu,400
Borghese,JunioValerio,207
Borie,AdolphEdward,69
Borie,USS,69
Borodino,337
Borrowdale,476
Borsele,JanVan,199
Boscawen,theRightHon.Edward,273,315
Bossert,Louis,123
Boston(1776),420
Boston(frigate),231
Boston(nightboat),408
Boston(pass.vessel),179
Boston,USS,374
Boston,USS(protectedcruiser),148
BostonAtlas,490
BostonDailyAtlas,486
BostonIron&MetalCo.,291
BostonMetalsCo.,203,304
BostonNavyYard,127,129,328,406,55758,563
BostonTeaPartyShip&Museum,132
Bostonian,123
Boswell,James,386
Both,Pieter,576
Bouchacourt,D.M.,392
Boudeuse,La,6970,72,147,165,367,504
Bougainville,LouisAntoinede,41,6970,72,147,165,202,367,504
Boulonnais,329
Boulton,Matthew,441
Boulton&Watt,193,367
Bound,Mensun,204
Bounty,HMS,7071,104,385,503,575
Bountylaunch,7172
Bounty(film),71
"bounty"ships,500
Bourbonmonarchy,333

Page650

Bourgogne,La,7,72,126
Bourne,Nehemiah,74
Bourne,Pamela,245
Boussole,La,40,7273,174,348,385,476
Bow,Clara,105
Bowdoin,7374,insert
Bowen,Francis,358
Bowers,Sylvester,565
Bowlder&Chaffers,498
Bowman,Jr.,Wright,235
Bowring&Co.,Messrs.C.T.,509
Boxer,HMS,167
BoxerRebellion,379
BoyScoutsAssoc.,146
Boyle,Thomas,106
Boyle,Robert,362
Boyne,HMS,328
Boys,Henry,567
Brackenridge,WilliamDunlop,556
Bracq,305
BradfordBoatServices,167
Bradford,William,332
Bradley,Charles,380
Bradley,JamesCox,44
Bradley,Omar,46
Bram,Thomas,241
Bramble,HMS,473
Brando,Marlon,71
Brandt,Frank,215
Brassey,Lady,499
Brassey,Thomas,Earl,44,498
Braynard,FrankO.,461,539
Brazil,559
Breadalbane,HMS,74
Breda,Treatyof,587
Brederode,7475
Brederode,JohanWolfertvan,74
Breed'sHill,Battleof,566
Bremen(1897),282
Bremen(1929),7576,177,331,416,432
Bremen(1939),226
BremenCog,7677
BremenAmericaLine,226
BremerVulcanSchiffbau&Maschinenfabrik,45,445
BremerholmNavyYard,537
Brendan,77,482
Brenton,Jahleel,486
Breslau,SMS,77,135,212,260,263,319
Breslin,John,97,183
BrestLitovsk,Treatyof,155,374
Bretagne,La(1886),72
Bretagne(1916),3,38,78,408,495
Brickenstein,Edward,138
Bride,Harold,521
Briggboat,78
Briggs,BenjaminS.,326
Briggs,E.&H.O.,366
Briggs,Enos,174
Brigham,Charles,210
Bright,John,524
Bright,Ward,44
Brighton,405
Brilliant,7879
Brindel,Glenn,491
Brinkmann,Helmuth,407
BrisbaneStar,373
Bristol,HMS,284,291
Britannia,HMS(1762),482
Britannia(1840),79
Britannia(1893),79,80,336,573
Britannia,HMS(1904),287
Britannia(1954),80
BritanniaII,80
Britannic(1915),81,376,435,520
British&AmericanSteamNavigationCo.,225,476
BritishAntarcticExpedition,510
BritishArcticExpedition,15
BritishArmy,81,97,271
British,AustralianandNewZealandAntarcticResearchExpedition(BANZARE),146
BritishColumbiaTowing&TransportationCo.,56
BritishImperialAntarcticExpedition,165,359
BritishIsles,81
BritishMuseum,116,165,390
British&NorthAmericanRoyalMailSteamPacketCo.,79
BritishPetroleumCo.,522
BritishQueen,477
BritishRailwayAdmin.,304
BritishShipownersCo.,Ltd.,81
BritishSoldier,81
BritishSteamNavigationCo.,496
BritishSteel,81,167,180
BritishSubAquaClub,326
BritishTransportCommission,405
BroadFourteens,2,126,248
broadsidebattery,92
Broke,PhilipBowesVere,109,121,228
BronzeAge,33,78,90
BronzeStar,193
Brooke,Capt.,524
Brooke,JohnM.,55758
BrooklynBridge,123
BrooklynNavyYard,194,263,273
Brooklyn,USS(1859),234,323
Brooklyn,USS(1896),8182,83,512
Broughton,Nicholson,232
Broughton,William,71
Brouwer,Hendrik,159,524
Brower&Co.,JohnH.,27
Brown,Adam,271
Brown,Adam&Noah,194,357,389
Brown,Basil,502
Brown&Bell,253,436
Brown,Charles,241
Brown&Co.,Ltd.,John,80
passengerships,30,93,95,162,415,416,576
warships,52,153,250,263,311,427
Brown&Hood,527
Brown,Fletcher,Jr.,552
Brown,John,199,408
Brown,IsaacNewton,37
Brown,Margaret"TheUnsinkableMolly,"521
Brown,Nicholas,199
Brown,Noah,458,565
Brown,Vaughan,185
Brown,Wilson,301
Brown,WilliamH.,21,31
Brown'sFerryvessel,82
Browne,Charles,367
Browne,EdwardA.,183
Browne,James,286
Brueysd'Aigulliers,FranoisPaul,2,379,543
Brun&VanderLippe,343
Brunel,IsambardKingdom,63,113,21922,22425,406,422,438
Bryant,Mary,386
Bryant,Sturgis&Co.,115,394
Bucentaure,259,55051
Buchan,John,269
Buchanan,Franklin,88,509,556,558
Buchanan,James,8,232,279,492
Buchanan,USS,88
Bucintoro,8283
Buck,Paul,493
Buckau,49
Bucklin&Crane,118
Buckmaster,Elliott,583
Buddington,James,428
Budington,SidneyO.,396
BuffaloHistoricalSociety,95
Buffel,83
Buffon,Leclercde,72
Bugge&Olsen,161
BulaqDockyard,68
bulbousbow,363
Bulkeley,John,564
Bulldog,HMS,535
Bulloch,JamesDunwoody,12,43
Bulmer,Ian,569
Bulwark,HMS,84
BunauVarilla,Maurice,336
Burchall,David,392
Burdon,George,420
BureauVritas,33
Burgess,Edward,209,422
Burgess,W.Starling,66,116,360,422
Burgis,William,181
Burgoyne,Hugh,92
Burke,Arleigh,103
Burkitt,Thomas,71
Burlingame,C.C.,475
BurmaOilCo.,162
Burmeister&Wain,277,552
Burnett,J.,505
Burnett,WilliamFarquharson,380
Burns,Robert,127
BurrardDryDockCo.,Ltd.,448
Burroughs,Stephen,158
Burrows,William,167
Bursa,163
Bush,RufusT.,123
Bushnell,CorneliusS.,263,341
Bushnell,David,529
Bushnell,Ezra,529
BustamenteyGuerra,DonJos,138
Butler,Benjamin,22
Butler,Cornelius,480
Butler,QuartermasterFrederick,380
Button,Thomas,143,537
Buttons,Jemmy,54
Buxton,Anthony,152
ByWayofCapeHorn(Villiers),216
Bylot,Robert,143
Byng,TheHon.John,147,419
Byrd,Richard,55
Byrne,Capt.,304
Byrne,St.Clair,498
Byrnes,Sec.ofStateJamesF.,46
Byron,John,143,14748,315,564
C
Cabot,16
Cabot,John,135,197,330
Cabot,Sebastian,158
Cabot,USS(CV16),168,264,302,514
Cabral,PedroAlvares,458
"Cacafuego,"214
Cachevaille,Capt.,35
Caesar,Julius,448
Cagney,James,17
CaioGiulio,258,559
Caird,C.S.,349
Caird&Co.,111,138,160
Cairngorm,35
Cairo,HMS,373
Cairo,49394
Cairo,USS,85,85
Calabria,Battleof,504
Calamai,Piero,27
Calder,SirRobert,8,52,135,509,550
CalebCushing,USRC,8586,186
CaledonShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,87
Caledonia(1840),79
Caledonia(1921),373
Caledonia,HMS,322
Caledonia,USS,357
Calhoun,Sec.ofWarJohnC.,460
California(1848),86
California,USS,11,8687,196,340
CaliforniaBattalion,129
Californian,87,521
CaliforniaShipBuildingCo.,216

Page651

CaliforniaShippingCo.,2,10,240
CaliforniaTransportationCo.,136
Caligula,355
Calla,tienne,367
Calliope,HMS,8788
Callsen,Peter,49
caloricengine,172
Calpe,127
Calvert,JamesF.,477
Calypso,29,88
Calypso(1975),485
CalypsoII,88
Cambria,22
Cambridge,S.J.P.,307
Cambronne,468
Cambuskenneth,519
Camilla,22
CammellLaird&Co.,Ltd.,3,38,61,227,354,405,435,514
Campbell,GeorgeM.,460
Campbell,John,184
Campbell,HenryH.,2
Campbeltown,HMS,8889
Camper&Nicholsons,Ltd.,205,279,472
Camperdown,HMS,89,54849
Campos,JulioRibeiro,235
Campos,ManuelM.,297
Canada,HMS,498
Canada1(12meter),48
CanadaSteamshipLines,365
Canadair,169
CanadianBlueRiband,162
CanadianNavalCorvetteTrust,443
CanadianNorthWestCo.,56
CanadianPacificSteamshipsLtd.,16264,296,559
CanadianRefugeeAssoc.,477
Canaris,Wilhelm,152
Canberra,HMAS,109
''C&B,"468
Candide(Voltaire),419
CannesFilmFestival,88
Cannon,JohnW.,350,433
Cannon,W.,133
Cano,JuanSebastiandel,54748
Canopus,HMS,89,215
Canterbury,HMNZS,419
CantiereNavaleTriestino,561
CantieriAnsaldo,206,306
CantieriRiunitidell'Adriatico,53,121,559
CapArcona,89
CapeAnn,27
CapeCodCanal,407
CapeEngao,96,110,193,264,587,588
CapeEsperance,Battleof,239,449
CapeFinisterre,Battleof,100
CapeGelidonyawreck,90
CapeHatterasLight,343
CapeHenlopenStatePark,134
Capellini,294
CapeMatapan,Battleof,568
CapeSt.Vincent,Battleof,51,11516,134,487,550
capitalships,14142,151,196
CapPilar,90,91
Captain,HMS(1787),9192,550
Captain,HMS(1825),440
Captain,HMS(1870),92
CaptainCook,467
CapTrafalgar,93,93
CarofNeptune,368
Caramanli,Hamet,351
caravelalatina,359
caravelaredonda,359,395
carbon14analysis,90,292
Card,USS,69
Carden,JohnSurman,315,538
Carden,SirSackville,263
Cardera,360
Cardona,Juande,424
Carew,SirGeorge,328
Carey,S.W.,133
CaribIndians,360
Caribia,96,562
Cariolou,Andreas,292
Carlisle,AllanP.,518
CarlosIV,138
Carlsen,HenrikKarl,187
Carlson,CarlH.,385
Carmania,93,528
Carnation,HMS,200
Carnegie,9394,94
Carnegie,Andrew,94,130
CarnegieFoundation,73,94
CarnegieMuseumofNaturalHistory,130
Carol,King(Romania),400
Carolina(1700),437
Caroline(1822),95,477
Caroline,HMS,222
Caroline,Queen,95,437
Carondelet,USS,37,95
Caronia,9596,521,528
Carpathia,87,96,521
Carpenter,Alfred,557
Carpenter,Scott,264
Carr,Frank,259
carrack,76,206,216
Carrasco,ManuelM.,255
Carreo,Bartolom,450
carreradelasindias,370
Cartagena,Juande,547
Carteret,Philip,70,5034
Carteret,Samuel,147
Cartier,Jacques,217
CartierBrebeufPark,Quebec,217
Cartwright,William,253
Carvalho,Joo,548
carvelconstruction,76,327,355,412
Casabianca,Louisde,379
CasablancaConference,201
Casement,Roger,39
Cassell&Co.,103
CassinYoung,USS,96
Casson,Lionel,270,505
Castile,Squadronof,453
Castilla,374
CastilloNegro,218
Castine,USS,334
CastleLine,576
CastleWilliam,Boston,303
CastleYard,6,225
Castro,Fidel,518
Casuarina,La,202
Catalpa,9697,183
catamaran,20
Cathcart,Lord,306
CatherinetheGreat,399
Catlin,USS,2023
Cavalla,USS,97,302,474
CaviteNavyYard,393
Cazador,106
C.B.Pedersen,98
Cedarbank,373
CedrictheSaxon,286
CelestialEmpire,115
Celia,393
Centaur,98
Centaur,554
Centaur,HMS,259
centerlineturrets,9293,152
CentraalMuseum,Utrecht,542
CentralAmerica,9899
CentralIntelligenceAgency,209
Centurion,HMS,99100,425,457,563
Centurione,Marquisde,67
CenturyofProgressExposition,66,111
Cerberus,33
Cerberus,HMVS,100
Ceres,HMS,17
CerverayTopete,Pascual,82,261,378,512
Ceylan,7
Ch'oeHyonggun,473
Chacabuco,372
ChadadeSteamshipCo.,580
Chadwick&Pritchard,572
Challenge,100101,101,186,466
Challenge12,4748
Challenger,HMS,15,1012,208
ChallengerDeep,188,525
Chaloner(builder),184
Chamberlain,E.Jo,322
Chamberlain,Thomas,240
Chameleon,CSS,507
Chamisso,Adelbertvon,442
Chamorro,Pres.Emiliano,324,430
Champagne,La,72
Champigny,1023
ChampionoftheSeas,103,223,271,304
Champlain,Lake,Battleof,459
Champlain,Samuelde,217,517
ChamplainTransportationCo.,517
Chance,Britton,Jr.,264
Chancellor,Richard,158
Chandler,Raymond,286
ChandrisGroup,23
ChannelDash,211,407
Chantiers&AteliersdeSt.Nazaire(Penhot),44,257,363,387,495,500
Chantiersdel'Atlantique,193
ChantiersdelaGironde,191
ChantiersdelaMditerrane,102,553
ChantiersNantaisdeConstructionMaritime,201
Chapelle,Howard,20,260,357,516
Chapin,USS,445
Chapman,Omar,142
Chapman&Co.,I.F.,9
Chapman&FlintCo.,240,577
Chapman,Henry,193
Chapple,Thomas,176
Charal,169
Charcot,JeanBaptiste,401
CharenteSteamshipCo.,397
chariots(submarines),514,520
CharlesAusburne,USS,103
CharlesCooper,1034
CharlesCunningham,486
CharlesF.Gordon,278
CharlesHanson,207
CharlesI(England),326,485
CharlesI(France),239
CharlesII,32526,362,438,485,587
CharlesMorse,378
Charles,PrinceofWales,328
CharlesV(HolyRomanEmpire),423
CharlesV(Spain),547
CharlesVII(France),122
CharlesX(France),41
CharlesXIV(Sweden),460
CharlesW.Morgan,96,1045
CharlesW.Wetmore,105
CharlesPhilippe,411
CharlestonDrydock&MachineCo.,349
CharlestownNavyYard,96,120
Charlotte,437
Charlotte,476
CharlotteDundas,1056,117
Charlwood,EdwardPhillip,227
Charon,HMS,62
Chartrand,Albert,449
Charybdis,HMS,275
Chase,Owen,176
Chasseur,106
Chteaurenault,FranoisLouisRousseletde,67
Chatelain,USS,227,535
Chatfield,A.E.M.,306
ChathamDockyard,15,51,307,380,390,413,428,509,537,550,557,588
Chatham,HMS,502

Page652

ChathamHospital,99
Chaucer,380
Chaumareys,ViscountHughesde,333
Chaumont,Lerayde,67
Chauncey,Isaac,231,251,465
ChaunceyMaples,1067
Chauncey,USS,136
Cheap,David,563
ChelseaCollege,99
ChelseaHospital,563
Cheops,1078
Cheopsship,1078,130,183,insert
Cherokees,31
Cherub,HMS,175
Chesapeake,Battleofthe,8,62,307
Chesapeake,USS,1089,120,251,299,306,327,358,538
ChesapeakeLeopardAffair,108,299,403
Chester,John,213
ChicagoMuseumofScienceandIndustry,536
Chicago,USS(1889),148
Chicago,USS(1931),109
Chichester,HMS,299
Chichester,SirFrancis,205,307,496,508
Chickasaw,USS,509
Chicora,CSS,253
Chikuma,198,276
Childers,HMS,486
Childers,Erskine,39
Childers,Molly,39
Children'sOverseasReceptionBoard(CORB),111
Chile,109110
Chileancivilwar,50
ChileanNavy,124,255,487
China,464
Chinesecivilwar,24,324,385
Chinesemyth,530
Chinook,519
Chipp,Charles,272
Chippewa,HMS,357
ChippewaLumberCo.,278
Chippeway,306
Chirikov,Alexei,444,447
Chiron(Greekmyth),398
Chitose,110,264,302,459,58788
Chiyoda,110,193,264,58788
Choiseul,EtienneFranoisde,553
Chokai,42
ChoranMaru,29596
Chouart,Mdard,SieurdesGroselliers,362
Choy,RudyandBarry,235
Christersson,Ragnar,102
Christian,Fletcher,71,104
Christian,GeorgeParkin,104
ChristianIV,537
ChristianIX,280
ChristianRadich,110
ChristianiaSchoolshipAssociation,110
Christmas,John&Mathias,485
Christopher,213
ChristopherColumbus,105,11011
Christophoros,161
ChryslerCorp.,20
Chubb,HMS,459
Chuchkis,442,469,544
Chukhnin,Adm.,400
ChurchofEngland,331
Churchill,Winston
asFirstLordoftheAdmiralty,2,212,311,498,532
asPrimeMinister,10,46,57,153,267,287,373,405,427
Chuyo,465,490
Cicogna,514
Cie.FranaisedeMarineetCommerce,192
CincinnatiMarineWays,35051
Cinque,25
CinquePorts,153
Ciotat,La,541
Circ,13
circularships,307,424
circumnavigation,105,167,308,404,485,526
16thcent.,21314,548
17thcent.,153
18thcent.,56,6970,99100,11617,12122,14448,16465,5034,538
19thcent.,4041,5455,34849,402,442,469,55456,56061
solo,2324,149,180,2056,27778,29798,307,48789,49697,508
yacht,123,169,498500,519,53031
CityofBenares,111
CityofBerlin,111
CityofBrussels,112
CityofBuffalo,468
CityofCorkSteamPacketCo.,476
CityofEverett,105,427
CityofFlint,533
CityofLucknow,533
CityofNewYork,112
CityofNewYork(proposedname),219
CityofParis,11213,113
CityofRome,113
CityofSavannah,346
CityofWinchester,288
CivilWar
blockadesin,43,23334
commerceraidingin,1213,8586,115,186,285,34950,507,578
ironcladsin,43,85,95,119,127,32324,34143,543,55758
neutralrightsin,52324,563
startof,232,492
submarinein,133,24748,25354,263,35657,396
Claggett,Lt.Cdr.,42
ClanFerguson,373
ClannaGael,96,183
Clara,163
Clarence,85
Claridon,257
Clark,ArthurH.,578
Clarke,A.W.,473
Clark,CharlesE.,378
Clark,GeorgeRogers,554
Clark,JohnPearson,20
Clark,JosephJ.,584
Claron,William,330
Claymore,123
Clayton&Davies,Shipbreakers,169
Clemens,Samuel,182
ClementVIII(Pope),454
Clements,Rex,3233
Cleopatra,114,114
Cleopatra'sBarge,11415,115
Cleopatra'sNeedle,114
Clerke,Charles,143,165,429
Clermont,367
Clermont,Rende,122
ClermontTonnerre,Marquisde,40
Cleveland&BuffaloTransitCo.,468
Cleveland,Benjamin,105
ClevelandPlainDealer,519
Clevely(builder),115
Clifford,Barry,574
Clifton,Elmer,105
clinkerconstruction,213,216,370,381,412,474,478,542
Clio,530
clippers
averagespeed,206
British,363,477,494,513
developmentof,28,490
evolutionof,436,46465,
U.S.,2728,253,356,466,480,486
ClipperLine,261
Cloux,Reubende,245,388
Cloux,Rubyde,388
Clowes,WilliamLaird,75
CoastwiseLine,303
CoastwiseTransportationCo.,515
Coates,JohnF.,375
Cobb,G.Wheatley,525
Cobb,J.Wheatley,259
Cobb,USCGC,215
Cobb,WilliamT.,215
Cobra,HMS,528
Coburn,John,18
Coca,Antoniode,547
Cochran,AlexanderS.,573
Cochrane,255
Cochrane,A.A.,566
Cochrane,ThomasLord,315,372,48687
Cochrane,SirAlexander,522
Cockburn,George,522
Cockerell&Co.,495
Cockerill,John,456
Coconada,128
codebreaking,319
Coelho,Nicolau,457
Coffin,Owen,176
Coffroth,JamesWood,491
Coghlan,USS,449
Colas,Alain,24,126
Colbert,131
Colbert,MinisterofMarineJeanBaptiste,67,482,569
ColdWar,54
Coles,Cowper,92,254
Collingwood,SirCuthbert,134,259,440,550
Collins,Napoleon,563
Collins,EdwardKnight,383,436
CollinsLine,31,173,383,540
Collinson,Richard,265,428
"CollonelMorris'sFancyturningtoWindwardwithaSloopofCommonMould"(engraving),181
Collyer,Andrew,160
Collyer,Thomas,349
Colombe,La,131
Colombian,106
Colonna,CardinalDonPospero,355
Colonna,MarcAntonio,42324
Colorado,115
Colossus,HMS,11516
ColossusVase,116
Colt,Caldwell,123
Colthurst,Dapper&Wheatley,501
Columbia(1835),56
Columbia(1841),79
Columbia(1898),172
Columbia(1899),44,426,472
Columbia(1923),66,116
Columbia(1968),96
ColumbiaMaid,442
ColumbiaRediviva,11617,138,144,538
ColumbiaTransportationCo.,157
ColumbianExposition,120
Columbine,HMS,128
Columbus(1775),16
Columbus(1903),427
Columbus(1913),250
Columbus(1924),75
Columbus,Christopher,330,340,359,395,45556,457,488,547
Columbus,USS,556
ColumbusAmericaDiscoveryGroup,99
CombinedFleet(FrancoSpanish),8,136,440,509,550

Page653

Comet(1812),117,434
Comet(1851),118
Comet(1814),357
CommandantTeste,38
commercewarfare,231,557
AmericanRevolution,228
U.S.CivilWar,1213,8586,186,285,34950,480,507
WorldWarI,152,16162,199,283,288,291,347,462,5767
WorldWarII,34,1819,98,211,380,49394,575
Seealsoconvoys
CommercialAdvertiser,467
CommercialPacificCableCo.,464
Commerson,Philibertde,69
CommodoreExplorer,169
Commonwealth,223,407,411
Communists,362
CompagnieAustrale,159
CompagniedeNavigationFranaise,201
CompagniedeNavigationSudAtlantique,44
CompagniedesChargeursRunis,7
CompagniedesIndes,La,67
CompagniedesVoiliersHavrais,553
CompagnieFranaisedeNavigationVapeur,388
CyprienFabre&Cie.,388
CompagnieGnraleMaritime,545
CompagnieGnraleTransatlantique,72,257,344,363,387,545
CompagnieMessageriesMaritimes,577
CompanhiaColonialdeNavegaao,456
CompaniaAdministradoresdelGuano,377
CompaaChilenadeNavegacinInterocenica,553
CompaniaSotayAnzar,334
CompanyforVirginia,332
CompanyofCathay,197
CompanyofMerchantAdventurers,466
CompanyeofKathai,9
compasserror,227
ComptonHall,Richard,248
ComtedeSmetdeNaeyer,48
Concepcin,54748
Concepcin,La,452
Concord,118,230
Concord,USS,374
Concorde,413
Condorcet,Marquisde,72
Coney,William,40
Confederateraiders,115,186,285,341,578
ConfederateStates,CSS,539
Confiance,HMS,11819,459
Conflans,HubertdeBrienne,Comtede,439
Congress(1776),119,392
Congress,USS(1799),108,120,538,570
Congress,USS(1841),119,127,129,260,342,558
Connaway,Fred,465
ConnecticutAfroAmericanHistoricalSociety,25
Connell&Co.,Ltd.,Charles,50,235,288
Conner,Dennis,48
Conquerant,482
Conqueror,HMS(1969),202
Conrad,12
Conrad,Joseph,349,382,546
Consolation,USS,250
ConsolidatedSteelCorp.,103,187
Consort,HMS,24
Constable,John,387
Constable,Rucker&Co.,163
Constant,HMS,406
Constellation,USS(1791),108,11920,315,538
Constellation,USS(1854),120,insert
Constellation,USS(1961),317
Constitution,USS,12021,12829,167,175,228,251,356,525,538,insert
ConstitutionalConvention,493
Consulado,106
ContediCavour,12122,258,432
ContediSavoia,12122
ConteRoss,541
Contest,366
ContinentalArmy,18,273
ContinentalCongress,18,300
shipsacquiredby,16,27,232,251,437
frigatesorderedby,231,419,527,565,570
continentaldrift,209
ContinentalIronCo.,98
ContinentalIronWorks,341
ContinentalNavy,18,27,67,119,251,301,408,409,419,437,527,566,570
convoys
16thcent.,450
17thcent.,6,67,368,435,443
18thcent.,7,118,133,153,413,439,486,550,554
19thcent.,259,331
AmericanRevolution,17,51,6768,228,231,251,408,527,566
BarbaryWars,167
QuasiWar,175
Warof1812,128,570
WorldWarI:
Atlantic,129,291,344,374
Baltic,155
IndianOcean,504
Mediterranean,212
NorthSea,341,533
WorldWarII,22,69,205,294,310
Arctic,45,13,57,154,287,362,435,463,520,549,570
Atlantic,103,295,428,501,513,568
Japanese,137,185,226,232,392,465,490,507,564
Mediterranean,52,206,258,3067,37273,353,427,473,504,514,541,560
NorthAtlantic,28,46,88,111,124,225,229,250,274,284,324,329,331,423,430,443,535,583
Pacific,200,279,329,475
Conway,HMSchoolship,122
Conway,HMS(1814),372
Cook,James,56,41,65,7072,116,13738,14344,16365,265,42930,437,445,468,561
Cook,FrederickA.,57
Cook,JohnA.,105
Cook,Sylvia,80
Cooke,John,59
Cooper(merchant),131
Cooper,Gary,282
Copenhagen,Battleof,8,134,135,444
coppersheathing,147
Coquette,85
Coquille,40
CoralSea,Battleofthe,168,302,328,583
Japaneseshipsat,474,588
U.S.shipsat,252,301,449,475
Cordelire,La,122,327
Cordoba,DonJosde,9192,134
Core,USS,285
Corinthian,29
Coriolanus,123
Corlett,E.C.B.,221
CorlissSteamEngineCo.,20
Cornelisz,Jeronimus,52
Cornell,Katherine,17
Cornwall,HMS(1902),93,267
Cornwall,HMS(1926),12,242
Cornwallis,Charles,18,51,62,244,307,554
Cornwallis,SirWilliam,437,522
Coronel,Battleof,89,152,211,215,263,267,343,462
Coronet,18,123
Corrard,Alexandre,333
Corsair,12324,261
corsairs,120,450,485
Corsar&Sons,D.,343
Corzo,Antonio,450
Cosa,Juandela,45556
Cossack,HMS,10,64,124
CostaLine,298
Costa,Nascimiento,456
CosulichLine,46,12122,561
Cotton,John,527
Coulombe,JosephM.B.,312
CoulsenPacketLine,182
CounciloftheIndies,450
CounterArmada,10,431
CountessofDufferin,22
CountyofPeebles,124
CountyofRoxburgh,124
Courageous,26465
Courageous,HMS,125,194,534
Coureur,Le,58
Couronne,La,125
Couronne(1862),208
Courtenay(mate),35
Cousteau,JacquesYves,29,88,319
CousteauSociety,49,88
Covadonga,255
Covilh,Peroda,457
Cowan,Rex,249
Coward,J.G.,195
Cowards,JesseG.,340
CowesRegattaWeek,248,336,549
Cowper,William,153
Cox,John,492
Cox&DanksLtd.,472,560
Cox&Stephens,53
Cradock,SirChristopher,89,211,215,284,462
Craig,R.&J.,124
Cramm,George,438
Cramp&SonsShip&EngineBuildingCo.,William,50,69,129,225,261,324,334,356,545,580
Crane,Clinton,18
Cranston,Robert,96
Crawford&Co.,3
Crawford,WilliamH.,34
Craxi,Bettino,3
CrazyHorse(Siouxchief),182
Crean,Tom,166
CrditAgricole,24,12526
Creole,126
CrescentShipyard,248,396
Cressy,Josiah,28
Cressy,HMS(1810),444
Cressy,HMS(1899),2,126,248,532
Cressy,HMS(1941),53738
Cressy,JosiahP.,18687
Creutz,BaronLorentz,290
Crighton,Capt.,451
CrimeanWar,8,122,158,208,221,224,225,341,524
CrispPoint,Mich.,261
CristoforoColombo,24,27,562
Crockett,William,460
Crofton,Edward,109
Cromartyshire,72,126
Cromwell,Oliver,437,485
Cronan,Lawrence,243
Crooks,WilliamandJames,465
Crosby,ChristopherS.,123
Cross,John&Ralph,231
Cross&Merrill,571
CrosshavenBoatyard,77
Crowell&Thurlow,241
Crowhurst,Donald,277,496,508

