Cargador Frontal

RENR2170-02
November 2001
Systems Operation
988G Wheel Loader
Electrohydraulic System
BNH1-Up (Machine)
2TW1-Up (Machine)
i01097883
Important Safety Information

Most accidents that involve product operation, maintenance and repair are caused by failure to
observe basic safety rules or precautions. An accident can often be avoided by recognizing potentially
hazardous situations before an accident occurs. A person must be alert to potential hazards. This
person should also have the necessary training, skills and tools to perform these functions properly.
Improper operation, lubrication, maintenance or repair of this product can be dangerous and
could result in injury or death.
Do not operate or perform any lubrication, maintenance or repair on this product, until you have
read and understood the operation, lubrication, maintenance and repair information.
Safety precautions and warnings are provided in this manual and on the product. If these hazard
warnings are not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other persons.
The hazards are identified by the Safety Alert Symbol and followed by a Signal Word such as
DANGER, WARNING or CAUTION. The Safety Alert WARNING label is shown below.
The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

Attention! Become Alert! Your Safety is Involved.
The message that appears under the warning explains the hazard and can be either written or
pictorially presented.
Operations that may cause product damage are identified by NOTICE labels on the product and in
this publication.
Caterpillar cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard. The
warnings in this publication and on the product are, therefore, not all inclusive. If a tool, procedure,
work method or operating technique that is not specifically recommended by Caterpillar is used,
you must satisfy yourself that it is safe for you and for others. You should also ensure that the
product will not be damaged or be made unsafe by the operation, lubrication, maintenance or
repair procedures that you choose.
The information, specifications, and illustrations in this publication are on the basis of information that
was available at the time that the publication was written. The specifications, torques, pressures,
measurements, adjustments, illustrations, and other items can change at any time. These changes can
affect the service that is given to the product. Obtain the complete and most current information before
you start any job. Caterpillar dealers have the most current information available. For a list of the most
current publication form numbers available, see the Service Manual Contents Microfiche, REG1139F.
When replacement parts are required for this

product Caterpillar recommends using Caterpillar replacement parts or parts with equivalent
specifications including, but not limited to, physical dimensions, type, strength and material.
Failure to heed this warning can lead to premature failures, product damage, personal injury or
death.
3
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Systems Operation Section
General Information ..............................................
Electrohydraulic System Components ..................
Electronic Control System Components ...............
Pilot Hydraulic System ..........................................
Main Hydraulic System .........................................
Pump Control Operation .......................................
Hydraulic System Operation .................................
Ride Control System .............................................
Hydraulic Fan System ...........................................
4
5
11
17
23
27
31
45
48
Index Section
Index ..................................................................... 53
4

i01278794
General Information
SMCS Code: 5050
Color Codes for Illustrations
Illustration 1
(A) Red color .............. Main pump system pressure

(B) Red stripes .. First reduction of system pressure
(C) Red dots .. Second reduction of system pressure
(D) Orange color ................................ Pilot pressure
(E) Orange stripes .. First reduction of pilot pressure
(F) Orange dots .. Second reduction of pilot pressure
(G) Green color .......................... Suction line, return
line, case drain and tank oil
(H) Blue color ......................................... Blocked oil
(I) Yellow color .............. Moving parts and activated
valve envelopes
(J) Light gray color .............................. Surface area
g00669358
5
i01640360
Components
SMCS Code: 1400; 5050
Illustration 2
g00848419
Hydraulic Schematic for Implement System

(1) Implement lockout switch. (2) Kickout set switch. (3) Loose material switch. (4) Tilt linkage position sensor. (5) Caterpillar data link. (6)
Electronic Control Module (ECM). (7) Lift linkage position sensor. (8) Detent coil for the bucket kickout. (9) Tilt lever sensor. (10) Raise kickout
detent coil. (11) Lower kickout detent coil. (12) Lift lever sensor. (13) Pilot on/off solenoid valve. (14) Solenoid for the pilot control actuator. (15)
Variable pump solenoid valve. (16) Lift cylinder. (17) Tilt cylinder. (18) Shuttle valve. (19) Pressure reducing valve. (20) Implement control valve.
(21) Ball valve. (22) Check valve. (23) Pilot relief valve. (24) Pilot/brake pump. (25) Main relief valve. (26) Implement pump. (27) Hydraulic tank.
The electrohydraulic implement system has a pilot

hydraulic system and a main hydraulic system.
The pilot system controls the functions of the main
control valve. The pilot system consists of the
electronic system and the pilot hydraulic system.
The electronic system includes the following
components : implement ECM, tilt linkage position
sensor, lift linkage position sensor, detent coil for
the bucket kickout, raise kickout detent coil, lower
kickout detent coil, implement lockout switch, loose
material switch, kickout set switch, pilot on/off
solenoid valve, and pilot control actuators.
The pilot hydraulic system consists of the following

components:pilot/brake pump, pump control valve,
pilot relief valve, pilot on/off solenoid valve, ball
valve, and pilot control actuators.
The main hydraulic system consists of the following
components: implement pump, solenoid valve for
the implement pump, main relief valve, main control
valve, lift cylinders, and tilt cylinder.
The hydraulic tank is common to the following
systems: implement system, steering system, and
hydraulic brake system.
6
When the implement lockout switch is in the ON
position, the ECM energizes the pilot on/off solenoid
valve. The solenoid opens the valve which allows
pilot oil from the pilot/brake pump to flow to the pilot
control actuators. The pilot control actuators are
located on each end of the control valve spools.
When an implement control lever is moved, the lever
position sensor sends a PWM signal to the ECM.
The ECM analyzes the sensor signal and the signal
from the lift linkage position sensor or the tilt linkage
position sensor. Then, the ECM sends a proportional
signal in order to energize the solenoid for the pilot
control actuator. The solenoid moves the spool for
the pilot control actuator which directs pilot oil from
the main control valve spool to the tank.
The spool for the main control valve shifts. This
directs implement pump oil to the lift cylinders or
tilt cylinder.
Illustration 3
g00848420
Component Locations
(4) Tilt linkage position sensor. (6) Implement Electronic Control Module (ECM). (7) Lift linkage position sensor. (13) Pilot on/off solenoid valve.
(16) Lift cylinder. (17) Tilt cylinder. (20) Implement main control valve. (23) Pilot relief valve. (24) Pilot/brake pump. (26) Implement pump. (27)
Hydraulic tank. (28) pump control valve. (29) Electrohydraulic control.
7
This graphic shows the locations of the major
components in the electro-hydraulic implement
system.
The electronic system components are implement
electronic control module (6), electrohydraulic
control (29), lift linkage position sensor (7), and tilt
linkage position sensor (4).
The electrohydraulic control (29) consists of the
following components: lift lever position sensor, tilt
lever position sensor, tilt control position sensor,
detent coil for the bucket kickout, lower kickout
detent coil, raise kickout detent coil, and implement
lockout switch. The loose material switch and
the kickout set switch are located on the left
overhead console in the cab. The variable pump
solenoid valve is located on the control valve for
the implement pump . The solenoids for the pilot
control actuators are located on the pilot control
actuators. Pilot on/off solenoid (13) is located on the
pilot on/off solenoid valve.
The pilot hydraulic system consists of pilot/brake
pump (24), and pilot relief valve (23). Also, two
components from implement main control valve (20)
are part of the pilot hydraulic system: pilot control
actuator and pilot on/off solenoid valve (13).
The main hydraulic system consists of the following
components: implement pump (26), implement
pump control valve (28), implement main control
valve (20), tilt cylinder (17), lift cylinders (16), and
implement hydraulic tank (27).
The hydraulic tank is located below the operator
platform on the right side of the machine.
Oil flows from the hydraulic tank through a suction

line on the bottom of the pump. Then, the oil flows
through the pump supply line (31) to the implement
control valve.
The pilot/brake pump (24) is mounted to the pump
drive opposite the implement pump. The pilot/brake
pump supplies oil flow to the following systems:
brake hydraulic system, pilot oil to the implement
hydraulic system, and steering system.
Illustration 5
g00686124
Shuttle Valve
(15) Solenoid valve for the implement pump. (33) Shuttle valve.
(34) Control valve for the implement pump. (35) Pressure sensor
for measuring the output of the implement pump. (36) Analog to
digital converter. (37) Pressure tap for pump output .
The shuttle valve is mounted on the implement

pump. The shuttle valve contains two check balls.
The shuttle valve directs oil from the pilot/brake
pump and the implement pump. The higher
pressure oil will unseat one of the check balls. This
higher pressure oil is directed to the pump control
valve and to the small end of the pump actuator.
The pump control valve (34) is mounted on the
implement pump. The pump control valve directs
signal oil from the shuttle valve to the pump
actuator. The pump actuator controls the pump
swashplate angle.
The variable pump solenoid valve (15) controls pilot
oil to the pump control valve.
Illustration 4
g00686096
Access Area Behind The Cab

