Metal Forming &

Machining
MF C314

Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydrostatic pressure affects the following properties of

metals:

Ductility

Yield strength or flow stress

Strain hardening index

Strain rate index

Hydrostatic pressure does not lead to plastic

deformation.

Hydrostatic pressure increases ductility and formability.

The phenomena of increased ductility with hydrostatic
pressure is called pressure induced ductility.


Both the steel show increase in volume during plastic

deformation as well as increase in yield strength under

hydrostatic pressure.

There is no effect of hydrostatic pressure on strain
hardening.

A constant difference in yield strength in tension and in
compression.

The yield strength in compression is higher than that in
tension.

The difference between the two strengths is not
affected by hydrostatic pressure.

Ductility and formability

Ductility is essential property of material for its

formability.

Ductility is not constant for a metal or under all
conditions.

It gets modified by process parameters.

Therefore same material may show different formability
in different forming process.

Ductility is measured by the strain suffered by the
material before fracture.

Factors that affect ductility

Composition of metals i.e. BCC & FCC crystal

structure.

Grain size.

Steel with higher oxygen content show low ductility.

Presence of impurity

Temperature

Hydrostatic pressure

Concentration of alloying element

Duplex microstructure,

Strain rate.

Theory of fracture

Occurrence of fracture in work material is a natural

limit of formability.

Conditions under which fracture initiates and
propagates.

Tensile stress

Compressive stress

Accumulated strain


Criteria for occurrence of fracture in a ductile

material at the given temperature and strain rate.


The above criterion takes the following form for

torsion

Super plasticity

It is the property of material to suffer neck free

elongation of several hundred percent.

Ex: Zinc-22 Al eutectoid alloy.
Elongation =2900 percent in temperature range
973-1293K

Super plasticity may also be achieved by thermal
cycling across the phase transformation temperature
while workpiece is kept stretched.


The factors common to many super-plastic metals

and alloys are given below.

High value of strain rate exponent m (0.3-0.5)

Small grain size

Very little work hardening.

The different super plastic materials may grouped

into the following three types.

Low temperature alloys of Zn and Al.

Intermediate temperature alloys of Al

High temperature alloys of Ni, Ti, some stainless steel.

Anisotropy in sheet metals

During cold rolling of sheet metal, material develops

anisotropy.

The flow strength in thickness direction becomes
different to that in the plane of sheet.


For isotropic sheet

For anisotropic sheet, anisotropy ratio

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