Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fuel Types
Civilian
Jet A
Jet A-1
Jet B
Military
JP-4
JP-5
JP-8
Integral
Rigid Removable
Bladder
Rule of Thumb for max. fuel volume: 85% for wing
tanks and 92% for fuselage tanks, measured to the
external skin surface (exception: bladder tanks, 77%
and 83%, respectively)
External
Components
Main Tanks
Header Tank (separate from main tanks,
holds enough fuel for engines to run
during complicated maneuvers)
Gravity Feed (small aircraft only)
Electric/Engine-driven Fuel Pumps
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/refueling/Tech22G5.ht
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In-Flight Refueling
Original motivation: endurance records
Currently used only in the military sector
Two main types:
Boom and Receptacle
Probe and Drogue
http://www.answers.com/topic/aerial-refueling
Important characteristics of an
aircraft fuel
Volatility
How readily a substance changes from
liquid into a vapor.
Vapor Lock
Vapor lock is a condition in which
AVGAS vaporizes in the fuel line or other
components between the fuel tank and the
carburetor.
Carburetor Icing
As fuel vaporizes, it draws energy from
its surroundings to change state from a
liquid to a vapor. This can be a problem if
water is present.
Fuel Pumps
Fuel pumps are part of most aircraft fuel systems. Standards exist for
main pumps and emergency pumps. Operation of any fuel pump may
not affect engine operation by creating a hazard, regardless of the
engine power or thrust setting or the functional status of any other fuel
pump.
On reciprocating engines, one main fuel pump must be engine-driven
and there must be at least one for each engine.
Turbine engines also require dedicated fuel pumps for each engine.
Any pump required for operation is considered a main fuel pump.
The power supply for the main pump for each engine must be
independent of the power supply for each main pump for any other
engine. There must also be a bypass feature for each positive
displacement pump.
AIRCRAFT ENGINE
LUBRICATION
SYSTEM
Types of Friction
Friction may be defined as the rubbing of
one object or surface against another.
One surface sliding over another surface
causes SLIDING FRICTION, as found in
the use of plain bearings. The surfaces are
not completely flat or smooth and have
microscopic defects that cause friction
between the two moving surfaces.
Characteristics of
Reciprocating Engine Lubricants
Viscosity Index
The viscosity index is a number that indicates the effect
of temperature changes on the viscosity of the oil.
When oil has a low viscosity index, it signifies a relatively
large change of viscosity of increased temperature.
The oil becomes thin at high temperatures and thick at
low temperatures.
Oils with a high viscosity index have small changes in
viscosity over a wide temperature range.
The best oil for most purposes is one that maintains a
constant viscosity throughout temperature changes.
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is a comparison of the
weight of the substance to the weight of an
equal volume of distilled water at a
specified temperature.
For example, water weighs approximately
8 pounds to the gallon; oil with a specific
gravity of 0.9 would weigh 7.2 pounds to
the gallon.
Components of Lubrication
Systems
Oil Pump
Oil entering the engine is pressurized,
filtered, and regulated by units within the
engine.
As oil enters the engine, it is pressurized
by a gear-type pump. This pump is a
positive displacement pump that consists
of two meshed gears that revolve inside
the housing.
Oil Filter
The pressurized oil flows to the oil filter,
where any solid particles suspended in the
oil are separated from it, preventing
possible damage to moving parts of the
engine.
Oil Cooler
The cooler, either cylindrical or elliptical shaped, consists
of a core enclosed in a double-walled shell. The core is
built of copper or aluminum tubes with the tube ends
formed to a hexagonal shape and joined together in the
honeycomb effect. The ends of the copper tubes of the
core are soldered, whereas aluminum tubes are brazed
or mechanically joined.
The tubes touch only at the ends so that a space exists
between them along most of their lengths.
This allows oil to flow through the spaces between the
tubes while the cooling air passes through the tubes.
Other Components
Oil Cooler Flow Control Valve
Surge Protection Valves
Airflow Controls
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