(24) Pilot/brake pump. (26) Implement pump. (30) Pump drive. (31)
Pump output line.
The implement pump (26) is a variable displacement

piston pump that is mounted to the pump drive at
the rear of the engine.
The sensor for pump supply pressure (35) sends a

pressure signal to the implement ECM. This sensor
uses an analog to digital converter. The analog to
digital converter (36) converts the analog signal
to a Pulse Width Modulated signal (PWM) for the
implement ECM.
The pressure tap (37) that is located on the shuttle
valve is used to check pump output pressure.
8
When the operator moves a control lever, the lever
position sensor sends a pulse width modulated
signal (PWM) to the implement ECM. The ECM
analyzes the signals from the lever position sensor,
the lift linkage position sensor and the tilt linkage
position sensor. Then, the ECM sends a proportional
signal in order to energize the solenoid for the pilot
control actuator (14).
The rod end line relief valves for the lift cylinder (42)
and the tilt cylinder (43) are also shown.
Illustration 6
g00686146
Case Drain Filters (If equipped)

(38) Case drain filter for the fan pump. (39) Case drain filter for the
implement pump. (40) Case drain filter for the steering pump.
The case drain filter for the fan pump (38), the
case drain filter for the implement pump (39), and
the case drain filter for the steering pump (40) are
located above the pump drive.
Illustration 8
g00686159
Front Frame
(21) Ball valve. (44) Stem.
Illustration 7
g00686157
The ball valve (21) is used to lower the lift arm

in the event of a dead engine and the implement
electronics are not operational. High pressure oil
from the head end of the lift cylinders flows through
the pressure reducing valve to the ball valve. The
ball valve directs this oil to the tank. To lower the
lift arm, turn the stem (44) on the bottom of the
ball valve. For more information, refer to Hydraulic
System Operation, Manual Lowering.
Pilot Control Actuators

(14) Solenoid for the pilot control actuator. (20) Implement control
valve. (25) Implement main relief valve. (41) Pilot control actuator.
(42) Rod end line relief valve for the lift cylinder. (43) Rod end line
relief valve for the tilt cylinder.
The implement control valve (20) is located inside

the front frame below the lift arm. The implement
control valve directs implement pump oil to the lift
cylinders and tilt cylinders. The main relief valve
(25) limits pressure in the implement hydraulic
system to approximately 31000 kPa (4500 psi).
The pilot control actuators (41) control the movement
of the implement valve spools.
Illustration 9
g00686164
Implement Control Valve
The following components are visible on the

implement control valve:
9
(19) Pressure reducing valve.
(25) Main relief valve.
(42) Rod end line relief valve for the lift cylinder.
(43) Rod end line relief valve for the tilt cylinder.
(45) Pilot control actuator and solenoid valve
(DUMP).
(46) Pilot control actuator and solenoid valve (TILT
RACKBACK).
(RAISE).
Illustration 11
g00686172
Right Side of Machine

(LOWER).
(23) Pilot relief valve. (27) Hydraulic tank. (55) Pilot filter. (56)
Breaker relief valve. (57) Oil filler tube.
(49) Head end line relief valve for the tilt cylinder.
The pilot relief valve (23) is located on the front

of the hydraulic tank (27). The pilot relief valve
limits the pressure in the pilot system to 1800 kPa
(260 psi). The pilot filter (55) is located on the front
of the hydraulic tank above the pilot relief valve. The
breaker relief valve (56) is located on the hydraulic
tank above the oil filler tube (57). The breaker relief
valve prevents pressure from building up in the
hydraulic tank. Also, the valve prevents a vacuum
from forming as oil flows in and out of the hydraulic
tank.
(50) Head end line relief valve for the lift cylinder.
(51) Float sequence valve.
(52) Pressure tap for the rod end of the lift cylinder.
(53) Pressure tap for the head end of the lift cylinder.
Illustration 10
g00686166
Hydraulic Tank
(27) Hydraulic tank. (54) Sight gauge.
The hydraulic tank (27) is located on the right

side of the machine below the operator platform.
The sight gauge (54) is mounted on the tank. The
sight gauge is at a level that enables the operator
to check the hydraulic fluid while the operator is
standing next to the machine.
Illustration 12
g00686176
Right Side of Front Frame

(13) Pilot on/off solenoid valve. (58) Solenoid for the pilot on/off
solenoid valve.
The pilot on/off solenoid valve (13) is located on

the right side of the front frame near the articulation
joint. When the solenoid (58) for the pilot on/off
solenoid valve is energized, the pilot valve allows oil
to flow from the pilot/brake valve to the implement
control valve and the pilot control actuators. The
pilot valve blocks pilot oil to the implement control
valve when the valve is de-energized.
10
Illustration 13
g00686181
Left Side of Front Frame

(59) Ride control valve (If equipped). (60) Ride control solenoid
(If equipped).
The ride control valve (59) is located on the left

side of the front frame below the implement valve.
When the ride control solenoid (60) is energized,
the ride control valve allows oil to flow from the
head end of the lift cylinders to the accumulator.
The accumulator absorbs spikes from the pressure
in the lift cylinder and hydraulic lines when the
machine is roading.
Note: The ride control solenoid is controlled by the
power train ECM.
11
i01640384
Electronic Control System

Components
SMCS Code: 1400; 5050
Illustration 14
g00848404
Hydraulic Schematic for Implement System

(1) Implement lockout switch. (2) Kickout set switch. (3) Loose material switch. (4) Tilt linkage position sensor. (5) Cat data link. (6) Electronic
Control Module (ECM). (7) Lift linkage position sensor. (8) Detent coil for the bucket kickout. (9) Tilt lever sensor. (10) Raise kickout detent coil.
(11) Lower kickout detent coil. (12) Lift lever sensor. (13) Pilot on/off solenoid valve. (14) Solenoid for the pilot control actuator. (15) Variable
pump solenoid valve. (16) Lift cylinder. (17) Tilt cylinder. (18) Shuttle valve. (19) Pressure reducing valve. (20) Implement control valve. (21) Ball
valve. (22) Check valve. (23) Pilot relief valve. (24) Pilot/brake pump. (25) Main relief valve. (26) Implement pump. (27) Hydraulic tank.
12
Illustration 15
g00679508
Illustration 17
g00680263
Front of Machine
Hydraulic Electronic Control
(4) Tilt linkage position sensor. (7) Lift linkage position sensor. (16)
Lift cylinder. (17) Tilt cylinder.
(1) Implement lockout switch. (9) Tilt control lever. (12) Lift
control lever. (13) Hydraulic electronic control. (29) Payload store
button. (30) Throttle lock set/decelerate button. (31) Throttle lock
resume/accelerate button. (32) Horn button. (33) Reduced rimpull
ON/OFF switch.
The lift cylinder (16) is connected between the front

