Primary Works Cited

(26786) UFW, Padilla, Abernathy, 1960s. Digital image. Walter P. Reuther Library.
Wayne State University, 2011. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/8096>. We used this picture to show Abernathy
communicated with all people to achieve his goals.
"381 Days - The Montgomery Bus Boycott Story." Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Exhibition Service - About the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition
Service's Mission, History, and Goals. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.sites.si.edu/exhibitions/exhibits/archived_exhibitions/381/main.htm>
. This website provided us with two quote on the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The
first quote was by Fred Gray who was the attorney for Browder v. Gayle. Browder
v. Gayle affirmed that racial segregation of public buses unconstitutional. The
second quote was by the AARP President Marie Smith.
50 Years Later, King's Birmingham 'Letter' Still Resonates. Digital image. National Public
Radio, 15 Apr. 2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.wbur.org/npr/177355381/50-years-later-kings-birmingham-letterstill-resonates>. We used this picture to show how, along with Martin Luther King
Jr., Abernathy lead people in the Birmingham protest.
After NAACP Marriage Stance, Discord And Discussion. N.d. NPR. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.npr.org/2012/06/08/154522287/after-naacp-marriage-stance-discordand-discussion>. We used this picture to show how Rev. Ralph Abernathy, Martin
Luther King Jr., Bayard Rustin working together during the Civil Rights
movement

Alabama State University's Degree Programs and Majors. Digital image. Education
Career Articles RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
<http://educationcareerarticles.com/education-articles/higher-educationarticles/alabama-state-universitys-degree-programs-and-majors/>. This is the
official stamp for Alabama State University-the college Ralph Abernathy
attended.
American Civil Rights Leader Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Lying in State... Digital image.
Getty Images. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 May 2015.
<http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/american-civil-rights-leader-drmartin-luther-king-jr-lying-news-photo/2669968>. We used this picture to show
Abernathy at Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s casket. This symbolizes how close
Abernathy was to King.
And the Struggle Continues: The Southern Christian Leadership Conferences Fight for
Social Change. Digital image. MARBL Blog. Emory Libraries & Information
Technology, 2013. Web. 05 Jan. 2015.
<https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/marbl/2013/02/21/and-the-struggle-continuesthe-southern-christian-leadership-conferences-fight-for-social-change/>. We used
this picture to show what the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was
fighting for. This also helps us to further understand what Abernathy fought for
and believed in.
Bennie Thompson. Digital image. GovTrack.us. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/MS>. We used this picture to show
Abernathy's legacy as an inspiration to African Americans in the government.

Blumenthal, Mark. White Voters vs. African American Voters. Digital image. The
Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/25/voting-rightsdata_n_3498835.html>. We used this picture to analyze data that showed that
African American voting as greatly increased since the Civil Rights Movement.
Boyd, Lewis. SCLC Convention. Digital image. Atlanta History Center. N.p., 2009. Web.
05 Jan. 2015. <http://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/store/Products/91354-sclcconvention.aspx>. We used this picture to get a glimpse of the Southern
Leadership Conference Sign. This was helpful to us because it showed exactly
what Abernathy was looking at when he walked into the SCLC.
Buses Are A'Comin' N.d. The Pop History Dig - a Collection of Short Stories about
Popular Culture. Web. 28 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/freedom-riders-1961/>. We used this
website for a picture of Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King Jr. during a
protest.
Civil Rights Act of 1964. Digital image. Civil Rights Act of 1964 , 07/02/1964. National
Archives, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.
<http://research.archives.gov/description/299891>. We used this picture to
represent one of the things gained because of the Civil Rights Movement. Without
the help of Abernathy, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 never would have passed.
Civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., left, and his chief deputy, Rev. Ralph
Abernathy arrive at the Montgomery, Ala. courthouse. Digital image. Beaumont
Enterprise. Hearst Newspapers, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/photos/article/Dr-Martin-Luther-King-Jr-

