NASA/CRICASE

1998-208958

Report

No. 98-54

3D Characteristics
Maurice

Holt

University

Institute

of California

for

NASA

Computer

Langley

Hampton,

Operated

Applications

Research

Center

Universities

Space

Berkeley,

in Science

California

and

Engineering

VA

by

National Aeronautics
Space

at Berkeley,

Research

Association

and

Administration

Langley Research
Hampton, Virginia

December

Center
23681-2199

1998

Prepared for Langley Research

under Contract NAS 1-97046

Center

Available

from

NASA Center
7121 Standard
Hanover,

the following:
for AeroSpace
Drive

MD 21076-1320

(301) 621-0390

Information

(CASI)

National

Technical

5285 Port Royal

Springfield,

Information
Road

VA 22161-2171

(703) 487-4650

Service

(NTIS)

3D

CHARACTERISTICS
MAURICE

Abstract.
ceived

Contributions

incomplete

which

led

to

Key

1.
Gas

several

words.

Subject

problems

from

by

Russian
Holt

by

Europe

in

application

These,

owing

partly

in Russia

and

thesis

in
was

part

1951

by

and

but

re-

Rusanov

an

article

by

Chushkin

be used

to

revise

and

covered

partly

to limited

U.S.S.R).

This

known

and

fundamental

over

assessment

for solving

adequately

not

extended

with

methods

This

of the

of general

problems

together

will

previously

paper

of computational

to oversight
(then

completed

The

comprchcnsivc
article

of Characteristics.

Method

to Aerodynamic

authors.

of the

Chushkin.

which

a fundamental

the

was

1963.

by

Dimensions,

from

to a review

work

which

follow

4 is devoted

but,

important

in Three

mostly

Mathcmatics

Chapter

Western

cxccllcnt

components

&Numcrical

appeared

Russian
in an

schemes

Rusanov,

practical

other

described

and

version

for

Rusanov

dimensions

overlooked
of V.V.

published

papers

U.S.

thesis

development

arc

the

They
described

(1984)

in three

references,

doctoral

openly

In Holt

of Characteristics

in Russia,

Applied

Introduction.

of relevant

Method
reviewed.

characteristics,

classification.

tributions

the
are

developments

3D

Dynamic

the

to

recognition,

HOLT

outside

a decade

of Rusanov's

(1968).

The

expand

Chapter

knowledge
originatcd

in

Russia

until

an

character

and

its

so in a series

of

or
original

present

con-

contribution,

paper

highlights

4 in the

third

the

edition

of

(1984).
In his doctoral

linear

partial

differential

dimensional
based

on

unsteady

versions

and

a surface

The

second

surface

by

tetrahcdral

(1965),

is of direct

independent

variables

In the

scheme
type,

in

scheme,

by

Minostscv

(1967),

is inverse,

points

on

a surface

derivatives

a quasi-characteristics

general,

methods

in which

of the

system

of quasi-

for applications

he outlined

for

Gas

are

adjacent

in which

method

supersonic

propcrtics.

bicharacteristic

scheme

specialized

case

tctrahedra

an

for steady

of characteristic

version

flow

of a general

a finite

to three

difference

scheme

Dynamic

applications.

projected

surface

downstream

where

tetrahedra

The

the

project

from

solution

upstream

is to

points

be

towards

first,

found.

a known

unknown.

in Russia

along

and

developed

which

towards

properties

surfaces.

were

is known

developed

steady

characteristic

solution

two-dimensional
In

dynamics.

of Rusanov's

combinations

employing

gas
formed

characteristic

the

schemes

alternative

steady

the

where

from

Other

discussed

in several

network

to Podladchikov

on

Rusanov

equations

a tetrahedral

Two
due

dissertation,

directions
difference

flow,

following

Magomedov
only,

equations

while
are

Rusanov's

(1966)

developed

Katskova

and

solved

general
a numerical

Chushkin

in successive

analysis,

technique

(1965)

coordinate

used

proposed

planes

by the

of characteristics.

of characteristics

for three-dimensional

problems

can

be

classified

under

five

head-

ings.
1. Methods

based

on

characteristic

2.

based

on

bicharacteristics

Methods

*University
(cmail:

of California

at Berkeley,

holt_culer.berkelcy.cdu).

NASA Contract
Engineering

No. NAS1-97046

(ICASE),

surfaces.
only.