frame and the boom. The lift linkage position sensor
(7) is located on the front frame on the right side of
the machine. The lift linkage position sensor sends
a PWM signal to the ECM that indicates the position
of the boom.
The tilt cylinder (17) is connected between the front
frame tower and the bucket control linkage. The tilt
linkage position sensor (4) is located on the bucket
control linkage on the right side of the machine. The
tilt linkage position sensor sends a PWM signal to
the ECM that indicates the position of the bucket.
The lift control lever (12) is located in the hydraulic

electronic control (13) which is in front of the right
armrest at the operator station. The lift control lever
has four positions: FLOAT, LOWER, HOLD, and
RAISE. In FLOAT, the lift control lever is fully forward
in the detent position.
The tilt control lever (9) is also located in the
hydraulic electronic control. The tilt control lever has
three positions: DUMP, HOLD, and TILT BACK.
The implement lockout switch (1) sends a signal
to the ECM in order to electronically lock out the
implements. The ECM will de-energize the pilot
on/off solenoid valve. The implements will not
respond to movement of the control levers.
The following components are also shown in this
view : throttle lock set/decelerate button (30), throttle
lock resume/accelerate button (31), horn button
(32), and reduced rimpull ON/OFF switch (33).
Illustration 16
g00680331
Electronics Bay
(6) Implement ECM. (28) Transmission ECM.
The implement ECM (6) is located below the

operator platform to the right of the cab.
13
Illustration 18
g00682141
Illustration 20
g00682145
Tilt Lever Sensor
Raise Kickout Detent Coil
(9) Tilt lever position sensor.
(8) Tilt lever detent coil.
The tilt lever position sensor (9) is located below

the tilt lever. The sensor sends a PWM signal to the
ECM which indicates the position of the tilt lever.
The tilt lever detent coil (8) will hold the tilt lever in
the full TILT BACK position. The tilt lever will stay
detented and the bucket will continue to tilt back
until the bucket reaches the preset digging angle.
The preset digging angle is set with the kickout
switch.
The lift lever detent coil will hold the lift lever in the
FLOAT position until the lever is moved out of the
detent. In the full raise and the full lower position,
the lift lever is also detented. If the lift lever stays
detented, the lift arm will continue to raise or the lift
arm will continue to lower until the lift arm reaches
the preset lift kickout height.
Illustration 19
g00682142
Lift Lever Sensor

(12) Lift lever position sensor.
With the boom above horizontal and the lift lever in

the full lower position, the lever will stay in the detent
position until the preset dig position is reached.
With the boom below horizontal and the lift lever
in the full lower position, the implements will be in
the float function until the lift lever is moved out of
the detent position.
The lift lever position sensor (12) is located below

the lift lever. The sensor sends a PWM signal to the
ECM which indicates the position of the lift lever.
The duty cycle of the PWM signal is approximately
50 percent when the levers are in the centered
position.
Illustration 21
Left Overhead Panel
(2) Kickout set switch. (3) Loose material switch.
g00686997
14
Kickout set switch (2) is located on the overhead
console on the left side of the operator compartment.
The kickout set switch is used to set the kickouts
to the desired positions.
To set the bucket kickout position, tilt the bucket to
the desired LOADING position. When the tilt control
lever returns to the HOLD position, press the top of
the rocker switch for approximately two seconds.
Then, release the switch.
To set the lower kickout position, lower the boom to
the desired position below the horizontal. When the
lift control lever returns to the HOLD position, press
the bottom of the rocker switch for approximately
two seconds. Then, release the switch.
To set the lift kickout position, raise the boom to the
desired position above the horizontal. When the lift
control lever returns to the HOLD position, press the
bottom of the rocker switch for approximately two
seconds. Then, release the switch.
The loose material switch (3) is a momentary
switch. The loose material switch activates the loose
material mode. The loose material mode modifies
the strategy for the dig trigger. This strategy will
decrease the time in order to complete the load
cycle. For additional information on the dig trigger,
refer to Hydraulic System, Pump Control Operation
.
Illustration 22
g00687064
Right Overhead Console

(34) Ride control switch. (35) Lockup enable switch for the torque
converter. (36) Windshield wiper/washer switch. (37) Autoshift
switch.
The ride control switch (34) activates the ride control

system. The ride control system acts as a shock
absorber by dampening forces from the bucket.
The ride control switch is shown in the AUTO

position. A signal from the transmission output
speed sensor is sent to the transmission ECM. The
ECM will then energize the solenoid for the ride
control valve. The factory default will energize the
ride control solenoid valve when ground speed is
greater than approximately 10 km/h (6 mph). The
factory default will de-energize the ride control
solenoid valve when ground speed is less than
approximately 9 km/h (5.7 mph).
The factory default can be changed through
the Caterpillar Monitoring System or through the
Caterpillar Electronic Technician by 1 km/h (1 mph)
increments.
This view also shows the lockup enable switch
for the torque converter (35), the windshield
wiper/washer switch (36), and the autoshift switch
(37).
15
Illustration 23
g00678870
Block Diagram of the Implement Electronic Control System
The implement Electronic Control Module (ECM)

receives input signals from various sensors
and from various switches. The implement ECM
processes the input and a corresponding output is
provided to the solenoids. The implement ECM also
communicates with other electronic control systems
via the CAT Data Link.
Kickout set switch This switch is used to set the

kickout positions for the following functions: tilt
back, lift raise, and lift lower .
Loose material switch This switch activates the
loose material mode.
The implement electronic control system consists of

the following components:
Lift linkage position sensor This sensor signals the

ECM on the position of the boom relative to the
machine.
Lift lever position sensor This sensor signals the

ECM with a PWM signal on the position of the lift
control lever.
Tilt linkage position sensor This sensor signals the

ECM on the position of the bucket relative to the
boom.
Tilt lever position sensor This sensor signals the

ECM with a PWM signal on the position of the tilt
control lever.
Pilot supply on/off solenoid This solenoid controls

the pilot on/off solenoid valve. The solenoid is
energized or de-energized by the ECM relative to
the position of the implement lockout switch. This
will control the pilot hydraulic system.
Implement lockout switch This switch signals

the ECM that the operator wants to disable the
implement hydraulics.
Implement pump solenoid This solenoid controls

oil flow to the pump control valve. The pump control
valve controls signal oil to the pump actuator.
16
Tilt back solenoid This solenoid controls the pilot
control actuator for the tilt back end of the main
control spool. The pilot control actuator directs pilot
oil from the tilt back end of the main control spool
to the tank.
Tilt dump solenoid This solenoid controls the pilot
control actuator for the tilt dump end of the main
oil from the tilt dump end of the main control spool
to the tank.
Lift lower solenoid This solenoid controls the pilot
control actuator for the lift lower end of the main
oil from the lift lower end of the main control spool
to the tank.
Lift raise solenoid This solenoid controls the pilot
control actuator for the lift raise end of the main
oil from the lift raise end of the main control spool
to the tank.
Lower kickout detent coil This coil holds the lift
lever in the LOWER position.
Lift raise kickout detent coil This coil holds the lift
lever in the RAISE position.
Bucket kickout detent coil This coil holds the tilt
lever in the TILT BACK position.
CAT data link The data link provides a bidirectional
path for communications with other electronic
components.
17
i01443153
Pilot Hydraulic System

SMCS Code: 5050-PS
Pilot Control Actuators

HOLD Position
Illustration 24
g00680599
Pilot Control Actuator (Hold Position)