His-life-in-pictures-956071.php#photo-516622>. We used this picture to show

Abernathy and King going to a courthouse to fulfill their duties in the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference.
The Civil Rights Movement: Montgomery Bus Boycott. Digital image. The Civil Rights
Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. <http://myecoach.com/project.php?id=17656>. This is a picture of Ralph Abernathy leading
a group of people during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
The Civil Rights Movement. N.d. USINFO Photo Gallery. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.
<http://photos.state.gov/galleries/usinfo-photo/39/civil_rights_07/18.html>. We
used this photo to show how Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., Hosea
Williams, and Jessie Jackson worked side by side in the Civil Rights effort.
Civil rights protestors are attacked with a water cannon. Digital image. 1963: The Defining
Year of the Civil Rights Movement. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.theguardian.com/society/series/1963-50-years-on>. This photo
demonstrates the cruelty and brutality that was shown tomorrows African
Americans during the Civil Rights Movement.
"Civil Rights Quotes." Civil Rights Quotes. History Learning Site, n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/civil%20rights%20quotes.htm>. We used
this website for quotes about the Civil Rights Movement. These quotes from
different people helped us to understand all of the feelings behind this movement.
"Civil Rights Quotes." Civil Rights Quotes. History Learning Site, n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/civil%20rights%20quotes.htm>. We used
this website for quotes about the Civil Rights Movement. These quotes from
different people helped us to understand all of the feelings behind this movement.

Cravens, Don. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and Desegregation. Digital image.
HowStuffWorks. InfoSpace, n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
<http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/civil-rightsmovement4.htm>. We used this picture to discover what a planning meeting
looked like for the SCLC. It showed us the enviroment that they were in and how
everyone worked together.
Dave Brubeck & Ralph Abernathy. Digital image. Milken Archive of Jewish Music. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2015. <http://www.milkenarchive.org/images/view/312>. We
used this picture to show that Abernathy worked with many well known people
behind the scenes to create a successful movement.
David Katzman. 2014. N.p. This is a picture of David Katzman. Mr. Katzman was one of
the people we interviewed for our project. He is a professor in American Studies
at the University of Kansas
Dr. David Katzman. 2004. Kansas. MAASA: Mid-America American Studies Association.
Web. 31 Dec. 2014. <http://maasa.net/kolmer.html>. This is a photo of Dr. David
Katzman. He is the professor of American Studies at the University of Kansas.
We conducted an interview with him about Ralph Abernathy.
Dr. King's Poor Peoples' Campaign. N.d. The Borgen Project RSS2. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://borgenproject.org/dr-kings-poor-peoples-campaign/>. This picture was
taken during the a march in the Poor Peoples' Campaign. It shows the passion and
determination the participants had towards the campaign.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. leads marchers on a five day, 50 mile march in March 21, 1965.
Digital image. CBCnews. CBC/Radio Canada, 06 Oct. 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.cbc.ca/toronto/features/tahrir/nonviolence.html>. We used this

photograph to show Abernathy marching in the Civil Rights Movement. This

picture helped us to understand how many people fought for one cause.
Fred L. Shuttlesworth, Ralph Abernathy, and Martin Luther King Jr. 1963. Birmingham,
Alabama. Boston College Magazine The Whole Truth Comments. Web. 15 Nov.
2014. <http://bcm.bc.edu/issues/fall_2011/features/the-whole-truth.html>. We
used this photo to show Ralph Abernathy and his colleges working together
during the Civil Rights Movement.
Gamoran, Hillel. "NHD Interview with Rabbi Hillel Gamoran." Telephone interview. 9
Mar. 2015. We interviewed this man because he attended one of the marches
Abernathy helped to organize. Rabbi Gamoran marched in Selma and it was really
eye opening to talk to someone who had actually been at a march. I think it helped
us understand what it actually felt like to be standing up for someone's rights.
Garrow, David. "Interview with David Garrow." Telephone interview. 11 Mar. 2015. We
interviewed David Garrow because he is a well-known author on the Civil Rights
Movement. His vast knowledge of that time period and all that went on in it was
very helpful to us. We learned a lot from all that he said.
Georgie Woods, Rev. Ralph Abernathy-SCLC, WDAS Newsman Ed Bradley-later of CBS
News, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., WDAS General Manager Bob Klein,
Philadelphia NAACP President Cecil Moore, Esq. Digital image. Gallery I WDAS History. Bob Klein Archive, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.wdashistory.net/3.html>. This is a picture of Abernathy cooperating
with other Civil Rights Movement leaders. It shows that he was a major part of
the movement.