Department

This research

while the author

NASA Langley

Research

of Mechanical

was supported

Engineering,

was in residence

Center,

Hampton,

6167 Etcheverry

by thc National

Aeronautics

at the Institute
VA 23681-2199.

Hall, Berkeley,
and Space

for Computer

CA 94720-1740

Administration

Applications

in Science

under
and

3. Methods

based

4. Optimal

methods

5. Methods

on characteristic

Direct

flow past

cylindrical

polar

p, density,

S,

entropy,

of types

Podladchikov

of revolution

coordinates

direction.

1), that

of Magomedov

is of type

3) and 4) have not been developed

and

body

Rusanov

(1965)

at angle

(x, r, _) with

rs and rb arc the shock

arc of type

5). Methods

Scheme.

a body

direction.

2) while

that

in Russia

and,

application.

Tetrahedral

supersonic

and one non-characteristic

lines not in the bicharacteristic

and Minostsev

is of type

have had limited

directions

(3).

of Podladchikov

and Chushkin

in general,
2.

of type

based

The schemes
of Katskova

on two bicharacteristic

derived

of attack.

x replaced

radii

this

scheme

The governing

Euler

for calculating
equations

steady

are written

in

by

respectively.

the

developed

With

following

dependent

compatibility

variables

relations

V, velocity,

satisfied

along

p, pressure,
characteristic

surfaces
paA2

. d_lV

- B2ds:p

= paA1

ds2V

(2.1)

- B:ds2p

where
AI=VAsj,
Hcrc
ds:

sl,
ds2

s2 arc
denote

two

independent

differentials

along

(perfect gas) and the condition

Podladchikov's
tetrahcdral
with

a point

internal

downstream

points

unit
s:,s2

Bj=n.

vectors

in the

respectively.

Aj

(j=l,2)

characteristic
Eq.

(2.1)

(2.2)
plane

with

external

is supplcmented

normal

vector

by the equation

S = constant
on stream surfaces,
a represents
the speed of sound.
scheme connects
known flow conditions
on a non-characteristic
initial

at which

the flow variables

in the flow field is shown

are to be determined.

The basic

n.

of state

surface

computational

cell for

in Fig. 2.1.

FIG. 2.1. Network for direct tetrahedral scheme

Points
conditions

1, 2, and 3 are on the

2.1 to determine

the non-characteristic
of intersection,

initial

conditions

surface
at point

lines 1-2, 2-3, and 3-1.

are determined

uniquely

from

where

flow conditions

0, the intersection

The equations
known

data

of these
at points

arc known.

of the three
planes

We use the compatibility

characteristic

and the location

1, 2, and

3.

planes

through

of 0, their

point

Flowconditions
at point0arenowdetermined
fromdifference
formsofthecompatibilityconditions
2.1
appliedalongthe characteristic
surfaces
012,023,and031.In Eqs.2.1,oneachfacetakes2-- t, whilesl
is a unit vectorjoiningthe mid-pointof t_with 0. Thesedifference
equations,
togetherwith the constant
cntopyconditionandBcrnoulli'sequationappliedon04determine
all flowconditions
at 0.
Thisprocedure
is modifiedat surface
boundaryandshockpoints.
Podladchikov
usedthisscheme
to calculate
flowpastabodyofrevolution
with spherical
noseandconical
afterbodyat angleof attack5 , free stream Mach number 4.
3.
but

Inverse

Tetrahedral

proposed

an inverse

x, _, q2. Minostsev
those

Scheme.

version

of Rusanov's

now connects

on a non-characteristic

Minostsev

tetrahedral

flow conditions

surface

(1967)

considered
scheme.

to be determined

upstream

where

conditions

the

same

problem

as Podladchikov

Hc used

the same

independent

at point

0, in the interior

variables

flow field,

with

are known.

FIG. 3.1. Network for inverse tetrahedral scheme

Fig.

3.1 shows

intersecting
dcpendcnt
values

three

the initial

generators

surface

on the velocity

at point

0. The curve

0 _ on the initial

the equation

of the

Minostsev
various
4.
along

triangle

backward

in the same meridian

of attack,

numbers

Scheme.

is then

relations

the finite

should

calculation

ellipsoids

and cones

0,

approximated

values

of

with

by

and _ as at

and three

points

by the charactcristic

values

difference

flow past

arc first

2.1, together

latter

cone through

cone has coefficients

determined

cell bounded

at 0. The

supersonic

0. These

and with the same

surface

the tetrahcdral

flow variables

to calculate

Only

plane

the initial

cone and repeat

and at Mach

Bicharacterlstics

at point

123, and use compatibility

Mach

scheme

of sound

Mach

of the Mach

on

surfaces

conditions

along

bc used to recalculate
until

converged.

with

spherical

noses

at

up to 20.

