1/12/2015

EEL4768:ComputerArchitecture
Introduction

Instructor:Zakhia(Zak)Abichar
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
UniversityofCentralFlorida

BasicComputerOrganization

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ComputerArchitecture
Thefigureinthepreviousslideshowsthebasiclayoutofa
computerwiththecomponentsfoundmostoften
ThecomputerarchitectureismostlyinvolvedwiththeCPU

Whatisthedefinitionofcomputerarchitecture?
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ComputerArchitecture
Definition: Thearchitecturedescribesthelowlevelsoftware
environment
Thinkofassemblylanguage

Howmanybitsisaword(32bits?)
HowmanyregistersarethereontheCPU?
Whatarethesupportedinstructions?
Whataretheaddressingmodes?

Thearchitecturedescribestheenvironmentinwhichthe
assemblylanguageruns

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MostPopularArchitectures
ARMarethemostpopularCPUsbynumberofCPUssold
However,alotoftheseCPUshavelowcomputationpower;theyreused
inproducts,suchasphones,calculators,homemonitoring,printer
Youcanyoufindmore
informationonARMsCPUsat
thislink:
http://www.arm.com/product
s/processors/

MostPopularArchitectures
ThenextpopulararchitectureistheIA32(IntelArchitecture32bit)
ItspartoftheIntelx86familyofarchitectures
ItsusedintheIntelbasedCPUsinlaptops,desktopsandservers

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MostPopularArchitectures
MIPSisthethirdmostpopulararchitecture
Itsusedinproductslike:digitalcamera,digitalTV,DVDplayer,
automotive,tablets,mediaplayers,networkrouter
Youcanfindmoreinformation
onMIPSatthislink:
http://www.mips.com

ArchitectureLicense
Thepreviousfigureshowsthepopularcomputerarchitecturedesigners
Theyre:ARM,Intel,MIPS,PowerPC,SPARC
ThetasktoproduceaCPU:
1)DesigntheCPU
2)BuildtheCPUthroughfabrication
Someofthecompaniesmentionedabovedobothparts(design&build)
Inteldoesboth
Othercompaniesdoonlystep(1),designingtheCPU,theydontbuildit
Theysellthedesignthroughalicensetoconsumerelectronics
companiessotheycanbuildit
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ArchitectureLicense
Theconsumerelectronicscompanyhaveexpertiseonappliances(TV,
DVDplayer,fridge,oven,)
TheydonthaveexpertiseindesigningCPUs,buttheyneedalotofCPUs
fortheirproducts
TheybuytheCPUdesignthroughalicensefromARMorMIPSand
fabricatetheCPUforuseintheirappliances
ARM,MIPS

ConsumerElectronics

TheydesignarangeofCPUs
TheyproducetheCPU
architecture(specifications)
Theysellthedesignthrougha
license

Theyfocusontheconsumer
electronics
License

Theydontwanttodesignthe
CPU
Theybuythelicense,
manufacturetheCPUandbuild
theproduct

ArchitectureLicense
Question:whydoesntARMandMIPSfabricatetheCPU?
MIPShavefabricatedCPUsinthepastbuttheydontdoitnow
Onepossiblereason:
Theconsumerelectronicscompanieswanttohavetheoptionof
tweakingthedesigntofittheirproducts
TheymightwanttoproducesomanyversionsofthesameCPU;each
optimizedforanappliance
ItmaynotbefeasibleforacompanylikeMIPStokeeptrackofallthese
varieties;therefore,theconsumerelectronicscompanytakechargein
producingthesevariants
Secondly,theconsumerelectroniccompaniesarealreadyinvestin
largescaleproduction;sotheyreabletobuildfactoriestofabricate
CPUs(orcontractthesetasks)
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CPU(CentralProcessingUnit)

WhatdoestheCPUdo?
Themainfunctionoftheprocessoristoexecuteinstructions
Aninstruction isthebasicoperationdonebyacomputer
Anyprogramwererunningisbrokendownintomillionsor
billionsofinstructions
TheCPUexecutestheseinstructionsonebyone

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Theinstructions
Whataretheinstructionsthatrunon
thehardware(attheprocessor)?
TheClanguagestatementsdontrun
directlyonthehardware
AhighlevellanguagelikeC,gets
compiled
Wehavetheassemblylanguage
Theassemblertransformstheassembly
languageintomachinelanguage,which
ismadeof1sand0s
Themachinelanguageisexecutedby
theCPU!Itrunsdirectlyonthe
hardware.
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TransistorTechnology
TheCPUchipsarebuiltwithtransistortechnology
Theimprovementoftransistortechnologiesimplicatewecan
buildfasterCPUs
Fortunately,thetransistortechnologieshavebeenimproving
atatremendouspace(andsotheCPUs)
Thatswhy,everyfewyears,wecangetacomputeroraphonethats
muchfasterthantheonewehad