Georgie Woods, Rev. Ralph Abernathy-SCLC, WDAS Newsman Ed Bradley-later of CBS

News, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., WDAS General Manager Bob Klein,
Philadelphia NAACP President Cecil Moore, Esq. N.d. Philadelphia. WDAS
History. Web. 28 Dec. 2014. <http://www.wdashistory.org/3.html>. We used this
website for a photo of Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Georgie Woods,
and Ed Bradley, Bob Klein and Cecil Moore.
Herron, Matt. Rev. Ralph David Abernathy, SCLC. Digital image. Veterans of the Civil
Rights Movement -- Images of a Peoples' Movement. N.p., 2004. Web. 15 Nov.
2014. <http://www.crmvet.org/images/pherron.htm>. We used this photograph to
portray the passion Ralph Abernathy had when delivering his speeches.
Jacqueline Jones. Digital image. University of Texas at Austin. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar.
2015. <http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/history/faculty/jj23464>. This is a
picture of Dr. Jones. We used her picture to show what one of our interviewees
looks like.
Jones, Corinne. 'Larger than Life' Civil Rights Icon Honored with Statue in Capitol. Digital
image. CNN. Cable News Network, 27 Feb. 2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/27/politics/rosa-parks-statue/>. We used this
picture to show how close Abernathy and King were. Abernathy is shown
standing next to King's wife. Not just anyone would get to comfort King's wife in
a moment like this.
Jones, Jacqueline. "Interview with Dr. Jones." E-mail interview. 12 Mar. 2015. We
interviewed Dr. Jones for the perspective of a history professor. Her educational
insight helped us to understand all of the facts about Abernathy and what was
going on during the Civil Rights Movement.

June 15, 1963: Seattles First Civil Rights March. Digital image. The Seattle Star. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 11 May 2015. <http://www.seattlestar.net/2013/06/june-15-1963seattles-first-civil-rights-march/>. We used this picture to show how many people
the Civil Rights Movement touched. Even people all the way in Seattle responded
to Abernathy and what he was doing in the South.
Legacy: How Do We Assess What Was? Digital image. Legacy: How Do We Assess What
Was? John Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://bfsa.sts.jhu.edu/bpexhibit/exhibit_one_b.htm>. We used this picture to
show how Ralph Abernathy promoted the Southern Leadership Conference.
Linden, Alabama. N.d. ACES: Alabama Extension. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.aces.edu/counties/Marengo/>. This picture is a map of Alambama
with Linden highlighted.
March on Washington. 1968. DeseretNews.com. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.
<http://m.deseretnews.com/photo/865585076>. We used this photo because it
shows Abernathy in the middle of a march. It shows how much his cause meant to
him.
MLK and Abernathy in the Square with the Law. Digital image. CNS News. N.p., n.d. Web.
02 Feb. 2015. <http://cnsnews.com/blog/terence-p-jeffrey/mlk-just-law-manmade-code-squares-law-god>. This is a picture of Ralph Abernathy and MLK
being arrested.
NEA's MLK Award to Dr. Ralph Abernathy (Posthumously). YouTube. N.p., 3 July 2012.
Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://youtu.be/-xmo5Z-umCA>. This video was about the
accomplishments and hardships of Ralph Abernathy.

