ENGLISH 3

FLAMMABLE CHEMICAL MATERIAL

CREATED BY: GROUP III

NAME:

1. ANGGIK PRATAMA

(061330400289)

2. BELLA ANGGRAINI

(061330400291)

3. DEKA PITALOKA

(061330400293)

4. INTAN NEVIANITA

(061330400301)

5. NOLA DWIAYU ADINDA

(061330400304)

CLASS: 3.KA
LECTURER: Dra. RISNAWATI, M.Pd

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA

2013/2014
Srijaya Negara Street Bukit Besar Palembang 30139 Telpon : +620711353414
Fax: +62711355918 Web : http :// www.polsri.ac.id atau http://www.polisriwijaya.ac.id Email
: info@polsri.ac.id

Introduction
Small quantities of dangerous goods can be found in most workplaces. Whatever they
are used for, the storage and use of such goods can pose a serious hazard unless basic safety
principles are followed. If you use one particular group of dangerous goods - flammable and
explosive substances - this leaflet will help you to:

be aware of the hazards of various types of flammable substance;

be aware of the basic standards which apply to safe handling and storage of

flammable substances;
introduce procedures to prevent accidents and protect people from the hazards of

flammable substances;
find more detailed information when you need it.
There is an enormous variety of flammable substances to be found in the workplace.

They range from the obvious, eg petrol, paint thinners, welding gases and heating fuels, to the
not so obvious, eg packaging materials, dusts from woodworking and dusts from food stuffs
such as flour and sugar etc. Three ingredients are needed for a fire: a fuel at the right
concentration, a good supply of air, and a source of ignition. If you control these ingredients,
fires can be prevented.

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

1. Definition
Flammable materials are substances that can ignite easily and burn rapidly. They
can be common materials that are at most work sites in gas, liquid and solid forms.
2.

Example of Flammable Material

a. Gases
Flammable gases are usually gases with a lower explosive limit of less than 13
percent in air, or have a flammable range in air of at least 12 percent. Flammable
gases can be explosive when mixed with air in the right proportions.
Examples of flammable gases include: Hydrogen, Butane, Methane, Ethylene,
Natural gas, Propane, Acetylene, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen sulphide.
b. Liquids
Gasoline, many solvents such as acetone, alcohols and toluene, paints and
paint

thinners, adhesives, degreasers, cleaners, waxes and polishes. Flammable

liquids have a flashpoint below 37.80C (1000F).

Any liquid having a flash point below 100F (37.8C), except any mixture
having components with flashpoints of 100F (37.8C) or higher, the total of which
make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids
shall be known as Class I liquids. Class I liquids are divided into three classes as
follows:
Class IA shall include liquids having flash points below 73F (22.8C) and
having a boiling point below 100F (37.8C). Examples: Acetaldehyde, Colodion,

Ethyl Ether, Ethyl Cloride, Methyl Ethyl Ether, Pentane, Petroleum Ether, Propyline
Oxide,
Class IB shall include liquids having flash points below 73F (22.8C) and
having a boiling point at or above 100F (37.8C). Examples: Acetone Benzene, Butyl
Alcohol,

Ethyl

Acetate,

Ethyl

Alcohol,

Gasoline,

Methyl

Alcohol,

Methylcyclohexane, Toluene.
Class IC shall include liquids having flash points at or above 73F (22.8C)
and below 100F (37.8C). Examples: Amyl Acetate, Amyl, Alcohol, Dibutyl Ether,
Isopropanol, Methyl Alcohol, Styrene, Turpentine, Xylene.
It should be mentioned that flash point was selected as the basis for
classification of flammable and combustible liquids because it is directly related to a
liquid's ability to generate vapor, i.e., its volatility. Since it is the vapor of the liquid,
not the liquid itself that burns, vapor generation becomes the primary factor in
determining the fire hazard. The expression "low flash - high hazard" applies. Liquids
having flash points below ambient storage temperatures generally display a rapid rate
of flame spread over the surface of the liquid, since it is not necessary for the heat of
the fire to expend its energy in heating the liquid to generate more vapor.
c. Solids
Contact from outside sources ignition
Flammable solid can ignite easily if contact from outside sources ignition such
as sparks or fire. They are ready to ignite if there is friction. Example: sulphur,
phospor, picric acid, magnessium, aluminium powder, calcium resinate, celuoite
dilitrophenol, hexamine.
Spontaneously flammable substances
Flammable solid in the ordinary condition have big ability to burn
spontaneously. Some of this kind have big ability to ignite themselves when moist or
contacted by moist air and can produse toxic gas when it burn. Examples: carbon,
carcoal non-activated, carbon black, aluminium alkyls, phosporus.
Dangerous when wet
Solid or liquid which can produce flammable gas when contact with water.
They are also increase toxics gas when contact with humidify water or acid. Example:

