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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
All human languages employ words to convey concepts. Words that
deconstruct into discrete units, called morphemes, consist of a root, which
conveys the most prominent semantic feature of the word, and affixes that
attach in some way to the root (i.e., prefixes, suffixes, and infixes) that
convey additional semantic features. Morphologists have traditionally divided
the affixation processes that form complex words into two main categories
inflection and derivation.
Although derivation describes different morphological processes,
Morphologists do not universally accept the reality of this division nor do
they agree on how this division should be made. Therefore, the paper about
derivation is badly needed.
B. Problem Formulation
The problem formulations of this paper are:
1. What is the definition of derivation?
2. How many types of derivation in the morphology?
3. What are the problems found in derivation?
CHAPTER II
EXPLANATION
A. Definition of Derivation
The word derivation comes from a verb derive (means comes from or
develop from). The attachment of tion make the verb derive become a
noun derivation. The term derivation then relates to the concept of affixes
which is divided into prefixes and suffix. In those three concept, known the
term of root or base and stem1.
In morphology, derivational morpheme is an affix that is added to a word
to create a new word or a new form of a word. Derivational morpheme can
change the grammatical category (part of speech) of a word. For example,
affix ful that is added to beauty change the word from a noun to an adjective
(i.e. beautiful). The form that is resulted from the adding of derivational
morpheme is called a derivative.
Derivation is seen as a set of operations on lexemes that derive other
lexemes. Each of these operations is a word formation rule with a
phonological aspect (the addition of a phonological string or some other
phonological operation), a semantic aspect (the change of meaning), and a
syntactic aspect (the syntactic (sub)category of the new lexeme).
Derivation consists of an affix or affixes added to a root. Matthews
(1984) gives a good summary of the arguments concerned in the separation of
inflection from derivation. Derivational morphemes produce new words2;
their function is not to express morphosyntactic categories but to make new
words. They are somewhat erratic meaning and distribution. Derivational
morphemes are used to change the part of speech of words.
The basic function of derivational
3 processes is to enable the language
user to make new lexemes. Lexemes belong to lexical categories such as
noun, verb, and adjective. When a derivational morpheme is added to a base,
1 A. S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 8th Edition, (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2010), p. 394.
2 Malmkjaer, Kirsten et.al, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, (London and
New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2010), page 370.
it adds meaning. The derived lexemes may belong to a different category than
their original bases.3
To sum up, derivation is the part of morphology concerned with the
formation of lexical items. Derivation has the permanent effect of changing
the word. It also creates the different lexical item from the origin.
B. Types of Derivation
Derivation happens when bound morpheme(s) is attached to a free
morpheme. Bound morphemes are known as affixes, including prefixes and
suffixes, yet free morphemes are known as roots, stem, or core.
As it is stated before that derivation creates a new lexeme/word, the
derivational affixes take the big role. The affixes attached to a root can
change the grammatical category of the root. For example, the word desire
(a verb) added by the suffix able becomes desirable (an adjective).
The set of derivational affixes is open-ended; that is, there are potentially
infinite number of them. Since it would be difficult to enumerate them
exhaustively, it would never have enough time to mention it one by one.
Nevertheless, it can be said that there are seven types of derivational
morphemes4, as follow:
1. Adverbs derived from adjectives
An adjective can be derived to an adverb by suffixing ly. For
example, rapid rapidly, sincere sincerely, total totally.
2. Nouns derived from nouns
Not all derivational processes change word class. English has
derivational processes that yield nouns with meaning such as small
3 Booij, Geert, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology,
(Oxford University Press Inc. New York, 2005), page 51.
4 Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew, An Introduction to English Morphology:
Words and Their Structure, (Janson: Edinburg University Press, 2002),
page 48.
Verbs
Bath
Bathe
Breath
Breathe
House [s] House [z]
Wreath
Wreathe
The suffixes ise/-ize and ify can derive verbs from adjectival bases
too, as in nationalize, tenderize, intensify, and purify. Therefore, when the
roots of which they are attached are bound (e.g. cauterize, sanitize,
petrify, satisfy, and magnify), it is hard to consider whether these roots are
fundamentally nominal or adjectival. The suffix ate shows the same sort
of ambivalence. Words such as generate, rotate, replicate, and locate
clearly contain a root and a suffix, because the same roots crop up
elsewhere (e.g. general, rotor, replica, and local). However, as most of
the bases of which ate is attached are bound roots, it does not clearly
approve either adjectival or nominal bases.
There is still one prefix to be mentioned: en- (with its allomorph em-),
which forms verbs from a few adjectives and nouns defining as cause to
became X or cause to possess or enter X such as, enfeeble, enslave,
empower, enthrone, and entomb. This suffix usually occurs without the
prefix, however, and does so quite widely, e.g. tighten, loosen, stiffen,
weaken, widen, redden, deepen, and toughen. These verbs have either an
intransitive meaning, become X, or a transitive one, cause to become
X.