Obama's Historic Journey. Digital image. NY Daily News. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-backs-same-sexmarriage-milestones-president-meteoric-rise-white-house-gallery1.8950?pmSlide=1.18584>. We used this picture to show how African Americans
have overcome so much prejudice that there is now an African American
president.
Ohio Civil Rights Commission. White Only Pool Sign' Digital image. ABC News. ABC
News Network, 15 Dec. 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2015.
<http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/12/exclusive-white-only-pool-signowner-explains/>. We used this picture to show that even public places were
wrongly segregated.
Poll Tax Outlawed for U.S. Elections. Digital image. United States Constitution and
Citizenship Day. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.usconstitutionday.us/p/24th-amendment.html>. This is a picture of a
1964 newspaper article on the banishment of poll taxes in U.S. Elections. This
article was released after the passing of the 24th Amendment, which Abernathy
helped to pass.
Poll Tax Receipt. Digital image. Omeka RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.
<http://chnm.gmu.edu/laurelgrove/items/show/84>. We used this picture to show
that the 24th amendment eliminated poll tax. This amendment was one of the
major outcomes of the Civil Rights Movement.
Poor People's Campaign 1968. N.d. The King Center - Since 1968. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/poor-peoples-campaign-

1968#>. This photo was a picture of a Poor People's Campaign brochure. This
brochure has all the important dates and locations of the protests.
Poor People's Campaign, Speeches, Abernathy. 1968. Washington, D.C. Walter P. Reuther
Library. Web. 29 Dec. 2014. <http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/7705>. This is a
photo of Ralph Abernathy delivering a speech during the Poor People's Campaign.
Pratt, Wes. "Interview with Wes Pratt." Telephone interview. 15 Dec. 2014. Wes Pratt
participated in the Civil Rights Movement himself. He was the president of a
youth division of the NAACP. We interviewed him so we could get the
perspective of someone who actively took part in the movement, like Ralph
Abernathy. He helped us to understand the feeling of participating in something as
big as the Civil Rights Movement. He also explained why he looked up to
Abernathy.
Protestors march in Nevada as part of Ralph David Abernathys War Against Repression,
circa 1971. Digital image. Civil Rights Archive Opens to the Public. N.p., 3 May
2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2015.
<http://news.emory.edu/stories/2012/05/upress_sclc_archives_to_open/campus.ht
ml>. We used this picture to show Abernathy marching with and for the poor
people of this country. This shows how compassionate Abernathy was and that he
supported this cause.
Rabbi Emeritus Hillel Gamoran. Digital image. Beth Tikvah Congregation. N.p., n.d. Web.
9 Mar. 2015. <http://www.beth-tikvah.org/welcome2/leadership/clergy/emeriti>.
This is a picture of Rabbi Hillel Gamoran. We used this picture to show what one
of our interviewees looked like.

Ralph Abernathy arrest mug from the Bus Boycott. Digital image. Montgomery Bus
Boycott. Montgomery Advertiser, 2013. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/portfolio_1/621/>. We used this picture to
show the hardships Ralph Abernathy went through when fighting in the Civil
Rights Movement. He got arrested multiple times and this image represents that.
Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Andrew Young Walking. 1965. Selma.
Andrew Young -- Academy of Achievement Photo Credit. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/photocredit/achievers/you0-004>. In this
picture, Abernathy, King and Young are walking side by side.
Ralph Abernathy Speaks at Southern Baptist Conference. 1968. Boston. UPI. Web. 31 Dec.
2014. <http://www.upi.com/topic/Ralph_Abernathy/>. In this picture, Ralph
Abernathy is delivering a speech at the Southern Baptist Conference in Boston,
Massachusetts.
Remembering King. Digital image. Omeka RSS. Reuther Library, n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2015.
<http://dlxs.lib.wayne.edu/iamaman/panel16>. We used this image to show Ralph
Abernathy shaking Senator Ted Kennedy's hand. This tells us that Abernathy took
his job at the Southern Christian Leadership Conference seriously and took pride
in honoring his best friend, King.
Representative Daphne D. Campbell. Digital image. Florida House of Representatives.
N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberI
d=4522&LegislativeTermId=86>. We used this picture to show an African
American women in government today.