calcium carbide, potassium phospide, potassium, magnessium hydride, calcium

magnase cylicon, boron triflouride, dimethyl etherate, barium, aluminium hydride,

3. Hazard of Flammable Material

Fire
For a fire to occur, there are three elements that must come together at the same
time and in the right proportions, fuel, heat (ignition source) and oxygen. Remove any of
the elements and the fire will go out. The fire triangle is commonly used as a model to
understand how a fire starts and how it can be prevented.
Figure 1 Fire Triangle

Fuel
Fuels are flammable or combustible materials and can be gases, liquids or solids.
Heat
These are ignition sources and include an open flame, lit cigarette and sparks (such as
from electrical current and static electricity shorts). A chemical reaction that creates

heat can also ignite a fuel and oxygen mixture.

Oxygen
The most common source of oxygen is air, but oxygen can also come from chemicals
called oxidizers. Examples of common oxidizers are some types of acids and
chemicals such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate and potassium
chlorate.
The spread or propagation of fire is also dependant on a fourth factor, the

chemical chain reactions that occur after the fire is started.

Fire prevention consists of making sure that the three legs of the fire triangle
never meet. It is important to note that a fire will not alwaysstart even when the legs of
the triangle meet unless all three elements are present in right amounts. For example,
vapours from a flammable liquid must be mixed with a certain amount of air and
exposed to the right amount of heat to ignite and burn. Once vapours from a flammable
liquid have ignited, the flames may flash-back. This means the flames travel back,
through the vapour air mixture, to the container or source of the flammable liquid. This
can create an explosion. Most flammable liquids produce vapours that are heavier than
air. Some flammable gases are also heavier than air. These gases and vapours can spread
a considerable distance along the ground or floor and be ignited by a distant spark or
flame or source of heat. Certain chemicals such as organic peroxides (e.g. benzoyl
peroxide) contain both fuel and oxygen. Special extra attention is needed for the safe
handling and storage of these materials.
Healthy
In addition to the danger of fire, flammable materials may themselves present a
health hazard. This can occur at air concentrations well below those needed to create a
fire hazard. For example, the lower explosive limit for acetone is 2.5 percent acetone in
air (about 25,000 parts per million), however workers can experience health effects such
as irritation and intoxication at concentrations of 1,000 parts per million. Flammable
gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide are toxic at very low
concentrations. Most vapours from flammable liquids are heavier than air and will
accumulate near the ground. They can displace the air. When there is not enough air or
oxygen, there is a hazard of asphyxiation (suffocation).
4. Properties of Flammable Material
a.

Autoignition temperature
A material's autoignition or ignition temperature is the temperature at which a
material self-ignites without any obvious sources of ignition, such as a spark or
flame. Most common flammable and combustible liquids have autoignition
temperatures in the range of 300C (572F) to 550C (1022F). Some have very low
autoignition temperatures. For example, ethyl ether has an autoignition temperature
of 160C (356F) and its vapours have been ignited by hot steam pipes. Serious

accidents have resulted when solvent-evaporating ovens were heated to temperatures

