Volvo Penta

Volvo Penta is a leading manufacturer of

engines and complete power systems for
marine and industrial applications. The
companys products are sold in more than
100 countries. Development and production of diesel engines are carried out in
Vara and Skvde in Sweden. Gasoline
engines and drive systems for installation
in leisure boats are developed and produced in Lexington, Tennessee, USA.

The product range in Volvo Pentas Marine Leisure business segment are gasoline
and diesel powered engines with power
outputs in the range of 10 hp to 775 hp,
as well as complete power systems.

Engines in the Marine Commercial business segment have power outputs ranging from 98 hp to 1900 hp and complete
power systems for ship propulsion as well
as marine auxiliary engines.

The Industrial Engines business segment

includes engines for many different uses,
such as in irrigation systems, generators,
power systems for trains and heavy forklift
trucks, terminal handling equipment and
farm machines are a few examples.

Volvo Group

Volvo is one of the worlds largest producers of trucks, buses and construction
equipment and holds leading positions in
power systems for marine and industrial
applications as well as aircraft engine
components. The Volvo Group focuses
on transport vehicles for commercial
operations that create new conditions for
increased coordination benefits and improved competitiveness.

Volvo is one of the best known brands in

the world, linked strongly to quality, safety
and care for the environment..

Volvo Pentas quality assurance system meets the international ISO 9001 standard
(ISO 9001
:2000)
and is quality
certifiedassurance
by Lloyds Register
Oualitythe
Assurance.
Approval CerVolvo
Pentas
system meets
international
tificate No 937890.

ISO 9001 standard (EN ISO 9001:1994) and is certified by Lloyds

Register
Quality Assurance.
Certificate
937890.ISO 14001
Volvo Pentas
environmental
managementApproval
system meets
the the No
international
(1996) standard and is certified by Lloyds Register Ouality Assurance. Approval CertifiVolvo Pentas environmental management system meets the
cate No 771827.

international ISO 14001 (1996) standard and is certified by Lloyds

Register Quality Assurance. Approval Certificate No 771827, 771041.

ISO 9001 Quality Management System

is applicable to:
Development, design, manufacture, marketing and sales of Marine and Industrial
Engine Power Systems including Marine
Generator sets and associated Parts
Service.

 - General

ISO 14001 Environmental Management System is applicable to:

The manufacture and development of marine and industrial engine power systems
in accordance with the publicly available
environmental policy.

Marine Leisure D1-D12 2006

Marine Propulsion Engine Rating Definitions

Rating 5

Pleasure Duty
This power rating is intended for pleasure
craft applications only, which presumes
operation by the owner for his/ her
recreation, running hours less than 300 h
per year.
Full power could be utilized maximum 1
h per 12 h operation period. Between
full load operation periods, engine speed
should be reduced at least 10% from the
obtained full load engine speed.

Please Note!
The rating on each product in
this catalog states the toughest
application allowed.
Of course, the product can also be
used in an application with a higher
rating. For example; D4-210, Rating 4,
can also be used for Rating 5!

* When Volvo Penta commercial rated

engines Cost Manager is used for
lifetime expectancy calculations this
result should be regarded as expected
lifetime.

Exhaust and Sound Emission Certification for Recreational Diesel Engines

As a worldwide supplier of marine diesel engines, Volvo Penta
products have to confirm with a number of emission rules and
regulations. In many cases there are also strong customer demands regarding exhaust emissions. Volvo Penta works actively
to develop resource efficient products with low environmental
impact during its useful life.
The most important regulations in force worldwide today are:
EU Directive 94/25/EC: Recreational Craft Directive (RCD)
The Recreational Craft Directive (RCD) entered into force in
1998. At this first stage, the directive was setting safety requirements relating to construction and design of recreational
vessels. This directive was subsequently amended in 2003 with
the directive 2003/44/EC, which introduced exhaust and sound
emission limits for recreational vessels.
From January 1, 2006 all recreational vessels put on the EU
market must comply with the exhaust and sound emission requirements of the RCD. A second stage with further reductions of
emissions is planned but not yet decided.
Recreational vessels that are compliant to the directive are
marked with a CE-label. In addition, outboard and stern-drive
packages must be CE-marked. Inboard engines must comply
with the exhaust limits but must not be CE labeled separately.
Recreational Craft Directive 94/25/EC (amended
2003/44/EC)
Category

CO

HC

(g/kWh) (g/kWh)
Diesel
engines

5.0

1.5 + 2/PN0.5

NOx

PM

(g/kWh) (g/kWh)
9.8

1.0

PN is the rated power in kW

Bodensee-Schiffahrts-Ordnung (BSO)
The Bodensee-Schiffahrts-Ordnung (BSO) emission regulation
is one of the earliest exhaust emission regulations. The Stage 2
of this regulation was introduced in 1996 and applies to vessels
on the lake Bodensee (lake Constance).
BSO is also regulating the total mass emissions from a vessel
in contrast to the other regulations mentioned here which mostly
limit specific exhaust emissions in g/kWh which is independent
of engine power. Setting a mass emission limit is effectively
limiting the size of the engines on board vessels. In addition, the
mass emissions are calculated for the total installed power in
the vessel.