C. Problems found in Derivation
In morphology, it is found that derivation, despite the inflection one, have
a big role producing a new lexeme/word. However, there are still many
problem emerging from the process of deriving, among others occur this way:
1. Problems with derivational structure itself
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brotherhood means not the state of being a brother but rather semisecret society). Why do we have droplet but not grainlet or lumplet? It
is merely an accident that some of this words have come into general use
while others have not, so those that do exist must be lexically listed. This
gappiness also helps to confirm that this affixes are derivational rather
than inflectional, even though they do not change word class.
In the case of nouns derived from adjectives, all the three suffixes (ity, -ness, and ism) mean basically property of being X where X is the
base adjective. Of the three, -ness is the most widely applicable. Even so,
at least one noun is lexicalized: highness, which means not property
being high (for which it uses height), but rather royal personage, ad in
Her Royal Highness.
2. Derivation and Compound Words
The traditional criterion of demarcation between compounding and
derivation is that: compounding consists of the combination of two or
more lexemes, whereas derivation is characterized by the addition of an
affix, that is, a bound morpheme, to a lexeme10.
In Item-and-Arrangement Morphology, the difference between
compounding and derivation reduces to one property of certain
morphemes, namely that they are bound11. In this approach to
morphology, affixes can be represented as lexical items, and will then be
subcategorized as only appearing in combination with a stem. These
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bound morphemes are like lexical morphemes in that they may belong to
a syntactic category such as N, V or A.
Derivation is seen as a set of operations on lexemes that derive other
lexemes. Each of these operations is a Word Formation Rule with a
phonological aspect (the addition of a phonological string or some other
phonological operation), a semantic aspect (the change of meaning), and a
syntactic aspect (the syntactic (sub)category of the new lexeme) (see
Beard
1995 for a similar view). Compounding, on the other hand, is accounted
for by a set of Word Structure Rules which form part of syntax, and
combine lexical stems into compounds.
Compounds are words formed from other complete words12. In its
simple form, two independent words combine to form a new one, and one
of the original components modifies the meaning of the other one (Booji
2005: 75). From the examples it can be seen that compound words are
made up from the combination two or more lexemes, while derivations
are made up from the adding of affixes. Compound: blackboard, campsite,
scrub lady etc. Derivation: definition, reference, enrich, humbly etc.
3. Derivation and Inflection
Halle (1973) saw no reason to list inflected forms as well as
derivatives; the only difference between them was that inflected forms
were grouped in the dictionary into paradigms13.
12
13
ways17; inflected nouns may be marked for the plural, inflected verbs may
be marked for person or tense. Whenever there is a derivational suffix and
an inflectional suffix attached to the same word, they always appear in
different order. First the derivational is attached to the word, then the
inflectional is added to produce new form, e.g. teach teacher teachers.
4. Problems of Morphological Analysis
The word helpful clearly consists of three morphemes which are
realized by three morphs: the semantic root-help, -ful which derives the
adjective and the negating prefix un-. These are easily identified because
each has an obvious function and because one follows another, because
they are concatenated. But there are many cases where the morphological
analysis of a word is less straightforward.
It is seen there is no problem with recover in the sense of put a new
cover on but that there is less obvious justification for treating as two
morphemes recover in the sense of getting better. Many words have an
ancestor that consisted of two or more morphemes but are now
morphologically indivisible, there now being no part of the word that has
a distinct function. The word reject derives from the Latin elements reand iactare giving the sense of throwing back, but nevertheless we cannot
sensibly divide the modern English word; as we cannot *ject something,
we cannot *ject something back or *ject something again. The analysis
must leave with a root that can exist by itself.
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CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Based on the above explanation, it can be drawn a conclusion as follow:
1. Derivation is the part of morphology concerned with the formation of
lexical items. Derivation has the permanent effect of changing the word.
It also creates the different lexical item from the origin.
2. Derivation happens when bound morpheme(s) is attached to a free
morpheme.
3. There are seven kinds of derivation: (1) adverb derived from adjective (2)
noun derived from noun (3) noun derived from members of other word
classes (4) adjective derived from adjective (5) adjective derived from
members of other word classes (6) verb derived from verb (7) verb
derived from members of other word classes.
4. Some derivational morphemes come up with such ambivalence,
especially in the use of bound morphemes. The widely use of bound
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES
A. S Hornby, 2010, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 8th Edition, New York:
Oxford University Press.
Booij, Geert, 2005, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic
Morphology, Great Britain: Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
-----------------------, Compounding and Derivation: Evidence for Construction
Morphology.
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew, 2002, An Introduction to English Morphology:
Words and Their Structure, Janson: Edinburg University Press.
-------------------------------------, 1992, Current Morphology, London: Routledge.
C. Poole, Stuart, 2000, An Introduction to Linguistics, United Kingdom:
Macmillan Publisher Ltd.
Krik, Krlos, 2007, A Grammar of Modern Indo-European First Edition,
European Union: Dnghu Adsoqiation.
Malmkjaer, Kirsten et.al, 2010, The Linguistics Encyclopedia, London and New
York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Olsen, Mike, 2009, Cognitive Motivation for a Derivation/Inflection Division:
Evidence from Native English and Spanish Speakers, LING 2773.
Stabler, Edward, 2010, Linguistics 20.
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