(1) Stablizing spring. (2) Centering spring. (3) Return oil port. (4) Actuator solenoid. (5) Pilot spool. (6) Feedback spring. (7) Spring retainer. (8)
Main spool. (9) Pilot oil port. (10) Actuator solenoid.
The pilot control actuators control the position of

the lift spool and tilt spool of the implement control
valve upon command of the implement ECM. The
main spool in this view represents a lift spool or a
tilt spool.
In the HOLD position, both solenoids for the pilot
control actuator are de-energized. When both
solenoids are de-energized, the pilot spools direct
pilot oil to the ends of the main spool (8). The pilot
pressure at each end of the main spool, and the
force of the centering springs (2) cause the main
spool to be centered in the control valve.
The centering springs and retainers (7) help
stabilize the movement of the main spool. The
stabilizing springs dampen the movement of the
pilot spools by holding the pilot spools in contact
with the feedback springs.
18
The Left Solenoid Energized
Illustration 25
g00689459
Pilot Control Actuator

When the operator moves an implement control

lever from the centered position the implement ECM
energizes the actuator solenoid with a PWM signal.
In this view, the left actuator solenoid (4) is
energized. When the left solenoid is Energized, the
solenoid moves the pilot spool (5) to the right. The
pilot spool directs the pilot oil on the left side of the
main spool (8) to drain. This decreases the pilot oil
pressure at the left end of the main spool.
The right actuator solenoid (10) is de-energized.
When the solenoid is de-energized, the feedback
spring holds the pilot spool to the right. The pilot
spool directs pilot oil (9) to the right end of the main
spool. The pilot oil pressure at the right end of the
main spool moves the main spool to the left. As the
main spool moves to the left toward the pilot spool
the centering springs (2) and the feedback spring
(6) are compressed.
19
The Left Actuator Is Balanced
Illustration 26
g00683749
Pilot Control Actuator

When the left solenoid (4) is energized, the main

spool (8) moves to the left which compresses the
centering springs (2) and the feedback spring (6).
The force of the feedback spring will move the pilot
spool (5) to the left until the force of the feedback
spring is equal to the force of the actuator solenoid
and the stabilizing spring. When the pilot spool
moves far enough to the left, the pilot oil port and
the return oil port are blocked. When the oil in the
actuator is blocked the main spool stops moving.
The main spool will stay in this balanced position
until the current to the actuator solenoid changes.
If the operator moves the implement control lever
further in the same direction, the implement ECM
will increase the duty cycle of the signal to the
actuator solenoid. This increases the current which
increases the force on the pilot spool. The pilot
spool will move to the right which opens the return
oil port. The decreased oil pressure inside the left
actuator will allow the main spool to move further to
the left due to the pilot oil pressure on the right end
of the main spool. As the main spool moves to the
left the feedback spring will be compressed more
and the feedback sequence begins again.
If the operator moves the implement control lever

toward the centered position, the implement ECM
will decrease the duty cycle of the PWM signal to
the actuator solenoid. This results in a decrease in
current and a decrease in force on the pilot spool.
The decreased force will allow the pilot spool to
move to the left. When the pilot spool moves to the
left the pilot oil port is opened and the return oil
port is blocked.
The combined force of the pilot oil and the
compressed centering springs on the left side of
the main spool will move the main spool to the right.
This will decrease the flow of oil to the implements.
The force on the pilot spool from the feedback
spring decreases as the main spool moves to the
right. The pilot spool also moves to the right. As
the main spool moves to the right the force of the
feedback spring continues to decrease. The pilot
spool continues to move to the right until the pilot
oil port and the return oil port are blocked. Also,
when the force of the feedback spring is equal to
the combined force of the stabilizing spring and the
actuator solenoid the spools will be balanced. The
spools will remain in this state of balance until the
current to the actuator solenoid increases or the
current decreases.
20
If the implement control lever is allowed to return to
the center the implement ECM will de-energize the
actuator solenoid. The feedback spring will move
the pilot spool to the left which allows pilot oil to fill
the actuator. The combined force of the pilot oil and
the centering springs will cause the main spool to
move to the right until the spool is in the centered
position.
Implement Control Valve

HOLD Position
Illustration 27
g00680837
Implement Control Valve for the Lift

(1) Rod end. (2) Load check valve. (3) Head end. (4) Pilot control actuator for raise. (5) Line relief and makeup valve for the rod end . (6) Line relief
and makeup valve for the head end. (7) Pilot control actuator for lowering. (8) Actuator solenoid for raise. (9) Lift spool. (10) Tank passage. (11)
Supply passage. (12) Passage to next valve. (13) Internal passage. (14) Tank passage. (15) Pilot passage. (16) Actuator solenoid for lowering.
21
The implement control valve is a electrohydraulic
pilot operated valve. The valve controls the position
of the lift cylinders and the tilt cylinders. The lift
valve is equipped with a line relief and makeup
valve (6) for the head end of the lift cylinders. The
lift valve is equipped with a line relief and makeup
valve (5) for the rod end of the lift cylinders. The
lift valve has the following four positions: RAISE,
HOLD, LOWER, and FLOAT. The load check valve
(2) prevents implement drift when the control valve
is initially shifted.
In the HOLD position, pilot oil pressure is present
at both ends of the lift valve spool (9). The pilot
oil and the centering springs keep the lift spool in
the centered position. The lift valve spool blocks
oil flow to the lift cylinders. Also, oil flow from the
cylinders is blocked by the main control spool. The
oil is trapped and the cylinders will remain in the
HOLD position.
Oil from the implement pump enters the supply
passage (11), flows around the spool for the open
centered valve and flows to the tank.
The flow of oil to the tilt control spool is similar to
the flow of oil to the lift control spool. Oil from the
implement pump enters the supply passage (11),
flows around the spool for the open centered valve
and flows to the tank. The tilt valve spool has priority
over the lift spool.
22
LOWER Position
Illustration 28
g00680937
Implement Control Valve for the Lift Lower

(1) Rod end. (2) Load check valve. (3) Head end. (4) Pilot control actuator for raise. (5) Line relief and makeup valve for the rod end. (6) Line relief
and makeup valve for the head end. (7) Pilot control actuator for lowering. (8) Actuator solenoid for raise. (9) Lift spool. (10) Tank passage. (11)
Supply passage. (12) Passage to next valve. (13) Internal passage. (14) Tank passage. (15) Pilot passage. (16) Actuator solenoid for lowering.
When the operator moves the lift lever to the LOWER

position, the lift lever sensor sends a PWM signal
to the ECM. The ECM analyzes the signals from
the following components: lift lever position sensor,
lift linkage position sensor, and tilt linkage position
sensor. The ECM then sends a proportional signal
that energizes the solenoid for the pilot control
actuator (16) for lowering.
The solenoid moves the spool for the pilot control
actuator (7) in order to send pilot oil at the right end
of the lift valve spool (9) to drain. This condition
reduces the pilot oil pressure at the right end of the
control spool. The pilot oil pressure on the left end
of the control valve spool moves the lift valve spool
to the right LOWER position.
The lift valve spool directs flow from the implement

pump (11) to the rod end of the lift cylinders. Oil
flows past the load check valve (2 )and past the lift
spool to the rod end of the lift cylinders (1). The lift
spool also opens a passage (14) for oil in the head
end (3) of the lift cylinders to return to the tank.
Operation for the RAISE function is similar. In the
RAISE function, pilot oil moves the lift control spool
to the left. Supply oil also flows through the passage
(12) to the supply passage for the tilt control valve.
The tilt control valve is similar to the lift control valve.
23
i01640354
Main Hydraulic System

SMCS Code: 5050
Control Strategy For Implements

The solenoid valve for the implement pump
is energized when the machine is in the DIG
TRIGGER. This will destroke the implement pump.
The machine is in the DIG TRIGGER when all the
following conditions exist:
The transmission is in FIRST SPEED FORWARD.

