ECONOMIC GROWTH

AND
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

Economic Growth

Economic growth measures an increase in Real GDP. (real Output). GDP is a

measure of the national income / national output and national expenditure. It
basically measures the total volume of goods and services produced in an
economy.
It also refers as increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and
services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can
be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which
are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one country's economic growth to
another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account
population differences between countries.

Economic Development
Development looks at a wider range of statistics than just GDP per capita. It is
concerned with how people are actually affected. It looks at their actual living
standards
Measures of economic Development will look at:
o

Real income per head GDP per capita

o Levels of literacy and education standards

o Levels of health care e.g. number of doctors per 1000 population
o Quality and availability of housing
o Levels of environmental standards
Factors affecting Economics growth in developing countries
o Levels of infrastructure e.g. transport and communication
o Levels of corruption
o Educational standards and labour productivity
o Labour mobility
o Flow of foreign aid and investment
o Level of savings and investment

Economic Growth without Development

It is possible to have economic growth without development. i.e. an increase in
GDP, but most people dont see any actual improvements in living standards.

Economic growth may only benefit a small % of the population. For example, if
a country produces more oil, it will see an increase in GDP. However, it is
possible, that this oil is only owned by one firm, and therefore, the average
worker doesnt really benefit.
Corruption. A country may see higher GDP, but the benefits of growth may be
siphoned into the bank accounts of politicians
Environmental problems. Producing toxic chemicals will lead to an increase in
real GDP. However, without proper regulation it can also lead to environmental
and health problems. This is an example of where growth leads to a decline in
living standards for many.
Congestion. Economic growth can cause an increase in congestion. This
means people will spend longer in traffic jams. GDP may increase but they
have lower living standards because they spend more time in traffic jams.
Production not consumed. If a state owned industry increases output, this is
reflected in an increase in GDP. However, if the output is not used by anyone
then it causes no actual increase in living standards.
Military Spending. A country may increase GDP through spending more on
military goods. However, if this is at the expense of health care and education it
can lead to lower living standards.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH

AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Economic growth and development is often used interchangeably but there is a

difference. Economic growth is an increase in the amount of the goods and
services produced over a specific period of time. Generally, economic
development refers to policymakers' actions which promotes the health,
political, and social well-being of a specific area. Common areas of
development includes literacy rates, life expectancy, unemployment, and
poverty rates. Economic development leads to the economic growth of a
country.
Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.It is an
increase in a country's real level of national output which can be caused by an
increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.), increase in the quantity
of resources & improvements in technology or in another way an increase in
the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy.
Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a country's GDP (gross
domestic product). Economic development is a normative concept i.e. it applies
in the context of people's sense of morality (right and wrong, good and bad).
The definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase

in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from

oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of
measuring development is the Human Development Index which takes into
account the literacy rates & life expectancy which affect productivity and could
lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in
the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the
environment.It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen.
Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal economy.
The informal economy is also known as the black economy which is
unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from low
standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic
Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which
might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is
concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present
without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming
more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on
them due to Global warming. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient
condition of economic development.
Economic development is the sustained, concerted actions of policy makers
and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a
specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as the
quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Such actions can involve
multiple areas including development of human capital, critical infrastructure,
regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health,
safety, literacy, and other initiatives. Economic development differs from
economic growth. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention
endeavor with aims of economic and social well-being of people, economic
growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and rise in GDP. Consequently,
as economist Amartya Sev points out: economic growth is one aspect of the
process of economic development.
Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal economy.
The informal economy is also known as the black economy which is
unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from low
standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic
Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which
might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is
concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present
without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming
more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on
them due to Global warming.
Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic
development.
References:
www.economicshelp.org/blog/
Statistics on the Growth of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from
2003 to 2013, IMF, October 2012.