Representative Stacey Abrams. Digital image. Representative Stacey Abrams. N.p., n.d.
Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://www.house.ga.gov/Representatives/enUS/member.aspx?Member=58&Session=24>. We used this picture to show that
African American women play a role in government today.
Rev. Ralph Abernathy, Head of Southern Christian Leadership Conference. 1969. Peace
History April. Web. 31 Dec. 2014. <http://www.peacebuttons.info/ENews/peacehistoryapril.htm>. In this picture, Ralph Abernathy is speaking in
front of a large group of people during the Southern Christian Leadership
Conference.
Rev. Ralph Abernathy, Leader of the Poor People's Campaign, Addresses a Group in
Washington, D.C. 1968. PBS. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/img_15_poor_07.html>.
This is a picture of Ralph Abernathy delivering a speech during the Poor People's
Campaign. We used this photograph to show the passion and dedication
Abernathy had towards this cause.
Rev. Ralph Abernathy. N.d. The Death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.jofreeman.com/photos/Kingfuneral2.html>. This is a picture of
Ralph Abernathy dressed in this minster robe. He is speaking at Martin Luther
King Jr.'s funeral.
The Rev. Ralph Abernathy (with Megaphone) Speaks during a Protest at Dallas City Hall.
1972. The Dallas Morning News. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://photographyblog.dallasnews.com/2012/10/today-in-dallas-photo-history1972-standoff-at-city-hall.html/>. In this picture, Ralph Abernathy is speaking in
front of a group of people in Dallas.

Rev. Ralph David Abernathy. Digital image. Montgomery Bus Boycott RSS. N.p., n.d. Web.
14 Jan. 2015. <http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/rev-ralph-david-abernathy/>.
We used this picture to show how Ralph Abernathy collaborating with Parks and
King to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Rev Ralph David Abernathy, Sr (1926 - 1990) - Find A Grave Photos. Digital image. Rev
Ralph David Abernathy, Sr (1926 - 1990) - Find A Grave Photos. N.p., n.d. Web.
18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=8533&PIpi=7699705>. We used this image to show
what Abernathy's grave looked like. Even though he is gone, this picture
represents who he once was.
Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy Talking to Freedom Riders.
N.d. Montgomery, AL. PBS. Web. 28 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/freedomriders/people/ralphabernathy>. We used this website for a picture of Abernathy and King talking to
Freedom Riders in Montgomery, AL. This picture shows the two working
together.
Rodger Mell Smitherman, Currently Elected State Senator District 18, Alabama. Digital
image. Rodger Mell Smitherman, Currently Elected State Senator District 18,
Alabama. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. <http://voteal.org/Intro.aspx?State=AL&Id=ALSmithermanRodgerMell>. We used this
picture to show how Abernathy inspired African Americans to make a difference
in America by being senators.
The Rosa Parks Arrest Report. 1955. Montgomery, AL. The Rosa Parks Arrest Report,
Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 - Rosa Parks Arrest Report | FlaglerLive. Web. 01

Jan. 2015. <http://flaglerlive.com/3300/rosa-parks-arrest-report-1955-image/>.

This is a picture of the official arrest report on Rosa Parks.
Rosa Parks Arrested for Civil Disobedience. 1955. Library of Congress. America's Library.
Web. 31 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/modern/jb_modern_parks_1.html>. In this
picture, a police officer is taking Rosa Parks finger prints. Shortly after this
picture was taken, Parks was sent to a jail cell.
Rosa Parks Being Arrested. N.d. StudyBlue. Web. 01 Jan. 2015.
<https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/social-studies-19501975/deck/6324627>. This is a photo of Rosa Park's mug shot. It was taken
shortly after her arrest.
Rosa Parks on the Bus. 1955. Shifts in the American Culture - By Miles Hodges. Web. 31
Dec. 2014. <http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/03_The-World-since1900/09_The-Cold-War/09d_Shifts-in-American-Culture-2.htm>. In this picture,
Rosa Parks is sitting on the bus. This was the same bus that she would later be
arrested on.
Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Digital image. The Portland Press Herald Maine
Sunday Telegram Controversy amid Oscar Buzz Selma Criticized for Portrayal of
LBJ Comments. N.p., 02 Jan. 2015. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.pressherald.com/2015/01/03/controversy-amid-oscar-buzz-selmacriticized-for-portrayal-of-lbj/>. We used this picture of Ralph Abernathy at the
signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to show his accomplishments. His
leadership led to a legacy of racial equality.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Banner. N.d. Kwanzaa - African American