The boom is below horizontal.
During the DIG TRIGGER, the implement ECM
sends a PWM signal to the control valve for the
implement pump in order to destroke the pump
to approximately 164 cc per revolution. The ECM
sends a PWM signal of approximately 0.55 amp to
the solenoid valve.
24
Implement Pump
Illustration 29
g00680453
Implement Pump
(1) Shuttle valve. (2) Control valve. (3) Input shaft. (4) Barrel. (5) Pistons. (6) Swashplate. (7) Large end of actuator. (8) Actuator slide. (9)
Feedback linkage. (10) Super charger impeller. (11) Pressure tap for pump output. (12) Swashplate lever arm.
The implement pump is a variable displacement

piston pump. This view shows the shuttle valve (1),
the pump control valve (2), and the main internal
components of the implement pump. The input
shaft (3) turns the barrel (4), which contains the
pistons (5). The implement pump generates flow
to the implement hydraulic system when the tilted
swashplate (6) causes the pistons to move in and
out of the barrel.
The oil from the shuttle valve becomes the signal oil
for the pump. The shuttle valve contains two check
balls. The check balls allow the highest pressure oil
from the pilot/brake pump or the implement pump
to flow to the small end of actuator (7) and pump
control valve (2). The pump control valve modifies
this signal oil. The pump control valve sends this
signal oil to the large end of the actuator in order
to control the tilt angle of the swashplate. The
swashplate angle determines the amount of oil flow
from the pump. Swashplate lever arm (12) causes
the swashplate to tilt when the actuator moves. The
upper end of the lever arm engages actuator slide
(8) in the center of the actuator.
25
Feedback linkage (9) connects the actuator and
a sleeve in the pump control valve . The sleeve is
not shown in this view. As the pump upstrokes, the
feedback linkage gradually shifts the valve sleeve
in order to cancel the control signal at the desired
swashplate angle.
Super charger impeller (10) draws oil from the
tank. This oil flows to the barreland to the piston
assembly. Pressure tap (11) is located on the shuttle
valve in order to check pump discharge pressure .
Pump Control Valve
Illustration 30
g00680678
Pump Control Valve

(1) Pilot piston. (2) Flow control spool. (3) Large spring. (4) Feedback linkage. (5) Sleeve for the flow control spool. (6) Small spring. (7) Flow
adjustment screw. (8) Maximum flow adjustment screw. (9) High pressure cutoff spool.
A cutaway view of the pump control valve is

shown in this view. The control valve uses signal
oil pressure from the pump shuttle valve to control
oil flow from the pump.
When the variable pump solenoid valve (not shown)

is energized, the valve directs pilot oil pressure from
the pilot/brake pump to the right side of the pilot
piston (1). The pilot piston moves the flow control
spool (2) to the left against the large spring (3).
The control spool directs signal oil pressure that
is coming from the shuttle valve to the large end
of the actuator.
26
The feedback linkage (4) connects the pump
swashplate to the sleeve (5) which surrounds the
flow control spool through a pivot point in the control
valve. As the swashplate moves, the feedback
linkage moves the sleeve. The small spring (6) on
the right end of the sleeve eliminates excess play
in the sleeve. The control spool and the sleeve
meter signal oil to the large end of the actuator.
Pump output (swashplate angle) is controlled by
varying the signal oil pressure to the large end of
the actuator.
Flow adjustment screw (7) is located on the left
end of the control valve. When the flow adjustment
screw is turned clockwise, the pump will destroke
at a higher pressure by the oil from the variable
pump solenoid valve. Maximum flow adjustment
screw (8) is located on the right end of the control
valve. When the maximum flow adjustment screw is
turned clockwise, the pump will destroke at a lower
flow rate.
Note: The high pressure cutoff spool (9) is located
in the lower half of the valve body. As this view
shows, the spool is stationary. Since the spool is
stationary, there is no high pressure cutoff for the
configuration of this pump.
27
i01640551
Pump Control Operation

SMCS Code: 5455-II
Pump and Control Valve Operation

(Less Than 2400 kPa (350 psi))
Illustration 31
g00679141

(1) Line from the pilot/brake pump. (2) Line to the implement control valve. (3) Variable pump solenoid valve. (4) Shuttle valve. (5) Feedback
lever. (6) Flow control spool. (7) High pressure cutoff spool. (8) Actuator. (9) Super charger impeller. (10) Implement pump. (11) Swashplate
lever arm. (12) Line from tank.
The schematic shows the oil flow in the implement

pump (10) and in the pump control valve. The
solenoid valve is controlled by the implement
ECM. The solenoid valve is de-energized in this
schematic. Pilot oil (1) is blocked at the variable
pump solenoid valve (3) when the solenoid valve is
de-energized.
Pilot oil and pump discharge oil flow into the shuttle
valve (4) and around the check balls. The check
balls allow the higher pressure oil to flow to the
small end of the actuator (8) and into the pump
control valve.
When implements are not activated, the implement

control valve is in the open center position. Pilot oil
pressure is higher than pump discharge pressure
(2). Pilot oil flows around the check ball and pilot oil
becomes signal oil.
The signal oil flows to the small end of the actuator
(8) and in several directions inside the pump control
valve. Signal oil is blocked at the high pressure
cutoff spool (7).
Note: High pressure cutoff spool (7) is stationary.
Since the spool is stationary, there is no high
pressure cutoff for the configuration of this pump.
28
Signal oil also flows to the flow control spool (6).
Spring force moves the flow control spool to the left,
which blocks the signal oil. Oil from the large end of
the actuator (8) flows through the flow control valve
to the case drain inside the pump.
Signal pressure on the small end of the actuator
causes the pump to begin upstroking.

(Upstroke)
Illustration 32
g00679142
Pump and Control Valve Operation (Upstroke)

lever. (6) Flow control spool. (7) High pressure cutoff spool. (8) Actuator. (9) Super charger impeller. (10) Implement pump. (11) Swashplate
lever arm. (12) Line from tank.
When an implement is activated, system pressure

increases. Pump discharge pressure (2) will be
higher than pilot pressure (1). Pump pressure flows
around the check ball in the shuttle valve (4). Pump
pressure now becomes signal oil.
The signal oil flows to the small end of the actuator

(8) and in several directions inside the pump control
valve. The signal oil flows to the small end of the
actuator and the signal oil moves the actuator to
the right. The pump (10) will upstroke. Signal oil is
blocked at the high pressure cutoff spool (7).
29
Note: High pressure cutoff spool (7) is stationary.
Since the spool is stationary, there is no high
pressure cutoff for the configuration of this pump.
Signal oil also flows to the flow control spool (6).
Spring force moves the flow control spool to the left,
which blocks the signal oil. Pilot oil is blocked at the
variable pump solenoid valve (3) when the solenoid
valve is de-energized. The solenoid valve is shown
to be de-energized in the schematic.
Oil from the large end of the actuator (8) is directed
through the flow control valve to the case drain
as the actuator moves to the right. The pump will
upstroke.
When the actuator moves to the right to upstroke
the pump, the feedback lever (5) causes the flow
control sleeve to move to the left in the same
direction as the flow control spool. Oil flow to the
large end of the actuator and from the large end of
the actuator is metered by the valve sleeve and the
valve spool. This metering will maintain the actuator
position.
30