Page654

CrownAgentsfortheColonies,146
Crowninshield,B.B.,515
Crowninshield,Benjamin,114
Crowninshield,George,Jr.,11415
CrowninshieldShipBuildingCo.,246
Crozier,Capt.,189
Crozier,FrancisR.M.,170,510
CruiseoftheConrad,The(Conrad),277
CruiseoftheSnark(London),480
CruiserOlympiaAssociation,375
CruisingVoyageAroundtheWorld(Dampier),153
CrumlinPedersen,Ole,478
CrystalGardens,Victoria,519
CrystalPalaceExhibition,21,358
Cszhech,Lt.Cdr.,535
Cuba(1865),464
CubaMailLine,346
CubanMissileCrisis,35354,514
Cuddalore,Battleof,134
Culloden,HMS,259,544
culverins,431
Cumberland,HMS(1803),265
Cumberland,HMS(1926),4
Cumberland,USS,119,127,342,558
Cumming,Arthur,423
Cunard,John,79
CunardLine,93,9596,528
in19thcent.,79,378,464
in20thcent.,2930,60,294,311,330,41415
competitors,75,290,363,383,391,520,543
WhiteStarmerger,250,322,376
Cunard,Samuel,440
CunardWhiteStarLine,349,416
Cuniberti,Vittorio,286
Cunningham,AndrewBrowne,258,568
Cunningham,Briggs,78
Curaao,127
Curacoa,HMS,416
"CuriousMachineforMendingPolitics,A,"352
curragh,77
Currie,Donald,576
Currier&Townsend,149
Curtis,Eben,519
Curtis,Paul,323
Cussler,Clive,68
Custer,GeorgeArmstrong,182
Cutler,Carl,29,105,253,573
CuttySark,12728,206,513
C.W.Morse,61
Cyana,19
Cyane,HMS,121,12829
Cyane,USS,129
CycloneEmily,80
Cyclops,USS,129
Cygnet,435
CynthiaOlsen,256
D
d'Aboville,Gerard,46768
Dace,USS,42
Dacres,James,121,228
Daedalus,144
Dahlgren,JohnA.,356,402
Dahlstrom,Capt.,98
Dahshurboats,130,130
DailyExpress,180
DailyMirror,152
Dainty,318
Dale,Richard,403
Dallas,George,260
Dalrymple,Alexander,164
DalrympleHamilton,F.H.G.,57
Dalton,Sec.oftheNavyJohnH.,329
DamePattie,264
DampfschiffRederei,288
Dampier,William,153,43536
Dana,JamesDwight,556
Dana,RichardHenry,394
Danae,HMS,13031
Dancy,KennethRoger,187
Danenhower,John,272
Daniels,GeorgeB.,584
Daniels,NavySec.Josephus,334
DanishEastAsiaticCo.,282
DanishNationalMuseum,478
DanishNavy,280
DanishSchoolshipAssoc.,552
DanishWestIndies,280
Danmark,131,156
d'Annebault,Claude,328
Danneyrol,P.,8
DanteAlighieri,152
Dantzler,O.M.,248
Daphne,388
DarMlodziezy,131
DarPomorza,131,492
Darby,Henryd'Esterre,59
Daring,HMS,235
Darling,Ernest,480
Darling,Grace,188
Darling,William,188
Darragh,Thomas,96
Darter,USS,42
Dartmouth(1773),13132
Darwin,Charles,19,5455
Dau,Heinrich,18
Daunt'sRock,311
Dauntless,118,123
Dauphin,51
DauphinRoyal,Le,379
Dauphin(whaleship),176
Dauphine,La,132,217
d'Auribeau,A.Hesmivy,174
Davenport&Co.,Charles,186
Davey,Hugh,106
David,AlanWilliams,169
David,CSS,133,356
DavidCrockett,133
David,AlbertL.,227,535
David,T.W.Edgeworth,359
Davidson,L.John,134
Davies,JosephE.,465
Davies,William,343
Davis,Charles,44647
Davis,Edward,32
Davis,FrankAlfred,394
Davis,Glenn,570
Davis,Jefferson,164
Davis,John,500
Davis,ThomasBenjamin,573
Davis,W.T.,259
Davis&Co.,358
Davison,Ann,18283
Davy(builder),510
DDay,10,46,57,229,273,295,435
Deacon,William,239
Dealey,SamuelD.,232
Dean&Co.,J.M.,275
Deane,Charles,439
Deane,JohnandCharles,328
DeBraak,13334,369
Debroutelle,M.,241
decareme,376
Decatur,Stephen,194,351,538
inBarbaryWars,34,120,263,393
inWarof1812,1089,315,404,430,570
Decatur,Stephen,Sr.,392
Decie,HenryEdward,22
deClonard,RobertSutton,40
Decoy,HMS,235
deElcano,JuanSebastian,279
DeepSeaDrillingProject,208
DeepSubmergenceResearchVessel,19
Deerhound,12
Defence,HMS(1763),13435,444
Defence(1779),135
Defence,HMS(1907),135,268
Defiance(1590),431
Defiance(1775),27
Defiance,HMS(1783),13536
Defoe,Daniel,153,413
deGaulle,Charles,38,192
deGrasse,FranoisJosephPaul,51
deGrasse,Comte,62
DeHaan&OerlemansScheepsbauwerft,34
DeHaven,EdwinJ.,5
DeiGratia,326
delaClocheterie,IsaacJeanTimotheChadeau,58
deLaClueSabran,Adm.,273
Delamater&Co.,341
DelamaterIronWorks,183
deLangle,PaulAntoineMarieFleuriot,40
Delavue,John,392
Delawana,66,116
DelawareBayPilots,514
Delaware&RaritanCanal,434
DelawareRiverIronShipBuilding&EngineWorks,407,410
Delaware,USS,538
Delhi,RIN,3
Deliverance,466
DeLong,GeorgeW.,190,272
Deloraine,HMAS,256
Delphy,Richard,136
Delphy,USS,136
DeltaKing,136
DeltaQueen,136
DemetriostheBesieger,292
DemocraticParty,584
Demologos,194
DenisCrovan&Co.,56
Denmark,224
Dennis,W.H.,66
Dennis,WilliamH.,116
Denny&Bros.,Ltd.,William,204,405,502
DennyBrothers,127
DennyBrownstabilizers,417
d'Entrecasteaux,40,73,310
Depression,effectsof
oncoastwisetrade,12,241,246,312
ontransatlantictrade,60,162,203,322,331,376,389,416
onothertrades,224,245,388,468,575
DeptfordDockyard,9,37,385,387,437,544
Derby,EliasHasket,217
Derfflinger,SMS,137,26768,313,471
DeRuyter,137,254
deRuyter,MichielAdrienszoon,7475
DeschimagAG,533
Descubierta,13738,502
Desmond,John,96
DeSotoNationalWildlifeRefuge,62
Dessaix,487
d'Estaing,ComteJeanBaptiste,437
Destouches,Chevalier,307
d'Estres,Jean,67,482
destroyers,developmentof,235
DetForenedeDampskibsSelskab,552
Detroit&ClevelandNavigationCo.,222
Detroit&ClevelandSteamboatLine,222
Detroit,HMS,357
DetroitShipBuildingCo.,468
Deucalion,HMS,373
DeutscheDampfschiffahrtsGesellschaft"Hansa,"577
DeutscheOzeanReedereiGmbH,140
DeutscheSchiff&Machinenbau,535
DeutscheSeeverkehrsAG,347

Page655

DeutscheWerke,4,66,211,284,314,535
DeutscherSchulschiffVerein(Bremen),131
DeutschesSchiffahrtsmuseum,Bremerhaven,77
Deutschland(1866),13839
Deutschland(1900),139,139,282,330,416
Deutschland(1916),13940,140
Deutschland(1923),14
Deutschland(1933),4,314
deValera,Eamon,97
Devastation,HMS,140,141
Devine&Burtis,201
Devitt&Moore,246,334,481,499
Devonport&CornwallIndustrialTrainingShipAssoc.,122
DevonportDockyard,57,84,134,179,259,273,286,305,440,568,440
Devonshire,HMS,45
Dewey,George,50,338,374
Dewis,Joshua,326
DeWolf,H.G.,229
DeWolfe,J.S.,148
d'Eyncourt,Tennyson,498
Dezhnev,Semen,443
dhow,481
Diana(1770s),408
Diana(1807),14041,442
Diana(1809),231
DianaAricina,355
Diariodeviaje(Malaspina),138
Dias,Bartholomeu,457
Dickens,Charles,79
Dickinson,James,251
DiethervonRoeder,124
Dietrich,Max,245
Diligence,HMS,24243
Diligent,HMS,409
Dillingham,JamesS.,Jr.,480
Dillon,Peter,4041,73
DirectionGnraledelaScuritExtrieure,419
Dirigo,142,433
Discomb,Reece,73
Discovery(1602),14243,230,269,537
Discovery,HMS(1774),6,65,116,14344,163,42930
Discovery,HMS(1789),14445,502
Discovery,HMS(1874),1516,102,143
Discovery(1901),14546,145,165,191,359,509
DiscoveryoftheBermudasotherwiseCalledthe"IsleofDevils"(Jourdain),466
Disraeli,Benjamin,304
DistinguishedServiceCross,39
"DivingBell,The,"309
Dixon&Co.,SirRaylton,344
Dixon,John,114
Dixon,RobertE.,474
Dixon&Sons,Ltd.,Messrs.Thomas,172
Djedefre,107
Djibrine,Abdullah,418
Dodds,HenryM.,182
Dodge,Ernest,18990
DoggerBank,Battleofthe,6566,305,341
DohnaSchlodien,NikolausGrafBurggrafzu,347
Dohrman&Humphries,31
Dokoswreck,146
DollarSteamshipLine,404
Dolphin,HMS(1751),6,70,143,14648,165,430,444,503,564
Dolphin,USS(1885),148
Dolphin(1770s),301
Dolphin(1810s),251
DolphinCruiseLines,485
DominionLine,427
Domitian,64
DonAntoniodeUlloa,50
DonArianoN,572
DonJuanofAustria,42324
DonSulpicio,149
Donai,Horatio,526
DonaldMcKay,148,223
DonaldsonAtlanticLineLtd.,42
Donaldson,James,343
DoaPaz,14849
Dnitz,Karl,77,212,294,440,534
Donnaconna(Indianchief),217
Doolittle,JamesH.,252
Doolittleraid,168,252
Doores,Pieter,159
Doorman,Karel,137,178,254,296
DoraHugoStinnes,155
Dorade,149
Doradeventilator,149
Doria,Andrea,424
Dorothea,269
Dorsetshire,HMS,12,64,242
d'Orves,Comte,244
d'Orvilliers,LouisGuillouet,Comte,439,554
DossinGreatLakesMuseum,278
Dothan,MosheandYuval,197
Doughty,NavalConstructorWilliam,403
Doughty,Thomas,214
Doughty,William,121,389,403,538
Douglas,Mike,149
Douglass,James,101
Douglass,LordHoward,306
Dove,149
Dow,George,516
Dowdeswell,William,132
Dowling,Edmund,466
DownEasters,2,9,10,22,60,186,219,433
DowntotheSeainShips(film),105
Downes,John,315
Downie,George,118,459
Doyle,ArthurConan,326
D'OylyHughes,Guy,210
Drake,HMS,420
Drake,SirFrancis,9,100,206,213,218,275,370,428,431,453
Drake,FrancisS.,308
DramaticLine,383,436
Dreadnought(1853),14950,150
Dreadnought(1917),346
Dreadnought,HMS,15152,151,173,266,528,557
"DreadnoughtHoax,"152
DredScottdecision,216
Dresden,SMS(1908),152,462
Dresden,SMS(1918),152
Drew,Andrew,95
Drew,James,133
Dring,Harry,283
Drottningholm,226,559
Drum,USS,153
Drumcliff,376
Drummond,Capt.,2
DuPont,Samuel,356
Dubigeon,A.,56
Dubigeon,C.H.,392
Dublin,HMS,212
Ducd'Orlans,57
DucdeDuras,67
DucdeLauzan,18
Duchesne,Alphonse,545
Duchess,153
Duchess,HMS,52
DuchessofScarborough,67
Dudgeon,John,507
Dudingston,William,199
Dudinka,298
DudleyDocker,166
DuguayTrouin,25859
DuguayTrouin,Ren,258
Duhnen,57980
Duke,153
Duke,J.H.&J.,127
DukeofYork,HMS,15253,46364
DulwichCollege,166
Dumas,GuyRibadeau,126
Dumas,Vito,29798
Dumontd'Urville,JulesS.,4042,73,171
Dunbar,HMS,437
Dunboyne,7
Duncan,F.C.,186
Duncan&Co.,Robert,79,349,468,542
Dundas,ThomasLord,1056
Dundee&HullSteamPacketCo.,188
Dungeness,Battleof,75
Dunham&Co.,173
DunhamWheeler,158
DunhamsNephew&Co.,Thomas,133
Dunkerque,38,78,408,495
Dunlevy&Co.,61
Dunn&Eliot,158
Dunstaffnage,319
Duodo,Antonio,424
Duperrey,LouisI.,4042,541
DupuydeLme,Stanislas,208
DuquesaSantaAna,206
Duquesne,259
Durance,174
Durfee,Amos,95
Durfoort,Cornelis,158
Durham,Charles,136
DutchEastIndiaCo.
andexploration,32,159,238,305
andshipwreck,52,142,249,335,43233,545,576,585,588
DutchWestIndiaCo.,32
Duyfken,154,159
DvenadtsatApostolov,400
"dynamicpositioningsystem,"208
Dytiscus,81,167,496
E
E1,155,341
E8,155
E9,155
E11,15556
E14,156
E42,341
E.A.Bryan,156
Eads&Co.,James,85,95
Eads,JamesB.,85
Eagle,Henry,231
Eagle,HMS(1679),40
Eagle,HMS(1774),529
Eagle,HMS(1918),258,373
Eagle,USCGC,131,156,380
Eaglet,HMS(1655),362
Eaglet,HMS(1855),423
EarlofPembroke,164
Earle,JamesA.M.,1045
Earle'sCo.,62
EarlyHelladicperiod,146
EastIndiaCo.,6,131,142,158,389,544
EasterRebellion,183
EasternSolomons,Battleofthe,42,110,168,366,459
EasternSteamNavigationCo.,221
EasternSteamShipCorp.,215
EasternSteamshipLines,215,580
EastIndiaCo.,524
Eastland,15657,468
Eastward,343
Eaton,William,34
Ebb,J.Watson,563
Eber,SMS,93
Echaniz,Simonde,452
EchevarrietayLarrinaga,173,279
Eckford,Henry,458

Page656

colePratiquedesHautestudes,401
EcuadorianNavy,110
EcureuilPoitouCharentes2,517
EddystoneLight,75,139
Edgar,163
EdmundFitzgerald,15758
EdnaHoyt,158
Edsall,USS,287,297
Edward,301
EdwardBonaventure,158,544
EdwardIII,126
EdwardSewall,433
EdwardtheConfessor,345
EdwardVI,240
EdwardVII,79,248,336
Edwards,Edward,385
Edwards,HarrySmith,187
EdwinFox,15859
Eendracht(1615)32,159,238
Eendracht(1616),159,435,541
Eendracht(1650s),75,438
Eendracht(1742),249
EffieM.Morrissey,15960
Egeria,480
Egerton,Francis,DukeofBridgewater,106
Egingwah(Eskimo),436
Egorev,Capt.,47
Egypt,160,380
EgyptianAntiquitiesService,107
Ehrenberg,ConstructionalAdvisor,284,289
Eisenhower,DwightD.,203,251,354,526
Eisenhower,Mamie,353
Eisenstein,Sergei,399
EkaterinaII,77
Ekvator,335
Elbe5,565
Elbe6,565
ElcoNavalDivision,ElectricBoatCo.,409
Elder&Co.,John,377
ElderDempsterLine,296,427
Elders&FyffesCo.,98,347
Eldridge,Asa,425
Eld,Henry,555
"ElDiablo,"372
Eleanor,132
Electra,HMS,405,428,533
Electra,USCGC,400
ElectricBoatCo.,97,186,226,227,232,352,508
ElectricBoatDivision,GeneralDynamics,203,464,526
Elena,44,518
EleonoreWoermann,93
Elephant,HMS,444
ElGamo,487
ElHorria,160,160
Elisaveta,442
Elissa,161
ElizabethI,37,197,206,21314,274,318,326,370
ElizabethII,80,206,307,416,485
Elizabeth,500
EllenLines,184
Ellerman'sCityLine,111
Elliott,JesseD.,358
ElliottRichie,233
Ellis,WilliamB.,552
Ellison,Thomas,71
ElMajidi,473
ElmerMontgomery,USS,557
Elmslie,J.A.,481
Eloisa,486
"ElPoderoso,"457
Elsalander,98
Elsie,66,116
Elson,Thomas,65
EmbargoAct,251,465
Emden,SMS(1909),16162,162,231,284,504
Emden(1913),565,57980
Emden(1925),66
Emden(brigantine),57980
Emerillon,L',217
EmeryRice,421
Emiliani,Cesare,208
EmilyH.M.Weder,404
EmmanueleAccame,98
Emmons,GeorgeF.,234
Emperor'sCup,44,573
EmpireHope,373
EmpressofBritain,16263,163
EmpressofChina,163,218
EmpressofIreland,163
EmpressofJapan,162,164
EmpressofScotland,164
Encalada,ManuelBlanco,254
Enchantress,164
Encounter,HMS,178
"EndangeredGerman,The,"387
Endeavour,HMS(1764),56,41,14344,16465,265,42930,437,445,454
Endeavour(1933),422,472
EndeavourII(1937),422,472
Endo,Keiyuu,256
Endurance(1912),16566,166,359
Endurance,HMS,180
Endymion,HMS(1797),404
Endymion,HMS(1891),532
Engadine,HMS,39
Engels,TheodoreC.,363
England,JohnC.,167
England,USS,167
EnglishRose,496
EnglishRoseIII,81,167
Enigmaciphermachine,535
Enlightenment,70
EnochTrain,323
Enrica,12
Enright,Anthony,304
Enrique(slave),548
Enrquez,DonMartin,275
EntenteCordiale,386
Enterprise(1814),357
Enterprise(1930),422
Enterprise,HMS(1848),265
Enterprise,HMS(1919),38
Enterprise,USS(1799),16768
Enterprise,USS(1938),1213,36,109,16869,198,247,252,264,279,281,340,347,449,484,583
Enterprise,USS(1961),308
EnterpriseoftheIndies,395
Entrecasteaux,A.R.J.deBruni,Chevalierd',174
ENZANewZealand,169
Eole,58,299
Epervier,HMS,389
EppletonHall,17071,170
EquitableLifeInsuranceCo.,240
Erebus,HMS,5,59,74,17072,171,189,237,265,428,51011,511
ErherzogJohann,79
Ericsson,17273
Ericsson,John,17273,183,34142,406,422,434,551
Erik,jarlofLade,309
Erikson,Gustaf,31,48,90,216,245,252,286,297,346,373,384,388,55253
Eriksson,Sven,245
Erin,HMS,498
Ernestina,159
ErskineM.Phelps,433
E.R.Sterling,172
Ertegun,MehmetMunir,339
EscapeoftheAmethyst(film),24
Eschscholtz,JohannFriedrich,402,442
Escort,HMS,533
Eskimo,HMS,229
Eskimos,5,9,65,143,197,237,39697,401,436,444,449,500
Esmeralda(1760s),69
Esmeralda(1820s)372
Esmeralda(1859),255
Esmeralda(1952),173
Espaa,17374
Esperance,L',40,73,174,310
Esperanto,66,116
Espero,504
Espinosa,GonzaloGmezde,548
Espoir,L',392
Essex,17576
Essex,HMS,439
Essex,USS(1799),121,17475,251,315,403
Essex,USS(1856),37
Essex,USS(1942),110,168,17677,264,347,514
EssexJunior,175
Estline,177
Estonia,177
EstonianMinistryofFisheries,384
Etoile,L',6970,72,147,165
EugeneofSavoy,407
Eureka,177
Europa(1929),75,17778,178,416,432
EuropeanTimes,271
Euryalus,HMS,440
Eustis,RalphW.,552
Euterpe,491
EvanThomas,H.,52
Evangeline,580
Evans,Bob,99
Evans,Edgar,510
Evans,ErnestE.,27556
Evans,Samuel,108
Evans,William,218
EverettG.Griggs,172
Evers,EdwardA.,157
"EvilI,"264
Excellent,HMS,9192
Exeter,HMS,34,10,137,17879
ExeterMaritimeMuseum,33,277
Exocetmissiles,491
Exodus1947,10,179,179,495
Experiment,17980
Expo'67,217
ExpressCrusader,180
Express,HMS,405,428
Extractor,USS,228
ExxonMediterranean,180
ExxonShippingCo.,180
ExxonValdez,180
Eyre,George,486
F
FabreLine,38889
Fairfax,John,80
FairfieldShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,2,42,126,163,164,215,307,362,426
Falaba,311
Falcon,Gordon,128
Falcon,USS,465,489
Fales,DeCoursey,361
FalklandIslandsCo.,102,221,480,547
Falklands,Battleofthe,4,89,215,42627
Britishshipsat,89,263,267
Germanshipsat,152,211,462
FalklandIslandsWar,202
FallRiverLine,61,223,4078,41011
FallsLine,181
FallsofClyde,124,181
Falstaff,124
Fame,HMS,315
Fancy,18182
Fandino,Capt.,425
Fanfan,326
Fanning,Edmund,243
FantmeII,56
FarWest,182
FarewellMyLovely(Chandler),286
FarewellWindjammer(Thesleff),388

Page657

Farouk,King(Egypt),160
Farragut,DavidG.,37,219,23335,310,323,338,34243,396,509
Farrell,JamesA.,530
Fassini,BaronAlberto,336
FastnetRace,149,276,361
Faucon,EdwardH.,394
Fechenheim,574
FederalMaritimeCommission,540
FederalShipbuilding&DrydockCo.,279,284,355
Fedorov,Ivan,444
Fegen,S.E.Fogarty,274
FelicissimaArmada,453
FelicityAnn,18283
Fellowes(builder),147
Fellowes,William,423
Fenianmovement,96
FenianRam,97,183,248
Fennia,102
Fenton,Robert,197
FerdinandII,35960,395,455
Ferguson,James,406
Ferm,98
Ferrarini,Capotimoniere,328
Ferrera,Alonso,368
Ferret,HMS,235
Ferribyboats,18384
Ferrin,G.H.,574
Ficker,Bill,264
Fickett,Samuel,460
Field,Cyrus,222
FieldMuseum,130
FieryCross(1855),184
FieryCross(1860),35,184,363,477
FieryStar,118
Fife,William,426,472
FiftySouthtoFiftySouth(Tompkins),565
"FightingTmraire,The"(Turner),509
Fijenoord,NVMij,137
Finch,HMS,459
Finch,MasterCommandantWilliamBolton,555
Fingal,43
Finisterre,18485
FinnishNavy,501
FinnishSchoolShipAssoc.,102
Finnjet,185
Finnpulp,580
Firebrand,HMS,40
Firebrand,USS,106
FirstCoalition,Warofthe,51
"FirstFleet,"475
FirstKamchatkaExpedition,444
FirstVoyageofJoshua,The(Moitessier),277
FishBoat,247
Fishburn(builder),5,164,428
Fishburn(transport),476
Fishburne&Broderick,430
Fisher,SirJohnArbuthnot"Jackie,"89,15152,215,235,26263,266,528
Fisher,Dirk,369
Fisher,Mel,368
Fitch,John,393,441,49293
Fitzjames,James,189
Fitzmaurice,114
FitzRoy,Robert,54
Fitzwilliam,SirWilliam,223,526
Fjeld,161
Flaherty,USS,227
FlamboroughHead,Battleof,6768
Flanders,LydiaGodspeed,104
Flanders,ThomasC.,104
Flandre,178
Flasher,USS,185
Fleet,Frederick,521
FlensburgerSchiffbauAG,139,577
Fletcher,Andrew,411
Fletcher,FrankJ.,459,571,583
Fletcher,W.A.,517
Flettner,Anton,49,88
Fleuriot&Co.,H.,56
Fliedner,Siegfried,77
Flinders,Matthew,59,202,265
Flint&Co.,10,240
FloddenField,Battleof,327
Flood,FrederickS.,326
Flood,James,149
Flora,HMS,231
Florence,186
Flores,JuanJos,110
Flores,432
Florida(1905),427
Florida,CSS,13,85,186,285,451,480,563
FlushingRange,241
Fly,16,251
FlyingCloud,27,18687,436,490,516
FlyingDutchman,118
"FlyingDutchman,The,"150
FlyingEnterprise,187
FlyingFish,27
FlyingFish,USS,555
FlyingHorseLine,343
FlyingPLine,384,387,390
FNRS2,18788,524
FNRS3,187,524
Folger,Matthew,71
FondationBelem,56
FondazioneGiorgioCini,56
FondsNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,188
Fontes&Co.,E.G.,349
Forbes,Cleveland,86
Forbes,JamesNichol"Bully,"304,325
FordAirfield,Hawaii,12
FordDearbornMuseum,20
Ford,Gerald,331
Ford,Henry,381,392
ForeRiverShipbuildingCo.,18,301,308,515
Foresight,318
Foresight,HMS,373
Forest,Baronde,131
Forester,C.S.,304
Forfarshire,188
Forgeard,Capt.,191
Forges&ChantiersdelaMditerrane,72,78,388
Formidable(1759),439
Formidable,HMS(1777),51,554
Formidable,HMS(1939),258,259,550,560
FormosaAirBattle,96
Forrestal,James,46
Forsyth,John,25
Forth&ClydeCanalCo.,105
FortStikine,18889
Fortuna,2,444,468
Foss,Harold,158
Foss&Crabtree,158
Foster,Brig.Gen.,323
Foster,Dudley,19
Foster&Nickerson,356
Foster,WilliamHenry,158
Foudroyant,HMS(1798),544
Foudroyant,HMS(1817),525
Foudroyant,HMS(1943),259
Fougueux,440,509,522
Fougueux(destroyer),329
FourDays'Battle,419,438
Fox,HMS,231
Fox,172,18990,511
Fox,Josiah,108,119,120,251,392,403,538
Fox,Uffa,80
FoyleLine,575
FoyleShipyard,575
FozdoDouro,235
FP344,409
Fram,57,19091,190,436,510
FramnaesMek.Verstad,110,165
Franais,401
France(1890),191
France(1912),19192,191,387,404
France(1962),111,19293,192,415
France(1970),264
France3,48
FrancesB.Ogden,422,434
Francs,Pedro,360
FrancisFerdinand,Archduke,532
FrancisI,327
FrancisSmith,422
Franco,Francisco,174
FrancoDutchWar(167280),67
Franois,I,217
Franois,Neptune,147
Franklin,Battleof(Tenn.),193
Franklin,Benjamin,17,67,441,492
Franklin,LadyJane,189
Franklin,SirJohn,15,59,65,17172,189,265,269,511
Franklin,Philip,215
searchfor,5,74,428
FranklinSteamshipCo.,112
Franklin,USS,168,193,260
Franks,USS,167
Franzn,Anders,290,569
Fraser,AdmiralSirBruce,338,463
Fraser,George,467
Fraser,Trenholm&Co.,498
FrederickIII,HolyRomanEmperor,83
FrederickMangus&Co.,495
FreeFrenchNavy,38,443,501
"Freetradeandsailors'rights,"175
Freeman,JoshuaS.,210
FreeportBahamaEnterprises,292
FreierDeutscheGewerkschaftsBund,494
Frmont,JohnC.,129
FrenchandIndianWar,199,273,315,437
FrenchArmy,263
French,Daniel,357
FrenchEastIndiaCo.,67,444
French,Fenwick,Wear&Tyne,Ltd.,169
FrenchForeignLegion,61
FrenchLine,27,72,178,192,257,363,416,545
FrenchOfficeofExternalSecurity,419
FrenchRevolution,51,91,174,244,312,379,493
FrenchRevolutionaryWars,115,299,413,486
FrresJeanetCompagnie,411
Frey,Don,536
Freycinet,Louisde,41,159,202,541
Freycinet,Rosede,541
FriedrichBreme,473
FriedrichEckoldt,473
Friendship,476
Frigg,569
Frobisher,SirMartin,9,197,318,431,453
Froelich,Bud,19
Frolic,HMS,570
Frontenac,193,377
Frontenac,Comtede,225
Frost,Honor,410
Fry,Joseph,559
Fubuki,239
FukuryuMaruNo.5,19394
Fulda,378
Fuller,USS,136
FultonII,USS,19,338
Fulton,Robert,117,193,194,35152,357,367,377,393,492
FultonSteamFrigate,194,357,565
FultontheFirst,194
Fulton,USAT,51
"Fulton'sFolly,"367
Funch&Meinke,486

