SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

A.

Sampling Distributions Appropriate for x

Case I
(a)
Sampling from a normal population
(b)
is known, is known
(c)
any sample size, n
z

Case II
(a)
Sampling is done from a population whose distribution is unknown or
non-normal
(b)
is known, is known or unknown
(c)
sample size is large (n>30)
z

n
x
S
n

if is known

if is unknown

Case III
(a)
Sampling from normal population
(b)
is known, is unknown
(c)
sample size is small (n<30)
t

B.

x
S
n

with v = n -1 (degrees of freedom)

Sampling Distributions Appropriate for x1 x 2

QUAMET1 Formula Sheet: Sampling Distribution

Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion
Hypothesis Testing

Page 1 of 6

Case I
(a)
(b)
(c)

Sampling from normal population

1 and 2 are known
any sample size, n1 and n 2
z

x1 x2 1 2
12 2 2

n1
n2

Case II
(a)
Distribution of sampling population is unknown, may be normal or nonnormal
1 and 2 are known or unknown
(b)
n1 and n 2 are >30
(c)
z

x1 x2 1 2
12
n1

2
n2

x1 x2 1 2
S12 S2 2

n1 n 2

if 1 and 2 are known

if 1 and 2 are unknown

Case III
(a)
Sampling from normal population
(b)
1 and 2 are unknown but 12 2 2
n1 and n 2 are <30
(c)
t

x1 x2 1 2
Sp

Sp

1
1

n1 n 2

with v = n1 n 2 2 (degrees of freedom)

n1 1 S12 n 2 1 S2 2

n1 n 2 2

(pooled variance)

QUAMET1 Formula Sheet: Sampling Distribution

Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion
Hypothesis Testing

Page 2 of 6

Case IV
(a)
Sampling population are normal
(b)
1 and 2 are unknown but 12 2 2
n1 and n 2 are <30
(c)
t

x1 x2 1 2
S12 S2 2

n1 n 2

S12 S2 2

n1 n 2
S12

n1

n1 1
C.

S2 2

n2

rounded to the nearest integer

n2 1

Sampling Distribution Appropriate for S2

Case I
(a)
n<30
(b)
sampling population is normal
X2

n 1 S2
2

v = n -1

Case II
(a)
n30
(b)
any sampling population
z

2n

D.

Sampling Distribution for the Ratio of Two Variances S12 / S2 2

QUAMET1 Formula Sheet: Sampling Distribution

Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion
Hypothesis Testing

Page 3 of 6

 2
F 2
12

S12

F1 ( v1 ,v2 )

E.

v1 n1 1 and v 2 n 2 1

S2 2

1
F ( v2 ,v1 )

Sampling Distribution Appropriate for p

Case I
(a)
Any sampling population
(b)
n<30
Use binomial distribution
Case II
(a)
Any sampling population
(b)
n>30
z

F.

p p
pq
n

Sampling Distribution Appropriate for p 1 p 2

p1 p 2 p1 p 2
p1 q 1 p 2 q 2

n1
n2

if p1 and p 2 are known

p1 p 2 p1 p 2

if p1 and p 2 are unknown

1
1

pq

n1 n 2
x x2
p 1
(pooled estimate of proportion)
n1 n 2

Hypothesis Testing for a Single Proportion (n < 30)

Ho:
H1:

p=k
p>k

Ho:
H1:

p=k
p<k

Ho:
H1:

QUAMET1 Formula Sheet: Sampling Distribution

Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion
Hypothesis Testing

p=k
pK
Page 4 of 6

:
o
C.R.
P(x xo / p = k) <

:
o
C.R.
P(x xo / p = k) <

:
C.R.

o
p^ = xo / n

If p^ < p: P(x xo / p = k) < /2

If p^ > p: P(x xo / p = k) <

/2
comp:
P(x xo / p = k) =

comp:
P(x xo / p = k) <

comp:
If p^ < p: P(x xo / p = k)

xo

b ( x , n, p )

xo

b ( x , n, p )

xo

b ( x , n, p )

If p^ > p: P(x xo / p = k)
n

b ( x , n, p )
xo

MEASURES OF AVERAGE AND VARIABILITY

Ungrouped Data
Mean

xi

i 1

x
Median

Grouped Data

use the rules you have learned in

finding for the median in
ungrouped data

Standard
Deviation

Average Deviation

AD

n xi 2 xi
n n 1

Xm

i 1

2 F( m1)
L
W
fm

n f i x i 2 fi x i
n n 1

AD

fi x i

xi x
n

GOODNESS OF FIT TEST

x2

oi ei 2
ei

v k 1 m

If v = 1
QUAMET1 Formula Sheet: Sampling Distribution
Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion
Hypothesis Testing

Page 5 of 6

x (corrected )

o e
i

1 2) 2

ei

QUAMET1 Formula Sheet: Sampling Distribution

Measures of Central Tendency & Dispersion
Hypothesis Testing

Page 6 of 6