Product and Process

PRODUCT
AND PROCESS
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Synthesis, Analysis,
and Evaluation
Third Edition
International Student Version
Warren D. Seider
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
University of Pennsylvania
J.D. Seader
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Utah
Daniel R. Lewin
Department of Chemical Engineering
TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology
Soemantri
Widagdo
3M
Company
Display and Graphics Business Laboratory
WILEY
John
Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Contents
Chapter 1
Product
Design Introduction
1.0
Objectives
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Product-and
1.3
Innovation
1
1
Technology-Development
Framework
and Classes of Chemical Products
Map
Innovation
Map
Classes of Chemical Products

Basic Chemicals Innovation
5
6
Maps
Industrial Chemicals Innovation
Maps 7
Configured Consumer Chemical Product Innovation Maps

Literature
10
Survey
Stimulating Invention
and Innovation
Pharmaceutical Products
Socio-Technical Aspects
1.4
Environmental Protection
12
14
of Product
Design
16
Environmental Issues
17
Environmental Factors in Product and Process

Environmental
1.5
Safety
Design
Considerations
Safety
Issues
Engineering
1.7
Summary
Ethics
1S.1
Chapter 2
Supplement
HAZOP
Design
20
22
Toward Safe Chemical Plants
24
24
30
References
IS
Problems
21
Design Approaches
1.6
15
31
to
Chapter 1
Analysis
Steps in Product-Development
2.0
Objectives
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Project
32
Charter and New
Project
32
32
Charter
Technologies
33
New Technologies
35
2.3
Stage-Gate Product-Development
2.4
Concept Stage
36
Market Assessment
Customer
33
37
Requirements
41
Process
(SGPDP)
36
19
Contents
Product
45
Requirements
Product Concepts
46
Opportunity Assessments
2.5
Feasibility Stage
2.6
Development Stage
2.7
Manufacturing Stage
50
2.8
Product-Introduction
Stage
50
50
Henderson's Law
2.9
Chapter 3
51
52
53
Summary
53
References
PART ONE
48
Exercises
54
PRODUCT DESIGN FOR BASIC CHEMICALS

Materials
Design
Technology: Molecular-Structure
61
for Basic Chemicals
3.0
Objectives
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Innovation
61
62
Map
for
Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants
Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant

Innovation
and Product
Map
Design
Data Banks
Property Estimation
Optimization
66
Molecular Structure
70
72
Property Estimation
Solvent
Design
for
72
Crystallization
Solutes For Hand Warmers

3.6
Summary
References
3S
Chapter 4
75
Exercises
Design
for
Solvent
35.2
Solutes for Handwarmers
4.1
Introduction
Solids
76
3
of
SynthesisBasic Chemicals
Objectives
Organic
75
Crystallization
35.1
4.0
of
75
Supplement to Chapter
Process
68
69
Refrigerant Design
Solvent Design
67
67
to Locate
Polymer Design
65
66
Polymer Property Estimation

Microsimulation
77
77
64
66
Estimation Methods
Computer
3.5
Environmentally Friendly
63
Map
Pharmaceuticals Product
Property
for
62
for New MaterialsBasic Chemical Products
Searching
3.4
Design
Inventions
62
63
Refrigerants
Innovation
3.3
55
Organic
77
Solids
75
xxi
xxii
Contents
4.2
Database Creation
Preliminary
Thermophysical Property
Environmental and
Chemical Prices
Summary
Experiments
81
4.4
Preliminary
Safety
Process
Continuous
or
84
Batch Processing
Vinyl Chloride
Tree
Synthesis
Heuristics
Synthesis:
93
93
of Process Synthesis: Manufacture of Tissue Plasminogen
Synthesis Tree
94
101
102
Algorithmic Methods
of the Base-Case
106
Integration
Pilot-Plant
106
107
Testing
Process Simulation
107
107
Summary
References
Chapter 5
102
Design
102
Diagrams
Detailed Database
4.6
85
Manufacture of
85
Activator (tPA)
Process
82
83
of Process
Example
Flow
81
82
Operations
Development
Data
Synthesis
Synthesis Steps
4.5
78
81
Chemical State
Example
Data
81
4.3
Process
77
108
Process Simulation
5.0
Objectives
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Principles
Exercises
108
110
110
of
111
Steady-State
Flowsheet Simulation
Process and Simulation Flowsheets