Page658

FuransuMaru,257
Furious,HMS,125,19495,296,373,520,549
Furneaux,Tobias,56,429,561
FurnessLines,376,519
FurnessPrince,28
FurnessShipbuildingCo.,Ltd.,397
Furnessia,427
Furor,124,261
Furutaku,239
Fury,HMS,65,237,551
Fuso,19596,340
G
G9,313
G38,313
Gable,Clark,71
Gabriel,9,197
Gaines,CSS,509
Galena,USS,341
Galiano,DionisioAlcal,502
Galileeboat,19798
Galissonire,Marquisdela,419
galleasse,37,206,424,453
Gallega,La,455
Gallego,Herman,310
galleon,developmentof,431
GalleonRaleigh,318
Gallery,DanielV.,227,53536
Gallia,534
GallicWars(Caesar),448
Gallipolicampaign,81,155,331,414,533
Galvao,HenriqueCarlosMalta,456
GalvestonHistoricalFoundation,161
Gama,Pauloda,457
Gama,Vascoda,45758
GambierBay,USS,198,276,445
Gambier,James,306
Gandhi,Mahatma,288
Gann,ErnestK.,14
Gard,W.H.,415
Gardner,E.C.,118
Garland,318
Garnham,J.B.,102
Garrett&Co.,W.T.,563
Garrick,436
Garrick,Jacob,164
Garthpool,19899,297
Garthsnaid,199
Garthwaite,SirWilliam,199
Gascogne,La,72
GaspardaIndia,458
Gaspe,199
Gates,119
Gates,Horatio,458
Gautier,Ed,401
Gautier,G.,90
G.D.Kennedy,7
GdyniaAmericaLine,54
Gedney,Thomas,25
Geelvinck,159
"Gefechtskehrtwendung,"269
Gefferson,William,158
Geldermalsen,199200
Gellatly,HankeyandSewell,48081
Gellevoetsluis,83
Geminispacemission,264
GeneralBirch,150
GeneralA.W.Greely,USMT,187
GeneralArmstrong,200
GeneralBelgrano,2012
GeneralCommercialCompanyofBrazil,443
GnraldeSonis,201
GeneralDynamicsCorp.,477
GeneralHistoryoftheRobberiesandMurdersoftheMostNotoriousPyrates(Defoe),413
GeneralMills/LittonIndustries,19
GeneralMonk,HMS,527
GeneralPetroleumCo.,181
GeneralRusk,492
GeneralSlocum,201
Gnreux,380,486,544
Genesis,37
Gensoul,Marcel,38,78,408,495
Gentleman,25
Gentry,KennethM.,514
Gographe,La,2012,265
GeorgStage(1882),277
GeorgStage(1934),277
GeorgeII,425,437,439
GeorgeIII,147,413,437
GeorgeIV,95,549
GeorgeV,57,79,573,416
GeorgeVI,24,80,162
GeorgeHenry,428
GeorgeLaw,98
GeorgeWashington,2023,203
GeorgeWashington,USS,2034,308
Georgette,97
GeorgiPobiedonsets,400
Georgia,CSS,204,422
Gricault,Thodore,333
Gerlach,Horst,493
Gerlache,Adriende,57,165
GermanOceanNavigationCo.,140
GermanSailTrainingAssoc.,492
GermanSouthWestAfrica,93,386
GermaniaSuperior,322
GertrudeL.Thebaud,66,204
Ghent,Treatyof,106,194,404,459
Gibb,Sons&Co.,Antony,221
Gibbon,John,182
Gibbons,Thomas,368
Gibbonsv.Ogden,368
Gibbons,William,143
Gibbs,Bright&Co.,220,438
Gibbs&Cox,540
Gibbs,WilliamFrancis,22,300,539
Gibraltar,HMS,244
Gibson,McDonald&Arnold,491
Gibson,Mel,71
Gielow,HenryJ.,94
Gifford,N.T.,96
Gift,GeorgeW.,37
Giglioship,2045
Gilbert,SirHumphrey,197,500
Giles&Co.,Lawrence,133
Giliarovsky,Ippolit,399400
Gillet,Edmond,336
Gillison&Chadwick,376
Gilmer,NavySec.Thomas,406
Gilmore,HowardI.,226
Gimbel,Peter,27
GiorgioCini,56
GiorgiosAverof,205,205
GiovannidelleBandeNere,504
GipsyMothIV,2056,307,496,508
GipsyoftheHorn(Clements),33
Giraudais,Capt.,31516
GirlScouts,580
Girona,La,206
GiulioCesare,38,2067,473
Gja,190,207,449
GlacierFishCo.,210
Gladiator,39
Glaesel,Charles,578
Glasfurd,Charles,210
Glasgow,HMS,152,267,347,462
"GlassWreck,"471
Glassell,W.,133
Glenorchy,373
Glenperis,9
GlobalMarineDevelopment,Inc.,209
GlobalMarine,Inc.,208
GlobeIronWorks,253
Gloire,La,208,341,566
GlomarChallenger,2089
GlomarExplorer,209
Gloriana,209
Glorieux,554
Glorious,HMS,38,125,194,20910,462
GloriousFirstofJune,1794,51,5859,134,413,440
GloriousRevolution,482
GloryoftheSeas,173,210,574
Gloucester,HMS(1745),99
Gloucester,HMS(1909),77,212
Gloucester,USS,12324,261
Glover,John,232
Glowworm,HMS,4,21011,211
Gneisenau,SMS,89,161,211,263,267,462
Gneisenau,19,38,211,250,362,407,423,462
Gneisenau,CountAugustNeithardtvon,211
Godeffroy&Son,J.C.,486
Godspeed,142,501
Goeben,SMS,77,135,21112,260,263,341,471
Goeben,Augustvon,212
Goff,USS,69
GoiteyFigueroa,Sebastiande,451
Gokstadship,21213,381,502
GoldintheHills(play),487
GoldenCity,100101
GoldenFleece,33
GoldenGlobe,81,167,277,496,508
GoldenGrove,476
GoldenHind,100,206,21314,451
GoldenLaw,303
GoldenOcean,The(O'Brian),100
Goldenfels,45
Goldenhorn,474
Golenko,Dr.,400
Golikov,Yevgeny,399400
Golovnin,VasiliiM.,14,442
Gmez,Estevo,548
Gonidec(seaman),401
GoodHope,HMS,211,215,343,462
Goodall,Nelson&PerkinsSteamshipCo.,86
GoodrichTransitCo.,111
GorchFock,156
Gordon,CharlesGeorge"Chinese,"69
Gordon,James,106
Gordon,William,537
Gore,Graham,189
Gore,John,144,165,42930
Gorgon,HMS,386
Gosnold,Bartholomew,118,230
GosportNavyYard,108,341,401,55758
Goss&Sawyer,186
Goss,Sawyer&Packard,59
Gosson,Neville,126
Gotaverken,A/B,494
Goulet,Ogden,124
GouviondeSaintCyrlaw,333
GovernorCobb,215
GraceDarlingMuseum,188
GraceDieu,21516
GraceHarwar,216,346
GraceLines,331
GrafvonGtzen,304
Graham,RobinLee,149
Graham,SirThomas,LordLynedoch,460
Grandcamp,21617
GrandDuchessNicolaevna,246
GrandeHermine,La,217
GrandGulf,USS,51
GrandTurk,163,21718,218
GranGrifn,El,218,431,526
Grant,Heathcote,89
Grant,Duncan,152
Grant,Noel,93
Grant,UlyssesS.,69,148,233
Grasse,CountFranoisJosephPaul,Comtede,8,307,554
grasshopperpoles,61,182
Grau,Miguel,255

Page659

Gravelines,Battleof,10,37,218,453,526
Graveneyboat,21819
Graves,Thomas,51,62,307,440,554
Gravina,FedericoCarlos,550
Gray,M.M.,248
Gray,Edwyn,53334
"GrayGhost,The,"416
"GrayLady,The,"308
Gray,Robert,11617,138,144
GreatAdmiral,219
GreatAmerican,517
GreatBark,223
GreatBritain,63,113,21921,220,225,422,438,466
GreatDepression,17,60,241,245,246,312,416,575
GreatEastern,112,219,22122,221
GreatEasternSteamshipCo.,222
GreaterBuffalo,22223
GreaterDetroit,222
GreaterDetroitIII,223
GreatExhibition(1851),21
GreatGalley,223,240
GreatHarry,240,328
GreatLakesEngineeringWorks,157
GreatLakesNavalandMaritimeMuseum,475
GreatLakesSeaScouts,278
GreatMarianasTurkeyShoot,97,168,176,198,302
GreatPlague,438
GreatPyramid,107
"greatraft,"31
GreatRepublic,115,124,22324,433,490
GreatShipCo.,221
"GreatStorm,"365
GreatTeaRace(1866),184
GreatU.S.ExploringExpedition,555
GreatWestern,79,109,219,22425,224,406,438,461,477
GreatWesternDock,220
GreatWesternRailway,224
GreatWesternSteamshipCo.,21920
Greaves&Co.,5859
Greekcivilwar,339
GreekNavy,29,205,487
GreeleyExpedition,55,73
Greeley,Horace,21
Greely,Adolphus,16
Green,CharlesR.,480
Green,Edward,105
Green,Hetty,104
Green,H.W.,104
Green,Jeremy,412
Green,John,163
"GreenGoddess,"95
GreenSeas,WhiteLies(MacMillan),74
GreenWigrams&Green,56
Greenbrier,347
Greene&Co.,DavidR.,279
Greene,Henry,142
Greene,S.D.,342
GreeneLineSteamers,136
Greenley,Jonathan,231
Greenman&Co.,133
Greenpeace,41819
GreenwichHospital,30
Greer,JamesA.,225
Greer,USS,225,430
Greif,284
Grenadier,322
Grenville,SirRichard,431
Gresham,USRC,427
Gretel,264
GretelII,264
Grider,G.W.,185
Gridley,CharlesV.,374
Grierson&Co.,382
Grieve&Co.,363
Griffeth,Edmund,330
Griffin'sWharf,132
Griffiths,James,22
Griffon,Le,58,22526
GrimaldiSiosaLine,562
GrinnellExpedition,5
Grinnell,Henry,5
Grinnell,Minturn&Co.,186
Griper,HMS,237,269
Gripsholm,226,494,559
Grissom,Virgil,264
Griswold,George,100
GriswoldCo.,N.L.&G.,100
Groignard,N.,67
Groix,Battleof,51,115,413
Groot,HenrikHybertssonde,568
GrossherzogFriedrichAugust,492
GrossherzoginElisabeth,492
Growler,USS,226
Guacanagari,456
Guadalcanal,NavalBattleof,42,96,109,168,239,279,287,295,513,570.SeealsoSavoIsland,Battleof
Guadalcanal,USS,227,535
Guadeloupe,227
Guardfish,USS,22728
Guayas,110
Guerrire,HMS,121,228,259,306,356,403
Guichen,CountLucUrbain,Comtede,8,554
Guild,Benjamin,163
GuildhallMuseum,64
Guillaum(builder),65
GuillaumeTell,380,544
Guinness,SirA.E.,56
GuionLine,377
Guion,Stephen,377
Guipuzcoa,Squadronof,453
Gujaratidivers,52
Gundal,Waldemar,363
Gundersen,Leif,7
Gustaf,161
Gustafson,Gabriel,381
GustavIIAdolf,569
GustavusAdolphus,569
Guthrie,Lt.,358
Guvernoren,345
Guzhenko,T.B.,39
Guzzwell,John,530
Gvozdev,Mikhail,444
H
HaaheooHawaii,115
Habana,498
Habenicht,Capt.,319
Hacker,Hoysted,409
Hackett,JamesK.,42021
Hackett,William,174
Hackett,William&JamesK.,18
Hackfield&Co.,A.,282
Haddo,USS,232
Hades,33
Haganah,179,389,495
Hagen,Peter,201
Haggard,USS,167
Hagglund,LorenzoF.,392
Haguro,137
Hahn&Clay,19
Haida,HMCS,22930,229
Hakaze,227
Hake,USS,226,232
Hakluyt,Richard,318,454
Hale,Richard,393
Hales,ThomasK.,416
HalesTrophy,416
Haley,Robert,395
HalifaxHerald,66
Halifax,HMS(1768),303
Halifax,HMS(1780),421
Halifax,HMS(1806),299
HalifaxReliefCommission,345
Hall,Alexander,184
Hall,CharlesFrancis,396
Hall,James,132
Hall,ParkerJ.,17
Hall,Russell&Co.,418,513
Hall,Samuel,476
Hall,WilliamHutcheon,354
Hall,William,103,464
Hall,Worthen,350
Hall&Co.,Alexander,189,480
Hall&Sons,Alexander,161,464,494
Hallett,George,394
Halley,Edmund,94,387
Hallock,William,301,570
Hallowell,Benjamin,380
Halmstad,98
Halsey,WilliamF.,Jr.,198,338,588
HalveMaen,142,230
Ham,36
Hamamatsu,329
HamburgAtlanticLine,164
HamburgII,573
HamburgAmerikaLinie,14,48,49,60,139,288,292,299,311,322,330,335,532,574
HamburgSouthAmericanSteamshipCo.,89,93
Hamilton,231
Hamilton,Alexander,21
Hamilton,Alonzo,104
Hamilton&ScourgeFoundation,231,465
Hamilton,Edward,243
Hamilton,JamesA.,104
Hamilton&Co.,William,216,346
Hamilton,Emma,550
Hamilton,R.,Esq.,193
Hamilton,James,21
Hamilton,Paul,231
Hamilton,SirEdward,116
Hamilton,USS,465
Hammann,USS,168,583
HammondLumberCo.,282
Hammond,Paul,44,361
Hamonic,365
Hampshire,HMS,162,231
HamptonRoads,Battleof,558
HamptonRoadsNavyYard,339
Hanami,Cdr.,409
Hancock(1776),231,527
Hancock(1777),17
Hancock,John,231,303
Hancock,Robert,40
Hand,William,73
Handy&Everett,133
Hannah(1760s),199
Hannah(1775),232
Hans,346
Hansa(1935),1415
Hansa(1920),139
HansaLine,45,288
Hanscom,Samuel,Jr.,358
Hanseatic,164
HanseaticLeague,76,218,274,453
Hansen,Knud,131
Hanson,E.W.,13
Hanssen,Helmer,191
Hansson,Sfring,569
Hapag,139,445
HapagEastAsia,380
HapagLloyd,282
HaraldComelyHair,381
HaraldHaardraade,345
Harder,USS,232
Hardhead,USS,226
Hardie&Co.,John,31,252,286
Harding,Fisher,387
Harding,NoahS.,22
Hardy,SirCharles,439
Hardy,Robert,546
Hardy,ThomasMasterman,550
Hargan,J.A.,282
Harland&HollingsworthCo.,234,421
Harland&Wolff,Ltd.
passengerships,43,81,299,376,423,427,511,520
sailingships,172
warships,57,194,209
HaroldE.Holt,USS,331
Harold,EarlofWessex,345

Page660

Harpoon(fictionalship),105
HarridanBarbarossa,156
Harrier,HMS,380
Harries,CarlDietrich,336
HarrietLane,USS,23233,349
Harrington,Harvey,134
Harrington,Michael,96
Harris,Townsend,451
Harrisburg,USS,112
Harrison&Co.,T.,103,148,304
Harrison,WilliamHenry,306,358
Harrison&Son,R.B.,Ltd.,170
Hart,Alexander,105
Hartenstein,Werner,294
Hartford,USS,23334,234,338,509
Hartford,Huntington,277
Hartgers,Joost,53
Hartog,Dirck,159,435
Hartshorn,Saunders,35051
Hartt,Edmund,34,120,260
Hartt,Samuel,451
Hart,ThomasC.,254
Hartt&Humphries,338
Haruna,198,264,276
HarvardUniv.,394,521
Harvard,USS,112
Harvester,HMS,163
HarveyBirch,349
Harvey,Eliab,522
Harvey,TurretMajor,305
Harwood,Harry,3,4,10,178
Hasegawa,Kiichi,10
Hashimoto,Machitsura,262
Hassel,Sverre,191
Hassett,Thomas,96
Hasty,HMS,504
Hatch,Freeman,366
Hatcher,Michael,200
Hatichs,Dirch,159
Hatry,Clarence,573
Hatsukaze,103
Hatteras,USS,12,23435
HatterasJr.,235
Hatton,SirChristopher,214
Haustellum,167
Havock,HMS,235
HawaiianIsles,235
HawaiianKing,3
HawaiianLine,282
Hawai'iloa,23536
Hawes,RichardE."Spittin'Dick,"393
Hawke,SirEdward,419,439
Hawke,HMS,376,532
Hawkins,John,213,27475
Hawkins,SirJohn,318,43031
Haxby,380
HayaMaru,507
HayabusaMaru,194
Hayanami,232
Hayden&Cudworth,573
Hayden,Sterling,336
Hayes,RutherfordB.,428
Hayes,William,344
Hayley,George,132
Hazard,John,408
Hazelton,Courtney,517
Hazelwood,Joseph,180
HD4,23637
"HealthOpportunityforPeopleEverywhere,"251
Hearst,WilliamRandolph,300
Hebe,191
HeckstallSmith,BrookeAnthony,336
Hecla,HMS,65,170,23738,266,269
Hector(1780s),554
Hector(1940s),242
Hedderwich&Rowan,74
Heemskerck,6,165,238,305,445
Heermann,USS,198,276
HeianMaru,288
Hela,155
Helen,500
Helena,USS,12,239,449
Helgoland,Battleof,280
Helicon,HMS,88
Heliopolis,31
HellenicInstituteforthePreservationofNauticalTraditions,29293
HellenicNavy,375
Helles,Cape,533
Helli,Battleof,205
Heman,Felicia,380
HendersonBrothers,542
HendersonCo.,D.&W.,79,191
Henderson,James,120
Henderson,O.H.,126
Hendrick,Frederick,74
Henke,Werner,227
Henley,USS,356,475
Henlopen,Cape,133,578
Hennepin,FatherLouis,226
HenricotWorks,Emile,187
HenriettaMarie,23940
HenryB.Hyde,240,insert
HenryFord,66,116
HenryGraceDieu,240
Henry,HMS,43738
HenrytheNavigator,432,457
HenryV,216,498
HenryVII,330
HenryVIII,122,223,240,274,327
Henslow(designer),509
Henslow,J.S.,54
Henson,Matthew,436
Hepburn,Katharine,304
Hepple&Co.,169
Heraclius,582
Herakles,33
HeraldofFreeEnterprise,241
HerbertFuller,241
HerbertL.Rawding,241
Hrtique,L',182,24142
Hergesheimer,Joseph,105
HermannvonWissmann,107
Hermes,HMS,12,242
Hermione,HMS,242
Herndon,WilliamLewis,98
Hernoux&Cie.,545
Hernu,DefenseMinisterCharles,419
Hero(1800),243
Hero,HMS,504
Herodotus,276
Herone,208
Hros,Le(1750s),439
Hros,Le(1778),24344
"HerreshoffFlyer,"573
Herreshoff,Halsey,47
Herreshoff,JohnBrown,20
Herreshoff,L.Francis,209,517
HerreshoffManufacturingCo.,20,209,426,572
HerreshoffMarineMuseum,20
Herreshoff,NathanaelG.,20,209,426,472,57273
Herrick,Capt.,317
Hersing,Otto,53233
Hertz,John,Jr.,518
HerzoginCecilie,48,24446,245
HerzoginSophieCharlotte,245
Hesper,246,312
Hesperus,246
HetWeeseltje,159
Heuvel,249
Hewitt,H.Kent,46,261,329
Heye,Helmuth,210
Heyerdahl,Thor,28990,418,518
Heywood,Thomas,485
Hezeta,Brunode,117,138
HickhamAirfield,Hawaii,12
Hiei,12,168,287
HieronII,5056
Higgins,Eugene,124
"highliner,"159
HighbornCay,24647
HighFlyer,217
Highflyer,HMS,282,344
HighlandLight,78
Hill,DeWitt,433
Hill,RalphNading,517
Hillary,SirEdmund,166
HillmanBros.,104
Hillyard,James,175
Hilton,James,252
HimeyuriMaru,149
Hinman,Elisha,16,527
Hinoki,103
Hintze,Capt.,463
Hipparchus,124
Hipper,FranzRittervon,4,65,267,305,306,312,341,471,560
Hirado,226
Hiryu,1112,42,168,242,247,252,48384,579
Hitler,Adolf,289,407,462,533,549
H.L.Hunley,CSS,24748,247,263,396
Hochalega,217
HodgdonBros.Shipyard,73,322
Hoeffer,WilliamH.,204
Hoel,USS,198,276,445
Hoffmann,Frank,20
Hogan,Martin,96
Hogue,HMS,2,126,248,532
Hohenzollern,248
Hohlenberg(designer),306
HoivoldsMek.Verksted,A/S,484
Hokule'a,235
Holdridge,Nathan,461
Holigost,216
Holland,C.S.,38
Holland,John,97,155,183,24849,396
HollandNo.1,183
Holland,USS,183,24849,249
Hollandia(1595),154
Hollandia(1742),24950
Holland,L.E.,63,250
Hollis,Ralph,19
Hollyhock,HMS,242
Holmes,OliverWendell,121
HolyLeague,122,173,327
Homan,F.W.,96
HomeLines,61,292,559
Homeland,559
Homer,201
Homeric,250,322
Hongmerchants,253
HonoluluRace,149
Honolulu,USS,12
HonorableCompanyofMasterMariners,382,390
HonorableEastIndiaCo.,354
Hood,HMS,38,6364,78,250,405,407,408,435,495,549
HoodAlexander,ViscountBridport,51,307,413
Hood,FrederickE."Ted,"23
Hood,J.M.,85
Hood,Samuel,ViscountHood,51,91,244,3078,312,550,554
Hood,SirHorace,250,267,268,313
Hope,25051
Hope,George,134
Hopkins,Anthony,71
Hopkins,Esek,16,27,251,408,566,570
Hopkins,GerardManley,13839
Hopkins,JohnB.,566
Hopkins,Oceanus,332
Hopman,Cdr.,69
Hopman,Albert,155
Hornet,HMS,235
Hornet(1774),16,251,570
Hornet,USS(1805),34,121,175,25152,315,389,403,539
Hornet,USS(1941),1213,168,247,252,258,279,474,484,583
Hornet,USS(1943),588
Hornigold,Benjamin,413
HorseleyIronworks,1

