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Chapter 1
Introduction
to Heat Transfer

Introduction
Heat is the form of energy that can be
result of temperature difference.

The science that deals with the

determination of the rates of such energy
transfers is heat transfer.

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transferred from one system to another as a

 The science of thermodynamics deals with

the amount of heat transfer as a system
undergoes a process from one equilibrium
state to another.
The science of heat transfer deals with the
rate of heat transfer, which is the main
quantity of interest in design and evaluation
of heat transfer equipment.

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Cont

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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

Energy Transfer
The amount of heat transferred per unit during
the process is denoted by Q.
The rate of heat transferred per unit time is is
denoted by Q!
Unit: Joule per second (J/s) or Watt (W)

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Unit : Joule (J)

Cont
The total amount of heat transfer Q during a
time interval t can be determined from

Q = Q! dt
0

The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal

to the direction of heat transfer is called heat
flux.

Q!
!q = , (W / m 2 )
A

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The First Law of Thermodynamics

Total energy
entering
the system

Total energy
leaving
the system

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Conservation of energy principle states that

energy can neither be created nor destroyed;
it can only change forms.
Change in the
total energy of
the system

Energy balance for closed

systems (fixed mass)
Stationary closed system:
(J)

when the system involves heat transfer only

and no work interactions across the
boundary.

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Ein Eout = U = mCvT

Energy Balance for steady flow

systems

m! = VAc

m!
!
V = VAc =

When the changes in kinetic and potential

energies are negligible, the energy balance for
the system reduces to:

! = mC
! p T(kJ / s)
Q! = mh

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Mass flow rate and the volume flow rate of a

fluid flowing in a pipe can be expressed as

Heat can be transferred by:

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
All modes of heat transfer require the
existence of a temperature difference.
Heat transfer are from high temperature
medium to a lower one.

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Heat Transfer Mechanisms

 Transfer of energy from energetic particles of

a substance to the adjacent less energetic
ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
Take place in solids, liquids, gases.
In gases and liquids: due to collisions and
diffusions of the molecules during random
motion.
In solids: due to combination of vibrations of
the molecules and the energy transported
by free electrons.

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Basic theory of heat conduction

 The rate at which heat is conducted through

a material is proportional to the area normal
to the heat flow and to the temperature
gradient along the heat flow path.
It depends on the geometry of the medium,
its thickness, and the material of the
medium, as well as the temperature different
across the medium.

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Cont

dT
!
Qcond = kA
(W )
dx
T
!
Qcond = kA
(W )
L

where:
k = thermal conductivity, W/m-K
= rate of heat flow, W
A = contact area
L = plane layer of thickness
T = T2 - T1 = temperature difference

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For a one dimensional, steady state heat flow

the rate is expressed by Fouriers equation:

 Material ability to conduct heat.

Unit: W/m-K or W/moC
Definition: The rate of heat transfer through a
unit of thickness of the material per unit area
per unit temperature difference.
It is a measure of how fast heat will flow in
that material.
A large value of thermal conductivity indicates
that the material is a good conductor, and a
low value indicates the material is a poor heat
conductor or insulator.

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Thermal conductivity, k

 Made of energy transfer between a solid

surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in
motion.
There are two types of convection:
1. forced convection
- fluid is forced to flow over the surface by
external mean, such as fan.
2. natural convection
- caused by buoyancy forces that are
induced by density difference due to
variation of temperature in the fluid.

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Basic theory of heat convection

Example

Hot
metal

Natural Convection

Hot
metal

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Forced Convection

 The rate of convection heat transfer is

expressed by Newtons Law of Cooling as

(W)

= heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.oC)

A = surface area thro which convection HT

takes place
Ts = surface temperature
T = temperature of the fluid

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Q! conv = hAs (Ts-T)

 Energy emitted by matter in the form of

electromagnetic waves as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of
the atoms/molecules.
Does not require any medium.
Energy transfer by radiation is the fastest (at
the speed of light) and it suffers no
attenuation in a vacuum.
This is exactly how the energy from the sun
reaches the earth.

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Basic theory of heat radiation

 = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4

= 0.1714 x 10-8 Btu/h.ft2.R4
= Stefan Boltzmann constant

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The maximum rate of radiation that can be

emitted from a surface at an absolute
temperature Ts is given by Stefan Boltzmann
Law :
Q! emit ,max = As Ts4
(W)

 = emissivity
=01
blackbody, = 1

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When a surface of emissivity and a surface A

at an absolute temperature Ts is completely
enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface at
absolute temperature Tsurr separated by a gas
(such as air), the rate of radiation HT:
Q! rad = As (Ts4 Tsurr4)
(W)