above the autoignition temperature of the solvents used. Autoignition temperatures,
however, are intended as guides, not as fine lines between safe and unsafe. Use all
precautions necessary.
b. Bleve
This is a type of pressure release explosion (boiling liquidexpanding vapour
explosion). It occurs when liquid containers fail(crack or rupture) due to fire.
c. Combustible liquid
A liquid with a flashpoint between 37OC (100OF) and 93OC (200OF).
Kerosene and mineral spirits are examples of combustible liquids.
d. Endothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that absorbs heat.
e. Exothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that gives off heat.
f. Explosion
The very rapid build up and release of pressure resulting from the ignition of
flammable gases or flammable liquid vapours in an enclosed container or space.
Explosions usually occur in situations where fuel and air have been allowed to mix
in the container or space before ignition so the combustion reaction occurs very
quickly. The tendencies of the pre-mixed gases to expand on burning will cause a
quick rise in pressure in the container which will result in damage to the container
unless proper pressure venting occurs.
g. Flammable range
The minimum and maximum concentration range of a flammable vapour in
air that can ignite on contact with an ignition source.
5. Safety Principles
By applying the following five principles you will be well on the way to making sure that
you are working safely with flammable substances.
Ventilation
Is there plenty of fresh air where flammable liquids or gases are stored and used? Good
ventilation will mean that any vapours given off from a spill, leak, or release from any
process, will be rapidly dispersed.
Ignition

Have all the obvious ignition sources been removed from the storage and handling areas?
Ignition sources can be very varied and they include sparks from electrical equipment or
welding and cutting tools, hot surfaces, open flames from heating equipment, smoking
materials etc.
Containment
Are your flammable substances kept in suitable containers? If you have a spill will it be
contained and prevented from spreading to other parts of the working area? Use of lidded
containers and spillage catchment trays, for example, can help to prevent spillages
spreading.
Exchange
Can you exchange a flammable substance for a less flammable one? Can you eliminate
flammable substances from the process altogether? You may be able to think of other
ways of carrying out the job more safely.
Separation
Are flammable substances stored and used well away from other processes and general
storage areas? Can they be separated by a physical barrier, wall or partition? Separating
your hazards in this manner will contribute to a safer workplace. Think about the
flammable substances you have in the workplace and apply these five principles
wherever possible. Tell workers, and others who need to know, the hazards and how
they should control them.
6. Storage of Flammable Material
Storage of flammable materials
In general, flammable materials must not be stored near exits, electrical equipment or
heating equipment. They should always be stored in a separate, well-ventilated storage
area, away from potential sources of ignition. If the material is removed from its original
container, it must be placed into a container that is appropriate for flammable materials.
Storage requirements flammable chemicals are:

Cold temperatures
Cold temperature will prevent
There Circulation Eve
Fire-resistant building
Kept out of fuel, combustible materials, materials that have a low flame point
Special ventilation

a. Flammable liquids
Flammable liquids can give off large volumes of flammable vapours at room
temperature. These vapours, when mixed with air, can ignite, often violently. Spilled
flammable liquids can, if not contained, flow a long way to an ignition source, and
then flash back to the source of the leak. Spills on clothing can represent a serious
risk of injury if ignited. To help control these risks:

Store flammable liquids in a separate storage area, or in a purpose-made bin or

cupboard;
Dispense and use them in a safe place where there is good ventilation and no

source of ignition;
Keep containers closed when not in use. If possible, use safety containers which

have self-closing lids;

Dispense liquids over a tray and keep some non-flammable absorbent material

handy to mop up spills;

Dispose of contaminated materials safely or call in disposal experts.

Portable storage containers for flammable liquids

When flammable liquids are transferred from their original container (one
they were purchased in), or from bulk storage such as a drum or tank, it is important
that the proper type of portable container be used. Containers that are approved for
the use and storage of portable quantities are usually made of metal or plastic, are
vapour-proof and have:

Welded seams,
Spark or flame arrestors,
Pressure release valves or spring closing lids with spout covers.

Container volume restrictions are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 Flammable Liquid Container Sizes

Safety cans

Must contain a spring closing lid and spout cover and must be five gallons or
less. This design allows safe relief of pressure when exposed to fire conditions.

Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage Cabinets

Yellow Safety Cabinets For aerosols, gasoline and flammable liquids.

Red Safety Cabinets For paint, inks and Class lll combustibles.
Self-Closing Models - Doors automatically close if temperature reaches
165F.

