Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Key words: AFLP markers, Araceae, Aglaonema, Chinese evergreens, genetic variation, ornamental tropical foliage
plants.
INTRODUCTION
The genus Aglaonema Schott belongs to the family Araceae
Juss. and comprises 21 species (Nicolson, 1969). All species
are herbaceous evergreens native to south-east Asia, northeastern India, across southern China, and into Indonesia and
New Guinea where they inhabit humid and heavily shaded
tropical forests (Nicolson, 1969; Mayo et al., 1997).
Flowers are unisexual, dichogamous in nature and, thus,
most species are open-pollinated. The chromosome number
varies from 2n = 42 to 60 or 120 (Nicolson, 1969) depending
on species. Due to their attractive foliar variegation and
tolerance to low light, Aglaonema species have been
cultivated in China and other Asian countries for centuries
as indoor ornamental foliage plants or houseplants. As a
result, Aglaonema are commonly referred to as Chinese
evergreens. Chinese evergreens were introduced into the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1885 (Brown, 1885).
Aglaonema cultivation in the USA started in the 1930s
(Smith and Scarborough, 1981) and soon became a great
* For correspondence. Fax 407-814-6186, e-mail jjchen@mail.ifas.
u.edu or Fax 909-787-4437; e-mail ctchao@citrus.ucr.edu
Annals of Botany 93/2, Annals of Botany Company 2004; all rights reserved
158
159
TA B L E 1. List of 54 Aglaonema cultivars and ve other ariod genera used in this study
Cultivars
Treubii
Curtissi
Ernesto's Favorite
Silver Queen
277028
Emerald Bay
Golden Bay
Moonlight Bay
Diamond Bay
257-12
Echo
Cory
Costatum Hybrid
Queen of Siam
White Rain
Stripes
White Lance
Green Lady
Jubilee
Jubilee Petite
Maria Christina
Painted Princess
J.G.
1502
Amelia
B.J. Freeman
Camouage
Jewel of India
Maria
Mary Ann
Patricia
Royal Ripple
Silver Ribbon
Silver Bay
Commatum
Deborah
Emerald Star
Stars
Donna Carmen Mutant
Peacock
III
JT2000
Pride of Sumatra
Red Gold
Donna Carmen
Modestum
714-12
Mod 3 Rot Clone 1
Mod 3 Rot Clone 2
Mod 3 Rot Clone 3
Mod 3 Rot Clone 4
Pictum Tricolor
XII
XIV
Red Hot
64706
Moonlight
Compacta
Polly
Background
Sources
A. commutatum
A. nitidum
A. nitidum
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Somaclonal variant
Interspecic hybrid
Somaclonal variant
Somaclonal variant
Interspecic hybrid
A. commutatum
Interspecic hybrid
Unknown
Interspecic hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Unknown
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
A. crispum
Hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Unknown
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Unknown
Sport
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Sport
Interspecic hybrid
Unknown
Unknown
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
A. modestum
Unknown
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
Interspecic hybrid
A. pictum
Unknown
Unknown
Anthurium 3
Spathiphyllum 3
Philodendron 3
Dieffenbachia maculata `Compacta'
Alocasia 3
UF/MREC*
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
Twyford International, Inc.
Stewart's Greenhouse, Inc.
Stewart's Greenhouse, Inc.
UF/MREC
Stewart's Greenhouse, Inc.
Stewart's Greenhouse, Inc.
Green Star Foliage, Inc.
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
Green Star Foliage
Green Star Foliage
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
Stewart's Greenhouse
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
Green Star Foliage
Green Star Foliage
Stewart's Greenhouse
Twyford International, Inc
Stewart's Greenhouse
Twyford International, Inc.
Stewart's Greenhouse
Twyford Inc.
Twyford international, Inc.
Stewart's Greenhouse
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
Twyford Inc.
Twyford Inc.
Twyford Inc.
Twyford Inc.
UF/MREC
Twyford Inc.
Twyford Inc.
UF/MREC
UF/MREC
Agri-Starts, Inc.
UF/MREC
Agri-Starts, Inc.
* University of Florida, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka, FL, USA.
Twyford International, Inc. Apopka, FL, USA.
Stewart's Greenhouse, Inc. Mt Dora, FL, USA.