History. Web. 29 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.kwanzaaguide.com/history/history_ujima.htm>. In this photograph,
there is a SCLC banner hanging from a building.
Texas House of Representative Scott Turner. Digital image. Texas House of
Representatives. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.house.state.tx.us/members/member-page/?district=33>. We used this
picture to show how African American participation in government is more
popular.
Thurgood Marshall. Digital image. African American History Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 26
Feb. 2015. <http://www.africanamericanhistoryonline.com/thurgoodmarshall.php>. This is a picture of Thurgood Marshall who was the first African
American to serve on the Supreme Court. Thanks to Abernathy, Marshall was
able to pursue his dreams.
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Seal. N.d. EEOC/OPM
Memorandum: Equal Pay in the Federal Government. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.eeoc.gov/federal/memo_epa.cfm>. This Commission was the result
of the hard work put worth by Ralph Abernathy in the Civil Rights Movement.
A U.S. Marshal Serves Martin Luther King Jr. with a Temporary Restraining Order
barring a March in Memphis without Court Approval. 1968. Memphis. APWU.
Web. 31 Dec. 2014. <http://apwumembers.apwu.org/laborhistory/111_jamesorange/11-1_jamesorange.htm>. In this picture a US Marshal is giving
Abernathy and King a temporary restraining order for conducting a march in
Memphis without court approval.

Secondary Works Cited

"25 Quotes On Leadership." Thin Difference. N.p., 05 Apr. 2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.thindifference.com/2014/04/05/quotes-leadership-for-millennials/>.
We used this website for quotes on leadership. They helped us get into
Abernathy's world of leadership and what it felt like to be a leader.
"Civil Rights Movement: An Overview | Scholastic.com." Scholastic Teachers. Scholastic
Inc., 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014. <http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/civilrights-movement-overview>. We used this article for information on the Civil
Rights Movement. We also used it to find the dates of certain events.
"Famous Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.brainyquote.com/>. This website provided us with many quotes that
revolved around our topic. These quotes are essential in portraying or topic.
Fletcher, Michael A. "Ralph Abernathy's Widow Says March Anniversary Overlooks Her
Husband's Role." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 31 Aug. 2013. Web. 03
Dec. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/wife-of-civilrights-leader-abernathy-says-lack-of-invite-on-march-anniversary-is-aslight/2013/08/31/89d71028-0a9f-11e3-8974-f97ab3b3c677_story.html>. We
used this website for a news article featuring Ralph Abernathy's wife, Juanita
Abernathy. It was very helpful to get her perspective on what Abernathy
accomplished.
Gaillard, Frye. "EOA Links." Encyclopedia of Alabama: Ralph David Abernathy. N.p., 14
Mar. 2007. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1110>. We used
this website for information regarding Ralph Abernathy's marriage and children.
Gates, Henry L., Jr. "Who Designed the March on Washington?" The African Americans:
Many Rivers to Cross. PBS, 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/100amazing-facts/who-designed-the-march-on-washington/>. We used this website
for information on the role Bayard Rustin played in the Civil Rights Movement.
Greene, Leonard. "How MLK's Right-hand Man Was 'erased' from History." New York
Post. N.p., 21 Dec. 2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.
<http://nypost.com/2014/12/21/how-mlks-right-hand-man-was-erased-fromhistory/>. We used this website to learn about how Abernathy has been "written
out" of history. We found it very interesting that someone who did so much could
be swept away so easily.
Hampton, Henry. "DR. KING'S BEST FRIEND." The New York Times. The New York
Times, 28 Oct. 1989. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/books/dr-king-s-best-friend.html>. We
used this website to access an article about Abernathy's relationship with King. It
helped us to understand how the two worked together to accomplish their goals.
Lohr, Kathy. "Poor People's Campaign: A Dream Unfulfilled." NPR. National Public
Radio, 19 June 2008. Web. Nov. 2014. We used this website for information on
The Poor People's Campaign that Ralph Abernathy took over after the
assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
"Montgomery Bus Boycott." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 20 Nov.
2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott>.

