COURSE:

CE 201 (STATICS)

LECTURE NO.:

31 & 32

FACULTY:

DR. SHAMSHAD AHMAD

DEPARTMENT:

CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY:

KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM

& MINERALS, DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA

TEXT BOOK:

ENGINEERING MECHANICS-STATICS
by R.C. HIBBELER, PRENTICE HALL

LECTURE NO. 31 & 32

INTERNAL FORCES (2-D & 3-D)

Objectives:

To show how to use the method of sections for

determining the internal forces in a member at a
specified location.

INTERNAL FORCES DEVELOPED IN MEMBERS

When a structural member is subjected to the external loadings usually
following three types of internal forces are developed at any section of the
member:
Normal or axial force, N
Shear force, V
Bending moment, M
For example, the internal forces at point C of a simply supported beam
subjected to external forces are shown in the following figure:

INTERNAL FORCES IN 2-D

The internal forces in two-dimensions (2-D)

are shown below with their positive senses:
V = Shear force

N = Normal force
M = Bending moment

INTERNAL FORCES IN 3-D

The internal forces in three-dimensions (3-D) are shown
below with their positive senses:

DETERMINATION OF THE INTERNAL FORCES

For determining the internal forces at any section of a
member following procedure may be adopted:
Determine the support reactions by considering the
F.B.D. of the entire structure.
Pass a vertical section at the desirable point and indicate
the internal forces (i.e., N, V, and M) on isolated parts of
the member.

Select either left part or right part and apply the

equilibrium conditions: Fx = 0, Fy = 0, and M about a
point = 0 in such a way that most direct solutions of N, V,
and M could be obtained.

UTILITY OF INTERNAL FORCES

The analysis of the internal forces, are required for
calculation of various types of stresses and deformations
in structural members subjected to various types of
external forces.

The stresses and deformations are used in analysis and

design of the structural and mechanical members.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

Determine the internal forces at quarterpoint (C) and mid-point (D) of the beam
AB, Shown the following figure.
20 kN/m
A

D
4m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

20 kN/m

D
4m

Support reaction at A can be

determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to the FBD of the entire
beam, as follows:

Internal forces at quarter-point C

can be determined by applying
equilibrium conditions to FBD of the
portion AC of the beam, as follows:
FR = 201=20kN
MC
A
4
= 1m
4

40kN
VC

FR = 204=80kN
2m

2m
A

4m
Ay

M about B = 0
4Ay 80 2 = 0
Ay = 40 kN.

NC

By

Fx = 0 Nc = 0 Ans.
Fy = 0 40 20 VC = 0

VC = 20 kN () Ans.

Mabout C = 0 401 20 MC = 0
MC = 30 kN-m ( )

Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

FR = 204=80kN
2m

2m

A
4m

By

Ay

Internal forces at quarter-point D can be determined by applying

equilibrium conditions to FBD of the portion AD of the beam, as follows:
FR = 202=40kN
MD
A

ND

1m
2m
40kN
VD

Fx = 0 ND = 0 Ans.
Fy = 0 40 40 VD = 0 VD = 0 Ans.
M about D = 0 40 2 40 1 MD = 0 MD = 40 kN-m ( ) Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

Determine the internal forces at midpoints (D) of supports A and B and also
at point just to the right of support B of
the beam ABC, shown in the following
figure.
30N/m
A

D
3m

B
1m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

30N/m
A

1m

3m

Internal forces at quarter-point D can

be determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to FBD of the portion AD of
the beam, as follows:
FR =

Reactions at supports A and B can

be
determined
by
applying
equilibrium conditions to the FBD of
the entire beam, as follows:
2
4 = 2.67m
3
A

FR =

30 4
= 60 N
2

3m
Ay

By

M about A = 0 60 2.67 3 By = 0

By = 53.33 N
Fy = 0 Ay 60 + 53.33 = 0
Ay = 6.67 N

1.5
m
3

ND

D
MD

1.5m

VD

6.67 N

Fx = 0 ND = 0

1.33m
B

11.25 1.5
= 8.44 N
2

Ans.