Unit Subroutines
Recycle
Flash with
120
Methods
Recycle Problem
Flash Vessel Control
Equation-Oriented
Synthesis
Steady-State
131
Hydrodealkylation
Process
133
136
Use of Process Simulators
Principles
131
Simulation of the Monochlorobenzene
Separation Process
5.5
129
130
Architectures
of the Toluene
Process Simulation
5.4
111
125
Recycle Convergence
5.3
111
136
of Batch Flowsheet Simulation
138
132
Contents
Process and Simulation Flowsheets

Models
Equipment
5.6
Summary
Process
138
146
References
Chapter 6
147
Synthesis
Exercises
Heuristics
147
152
6.0
Objectives
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Raw Materials and Chemical Reactions
6.3
Distribution of Chemicals
Inert
152
153
Streams
Recycle
159
159
Selectivity
Optimal
157
to Extinction
Reactive
160
Separations
Conversion
161
161
Separations
and
Separations Involving Liquid
Separations Involving Solid

6.5
154
154
155
Species
Purge
6.4
138
Vapor Mixtures
Particles
162
Heat Removal from and Addition to Reactors
164
Heat Removal from Exothermic Reactors
164
Heat Addition to Endothermic Reactors

6.6
Heat
6.7
Pumping, Compression,
Exchangers and Furnaces
of Solids
the Pressure
the Pressure
Pumping
Liquid
Vacuum
Reduction, Vacuum,
and
Conveying
or
169
170
Compressing
Gas
170
171
Granular Solids
Conveying
Changing
172
the Pressure of Granular Solids
6.8
Changing
6.9
Removal of Particles from Gases and
the Particle Size of Solids and Size
6.10
Considerations That
Apply
Liquids
172
Separation
173
to the Entire Flowsheet
173
References
Chapter 7
167
Pressure
Decreasing
Summary
166
168
Increasing
6.11
161
Exercises
178
178
Design of Reactors and Reactor Networks

7.0
Objectives
181
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Reactor Models
Reaction
181
182
Stoichiometry
Extent of Reaction
Equilibrium
Kinetics
185
183
183
182
181
173
of Particles
172
xxiii
xxiv
Contents
Ideal Kinetic Reaction ModelsCSTRs and PFRs

188
Design for Complex Configurations
7.3
Reactor
7.4
Reactor Network
Design Using
the Attainable
Principle
Rigorous
7.5
199
200
Supplemental Topics
200
Summary
References
7S
201
Exercises
202
Supplement
to
the
Chapter
75.1
Locating
75.2
Tradeoffs in Processes
Separation
Section with
Respect
Optimal
Reactor Conversion
75.4
Recycle
to Extinction
75.5
Snowball Effects in the Control of Processes
Dynamics (CFD)
Fluid
Computational
to the Reactor Section
Involving Recycle
75.3
75.6
197
197
Non-Isothermal Conditions
7.7
192
195
of Reaction Invariants
Models for Tubular Chemical Reactors
Isothermal Conditions
7.6
Region
192
Construction of the Attainable Region

The
185
Involving Recycle
Models for Tubular Chemical
Reactors
Chapter 8
Separation Train Synthesis

8.0
Objectives
8.1
Introduction
Feed
204
204
204
204
Separation System
Phase
of Reactor Effluent
Separation
Industrial Separation Operations

8.2
Criteria for Selection of
Separation
Phase Condition of the Feed

Factor
Separation
Reason for the

8.3
Selection of
as a
Absorption, Stripping,
Membrane
212
Criterion
214
215
215
215
215
Crystallization
Sequencing
212
215
Leaching
Drying
Criterion
and Distillation
Extraction
Separation
Adsorption
8.4
211
214
Equipment
Liquid-Liquid
as a
as a
209
Methods
Criterion
Separation
205
215
215
of
Ordinary
Fluid Mixtures
Distillation Columns for the
of
216
Column Pressure and