The BSO regulation will continue to apply also after the introduction of the Recreational Craft Directive in 2006. However, it
will probably be superseded by the RCD in the longer term.
Bodensee-Shiffahrts-Ordnung Stage 2 (BSO 2)
Category

CO

Power (PN) (g/kWh)

HC

NOx

(g/kWh)

(g/kWh) (BSU)

<4

400 x PN-0.6505 30 x PN-0.6505

10

4-100

400 x PN-0.6505 30 x PN-0.6505

10

> 100

20

3.375 x

Mass g/h
(max)

1500

95

PN-0.1761

Smoke
2.5
(3.0)*

10
360

* Max 2.5 BSU for turbocharged and 3.0 BSU for naturally
aspirated diesel engine
PN is the rated power in kW
U.S. EPA Regulation: Control of Emissions from Marine
Compression Ignition Engines
Starting in 2006, all new recreational marine diesel engines above 37 kW (50 hp) in US waters must be certified by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The Tier
2 standards sets limits to NOx, HC, CO and Particulates. US
EPA Tier 2 standard is the most stringent major exhaust emission standard in force for recreational diesel engines. Certified
engines shall have a label stating that the engine complies with
the EPA regulations.
From January 1, 2006 all recreational diesel engines with a per
cylinder volume of 0.9 to 2.5 liter must comply with Tier 2. Recreational engines up to 0.9 liter per cylinder must comply with
Tier 2 from 2007 and engines with a per cylinder volume of 2.5
to 5.0 liter must comply with Tier 2 in 2009.
Smaller diesels below 37 kW are regulated as non-road engines
since 1999.
U.S. EPA marine recreational diesel Tier 2 standards
displacement / cylinder HC+NOx

PM

CO

litres

(g/kWh)

(g/kWh)

(g/kWh)

disp. < 0.9 & 37 kW

7.5

0.4

5.0

0.9 disp. < 1.2

7.2

0.3

5.0

1.2 disp. < 2.5

7.2

0.2

5.0

2.5 disp. < 5.0

7.2

0.2

5.0

Marine Leisure D1-D12 2006

General - 

ISO 3046 standard for power measurement

ISO 3046,
Reciprocating internal combustion
engines Performance
This International Standard covers
reciprocating internal combustion
engines for land, rail-traction and marine
use, excluding engines used to propel
agricultural tractors, road vehicles and
aircraft.
ISO 8665
Small craft Marine propulsion
engines and systems Power
measurements and declarations
ISO 8665 specifies test requirments in
addition to those given in ISO 3046-1
for determine and declare the power
of marine engines or systems for
recreational craft and other small craft up
to 24m (66 foot) length of hull.

Standard reference conditions

ISO 3046
Total barometric
100kPa
pressure
Air temperature 298 K (25C)
Relative humidity
30%
Charge air coolant 298 K (25C)
temperature
Power and fuel correction
When the engine has been tested
under ambient conditions different
from standard reference conditions or
when the power shall be declared, the
power and the fuel consumption shall be
corrected with respect to.
- barometric pressure
- air temperature
- relative humidity

Fuel:
Fuels used must at least satisfy
national and international standards for
commercial fuels, for example:
EN 590 (adapted to national
environmental and low temperature
requirements)
ASTM D 975 No 1-D and 2-D
JIS KK 2204
Merchant fuel may differ from these
specifications which will influence engine
power output and fuel consumption

Requesting a customized product

An customized product is a product
combination that can not be ordered
from the Sales Guide. When requesting
a customized product, please contact
your Adaptation Center. The Adaptation
Center will help you with cost, possible
configurations and preliminary delivery
time. An example of a customized product
is different transmission, cooling system,
electrical system, etc.

PLEASE NOTE
The basic product you are asking for
must be in production. Please send your
requests by fax or mail together with our
request form, publication no 7738779. It
is possible to find a released customized
product on Volvo Penta Intranet.