Fy = 0 6.67 8.44 VD = 0

VD = 1.77 N = 1.77N ( ) Ans.

Mabout D = 0
6.667 1.5 8.44

1.5
3

MD = 5.78 N-m ( )

MD = 0

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

30N/m
A

1m

3m

Internal forces at point just to the right of support B can be determined by

applying equilibrium conditions to FBD of the portion AB of the beam, as follows:
FR =

22.5 3
= 33.75 N
2

A
3
= 1m
3

3m
6.67 N

NB

B
MB
53.33 N
VB

Fx = 0 NB = 0

Ans.

Fy = 0 6.67 33.75 + 53.33 VB = 0 VB = 26.25 N

Ans.

M about B = 0 6.67 3 33.75 1 MB = 0 MB = 13.75 N-m = 13.75 N-m ( )

Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 3

Determine the internal N, V, and M in the

beam at points C and D. Assume the
support at B is a roller. Point C is located
just to the right of the 8-kip load.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 3

Fy = 0 Ay + By 8 = 0

Ay = 7 kip.

Internal forces at point C can be

determined by applying equilibrium
Reactions at supports A and B can conditions to FBD of the portion AC
be
determined
by
applying of the beam, as follows:
8kip
equilibrium conditions to the FBD of
A
the entire beam, as follows:
N
8kip

Ax

40kipft

A
C
8 ft

Ay=7kip
8 ft

8 ft

Ay

By

Fx = 0 Ax = 0
M about A = 0

8 8 40 24 By = 0

By =

24
24

8 ft

= 1 kip

MC
VC

Fx = 0 Nc = 0
Ans.
Fy = 0 7 8 Vc = 0

Vc = 1 kip = 1 kip ()
Ans.
M about C = 0 7 8 Mc = 0
Mc = 56 kip-ft ( ) Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 3

8kip
Ax

40kipft

A
C

8 ft

8 ft

8 ft

Ay

By

Internal forces at point D can be determined by applying equilibrium

conditions to FBD of the portion AD of the beam, as follows:
8kip

8 ft
Ay=7kip

8 ft

ND

D
MD

VD

Fx = 0 ND = 0Ans.
Fy = 0 7 8 VD = 0 VD = 1 kip = 1 kip ()

Ans.

M about D = 0 7 16 8 8 MD = 0 MD = 48 kip-ft. ( ) Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 4

The column is fixed to the floor
and is subjected to the loads
shown. Determine the internal N,
V, and M at points A and B.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 4

Fx = 0 VA = 0
Ans.
Fy = 0 NA 6 6 = 0

NA = 12 kN

Ans.

Mabout A = 0

MA + 6 150 6 150 = 0
MA = 0 Ans.
Internal forces at point A can be
determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to FBD at point B of the
column, as follows:

150mm

6kN

150mm

Internal forces at point A can be

determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to FBD at point A of the
Fx = 0 VB = 0 Ans.
column, as follows:

Fy = 0 NB 8 6 6 = 0

6kN

NB = 20 kN Ans.

Mabout B = 0

VA

A
MA

NA

MB1506+6150+8150= 0
MB = 1200 kN-mm ( ) Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

Determine the internal N, V, and M at

point E of the frame shown below.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

M about A=0

3 1 4.5 1.5 3 Cy = 0
Cy = 1.25 kN = 1.25 kN ()
Horizontal reaction at support C can be
determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to the FBD of the portion CB
of the frame, as follows:
By

Vertical reaction at support C can

be determined by applying
equilibrium conditions to the FBD
of the entire frame, as follows:

Bx

1.5 m
4.5 kN

1.5 m

3m
E
FR1=3kN
1m
Ax

1.5m
A
Ay

Cx

FR2=4.5kN

Cx
Cy

M about B = 0

Cy

3Cx+ 4.51.5 = 0
Cx = 2.25 kN = 2.25 kN ()

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

B

3m
FR2=4.5kN

E
FR1=3kN

1.5m

1m
Ax

A
Ay

Cx
Cy

Fx = 0

2.25 2.25 VE = 0
VE = 0 Ans.