Should be equipped with two vents on opposite sides of the cabinet (usually
top right and bottom left) to protect contents from external fires. All contents should
be in closed containers. If the cabinet begins to deteriorate, replace it. Do not repaint
or make repairs to the cabinet. Once the structural integrity is altered, there is no
guarantee that the unit will be able to protect the contents from creating greater
damage in the event of a fire or explosion.

Another fundamental means of fire protection is the use of flammable storage

cabinets. The NFPA, OSHA and Uniform Fire Code (UFC) require flammable
cabinets to be designed and constructed to specific requirements. 1910.106(d)(3)(ii)
(a) states that metal cabinets must be constructed in the following manner:

Bottom, top and sides of cabinet shall be at least No. 18 ga. sheet steel

Cabinet must be doubled walled with 1" airspace

Joints shall be riveted, welded or made tight by some equally effective means

Door shall have a three-point latch

Door sill shall be raised at least 2" above the cabinet bottom to retain spilled
liquid within the cabinet

Cabinet shall have a "FLAMMABLEKEEP FIRE AWAY" legend

These regulations also provide an option for wood cabinets. 1910.106(d)(3)(ii)
(b) states that wood cabinets must be constructed in the following manner:

Bottom, top and sides of cabinet shall be at constructed of exterior grade

plywood at least 1" thick

Plywood shall not break down or delaminate under fire conditions

Joints shall be rebutted and fastened in two directions with flathead wood
screws

When more than one door is used, they should have a rebutted overlap of not
less than 1"

Doors shall be equipped with latches and hinges that are mounted to not lose
their holding capacity when subjected to fire

Door sill or pan shall be raised at least 2" above the cabinet bottom to retain
spilled liquid within the cabinet

Cabinet must have a "FLAMMABLEKEEP FIRE AWAY" legend

b. Flammable solids
Some types of plastic foam, packaging materials, polyester wadding and textiles will
ignite easily and burn fiercely, giving off a lot of dense black smoke. Remember:

Do not store these materials close to heaters or electrical equipment which could

run hot and act as a local ignition source;

Make sure that gangways and exits from storage and working areas are kept
clear of packaging materials, finished products containing flammable solids etc.
In the event of fire, gangways and exits could become obscured by smoke, so
the easier they are to find, the better.

Storage Cabinets

Proper storage cabinets can protect workers and the environment and can allow
you to store larger quantities of flammable solids safely.
See Keeping Incompatible Hazardous Materials Separated
See Hazardous Materials Storage Cabinets
See The Transition to Hazardous Waste
See Hazardous Product Containers

Indoor Storage
Flammable solids can be stored inside buildings so long as certain precautions are
taken. These precautions are based on fire code requirements. Check with your local
fire marshal because your area may have additional restrictions. Keeping the total
volume of flammable solids below the exempt amount (125 pounds) per control area
will avoid additional restrictions; see your hazmat coordinator if you have more than
125 pounds of flammable solids per control area.

Floors in flammable solid storage areas should be noncombustible.

Noncombustible shelving should be used.
Notify your local fire department if you have more than 100 pounds of
flammable solids onsite.
All products should be labeled with a flammable solid label.
Each control area must have a NO SMOKING sign.
Each control area must have a flammable solid hazard identification sign.
Dont store or transport damaged fusees.

Outdoor Storage

Flammable solids can be stored outside as well as inside, as long as storage does
not degrade the quality of the product. You can have up to two control areas,
possibly more if you have a large area, but each control area has restrictions.
Keeping the total storage volume of flammable solids below the exempt amount
(125 pounds) per control area will avoid additional restrictions.
Notify your local fire department if you have more than 100 pounds of
flammable solids onsite.
All products should be labeled with a flammable solid label.
Each control area must have a NO SMOKING sign.
Each control area must have a flammable solid hazard identification sign.

c. Flammable gases
Flammable gases stored in cylinders are usually at very high pressures, so their
uncontrolled release can present both physical and flammability hazards. A small

amount of the released gas can fill a large area with a potentially explosive
concentration very quickly. This is particularly the case with liquefied gases such as
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
When storing flammable gas in the workplace:

Store flammable gas cylinders in a separate well ventilated room

Do not store flammable gas cylinders with oxygen cylinders
Ensure that cylinders are properly secured so that they cannot fall over and

valves protected from damage

Always use the correct fittings and valves for the specific cylinder, do not mix

and match fittings

Protect hoses, connections and containers from damage and inspect them
regularly for signs of wear.