Number of
Separation
Type of Condenser
216
Sequences of Ordinary Distillation
Columns
Heuristics for Determining Favorable Sequences
219
216
Nearly Ideal
Contents
Marginal Vapor
and
Complex
8.5
Sequencing
of
Rate Method
219
Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns
221
Operations for the Separation of Nonideal Fluid
Mixtures
Residue Curves
225
Distillation Boundaries
Distillation Towers
227
227
Distillation Lines
228
for
Computing Azeotropes
Multicomponent
Mixtures
229
Distillation-Line Boundaries and Feasible Product Compositions
Heterogeneous
Distillation
Multiple Steady
States
233
Membranes, Adsorbers,
Reactive Distillation
233
Auxiliary Separators
and
Separation by
243
Absorption
244
Partial Condensation and

8.7
8.8
Separation Sequencing
Cryogenic
for Solid-Fluid
Summary
246
Exercises
Heat
Exchanger Networks
9.0
Objectives
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Minimum
Systems
244
244
248
252
254
Utility Targets
Curve Method
Method
Networks for Maximum
Stream
Matching
258
Energy Recovery
at
the Pinch
Minimum Number of Heat
Exchangers
Reducing
the Number of Heat
Reducing
the Number of Heat
9.5
Threshold Approach Temperature
9.6
Optimum Approach Temperature

Superstructures
9.8
Multiple
267
ExchangersBreaking
Heat-Integrated
Heat
Loops
ExchangersStream Splitting
271
272
274
276
278
HENs Assisted
Designing
Impact
264
for Minimization of Annual Costs
Utilities
of
261
261
Mixed-Integer Linear Programming
9.7
255
257
Linear Programming Method
9.9
Distillation
252
Composite
9.4
243
252
Temperature-Interval (TI)
9.3
242
Gas Permeation
246
References
Chapter 9
237
Separation Systems for Gas Mixtures
Adsorption
236
236
Separation Train Synthesis

Membrane
229
230
Pressure-Swing Distillation
8.6
223
223
Azeotropy
Simple
xxv
by
the Grand
Distillation Trains
280
Pressure
281
Operating
Composite
Curve
278
267
xxvi
Contents
Multiple-Effect
Heat
9.10
Heat
Distillation
Pumping, Vapor Recompression,

and Heat
Engines
Positioning
Heat
Heat-Integration
References
9S
Supplement
Flashing
283
and Heat
Pumps
287
288
290
Summary
Exercises
and Reboiler
284
Pumps
Engines
Optimal Design
9.11
282
Software
290
291
291
Chapter 9Second
to
95.0
Objectives
95.1
Introduction
95.2
The System and Surroundings
95.3
Energy Transfer
95.4
Thermodynamic Properties
Law
Analysis
Typical Entropy Changes

Thermodynamic Availability
Typical Availability Changes

95.5
Equations for Second
95.6
Examples
Law
Analysis
of Lost Work Calculations
Nitrogen Compression
Propane Refrigeration
95.7
Thermodynamic Efficiency
95.8
Causes of Lost Work
95.9
Three
Examples
of Lost Work
Analysis
Refrigeration Cycle
Propylene-Propane Separation
Cyclohexane
Chapter 10
95.10
Summary
95.11
References
95.12
Exercises
Mass
Exchanger
10.0
Objectives
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Minimum
Process
Networks
297
297
297
Mass-Separating Agent
Approach
to Phase
299
Equilibrium
299
Concentration-Interval (CI) Method
Composite
10.3
Curve Method
Stream Splitting
at the
Pinch
at the Pinch
Advanced
the Number of Mass
Topics
306
303
304
304
Minimum Number of Mass Exchangers
Reducing
10.5
302
Mass Exchange Networks for Minimum External MSA

Stream Matching
10.4
299
306
ExchangersBreaking Mass Loops
306
Contents
10.6
307
Summary
References
307
Exercises
Chapter 11
307
Batch Process
309
Design
11.0
Objectives
11.1
Introduction
11.2
Design of Batch
309
309
Process Units
Batch Processing
Fed-B atch
of
Processing
311
313
11.3
Design
11.4
Design of Single-Product Processing Sequences
Reactor-Separator Processes 314
Batch
11.6
Times
Cycle
Intermediate
Storage
Batch Size
318
Design
of
318
and
318
Designing Multiproduct
320
Plantwide Control
12.0
Objectives
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Control
322
322
322
325
System Configuration
Classification of Process Variables