The scheme

proposed

by Magomedov

(1966)

uses only relations

bicharacteristics.
In Fig.

4.1 0 is the

(bicharacteristics)

point

of the

The
in the

compatibility

four

direction,

2.1 reduce

Together

with

Magomedov
wing with

used
blunt

along

0 intersecting

streamlines

his scheme

01, 02, 03, and

the

known

surfaces

initial

05 these

suffice

supersonic

contain,

direction.

non-characteristic

in the flow variables

to calculate

edges.

charactcristic

in a non-characteristic

01, 02, 03, 04, the

relations

along

leading

are to be determined,

cone through

a derivative

to difference

conditions

Mach

2.1 satisfied

bicharactcristics

relations

flow variables

04 are generators
surface

in points

1,

streamline.

relations

characteristic

containing

where

backward

2, 3, 4, and 05 is the backward

delta

surface,

04 to detcrmine

used the

angles

and the speed

W'c can now construct

and the initial

direction

01, 02 and 03 of the backward

1, 2, and 3. The equation

of this Mach cone with

it, 1,2, and 3 are selected.

the streamline

at points

components

of intersection

012,023,031

(bicharacteristics)

upstream

along

If we apply

components

cones

the flow variables

with

as a derivative

these

on surfaces

can be eliminated

the four bicharacteristic

to determine
flow past

as wcll

spherical

directions

and
only.

at 0.
noses

and

past

FIG.

5.

Quasi-Characteristic

to calculate

steady

supersonic

cylindrical

coordinate

expansions

in sin

system

4.1.

Element

Katskova

flow past

smooth

already

kk_ or cos k_,

in x and
method

meridian

_ with

plane

characteristic

of characteristics

At an interior

point

the

bicharacteris_ics

Scheme.

defined

bodies.

they

properties

like that

in the
similar

used

from

variation

...K)

to those

quasi-characteristics

equations
in the

of motion

in the

circumferential

problems

scheme
same

direction

in meridian

by

planes

0<_<rr

trigonometric

is shown

proposed

of two-dimensional

for two-dimensional

the network

scheme

(1965)

Starting

represent

kTr k
_-(
: 0,1,

coefficients

only

and Chushkin

and solve a sequence

ffJ=_k:
In each

of

series

satisfy

for supersonic

plane

partial

differential

equations

flow, and

can bc solved

by a

where

flow variables

at 0

problems.
in Fig. 5.1.

FIG.

0 is the
an inverse
point

point

Element

at x = x, + Ax, downstream

characteristics

4 (_4 :

5.1.

method

_0) characteristics

is used

(similar

and streamline

of

quasi-characteristics

of the initial
to that
arc drawn

first

scheme

line x,
proposed

upstream

= .1342,

by Hartree
of 0 to points

the

(1953)).

Using values

1, 2, and 3 respectively.

at

Usinginterpolated
valuesat 1, 2,and3 foundfromthe initial datathe compatibilityrelationsarc solved
along20and10andstreamline
relationalong30,yieldinga first estimateof the flowvariablesat 0. The
process
is repeated
with betterestimates
of01,02,and03until converged.
Modifiedschemes
arcusedat
bodysurface
andshocksurfacepoints.
This computational
scheme
is appliedsuccessively
in all planes,k9-- kgk,thus determininga first
estimateofthesolutiononthe shockwave.In furtheriterationsthesamegeneral
scheme
is applied,but in
eachiteration,thelatestapproximation
to theshockshapeismade.
KatskovaandChushkin
appliedtheirschemc
to calculatea seriesofthree-dimensional
flowspastblunt
conesandthroughinlets.
6.
bodies

Conclusions.
in three

were

based

A series of characteristic

dimensions,

which

on a fundamental

openly

until

1963.

edition

of this

for solving

were developed

in USSR,

by Rusanov,

originating

paper

This material

schemes

will bc included

mostly

problems
in the

of steady

1960 decade,

in his 1951 doctoral

in an updated

Chapter

supersonic

4 of Holt

arc described.

thesis,
(1984)

flow past
They

but not published

as part

of the third

monograph.