Green Star Foliage, Inc. Apopka, FL, USA.
Agri-Starts, Inc. Apopka, FL, USA
160
F I G . 1. Fluorescent-AFLP proles of 30 Aglaonema cultivars, ve cultivars from other aroid genera, and a duplicate A. commutatum `Treubii' using
primer IRD700 E + GG/M + CAA. The samples are arranged from left to the right in the order of (M) size markers, (S) space, (1) `Treubii', (2)
`Curtisii', (3) `Silver Queen', (4) `Modestum', (5) `277028', (6) `257-12', (7) `714-12', (8) `Echo', (9) `Peacock', (10) `Emerald Bay', (11) `Golden
Bay', (12) `Donna Carmen', (13) `J.G.', (14) `1502', (15) `Moonlight Bay', (16) `Diamond Bay', (17) `Ernesto's Favorite', (18) `Pictum Tricolor',
(19) `Amelia', (20) `B.J. Freeman', (21) `Camouage', (22) `Cory', (23) `Costatum Hybrid', (24) `Deborah', (25) `Donna Carmen Mutant', (26)
`Emerald Star', (27) `Green Lady', (28) `III', (29) `Jewel of India', (30) `JT2000', (S) space, (31) Anthurium `Red Hot', (32) Spathiphyllum `64760',
(33) Philodendron `Moonlight', (34) Dieffenbachia `Compacta', (35) Alocasia `Polly', (36) Aglaonema `Treubii', (S) space, and (M) size markers.
161
162
F I G . 2. Dendrogram of 54 Aglaonema cultivars, a duplicate A. commutatum `Treubii', and ve cultivars from other aroid genera resulting from a
UPGMA cluster analysis based on Jaccard estimates of similarity obtained from 449 polymorphic AFLP bands.
TA B L E 2. AFLP primer combinations, primer sequences, total number of bands generated by each primer set, number of
polymorphic bands detected, and percentages of polymorphic bands used in the study of Aglaonema cultivars
Primer
IRD700 E
IRD800 E
IRD700 E
IRD800 E
IRD700 E
IRD800 E
Total
Average
TC/M + CAA
AA/M + CAA
TC/M + CAT
AA/M + CAT
GG/M + CAA
CC/M + CAA
69
66
74
69
112
59
449
748
% of polymorphic bands
62
68
73
67
77
68
70
70
163
164
TA B L E 3. Jaccard's similarity coefcients among seven cultivars of A. commutatum, A. crispum, A. modestum, A. nitidum
or A. pictum using six primer sets
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
commutatum `Echo'
commutatum `Trebuii'
crispum `B.J. Freeman'
modestum
nitidum `Curtisii'
nitidum `Ernesto's Favorite'
pictum `Tricolor'
A. commutatum
`Echo'
A. commutatum
`Trebuii'
A. crispum
`B.J. Freeman'
A. modestum
A. nitidum
`Curtisii'
A. nitidum
`Ernesto's Favorite'
A. pictum
`Tricolor'
069
079
074
040
038
042
072
067
066
037
075
063
070
038
085
032
033
033
031
031
032
165
166
Myburg AA, O'Malley D, Sederoff RR, Whetten R. 2000. Highthroughput multiplexed AFLP analysis of interspecic hybrids of
Eucalyptus trees species. In: Plant & Animal Genome VIII
Conference Abstract Book, San Diego, USA, 544.
Nicolson DH. 1969. A revision of the genus Aglaonema (Araceae).
Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 1: 169.
Polanco C, Ruiz ML. 2002. AFLP analysis of somaclonal variation in
Arabidopsis thaliana regenerated plants. Plant Science 162: 817
824.
Qamaruz-Zaman F, Fay MF, Parker JS, Chase MW. 1998. The use of
AFLP ngerprinting in conversation genetics: a case study of Orchis
simia (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 13: 125133.
Rohlf FJ. 2000. NTSYSpc numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis
system, version 21 user guide. New York: Exeter Software.
Singh A, Negi MS, Rajagopal J, Bhatia S, Tomar UK, Srivastava PS,
Lakshmikumaran M. 1999. Assessment of genetic diversity in
Azadirachta indica using AFLP markers. Theory and Applied
Genetics 99: 272279.
Smith CN, Scarborough EF. 1981. Status and development of foliage