Selection of Controlled
Selection of
(Output)
Manipulated Variables
Degrees-of-Freedom Analysis
12.4
Summary
Plantwide Control
326
326
327
327
System Synthesis
338
339
Supplement
to
Chapter 12Flowsheet Controllability Analysis
125.0
Objectives
125.1
Generation of Linear Models in Standard Forms
125.2
Quantitative Measures
Relative-Gain
Properties
Dynamic
The RGA
Using
125.3
331
338
References
Exercises
325
Variables
Selection of Measured Variables
Qualitative
319
320
Exercises
12.3
Plants
320
Summary
References
12S
316
316
Multiproduct Processing Sequences
Scheduling
Chapter 12
310
310
Batch-Product Removal
11.5
xxvii
of
for
Controllability
Resiliency
Array (RGA)
Steady-State
RGA
as a
and
RGA
(McAvoy, 1983)
Measure of Process
Sensitivity
the Disturbance Cost to Assess
Toward Automated Flowsheet C&R

Short-Cut C&R
Diagnosis
to
Resiliency
Diagnosis
Uncertainty
to Disturbances
xxviii
Contents
Generating Low-Order Dynamic
Models
Steady-State Gain Matrix, I?

Dynamics Matrix, ^f{s]
Distillation Columns
Heat
125.4
Control
Exchangers
and
Loop Definition
Tuning
Definition of PID Control Loop

Controller
Tuning
Model-Based Pi-Controller Tuning

125.5
Case Studies
Case Study 12S.1 Exothermic Reactor Design for the Production
of
Propylene Glycol
Case Study 12S.2 Two Alternative Heat Exchanger Networks

Case
12S.3 Interaction of
Study
125.6
MATLAB for C&R
125.7
Summary
125.8
References
125.9
Exercises
Product
Analysis
Design Case Studies for Basic Chemicals
13.0
Objectives
13.1
Introduction
13.2
Ammonia Case
Project
341
341
341
Study
Charter and New Technologies
Innovation
Map
Concept Stage
Feasibility Stage
344
345
360
360
Postscript
Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant Case Study

Project
Charter
361
Molecular-Structure
Innovation
Map
Concept Stage
Feasibility Stage
Design
362
362
363
Water-Dispersible (3-Carotene
Project Charter
Innovation
Map
Concept Stage
Summary
References
Exercises
369
370
Study
363
364
366
and
Preferred Delivery Form

369
Case
363
Coloration, Stability,
13.5
361
362
Development Stage
13.4
341
342
Development Stage
13.3
and Control in the MCB
Process
Separation
Chapter 13
Design
Bio-Availability
367
367
361
341
Contents
PART TWO
Chapter 14
PRODUCT DESIGN FOR INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

New
Technologies for Industrial Chemical Products
14.0
Objectives
14.1
Introduction
14.2
Innovation
Map for Thin-Glass Substrates in LCDs
Materials
Innovation
378
Map
380
Technology Development
for
Map
History
of
Innovation
Materials
Crayon Mixtures
Map
Technology Development
Exercises
387
15.0
Objectives
15.1
Introduction
15.2
LCD Glass Substrate Case
389
Charter
Study 389
389
390
Feasibility Stage
395
398
Development Stage
Manufacturing Stage
398
Stage
Washable
389
389
Concept Stage
Crayon
Project
Case
Charter
Concept Stage
Summary
Study
398
399
399
400
405
References
405
Exercises
405
PRODUCT DESIGN FOR CONFIGURED CONSUMER

PRODUCTS
Chapter 16
388
Design Case Studies for Industrial Chemicals
Project
PART THREE
387
387
Summary
References
15.4
386
386
386
Protection
Environmental Concerns
15.3
383
383
Process/Manufacturing Technology
Product
Glass-Fusion Process
383
Crayons
Technology
377
378
Process/Manufacturing Technology: Corning
Chapter 15
375
375
Innovation
14.4
371
375
Thin-Glass Substrates
14.3
New
xxix
407
Technologies for Configured Consumer Products
16.0
Objectives
411
16.1
Introduction
16.2
Innovation Map for the Incandescent Light Bulb
411
412
411
381
xxx
Contents
Innovation and Product Design of the Incandescent
Halogen Light
16.3
Innovation
Map for
423
Hemodialysis Device Inventions