(Destroke)
Illustration 33
g00679144
Pump and Control Valve Operation (Destroke)

lever. (6) Flow control valve. (7) Dummy spool. (8) Actuator. (9) Super charger impeller. (10) Implement pump. (11) Swashplate lever arm. (12)
Line from tank.
When the machine is in the DIG TRIGGER, the

implement ECM will energize the variable pump
solenoid valve (3) in order to limit pump output. The
solenoid valve directs pilot oil (1) to the left end of
the flow control spool (6) and the spool moves to
the right against spring force.
Signal oil at the flow control valve is directed to
the large end of the actuator (8), which moves the
actuator to the left. When the actuator moves to the
left, the pump (10) begins to destroke.
When the actuator moves to the left to destroke

the pump, the feedback lever (5) causes the flow
control sleeve to move to the right in the same
direction as the flow control spool. Oil flow to the
large end of the actuator and from the large end of
the actuator is metered by the valve sleeve and the
valve spool. This metering will maintain the actuator
position.
The variable pump solenoid valve controls the rate
of destroke by controlling the position of flow control
spool (6). The flow control spool and the control
sleeve control the rate of flow to the large end and
from the large end of the actuator.
31
i01443043
Hydraulic System Operation

SMCS Code: 5050
HOLD Position
32
Illustration 34
g00688359
33
Implement Hydraulic System
(1) Lift cylinder. (2) Tilt cylinder. (3) Pressure reducing valve. (4) Shuttle valve. (5) Ride control valve. (6) Pilot on/off solenoid valve. (7) Float
sequence valve. (8) Pilot control actuator LOWER. (9) Pilot control actuator TILT BACK. (10) Pilot control actuator RAISE. (11) Pilot control
actuator DUMP. (12) Main relief valve . (13) Implement pump. (14) Supply from pilot/brake pump. (15) Float check valve.
The electrical system is not shown in this schematic.
This schematic shows the oil flow in the implement

pilot system and the implement hydraulic system
when the engine is running and the control valves
are in the HOLD position.
In the pilot system, oil from the pilot/brake pump
(14) flows to the following components: control
valve for the implement pump, ride control valve (5)
(if equipped), and pilot on/off solenoid valve (6).
The pilot relief valve limits the pilot system pressure
to 2400 205 kPa (350 30 psi). The pilot on/off
solenoid valve is controlled by the implement ECM
in reference to the position of the lockout switch.
When the implement lockout switch is in the OFF
position, the ECM de-energizes the pilot on/off
solenoid valve. Pilot oil is then blocked at the pilot
on/off solenoid valve. When the implement lockout
switch is in the ON position, the ECM energizes the
solenoid for the pilot on/off solenoid valve. Pilot oil
flows past the pilot on/off solenoid valve to the pilot
control actuator (8), (9), (10), and (11) on each end
of the control valve spools.
The implement pump pulls oil from the tank. The
oil flows to the implement control valve. When the
control valve spools are in the HOLD position, oil
flows past the main relief valve (12) and through the
open center control valves to the tank. The main
relief valve constantly senses main system pressure
at the implement control valve and opens to the tank
when the pressure reaches the maximum setting of
approximately 31000 kPa (4500 psi).
In the HOLD position, oil flow to the cylinders and
oil flow from the cylinders is blocked at the control
valve spools.
TILT BACK Position
34
Illustration 35
g00682371
35
When the tilt lever is moved to the TILT BACK

position, the tilt lever position sensor changes the
duty cycle of the PWM signal to the ECM. The
ECM analyzes the input signals from the following
sensors: tilt lever position sensor, lift lever position
sensor, lift linkage position sensor, and tilt linkage
position sensor. The ECM sends a proportional
signal in order to energize the solenoid for the
pilot control actuator on the tilt back end (9) of the
control valve. The amount of current that is sent by
the ECM is determined by the input signals from the
following sensors: tilt lever position sensor, lift lever
position sensor, lift linkage position sensor, and tilt
linkage position sensor. Also, the values that are
obtained during calibration of the control valve and
calibration of the position sensor will determine the
strength of the current that is sent by the ECM.
The pilot control actuator sends pilot oil to the tank
in order to reduce the oil pressure at the tilt back
end of the control spool. The pilot oil pressure at the
dump end (11) of the control valve spool moves the
control valve spool to the TILT BACK position. The
spool blocks the flow of implement pump oil to the
tank. This opens a passage from the pump to the
rod end of the tilt cylinder (2). Implement pump oil
flows past the load check valve and through the tilt
spool to the rod end of the tilt cylinder.
The oil from the head end of the tilt cylinder flows
past each control valve spool to the tank.
Note: In the TILT BACK position, pump output oil to
the lift control spool is blocked by the tilt control
spool when the tilt control spool is fully shifted. This
gives the circuit for the tilt control priority.
RAISE Position
36
Illustration 36
g00682441
37
When the lift lever is moved to the RAISE position,

the lift lever position sensor changes the duty cycle
of the PWM signal to the ECM. The ECM analyzes
the input signals from the following components:
lift lever position sensor, tilt lever position sensor,
lift linkage position sensor, and tilt linkage position
sensor. The ECM sends a proprotional signal in
order to energize the solenoid on the pilot control
actuator (10) that is located on the control valve.
This is the pilot control actuator that is used for the
RAISE position. The amount of current that is sent
by the ECM is determined by the input signals from
the following sensors: lift lever position sensor, tilt
lever position sensor, lift linkage position sensor,
and tilt linkage position sensor. Also, the values that
are obtained during calibration of the control valve
and calibration of the position sensor will determine
the strength of the current that is sent by the ECM.
in order to reduce the oil pressure at the raise end
of the control spool. The pilot oil pressure at the
lower end (8) of the control valve spool moves the
control valve spool to the RAISE position. The spool
blocks the flow of implement pump oil to the tank.
Also, the control spool opens a passage from the
pump to the load check valve (2).
Before the load check valve will open, pump
pressure must be greater than the pressure in the
head end (3) of the lift cylinder and the spring force
of the load check valve combined. By allowing
pressure in the open center to increase, the load
check valve keeps the implement from dropping
when the valve is first shifted. Implement pump oil
flows through the load check valve and through the
lift spool to the head end of the lift cylinders.
The oil from the rod end of the lift cylinders flows
LOWER Position
38
Illustration 37
g00681552
39
When the lift lever is moved to the LOWER position,

the lift lever sensor changes the duty cycle of the
PWM signal to the ECM. The ECM analyzes the
input signals from the following components: lift
lever position sensor, tilt lever position sensor, lift
linkage position sensor, and tilt linkage position
sensor. The ECM sends a proprotional signal in
order to energize the solenoid on the pilot control
actuator (8) that is located on the control valve.
This is the pilot control actuator that is used for the
LOWER position. The amount of current that is sent
by the ECM is determined by the input signals from
the following sensors: lift lever position sensor, tilt
lever position sensor, lift linkage position sensor,
and tilt linkage position sensor. Also, the values that
are obtained during calibration of the control valve
and calibration of the position sensor will determine
the strength of the current that is sent by the ECM.
in order to reduce the oil pressure at the lower end
of the control valve spool. The pilot oil pressure at
the raise end (10) of the control valve spool moves
the control valve spool to the LOWER position. The
spool blocks the flow of implement pump oil to the
tank. This opens a passage from the pump to the
rod end of the lift cylinders. Implement pump oil
flows past the load check valve and through the lift
spool to the rod end of the lift cylinders (1).
Oil flows from the tank passage through the
combination line relief and makeup valve for the
rod end. Also, oil flows past the float check valve
if additional flow is required. This makeup oil will
prevent the rod end of the cylinder from cavitating.
The oil from the head end of the lift cylinder flows
FLOAT Position
40
Illustration 38
g00682488
41
Note: To enter the FLOAT position, the machine