Page661

HorstWessel,131,156,380
HorthydeNagybnya,Nikolaus,506
Horton,Max,155
Hosken,James,220,225
Hosogaya,Boshiro,449
Hotham,SirWilliam,91,379,522
Hotspur,106
Hougomont,31,25253
Hougoumont,97
Houqua,253,253
Housatonic,USS,24748,25354
Houston,USS,45,137,254,340,392
HowaldtswerkeAG,33,574
Howard,Charles,LordHowardofEffingham,37,453
Howard,SirEdward,122,327
Howe,HMS(1860),566
Howe,Octavius,28
Howard,SirThomas,327,431
Howard,Trevor,71
Howe,Richard,EarlHowe,8,51,58,134,413,439,440,529,544,550
Howe,SirWilliam,251
Howe&Co.,543
Howland&Aspinwall,29,86,350,466
Howland,Jr.&Co.,I.,96
Hoyt,Sherman,361
Huascar,25455,254
HuaynaCapac,254
Hubac(builder),67
Hubert,Capt.,228
Huddart,Parker&Co.,382
Hudson,Henry,14243,230
Hudson,William,555
HudsonNavigationCo.,61
HudsonRiverNightLine,61
Hudson'sBayCo.,56,146,172,237,362,511
HudsonFultonCelebration(1909),230
Huerta,Victoriano,152
Huerto,Franciscodel,450
Hughes,SirEdward,134
Hughes,Fred,20
HughesGlomarExplorer,209
Hughes,Howard,209
Hughes,JamesJ.,385
Hughes,VAdm.SirEdward,244
Hugill,Stan,209
Huguenots,125
Hull,Isaac,34,12021,228,436
Hull,Cordell,201
Hull,USS,13
Humble,Capt.,188
HumbleOil&RefiningCo.,323
Humphreys,SalisburyPryce,299
Humphreys,Joshua,119,120,300,403,419,538,565
Humphreys,Samuel,392
HundredGuineaCup,48
HundredYears'War,122
Hunley,HoraceLawson,247
Hunt(designer),413
Hunt,Davis,367
Hunt,Edward,242
Hunt,Thomas,101
HuntCo.,468
Hunter,John,476
Hunter,Robert,181
Hunter,HMS,357
HunterMarineCorp.,51617
HuondeKermadec,174
Hurley,Frank,166
HuronIndians,362
Huronic,365
HurricaneAlma,167
Hurricane,HMS,111,531
''HurricaneJumper,"88
HursonLine,111
Hurst,Alex,252
Hussar,46566
Hussar,HMS,255,255
Hussey,Capt.,356
Hutchins,CharlesH.,69,284
Hutton,E.F.,465
Hutton,Nathaniel,392
HyderAli,SultanofMysore,244
Hydra,83
Hydra(code),535
hydrogenbomb,193.Seealsonucleartesting
HydrographeroftheNavy,238
Hyres,France,317
Hyperion,HMS,504
I
I6,256
I16,167,459
I19,366
I26,256,279,459
I58,262
I68,405,428
I119,571
I124,25657,505
I168,583
I170,168
I176,275
I177,98
Iachino,AdmiralAngelo,307,560
Ibrahim,Viscount,477
IgotzMendi,577
Ikazuchi,232
IledeFrance,27,178,257,257,363,387
IledeGroix,Actionoff,51,308
Ilex,HMS,504
Illingworth&Primrose,205,307
Illustre,244
Illustrious,HMS,258,306,550
ImmobiliareSIFISpa,472
Imo,34445
Imperator,14,60,203,299,322
ImperatorAlexanderIII,337
ImperatrizaMaria,212
ImperialBahama,292
ImperialShipyard,Kamsipaha,281
ImperialTransAntarcticExpedition,165
ImperialWarMuseum,57
Imprieuse,HMS,487
Impetueux,440
Implacable,HMS,211,25859
Inazuma,179
Incatradition,289,309
Inconstant,HMS,486
Indefatigable,HMS(1784),130
Indefatigable,HMS(1909),212,250,25960,267,305,471,560
Independence,USS,129,260,260
Independencia,255
Indiana,26061
Indiana,USS(1895),261
Indiana,USS(1942),570
Indianapolis,USS,26162,262
IndianMutiny,103,221,304
Indomitable,HMS(1907),66,212,267,305
Indomitable,HMS(1940),258,373
Indomptable,440
Indrani,284
Indus,172
IndustrialandElectricalCo.,524
IndustrialRevolution,410
Inflexible,HMS(1881),262
Inflexible,HMS(1907),211,263,267,462
IngallsShipbuilding,556
Inglefield,Cdr.Edward,5,74
Inglis,A.&J.,363
Ingomar,336
Ingram,John,143
Inman&InternationalSteamshipCo.,112
InmanLine,112,521
InmanSteamshipCo.,111,113
Inoguchi,Capt.Toshihei,347
InstituteforNauticalTraining,361
InstituteofArchaeologyandAnthropology,82
InstituteofHydroandAerodynamics,49
InstituteofNauticalArchaeology,63,135,246,340,536
Insurgente,L',119
IntelligentWhale,263
IntercontinentalSteamshipLines,241
IntergovernmentalMaritimeConsultativeOrg.,580
InternationalCongressofMaritimeMuseums,200
InternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),346
InternationalFishermen'sTrophy,66,204
InternationalIcePatrol,521
InternationalMaritimeOrganization,580
InternationalMercantileMarine,300,311,330,376,427,520
InternationalNavalReview,160,173
InternationalRedCross,226,559,562
InternationalRule,472
InternationalSailTrainingAssociation,128
InternationalSailingCraftAssociation,277
InternationalTwelveMeterRule,48
InternationalYachtRacingUnion,48
InternationalYachtRestorationSchool,123
Intrepid,356
Intrepid,HMS,428
Intrepid,USS(1798),34,167,263,393,430,483
Intrepid,USS(1943),168,26364,347,514
Intrepid(1967),26465
Intrpide,L',263
IntrepidSeaAirSpaceMuseum,264
IntrepidSyndicate,264
Inuits,73
Invention,L',124
InverLine,199
Invercoe,199
Invergordonmutiny,362
Inversnaid,199
Inveruglas,530
Investigator,HMS(1795),55,59,171,202,265
Investigator,HMS(1848),26566,272,428
Invincible(1862),208
Invincible,HMS(1908),211,250,263,26667,266,313,462
Inwood(builder),255
Iowa,USS(1897),261
Iowa,USS(1945),26768,339,556,579,insert
IranAir,557
IranIraqWar,267,491,557
Iredale&Co.,Peter,3
Irene,51
Irens,Nigel,169
Iris,HMS,231,527
IrishRepublicanArmy,39
Irishrepublicans,243
IrishVolunteers,39
Irma,468
IronCross,533
IronDuke,HMS,26869,268
ironshipbuilding,developmentof
inmerchantships,219,308,513,519,545,572
inwarships,63,208,227,341,356,557,566
Irons&Grinnell,28
IroquoisIndians,362,517
Iroquois,USS,498

Page662

Isabel,5
Isabel,Princess(Brazil),303
Isabella,143,170,237,269,430,55152
IsabellaofCastile,35960,395,455
IsabellaSegunda,44041
Isbrandtsen,Hans,187
Isbrandtsen,Jakob,572
IsbrandtsenSteamshipLines,136,187
Iselin,C.Oliver,426
IsherwoodYard,136
Isis(2ndcent.),26970
Isis(1916),349
Isis,cultof,355
Ismay,J.Bruce,521
Ismay,Thomas,43
IsraelDepartmentofAntiquities,197
Italia(1943),307
Italia(1947),292
Italia(airship),401
Italia(ItalianLine),27,298,432,494
ItaliaFlottaRiunite,46,121,432
ItaliaSocietperAzionidiNavigazione,27,46
ItalianEthiopianWar,562
Itata,50
Ito,VAdm.Seiichi,579
iudiciaria,323
IvantheTerrible,158
Ivanhoe,286
Iwanami,186
IwoJima,invasionof,169,176,302,329,338,366,450,460,513,570
J
J826,88
JBoats,44,422,472
Jackson,George,367
Jackson,RobertE.,219
JacksonHarmsworthArcticExpedition,509
Jacob,159
Jacobins,413
Jacobs,Capt.John,61
Jacobsen,Betty,388
Jacobsen,K.,57
Jacobson,Henrik,568
Jacobsz,Adriaen,52
Jacquinot,CharlesHector,41
JaimeI,174
Jamaica,HMS,4,46364
James,438
James,ArthurCurtiss,18,123
JamesBaines,103,148,223,271,304
JamesCraig,166
James,HMS,75
JamesII,67,438,482,586
JamesIV,327
JamesMadison,436
JamesMonroe,27172
JamesRiverReserveFleet,46162
James,Rob,180
James,438
James,SpragueJ.,394
JamesVI,526
JamesWatt&Co.,222
Jamestown,CSS,558
JamestownYorktownFoundation,501
Jamie,326
Jamieson,W.,309
JanBreydel,363
Jansdr,Lucretia,52
Jansz,Willem,154
Japheth,36
Jason,33
JasonJunior,19
Jason(schooner),566
Jason(submersible),522
Juregui,Miguelde,450
Java(1865),464
JavaHead(1935),105
Java,HMS(1811),121,251
Java,HMS(1937),137
JavaSea,Battleofthe,137,178,254,324,392
Jay,Thomas,243
JeanBart(1900s),201
JeanBart(1940),329
Jeanned'Arc,229
Jeannette,190,272
Jeantot,Philippe,23,125
JeffersonDavis,164
Jefferson,Thomas,251
Jefferson,114
JeffersonvilleBoat&MachineCo.,310
Jellicoe,AdmiralJohn,2,45,26768,313
Jenisch,Lt.Cdr.Hans,163
Jenkins'Ear,Warof,273,425,563
Jenkins,Robert,425
JenksShipBuildingCo.,156
Jenks,SidneyG.,156
Jenks,USS,535
JeremiahO'Brien,27273
Jersey,HMS,273
Jerusalem,61
Jervis,SirJohn,EarlSt.Vincent,9192,116,134,487,550
JervisBay,4,27374,274
Jesus,216
JesusofLbeck,213,27475
JetServicesV,169
Jewishrefugees179,389,44546,495
"J.HabakukJephson'sStatement"(Doyle),326
Jhelum,275,275
J.L.Smallwood,51
J.M.White,350
JooII,360,455,457
Johanneson,Capt.H.C.,207
JohannsenCarstens,Ernst,494
Johannson,A.W.,2
Johannson,Carl,161
Johansen,Frederik,19091
JohnA.Macdonald,74,323
JohnAdams,575
JohnBull,405
JohnEricsson,292
Johns,SirArthur,287
Johnson,Electa,580
Johnson,Henry,301
Johnson,Irving,390,565,580
Johnson,JosephP.,558
Johnson,LyndonB.,283,317,528
Johnson,Robert,518
Johnson,William,477
JohnStewartLine,123
Johnston,USS,198,27576,445
Johnston,JohnVincent,275
Johnstone,David,167
Johnstone,Commo.George,243
JointOceanographicInstitutionsforDeepEarthSampling(JOIDES),208
Joliba,276
JolieBrise,27677,361
Joly,5758
Joncheray,JeanPierre,68
Jone'sLane,253
Jones,CatesbyapRoger,558
Jones,Christopher,331
Jones,Jacob,570
Jones,JohnPaul,16,17,6768,82,275,408,420,422
Jones,Josian,332
Jones,ThomasapCatesby,389,555
Jones,WalterR.,490
Jonquire,Marquisdela,100
Jope,Bernard,163
Jor,MarciodeSilva,297
JosephConrad,277
Joshua,23,27778,496
Jouffroyd'Abbans,MarquisClaudede,411
Jourdain,Silvester,466
JournalsofCaptainJamesCook,The,14748
J.O.Webster,278
Joy,CharlesTurner,528
Joyce,James,201
J.T.Wing,27879,278
JuandeAustria,173
JuanSebastiandeElcano,173,279
Judith,27475
Juet,Robert,230
JulesVerneTrophy,169
Juneau,USS,239,256,279,514
Junge,Gustav,565
Junior,279
Junyo,168
Jupiter,57677
Jupiter,USS,296
Jrs,MaxJrgenHeinrich,384,390
Jutland,Battleof,45,567
battlecruisersat,250,260,263,267,341,471,560
battleshipsat,52,268,3056,381,440,498,568
armoredcruisersat,135,231
Jylland,280
K
Kadirga,281
Kaga,1012,42,168,247,252,281,484,579,583
Kahekili,King,144
KaigunKosho,195
KaiserlicheWerft,65,161,288,381,386,532
KaiserPermanenteYardNo.2,Richmond,Calif.,156,493
Kaiser'sCup,499
KaiserShipbuildingCo.,HenryJ.,198,227,445
KaiserWilhelmderGrosse,139,28182,282,291,330,416
KaiserWilhelmII,221,290,330
Kaiulani,50,28283,283
KaiwoMaru,361
Kaku,Tomeo,247
Kamaishi,329
KamehamehaI,144,538
KamehamehaII,115
KamehamehaIII,389
Kanagawa,Treatyof,338,401
Kane,ElishaKent,5
KaneoheAirfield,Hawaii,12
Kapitn,Gerhard,386
Karamanli,PashaHamet,34
KarlXGustaf,75,290
Karlsruhe,SMS,152,28384,291
Karlsruhe,66,284,284,289
Kaswreck.SeeUluBurunwreck
Kasbek,513
Katherene,326
Katy,408
Katzev,Michael,292
KawasakiDockyardCo.,361,587
Keach,DonaldA.,525
Kearny,Lawrence,284
Kearny,USS,28485,430
Kearsarge,USS,12,285,285
Keating,JosephM.,20,260
Keay,John,3435
Keeler(mate),356
Keen,Richard,448
Keiji,Fukuda,347,579
Keith,CharlesF.,104
Keith,Viscount,41314
Kell,JohnM.,12
Keller,K.T.,20
Kellett,Henry,428
Kelley,JohnR.,60,186
Kelpie,39
Kemball,Robert,513
Kemp,Thomas,106
Kempenfelt,Adm.Richard,7,550
Kendrick,John,11617
Kenilworth,142,28586
Kennard&Williamson,28
Kennedy,E.C.,423
Kennedy,JohnF.,156,409,428
Kennedy,MarvinGranville,564

Page663

Kennedy,ThomasFortescue,509
Kent,HMS,152,267
KentishKnock,Battleof,75,486
Kenya,HMS,373
Keppel,Hon.Augustus,58,550,554
Kerans,JohnSimons,24
Kerensky,Alexander,47
Kermadec,J.M.Huonde,174
Kerr,R.,250
Kersauson,Olivierde,169
KewauneeShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,409
Keyes,RogerJ.B.,155,557
KeystoneState,USS,253
KhediveofEgypt,160,262
KhmerRouge,331
Khrushchev,Nikita,526
KiangnanDockyard&EngineeringWorks,385
KibbutzGinosar,197
Kidd,IsaacC.,36
Kidd,William,67
Kiev,424
Kikuzuki,583
Kilby,451
Killoran,31,252,286,574
KilmainhamMuseum,39
King(builder),486
King,Derek,80
King,ErnestJ.,46,167
King,Richard,457
KingEdward,HMS,528
KingEdwardVII,HMS,28687,347
KingGeorgeV,HMS,64,287,435
KingGeorgeV(dummy),296
King,James,144
King'sCup,44
Kingdom,The,123
Kinski,Klaus,278
Kinsman&Co.,W.H.,366
Kirby,FrankE.,222,468
KirbyHall,112
Kirishima,12,287,570
Kirkup,George,184
KisenGoshiKaisa,288
Kishigami,Kouichi,256
Kishinami,186
Kissinger,Tex,50
KitchenerofKhartoum,HoratioHerbert,Earl,231
Kitching,John,173
Kite,460
Kittlitz,Baronvon,469
Kitty,409
Kjell,10
Klakring,T.B.,227
Klebingat,Fred,181
Klinghoffer,Leon,3
Klochov,Navigator,442
Klump,Willem,26
KniazPotemkinTavricheski,399
KniazSuvarov,46,337
KnickerbockerSteamboatCo.,201
Knocker,Jean,277
Knorr,19
Knowles,Elijah,573
Knowles,Josiah,210,574
Knowles,MaryEaton,210
KnoxJohnston,Robin,81,125,167,169,277,496,508
KnuteNelson,533
Knyvet,SirThomas,122
Kbenhaven,28788,346
Koga,Mineichi,347
Khler,Erich,284
KokaiKunrensho(InstituteforNauticalTraining),361
Kokhanov,General,399
Kolberg,SMS,65
Kolesnikovs,Georgs,517
Kln,284,289
KomagataMaru,288
Komet,380
KommodoreJohnsen,31819
Kondo,Nobutake,42,168,287
Kondos,Dimitrios,29
Kongo,198,276
Knig,PaulLebrecht,140
Knig,SMS,267
Knigsberg,SMS(1907),289
Knigsberg(1929),66,284,289
KoninklijkeMaatschappijdeSchelde,3
KonTiki,28990,518
KonTikiMuseum,289
Kophamel,Waldemar,533
KoreanWar,57,229,250,267,295,303,316,339,514
Koriaks,469
Kormoran,98,256,505
Kortum,Karl,102,161,16970,181,283,398,421,572
Kossler,H.J.,97
Kossuth,Lajos,338
KotoshiroMaru,193
Kotzebue,Ottovon,348,402,442,469
Krabbenhoft,C.,432
"KraftdurchFreude,"575
Kriegsmarinewerft,3,4,462,519
Kronan,290
KronprinzessenCecilie,29091,291
KronprinzWilhelm,284,29192,330,416
Krger,Paul,488
KruppAGGermaniawerft,Friedrich,49,283,319,407,465,494,524,533,534
Krusenstern,AdamJohannvon,348,442,561
Kruzenstern,384
Krystallnacht,495
Kuboyama,RadiomanAikichi,194
Kudirka,Simonas,552
Kumano,276
Kungsholm,292,494
Kuomintang,24
KureKaigunKosho(navalshipyard),10,42,256,339,484,579
KurfrstFriedrichWilhelm,156
Kurita,Takeo,42,169,195,198,276,339,347,445,579
Kurmark,380
Kurt,346
Kuzmin,Andrei,447
Kuznetsov,Nicolai,G.,207
Kylsant,Lord,273
Kyreniaship,29293,398,582,insert
KyreniaII,29293,insert
L
Lab,Guillaume,445
Lackawanna,USS,509
Laconia,294
"Laconiaorder,"294
Ladbyship,478
LadyFranklin,428
LadyNelson,265
LadyNyasa,325
LadyPenrhyn,476
LadyPrevost,HMS,357
LadyWashington,11617
Laeisz,ReedereiFerdinand,347,384,38788,390,404
Lannec,500
Lannec,R.T.H.,500
Lafayette,Marquisde,17,62
Lafayette(1930),387
Lafayette,USS,36465
Laffey,Bartlett,295
Laffey,USS(1942),295
Laffey,USS(1943),295
Lafosse(designer),228
Lagoda,561
Lahn,Werner,76
LaHogue,Battleof,67,482,587
Laird,John,63,227,434
LairdBros.,Ltd.,12,45,63,92,111,235,254,404
Laisney,Louis,90
LakeChamplain,29596,427
LakeChamplain,Battleof,118,458,565
LakeErie,Battleof,306,358
LakeErieSteamboatCo.,565
LakeOntarioSteamboatCo.,377
LakeShoreNavigationCo.,157
LakeTorpedoBoatCo.,352
Lambert,GerardB.,44
Lambert,Henry,121
Lamboglia,Nino,14
LambtonCollieries,Ltd.,169
Lammermoor,286
LamontGeologicalObservatory,208
LamottePicquet,392
Lamprey,537
Lancing,391,545
Land,John,101,350
Landais,Pierre,17
Lander,JohnandRichard,276
Landsdowne,USS,571
Landstrm,Bjrn,418
Lang,Capt.,467
Lang,O.,160,549
Langara,Adm.DonJuande,439
Langbourne(builder),143
Lange,Harald,535
Langley,USS,29798,296
LangleyField,382
Langley,SamuelPierpont,296
Langsdorff,Hans,34,10,178
LaProuse,JeanFranoisdeGalaup,Comtede,40,41,7273,174,348,385,476
Lapeyre,AugustinBouede,212
Lapland,7
Larcom,Charles,473
Larsen,Aage,131
Larsen,Aanderud,165
Larsen,StaffSgt.Henry,44849
LaSalle,RenRobertCavalier,Sieurde,5758,22526
LastVoyage,The(film),257
LateArchaicperiod,205
LateBronzeAge,184
LatoucheTrville,LouisRenLevassorde,259
Laughton,Charles,71
Laurel,473
Laurens,John,18
Lautaro,372
Lavery,Brian,501
Lavie,Thomas,228
Lavinia,233
Lavoisier,AntoineLaurent,72
Lawhill,286,297,297
Lawrence,357
Lawrence,James,109,251,358
Lawrence,USS,35758
Layton&Hurlbut,103
Law,Thomas,126
Layton,JohnS.,104
Lazarev,MikhailPetrovich,561
Lazzaro,VittorioBertolettodi,349
LCS116,295
Leach,John,405
LeagueofAugsburg,Warofthe,239,419,486,587
LeagueofNations,495
Leahy,FleetAdm.WilliamD.,46
Leathers,JohnP.,43334
Leathers,ThomasP.,350
Lebanoncrisis,176,514
LeBrun,Charles,482
Leclerc,Gen.,259
LedaPiereOne,126
LeDu,Capt.,7
Ledyard,John,163
Lee,Sgt.Ezra,529
Lee,WillisA.,570,579
Leech,Thomas,243
Leeman,Abraham,545
LegionofHonor,41
LehgII,29798
Lehto,Capt.,580
Leipzig,SMS,267,462
Leipzig,407

Page664

Leiva,DonAlonsode,206
LeMaire,Isaac,159,238
Leman,Karl,286
LeMatin(newspaper),336
LeMedec,Aim,344
Lemnos,Battleof,205
Lemp,FritzJulius,42,52,533,535
Lenin,39,298,308,461
Lenin,Vladimir,47
Lenthall,John,85,253,338,406,571
Leonard,R.L.,186
LeonardodaVinci,298
Leonidas,513
Leopard,HMS,108,299
LeopoldI(Austria),407
Leopold(Belgium),188
Lepanto,Battleof,173,42324
LePelley,PierreDumanoir,259
LeRay,BernardFournier,467
Levant,HMS,121,12829
Levant,Squadronof,453
Leviathan,14,203,29798,300,322,363,540
LevingstonShipbuildingCo.,208
Lexcen,Ben,47
Lexington(1773),300
Lexington,USS(1927),36,168,252,3012,302,459,474,571,583,588
Lexington,USS(1943),302
Leyland&Co.,R.W.,572
LeylandLine,87,123,521
LeyteGulf,Battleof153,176,302
CapeEngao,96,110,193,264,587,588
Samar,42,193,198,256,276,445,579
SibuyanSea,168,198,347,407
SurigaoStrait,87,19596,200,264,340
L'Hermit,Pierre,259
Libby,McNeill&Libby,2
Liberdade,303,366,487
Libert(1770),430
Libert(1790),16465
Libert(1950),17778
Liberty(1768),303
Liberty(1983),4748
Liberty,USS,3034
Licorne,La,58
Liebre,69
Liemba,304
Lightfoot,Gordon,157
Lightning,103,148,219,223,304
Lightoller,CharlesH.,521
Likoma,Bishopof,106
Lilly,71
Limeburner,Joseph,223
Limmen,305
Lina,123
Lincoln&Co.,William,573
LincolnMuseum,78
Lincoln,Abraham,164,233,341,49798,524
Lind,Alfred,329
Lind,Jenny,358
LindbladExplorer,305
Lindblad,LarsEric,305
Lindemann,Ernst,63
Lindholm,R.,253
"LinesonSolitude"(poem),153
Linklater,W.,198
Linlithgowshire,48
Linnet,HMS,459
Linton,Capt.,3
Linton,Hercules,127
Lion,HMS(1871),25859
Lion,HMS(1912),267,3056,313,471
Lipton,SirThomas,426,472
Lisianski,Yuri,348
Liston,RobertA.,409
Litherbury,John,497
Lithgow,SirWilliam,181
Litke,Capt.FedorPetrovich,469
"LittleBeavers,"103
LittleBelt,HMS(1801),306,403
LittleBelt,HMS(1812),306,357
LittleBighorn,Battleof,182
LittleHarborBoatYard,23
"LittleRedBoat,The,"305
Littorio,258,3067
Livadia,307,424
"Livebaitsquadron,"2,248
Lively,561
LivelyLady,307,508
Liverpool&AustralianNavigationCo.,221
Liverpool&GreatWesternSteamshipCo.,377
Liverpool&AustralianNavigationCo.,438
Liverpool,NewYork&PhiladelphiaSteamShipCo.,112
Livingston,ChancellorRobertR.,357,367,377,393,493
Livingstone,David,325
LizzieA.Tolles,17
Llangibby,433
LloydItaliano,427
LloydSabaudo,46,121,432
Lloyd'sofLondon,106,160,312,513
Lloyd'sRegister,547
Loades,Edmund,39
Lobato,Luis,277
Lodwick,Pres,497
London,Brighton&SouthCoastRailwayCo.,502
London,Charmian,142,480
LondonCompany,332
London&GlasgowEngineandIronShipbuildingCo.,504
London,HMS(1655),437
London,HMS(1766),51,62,3078
London,HMS(1927),24
London,Jack,55,142,480
LondonMerchant,397
LondonNavalLimitationTreaty(1936),287
LondonNavalTreaty(1930),268,339,352
LondonSteamship&TradingCorp.,246
LondonTimes,121,228,304,460,504,524
London,Treatyof(1852),280
London,William,507
LongBeach,USS,3089
LongSerpent,309
Longfellow,HenryWadsworth,408
LongstoneLight,188
Longworth,AliceRoosevelt,336
Looff,Max,288
LordLine,172
LordNelson,465
LordoftheIsles,309
Lord,Walter,521
LordWarden,92
LordWolseley,172
Lorillard,Griswold,17
Loring,Harrison,233,323
Lorraine,78,408
Lorraine,La,427
LosReyes,70,147,30910,451
LosTresReyes,454
LosTresReyesMagos,45455
"LossoftheEdmundFitzgerald,The,"158
LostHorizon(Hilton),252
LouisXII,122,327
LouisXIV,57,67,482,569,587
LouisXV,553
LouisXVI,40,72,174,379
LouisPhilippe,Emperor,41
LouisiadeArchipelago,454
Louisiana,CSS,310
LouisianaHomeforConfederateSoldiers,396
LouisianaStateMuseum,396
Louisiana,USS,334
L'Ouverture,Toussaint,228,259
Louvre,482
Low&Brother,A.A.,223,253
Low,John,12
Lwe,Lt.Cdr.,535
Lowestoft,Battleof,419,438
Lowestoft,Raidon,137,313,471
Lowther,Maxton&Co.,481
LST289,311
LST507,31011
LST531,311
Lubbock,Basil,34,191,199,515
Lubbock,HenryS.,232
Lucania(1893),427
Lucas,JeanJacques,551
Luce,JamesC.,31
LucianofSamosata,269
Luckenbach,E.F.,519
LuckenbachSteamshipCo.,493
LuckenbachTransportation&WreckingCo.,9
Luckner,FelixGrafvon,468
"LuckyDragon,"193
LucyThompson,451
Ludecke,Fritz,152
Ludlow,AugustusC.,327
Luhrs,Warren,51617
Luisa,Queen,132
LuitpoldCoast,166
Lulu,19
Lund,Cdr.,182
Lundeberg,Harry,50
Luppis,Giovanni,235
Lusitania,30,290,31112,33031,343,416,528
lusoriae,322
Lutce,468
LutherLittle,246,312
Lutine,HMS,312
Ltjens,Gnther,6364
LutteramBarenberge,Battleof,537
Ltzow,SMS,267,31213,341
Ltzow(1933),3,314,473
Ltzow(1937),66
Ltzow,FreiherrAdolfvon,312,314
Luxton,Norman,519
LV112,349
Lynx,HMS,235
LyonnaisedesEauxDumez,169
Lyster,A.L.St.G.,258
Lyons,SirEdmund,8
Lyons,ThomasW.,247
Lytle,Capt.,150
M
M28,77,212
Maasdam,54
Macapagal,Diosdado,283
MacArthur,Douglas,338
"MacArthur'sNavy,"283
Macassar,145
McCallum,Capt.,28
McCamis,Marvin,19
McClain,GeorgeM.,160
McClellan,George,342,558
M'Clintock,FrancisLeopold,42,172,189,265,428
McClintock,JamesR.,247,396
McClure,Leopold,428,511
McClure,Robert,26566,272
MacCunn,James,477
McDonald,John,9,10,240
MacDonald,PrimeMinisterRamsay,204
McDonnell,Charles,271
Macdonough,Thomas,11819,45859,565
McDougall,Capt.,477
McDougall,Alexander,105,11011
McDougall,John,441
Macedonia(fiction),55
MacedoniaHouse,315
Macedonian,495
Macedonian,HMS,315,538
Macedonian,USS,315
McGonagle,W.L.,304
McGrail,Sean,78