Innovation Map
16.4
Innovation
424
Map for High-Throughput Screening
Kinase Reactions and
Innovation
16.5
16S.1
Chapter 17
Summary
Supplement
Inventions
430
430
Map 433
439
Exercises
440
Chapter 16
to
Halogen Light
Product
Lab-on-a-Chip
of Kinase Inhibitors
439
References
16S
413
421
Hemodialysis Device
Home
Bulb
414
Technology
Bulb
Light
Bulb Model
Design Case Studies for Configured
17.0
Objectives
17.1
Introduction
17.2
Halogen Light
Project
Consumer Products
442
442
442
Charter
Concept Stage
442
Study
Bulb Case
442
444
Feasibility Stage 451

453
Development Stage
17.3
Manufacturing Stage
453
Stage
Home Hemodialysis
Project Charter
Concept Stage
Feasibility Stage
Feasibility Stage
456
456
Summary
464
465
Exercises
465
DETAILED DESIGN, EQUIPMENT
Design of Heat Exchangers

18.0
Objectives
18.1
Introduction
Heat
SIZING, OPTIMIZATION,
467
469
469
469
Duty
469
Heat-Transfer Media
Temperature-Driving
Pressure
456
461
AND PRODUCT-QUALITY ANALYSIS
Chapter 18
Study
464
References
PART FOUR
of Kinase Inhibitors Case
456
Development Stage
17.5
454
454
High-Throughput Screening
Concept Stage
Study
454
Development Stage
17.4
454
Device Case
Drop
475
471
Force for Heat Transfer
472
Contents
18.2
Equipment for Heat Exchange
xxxi
475
Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 475

Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Air-Cooled Heat
Heat
Compact
Furnaces
475
Exchangers 481
Exchangers
481
482
Temperature-Driving Forces in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

18.3
Heat-Transfer Coefficients and Pressure
Drop
483
484
Estimation of Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients
487
Estimation of Individual Heat-Transfer Coefficients and Frictional

Pressure Drop
487
Turbulent Flow in
Smooth
Cross Section
Straight,
Pipes
Turbulent Flow
and Tubes of Circular
487
Turbulent Flow in the Annular

Concentric
Ducts, Pipes,
on
Region
Between
of Circular Cross Section
Straight,
Smooth
490
the Shell Side of Shell-and-Tube Heat
Exchangers
490
Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Laminar-Flow, Condensation, Boiling, and
Compact
Design of Shell-and-Tube
18.5
Summary
Exchangers
Heat
492
496
496
Exercises
Design of Separation
Towers
496
498
19.0
Objectives
19.1
Operating
19.2
Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland
498
Conditions
Distillation
498
(FUG)
Shortcut Method for
Ordinary
499
19.3
Kremser Shortcut Method for Absorption and Stripping
19.4
Rigorous Multicomponent, Multi-Equilibrium-Stage Methods
19.5
Plate
19.6
Tower Diameter
504
Tray Towers
504
Simulator
Efficiency
19.7
Pressure
19.8
Summary
and HETP
503
505
Drop and Weeping
506
508
References
508
Exercises
Design of Pumps, Compressors,

20.0
Objectives
20.1
Pumps
509
and
Expanders
510
510
Centrifugal Pumps
510
Positive-Displacement Pumps
Pump Models in Simulators
20.2
500
502
Packed Towers
Chapter 20
491
Exchangers
18.4
References
Chapter 19
Heat
512
513
Compressors and Expanders
514
Centrifugal Compressors
514
510
with
xxxii
Contents
514
Positive-Displacement Compressors
20.3
Expanders
515
Compressor
and
517
Summary
Exercises
517
References
Chapter 21
Polymer Extrusion
21.0
Objectives
Introduction
21.2
Compounding Technologies
21.3
Compounding Machinery
518
518
518
520
520
Single-Screw Extruder
Reciprocating Single-Screw
Twin-Screw Extruder
21.5
Feeding Protocols
21.6
Screw Design
21.7
Setting
21.8
Summary
the
Cost
Materials
528
Conditions
531
533
Objectives
22.1
Accounting
533
Exercises
533
534
534
534
and Credits
The Annual
The
534
Report (Form 10-K)