For further information, please contact:

Adaptation Center Europe
Fax. No. +46 31 663550
E-mail: support.acenter.eu@volvo.com
Adaptation Center North America Fax.
No. +1 757 436 5159.
E-mail: support.acenter.na@volvo.com

Please Note:
Measurements of technical data in the
catalog fulfill the conditions required in
ISO standards 3046 and/or 8665.

Volvo Penta reserves the right, without

prior notice, to revise prices, materials,
standard equipment, specifications,
models and to discontinue models. Not
all models, standard equipment, and
accessories are available in all countries.

Warranty: If the use of the product is

of a lower rating type than allowed the
international limited warranty will not be
valid. The VP Int. Ltd. Warranty does
not apply in countries where a national
warranty applies, nor in countries where
VP is not represented.

It is not always possible for customers to

compare their own data with those in the
catalog due to variations in installation,
ambient conditions, fuel quality and
tolerances between individual engines.

 - General

Marine Leisure D1-D12 2006

How to select the right propeller system

If you want to get the best performance
out of your boat, you need to select the
propeller and gearing that will suit your
particular boat, engine and speed range.

The relations between pitch and diameter

should be:

Below you will find a brief description of

how propeller systems are designed. It is
not just the engine capacity which determines the speed of the boat; it depends
just as much on the efficiency of the
reverse gear and the propeller system.
Using the right propeller system will not
only give you good fuel economy, higher
speed; you will also experience greater
comfort, with less noise and vibration.

0.91.15 at 20 knots
1.01.3 at 30 knots
1.051.35 at 35 knots

Planing boats
In planing boats over 20 knots, the size
of the propeller depends on the engine
power. To transfer the power from the
engine to the water, you need approximately 78 cm2 propeller blade surface per
kW shaft power. If the shaft is at an angle
in relation to the flow of the water, this
requirement may be considerably greater:
815 cm2/kW is reasonable, depending
on the angle of the shaft and the water
flow.
At a shaft power of 400 kW, therefore,
the propeller blade surface may need to
be 400 kW x 9 cm2/kW = 3 600 cm2.
This surface may be divided over three,
four or five blades.
The efficiency of a propeller blade diminishes when it becomes far too wide in
relation to its length. This means that if
the propeller diameter is limited in size (as
is often the case), it is better to select several narrower blades (four or five) rather
than three wide ones, for example.
The angle of the propeller shaft should be
as small as possible. Shaft angles of less
than 12 do not usually cause any major
problems, but shaft angles of more than
1415 should be avoided.
The distance between the bottom of the
boat and the propeller blades should be
at least 1213% of the diameter of the
propeller.
When you have selected the diameter of
the propeller, you are ready to go on to
select the pitch.
Propeller blades should no travel faster
than 6070 knots through the water at
70% of the maximum propeller diameter.
This means that the speed of the propeller revolutions must be reduced when the
engine capacity is greater, which requires
a larger blade surface and therefore a
greater diameter.

ratio of 0.7, or whether it should be better

when not trawling with a slightly higher
pitch ratio.

P/D=pitch/diameter

Generally, a larger propeller with narrow

blades and low revolutions is more efficient than a small, high-speed revolving
propeller. When the boats speed goes
above 2428 knots, the resistance of the
shafts, rudders and propeller supports
starts to become so great that the greater
efficiency of the propeller is not beneficial. The resistance on the propeller system can be reduced by reducing the shaft
diameter, selecting stronger materials and
reducing the rudders and surfaces of the
propeller supports. Lower gear ratios also
mean thinner shafts. It is necessary to find
a balance between propeller efficiency,
water resistance on the shaft, etc.
Displacement and semiplaning boats
Boats of less than 15 knots need propellers which are as large as possible. For
example, in a trawler it is possible to save
2030% fuel or to gain 20% greater
thrust when trawling by increasing the
propeller diameter by 50% and reducing
the propeller speed by 40%.
The blade surface of the propeller is designed according to the minimum of 0.17
m2 per ton of thrust.
As described above, a large, slow-moving
propeller is preferable. At a speed of 12
knots, for example, a three-blade propeller with a 50% blade area will achieve an
efficiency rate of approximately 57% if the
propeller blade cuts through the water at
50 knots with 70% of its diameter. At a
blade speed of 70 knots, approximately
only 47% efficiency is achieved.
The formula:
x shaft output in kW x1944
T Newton=propeller effiencyspeed
of boat

can be used to calculate the thrust and,

therefore, the blade surface.
Three-blade propellers are often more efficient for large, slow-moving propellers
than four-blade or five-blade propellers.
However, four-blade propellers usually
produce less vibration, which is often
preferable. In general, there is a tendency
towards four-blade propellers.
A suitable pitch ratio at 10 knots is 0.7
0.9 and at 15 knots 0.81.05.
As the best pitch ratio varies according to
the speed of the boat, it is necessary to
decide whether the propeller should be
at its best when trawling, e.g. with a pitch
Marine Leisure D1-D12 2006