boom must be below the horizontal position.
When the lift lever is in the FLOAT position or when
the lift control lever is in the LOWER position,
the movement of the lift control spool is the
same movement. In the FLOAT position, the ECM
increases the electrical signal in order to energize
the solenoid for the pilot control actuator that is
used for lowering. The increased electrical signal
opens the pilot control actuator fully to the tank.
Also, the ECM energizes the coil for the float detent
on the lift control lever. The coil holds the lift lever in
the FLOAT position.
When the pilot control actuator is fully opened to the
tank, oil is also drained from the spring chamber in
the float sequence valve (7). The pilot oil pressure
at the opposite end of the float sequence valve
overcomes the spring force. The float sequence
valve opens to the tank.
When the float sequence valve is open, the oil that
was blocked in the spring chamber of the float
check valve (15) flows through the float sequence
valve to the tank.
The pressure in the spring chamber for the float
check valve is reduced approximately to tank
pressure. The oil from the implement pump (13)
flows through the float check valve to the tank.
There is an orifice that restricts the amount of oil
flow from the implement pump into the spring
chamber of the float check valve. The oil flow out of
the spring cavity of the float check valve is faster
than the oil flow from the implement pump into the
spring cavity of the float check valve. This creates
a pressure difference between the pump oil that is
blocked by the float check valve and the oil that is
vented from the spring chamber in the float check
valve. This pressure difference will cause the float
check valve to open.
The lift control spool allows the head end oil to flow
to the tank. The rod end of the lift cylinder has a
passage to the tank through the float check valve.
The pressure difference between the pump oil that
is blocked by the float check valve and the oil in the
spring cavity of the float check valve increases. The
implement is allowed to move up and down in order
to follow the contour of the ground.
LOWER Position (Nonrunning

Engine)
42
Illustration 39
g00688318
43
In this schematic, the bucket is being lowered with

a nonrunning engine. The key start switch is in the
ON position.
The weight of the implement creates a high pressure
in the head end of the lift cylinders (1). The high
pressure oil in the lift cylinder flows through the
lines and the oil moves the shuttle valve (4) to
the right. The high pressure oil is directed to the
pressure reducing valve (3). The pressure reducing
valve decreases the oil pressure in the lift cylinder
to approximately 1800 kPa (260 psi). This oil flows
past the check valve to the pilot on/off solenoid
valve (6) and the oil now becomes the oil supply
for the pilot system. When the solenoid for the
pilot on/off control valve is de-energized, pilot oil is
blocked at the pilot on/off solenoid valve. When the
pilot on/off solenoid valve is energized, the pilot oil
flows through the pilot on/off solenoid valve. This oil
pressurizes the pilot control actuators.
The nonrunning engine will not affect the function of
the implement control lever. The ECM will still control
the implement functions with the key start switch in
the ON position. The lift control spool directs oil in
the head end of the lift cylinders to the tank.
Tank oil flows through the line relief and makeup
valves for the rod end of lift cylinders in order to
prevent cavitation in the cylinders.
Note: The shuttle valve allows oil from the rod end
to be used as pilot oil if the implement needs to be
raised with an external lifting device. The lift lever
needs to be moved to the RAISE position with the
key start switch in the ON position.
Manual Lowering
44
Illustration 40
g00755981
45
In this schematic, the bucket is being lowered with

a nonrunning engine. The key start switch is in the
OFF position.
The weight of the implement creates a high pressure
in the head end of the lift cylinders (1). The high
pressure oil in the lift cylinder flows through the
hydraulic lines and the oil moves the shuttle valve
(4) to the right. The high pressure oil is directed
to the pressure reducing valve (3). The pressure
reducing valve decreases the oil pressure in the
lift cylinder to approximately 1800 kPa (260 psi).
This oil flows past the check valve to the ball valve.
Opening the ball valve allows this oil to flow to the
tank. The implement will lower to the ground.
Tank oil flows through the line relief and makeup
valves for the rod end of lift cylinders in order to
prevent cavitation in the cylinders.
Note: If the implement needs to be raised, the high
pressure oil in the rod end will shift the shuttle valve
to the left. The oil will flow through the pressure
reducing valve to the ball valve and the implement
can be raised by using the appropriate lifting
method.
i01640564
Ride Control System

SMCS Code: 5004
46
Illustration 41
g00682894
47
actuator DUMP. (12) Main relief valve. (13) Implement pump. (14) Supply from pilot/brake pump. (15) Float check valve.
This schematic shows the hydraulic flow when the

ride control solenoid valve (5) is energized. The ride
control solenoid valve is controlled by the power
train ECM.
Illustration 42
g00688901
The factory default can be changed through

the Caterpillar Monitoring System or through the
Caterpillar Electronic Technician by 1 km/h (1 mph)
increments.
Illustration 44
g00681890
Right Side of Front Frame
Ride Control Switch in the AUTO position
(17) Accumulator.
The ride control switch allows the operator to select

the ride control OFF position or the ride control
AUTO position.
Illustration 43
g00681839
Left Side of Front Frame

(5) Ride control valve. (16) Ride control solenoid.
When the ride control switch is in the OFF position,

the ride control solenoid valve (16) is de-energized.
When the ride control switch is in the AUTO position,
the power train ECM energizes the ride control
solenoid when the machine ground speed is above
10 km/h (6 mph). The power train ECM de-energizes
the ride control solenoid when the machine ground
speed is less than approximately 9 km/h (5.7 mph).
These speeds are the factory default.
When the ECM energizes the ride control solenoid

valve, pilot pressure at the diverter spool flows to
the tank. The spring shifts the diverter spool in the
ride control valve and pressure oil from the head
end of the lift cylinders (1) is directed to the ride
control accumulator (17).
A floating piston in the accumulator separates the
oil from the nitrogen gas. Since nitrogen gas can
be compressed, the gas functions as a shock
absorber. Any downward force on the lift arms is
transfered through the oil at the head end of the
lift cylinders to the accumulator. The pressure of
the oil is transmitted to the accumulator piston,
which compresses the nitrogen gas. Compressing
the nitrogen gas absorbs spikes in the pressure of
the oil.
Oil pressure on the accumulator piston will
compress the nitrogen gas. As the nitrogen gas is
compressed the piston will move. The area that
contains the nitrogen gas will decrease. The area
that contains the oil will increase. The downward
force on the lift arms will displace some oil from
the lift cylinders. The displaced oil flows into this
increased area that is now available.
The oil in the rod end of the lift cylinders is directed
to the tank. This will prevent cavitation in the rod
end of the lift cylinders when the nitrogen in the
accumulator is compressed and the implement is
allowed to lower slightly.
48
With ride control activation, there are fewer shocks
on structures and components, reduced flexing of
the tires, and greater load retention. The result is a
smoother ride with less rocking of the machine from
front to back when the machine is travelling.
Fan Motor
i01641006
Hydraulic Fan System

SMCS Code: 1386; 1387
Components For The Hydraulic

Fan System
Illustration 46
Fan Pump
g00683397
Rear of the Machine

(4) Fan motor.
Illustration 45
g00683396
Right Side of Engine Compartment

(8) Fan pump. (13) Compensator valve.
The fan motor (4) is a hydraulic gear motor that

is located at the rear of the machine in front of
the engine radiator. The machines that are high
ambient will be equipped with a piston motor. The
fan motor turns the fan which is mounted on the
motor shaft. The fan pulls air through openings in
the side and openings in the top of the machine
behind the engine compartment. After the air
is pulled through the openings, the air passes
through the following components: Air To Air After
Cooler, hydraulic oil cooler, the radiator, and the air
conditioner condenser. Finally, the air exits the rear
of the machine.
Thermostatic Valve
The fan pump (8) is a variable displacement piston

pump. The pump is mounted on the pump drive
at the front of the engine on the right side of the
machine.
The flow compensator valve (13) which controls the
pump flow is mounted on top of the pump. The
compensator valve contains a flow control spool
and a pressure cutoff spool. The settings of both
spools can be adjusted.
Illustration 47
g00683399
Left Side of Engine Compartment

