E7.

00L

Teacher/Lecturer .

Mark scheme for Topic 7 Exam-style topic test

General information
The following symbols are used in the mark schemes for all questions.
; semicolon indicates the end of a marking point.
eq indicates that credit should be given for other correct alternatives to a word or
statement.
/ oblique words or phrases separated by an oblique are alternatives to each other.
{ } indicate the beginning and end of a list of alternatives (separated by obliques)
where necessary to avoid confusion.
( ) words in round brackets are not required to award the point.
Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
In general, an error made in an early part of a question is penalised when it occurs
but not subsequently. The candidate is penalised once only and can gain credit in
later parts of the question for correct reasoning from the earlier incorrect answer.
The spelling of technical words must be sufficiently correct to be unambiguous, e.g.
for mitosis, mytosis would be acceptable whereas meitosis would not.
The meaning of an answer must be clear to gain the marks.
A correct statement that is contradicted by an incorrect statement in the same part of
an answer gains no mark.

Question 1

Maximum mark

(a) (i) Pyruvic acid / pyruvate;

1 mark

(ii) Phosphate is added / phosphorylation of glucose;

from breakdown of ATP;

2 marks

(iii) Hydrogen released / dehydrogenation;

Attaches to NAD;
Forms reduced NAD;
Formation of ATP / phosphorylation of ADP;

2 marks

(b) (i) No oxygen to re-oxidise reduced NAD / NADH2;

Lactate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD / NADH2;
Availability of NAD allows glycolysis to continue;

2 marks

Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology, Pearson Education Ltd 2009. University of York Science Education Group.
This sheet may have been altered from the original.

1 of 3

E7.00L
Topic 7 Exam-style topic test

Teacher/Lecturer

(ii) Oxidised to / forms carbon dioxide and water;

(released into the blood and) converted back to glucose in the liver;
Ref. to oxygen debt;

2 marks

(iii) Muscle fatigue / cramp;

Low pH denatures enzymes;
Tissue damage / impaired muscle performance;

1 mark
Total 10 marks

Question 2
(a)

A (1 min): 120 bpm

B (2 min): 140 bpm
20/120 100 = 17%;

(b)

1 mark

Chemoreceptors;
Carotid / aortic body / medulla;
Increase in CO2 / H+ / pH drops;
CO2 + H2O

H2CO3

H+ + HCO3;

Impulses to cardiovascular control centre;

(more) impulses down sympathetic / accelerator nerve;
Release of noradrenaline / neurotransmitter;
Sinoatrial node;
Increase rate of firing / eq;

5 marks
Total 6 marks

Question 3
(a)

Champion marathon runner;

Majority of fibres are darkly stained;
Large amounts of myoglobin;
Associated with slow-twitch;
Specialised for slower, sustained contraction / cope with long periods of
exercise;
3 marks

(b) (i) Slow twitch;

Higher activity of enzymes that carry out aerobic respiration than in Y;
41 mol min1 g1 of citrate synthase / 1.2 mol min1 g1 carnitine
palmitoyl-transferase;

2 marks

Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology, Pearson Education Ltd 2009. University of York Science Education Group.
This sheet may have been altered from the original.

2 of 3

E7.00L
Topic 7 Exam-style topic test

Teacher/Lecturer

(ii) More capillaries in marathon runner;

More mitochondria in marathon runner;
More myoglobin in marathon runner;

2 marks
Total 7 marks

Question 4
(a) (i) Maintenance of a constant internal environment;

1 mark

(ii) An increase above the norm brings about mechanisms to bring it back down to
the norm / vice versa;
1 mark
(iii) Increase above normal level;
Detected by thermoreceptors in skin / hypothalamus;
Impulses pass to hypothalamus;
Heat loss centre activated;
Impulses pass to sweat glands;
Evaporation of sweat causes a cooling effect;
Impulses to shunt vessels in the skin;
Shunt vessels constrict;
Vasodilation;
More blood flows through capillaries close to skin surface;
More heat / energy lost by convection / radiation;
Body temperature falls back to normal level by negative feedback;
5 marks
Total 7 marks

Salters-Nuffield Advanced Biology, Pearson Education Ltd 2009. University of York Science Education Group.
This sheet may have been altered from the original.

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