The sensory organs

SKIN - the sense of touch

Hair
Layer of
dead skin

Epidermis
1

Sebaceous
gland

Dermis

2
3

Sweat gland

Fatty layer

Receptors:
1

Pain receptors

Touch receptors

Cold receptors

Pressure receptors

Heat receptors

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Chapter 1 The World Through Our Senses

NOSE - the sense of smell

Sensory cells

TONGUE - the sense of taste

The surface
of the tongue

Nasal bone
Supporting cell

Nasal cavity

Taste pore

Nerve

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Taste bud

Receptor cell

Chapter 1 The World Through Our Senses

EAR - the sense of hearing

Semicircular canal
Auditory nerve
Ear canal

Cochlea

Oval window

Ossicles

Eardrum

Ear pinna

EYE - the sense of sight

Conjunctiva

Sclera

Ciliary muscle

Suspensory ligaments

Choroid

Iris

Retina

Cornea

Yellow spot (fovea)

Pupil

Optic nerve

Lens
Aqueous humour
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Vitreous humour

Eye muscle

Blind spot

Chapter 1 The World Through Our Senses

Classes of food
WATER
Maintains the balance
of fluids inside and
outside of our cells

CARBOHYDRATES
Give us energy

PROTEINS
Help in growth
and repair of
cells or tissues,
including teeth
and nails

VITAMINS AND
MINERALS
Provide protection
against illness
and keep the
body healthy

FATS
Give us slow releasing energy

Too much fat can lead to
obesity and heart diseases

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FIBRE
Not absorbed into the
body but helps in digestion
and defecation

Chapter 2 Nutrition

The human digestive system

Wall of small
intestine

Mouth

Blood
capillaries

Villus

Thin wall
of villus

Oesophagus

The internal surface of the small

intestine has numerous villi

Liver
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas

Muscle
contracts

Muscle
relaxes

Bolus

Small intestine
Muscle
contracts

Large intestine
Rectum

Muscle
relaxes

Bolus
Anus
Peristalsis

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Chapter 2 Nutrition

A food web
Tertiary consumer
Snake

Secondary consumer
Quaternary consumer

Chicken

Eagle

Secondary consumer
Frog
Primary consumer
Harlequin bug
Primary consumer
Producer

Caterpillar

Cabbages

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Bacteria and fungi are decomposers.

They break down dead plants and
animals into nutrients.

Chapter 4 Interdependence among Living Organisms and The Environment

Water treatment process

Dam

Raw water pump

Screening tank

Raw water pipeline

River

Aerator

Coagulation

Sedimentation
tank

Filter tank

Post chemicals
-Chlorine
-Fluoride
-Slaked lime

Supply reservoir

Clear water tank

Alum dosing

To consumer

To sludge lagoon
Treated water pump

Houses

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Chapter 5 Water and Solution

Levers
First class lever
The fulcrum is between the effort and the load
Effort

A lever is a simple machine which

turns about a fixed point. The
point is called a fulcrum. The effort
is applied to move the load.

Load

E
L

Load
F

Fulcrum

Third class lever

Second class lever

The load is between the fulcrum and the effort

The effort is between the fulcrum and the load

Effort

Fulcrum

Load
Load

Effort
Fulcrum
Fulcrum

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Chapter 10 Simple Machines