We used this website for background information on the Montgomery Bus

Boycott. It helped us to understand how the movement began and how Ralph
Abernathy helped to lead it.
"Montgomery Bus Boycott." Montgomery Bus Boycott RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/>. We used this website for information on
Ralph Abernathy's significance in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. We also used it
to analyze how Rosa Parks sparked the movement with her defiance.
Morris, Aldon. "Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Lokashakti Encyclopedia.
Lokashakti Inc., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.lokashakti.org/encyclopedia/groups/144-southern-christianleadership-conference>. We used this article for background information on the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference and for quotes about the organization.
It helped us to understand what people thought about the SCLC.
"Overview." Montgomery Bus Boycott RSS. Montgomery Advertiser, n.d. Web. 18 Nov.
2014. <http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/overview/>. We used this website
for quotes by Rosa Parks about the Montgomery Bus. We also used it for an
overview of the event so that it could be fully analyzed.
"Poor Peoples Campaign." Poor Peoples Campaign. Stanford University, n.d. Web. 18
Nov. 2014. <http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_poor_peoples_cam
paign/>. We used this website to research the outcome of the Poor People's
Campaign. This information allowed us to analyze the event and show its
important in the Civil Rights Movement.

"Ralph Abernathy: King's Right Hand Man." Legacy.com. N.p., 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 20
Dec. 2014. <http://www.legacy.com/news/legends-and-legacies/ralph-abernathykings-right-hand-man/572/>. We used this website to get more opinions on Ralph
Abernathy's legacy. From this article we have learned that many people still look
up to Abernathy and praise him for what he has done.
"Results of the Civil Rights Movement." Open Hish School Courses. N.p., n.d. Web. 10
Dec. 2014.
<http://openhighschoolcourses.org/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=713>. We
used this website for imformation on the outcome of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Roots. "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 1947. YouTube. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
<http://youtu.be/ta6UmkqzZA0>. We used this song because we thought it very
much applied to the Civil Rights Movement and Ralph Abernathy. He did not let
anything get him down.
The Roots. "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 1947. YouTube. Web. 20 Dec. 2014.
<http://youtu.be/ta6UmkqzZA0>. We used this song because we thought it very
much applied to the Civil Rights Movement and Ralph Abernathy. He did not let
anything get him down.
"Sclcnational.org." Sclcnationalorg. WordPress, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
<http://sclcnational.org/>. This is the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
website. Abernathy founded this organization and this clearly shows leadership
along with a legacy. We used this website to investigate the organization that
Abernathy put his life into.
Smith, Vern E. "The Rebirth of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference." Ebony
Apr. 2007: 58-62. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 5 Apr. 2015.

"Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)." Southern Christian Leadership

Conference (SCLC). Stanford, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. <http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_southern_christian
_leadership_conference_sclc/>. We used this website for information on the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization which Abernathy
helped found. This information helped us to grasp the importance of this
organization Abernathy lead.
"Voting Rights Act | United States [1965]." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia
Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/633044/Voting-Rights-Act>. We
used this website to see how some of the laws Abernathy helped to pass effected
African Americans lives.
"The Walls Came Tumbling Down." Booknotes. National Cable Satellite Corporation,
2014. Web. 28 Dec. 2014. <http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/97181/Rev+Ralph+David+Abernathy.aspx>. We used this website for information on
an interview on Ralph Abernathy.
Williams, Brennan. "How The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 Changed American History." The
Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/09/civil-rights-act-50-yearanniversary_n_5119723.html>. We used this website to find statistical analysis
that showed how Abernathy left his legacy in the laws he helped pass.