Adjustable propellers are an excellent solution for trawlers, tugs and freighters.
As a very rough estimate, the bollard pull
thrust can be calculated using the formula
Adjustable propeller (kp) 13 14 x hp
Fixed propeller (kp) 1112 x hp
An adjustable propeller fitted to the right
boat (up to 10 knots) can therefore save
a lot of fuel.
Speed range between 15 and 20 knots
Within this speed range, a large slow
propeller is preferable to a small, fast one.
The blade surface is designed as a compromise between kW/cm2 and m2/ton of
tractive force.
The above description is very general and
describes only superficially how propellers are designed. The propeller manual
Propellers Marine Engines, 60 to 120
Series, Part A Calculation and Propeller
Selection contains a more in-depth description of propellers.
Volvo Penta also have various catalogs
which contain proposals for propellers
for each type of engine and reverse gear,
Propellers, Part B.
Over the last year, Volvo Penta has been
developing computer programs for calculating speed, gear ratios and propellers.
This is excellent for calculating speed and
propellers simply and safely.
The estimated speed in the individual
computer programs is based on the
experience gained from a number of installations. It is often better to calculate
the speed from your own experience:
propeller manual A and the like simply
calculate the propellers using the computer program.
Volvo Penta is constantly developing
new, powerful, more refined computer
programs which will enhance both speed
and propeller calculations. However, these calculations will never improve upon
the values which have been built up over
many years of experience and programmed into the computer.
Volvo Penta manufactures its own very
efficient reverse gears and collaborates
with leading suppliers of reverse gears
and manufacturers of propellers, shafts,
stern tubes etc. If you buy the entire
package, from engine to propellers, from
us at Volvo Penta, you can be sure that all
your components will fit together properly.

General - 

Professional installation support

Volvo Penta is able to offer a vast pool of
installation knowledge and experience gained from over eighty years of working with
work boat applications. This experience
has also resulted in us being able to offer
well matched transmission systems to suit
a variety of individual applications through
the close associations we have developed
with several leading transmission suppliers.

Total installation support, direct from your

local Volvo Penta dealer, and covering
engine transmission, auxiliary units etc.
further ensures that your engine delivers
its performance fully according to expectation.

Speed, thrust and propeller calculations,

carried out with the aid of sophisticated
computer programs
(MACP 2)are able to provide you with vital
information on performance and economy,
well in advance of purchase.

Correct choice of engine and drive line

ensure reliability and security, better
control of costs and longer term profitability.

Two-year warranty for Rating 5 (Pleasure Duty)

Greater security for owners
TAMD63 TAMD165-serien and D9,
D12-series are covered by a two-year
warranty up to a maximum of 1000 running hours. The warranty, which is free
and valid worldwide, is conditional only on
the engine being serviced in accordance
with the instructions handbook and when
carried out by authorized Volvo Penta service personnel.
Extended to pleasure craft only
The two-year warranty applies to engines
installed in craft used by their owners for
private recreational purposes only. That
excludes boats used for charter, for carrying of paying guests or for any other commercial activities. Volvo Penta has special
warranties to cover those situations.

The warranty stays with the engine

The warranty is transferable. So even if
the boat changes ownership within the
two-year period, the warranty still remains
valid. That is as long as the service book
has been completed correctly and the
new owner is informed of the terms of the
warranty.
Worldwide protection
The Two-year engine warranty applies
wherever in the world Volvo Penta is represented. In the rare event that warranty
work need to be carried out, skilled service and assistance is available from any
of Volvo Pentas network of 5000 dealers
in more than 100 countries.

Service dependent
To minimize the risk of stoppages or
breakdowns at sea, it is important that the
engine is regularly maintained according
to the recommended service schedule.
Full individual service requirements are
supplied with each engine.
The maintenance of correct service procedures together with the exclusive use
of Genuine Volvo Penta Parts are also
essential requirements in maintaining the
two-year warranty commitment.