Page665

MacGregorLaird,325
McGuire,Y.J.,468
Machault,31516
MacInnis,Joe,74
McIntosh,William,163
Mackay,A.F.,359
McKay,Donald,103,124,148,173,186,210,223,271,304,433,486,490
Mackay,Francis,344
McKay,Lauchlan,486
Mackay,ThomasMiller,118,325
Mackay&Co.,T.M.,187
McKay&DixShipyard,436
McKee,Alexander,328
McKenna,F.J.,445
Mackenzie,Alexander,144
Mackenzie,AlexanderSlidell,483
Mackenzie,Compton,397
Mackenzie,WilliamLyon,95
Mackie&Thomson,373
McKim,Isaac,2829
McKinley,William,148,321
Mackinnon,Edmund,111
McKirdy,John,103
McLaughlin,Daniel,210
McLeod,W.J.,240
McManus,Thomas,66
MacMillan,DonaldB.,7374,204
MacMillan,Miriam,74
McMillan,Robert,50
Macmillan&Son,Ltd.,Archibald,33,123,199,334,343
McNair,Matthew,231
McNear&Co.,G.W.,142
McNiven,William,367
Macon,USS,526
McPherson,H.,465
Macquarie,Lachlan,542
McQueen,Robert,565
McSorley,Ernest,157
McTaggart,David,418
McVayIII,CharlesB.,261
Maddox,USS,31617,316,528
Maddox,WilliamT.,316
Madeleine,22
Madison,James,194
MadraguedeGienswreck,31718
MadredeDios,318
MadrigalShippingCo.,283
Maerker,Capt.,211
Maffitt,JohnNewland,186
Magalhes,Fernode,547
Magan,Arthur,77
MagdaleneVinnen,31819,319
Magdeburg,SMS,319
Magellan,Ferdinand,214,279,309,526,54758
Magenta,208
Magic,22
Magnanime,HMS(1748),439
Magnanime,HMS(1780),244
MagnusEffect,49
Magruder,JohnB.,232
Mahdi,69
Mahdiawreck,31920
MahmutII,281
Mahroussa,160
MaineMaritimeAcademy,74,135
MaineMaritimeMuseum,480
Maine,USS,32021,374,378,512
Mainzships,32122
Maipo,376
Maire,JacobLe,32
Maitland,SirFrederickLewis,59,259
Maitresse,La,328
Majestic(1899),511
Majestic(1919),14,250,299300,322
Majestic,HMS,533
Makali'i(canoe),236
Makinami,103
MalabarIV,322
MalabarVII,322
MalabarX,322
Malachite,532
Malaspina,DonAlejandro,13738,502
MalawiRailways,107
Malibran,E.,272
Mallakh,Kamalel,107
Malle,Louis,88
Mallory,Stephen,558
Malolo,540
Maloney,Linda,179
Mammoth(proposedname),220
Manassas,CSS,323,338
Manby,Charles,1
Manchester,HMS,373
Manhattan,237,323
Manhattan,USS,509
ManifestDestiny,584
ManifoldTrust,567
Manilagalleon,100,153,369,457
ManilaBay,Battleof,50,374
ManitowocShipbuildingCo.,111,400
Manley,John,231
Manning,Harry,540
Manoel(Portugal),457,547
ManpowerServicesCommission,567
Manry,Robert,519
Mansong,King,276
Manureva,24,126
Maori,HMS,64
MaoriWar,Second,380
MapleLeaf,32324
Maples,JohnFordyce,34
Marblehead,USS,324,324
MarcoPolo,304,32425
MarconiWirelessCo.,521
Mare&Co.,422
MareIslandNavyYard,86,109,260,297,475,507,525,564
Mareschalle,La,122
Marestier,JeanBaptiste,461
MargaretandJohn,370
Margaretta,273
Margit,534
Maria,21
MariadiAmparo,127
Mariagalante,360
MarieCordelire,La,122
MarieThrse,277
MarieThrseII,277
Marigold,213
Marina,111
Marine,98
MarineHistoricalAssoc.,277
MarineNavigationCo.,199
MarineRailwayYard,323
MarineSteamTurbineCo.,528
MarineWalrus,250
"MarineHymn,The,"34
MaritiemMuseumPrinsHendrick,Rotterdam,83,329
MaritimeArchaeologicalResearch,204
MaritimeCommission,179,303
MaritimeFolkMuseum,Castletown,390
MaritimeHistoricalGroupofNewEngland,399
MaritimeMuseumofBritishColumbia,Victoria,519
"MaritimePrince,The,"282
MaritimeTrust,146,567
Marjussen,Jorgensen&Co.,98
Markham,AlbertHastings,15
Markham,A.H.,89
Markomannia,162
Marlborough,Dukeof,419
MaRobert,325
Marquette,533
Marquis,153
MarquisofGranby,428
MarquisofRockingham,6
Mars,18
Mars,HMS,522
Marsalaship,410
Marsden,Peter,26,64
MarshArabs,518
Marsh,Grant,182
Marshall,Benjamin,271
Marshall,Wilson,44
Martin,Capt.,29
Martin,Comte,91,379,522
Martin,EvelynGeorge,276
Martin,Colin,218
Martn,Damin,450
Martin,ThomasByam,259
Martin&Co.,CharlesE.,7
MartnezHidalgo,Jos,456
Martyr,Weston,78
Mary(1588),214
Mary(1660),32526
MaryAnn,574
MaryCeleste,32627
MaryJames,122
MaryPowell,327
MaryRose,122,223,240,32728,439,465
MaryTudor,158
Mary,Queen,586
Maryland,201
MarylandCommitteeofSafety,300
Maryland,USS,12,196,340
MAS9,328
MAS11,328
MAS15,328,506
MAS21,328
Masaharu,Homma,394
MashfordBros.,18283
Mashford,Sid,18283
Mashuda,120,315
Mason,USS,32829
Mason,Capt.,252
Mason,Dudley,373
Mason,J.Cass,497
Mason,EnsignNewtonHenry,328
Mason,James,451
Mason,JamesM.,52425
Massachusetts,USS(1896),261
Massachusetts,USS(1942),329,579
MassachusettsMaritimeAcademy,421
MassachusettsStateNavy,566
Massasoit,332
Mastico,167,263
Matapan,BattleofCape,52,391,560,568
Matar,32930,456
Mather,Cotton,574
Mathew,330
Mathewson,Duncan,369
Mathilda,367
MatildaofFlanders,345
Matson,William,181
MatsonLine,282
MatsonNavigationCo.,235
MatsonSteamNavigationCo.,3
Matterhorn,474
Matthews,Frederick,28
Matthews,Richard,54
Matushenko,Yevgeny,399400
Maudslay,Sons&Field,Messrs.,127,220,22526
Maund,L.E.H.,38
Mauretania,30,60,75,29091,311,33031,416,528
"MauretaniaofInlandWaters,"407
Mauri,Carlo,418
Maury,W.L.,204
Maury,MatthewFontaine,31,204,325,486
Maury,309
Mawson,SirDouglas,146,359
Max,432
Maxton&Co.,309
Maya,42,449
Mayagez,331
Mayflower(1606),33132,insert
Mayflower(1886),209
Mayflower(1897),124

Page666

Mayflower(1921),66
"MayflowerCompact,"332
Mayhew,P.N.,150
Maystone,Carol,80
Meade,USATS,111
MecklenburgSchwerin,von,245
MedalofHonor,96,193,226,295,301,304
Medea,HMS,244
Medel,Alonso,360
Medina,JuanGmezde,218,431
MedinaSidonia,AlonzoPerezdeGuzmnelBueno,Dukeof,37,453
Medoa,Fernode,318
Medusa,33233
Medway,334
Medway,Dutchinthe,438
MehmetAli,KhediveofEgypt,114
MehmetII,281
MehmetIV,281
MeiAn,385
MeiHsia,385
MeiPing,385
MelbourneArgus(newspaper),271
MelbourneStar,373
Melen,Archibald,Jr.,279
Melin,FranciscoNez,368
Mellish,HMS,409
Melson,Claudia,134
Melville,GeorgeW.,272,321
Melville,Herman,176,539
Melvin,USS,195
Memphis(1862),22
Memphis,USS(1862),133
Memphis,USS(1906),334
Mendaa,Alvaro,70,147,30910,445,451,454,503
Mendes,Henrique,160
Mendoza,Luisde,547
Mendoza(pirate),537
Mendoza,ViceroyMarquesasde,451
Mends,William,8
Mengel&BrotherCo.,C.C.,142
Menzies,Archibald,145
MercantileMarineServiceAssoc.,87,122
Mercator,33435
Mercedita,USS,253
MerchantAdventurers,332
MerchantNavySeamen'sSchool,501
MerchantsTradingCo.ofLiverpool,224
Mercury,542
Mercuryspacemission,264
Meresteyn,335
Meriam,ScovelS.,263
Mermaid,500
Merrick&Sons,343,356,578
Merrick&Towne,406
Merrimack,USS,127,342,55758
MerselKbir,Battleof,38,78,250,408,495
Mersey,HMS,288
Mertens,KarlHeinrich,469
Mervine,William,129,179
Merz,Alfred,335
Mesaba,521
MessageriesMaritime,389
MetalIndustries,Ltd.,300,550
Meteor,335
Meteor,HMS,524
MeteorIII,336
MeteorIV,336,573
Meteor(whaleback),111
MexicanArmy,451
MexicanCoastSteamshipCo.,86
MexicanNavy,227
MexicanWar,119,127,129,260,316,338,406,446,483
Mexicana,138,144
MexicoMaru,10
Meyer,Jos.L.,304
MeyerSchiffwerft,Jos.L.,177
MiamiNassauRace,518
Michael,9,197
Michel,10,574
Michelangelo,298
MichiganSteamshipCo.,156
Michigan,USS,152
"MickeyFinns,"228
MicmacIndians,118
Midilli,77,212
"MiddlePassage,"239
Middleton,Adm.SirCharles,LordBarham,52
Midway,USS,445
Midway,Battleof
Japaneseshipsat,1112,42,247,281,340,474,484,579,587
U.S.shipsat,168,252,449,583
Miebais,Gilles,159
Mighell,WilliamE.,186
"MightyMo,The,"339
Mikasa,337
Mikawa,Gunichi,109,287
Mikuma,168,252,340
Milius,Pierre,202
Millar,JohnFitzhugh,437
Miller,Patrick,1056
Miller&Sons,WilliamC.,186
Milne,Adm.SirAlexanderBerkeley,92,212
Milne,George,199
Milvain,H.,425
Milward,John,71
Minatsuki,232
Minerva,18
Mingdynasty,224
Minion,274
MinistryofFisheriesandAgriculture,418
Minneapolis,USS,459
MinnefordYachtYard,149,264
Minnesota,USS,342,558
Minorca,Battleof,147,419
Minotaur,HMS,259
Mirbach,Freiherrvon,311
Mirboka,393
Mircea,156
Mirny,41,243,561
Miroslav,584
MirroroftheSea,The(Conrad),382,546
Mischief,33738
MissMary,468
MissPetticoats(film),105
Mississippi,CSS,310
Mississippi,USS,323,338,340,401
Missouri,USS,267,33839,339,556
Mitchell,Carleton,185
Mitchell,JohnK.,310
Mitchell,William,181
Mitchell,William,575
Mitchell,William"Billy,"381
MithradaticWar,29
Mitscher,Adm.MarcA.,103,168,252,261,302,347,459,579
MitsubishiZosenKaisha,256,287,347
MixedArmisticeCommission,410
Mizar,464
MobileBay,Battleof,23334,343,509
Mobile,CSS,234
MobyDick(Melville),176
Modeste,273
Moffett,Captain,477
Mogami,19596,252,33940,340
Moguer,JuanNiode,359
MohammedScirocco,424
Moir,Commander,524
Moitessier,Bernard,27778,496
MolassesReefwreck,340
Mller,469
Molony,George,77
Moltke,Helmuthvon,341
Moltke,SMS,305,313,341,471
Monaghan,Jason,448
Monaghan,USS,13,449
Monarca,522
Monarch,HMS(1747),419
Monarch,HMS(1868),92
MonarchofBermuda,346
Moncada,DonHugode,206
Monck,George,DukeofAlbemarle,438
Mondamin,480
Mongolia,421
Monitor,USS,172,183,34143,342,543,558
Monkbarns,343
Monks,LesterB.,241
Monmouth,HMS,211,215,343,462
Monongahela,USS,338,34344,344,509
MonongahelaRiverConsolidatedCoal&CokeCo.,487
Monroe,James,460
"monsterswithshortlegs,"286
Montagne,413
Montagu,HMS,251
Montana&IdahoTransportationCo.,61
Montauk,USS,350
MontBlanc,259,34445
Montero,Jernimode,99
Montes,Pedro,25
Montgomerie,Governor,181
Montgomery,W.,216
Montojo,Patricio,374
Montt,Jorge,50
Moone,Tom,213
Mooneshine,500
Moore,F.W.,128
Moore,W.,128
Moorer,ThomasH.,317
Mora,345,insert
Mordaunt&Co.,Oswald,572
Morehouse,DavidR.,326
Morel,Jan,200
Morgan,CharlesWaln,104
Morgan,CSS,509
Morgan,Dodge,2324
Morgan,E.D.,209
Morgan,Jacquesde,130
Morgan,J.Pierpont,124,300,311,330,376,472,520
Morgan,J.Pierpont,Jr.,124
Morgan,William"BillytheMischief,"337
Morieux,Charles,125
Morison,SamuelEliot,262,330,409,449,579
Morley,Christopher,530
Morning,146,509
MorningStar,518
Morris,CharlesM.,186
Morris,George,127
Morris,Lewis,181
Morris,RichardV.,108
Morris,Robert,18,163
Morris,Roland,116
Morrison,John,375
Morrissey,Clayton,66,160
Morrissey,WilliamE.,159
MorroCastle,106,321,34546,346,408
Morston,Captain,342
Morton,D.W."Mush,"quoted,564
Mosbacher,Bus,264
Moseley,H.N.,101
Moshulu,34647
Moss,David,375
MossadleAliyehBeth,495
MoulinVent,49
MountEdgecomb,122
MountRoyalMillingandManufacturingCo.,513

Page667

MountVernon,USS,29091
"mountainboats,"61,182
Mountaudin,M.,413
Mousquet,162
Moustafa,HajAhmedYoussef,107
Mwe,286,347,380
Mudie,Colin,33,77,330,481
Mugford,USS,98
Mller,Karlvon,161
Munk,Jens,537
MuozGamero,124
Murdoch,FirstOfficerWilliam,521
Murray,Capt.,98
Murray,George,11516
Murray,E.C.,310
Murray,John,101
Murray,John,EarlofDunmore,27
Musashi,169,264,267,302,347,474,579
MuscovyCompany,197
MusedelaMarine,242
MuseumofAncientShipping(MuseumfrAntikeSeefahrt),323
MuseumofNaturalHistory,489
MuseumofScienceandEngineering,528
MuseumofYachting,U.S.,472
Mustin,USS,252
mutiny,279,476
inRoyalNavy,8,70,243,362,413,440,56364
inU.S.Navy,17,156,483
inothernavies,333,399400
inmerchantships,25,5253,101,333,356,399400,455,476,486
"MutinyoftheElsinore,The,"142
MutinyontheBounty,The(film),71
MyrShell,334
MysterieandCompanieoftheMarchantsAduenturersfortheDiscoverieofRegions,Dominions,IlandsandPlacesUnknown,158
MysticSeaportMuseum,25,60,74,7879,105,277
N
Nachi,137,196,302,340,449
Nadezhda,34849,384,402,442,561
Nagara,12
Nagato,198,264,276
Nagumo,Chuichi,12,86,168,281,484
Nahant,USS,43
Nahma,124
Naismith,AlexanderJ.,189
Nakagawa,Hajime,98
Nakata,Yoshimatsu,142
NakskovSkibs.,131
Nance,Bob,531
Nancy,301
Nansen,Fridtjof,19091
NantucketLightship,78,349,376
NantucketNewSouthShoal,349
Napier,SirCharles,1
Napier,David,117
Napier&Sons,Robert,83,391,464
NapoleonI(Bonaparte),40,59,83,91,135,202,208,228,237,258,263,333,352,367,379,522,543
NapoleonIII,208,341
NapoleonicWars,259,267,269,299,306,333,525,541,544
Narcissus,349
Nares,SirGeorgeStrong,15,1012,143
Narvik,Battleof,124,195,568
Naseby,HMS,437
Nash,CharlesI.,241
Nashville,CSS,34950
Nasmith,Martin,15556
NassauCup,518
Natchez(1831),100,350
Natchez(1869),35051,466,43334
NationalAntarcticExpedition,145,509
NationalAssoc.ofBlackScubaDivers,240
NationalGeographicSociety,73,580
NationalHistoricLandmark,517
NationalLibertyShipMemorial,273
NationalMarineSanctuary,343
NationalMaritimeDay,460
NationalMaritimeHistoricalSociety,283
NationalMaritimeMuseum,Greenwich,78,128,16970,184,219,259
NationalMaritimeMuseum,Haifa,43
NationalMaritimeMuseum,SanFrancisco,283
NationalMuseum,Athens,29
NationalMuseumofAmericanHistory,261
NationalParkService,61,283,382
NationalSecurityAgency,409
NationalSteel&ShipbuildingCo.,180
NationalTrustforHistoricPreservation,134
NationalTrustofAustralia,398
NATO,3,229,353,464,526
Naturaliste,La,202,159
"NatureMan,"480
Naugatuck,USS,342
NauticalCollegeofHaifa,90
NauticalGazette,519
Nautilus,389
Nautilus,HMS,232,535
Nautilus,USS(1799),120,351,570
Nautilus,USS(1801),35152,367
Nautilus,USS(1918),352
Nautilus,USS(1955),35254,461,477,526
NautilusMemorialandSubmarineForceLibraryandMuseum,354
NavalElectronicsLaboratory,524
NavalGunnery(Douglass),306
NavalNonInterventionPatrol(Spain),314
NavalOverseasTransportationService,129
NavalUnderseaMuseum,525
Navelmeccanica,524
navicula,330
NavigatioSanctiBrendanAbbatis,77
NavigationActs(1651),74
NavigazioneGeneraleItaliana,46,81,12122,432
naviscubiculata,323
NavyCross,96,193,564
NavyMemorialMuseum,263
Neafie&Levy,123,386
Nebra,DonDomingo,457
Nefertiti,536
Nehru,Jawaharlal,288
Nelson,A.,235
Nelson,Co.,Charles,346
Nelson,HMS,354,373
Nelson,Horatio,ViscountNelson,486
atCapeSt.Vincent,9192
atCopenhagen,78,13435,13536,444
attheNile,2,13435,37980,543,544
quoted,59,9192,121,393,544
atTrafalgar,5859,25859,263,509,522,55051
"NelsonTouch,"550
Nemesis,35455
Nemiships,355
Nemo,99
Nemo,USS,536
Neosho,USS,35556,475,583
Neptune(god),361
Neptune,CSS,232
Neptune(French),509,551
Neptune,HMS,440,551
Neptune'sCar,356
Neptunia,541
Neptuno,259,551
Nerger,KarlAugust,577
NetherlandBrown,Carl,580
NeuPommern,504
Neumann,Emmanuel,495
Neumark,574
NeutralConferenceforContinuousMediation,381
Neva,141,348,384,442
Nevada,USS,12
Neversink,USS(fiction),539
Nevins,HenryB.,78
NewAdmiraltyShipyard,St.Petersburg,46
Newcastle,ThomasPelhamHolles,Dukeof,419
NewConstellation,USS,120
NewEnglandShipbuildingCorp.,272,399
NewgatePrison,386
Newhall,Scott,16970
NewIronsides,USS,133,341,35657
NewJersey,USS,267,339,556,579
Newlands,Alexander,103
NewLine,272
NewMadridearthquake,357
Newman,WilliamC.,1
NewNetherlandFestival,230
NewOrleans(1811),357,368
NewOrleans&HavanaLine,498
Newport,Christopher,318,501
NewportNewsShipbuilding&DryDockCo.
merchantships,22,345,522,539
navalships,45,168,176,193,252,254,263,421,512,583,584
NewSystemofNavalArchitecture,A(Annesley),179
NewVoyageAroundtheWorld(Dampier),435
NewYork(1898),112
NewYork(1927),14
NewYork(1940s),179
NewYork&LiverpoolUnitedStatesMailSteamshipCo.,31,383
NewYorkHerald,28,253,466
NewYorkKeroseneEngineCo.,1
NewYorkNauticalSchool,447
NewYorkNavyYard,36,239,267,320,338,366,396,451,482,554
NewYorkShipbuildingCorp.,21,61,201,261,404,406,430,459,461
NewYorkMaritimeAcademy,183,447
NewYorkStateMilitia,124
NewYorkSun,183
NewYorkTimes,123,552
NewYorkYachtClub,18,123,124
andAmerica'sCup,21,48,264,426,472
NewYorkZoologicalSociety,53
NewYorkNaplesSteamshipCo.,113
NewZealand,HMS,66,305
Neyland,Harry,105
Niagara,USS,8,204,222,35758
Nicholas,508
Nicholas,USS,136

Page668

NicholasII,47,246,400
Nicholl,D.,126
Nichols,GeorgeA.,2
Nicholson,James,251
Nicol&Munro,464
Nicoll,Landles,111
Niedermair,John,310
Niger,HMS,380
Nigeria,HMS,373
NiggeroftheNarcissus,The(Conrad),349
NighttoRemember,A(Lord),521
Nightingale,35859
Nijmegen,Peaceof,67
Nile,Battleofthe,2,59,89,116,134,263,380,522,551
Nile,HMS(1852),122
Nimitz,ChesterW.,36,294,337,338,396,583
Nimrod,146,165,359
Nia(1492),330,35960,395,45556,547,insert
Nia(1928),44,36061,361,395
Niobe,344
Niphon,115
NipponMaru,36162
Nishimura,Shoji,178,19596,340
Nissen,J.HeinrichH.,405
NitrateProducersSteamShipCo.,28,87
NitrateWar,173
Nixon,RichardM.,552
Noah,36,221
Noake,12
Nobile,Umberto,401
Nonsuch,HMS,58
Nonsuch,362
Noordam,521
NootkaSoundControversy,138,144,413,440
NorddeutscherLloyd,75,138,139,177,202,226,245,250,281,282,290,291,311,319,33031,378,416,501
Nordenskild,Adolf,298,544
Nordseewerke,580
Nordstern,336
Nordstrm&Thulin,177
NoreMutiny,8,144,242,413
Norfolk,HMS(1798),265
Norfolk,HMS(1930),6364,154,362,407,463
NorfolkNavyYard,13,120,127,234,258,315,396,512,539
Norge,36263
Norma,366
NormanCourt,363
Normande,La,132
Normandie,(1862),208
Normandie,36365,364,387,415,416
Noronic,36566,365
NorskSjfartsmuseum,191,207
NorthAmericanLloyd,173
NorthAmericanSteamshipCo.,173
NorthAtlanticMailSteamshipLine,543
NorthAtlanticPassengerConference,300
NorthCape,Battleofthe,362,473
NorthCarolinaShipbuildingCo.,331
NorthCarolina,USS,366
NortheastPassage,39,142,144,158,197,230,269,298,442,544
NorthernCoalition,135
NorthernLight(1851),366
NorthernLight(1873),36667
NorthernNavigationCo.,365
NorthForeland,Battleof,75,438,585
NorthPolarExpedition,396
North,PrimeMinisterLord,132
NorthRiverSteamBoat,117,193,351,357,36768,393,492
NorthStar(1580s),500
NorthStar(1824),74,428
NorthWestCo.,142,500
NorthwestPassage
Britishsearchfor(16thcent.),9,197,21314,500
Britishsearchfor(17thcent.),142,230
Britishsearchfor(18thcent.),143,14445,147,429
Britishsearchfor(19thcent.),65,17172,18990,237,265,269,430,51011,551
completed,207,305,323,449
Danishsearchfor,537
Spanishsearchfor,502
U.S.searchfor,272
NorthwesternFisheriesCo.,10,22,60
NorthwesternMutualLifeInsuranceCo.,157
NorwegianPolarExpedition,19091
NorwegianSailTrainingAssoc.,484
NorwegianAmericaLine,6061
NorwegianCaribbeanLine,193
NossaSenhoradaNazareth,576
NossaSenhoradoMontedoCarmo,576
NouveauSt.Jacques,366
NoveltyIronWorks,341
Noyes,HarryE.,517
Nubian,HMS,587
nuclearpower,2034,298,308,461,516,35253
nucleartesting,19394,407,418,450,460
NuestraSeoradeAtocha,240,36869
NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin(1550s),450
NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin(1589),214
NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin(1620),369
NuestraSeoradelaConcepcin(1636),36970
NuestraSeoradelaCovadonga,99100,457
NuestraSeoradelaIncarnacionDisenganio,153
NuestraSeoradelapuriaylimpiaConcepcin,369
NuestraSeoradeSantaMargarita,36869
NuestraSeoradelArranzaz,99
NuestraSeoradelMonteCarmelo,99
NuestraSeoradelRosario,370,431,453
NuhrelBahr,533
NurembergWarCrimesTribunal,294
Nurnberg,SMS,89,161,215,267,462
Nydamboat,37071
Nye,Hiram,105
NyholmNavalShipyard,280
Nyptangh,159
NystadVarvShipyard,305
O
O12,352
Oakley,T.B.,226
Oates,LawrenceEdwardGrace,510
Obdam,JacobvanWassenaervan,438
Oborea,Queen(Tahiti),147
O'Brian,Patrick,100,564
O'Brien,W.V.,228
O'Brien,Conor,39
ObserverSinglehandedTransatlanticRace(OSTAR),81,180,517
Ocean(1759),273
OceanAcademy,Ltd.,14
OceanBeauty,97
OceanBreeze,485
OceanTrainingShips,Ltd.,499
Oceania,541
OceanicSteamNavigationCo.,43
octoreme,376
Oden,569
OdessaNavigationSchool,246
OfficeofSubmarineDefenses,248
Ogden,Aaron,368
Oglala,USS,12,239
OglebayNortonCo.,157
Ohara,Kei,418
O'HareInternationalAirport,301
O'Hare,E.H."Butch,"301
O'Higgins,372,487
O'Higgins,Bernardo,372
Ohio,37273,549
OhioSteamNavigationCo.,357
Oi,185
Oikonomou,Michaelis,293
OilHulkC77,567
Ojos,Alonso,450
O'Kane,RichardH.,507
OkeaniaS/A,23
OkhtaShipyard,469,560
Oklahoma,USS(BB37),12,167
OlafSkttkonung,309
OlafTryggvason,309
land,Battleof,290
OlavGjerstad,213
OldBayLine,179
OldDuke's&Orr'sDryDock,398
"OldIronsides,"121,228,356
"OldShiny,"473
Oldenburg(1902),500501
Oldenburg(1914),347
Oldendorf,JesseB.,340
Oleg,47
Olga,114
Olinda,10
Olivebank,90,373
OliverH.Perry,278
Olivos,81
Olustee,CSS,507
Olympia,USS,37375,374
Olympias,37576,insert
Olympic,45,81,221,250,322,349,376,52021
Omai,6,429
Omega,37677,377
"OnthePossibilityofCommercialNavigationintheWatersoffSiberia"(Nordenskild),544
Onami,103
OnceIsEnough(Smeeton),531
101(whaleback),105
OnomichiZosenK.K.,149
Onslow,HMS,4
Ontario,377
Ooqueah,436
OostenburgShipyard,26
Ootah,436
OpenPolarSea,5,16,272
OperationAGo,340
OperationAlbion,341
OperationAnvil,324
OperationCatapult,38,78,408
OperationCatechism,520
OperationCerberus,211,407,463
OperationChariot,89
OperationCrossroads,460
OperationDesertStorm,309
OperationDragoon,46
OperationHalberd,354
OperationHusky,354
OperationJennifer,209
OperationMagicCarpet,13,169,460
OperationNeptune,57,435
OperationPedestal,372
OperationRegenbogen,473