As well as the precautions outlined above for flammable gases, the following points
should be remembered:

Never Use Oxygen Instead Of Compressed Air;

Never Use Oxygen To Sweeten The Air In A Working Area Or Confined Space;
Never Use Grease or Oil On Equipment Containing Oxygen.

Flammable cylinder gas

If the walls of a store room neighbour on a public path or road, these walls
should have neither doors nor windows below a height of 2 m (except for self-

closing and fire doors).

A distance of a minimum of 2 m must be maintained between gas cylinders with
oxidizing gases and gas cylinders with flammable gases.

1. Flammable and combustible material storage options include

a. Refrigerators

Do not use domestic refrigerators/freezers for flammable or combustible liquid

storage. The internal components could cause a spark and ignite the contents. Make
sure the unit is explosion-proof or laboratory safe and indicate that it is to be used
for flammable material only.
b. Storage Rooms

Make sure the room is equipped with explosion-proof electrical fixtures. The room
should also be properly ventilated. Provide emergency spill cleanup equipment and
proper cleanup training to specific employees.

2. Handling flammable materials

Fire prevention
To prevent fires, flammable materials must be properly managed in the workplace.
There are three main ways to prevent fires:
1. Limit the amounts of flammable and combustible materials
Keep only what you need on-site
Purchase materials in the smallest volumes necessary
At work locations, keep only those chemicals that are needed for the present
task
Do not let hazardous wastes accumulate at the work site
Store products, including wastes, used at the work site in proper containers
Keep flammable materials separate from other processes and storage areas
2. Provide proper ventilation to ensure flammable vapours do not accumulate
Install properly designed ventilation in storage area
Ensure that processes that use or make flammable materials do not exhaust

back in the work site

Ensure that equipment, such as spray booths, where flammable materials

are used, are exhausted outside of the building, and away from air intakes
Ventilation systems must be properly
3. Control ignition sources
Ground and bond all work and ignition-proof equipment
Ensure that there is no smoking in work areas where flammable materials

are stored or used

Never store flammable materials near hot equipment or open flames
Use intrinsically safe and non-sparking tools
It is important that the employer assess the work site and identify

potential fire hazards. This will allow the employer to identify the best ways to
control these hazards.

Reactive chemicals
Some products contain chemicals, such as organic peroxides, which can explode if
they are not stored and handled correctly. Other substances can react vigorously with

incompatible materials or contaminants. For example, oxidising chemicals can cause

flammable materials to ignite, and some substances, such as sodium, react violently
with water and can ignite. The following points need to be considered:

Storage and process temperatures may need to be carefully controlled to prevent

dangerous decomposition or reaction;

Check labels and safety data sheets for physical properties and incompatibility
with other materials.

1. Personal Safety Equipment for Flammable Material

Laboratory Coat

All of us know if in laboratory, we must wear laboratory coat. No matter what kind
of material that you use. You have to wear laboratory coat. Because why? Because if
there is the material that left or spill, so material indirectly drop in our clothes or our
body.

Eye protection

Eye protection in the form of safety glasses must be worn at all times when handling
flammable chemicals. We use it to protect our eyes from flammable material because
our eyes is sensitive. Ordinary (street) prescription glasses do not provide adequate
protection. (Contrary to popular opinion these glasses cannot pass the rigorous test

for industrial safety glasses.) Adequate safety glasses must meet the requirements of
the Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection (ANSI Z.87.
1 1989) and must be equipped with side shields. Safety glasses with side shields do
not provide adequate protection from splashes; therefore, when the potential for
splash hazard exists other eye protection and/or face protection must be worn.

Eyewash

Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to flammable chemicals,
suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be
provided within the work area for immediate emergency use. If flammable material
hit your eye, we must already wash our eye. If you dont wash our eye already, eye
will burn and the bad effect is blindness.