(12) Thermostatic Valve.
Thermostatic valve (12) controls the flow of the

fan pump that is based on the temperature of the
engine coolant . The engine coolant passes across
the probe end of the thermostatic valve as the
coolant flows from the radiator outlet to the coolant
pump.
49
When the engine coolant is below 70 C (158 F),
the thermostatic valve allows oil from the flow
control spool in the pump pressure compensator
valve to flow to the tank. This causes the pump to
destroke. The pump will also produce less oil flow.
The speed of the engine cooling fan will decrease.
When the engine coolant is above 90 C (194 F),
the thermostatic valve blocks oil flow from the flow
control spool in the pump pressure compensator
valve to the tank. This causes the pump to upstroke.
When the pump upstrokes, pump flow to the fan
motor is increased. The fan motor speed increases
and the fan motor circulates more cooling air.
The thermostatic valve varies the amount of oil flow
that passes through the thermostatic valve as the
temperature of the coolant changes from 70 C
(158 F) to 90 C (194 F). During this temperature
change, the thermostatic valve is not totally open or
totally closed.
Case Drain Filter
Illustration 48
g00683401
Pump Compartment
(11) Case drain filter.
The case drain filter (11) for the fan pump is located
above the pump drive.
50
Low Pressure Standby
Illustration 49
g00848495

(1) Bypass valve. (2) Oil cooler. (3) Fan. (4) Fan motor. (5) Check valve. (6) Flow control spool. (7) Pressure cutoff spool. (8) Fan pump. (9)
Destroke actuator. (10) Bypass valve for the case drain filter. (11) Thermostatic valve.
When the engine is started and the engine coolant

is cold, the bias spring causes the fan pump (8)
to upstroke. When the pump upstrokes , the pump
will produce flow. The fan pump is on STANDBY.
At STANDBY, the pump produces low flow at
approximate pressure of 2000 kPa (290 psi).
Thermostatic valve (12) allows oil from the right side
of the flow control spool (6) to flow to tank. The
pump system pressure will start to increase. The
pump system pressure works against the spring
force of the flow control spool and the spring force
of the pressure cutoff spool (7). When the system
pressure overcomes the force of the flow control
spring, the flow control spool will shift. The flow
control spool shifts to the right. This permits system
oil to flow to the destroke actuator (9) in the pump.
As pressure in the destroke actuator piston

increases to overcome the force of the bias spring,
the destroke actuator piston moves the swashplate
to the reduced angle.
51
Upstroke
Illustration 50
g00848496

When the coolant is above 70 C (158 F),

thermostatic valve (12) will begin to block oil flow
to the tank. This will increase system oil pressure
at the right end of the flow control spool (6). The
increased pressure causes the combined force of
the oil and spring at the right end of the flow control
spool to become greater than the force of the pump
supply pressure at the left end of the spool.
The increased pressure at the right end of the flow
control spool causes the spool to shift to the left.
The spool reduces the flow of system pressure oil
to the destroke actuator (9). At the same time, this
opens a passage from the destroke actuator to the
drain . Reducing oil flow to the destroke actuator
reduces the oil pressure on the destroke actuator
piston. When the pressure on the destroke actuator
piston decreases, the force of the bias spring
moves the swashplate to an increased angle. This
causes the fan pump (8) to upstroke.
When the pump upstrokes, the increased flow

causes the fan (3) to turn at an increased speed.
This will increase cooling.
52
Destroke
Illustration 51
g00848497

When the coolant is below a set temperature,

thermostatic valve (12) allows oil from the right end
of the flow control spool (6) to flow to the tank. Oil
pressure at the right end of the flow control spool
decreases. This decreased pressure causes the
force at the right end of the flow control spool to
decrease below the pump supply pressure at the
left end of the spool. The decreased pressure at the
right end of the flow control spool causes the valve
to shift to the right. This allows the flow of more
system pressure oil to the destroke actuator which
causes the force on the destroke actuator piston (9)
to increase. The increased force on the destroke
actuator piston overcomes the force of the bias
spring. The swashplate moves to a reduced angle.
As pump flow decreases, supply pressure also

decreases. When the supply pressure equals the
sum of the oil pressure at the right end of the flow
control valve and spring force, the flow control
valve moves to a metering position and the system
stabilizes.
53
Index Section
Index
E
Electrohydraulic System Components................... 5

Electronic Control System Components................ 11
Systems Operation Section ................................... 4

T
G
Table of Contents................................................... 3
General Information............................................... 4
Color Codes for Illustrations............................... 4
H
Hydraulic Fan System............................................
Components For The Hydraulic Fan System .....
Destroke.............................................................
Low Pressure Standby .......................................
Upstroke.............................................................
Hydraulic System Operation..................................
FLOAT Position ..................................................
HOLD Position ...................................................
LOWER Position ................................................
LOWER Position (Nonrunning Engine) ..............
Manual Lowering................................................
RAISE Position ..................................................
TILT BACK Position............................................
48
48
52
50
51
31
39
31
37
41
43
35
33
I
Important Safety Information ................................. 2
M
Main Hydraulic System..........................................
Control Strategy For Implements .......................
Implement Pump................................................
Pump Control Valve ...........................................
23
23
24
25
P
Pilot Hydraulic System...........................................
Implement Control Valve ....................................
Pilot Control Actuators .......................................
Pump Control Operation........................................
Pump and Control Valve Operation (Destroke)..
Pump and Control Valve Operation (Less Than
2400 kPa (350 psi)) ..........................................
Pump and Control Valve Operation (Upstroke)..
17
20
17
27
30
27
28
R
Ride Control System.............................................. 45
54
Index Section
55
Index Section
2001 Caterpillar
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.

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RENR2170-02

Important Safety Information

The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

When replacement parts are required for this

Systems Operation Section

Color Codes for Illustrations

(A) Red color .............. Main pump system pressure

Hydraulic Schematic for Implement System

The electrohydraulic implement system has a pilot

The pilot hydraulic system consists of the following

Oil flows from the hydraulic tank through a suction

The shuttle valve is mounted on the implement

Access Area Behind The Cab

The implement pump (26) is a variable displacement

The sensor for pump supply pressure (35) sends a

Case Drain Filters (If equipped)

The ball valve (21) is used to lower the lift arm

Pilot Control Actuators

The implement control valve (20) is located inside

Implement Control Valve

The following components are visible on the

Right Side of Machine

(48) Pilot control actuator and solenoid valve

The pilot relief valve (23) is located on the front

The hydraulic tank (27) is located on the right

Right Side of Front Frame

The pilot on/off solenoid valve (13) is located on

Left Side of Front Frame

The ride control valve (59) is located on the left

Electronic Control System

Hydraulic Schematic for Implement System

Hydraulic Electronic Control

The lift cylinder (16) is connected between the front

The lift control lever (12) is located in the hydraulic

The implement ECM (6) is located below the

Tilt Lever Sensor

Raise Kickout Detent Coil

(9) Tilt lever position sensor.

(8) Tilt lever detent coil.

The tilt lever position sensor (9) is located below

Lift Lever Sensor

With the boom above horizontal and the lift lever in

The lift lever position sensor (12) is located below

Right Overhead Console

The ride control switch (34) activates the ride control

The ride control switch is shown in the AUTO

Block Diagram of the Implement Electronic Control System

The implement Electronic Control Module (ECM)

Kickout set switch This switch is used to set the

The implement electronic control system consists of

Lift linkage position sensor This sensor signals the

Lift lever position sensor This sensor signals the

Tilt linkage position sensor This sensor signals the

Tilt lever position sensor This sensor signals the

Pilot supply on/off solenoid This solenoid controls

Implement lockout switch This switch signals

Implement pump solenoid This solenoid controls

Pilot Hydraulic System

Pilot Control Actuators

Pilot Control Actuator (Hold Position)

The pilot control actuators control the position of

The Left Solenoid Energized

Pilot Control Actuator

When the coolant is above 70 C (158 F),