Page669

OperationRheinbung,63
OperationRsselsprung,520
OperationSandblast,526
OoperationSail.SeeOpSail
OperationSealion,76,178
OperationSeaOrbit,308
OperationSunshine,353
OperationTiger,310
OperationTorch,46,153,285,329,354,362,435,473,549
OperationWatchtower,168
OperationWeserbung,66,284,289
OperationWilfred,210
OpiumWars,120,354,451
OpSail,161,173,193,293
OrangeCountyMarineInstitute,395
Orde,SirJohn,8
Oregon(1883),37778,378
Oregon,USS(1841),556
Oregon,USS(1896),261,378,37879,379,489,512
"Oregon"(gun),406
OregonTreaty(1846),56
OregonShipbuildingCorp.,303
Orford,EdwardHerbert,Earlof,482
Orfordness,Battleof,419,485
Orient,L',59,37980,522,544
OriginofSpecies(Darwin),54
Orinoco,282
Orion,380
Orlando,&Co.,205
Orlando,Giuseppe,205
Orlando,HMS(1858),566
Orono(god),429
Orpheus,HMS,380
Orseolo,DogePietro,8283
Orwell,HMS,4
Osborn,JamesB.,203
Osborn,Sherard,428
OsborneHouse,549
OscarII,381
OscarII(NorwayandSweden),544
Osebergship,213,381,502,insert
Osgood,Mary,39
Osgood,Joseph,231
Ossipee,USS,559
OSTARRace,81,180,517
Ostfriesland,SMS,38182
Ostsee,347
Otago,382
Otago,HMNZS,419
Otkrytie,561
Otranto,215,267,462
OtrantoBarrage,328,506
Otter,56
Ottor,219
Ouhanni,MadanniAit,418
Outridge,J.M.,103
Overnes,249
Owen,David,398
Owers,HenryRobertson,510
Ozanne,L.,3
Ozawa,Jisaburo,97,110,168,232,302,588
P
P&OLine,128,160,416.SeealsoPeninsular&OrientalSteamNavigationCo.
Pacific(1850),173,38384,383
Pacific(tug),26
PacificColonialShipCo.,491
PacificFarEastLine,303
PacificFurCo.,56
PacificMailSteamshipCo.,86,115,451
PacificQueen,50
PacificRanger,519
PacificSeaResources,370
PacificSteamNavigationCo.,10910
PacificSteamWhalingCo.,22
PacificSwan,418
Pacific,Warofthe,255
packetships,28,104,160,224,27172,436,490
Packwood,Joseph,303
paddlewheelpropulsion,15,56,1056,117,194,21921,393,42223
Padua,384,384,486
Paersch,Lars,90
Page&Allen,356
Page,ThomasJefferson,571
Paine,CharlesJ.,422
Paine,Frank,204
Paine,Thomas,18
Pakenham,SirWilliamC.,260
Pakington,SirJohn,566
PalestineLiberationOrganization,3
Pallada,319
Pallas,HMS(1757),67
Pallas,HMS(1804),487
Palmer,Alexander,253
Palmer,NathanielB.,243,253
Palmer,N.B.,436
PalmerShipyard,100
Palmer,TheodoreD.,253
PalmettoState,CSS,253
Palssn,H.,2
Pamir,286,347,38485,388
Pampanito,USS,226
PanRoyal,294
PanAmericanExposition,489
Panay,USS,46,385
Pandora(1861),272
Pandora,HMS,71,38586
PanhandleState,404
PantanoLongariniwreck,386
Panteleimon,400
Panther,HMS,457
Panther,SMS,38687
Papadopoulos,Georgios,34
Papalbull,547
ParaguayExpedition,571
Paramore,HMS,94,387
Paramount,346
Parana,404
ParceriaGeraldePescarias,34
Pargo,USS,232
Parham,Frederick,57
Paris(1889),11213
Paris(1921),387
ParisExhibition(1900),528
ParisExposition(1878),120
ParisSalon,333
ParisSummit,526
Paris,Treatyof,18
Park,Mungo,276
Park,ThomasB.,247
Parker,Lt.,487
Parker,SirHyde(171482),437,550
Parker,SirHyde(17391807),134,135,243,457
Parker,Daniel,163
Parker,Ralph,17
ParksCanada,74,452
Parma,38788,388
Parma,AlexanderFarnese,Dukeof,37,453
Parry,Edward,65
Parry,W.E.,3
Parry,WilliamEdward,23738,266,269,551
Parsons,CharlesA.,215,527
ParsonsMarineSteamTurbineCo.,528
Pasha,Enver,212
Pashnin,O.G.,39
PassofBalmaha,468
"PassagetoFreedom,"251
Passat,347,385,388,insert
Passos,P.,349
Pastor,Xavier,456
PatersonCo.,RobertR.,349
Pathfinder,HMS,532
Patience,466
Patria,38889
PatriotsPointMaritimeMuseum,295,462,584
Patriote,299
Pattee,WilliamPotter,433
Patten,Chris,80
Patten,Joshua,356
Patten,MaryAnn,356
Patterson,George,106
Patterson,JohnF.,559
Patterson,ThomasJ.,273
Patterson,William,438
Patton,Junior&Co.,J.,123
Patton,GeorgeS.,46
Patursson,Trondur,77,482
Paul(czar),544
PaulRichard,44
PaulSieman(1800),29
Paumelle,M.,276
Payer,Juliusvon,508
Payne,JohnA.,247
Payne,William,216
PaysdeFranceII,336
Pdinichthys(X6),520
PeaceofVersailles,244
"PeaceShip,The,"381
"Peacemaker,"406
Peacock,HMS,251,389,570
Peacock,USS,389,535,555
Peake,SirHenry,54,170,237,510
Peale,Titian,556
Pearce,SirWilliam,391
Pearl(1613)576
Pearl,HMS,99,301
PearlHarbor,attackon,42,109,247,283,287,428,484,579,588
Pearne,George,225
Pearson,Richard,6768
PearyArcticClub,436
Peary,RobertE.,73,160,191,436
Peary,USS,73
Peck,John,163
Peckell,Andreas,569
Pedersen,Alex,98
PedroNues,513
Pegaso,541
Pegasus,59
Pegasus,HMS(1897),288
Pegasus,HMS(1914),440,534
Peggy,38990
Peirce,George,407,410
Peking,388,390,390,580
"Peking"BattlesCapeHorn,The(Johnson),390
PeliasofIolcus,33
Pelican(1576),213
Pelican,HMS(1812),34,136
PelicanLine,436
Pellew,SirEdward,130,259,522
Pelsaert,Francisco,52
PembrokeDockyard,15,170,272,440,549
Pembroke,578
PenDuickIV,126
Pender,Daniel,56
Pendleton,Benjamin,243
Pendleton,Carver&Nichols,2
Pendleton,Phineas,Jr.,240
Pendleton,Phineas,III,240
Pendleton,W.R.,167
Penguin,HMS,251
PeninsularCampaign(U.S.CivilWar),136,451,551,563
Peninsular&OccidentalSteamshipCo.,215
Peninsular&OrientalSteamNavigationCo.,423
Penn,SirWilliam,75
Penn,William,182
Penne,MasterShipwright,588
PennsylvaniaHistoricalandMuseumCommission,358
Pennsylvania,USS(1837),100
Pennsylvania,USS(1916),11,36,196,239,340
Penobscotexpedition,135,409,566
pentecontor,375
PeopletoPeopleHealthFoundation,251

Page670

People'sLiberationArmy,24
Pepper,Tom,588
Pepys,Samuel,quoted,326,437,438
Percy,George,501
Percy&Small,578
PeregrineGalley,437
Peregrine,LordDanby,437
Pereira,Fernando,419
Preire,391,391,545
Perew,Francis,261
Prier,J.C.,351
Perire,LotharvonArnaulddela,533
Perine,Patterson&Stack,,172
Periwinkle,USS(1864),386
PerminaSamudraIII,33
Pron,Franois,202
Perot,Ross,317
Perpetuo,Fray,450
Perry,MatthewC.,338,4012,483
Perry,OliverHazard,194,278,306,357,483
Perseverance,493
Persia(1867),464
PersianGulfWar,339
Persson,Seth,184
Perth,HMAS,137,254,340,39192
Peru,109110
Ptain,Marshal,38
Petard,HMS,471
PetertheGreat,437,443
Petersen,BoyeR.,404
Peterson,Rudolf,311
Peterson,580
PetitThouars,A.A.du,522
PetiteHermine,La,217
Petrel,USS,374
Petropavlovsk,66,314
Pett,Peter,326,485
Pett,Phineas,437,485
Pettengill,Steve,517
Peyron,Bruno,169
Phaeton,HMS,504
Phelps,USS,302
Phnix,392,393
Philadelphia(1776),82,119,392
Philadelphia,USS(1800),120,263,351,39293,403
Philadelphia(1889),112
PhiladelphiaNavyYard,338,406,570
Philip,JohnW.,512
PhilipII,154,370,423,453
PhilipIII,454
PhilipVIofValois,126
PhilippineInsurrection,378
PhilippineNauticalSchool,421
PhilippineSea,BattleoftheU.S.shipsat,13,168,176,232,267,302,366,407,584
Japaneseshipsat,198,256,340,474,587,588
PhillipandFrancis,501
Phillip,Arthur,476
Phillips,John,87,521
Phillips,JohnS.,355
Phillips,SirTom,405,428
Phillips,William,495
Phips,William,369
Phoebe,HMS,175,228
Phoenix,368,393,460,493
Phoenix,HMS(1783),259
Phoenix,HMS(1845),74,428
Phoenix,USS,201
Physicienne,542
Picardy,508
Piccard,Auguste,53,187,524,525
Piccard,Jacques,524
Pickens,FrancisW.,492
Pickering,CharlesW.,285
Piening,J.Hermann,384
Pierce,John,332
Piercey,Francis,40
Pirola,Nicolasde,255
PieterdeConinck,36263
Pigeon,USS,392,39394
Pigot,Hugh,242
Piht,Aavo,177
PikerII(X7),520
Pilgrim,39495
Pilgrims,331
Pilkington&Wilson,425
Pillsbury,USS,227,535
Pine,Ben,66,116,204
PinochetUgarte,Augusto,173
Pinta(1492),359,395,45556,488,547
Pinta(1928),361
Pinzn,MartnAlonso,359,395,456
Pinzn,VicenteYez,359,395,45556
Pioneer(1860),325
Pioneer(1877),161
Pioneer,CSS,247,263,396
Pioneer,HMS,428
PioneerII,396
Piquet,LaMotte,420
pirates/piracy,164
inantiquityandMiddleAges,83,292
in15thcent.,360,423,458
in17thcent.,7,57,537
in18thcent.,100,413,57374
in19thcent.,25,315,460,488,559,578
"PirateoftheSt.Lawrence,"477
Pisa,205
Pitcher,HenrySotheby,21
Pitcher,William,523
Pitt,William,352,550
PiusV,423
Pizarro,DonJoseph,99
Plant,MortonF.,336
Plantagenet,HMS,200
PlantersLine,282
Plate,BattleoftheRiver,3,4,10
Plattsburg,USS,112
Plattsburg,Battleof,118,459
PlatypusI,HMAS,100
PlaylandPark,60
PleasantBreeze,277
PlimothPlantation,332
Pliny,90
Plummer,Cyrus,279
Plunger,USS(SS2),396,397
Pluton,522
Pluton(destroyer),124,261
Plymouth,408
PlymouthCompany,332
PlymouthRock,331
"pneumaticdynamite,"545
Poictiers,HMS,570
Poillon,C.&R.,123,514
"PolarSea,"508
Polarismissiles,203
Polaris,USS,39697
Pole,Charles,255
PolishNavigationCo.,112
PolishOceanLine,54
Politician,39798
Polk,JamesK.,86,100
Pollard,George,17576
PollockRipLightship,578
Polly,132
"Polly,"397
PollyWoodside,398
PollyWoodsideRestorationCommittee,398
Polo,Marco,412
PolPot,331
PolynesiaII,34
PolynesianVoyagingSociety,235
Polyphemus,HMS,422
polyremes,376
Pomey,Patrice,317
Pomone,HMS,404
Pomorze,131
Poody,234
Pook,SamuelH.,366
Pook,SamuelM.,85
PoorRichard'sAlmanac(Franklin),67
Pope,USS,178,227
Popov,AndreiAleksandrovich,307,424
Popov,Vladimir,552
Popovkas,424
Poppenreuter,Hans,327
Popper(designer),506
Porcupine,HMS,251
Porcupine,USS,357
Porpoise,HMS,265
Porpoise,USS,41,555
PortChalmers,373
Portefaix,Le,72
Porter,David,175,389
Porter,DavidDixon,233,401
Porter,J.L.,509
Porter,T.K.,186
Porticellowreck,39899
Portland,399,insert
Portland,USS,340
PortlandGale,399
PortlandSteamPacketCo.,399
PortsmouthNavyYard,1314,119,153,285,465,489,490,516,536,567
Portu,Joannesde,452
Portznoguer,Hervde,122
Poseidon,361,526
Posen,405
Post,MarjorieMerriweather,465
Postels,Alexander,469
Potemkin,399400
Potemkin,PrinceGrigoryAleksandrovich,399
Potet,M.,201
Potomac,USS,400401
PotomacShipwreckingCo.,179
PotsdamConference,46
PotterBrothers,London,578
Pound,SirDudley,258,520
PourleMerit,532,533
PourquoiPas?,401
Powell,MaryLudlow,327
Powell,Thomas,327
Power,A.J.,38
Powers,FrancisGary,526
Powers,Naomi,180
Powhatan,USS,4012,402,423
PoYang,31617
Pratt,Joseph,218
Pratt&Whitney,185
Preble,GeorgeH.,120
Preble,Edward,108,175,263,393
Predpriyatiye,402,442,469
President,USS,108,120,228,306,393,4034,403,525,538
PresidentSarmiento,404
PresidentMonroe,404
PresidentWarfield,USS,179
PresidentialUnitCitation,97,103,227,302,304,353,394,507
Presley,Elvis,401
PresterJohn,457
Pretty,Edith,502
Preussen(1891),405
Preussen(1902),81,191,245,4045,515
PreventiveService(UK),55
Prevost,SirGeorge,458
Price,August,263
Price,William,251
"PrideofBaltimore,"106
PridhamWippell,H.D.,52
Prien,Gunther,440,53435
Primaguet,122
Primula,HMS,534
"PrinceofPrivateers,"186
"PrinceofSlaves,The,"358
PrinceofWales,HMS(1939),46,6364,250,287,382,405,407,428,579
PrinceofWales,476
PrinceRupertDryDock&Shipyard,188
Princess,434

Page671

PrincessRoyal,253
PrincessRoyal,HMS,305,313
PrincessVictoria,4056
Princessa,HMS,308
Princeton,61
Princeton,USS(1843),172,341,406,406
Princeton,USS(1851),406
Princeton,USS(1943),42,340,4067,459
PrincipedeAsturias,136,550
Pringle,Thomas,392
Printz,Johan,181
PrinzAdalbert,155
PrinzEitelFriedrich,199
PrinzEugen,6364,66,211,250,362,405,407,462,549
PrinzEugen(1914),506
PrinzessEitelFriedrich,131,492
Priscilla,4078,411
privateers/privateering
in16th17thcent.,6,8,318,362
in18thcent.,120,135,153,18081,538
in19thcent.,108,167
inAmericanRevolution,18,217,527
inU.S.CivilWar,164,186,323,349,396
inWarof1812,106,200
Priwall,384
prizeregulations,42
Proby,Lord,131
ProductionPromotions,Ltd.,496
Prohibition,257,300,322,401
ProjectHope,251
ProjectFamous,19
ProjectSolentShips,328
propellers,220,237,511
Prven,544
Provence,38,408,495
ProvenceII,534
Providence(1768),16,67,4089,437
Providence(1776),420
Providence(1900s),408,411
Providence,HMS(1791),71,265
Providien,Battleof,244
Pryor,WilliamLee,III,322
Psaros,Manolis,293
PT109,409
Ptarmigan,428
PtolemyIIIEuergetes,506
PtolemyVEpiphanes,43
PtolemyVIPhilometor,43
Pueblo,USS,40910
Puffin,167
Puget,Peter,144
PugetSoundBridge&DredgingCo.,528
Pugliese,Umberto,559
Pungo,347
Punic(Marsala)ship,410
PunicWars,410
Punjabi,HMS,287
Punjaub,127
Puritan(1885),209
Puritan(1888),61,410
Puritans,33132
PursuitoftheGrafSpee(film),3
Pusey&JonesCorp.,179
Pustkuchen,Herbert,502
PutInBay,Battleof,306,35758
Putnam,164
Putnam,USS,514
Pvt.WilliamH.Thomas,27
Pyroscaphe,411
Q
QaboosbinSaid,Sultan,482
Qaddafi,Muammar,416
Quadrifoglio,472
Quaglia,Giovanni,160
QuanzhouMuseumofOverseasCommunicationHistory,412
Quanzhouwreck,41213,473
QuasiWar,108,119,120,167,175,392,403,430,538
Quayle,George,389
Quayle,Margaret,389
QuedahMerchant,6
QueenAnne'sRevenge,413
QueenCharlotte,HMS,35758,41314
QueenElizabeth,30,60,415,417,540
QueenElizabeth2,41516
QueenElizabeth,HMS,41415
Queen,Inc.,415
''QueenMargrethe'sship,"478
QueenMary,30,363,415,41617,540
QueenMary,HMS,250,267,305,471
QueenofFrance,420,566
"QueenofLongIslandSound,"407
QueenofNassau,580
"QueenoftheHudson,"327
"QueenoftheInlandSeas,"365
"QueenoftheIronAge,"246
"QueenoftheJuteClippers,"123
"QueenoftheLakes,"157
Queen'sCup,44
Querangal,Commo.,259
Quesada,Gasparde,214,547
QuestoftheSchoonerArgus(Villiers),34
QuiberonBay,Battleof,439
Quiggin&Co.,Jones,51
QuinaultVictory,156
QuincyAdamsYachtYard,517
Quincy,USS,109
quinquireme,376
Quintero,Cristbal,395
Quirs,PedroFernndezde,70,451,45455,503
R
RaII,290,418,518
Raas,Hendrik,587
Racehorse,HMS,27
radar,362
radarpicketships,295
radio,427
Radisson,PierreEsprit,362
Raeder,Erich,463
Raedwald,502
Raffaello,298
Raffeau(designer),70
"RaftoftheMedusa,The"(Gricault),333
raftbuilding,289
Raglan,HMS,77,212
RaiderC,45
Rainbow(clipper),219,466
Rainbow,HMS,231
Rainbow(Jboat),422,472
Rainbow(paddlesteamer),220
RainbowWarrior,41819
Raisonnable,HMS,566
Rajputana,423
Raleigh,16
Raleigh,CSS,558
Raleigh,SirWalter,9,37,318,370
Raleigh,USS(CL7),12,374
ram,43,557,558
Ramage&FergusonLtd.,287,335
Ramillies,HMS(1664),419
Ramillies,HMS(1763),554
Ramon,Yehoshua,42
Ramsdale,Charles,176
Ranchi,423
Randall&Co.,135
Randolph,27,41920,566
Randolph,Peyton,419
Ranger(1777),67,42021,566
Ranger(1937),422,472
Ranger,USS(1876),421,421
Ranger,USS(1934),42122,583
Ranginui,445
Rangitane,380
Ranpura,423
Ranson,JohnR.,427
Rappahannock,CSS,422
Rappahannock,433
Raritan,393
Rastede,246
RataSantaMariaEncoronada,37,206
Rathbun,JohnP.,409
Ratterree,Patti,149
Rattler,HMS,15,401,42223
Rattlesnake,CSS,34950
Rattlesnake,USS,167
Rawalpindi,211,423,462
Ray,Brazilla,176
Ray,USS,232
Razilly,IsaacdeLaunay,125
R.C.Rickmers,404
ReadBros.Co.,312
Read,Thomas,18
Read,CharlesW.,85
Ready,53
Reagan,Ronald,267,339
Reale,42324,insert
Reale,Laureus,230
ReamAirfield,Cambodia,331
RearAdmiralPopov,424,425
Rebecca,273,425
RebeurPaschwitz,Hubertvon,212
rebuilding,120,419
Recalde,JuanMartinezde,218,431
Rechel,Cdr.,210
Recherche,La,40,73,310
records(speed)
circumnavigation,23,126,169
EastCoastAsia,29,106,350,46667
EastCoastWestCoast,28,187,366,378,517,584
EuropeAsia,35,184,477
EuropeAustralia,81,128,304,513
EuropeWestCoast,584
miscellaneoussail,103,224,486
MississippiRiver,350,434
transatlanticsail,28,78,148,304,425,486
transatlanticsteam(19thcent.),112,282,378,383,464
transatlanticsteam(20thcent.),75,139,17778,311,331,36364,416,432,540
SeealsoBlueRiband
RedArmy,575
RedCrossLine,149
RedDuster,28
RedGauntlet,186
RedJacket,425
RedStarLine,7,111,272
RederiakliebTransatlantic(TransatlanticLine),7
Redfin,USS,232
RediscoveryoftheWorld(film),88
Redoutable(1759),273,509,551
Reed,Bertie,126
Reed,EdwardJ.,255
Reed,E.W.,513
Reeves,Thomas,158
Refuge,428
Regazona,37
Regent,122
Regent(1500s),327
Reichsmarinewerft,289,335
Reichstag,248
Reid,John,81
Reid,SamuelC.,200,425
Reid,William,303
Reid&Co.,JohnC.,285
ReinaChristina,374
Reindeer,HMS,571
Reinicke,Capt.,407
Reliance,44,426,472,472
Reliant,169
Relief,USS,555
Relingue,CountFerdinandde,67
RennellIsland,Battleof,168
Rennie,William,184,363,477
Renown,HMS,38,64,210,211,250,42627,427,462

Page672

Rensselaer,61
replicaships,27,53,67,77,230,29293,330,332,358,362,395,501,587
Reprisal,301
Republic,427
Repulse,HMS,64,124,382,405,42728,579
Rescue,5
Reshadieh,212,498
Resolute(1849),15,266,428
Resolute(1920),426,472
Resolution,HMS(1758),439
Resolution,HMS(1770),56,65,71,116,14344,163,165,42830,561
Resolution(1779),385
Resolution(1803),430
Resolution,HMS(1915),38,78,408,495
Restigouche,Battleofthe,315
Retaliation,HMS,243
retourship,249
Retribution,HMS,243
ReturnofDove,149
ReubenJames,USS,430
Reuter,Ludwigvon,471
Revenge(1577),218,370,43032,453
Revenge(1718),413
Rvolutionnaire,413
Rex(1932),12122,416,432
Rex(1938),286
Reymann,Max,282
Reynard,Capt.,187
Reynolds,Jeremiah,555
Reynolds,Robert,135,444
Reynolds,William,555
RhedereiA/Gvon1896,376
Rhodes,Dick,235
Rice,Mr.(explorer),170
RichardI(LionHeart),60
RichardM.Rowell,USS(DE403),256
Richardson,Josiah,490
Richardson,JohnT.,96
Richardson,Josiah,490
Richelieu,460
Richelieu&OntarioLine,365
Richmond,USS(1860),323,338
Richmond,USS(1923),449
RickmerRickmers,432
Rickmers,R.C.,432
RickmersReismhlenRhederei&SchiffbauAG,48,244
Rickover,HymanG.,35253
Rickson,RobertW.,241
RiddleoftheSands(Childers),39
Ridgely,CharlesG.,315
Ridgeway,John,167
Ridgway,John,81,496
Riesenberg,Felix,10
Rieve,Capt.,284
Rigodet,EnsigndeVaisseau,259
RiiserLarsen,Hjalmar,146
Rijksmuseum,Amsterdam,159,249
Rijkswerf,14
Ringgold,Cadwallader,555
RiodeJaneiro,498
RioNegro,284
RioTreaty,339
RiponCathedral,367
Risdam,43233
RiverHallofFame,487
RiverPlateShippingCo.,468
RiverTransportCorp.,69
Rivers,DavidH.,9
Rizzo,Luigi,328
Rjasan,161
RO30,508
RO104,167
RO105,167
RO106,167
RO108,167
RO116,167
Roach&Sons,John,148,519
Roanoke(1892),142,433
Rob'tE.Lee,350,43334,434
RobertF.Stockton,172,406,434
RobertGilfillan,350
RobertW.Hart,241
Roberts,Richard,477
Robertson,E.Graeme,398
Robertson,John,117
Roberval,Sieurde,217
Robinson,Charles,336
Robinson,Isaiah,27
Robinson,Richard,184,477
RobinsonCrusoe(Defoe),153
Robinson,EdwardMott,104
Robinson,HenriettaHowland,104
Robuste,420
Rochambeau,CountJeanBaptistede,62
Rockport,USS,421
RoderickDhu,286
Rodger&Co.,A.,387
Rodgers,BertramJ.,449
Rodgers,John,556
Rodgers,John,120,251,306,403,483,538,565
Rodney,SirLordGeorge,8,51,244,255,435,439,554
Rodney,HMS,64,287,354,373,435,435
Rodway,Alex,241
Roebuck,153,318,43536
Roger,RobertGraham,460
Rogers,Moses,393,460
Rogers,WillC.,III,557
Rogers,W.A.,519
Rogers,William,2
Rogers&Webb,Boston,246,312
Rogge,Bernard,45
Roggeveen,Arend,32
Roggeveen,Jakob,32,147
Rohan,Ducde,125
Romanmythology,545
Romanships,386
RomanceoftheSeas,356
Romanticism,148
Romanzof,CountNikolaiP.,442
Rommel,FieldMarshalErwin,52,373,541
Romney,HMS,40
Rona,398
Rooke,SirGeorge,387,419
Roope,G.P.,21011
Roosevelt,160,191,436
Roosevelt,Nicholas,357,36768
Roosevelt,FranklinD.,42,46,204,252,261,267,273,373,400,405,446
Roosevelt,Theodore,201,249,320,334,336,396,436,489
Root,Elihu,Jr.,361
Rosas,JuanManuelde,119
Roscius,436
Rose,HMS,164,408,437,insert
Rose,SirAlec,307,508
Roskildeships.SeeSkuldelevships
Ross,SirJamesClark,17071,265,510,551
Ross,John,143,237,269,430,551
Rostron,Arthur,96
RosythShipbreakingCo.,498
Rota,HMS,200
Rotch,Francis,132
Rotherham,Edward,440
Rotislav,400
Roue,WilliamJ.,66
Rouse,H.S."Uncle,"530
Rousmaniere,John,22
Rousseau,JeanJacques,70
Row,John,218
Rowe,Edward,516
Rowell,JamesF.,219
Rowley,Josias,141
RoyalAirForce,4,63,210,407,416,446,580
RoyalAnne,HMS,439
RoyalAustralianNavy,257,391,398,504
RoyalCanadianMountedPolice,44849
RoyalCanadianNavy,443
RoyalCaroline,437
RoyalCsar,51
RoyalCharles,HMS,43738,587,insert
RoyalCharlotte,437
RoyalCharter,383,43839
RoyalCruisingClub,298
RoyalDockyard,Stockholm,569
RoyalEngineers,439
RoyalGeographicalSociety,145
RoyalGeorge,HMS,328,439,549
RoyalHumaneSociety,188
RoyalIndianMarine,499
RoyalIndianNavy,3
RoyalKatherine,HMS,419
RoyalMail,451
RoyalMailShip,520
RoyalMailSteamPacketCo.,52324
RoyalNationalLifeboatInstitute,188
RoyalNavalReserve,146,334
RoyalNavy
FightingInstructions,308
mutinyin,131,24243,362,413
preservedships,525
shipwrecks,63,88,93,134,255,312,439,514,522
technologyand,15,227,351,354
VolunteerReserve,39
RoyalNetherlandsNavy,83,127
RoyalNewZealandNavy,3
RoyalOak,HMS,43940,534
RoyalOceanRacingClub,276
RoyalPrince,HMS,438
RoyalRotterdamLloyd,3,14
RoyalSavage,119
RoyalScotsGuards,299
RoyalShipyard,Castellamare,Italy,24
RoyalSociety,101,164
RoyalSovereign,HMS(1637),485
RoyalSovereign,HMS(1787),440,522,551
RoyalSteamPacketCo.,225
RoyalSydneyYachtSquadron,264
RoyalUlsterYachtClub,472
RoyalWilliam,225,44041,441
RoyalYachtSquadron,21,573
royalyachts,549
Rozhestvensky,ZinoviPetrovich,46,337
Ruckteschell,Hellmuthvon,286,574
Rugiati,Pestrengo,522
Ruiz,Jos,25
Rule(designer),315
Rule,Margaret,328,448
RumseianExperiment,44142
RumseianSociety,441
Rumsey,James,44142,492
Runciman,Walter,Baron,500
Runic,344
Rupert,Prince,326,438
Rupparell,6
Rupprecht,G.,323
RupprechtofBavaria,Prince,299
Rurik,348,402,442
Ruser,Hans,299
Ruspini,Angelo,427
Russell,Edward,248
Russell,JohnScott,222
Russell&Co.,126,181,376,474
RussianAmericanCo.,348
RussianCivilWar,269,400,408
RussianRevolution,47,155,375
RussianAmericanCo.,56,442
RussoJapaneseWar,4647,399
RussoSwedishWar,376,424
Rutledge,John,420