538
The Cash Flow Statement

Financial Ratio
Cost
Analysis
Capital
Cost Indexes
Commodity
Investment
Chemicals
Plant
and the Six-Tenths Factor

and
Capital
Commodity
546
Direct Materials and Labor (M&L)
Indirect Costs
an
548
549
Other Investment Costs
22.4
544
Investments for
545
Investment Costs
Example of
542
543
Capacities
Chemicals
Capital
540
542
Economy-of-Scale
Typical
539
541
Accounting
Cost Indexes and
535
536
Balance Sheet
The Income Statement
22.3
522
Accounting and Capital Costs
Debits
520
526
Processing
22.0
22.2
Extruder
521
Understanding Polymeric
References
Chapter 22
517
518
21.1
21.4
516
Models in Simulators
Expander
550
Estimate of
Capital Investment
Estimation of the Total Capital Investment
Method 1. Order-of-Magnitude Estimate (Based
Hill, 1956)
553
552
553
on
the Method of
Contents
Study Estimate (Based
Method 2.
1947a, b, and 1948)
on the
22.5
Overall Factor Method of Lang,
555
Method 3. Preliminary Estimate (Based

of
the Individual Factors Method
on
557
Guthrie, 1969, 1974)
Purchase Costs of the Most Widely Used Process Equipment
Pumps
and Electric Motors
560
Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
565
Heat
570
Exchangers
Fired Heaters
573
Pressure Vessels and Towers for Distillation,

22.6
Purchase Costs of Other Chemical
Adsorption Equipment
Agitators (Propellers
Autoclaves
and
Stripping
573
580
Processing Equipment
580
580
and Turbines)
581
Drives Other than Electric Motors
581
581
Dryers
Dust Collectors
582
582
Evaporators
Fired Heaters for
Liquid-Liquid
Membrane
Specific Purposes
Extractors
583
Separations
Doughs
583
584
Recovery
Screens
582
583
Mixers for Powders, Pastes, and
Size
Absorption,
580
Crystallizers
Power
558
559
and Motor Purchase Costs
Pump
xxxiii
584
Enlargement
Size Reduction
584
584
Equipment
Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment (Thickeners, Clarifiers, Filters,

Centrifuges,
and
Expression)
587
Solids-Handling Systems
Storage
Tanks and Vessels
Vacuum
Equipment Sizing
Evaluator
22.8
Summary
References
22S
22S.1
588
Systems 589
Wastewater Treatment
22.7
585
Supplement
and
(IPE)
596
Capital
Cost Estimation
Using
the
Aspen
596
596
596
to
Exercises
Chapter
Equipment Sizing
and
597
22
Capital
Cost Estimation
Using
the
Process Evaluator (IPE)
Chapter 23
Manufacturing Costs and Profitability Analysis

23.0
Objectives
23.1
Introduction
Icarus Process
602
602
602
Aspen
Icarus
xxxiv
Contents
23.2
Annual Sales Revenues, Production Costs, and the Cost Sheet

Sales Revenue
Feedstocks
Utilities
603
605
605
Labor-Related
Operating
Operations,
Maintenance, M
611
Overhead
Depreciation,
Rental Fees
612
Licensing
612
Fees
613
Total Production
Working Capital
Approximate Profitability
on
and Total
Payback
Venture Profit
615
616
616
Price for
Profitability
620
Nominal and Effective Interest Rates
621
Continuous
Compounding of Interest
621
Annuities
622
an
624
Annuity
Comparing Alternative Equipment

23.6
Cash Flow and
628
Rigorous Profitability
Net Present Value
23.8
23.9
23S.1
Chapter 24
633
(NPV)
Investor's Rate of Return
(IRR
Supplement
637
to
Exercises
Chapter
Optimization for Design

Objectives
24.1
Introduction
DCFRR)
636
636
23
Profitability Analysis Spreadsheet
24.0
or
635
Profitability Analysis Spreadsheet