Internal forces at point E can be

determined by applying equilibrium F = 0
y
conditions to FBD at point E of the
NE 1.25 = 0
frame, as follows:

NE = 1.25 kN Ans.

NE

VE

VE

E
ME

0.75 m
F R3 =2.25 kN

0.75m
C

C x=2.25 kN
C y=1.25 kN

M about E = 0

2.25 1.5 2.25 0.75 + ME = 0

ME = 1.6875 kN-m Ans.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

Determine the x, y, z components of force and
moment at point C in the pipe assembly. Neglect the
weight of the pipe. Take F1 = {350i 400j}lb and
F2 = {300j+150k}lb.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

The coordinates of points B, C, and D are as follows:
B (3.5, 0, 3) ft; C (1.5, 0, 0) ft, D (3.5, 0, 0) ft
rCB = {2i + 3k} ft; rCD = {2i} ft
F = 0 F1 + F2 + Nci + VcyJ + Vcjk = 0
{350i 400j}+{300j + 150k}+ Nci + Vcyj +Vcjk = 0
F1

{Nc+350}i + {Vcy700}j + {Vcz+150}k = 0

Vcz k

Mcz k
C

Nc i
Mcx i

Mcy j
D
F2

Vcy j

F1 = {350i 400j}lb
F2 = {300j+150k}lb

Nc + 350 = 0 Nc = 350 lb

Ans.

Vcy 700 = 0 Vcy = 700 lb

Ans.

Vcz+ 150 = 0 Vcz = 150 lb

Ans.

Mabout C = 0
rCB F1 + rCD F2 + Mcxi + Mcyj + Mczk = 0
{2i + 3k}{350i 400j} + {2i}{300j+150k} +
Mcxi + Mcyj + Mczk = 0

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

{2i + 3k}{350i 400j} + {2i}{300j+150k} + Mcxi + Mcyj + Mczk = 0
{800k + 1050j + 1200i} + {600k 300j} + Mcxi + Mcyj + Mczk = 0
{Mcx + 1200}i + {Mcy + 750}j + {Mcz 1400}k = 0
Mcx + 1200 = 0 Mcx = 1200 lb-ft

Ans.

Mcy + 750 = 0 Mcy = 750 lb-ft

Ans.

Mcz 1400 = 0 Mcz = 1400 lb-ft

Ans.

Multiple Choice Problems

1. For the beam shown below, the normal
force, shear force, and bending
moment acting just to the left of the 6
kN (i.e., at point B) are

M about D = 0 9 Ay 6 6 9 = 0 Ay = 5
(a) 0, 5 kN, and 15 kN-m, respectively
(b) 5 kN, 0, and 15 kN-m, respectively
(c) 15 kN, 5 kN, and 0, respectively
(d) 5 kN, 15 kN, and 0, respectively
Ans: (a)

Feedback:
Reaction at support A can be
determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to the FBD of the entire
beam, as follows:

Internal forces at point B can be

determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to FBD at point B of the
beam, as follows:

Fx = 0 NB = 0
Fy = 0 5 VB = 0 VB = 5 kN
M about B = 0 5 x 3 MB = 0

MB = 15 kN-m

Multiple Choice Problems

2. For the beam shown below the normal
force, shear force, and bending
moment acting just to the right of the 6
kN (i.e., at point C) are

(a) 1 kN, 15 kN, and 0, respectively

(b) 1 kN, 0, and 15 kN-m, respectively
(c) 15 kN, 1 kN, and 0, respectively
(d) 0, 1 kN, and 15 kN-m, respectively
Ans: (d)
Feedback:

Internal forces at point C can be

determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to FBD at point C of the
beam, as follows:

Note: The 6 kN load is considered in

the FBD at point C because point C is
just after the load

Fx = 0 NC = 0
Fy = 0 5 + VC 6= 0 VC = 1 kN
M about B = 0

5 x 3 MC = 0 MC = 15 kN-m

M about D = 0
9 Ay 6 6 9 = 0 Ay = 5