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1990
Michael J. Hogan ed., The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge:
Paul G. Harris ed., The Politics of Climate Change: Environmental Dynamics in International
1824Joseph Fourier1858
John Tyndall
1896Svante A. Arrheniu
3
1960
1957Roger RevelleHans E. Suess
1972
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
Declaration of United Na-
Isaac M. Held & Brian J. Soden, Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Vol. 25 (November 2000), pp. 441-475.
Roger Revelle & Hans Suess, Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Atmosphere and Ocean and
the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 during the Past Decades, Tellus, Vol. 9 (Feb-
6
19851987Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerMontreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
1987James E. Hansen
18801985
1000.5~0.77
19902
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), The Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide
and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts, report to the
International Conference of the Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems (Villach,
Austria: UNEP/ WMO/ ICSU, 9-15 October 1985).
James E. Hansen & S. Lebedeff, Global Trends of Measured Surface Air Temperature, Jour-
45/212
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, INC
19973
Kyoto Protocol, KP
2012
19905.2%
8%7%6%
10%8%1%1990
8
2555
1990
199055%
90
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.
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Joint Implementation, JI
Clean Development Mechanism, CDMEmission
Trading, ETKyoto Mechanism9
200252355
2004121855%
2005216193
63.7%10
2005
2012
200713
Bali Roadmapcommon
but differentiated responsibilities principle
200915
11
200915193
201016
Ibid.
10
Status of Ratication of the Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratication/items/2613.
php.
11
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Summary of the Thirteenth Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Third Meeting of
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Earth Negotiations Bulletin (New York), Vol. 12, No. 354 (De-
cember 2007), p. 4.
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20132020
201218
202020155
2020
201319
201420
2015
2020
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Umbrella Group12
13Group of 7714Alliance of Small Island States, AOSIS15Coalition for Rainforest
Nations, CRN16Least Developed Countries, LDC17
12
13
4
BASIC2009114
4
14
1964
134
15
39437
See Members and Observers, Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), http://www.sidsnet.
org/aosis/.
16
17
49See
The Criteria for the Identication of the LDCs, UN Office of the High Representative for the
Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing
2012
1998
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4
levels of analy-
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ozone/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf.
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sis
3
international system leveldomestic structure level
individual or decision making level19
structural realism
neo-liberalism
outsidein20
21
constructivism
inside-out 22
19
20
Kenneth Waltz, Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory, Journal of International Affairs, Vol.
21
474
Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics, International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391-425; Peter M. Haas,
Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination, International
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cross-levels analysis23
Robert D. Putnamtwo-level game
24
interdependence theorycomplex interdependence theory
25
international regime
23
172-173
24
Robert D. Putnam, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, International Organizations, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Summer 1988), pp. 427-460.
25
Robert O. Keohane & Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little, Brown,
1977), pp. 3-10; Morton Kaplan, System and Process in International Politics (New York: John
.
. , 2015.01
ISBN 978-957-11-7910-0 ()
1.2.
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103022732
4P57
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