References
23S
Measures
633
Summary
625
632
Depletion
Inflation
Purchases
627
Depreciation
Depreciation
23.7
618
619
Interest
Present Worth of
615
617
(CA)
Money
Compound
(ROI)
(Net) Earnings (Profit)
Investment
617
(VP)
Selling
Time Value of
Capital
(PBP)
Annualized Cost
and After-Tax
Measures
Investment
Period
613
613
(Gross) Earnings
23.4
Product
Cost,
23.3
23.5
612
612
Cost of Manufacture, COM
Pre-Tax
610
Taxes and Insurance
Property
Return
603
642
642
642
637
633
614
Contents
24.2
Function and Decision Variables
Objective
Equality
Constraints
Lower and
Upper
24.3
Classification of
24.4
Linear
24.5
Nonlinear
644
647
with
Programming (NLP)
Single
Variable
649
or More Decision Variables
Stationarity
652
Stationarity Equations
Simulation
Infeasible Path
655
24.8
Flowsheet
24.9
Summary
655
Approach
655
Compromise Approach
Practical
652
653
Optimization Algorithm
Repeated
652
652
Conditions
Solution of the
Aspects of Flowsheet Optimization
OptimizationsCase
Studies
658
Design for Six-Sigma
Exercises
656
659
662
662
25.0
Objectives
25.1
Introduction
25.2
Six-Sigma Methodology
662
Definitions
in Product
Design
and
664
Methods to Monitor and Reduce Variance
Example Applications
Summary
25S
25S.1
PART FIVE
Chapter 26
666
667
677
677
References
Exercises
Design
for Product
Six-Sigma
678
Supplement
Chapter 25
to
Penicillin Fermenter Model
DESIGN REPORT
Manufacturing
662
Cost of Defects
25.4
655
658
References
25.3
649
Conditions for Nonlinear Programming (NLP) by Gradient Methods
General Formulation
Chapter 25
644
Optimization Problems
Programming (LP)
with Two
24.7
644
Bounds
Golden-Section Search
24.6
643
644
Constraints
Inequality
643
Optimization Problem
General Formulation of the
679
Written and Oral
Reports
681
681
26.0
Objectives
26.1
Contents of the Written
Report
Sections of the Report
Preparation
682
682
of the Written
Report
687
665
662
xxxv
xxxvi
Contents
689
Sample Design Reports

26.2
Oral
Presentation
Design
Typical Presentation
689
689
Media for the Presentation
Rehearsing
the Presentation
Written Handout
689
690
690
Evaluation of the Oral Presentation
Videotapes
26.3
Award
26.4
Summary
and DVDs
Competition
690
690
691
692
References
692
APPENDIXES
I.
II.
Heterogeneous Residue Curves

Design Problems 694
A-II.O
Contents and Introduction
III. Materials of Construction

IIS.
Supplement
to
Appendix
INDICES
Table of
Acronyms
Author Index
706
Index
711
Subject
693
699
II
697
694

Product and Process

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Product and Process

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PRODUCT

Wiley & Sons,

and Classes of Chemical Products

Classes of Chemical Products

Industrial Chemicals Innovation

Configured Consumer Chemical Product Innovation Maps

Environmental Factors in Product and Process

Charter and New

PRODUCT DESIGN FOR BASIC CHEMICALS

for Basic Chemicals

Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants

Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant

Solutes For Hand Warmers

Solutes for Handwarmers

Polymer Property Estimation

for New MaterialsBasic Chemical Products

of Process Synthesis: Manufacture of Tissue Plasminogen

Process and Simulation Flowsheets

Flash Vessel Control

Use of Process Simulators

Simulation of the Monochlorobenzene

of Batch Flowsheet Simulation

Process and Simulation Flowsheets

Raw Materials and Chemical Reactions

Separations Involving Liquid

Separations Involving Solid

Heat Removal from and Addition to Reactors

Heat Removal from Exothermic Reactors

Heat Addition to Endothermic Reactors

Exchangers and Furnaces

the Pressure of Granular Solids

Removal of Particles from Gases and

the Particle Size of Solids and Size

to the Entire Flowsheet

Design of Reactors and Reactor Networks

Ideal Kinetic Reaction ModelsCSTRs and PFRs

Design for Complex Configurations

Snowball Effects in the Control of Processes

to the Reactor Section

Models for Tubular Chemical Reactors

Construction of the Attainable Region

Models for Tubular Chemical

Separation Train Synthesis

Industrial Separation Operations

Criteria for Selection of

Phase Condition of the Feed

Reason for the

Distillation Columns for the

Column Pressure and

Sequences of Ordinary Distillation

Heuristics for Determining Favorable Sequences

Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns

Operations for the Separation of Nonideal Fluid

Distillation-Line Boundaries and Feasible Product Compositions

Partial Condensation and

Networks for Maximum

Minimum Number of Heat

the Number of Heat

the Number of Heat

Threshold Approach Temperature

Optimum Approach Temperature

for Minimization of Annual Costs

Mixed-Integer Linear Programming

Linear Programming Method