Page673

Ruyter,MichielAdriaanszoonde,137,438,58586
RuytigenLightship,39
RydbergskaStiftelsen,235
Ryujo,153,459
S
S13,575
S116,155
S136,311
S138,311
S148,155
Saale,282
Sable,USS,22223
Sackville,HMCS,443
Sacramento,443
SWylfing,502
Sagoyewatha,425
Sagres,156,432
sailtraining
inBelgium,48,335
inChile,173
inDenmark,131,552
inFinland,31,245,346,373,388,552
inFrance,56
inGermany,245,390,404
inIreland,39
inNorway,110,484
inPoland,131
inSweden,7
inU.S.,14,156,409,421,492,565,580
inUK,334
inJapan,361
inSovietUnion,38485
SailTrainingAssoc.,128
Sailfish,USS,465,489,490
SailingDirections(Maury),325
SailingSchoolVesselsAct(1982),14
SailorsUnionofthePacific,50
St.Franois,57
St.Gabriel(SviatoiGavriil),44344,447
St.George153
St.George,HMS(1785),135,419,444
St.GeorgeSteamPacketCo.,476
St.James'DayFight,438
St.JeanBaptiste,72,44445
St.JohnShipbuilding&Drydock,Ltd.,443
St.JohnsArchaeologicalExpeditions,323
St.JosephChicagoSteamshipCo.,157
St.JudeChildren'sHospital,401
St.KatherineDock,London,497
St.Lawrence,HMS,106
St.L,USS,198,276,445
St.Louis,44546,446,495
St.Mark'sGermanLutheranChurch,201
St.MaryofBethlehem,458
St.Mary's(1861),234
St.Mary's,USS,44647
St.Michael,438
St.Paul(SviatoiPavel),444,447
St.Paul'sCathedral,551
St.Peter(SviatoiPetr),444,447
St.PeterPortwreck,44748
St.Roch,44849,448
St.Ursula,Feastof,547
St.Vincent,Earl,135,487,543.SeealsoJervis,SirJohn
SaintPhilip,CSS,492
Saintes,Battleofthe,8,51,244,308,435,554
Salamis,Battleof,375
Salazar,Antoniode,456
Salisbury,Lord,549
Sallada,HughM.,198
SallyVikingLine,177
Salmon,USS,475
Salmond,Robert,63
SaltLakeCity,USS,44950
Saltonstall,Dudley,16,135,409,527,566
SalvadordelMundo,550
Samar,Battleoff,42,193,198,256,276,445,579
Samippus,269
sampan,303
Sampson,WilliamT.,261,321,378
Sampson&Tappan,358,490
Samson,87,166
SamudaBrothers,160
SamuelB.Roberts,USS,198,276,445
Samuels,Samuel,150
SanAndrs,450
SanAntonio(1519),547
SanAntonio(1797),243
SanBernab,431
SanBlas,502
SanCristobl,431
SanElena,Patriarchof,82
SanEstban,45051
SanFelipe(1588),431
SanFelipe(1595),451
SanFrancisco,USS,96,449
SanFranciscoMaritimeMuseum,50,1023,161,16970,181,221,421
SanFranciscoMaritimeNationalHistoricalPark,170
SanFranciscoMint,98
Sangster,W.H.,232
SanIldefonso,134
SanJacinto,USS,451,524
SanJernimo,45152,454,503
SanJos,92
SanJosef,550
SanJuan(1493),360
SanJuan(1565),45253
SanJuan(1852),492
SanJuandePortugal,431
SanJuanNepomuceno(74),136,522
SanJusto,440
SanLeandro,440
SanLorenzo,37,453
SanMarcos,USS,512
SanMartn(1588),37,431,45354
SanMartin(1819),372
SanMartin,JosFranciscode,372
SanNicols,92,550
SanPedrico,70,154,454
SanPedro,305,454
SanPedroyPablo,70,45455
SanYsidro,550
SansCulotte,379
SantaAna(1580s),453
SantaAna(1800s),440
SantaCatalina,451
SantaCecilia,243
SantaClara,359
SantaCruz(1495),360
SantaCruz(1610s),368
SantaCruz,DonAlvarodeBazn,Dukeof,431,453
SantaCruzIs.,Battleofthe,42,168,252,279,474,587
SantaEliana,331
SantaElisa,373
SantaMara(1492),35960,395,45556,547
SantaMara(1493),360
SantaMaria(1580s),214
SantaMaria(1928),361
SantaMaria(1953),456
SantaMaradeYciar,450
SantaYsabel,451
Santiago(1519),547
Santiago(Hezeta'sship)117
SantiagoBay,Battleof,82,112,124,261,378,512
SantsimaTrinidad,92,457
SantoAndr,432
SoGabriel,45758
SoRafael,45758
Sappho,514
Sapsworth,C.H.,163
SarahCowles,358
Saratoga,Battleof,392,458
Saratoga,USS(1814),118,45859,565
Saratoga,USS(1843),358
Saratoga,USS(1923),36,42,110,256,301,340,45960,549,583
Sardam,5253
Sarmiento,Domingo,404
Sarmiento,Pedro,309
SaseboDockyard,110
Sato,Capt.,340
SaturdayEveningPost,475
Saturnia,561
Saumarez,SirJames,259,551
Savannah,NS,46162
Savannah,SS,393,46061
SavannahSteamShipCo.,461
Savigny,J.B.Henri,333
Savill,Herbert,231
SavoIs.,Battleof,109,287
ScandinavianAmericanLine,363,381
Scarborough,476
"SceneofShipwreck"(Gricault),333
Sceptre,6
Scharnhorst,SMS,3,161,211,215,263,267,426,462
Scharnhorst(1935),10,38,57,153,210,229,250,362,407,423,46264,462,473,520
Scharnhorst,Gerhardvon,462
Schatz,Barry,99
Scheer,Reinhard,4,52,267,313,502
Scheveningen,Battleof,75,586
Schichau,F.,250,312
SchichauUnterweserAG,241
Schiff16,45
Schiff21,574
Schiff36,380
Schley,WinfieldScott,16,82,512
Schliewen,Heinz,385
Schmaltz,JulienDesire,333
Schmidt,H.H.,500
Schmidt,Ehrhard,341
SchoonerAliceS.WentworthAssoc.,17
SchoonerBowdoinAssoc.,74
Schooneveldt,Battlesof,67,419,486,586
Schouten,WillemCornelisz,32,159,238
Schroeder,Gustav,446
Schuhart,Otto,125
Schwieger,Walter,31112
Schwimmer,Rosika,381
ScienceMuseum,London,117,528
Scimitar,HMS,310
Scipion,259
Scoresby,William,430
Scorpion(1775),570
Scorpion,USS(1813),306,357
Scorpion,USS(1960),203,464
Scotia,111,464
Scotland,21
ScotlandYard,170
Scott,J.K.,396
Scott,RobertFalcon,146,165,191,359,50910
Scott,Russell&Co.,221
Scott,SirWalter,286
Scott,Winfield,95
Scott&Co.,252
Scott&Co.,Charles,309
Scott&Linton,127
ScottWreckingCo.,411
Scott'sShipbuilding&EngineeringCo.,Ltd.,31,98
ScottishMaid,46465
Scourge,USS,231,465
"ScourgeofMarmara,"156
screwpropulsion,8,15,172,208,21920,280,422,434,451,55758

Page674

ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,208
SCUBA(selfcontainedunderwaterbreathingapparatus),88
Scullun,Thomas,104
Sculpin,USS,465,489,490
Scylla,422
Sea,331
SeaAdventure,466
Seabreeze,338
Seacombe&Taylor,425
SeaCloud,46566
Seadragon,USS,394,477
SeaGull,USS(1818),460
SeaGull,USS(1838),555
SeahamHarborDockCo.,169
Seahorse,USS,226
SeaKing,473
SeaLandService,Inc.,331
Sealby,WilliamInman,427
Searchthrift,158
Sears&Co.,210
SeaScouts,146
SeattleTacomaShipbuildingCo.,275
Seaventer,466
SeaVenture,466
SeawiseUniversity,415
SeaWitch,100101,46667,467
SeaWolf(film),55
SecondCoalition,Warofthe,509
Sector,46768
Sedov,319
Sedov,GeorgiJ.,31819
Seeadler,343,347,468
Seeandbee,46869
SeefahrtSegelschiffsReederei,501
Seeglo,436
SegondatDuvernet,M.,67
Seine,160
Selfridge,ThomasO.,85
Seligman,Adrian,90
Seligman,H.L.,28
Seligman,JessicaJane,90
SelimIII,Sultan(OttomanEmpire),544
Selkirk,Alexander,153
Selkirk,Earlof,420
Selma,CSS,509
SeminoleWar,316
Semmes,Raphael,12,234,285,451,48384,498
Sendai,103
SenecaIndians,425
Seneca,USRC,427
Senkevich,YuriAlexandrovich,418
Senussi,533
Senyavin,469
Separatists,332
Seppings,SirRobert,525,537
Serapis,HMS,17,6768
SereLimaniship,46971,470
Serena,La,431
Serica,35,184
Srieuse,486
Serrano,Juan,547
SesostrisIII,130
SetoftheSails(Villiers),297
SethLow,342
Seton,Alexander,63
SevenDays'Battle,343
SevenSeas,235
17deOctubre,201
SevenYears'War,58,100,134,147,199,273,307,315,419,437,439,486,550,553
Severin,Tim,33,77,48182
Severn,HMS(1739),99
Severn,HMS(1913),288
Sewall,Arthur,142,282,433
Sewall&Co.,Arthur,60,142,282,286,433
Seward,WilliamH.,563
Sexe,Asbjrn,207
Seydlitz(collier),462
Seydlitz,SMS,268,312,47172
Seydlitz(1939),66
Seydlitz,FriedrichWilhelmvon,471
Seymour,LordHoward,453
Shackleton,SirErnestHenry,146,16566,359
ShadowLine,The(Conrad),382
ShaftesburyHomes&ArethusaTrainingShip,390
Shah,HMS,255
Shakespeare,436
Shakespeare,William,34,123,466
Shamrock,472
ShamrockII,426,472
ShamrockIII,426,472
ShamrockIV,426,472
ShamrockV,422,472,573
"ShangriLa,"252
Shank,Capt.,389
Shannon,HMS,109,121,351,358,538
Sharp,Capt.,294
Sharp,Inc.,GeorgeG.,461
ShattalArab,518
Shaw,Lowther&Maxton,34
Shaw,John,163
Shaw,John,167
Shaw,Samuel,163
Shaw,Savill&AlbionCo.,159,485
Shaw,Savill&Co.,159,491
SheernessDockyard,299,422
Sheffield,HMS,4,38,64,153,463,47273
ShelburneMuseum,517
Sheldon,AliceStrahan,14
Sheldon,ChristopherB.,14
Sheldon,Francis,290
shellfirstconstruction,37,107,184,219,317,375,386,469,582
Shem,36
Shenandoah,433
Shenandoah,CSS,13,115,473,563
Shephard,Frederick,307
Sheppard,Thomas,106
Sherbrooke,R.St.V.,124
Sherman,ForrestP.,571
Sherman,FrederickC.,301
Shermann,W.W.,173
Shewan,Andrew,363
Shigemitsu,Mamoru,338
Shigure,196,340
Shikinami,226
Shimotsuki,97
Shinanwreck,47374
Shinano,301,459,579
ShintokuMaru,361
Ship,orTheWishes,The(LucianofSamosata),269
"shipthatwouldnotdie,the,"295
ShipsofChristopherColumbus(Pastor),456
ShireLine,126
Shirley,J.T.,37
SHO1,42,256
Shoho,301,474,583
Shokaku,12,97,168,242,247,252,3012,474,484,583,588
ShortBros.,28
Shovell,SirCloudisley,39
"Showboat,"366
Showboat(film),487
Shreve,Henry,31,357
Shubrick,EdwardR.,555
Shubrick,WilliamB.,260,571
Shuping,Hampton,82
Shurakumo,508
Shute&Co.,Thomas,81
SibuyanSea,Battleof,168,198,347,407
Siccardi,43
Sicilia,288
Siddons,436
Sidonia,Medina,431
Siemers&Co.,G.J.H.,346
SierraLucena,530
SierraShippingCo.,530
SigismundIII,569
Sigsbee,CharlesD.,321
SikhWar,481
Silberhorn,47475
SilentWorld,The(film),88
SiljaStar,177
Silva,FranciscoCorreada,443
Silvana,246
SilverMedalforMeritoriousService,513
Silversides,USS,475
SilverStar,193
SimmonsVictory,303
Simonson,Jeremiah,543
Simpson,James,199
Simpson,Thomas,420
Sims,WilliamS.,475
Sims,USS,356,475,583
SinbadtheSailor,481
Singh,Gurdit,288
Sirius,HMS(1781),47576
Sirius(1837),79,109,225,461,47677
SirLancelot,477
SirRobertPeel,95,477
SirSamuelKelly,406
SirThomasLiptonCup,66
SirWilliamHardy,418
Sirte,Battleof,307
SixDayWar,303
Skaale,KurtJohannesson,207
Skarv,19
Skate,USS(1943),579
Skate,USS(1957),47778
skeletonfirstconstruction,8,37,64,76,448,469,582
"SkimmingDishconvoy,"179
skinboats,442
Skinner,B.M.,24
Skjelbred,A.O.T.,484
Skuldelevships,47879,479
Skylark,USS,516
Skynner,Lancelot,312
Slade,SirThomas,51,58,134,135,255,550
Sladen,Lt.Cdr.,407
Slattery,FrancisA.,464
slaverypatrol,423,483
slavetrade,11920,126,23940,274,358,451
slavers,168
Slidell,John,446,451,52425
Slocum,Joshua,277,303,366,48789,519
Sloepie,587
Smart,J.L.,383
Smeeton,BerylBoxer,530
Smeeton,Miles,530
Smith(builder),428
Smith,A.Cary,336
Smith,Alexander,71,575
Smith,ArthurW.,323
Smith,EdwardJ.,376,521
Smith,FrancisPetit,422
Smith,James,324
Smith,John,332
Smith,John,567
Smith,MasterCommandantJohn,570
Smith,Joseph,119
Smith,Leslie,180
Smith,Melancthon,338
Smith,Melbourne,358
Smith,Samuel,97
Smith,William,164
Smith,William,243
Smith,WilliamE.,145
Smith&Dimon,86,466
Smith&Houston,45
Smith&Rhuland,66
Smith&Sons,Robert,140
Smith&Terry,123
Smithson,James,556
SmithsonianInstitution,20,261,303,556

Page675

SmithsonianMuseumofAmericanHistory,392
Snadden,John,382
Snark,480
Sneeden&Whitlock,223
Snelgrove(builder),435
Snook,USS,232
Snow,Ansel,160
SnowSquall,480
Sobraon,48081
SociedadEspaoladeConstructionNaval,173
SocietAnonymoGanaderayComercialMenendezBehety,553
SocietVeneziana,AutomobileNautiche,328
SocitdeNavigation"LesNaviresEcolesFranais,131
SocitdesArmateursFranais,131
SocitdesArmateursNantais,500
SocitdesLongCouriersFranais,102
SocitdesNaviresMixtes(PrentoutLeblondLerouxetCie.),192
SociteGnraled'Armament,102,201,553
SocitTerreneuvienne,545
SocietyforMaritimeRecovery(SORIMA),160
SocietyforNauticalResearch,525
SocietyforWestIndiaMerchants,70
SocietyofArts,442
SoconyVacuumOilCo.,385
Sohar,48182
Sokoloff,Jules,580
Solander,DanielCarl,165
SOLAS,346
Solebay,Battleof,419,486,587
SoleilRoyal(1669),482,483
SoleilRoyal(1756),439
Solferino,208
Somers,SirGeorge,466
Somers,Richard,263,482
Somers,USS(1813),357
Somers,USS(1842),48284,484
Somerset,Bobby,361
Somerset,HMS,231
Somerset,Robert"Bobby,"276
Somerville,SirJames,12,38,78,258,408,415,435,459
Sommer,HaroldandAnna,565
Song(Southern)dynasty,412
Soper,William,21516
Sophia,428
Sophie,530
SophieCharlotteofMecklenburgStrelitz,437
Sopwith,T.O.M.,422,472
SORIMA,160
Srlandet,484
Soryu,1112,42,168,247,252,484,579,583
Souchon,Wilhelm,212
SoulsatSea(film),282
Sound,Battleofthe,75
Sourial,Georges,418
SouthCarolina,USS,152
SouthDakota,USS,13,42,287,579
SouthPacificWhalingCo.,344
"SouthProspectofyeFlourishingCityofNewYorkintheProvinceofNewYorkinAmerica,A"(painting),181
SouthStreetSeaportMuseum,21,104,390,572
Southack,Cyprian,574
SouthernCross(1851),186
SouthernCross(1930s),533
SouthernCross(1955),485
SouthernCross(1974),26465
SouthernOceanRacingCircuit,185,518
SouthernOceanShipyard,180
Southgate,572
Southland,SS,187
Sovereign(1488),122,327
Sovereign(1637),485
SovereignoftheSeas,HMS(1637),125,216,48586
SovereignoftheSeas(1852),486,490,insert
SovetskayaLitva,552
SovietNavy,207
SovietskySojus,14
SpanishAmericanWar,11113,124,148,321,374,489,512,546
SpanishArmada,275,318,328,439
Englishshipsin,910,37,431
Spanishships,206,218,370,45354,526
SpanishCivilWar,17374,284,289,314
SpanishNavy,106,279,441,453
SpanishSuccession,Warofthe,39,419
Sparkman&Stephens,149,184
Spartiate,HMS,259
Spartivento,Battleof,38
Sparviero,46
Spearfish,HMS,314
SpeculumDianae,355
Spee,MaximilianGrafvon,3,152,161,267,343,426
atCoronel,211,215,462
atFalklands,89,211,263,427,462
Speed,Captain,498
Speedwell(1621),332
Speedwell(1739),564
Speedy,HMS,48687
Spence,USS,13
Spencer,Henry,167,351
Spencer,Philip,483
Spencer,JohnCanfield,483
Speziale,G.C.,355
Spiess,Johann,532
Sphinx(French64),430
Sphinx,HMS,222
SpiritofCuttySark,180
Spitfire,234
Spitheadmutiny,135,242,440
SpitheadNavalReview,527
S.P.Lee,USS,136
SpoffordTileston&Co.,436
SportElec,169
sposalizia,83
Spottswood,Alexander,413
Spragge,SirEdward,586
Sprague,487
Sprague,Caleb,356
Sprague,Peter,487
Sprague,CliftonA.F.,198,276,445
Spray,366,48789,488,519
SpringPointMuseum,480
SpringRice,Mary,39
Spruance,RaymondA.,168,261,484
Spurs,Battleofthe,327
"SquadronofObservation,"167
Squalus,USS,392,465,48990,514
Squanto,332
StabilimentoTechnicoTriestino,506
Staffordshire,490
StagHound,49091
Stage,Frederick,277
Stalin,PremierJoseph,267
Stambul,155
Stanard,Asa,465
StancombWills,166
StandardOilCo.,405
Standish,Miles,332
Staniukovich,M.N.,469
Stanley,HenryM.,488
Stanton,Francis,394
Stanton,William,556
Starbuck,W.H.,513,519
Stark,Harold,491
Stark,USS,491
StarLine,96
StarofAlaska,50
StarofFinland,282
StarofGreenland,235
StarofIndia,49192
StarofScotland,286,28586
StaroftheWest,492
StatensSjhistoriskaMuseum,570
StatsraadLehmkuhl,492
Steamboat,49293
steampower,128
developmentof,1056,36768,411,44142,49293
inoceanliners,112,127,22425,44041,460,476
inwarships,140,194,208,567
steamsteeringgear,112
steamturbine,52728
Steel&Co.,Robert,530
Steel,Joseph,275
Steel&Son,Joseph,275
Steele&Co.,Robert,34,246,477
Steele,JohnR.,261
steelshipbuilding,51,81,105,126,142,148,151,286
Steers,George,21
StefanBatory,54
Steffy,J.Richard,292,469
StellaMaris,344
Steller,GeorgW.,447
Stnuit,Robert,206,576
Stephen,Adrian,152
StephenHopkins,49394
Stephen&Sons,Ltd.,Alexander,24,55,359,363,381,382,473,509,559
Stephens,James,97
Stephens,Olin,78,149,18485,264,422
Stephens,Rod,149
SteppingStoneroute,77
Sterlet,USS,475
Sterling,E.R.,219
Sterling,Ray,172
SterrettShipyard,119
Stettin,Germany,139
StettinerMaschinenbauAGVulcan,248
Stevens,ArthurA.,17
Stevens,Robert,387
Stevens,John,36768,393,460,492
Stevens,JohnCox,21
Stevens,John,22
Stevens,RobertLivingston,393
StevensYard,Dundee,145
Stevenson,Fanny,488
Stevenson,George,106
Stevenson,J.A.,323
Stevenson,RobertLouis,88,488,530
Stewart,Charles,121
Stewart&Co.,John,343,576
Stewart,Charles,260
Steyns,Jan,587
Stier,49394
StiftelsenGeorgStagesMinde,277
StiftungPamirundPassat,385
Stins,Jan,159
Stockdale,JamesP.,317
Stockholm,27,257,494
Stockton,RobertF.,119,406,434,446
StocktonYard,Inc.,241
Stockwell,Alexander&Lewis,278
Stodder,David,119
Stoke&Kolodnin,OkhtaShipyard,560
Stokes,JohnLord,55

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Stokes,Pringle,54
Stone,William,251
Stoney,T.,133
Storey,ArthurD.,204
StormKing,451
Stormalong(Conrad),277
Stormvogel,361,518
Stornoway,494
Storstad,163
Story,ArthurD.,116
Stott,J.M.,81
Strabo,33
Strachan,SirRichard,259
Strachey,William,466
Stradling,Thomas,153
Stralsund,SMS,319
Strasbourg,38,78,408,49495
Strassburg,SMS,319
Strauss,IsidorandIda,521
Streonshalh,4
Stribling,CorneliusK.,233
Stringer,Pembroke&Co.,507
Stringham,Silas,127
Strong,T.,133
Struma,495
Stubbenbuck,288
Sturdee,SirFrederickDoveton,267,462
Sturrock,Jock,264
SubSal,Inc.,134
Subbingh,Jan,335
submarinedevelopment,1314,133,13940,183,24749,35153,396,501,529
Success,49596,496,570
SudaneseWar,69
Suenson,Adm.,280
Suetonius,355
Suffolk,HMS,6364,362,407
SuffrendeSt.Tropez,Pierrede,Baillide,134,243
Suhaili,81,125,167,277,49697,508
Sullivanbrothers,256,514
Sullivan,J.,133
Sullivans,The,USS,279,51314
Sulphur,HMS,237
SulpicioLines,149
Sultan,HMS,244
Sultana,49798,497
SultanOsmanI,212,498
SultanYavuzSelim,212
SummaCorp.,209
Sumter,CSS,285,451,498
Sunbeam,44,498500,499
SundaStrait,Battleofthe,254,340,392
SunKing,482
SunOilCo.,515
SunShipbuilding&DryDockCo.,209,250,372
SunShipyard,323
SundayMirror,497
SundayTimes,81,277,496,508
Sunneshine,500
SunshineandStormintheEast(Brassey),499
SuomenJoutsen,500501
Superb,HMS,244
Superbe,439
SuperiorTrading&TransportationCo.,158
Supply,476
Surcouf,Robert,501
Surcouf,501
surfacecondensers,476
surfacetoairmissile,308
SurigaoStrait,Battleof,87,19596,200,264,340
Surprise,HMS,243
Surprize,27
Surville,JeanFranoisMariede,72,44445
survivaltechniques,24142
SusanConstant,501
Susquehanna,433
Susquehanna,USS,338,401
Sussex(1896),502
Sussex,HMS,284
Sutil,138,144,502
SuttonHooship,370,5023
Sutton,SirRichard,189
Svrdet,290
Svecia,98
SveinForkbeard,309
Sverdrup,Otto,191
SviatoiGavriil,443
SviatoiPavel,447
SviatoiPetr,447
Swallow(1500s),274
Swallow,HMS,70,147,5034
Swan,213
Swan,Hunter&WighamRichardson,Ltd.,7,96,294,330,504
SwedishAbrahamRydbergFoundation,235
SwedishTouristUnion,7
SwedishAmericaLine,27,226,292,494,559
Sweeney,Gen.,263
Swenson,LymanK.,279
SwiftArrow,408
Swiftsure,HMS,379,544
Swinburne,Algernon,188
Swinburne,Denis,530
Sybil,HMS,18
Sydney,HMAS(1912),162,504
Sydney,HMAS(1935),256,5045,505
Sydney,Lord,476
Syfret,Adm.,354
Symington,William,105106,117
Symmes,JohnCleves,Jr.,555
Syracusia,5056
SzentIstvn,328,506
T
T27,229
T29,229
T333,317
T336,317
T339,317
Tabarly,Eric,44,496
Tacitus,370
Tacony,85
Taeping,35,184,477
Taft,WilliamHoward,334,517
Tag,169
TahitiRace,518
Taiata,165
Taiho,168,302,588
Tailliez,Philippe,319
TainoIndians,359,360,395
TaiseiMaru,361
Taitsing,35
Takagi,Takeo,137
Takao,42,19596,287
Takitumu,236
Talatwein,69
Talbot,428
Tallahassee,CSS,451,507
Tallahassee,USS,406
"Tamo'Shanter"(poem),127
Tamar,HMS,147
Tambor,USS,340
Tamm,Sune,235
TampicoIncident,512
Tang,USS,507
Tanikaze,232
TanzaniaRailways,304
Tapscott,Robert,28
Tara,533
Tarantini,514
TarantoRaid,258,306,382,560
Tarr&JamesShipyard,159
Tasman,Abel,6,165,238,305,445
Tattnall,Josiah,558
Tatton,John,576
Tautog,USS,507,508
Taylor,Francis,336
Taylor,Henry,185
Taylor,T.,439
Taylor,William,365
Tchernia,Andr,317
Te'AuoTonga,236
Te'Aurere,236
Teabout,Henry,193
Teach,Edward,413
Teast,Tombs&Co.,242
TeboYachtBasinCo.,93
Techel,Dr.,139,532
Tecklenborg,J.C.,347,384,404,492
Teora,25
Tecumseh,USS,509
Tegetthoff(1871),508
Tegetthoff(1911),328,506
Tegetthoff,Wilhelmvon,280,508
TeheranConference,206,267,287,426
TeignmouthElectron,277,496,508
telegraph,shipboard,87,296,427,521
telegraph,submarine,8,222,358
TelegraphConstruction&MaintenanceCo.,464
TelegraphConstructionCo.,222
"TellerofTales,"530
Tellus,376
Tmraire(1759),273
Tmraire,HMS(1798),509,551,insert
Tempest,The(Shakespeare),34,466
Tenedos,HMS(1812),404
Tenedos,HMS(1918),242,428
Tennessee,CSS,23334,343,509
Tennessee,USS(1906),334
Tennessee,USS(1920),12,196,340
Teragram,322
Terceiro,Battleof,453
TerraNova,146,50910,509
TerraNovaExpedition,510
Terrible,222,440
Terror,HMS,5,59,74,170,189,265,428,51011,511
TestAct,586
Tetley,Nigel,496
Teutonic,51112
TexasAntiquitiesCommission,450
TexasHistoricalCommission,58
Texas,USS(1895),82,512
Texas,USS(1914),51213,512
T.F.Oakes,513
thalamians,375
Thames,Battleofthe,306
Thames,HMS,228
ThamesIronWorks,567
ThamesNauticalTrainingCollege,128
Thayer,I.E.,3
Thayer&Lincoln,22
Thebaud,Louis,204
ThebesShipping,Inc.,33
TheFolly,326
TheodoreRoosevelt,USS,396
Thermopylae,12728,513
Thse,439
Thesleff,Holger,388
TheSullivans,USS,279,51314
Thetis,HMS,392,514
TheTweed,127
Thienhoven,32
Thierfelder,PaulWolfgang,291
ThingvallaLine,363
"ThirdSupply,"466
ThirtyYears'War,537,569
Thistle,336
Thomas&Co.,S.,350
ThomasDana,219
ThomasDunhamsNephew&Co.,133
ThomasF.Bayard,51415
Thomas,George,22,366,425
Thomas,John,213
ThomasL.Bragg,34950
ThomasW.Lawson,51516,515,578