Glove (dry) box

We use it when we will react in fume hood so our body not enter to fume hood. It
can minimize contaminationby flammable material.

Gloves

Gloves should be worn when handling flammable chemicals. Disposable nitrile

gloves provide adequate protection against accidental hand contact with small
quantities of most laboratory chemicals.

Safety shielding

Safety shielding is required any time there is a risk of explosion, splash hazard or a
highly exothermic reaction. All manipulations of flammable chemicals which pose
this risk should occur in a fume hood with the sash in the lowest feasible position.
Portable shields, which provide protection to all laboratory occupants are acceptable.

Safety shower

A safety or drench shower should be available in a nearby location where the

flammable chemicals are used. Usually, it use when the practice was done to remove
flammable material if that left in your body. Or it use when your flammable material
left to your body.
2. Emergencies
Whenever you work with flammable substances, there is the potential for
something to go wrong. You need to think about possible problems and make sure
everyone knows what to do in an emergency. Instructing staff in emergency procedures is
an important part of their job training, and should be ongoing. Examples of things to
think about are:

Make sure workers know enough to prevent the mixing of incompatible chemicals,
lay down the procedures to be followed if there is a leak or spill of flammable

material and make sure people know and understand them

If special first-aid facilities or equipment are required, then staff need to be trained
in their use.

3. Conclution
Flammable materials are substances that can ignite easily and burn rapidly. They
can be common materials that are at most work sites in gas, liquid and solid forms.
a. Flammable gases can be explosive when mixed with air in the right proportions.
Examples of flammable gases include: Hydrogen and Butane.
b. Flammable liquids have a flashpoint below 37.80C (1000F). Flammable liquids shall
be known as Class I liquids. Class I liquids are divided into three classes as follows:
Class

Examples

Class I
Acetaldehyde, Colodion, Ethyl Ether, Ethyl Cloride,
Methyl Ethyl Ether, Pentane, Petroleum Ether, Propyline
Oxide,

IA

Acetone Benzene, Butyl Alcohol, Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl

Alcohol, Gasoline, Methyl Alcohol, Methylcyclohexane,
Toluene.

IB
IC

Amyl Acetate, Amyl, Alcohol, Dibutyl Ether, Isopropanol,

Methyl Alcohol, Styrene, Turpentine, Xylene.
II
Class III

Acetic acid, naphtha and stoddard solvent

IIIA
Cyclohexanol, formic acid and nitrobenzene.

IIIB

Formalin and picric acid.

c. Flammable solid
Contact

from

outside

Example
sources Sulphur, phospor, picric acid, magnessium,

ignition
Spontaneously

aluminium

powder,

calcium

resinate,

celuoite dilitrophenol, hexamine.

flammable Carbon, carcoal non-activated,

substances
Dangerous when wet

carbon

black, aluminium alkyls, phosporus.

Calcium carbide, potassium phospide,
potassium, magnessium hydride, calcium
magnase

cylicon,

boron

triflouride,

dimethyl

etherate,

barium,

aluminium

hydride
Hazard of Flammable Material
a. Fire
For a fire to occur, there are three elements that must come together at the same time
and in the right proportions, fuel, heat (ignition source) and oxygen.

b. Healthy
In addition to the danger of fire, flammable materials may themselves present a
health hazard. Such as irritation, intoxication and asphyxiation.

Storage of Flammable Material

Storage requirements flammable chemicals are:

Cold temperatures
There Circulation Eve
Fire-resistant building
Kept out of fuel, combustible materials, materials that have a low flame point
Special ventilation

Storage Options
Refrigerators

Picture

Safety Cans

Storage Cabinets

Storage room

Handling flammable materials

Fire prevention
There are three main ways to prevent fires:

Limit the amounts of flammable and combustible materials

Provide proper ventilation to ensure flammable vapours do not accumulate
Control ignition sources

Personal Safety Equipment for Flammable Material

Safety Equipment

Picture

Laboratory Coat

Eye protection

Eye wash

Glove (dry) box

Gloves

Safety shielding

Safety shower