Extended protection for Rating 5 (Pleasure Duty)

We are pleased to inform you that Volvo
Penta offers an extended protection for
the marine diesel engines MD2010MD2040, KAD32, AD41, KAD43,
KAD300, D1, D2, D3, D4, D6, Volvo
Penta IPS 400, Volvo Penta IPS 500 and
petrol (gasoline) engines, including transmissions for these engines, for pleasure
use.
The extended protection is valid for above
mentioned engines and transmissions
delivered to the end user after July 1st
2005. The period for such extended
protection is 12 months from the date of
expire of the 12 month standard Warranty
Period. The initial date of the warranty
period is stated on the Warranty Card.
The extended protection has the same

 - General

coverage as the Volvo Penta International

Limited Warranty, including national warranty if any, and is only valid if proof can
be shown that services and maintenance
has been performed according to schedule in Operators Manual and that the
extended protection service as outlined
below has been performed.
In order for the extended protection to be
valid the engine and transmission must,
at the owners cost and expense, be subjected to a special extended protection
service performed by an authorized Volvo
Penta distributor, dealer or workshop
before the expiry of the 12 months Warranty Period. The extended protection
service is performed according to a special maintenance scheme in the operators

Marine Leisure D1-D12 2006

manual and the authorized Volvo Penta

distributor, dealer or workshop shall provide a confirmation/stamp & signature in
the warranty & service book on the performance of such service to the owner. In
order to claim repairs under the extended
protection, such confirmation must be available for inspection by the Volvo Penta
distributor, dealer or workshop performing
the repair.

Engine calculation formulas

To find:
Calculate
Power
(2p*T*N)/1000 kW
Torque
1000*P/(2p*N) Nm
Mean effective pressure (PME) 2*P/(V*N) Mpa
P=Power (kW). T=Torque (Nm). V=Displacement (liter). N= Engine speed rpm/60 (rps).

Conversion factors
Metric to U.S. or IMP. conversion factors:

U.S. or IMP. to metric conversion factors:

To convert

To convert

From

To

Multiply by

From

To

Multiply by

mm

inch

0.03937

inch

mm

25.40

cm

inch

0.3937

inch

cm

2.540

foot

3.2808

foot

0.304

Area

mm2
m2

sq.in.

0.00155

sq. in.

645.2

sq. ft.

10.76

sq. ft.

mm2
m2

Volume

cm3

cu. in.

cm3

16.388

litre, dm3
litre, dm3

28.320
4.545
3.785

Length

litre, dm3
litre, dm3
litre, dm3
litre, dm3

cu. in.

0.06102

cu. ft.

0.03531

cu. ft.

cu. in.

61.023

cu. in.

0.093

0.01639

imp. gallon

0.220

imp. gallon

U.S. gallon

0.2642

U.S. gallon

litre, dm3
litre, dm3

0.0283

m3

cu. ft.

35.315

cu.ft.

m3

Force

lbf

0.2248

lbf

4.448

Weight

kg

lb.

2.205

lb.

kg

0.454

kW

hp (metric) 1)

1.36

hp (metric) 1)

kW

0.735

kW

bhp

1.341

bhp

kW

0.7457

kW

BTU/min

56.87

BTU/min

kW

0.0176

Torque

Nm

lbf ft

0.738

lbf ft

Nm

1.356

Pressure

MPa

psi

145.038

psi

MPa

0.0069

Pa

mm H20

0.102

mm H20

Pa

9.807

Pa

in H20

0.004

in H20

Pa

249.098

KPa

in H20

4.0

in H20

KPa

0.24908

mWg

in H20

39.37

in H20

mWg

0.0254

bar

kPa

100

kPa

bar

0.01

Energy

kJ/kWh

BTU/hph

0.697

BTU/hph

kJ/kWh

1.435

Work

kJ/kg

BTU/lb

0.430

BTU/lb

kJ/kg

2.326

MJ/kg

BTU/lb

430

BTU/lb

MJ/kg

0.00233

kJ/kg

kcal/kg

0.239

kcal/kg

kJ/kg

4.184

Fuel

g/kWh

g/hph

0.736

g/hph

g/kWh

1.36

Consump.

g/kWh
kgm2

lb/hph
lbft2

0.00162

lb/hph
lbft2

g/kWh
kgm2

616.78
0.042
0.2271
0.00508

Power

Inertia

23.734

cu.ft./min.

0.5886

cu.ft./min.

Flow, liquid

m3/h
m3/h

U.S. gal/min

4.403

U.S. gal/min

m3/h
m3/h

Speed

m/s

ft.per/min.

196.85

ft.per min.

m/s

Flow, gas

F=9/5 x C+32
Temp.
1) All hp figures stated in the catalog are metric.

1.699

C=5/9 x (F32)

Marine Leisure D1-D12 2006

General -