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TransistorTechnology
Mooreslawcapturestheimprovementintransistortechnology
Thenumberoftransistorsthatwecanputonachipdoublesevery1.5
to2years
Showninfigureonnextslide

Whenthechipcanhavemoretransistors,wecanbuildaCPUwithmore
features
Therefore,thecomputerarchitecturedesignerhasmoretoworkwith
andshouldintroducenewfeaturestoutilizetheadditionaltransistors

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MooresLaw

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TransistorTechnology
Inadditiontohavemoretransistors,thetransistorswere
becomingfaster
Itspossibletorunthematafasterclockrate(eg:from1GHzto2GHz)
However,wehavehitawallonhowmuchwecanincreasetheclock
rate
InmostCPUs,itsnotreallypossibletogobeyond3.6GHz
Thehigherclockratemeansmorepowerisdissipatedinthechip
Whenthetransistorsflipon/offatahighrate,theygeneratemoreheat
anditsbecomingdifficulttocooloffthechipbyusingthefanthatsin
thecomputer
IftheCPUchipgoesbeyondacertaintemperature,itwillstart
producingerrorsandmaygetdamaged
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FabricationTechnology
DuringtheprogressionofMooreslaw(moretransistorsinthechip),
thereweresomemilestonesthatchangedtheCPUdesign
Inearly1980s,itwaspossibletoputbetween25,000and50,000
transistorsonasinglechip
Then,a32bitmicroprocessorcouldfitonasinglechip
Beforethat,a32bitprocessorwasfabricatedontwochips
Usingasinglechipeliminatesthechipcrossingconnectionandimprovesspeed
andpowerconsumption

Bylate1980s,thenumberoftransistorsincreasedevenfurther
Then,itwaspossibletoputthefirstlevelcachememoryontheCPU
chip

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FabricationTechnology
Thistrendcontinuestohappen,integratingmorepartsontheCPUchipas
theCPUhasmoreandmoretransistors
ThesecondandthirdlevelsofcachecanfitontheCPUchip
Recently,thegraphicscardhasbeenfitontheCPUchip
Andnow,partsofthemotherboard(achipcalledtheNorthBridge)
hasbeenplacedontheCPUchipinsomearchitectures

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ComputerArchitectureDesign
ThetablebelowshowstheprogressionofarchitecturedesigninCPUs
from1989through2005
Microprocessor

Year

Clock Rate

Pipeline
Stages

Issue
width

Out-of-order/
Speculation

Cores

Power

i486

1989

25MHz

No

5W

Pentium

1993

66MHz

No

10W

Pentium Pro

1997

200MHz

10

Yes

29W

P4 Willamette

2001

2000MHz

22

Yes

75W

P4 Prescott

2004

3600MHz

31

Yes

103W

Core

2006

2930MHz

14

Yes

75W

UltraSparc III

2003

1950MHz

14

No

90W

UltraSparc T1

2005

1200MHz

No

70W

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ComputerArchitectureDesign
Throughtheseyears,Mooreslawwasprovidingmoretransistorsthat
arefaster
Inthetable,thecolumnsPipelineStages,IssuewidthandOutof
order/SpeculationindicatesophisticatedfeaturesthatmaketheCPU
faster
Therefore,thetableshowsthattheperformancewasimprovedby
increasingtheclockrateandintroducingmorefeaturesintheCPU
Onedownsideinthatroutewasthatthepowerconsumedbythechip
wasincreasingandtheheatingissuecannotbesolved
Therefore,sincearound2007,westarttoutilizetheadditional
transistorsinmakingmorecoresonthechipwhichhelpedinreducing
thepowerconsumedbythechip
Themultiplecoresaresimplecores;theydonthavemuchfeatures(as
thetableshows)

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Fabrication
Thissiliconwafer
contains117AMD
Opteronchips
Thediameteris11.81
inchesor30
centimeters

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ThisisoneoftheAMDOpteronmicroprocessordies

Adieisaprocessorbeforetestingandpackaging.
Wedontcallitaprocessoryetbecauseitneedsto
havetheconnectionpinsdone.

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FabricationTechnology
Whodoesthisprocess?
CompanieslikeIntelhavefabricationsplants
Theprocessisveryadvancedmanufacturing

AtUCF,theresalabthatdoessomeofthesetasks

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SiliconIngot

Thesiliconingotisacylinder

Blanksiliconwafer

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CPUManufacturing
Cleanroomenvironment
Anybitofdustmightruinthe
processordie

Aworkerinspectsasiliconwafer.Thewaferhas
beenprocessed.ItcontainsmultipleCPUdies.

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IntelAnimation
FromSandtoSilicon:TheMakingofaChip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5paWn7bFg4&feature=en
dscreen&NR=1

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