Page677

Thompson,Benjamin,219
Thompson&Co.,George,198,513
Thompson,FrancisA.,271,394
Thompson,Jeremiah,271
ThompsonLykes,501
Thompson,Tommy,99
Thompson,W.B.,297
Thompson,William,LordKelvin,8
Thomson,Capt.,318
Thomson,CharlesWyville,101
Thomson,David,208
Thomson,FrankTurle,102
Thomson,J.&G.,43,112
Thomson,Jacob,492
ThorI,289
Thorndike,Israel,135
Thornycroft,235
ThornycroftCo.,Ltd.,JohnI.,210
ThotmesIII,114
ThousandandOneNights,The(Sinbad),481
thranites,375
ThreeBrothers,543
ThreeDays'Fight,75
"ThreeHoursforLunchClub,"530
Thresher,USS,516,516,525
Throckmorton,Peter,29,90,146,161,580,582
Thucydides,375
Thunderbolt,HMS,514
Thurber,James,398
Thurlow,LewisK.,241
Thursday'sChild,187,51617
Tiburon,123
Tickham,JohnM.,104
Ticonderoga(1906),517,517
Ticonderoga(1936),51718
Ticonderoga,USS(1944),317,528
TidewaterFisheriesCommission,400
Tientsin,Treatiesof,451
Tiesenhausen,H.D.Freiherrvon,52
Tift,Nelson&Asa,43
Tiger,HMS,305
TightLittleIsland(film),398
Tigre,81
Tigress,357
Tigris,290,518
Tiki,289
Tilikum,519
TillieE.Starbuck,519
Tilman,H.William,33738
Tilton,GeorgeFred,105
Tilton,Zebulon,17,105
Tingira,HMAS,48081
Tinkerbelle,519
Tioga,517
Tiplady,WilliamH.,495
Tirpitz,57,63,89,195,267,287,463,473,51920,519,549
Tirpitz,Alfredvon,336,519
Titanic,19,60,81,87,96,299,376,408,468,52022
TlingitIndians,72,236
TotheReefs(Moitessier),277
Tobago,HMS,18
Tod&MacGregor,112
ToddShipyard,491,552
TodosLosSantos,309,451
Togo,Heihachiro,45,47,337
TokyoExpress,239
TokyoRaiders,252
Tomb,J.H.,133
Tomonaga,Joichi,12
Tompkins,Warwick,565
TonkinGulfResolution,317,528
Tonnant,HMS,59,522
Tonty,Henride,57
Topaz,71
TopkapiPalace,281
Tora!Tora!Tora!(film),584
Tordesillas,Treatyof,138,547
Tornado,559
Tornoos,Eric,365
torpedoes,137,235,255
TorpedoBoatDestroyer,235
Torres,LuisVezde,454,456
TorreyCanyon,52223
Torrington,ArthurHerbert,Lord,482
Torris,DonFranciscode,487
Touffet,Claude,259
Tourville,AnneHilariondeCotentin,Comtede,67,248,482
ToussaintL'Ouverture,131
Tovarisch,33,156
Tovey,SirJohn,64,287
TowerofLondon,57,466
TownsendCarFerries,Ltd.,241
Townsend&DowneyCo.,S.&R.,43,336
Townsend,Jane,136
TownshendActs,303
Toxteth,572
Tracey,William,439
TradeWind,366
Trafalgar,Battleof,8,52,59,134,136,354,357,380,440,509,522,551
TrafalgarDay,258
Train,Enoch,186
Train&Co.,Enoch,490
TransCanadaRailway,164
TransAlaskaPipeline,180,323
TransatlanticLine,7
TransatlanticRace,123,149,307,361,499
TransatlanticSteamshipCo.,225
TranspacRace,518
TreasureSalvors,Inc.,36869
Treileben,HansAlbrechtvon,569
Trekka,530
Trent(1818),269
Trent,RMS(1841),451,52324,523
Trenton,USS,88
Trepassy,HMS,18
Trevean,286
triacontor,375
Triall,524
Triana,Rodrigode,395,456
Trident,HMS,407
trieres,375
Trieste,53,188,464,52425
TriesteII,516,525
Trigger,USS,353,475
Trincomalee,HMS,525,525,538
Trinidad,54748
TrinidadValencera,218,526
TrinityHouse,143
TrinityRoyal,216
Trinity,USS,256
Trippe,USS,357
trireme,375
TriSviatitelia,400
Triton(code),535
Triton,USS,526
Triumph(1561),431,453
Triumph,HMS(1764),299
Triumph(1869),43
Triumph,HMS(1903),533
Troberg,A.,297
Trojan,61
Tromp,Cornelis,438,586
Tromp,MaartenHarpertszoon,7475
Troubridge,SirErnest,135,212,215
Truant,HMS,284
Truemagazine,497
TrueRepertoryoftheWreckandRedemptionofSirThomasGates,Knight,A(Strachey),466
Truite,174
Trujillo,Rafael,46566
Truman,Harry,46,339,353
Trumbull,119,231,527
Trumbull,Jonathan,527
Truxton,Thomas,119,403
Tryal,HMS,99,164
TryalPrize,99
Tryon,SirGeorge,89,549
Tsarevich,337
Tsurugizaki,474
TsushimaStrait,Battleof,45,47,337,399
Tula,561
Tuneships,213,381
Tung,C.Y.,415
Tunny,USS,347
TupacYupanqui,309
Tupia,165
turbineengines,93,151,185,215,461,512
Turbinia,215,52728,527
TurbiniaWorks,527
turboelectricdrive,296
Turbovoile,88
TurkishMaritimeMuseum,281
Turmoil,187
Turnbull,ArthurHughes,398
Turner&Co.,425
Turner,J.M.W.,509
Turner,WilliamThomas,311
TurnerJoy,USS,317,52829
Turtle,52930,529
Tuscaloosa,CSS,12,480
Tuscarora,USS,349
Tusitala,530
Tutankhamen,29
Twain,Mark,182
TwentyThousandLeaguesUndertheSea(Verne),352
TwoYearsBeforetheMast(Dana),394
TylerBoatCo.,180
Tyler,Charles,522
Tyler,37
Tyler,John,126,406,446,483
Tyne&WearCountyCouncilMuseum,528
Tyrannicide,566
Tyrolia,296
Tzalas,Harry,292
TzuHang,53031
U
U2incident,526
U9,2,126,248,532
U20,311
U21,53233
U29,125,152
U30,42,52,533
U32,163,201
U35,53334
U36,468
U39,38
U47,440,53435
U48,111
U50,286
U55,96
U68,227
U73,81
U75,231
U81,38
U82,291
U103,376
U110,535
U126,45
U139,534
U155,13940
U156,294
U200,13940
U331,52,549
U405,69,227
U505,53536
U515,227
U517,549
U544,227
U562,430
U563,124
U652,225
U971,229
UB29,502
Uckermark,1819
"UglyDucklings,"273
UlpioTraiano,514

Page678

UluBurunwreck,53637,536
UluchAli,424
Ulysses,574
Ulysses(Joyce),201
UlyssesLine,485
Umikaze,228
Unbeaten,HMS,541
UnderSailintheLastoftheClippers(Wallace),246
Underhill,Harold,24,131,361,492
UnderseaWorldofJacquesCousteau,The(TVseries),88
UnderwaterArchaeologicalSocietyofBritishColumbia,56,173
UnhappyVoyageoftheShipBataviatotheEastIndies,sailingundertheHon.FranoisPelsaert(Pelsaert),52Unicorn(1605),537
Unicorn,HMS,53738
UnicornII,HMS(1941),537
Union(1792),538
UnionCastleLine,93
UnionIronWorks,373,378
UnionOilCompanyofCalifornia,522
UnionSteamshipCo.,380,576
UnionSteamboatCo.,261
UnionCastleLine,576
UnitedEastIndiaCompany,26,199,230
UnitedIrishBrotherhood,97,183
UnitedIrishmen,135
UnitedNations,45,176,229,267,405,514,518
UnitedStates,415,416,53940,539,insert
UnitedStates,CSS,539
UnitedStates,USS,108,120,136,315,403,525,53839,539,570
U.S.AntarcticService,55
U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,20,31,255
U.S.ArmyTransportationCorps,409
U.S.CoastandGeodeticSurvey,272
U.S.CoastGuardAcademy,131,156
U.S.CruiseLines,540
U.S.CustomsService,401
U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,300
U.S.DistrictCourt,134
U.S.FederalCourt,26
U.S.FisheriesCommission,436
UnitedStatesLines,22,203,291,292,300,404,416,540
UnitedStatesMailLines,203,291
UnitedStatesMailSteamshipCo.,300,404
U.S.MaritimeAdministration,187,421,461
U.S.MaritimeCommission,250,277,355
U.S.MerchantMarineAcademy,356,361,421,447
U.S.NavalAcademy,22,82,124,578
U.S.NavalReserve,153
U.S.Navy
BureauofShips,352
Department,357
mutinyin,17,156,483
NeutralityPatrol,69,88,225,284,421,475,571,582
OfficeofNavalResearch,19
OfficeofNavalIntelligence,321
shipwrecks,129,136,156,483
technologyand,19,338,352,461,557
U.S.PatentOffice,492
U.S.RevenueMarine,55
U.S.ShippingBoard,203,215,291,292,300,346
U.S.SouthSeaSurveyingandExploringExpedition,555
U.S.SurveyingExpeditiontotheNorthPacificOcean,556
U.S.SteamboatInspectionService,201
U.S.SubmarineVeteransofWorldWarII,97
U.S.SupremeCourt,25,216,368,369,409
U.S.WarShippingAdministration,292
Unity,232
Unity,HMS,231
UniversalRule,426
Universities'MissiontoCentralAfrica(UMCA),107
Univ.ofHaifa,43
Univ.ofMiami,208
Univ.ofNewfoundland,453
Univ.ofPennsylvania,90,386,398,581,582
Univ.ofSouthCarolina,82
Univ.ofTokyoFisheriesSchool,194
UnknownShore(O'Brian),564
UnknownSoldier,375
Upholder,HMS,54041
UpperClydeShipbuilders,415
Upshur,AbelP.,406
Upton,GeorgeB.,490
Upton,HenryMontagu,22
Urania,561
Uranie,L',40,159,442,54142
Urdaneta,FrayAndresde,309
Urge,HMS,560
Urquiza,Justo,571
Ushant,Battleof(1778),554
Utah,USS,12
Utopia,542
Utrechtboat,542
V
Vail,Stephen,460
Vaillante,La,130
Vakulinchuk,Grigory,400
ValcourIsland,Battleof,119,392,458
Valds,DonPedrode,370,431
Valeureux,392
Valhalla,44
Valiant,124
Valiant,HMS,38,414,560
Valiant,Syndicate,264
Valkenburgh,FranklinVan,36
Vallintine,R.,204
Vampire,HMAS,242,405,428
VanBuren,Martin,25
VandeStadt,E.G.,180
VanDiemen,Anthonie,238,305
VanDoorninck,Frederick,Jr.,469
VanSchaick,William,201
Vancouver,George,143,14445,502
VancouverMaritimeMuseum,449
VancouverMuseumsandPlanetariumAssociation,515
Vandalia,USS,483,575
Vanderbilt,543
Vanderbilt,Cornelius,44,368,517,543
Vanderbilt,HaroldS.,422
Vanderbilt,W.K.,124
Vanguard,HMS,116,379,54344
Vari,33
Varney,W.H.,219
Varuna,124
VasilisDelimitros,33
Vaterland,14,299,322,363
Vaughn&Lynn,498
Vector,14849
VEDay,46
Vega(1873),298,54445
Vega(1970s),419
Velzquez,DiegoRodrguezdeSilva,454
Veneti(tribe),448
Vengeance,67,119
Veniero,Sebastiano,42324
Venosta,116
VentureCruiseLines,23
VeraCruzcrisis,296
VereinSeefahrt,Hamburg,573
VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie,26,159,199,230,249,335,432
VerguldeDraeck,545
Verne,Jules,352,396
Vernon,Edward,273
VernonIII,567
Vron,C.F.P.,69
Verrazzano,Giovanni,132,217
VersaillesPeaceConference,36,203
Versailles,Treatyof,322,462,471
verylargecrudecarrier(VLCC),25,180
Vesta,31,383,545
Vesuvius,357
Vesuvius,USS,54546,546
Veteran,HMS,179
Vian,Philip,10,64,124,307
VicarofBray,275,54647,insert
Vickers,Ltd.,155,248,273,287
VickersSons&Maxim,336
VickersArmstrong,Ltd.,10,124,229,258,472,540,549
VicksburgNationalMilitaryPark,85
Victor,HMS(1856),422
Victor,HMS(1913),231
Victoria,309
Victoria,279,54748
Victoria,HMS,54849
VictoriaandAlbertII,21,160,528,549
VictoriaandAlbertIII,80,549
VictoriaCross,89,156,211,274,541
VictoriaKaiulani,Princess,282
VictoriaLouise,139
Victoria(State)Navy,HerMajesty's,100
Victoria,Queen,8,95,136,248,336,416,428
andappreciationofships,103,21920,271
andDiamondJubilee,82,549
andyachting,21,52728
Victoria&VancouverStevedoringCo.,172
Victorious,HMS,64,258,287,373,460,520,54950
Victory(1586),431
Victory(1828),269,531
Victory,HMS(1765),92,259,380,487,509,55051,554,insert
Victory83,48
Victoryships,156,303
Victress,496
VietnamWar,264,528
Vigilant(fiction),282
Vigilant,USCGC,552
Vikings,76,213,309,345,381,47879
Viking,55253
Viking(replica),213
VikingSally,177
VikingShipHall,213,381
VikingShipMuseum,478
Vikingships,76
Vikings,213,309,381,478
VillaretdeJoyeuse,LouisThomas,51,58,134,308,413,440
Villavicenio,DonJuande,369
VilledeFrance,51
VilledeMulhouse,553
VilledeParis,62,308,55354,553
Villeneuve,PierreCharlesSilvestrede,52,136,259,380,440,509,544,550
Villiers,Alan,34,216,245,277,297,332,388

Page679

Viminale,514
Vincennes,USS(1826),41
Vincennes,USS,55456,555
Vincennes,USS(1983),55657
Vindictive,HMS,557
Vine,Allyn,19
Vineta,347
VineyardRace,361
Vinnen,F.A.,319
Viper,HMS,528
Vireo,583
Virgin,559
VirginiaCapes,Battleofthe,231
VirginiaCompany,466,501
Virginia,CSS,119,127,342,342,543,55758
Virginia,HMS,566
Virginian,559
Virginius,358,559,559
ViribusUnitis,506
Vishnevetsky,RAdm.,400
Visquis,Alain,8
Visscher,FranchoysJacobsen,238
Vita,242
Vitgeft,Adm.,337
VittorianoMuseum,328
VittorioVeneto,38,473,55960,560
Vlamingh,Willemde,159,541
Vlooswick,BurgomeisterVan,325
VOC.SeeDutchEastIndiaCo.UnitedEastIndiaCo.VerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie
Voight,Henry,492,493
Vlkerfreundschaft,494
Volkersen,Capt.Samuel,545
Voltaire,419
Volunteer,209,422
VonderTann,SMS,65,260,313,471,560
vonMcke,Hellmuth,162
VonSteuben,USS,29192
vonundzuderTannRothsamhausen,Freiherr,560
Voss,JohnC.,519
Vostok,41,243,348,56061
Voutsinas,Byron,580
VoyageintheSunbeam,A(Brassey),499
VoyageofSt.BrendantheAbbot,The(book),77
VoyageoftheLiberdade(Slocum),303
Vsevolod,259
VulcanAG,60,77,93,138,139,202,281,290,291
Vulcania,56162
W
Wabash,USS,133
Wachtfels,57677
Wachusett,USS,186,563
WackendeBoey,545
Waddell,J.I.,473
Waddington,J.F.,142
Wade,Richard,389
WadiaShipyard,525
Wadsworth,Alexander,S.,555
Wager,SirCharles,99,563
Wager,HMS,99,147,425,56364
Wagnalls,Adam,488
Wagnalls,Mabel,488
Wahoo,USS,564
Waimarama,373
Wainwright,JonathanM.,233
Wainwright,Maj.Gen.Jonathan,394
Wainwright,Lt.Cdr.Richard,124
Wainwright,Richard,321
Wairangi,373
Wakefield,Nash&Co.,491
Waldegrave,W.,51
Waldseemller,Martin,24
WalkintheWater,357,565
Walke,Henry,95
Walker,SirBaldwinWake,566
Walker,Ronald,216
Walker,William,447
Wallace,Capt.,128
Wallace,James,437
Wallace,FrederickWilliam,246
Wallenstein,Albrecht,569
Waller,H.M.L.,392
Wallis,Samuel,5,147,444,503
Wallis,Helen,70
Wallnutt,JosephW.,577
Walsh,Don,524
Walsh,WilliamB.,251
Walsingham,SirFrancis,500
Walter,Angus,116
Walter,J.Jackson,134
Walters,Angus,66
Walther,Otto,245
"WaltzingMathilda,"583
WampanoagIndians,132,332
WanderBird,565
Wandervogel,565
Wanklyn,Lt.Cdr.David,541
Wanliexportporcelain,576
WappingDock,22021
WarShippingAdministration,179,336
Ward&Co.,SteveE.,47
Ward&Co.,T.,152
WardLine,345
Ward,T.W.,250,322
Warfield,S.Davies,179
Warfield,Wallis(DuchessofWindsor),179
Warms,William,346
Warren(1775),135,409,420,56566
Warren,Joseph,566
Warren,SirWilliam,362
Warren,USS,129
Warrior,HMS(1861),151,208,262,341,56667,567
Warrior,HMS(1905),135
WarriorPreservationTrust,567
Warspite,HMS,206,414,534,568,568
WartsilaShipyards,185
Wasa,290,482,56870,insert
WasaKing,177
Washington(1775),119
Washington(1933)349
Washington,USRC,25
Washington,USS(1815),260
Washington,USS(1941),42,287,570,579
Washington,George,18,62,163,232,255,273,308,437,441,492,529
WashingtonNavalTreaty(1922),10,120,281,296,301,306,354,459,495,568,571,583
WashingtonNavalConference(1930),45
WashingtonPost,552
Washington,Treatyof,13
WashingtonTug&BargeCo.,436
Wasp(1775),16,251,570
Wasp,USS(1806),251,57071
Wasp,USS(1814),571
Wasp,USS(1940),239,258,279,571
WaterGypsy,322
waterjetpropulsion,441
WaterWitch,USS,57172
Waterloo,Battleof,59,65,252,333
Waterman,Capt.RobertH.,100,350,466
Watkins,Capt.,451
Watkinson,Capt.James,271
Watson,Christopher,475
Watson,Ltd.,G.L.,79,335
Watson,George,472
Watson,John,537
WatsonStillmanHydraulicMachineryCo.,53
Watt,527
Watt,HenryF.,161
Watt,James,441
Watts,SirPhilip,151,286
WaverlyLine,286
Wavertree,572
"wayfinding,"235
Waymouth,Bernard,513
Weatherly(12meter),264
Webb&Allen,350
Webb,ElectraHavemeyer,517
Webb,Lt.WilliamA.,43
Webb,WilliamH.,86,100,115,118,173,232,451,584
Webber,Burt,369
Webster,Daniel,22,126,368
WebsterAshburtonTreaty,126
Weddigen,Lt.Otto,532
Weehawken,USS,43
Wegener,Alfred,2089
Weinert,Capt.,26
Weir&Co.,Andrew,373
Weizmann,Chaim,495
Welch&Co.,235,519
Welch,Marty,66
Weld&Co.,W.F.,219,366
Wellbank,Sharp&Brown,70
Welles,Gideon,13,341
Wellesley,Lt.Gen.Arthur,136
Wellington,Dukeof,136,267
Wells,William,95
WelshFusiliers,524
Wendland,309
WeserAG,75,211,319
WestAfricanPacketCo.,123
WestCoastTugCo.,436
"WestCountryWagon,The,"440
WesternAustralianMaritimeMuseum,53,159,541,545
WesternCruiseLines,485
WesternDryDock&ShipbuildingCo.,365
WesternElectric,157
WesternUnionTelegraphCo.,358
WestIndiaCo.,32
WestIndiesTradingCo.,66
Westminster,Dukeof,56
Westminster,Treatyof,586
WestPoint,USS,22
Weston,Geoffrey,24
Weston,Thomas,332
WestonTradingCo.,179
WestVirginia,USS,12,196,340
Westward,57273
WestwardHo,356
Weyher,Kurt,380
Weymouth,George,142
Weyprecht,Karl,508
WhalingEnshrined,105
Whangia,Treatyof,85
Wharton,John,16,419,565
WheelerAirfield,Hawaii,12
Wheelwright,Capt.William,10910
Whipple,Abraham,408,420
Whipple,USS,297
WhiskeyGoGo(film),398
WhiskyGalore(Mackenzie),397
Whitaker,R.T.,185
WhitbreadRoundtheWorldRace,81,180
WhiteCrossLine,363
WhiteDiamondLine,490
WhiteFalcon,331
WhitehavenShipbuildingCo.,7
Whitehead,Robert,235
WhiteHouse,317,428
WhiteJacket,orTheWorldinaManofWar(Melville),539
White,JohnSamuel,71
White,ByronS.,409
White,SirWilliam,84,215,286
WhiteSquall(film),14
WhiteStarLine,45,96,112,199,250,273,376,512
shiplosses,30,4344,81,427,512
andInternationalMercantileMarine,322,330,427
SeealsoCunardWhiteStarLine

Page680

WhiteStarLine(1852),425
WhiteStarDominionLine,511
WhiteStarSteamshipCo.,514
WhiteSwallow,573
Whitworth,Jock,568
Whydah,57374
Widder,28,286,574
Widdicombe,John,275
Widdicombe,Roy,28
Widener,Harry,521
WidenerMemorialLibrary,521
Wien,328
Wiesbaden,SMS,135
Wignall,Sydney,68,218
Wigsten,Capt.Hjalmar,283
Wilburg,Herr,387
Wilcox,RAdm.JohnW.,570
"WildBoatoftheAtlantic,The,"150
WildDuck,300
WildWave,57475
WilhelmGustloff,575
WilhelmII,44,60,245,248,281,291,299,336
Wilhelmsen,Frederick,377
Wilkes,Charles,41,451,524,556
Wilkes,Charles,555
Wilkins,SirGeorgeHubert,352,477
Wilkinson,Cdr.E.P.,353
WillemRuys,3
William,132
WilliamandJohn,274
WilliamB.Keene,217
WilliamBrown(fiction),282
WilliamII(Netherlands),67,325,586
WilliamIII(England),437,482
WilliamIV,440
WilliamMitchell,199,57576
WilliamSalem&Co.,173
WilliamShand,480
Williams(designer),299
Williams,John,2728
Williams,JohnA.,4344
Williams,Max,60
Williams,Roger,132
Williams,SirJohn,444
Williamsburg,USS,400
Williamson&Milligan,286
Williamson&Co.,3
WilliamtheConqueror,345,480
Willis,Capt.John,128
Willoughby,SirHugh,158,544
Wilmette,USS,157
Wilmott,Capt.Robert,346
Wilson&Blain,325
Wilson,Cal,19
Wilson,Capt.Joseph,101
Wilson,Capt.,541
Wilson&Chambers,425
Wilson,EdwardAdrian,146,510
Wilson,J.G.,181
Wilson,James,96
Wilson,JohnP.,322
Wilson,Woodrow,36,203,241,299,381,502
Winchelsea,HMS,111
Winchester,HMS,(1832),122
Winchester,James,326
Winchester&Leeds,326
WindjammerCruises,34
WindjammerfrHamburg,432
Windram&Co.,George,198
Windram&Co.,G.,297
Windsor,103
WindsorCastle,576
Windward,190
Wing,J.&.W.R.,104
"wingedkeel,"4748
Winn,William,519
Winslow,JohnA.,12,285
Winslow,CameronMcRae,18
Winter,Frank,246
Winter,John,213
wirelesstelegraph,296,521
Wirt,William,368
Wirth,Julius,93
Wisconsin,USS,267,339,556
Wisting,Oscar,191
WittedeWith,VAdm.Corneliszoon,7475
Witte,JohnJ.,336
WitteLeeuw,576
"WizardofBristol,"573
WLV612,349
"WobblyEights,"286
Woldag,Capt.Heinrich,66
Wolf,347,57677
Wolf,CharlesE.de,474
Wolverine,HMS,535
Wolverine,USS,468
WonsonCo.,JohnF.,159
Wood&Co.,John,117
Woodbury,USS,136
Woodget,Capt.Richard,128
Woodhouse,Capt.Charles,10
WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitute,19,208,521
Woodside,WilliamJ.,398
Woolf,Virginia,152
Woolsey,Lt.Melancthon,465
Woolward,Capt.Robert,524
WoolwichDockyard,8,54,101,147,240,315,419,423,43739,485,538
Worden,Lt.JohnL.,341,558
Wordsworth,William,188
WorkmanClark&Co.,398
WorldShipTrust,259
World'sFair
Chicago,111,204,213,468,484,496
London,358
NewYork,110,131,391
SanFrancisco,496
Worley,Lt.A.F.,323
Worley,Lt.Cdr.G.W.,129
WorshipfulCompanyofShipbuilders,123
WorshipfullMerchantsoftheMoscovieandTurkieCompanies,142
Worsley,Capt.Frank,166
Worthington,Capt.Beaconsfield,397
"WreckoftheDeutschland,The,"13839
W.R.Grace,57778,577
W.R.GraceCo.,577
Wright&Breakenridge,181
Wright,C.W.,183
Wright,E.V.,183
Wright&Son,Isaac,271
W.V.7,55
WyandotteIndians,565
Wyoming,USS(1859),578
Wyoming(1909),578
Wysvliet,Marinus,588
WyzszaSzkolaMorska,131
X
Xenophon,375
Xenophon(ship),265
Xerxes,375
Y
YachtingWorld(magazine),78
Yale,USS,11213
Yalouris,Fred,480
Yalu,Battleofthe,337
Yamagumo,465
Yamamoto,FleetAdm.Isoroku,36,347,579
Yamashiro,19596
Yamato,176,198,264,267,276,347,474,579,584
Yamshiro,340
Yanagimoto,Capt.Ryusaku,484
Yez,Vicente,359
YangtzeIncident(film),24
Yankee(1913),57980
Yankee(schooner),580
Yankee(ketch),580
Yankee(1937),44,422
"YankeeRaceHorse,"119
YarmouthCastle(1927),580
YarmouthRaid,313,560
Yarmouth,HMS,420
Yarmouth(ship),580
Yarnell,Adm.HarryE.,45
Yarrow&Co.,Ltd.,235
YassiAdawreckA,386,470,58082,581
YassiAdaB,580,582
YavuzSultanSelim,21112
Yelcho,166
YellowSea,Battleofthe,337
Yemtschuk,162
YigalAllonCentre,198
Ymer,544
Yokokawa,Capt.Ichibei,588
YokosukaDockyard,247,281,474,587
York,Dukeof,326,438,586
Yorktown(1940s),179
Yorktownship,63
Yorktown,USS(1937),252,301,355,449,475,571,58283,584,588
atMidway,1112,168,247,340,474,484,583
Yorktown,USS(1943),584,588
YoungAmerica,173,584
Young,John,264,538
Young,SirAllen,272
Young,USS,136
Yourkevitch,Vladimir,363
Yandynasty,474
Yugiri,103
Yuzuru,Hiraga,347,579
Z
Z6,103
Zacharchuk,Walter,316
Zalinski,E.L.,545
Zanzibar,Sultanof,473
Zara,52
Zealandic,199
ZeebruggeRaid,557
Zeehaen,6,165,238,305
Zeemeeuw,305
Zeewijk,587
Zle,554
Zle,La,41,171
Zemchug,47
Zenobia,HMS,299
ZeppelinL43,504
ZevenProvincin,58587,586
ZhengHe,224
Zieten,SMS,79
ZimIsraelNavigationCo.,61
ZimLines,61
Zimmermanntelegram,140
Zouave,219
Zubian,HMS,587
Zuiko,193,252,264,302,587
Zuikaku,12,168,193,242,247,264,301,302,474,484,583,58788
Zulu,HMS,587
Zuytdorp,588
ZwaanendalMuseum,134
zygians,375