REFERENCES
[1]

P.I.,

CHUSHKIN,

Numerical

in Aeronautical
[2]

HARTREE,

D.R.,

pressible

Some

[4]

KATSKOVA_

O.N.

practical

[5]

MAGOMEDOV,

[6]

MINOSTSEV,

[7]

PODLADCHIKOV,

K.M.,

V.V.,

YU

N.,

of using

Commission

P.I.,
Mat.

Izv. Akad.

Rcp.
2nd

Zh. Vych.

i Mat.

flow,

Progress

SSSR.

Mekh.

SSSR

Mckhan.,

i Mat.

Edition,
i Mat.

of non-steady

1953.

Springer-Vcrlag,

1984.

Fiz., Vol. 5, 1965,

pp. 503-518.

Fiz., Vol. 6, 1966, pp. 313-325.

Nauk

Mat.

supersonic

in the Calculation

AECU-2713,

Mat.

Izv. Akad Nauk

Zh. Vych.

three dimensional

characteristics

in Fluid Dynamics,

Zh. Vych.
V.B.

V.B.,

Energy

CHUSHKIN,

for

1969.

methods

Methods

AND

of characteristics

Pergamon,

]tow, U.S. Atomic

[3] HOLT, M., Numerical

[8] RUSANOV,

methods

Sciences,

Zhid.

Fiz., Vol. 3, 1963,

i Gaza,

1967, pp.

1965, pp. 3-12.

pp. 508-527.

126-133.

com-

REPORT

DOCUMENTATION

Form Approved
OMB No. 0704-0188

PAGE

Publicreportingburdenfor thiscollectionof"informationisestimatedto average1 hour per response,includingthe time for reviewing instructions,searching
existingdata sources,
gathering andmaintainingthe data needed,and completingandreviewing the collectionof information Sendcommentsregardingthis burdenestimateor any otheraspectofthis
collectionof information,includingsuggestions
for reducingthis burden,to Washington HeadquartersServices,Directoratefor InformationOperationsandReports,1215 Jefferson
Davis Highway,Suite 1204, Arlington,VA 22202-4302,andto the Officeof Managementand Budget, PaperworkReductionProject (0704-0188), Washington, OC 20503
1. AGENCY

4. TITLE
3D

USE ONLY(Leave

AND

b/ank)

2. REPORT
December

3. REPORT

DATE
1998

Contractor

TYPE

AND

DATES

COVERED

Report
5. FUNDING

SUBTITLE

NUMBERS

Characteristics
C NAS 1-97046
WU
505-90-52-01

6. AUTHOR(S)
Mauricc

Holt

7. PERFORMING
Institute
Mail

ORGANIZATION

for
Stop

Computer

403,

Hampton,

VA

NASA

Langley

Aeronautics

Langley

Research

Hampton,

VA

Final

and

Engineering

Center

ICASE

AGENCY
and

Space

NAME(S)

AND

ADDRESS(ES)

Report

No.

98-54

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Administration

NASA/CR-

Center

ICASE

1998-208958
Report

No.

98-54

NOTES

Technical

Monitor:

Dennis

M.

Bushnell

Report

Submitted
12a.

Research

8. PERFORMING
ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER

ADDRESS(ES)

Science

23681-2199

11. SUPPLEMENTARY
Langley

AND
in

23681-2199

g. SPONSORING/MONITORING
National

NAME(S)

Applications

to

Springer

Series

in

DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY
Unclassified

Computational

Physics
12b.

STATEMENT

DISTRIBUTION

CODE

Unlimited

Subject
Category
64
Distribution:
Nonstandard
Availability:
13. ABSTRACT
Contributions
tion,

arc

Russia,

14. SUBJECT
3D

NASA-CASI

(301)621-0390

(Maximum 200 words)

to the Method
of Characteristics
reviewed.

described

They
by

mostly

follow

from

in

Three

a fundamental

Dimensions,
paper

which
by

Rusanov

previously
which

received
led

recogni-

developments

in

Chushkin.

TERMS

characteristics;

incomplete

to several

15. NUMBER
Rusanov

OF PAGES
10

schemes
16. PRICE

CODE
A03

17. SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT
Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION
OF THIS PAGE
Unclassified

19. SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION
OF ABSTRACT

20. LIMITATION
OF ABSTRACT

Standard Form 298(Rev. 2-89)

Prescribedby ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102