AW101 (TOPIC 7)

OCCUPATIONAL FIRST AID

CONTENT :
7.1 Defihe First Aid
7.2 First Aid Equipment
7.3 Basic Rules Of First Aid
7.4 First Aid & Treatment
7.5 Practice of First Aid Equipment
7.6 Practice of Conducting CPR

7.1 FIRST AID

It is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a

non-expert person to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can
be accessed.

In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
requires all job sites and workplaces to make available first aid equipment for use
by injured employees

different jobs have different types of injuries and different first-aid requirements.

The Aims of first aid can be summarized in three key

points:
1.
1.Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save
lives
1.Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition from
worsening,or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such as
moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques
to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed
becoming dangerous.
1.Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process
from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound

7.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT @ KITS

first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment

may be made up of different contents depending on
who has assembled the kit and for what purpose.

It may also vary by region due to varying advice or

legislation between governments or
organisations

Standard kits often come in durable plastic boxes,

fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets

7.2.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT

Tweezer
s
Glove
Scissor
s

Anticeptic
wipes
@ gauze

Roller
Bandage

Thermometer

Alcohol
Antibiotic Ointment packets (approx. 1g)

Cont.7.2.2 FIRST AID EQUIPMENT

Triangular
Bandage

Adhesive
Tape

Adhesive tape
(cloth) 1

Jodin
e

Adhesive
Bandage

Aspiri
n

Aspirin(chewable)
81mg

7.2.3 APPLICATION OF FIRST AID EQUIPMENT

Glove
Application
~ wear it during
works with body
liquid or any
chemicals

First aid equipments

as earlier action to
safe the life

Bandage
application ~
to stop
bleeding

Triangular Bandage
Application ~ to hold
Broken arm bone

~ to avoid
broken
@ injured
movement
Anticeptic wipes
@ gauze
~ to clean up
injured area

7.3 BASIC RULES OF FIRST AID

It is recommended that all kits are in a;

i. clean
ii. waterproof container to keep the contents
iii. safe and aseptic

Kits should also be checked regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or expired out
of date.

In general, the type of first aid facilities required in a workplace are determined by many
factors, such as:
the type of industry concerned; for example, industries such as mining may have specific
industry regulations detailing specialised instructions
the laws and regulation of the state or territory in which it is located
the type of hazards present in the workplace
the number of employees in the workplace
the proximity to local services (doctors, hospital,ambulance).
the number of different locations that the workplace is spread over

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

Particularly the "ABC"s of first aid, which focus on critical life-saving intervention,
must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries. ABC stands for Airway,
Breathing, and Circulation.

Some organizations add a fourth step of "D" for Deadly bleeding or Defibrillation,
while others consider this as part of the Circulation step.

Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the "3Bs": Breathing,
Bleeding, and Bones (or "4Bs": Breathing, Bleeding, Brain, and Bones).

Variations on techniques to evaluate and maintain the life depend on the skill level
of the first aider. Once the techniques are secured, first aiders can begin
additional treatments, as required.

There are a symbol of ;

RED
CROSS
SYMBOL

ISO
FIRST AID
SYMBOL

STAR OF
LIFE

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.1 Burns and Scadals

Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the
burn site.

FIRST DEGREE: Flush with cool running water, Apply moist dressings and
bandage loosely.

SECOND DEGREE: Apply dry dressings and bandage loosely Do not use water
as it may increase risk of shock.

THIRD DEGREE: Same treatment as second degree.

Continue
7.4.1 Burns and Scadals
Bagaimana Api bermula
Bahanapi adalah semua bahan boleh terbakar samada pepejal, cecair atau gas.
Udara untuk bernafas adalah 21% oksigen. Api hanya perlu 16% oksigen untuk
membakar.
Haba adalah tenaga yang diperlukan untuk meningkatkan suhu bahanapi ketahap
pengewapan bagi membolehkan penyalaan.

APA YANG PERLU DIBUAT SEKIRANYA SESEORANG DISAMBAR API

Sekiranya rakan sekerja/orang lain disambar api, padamkan api dengan
menyelimuti mangsa dengan blanket/guni.
Ini mungkin dapat menyelamatkan mereka dari melecur atau maut
Jika anda disambar api: BERHENTI - Ditempat anda disambar api , REBAH - Ke
lantai & BERGULING - Sekitar lantai
Meniarap dan merangkak untuk mengelakkan asap dan gas toksik
Tutup mulut dan hidung anda dengan kain lembap
Gunakan laluan kecemasan untuk bangunan bertingkat dan turun ke tingkat
bawah

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.2 Bleedings

Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a

pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.

Apply DIRECT PRESSURE on the wound. use a dressing, if available. if a

dressing is not available, use a rag, towel, piece of clothing or your hand
alone.

IMPORTANT:
ONCE PRESSURE IS APPLIED, KEEP IT IN PLACE. IF DRESSINGS
BECOME SOAKED WITH BLOOD, APPLY NEW DRESSINGS OVER THE
OLD DRESSINGS. THE LESS A BLEEDING WOUND IS DISTURBED,
THE EASIER IT WILL BE TO STOP THE BLEEDING!
If bleeding continues, and you do not suspect a fracture, ELEVATE the wound
above the level of the heart and continue to apply direct pressure.
If the bleeding still cannot be controlled, the next step is to apply PRESSURE
AT A PRESSURE POINT.

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT ; 7.4.2 bleedings

Pressure should be used in applying the bandage. After the bandage is in place, it is
important to check the pulse to make sure circulation is not interrupted.
For wounds of the arms or hands, pressure points are located on the inside of the
wrist ( radial artery-where a pulse is checked) or on the inside of the upper arm
(brachial artery).
For wounds of the legs, the pressure point is at the crease in the groin (femoral
artery).
The final step to control bleeding is to apply a PRESSURE BANDAGE over the
wound. Note the distinction between a dressing and a bandage. A dressing may be
a gauze square applied directly to a wound, while a bandage, such as roll gauze, is
used to hold a dressing in place.

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.3 Shock

electrical shock

The victim usually gets stuck to the source of the electricity, and it is
important that you first separate him from the electrical source.

Turn off the power supply switch and disconnect the plug. It's best to
simply turn off the main power supply or pull out the fuse. Often, simply
turning off the switch may not stop the flow of electricity.

In certain circumstances it may be quicker to simply pull the victim away

from the electrical source.

Do NOT touch the victim with your bare hands, or the electric current will
pass through you as well.

3 keadaan yang perlu dipertimbangkan:1. Laluan masuk ke badan dan

keluar
2. Jangkamasa sentuhan - Tahap kecederaanbergantung pada masa dan frekuensi
arus.Kecederaan renjatan adalah dalaman, kesan luka yang boleh dilihat adalah
pada bahagian masuk dan keluar arus.
3. Nilai arus atau tenaga mengalir ke badan iaitu:
Lebih dari 1.5 A Kebakaran tisu dan organ dalaman
200 500 mA Penyepitan Jantung
100 200 mA Pengepaman jantung terhenti
30 75 mA Penyerabutan sistem respitori
10 40 mA Paralisis sistem saraf.
3 10 mA mengalami kesakitan, pengecutan otot
0.5 3 mA Terasa menggelenyar

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.4 Bone Fractures

Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by

stabilizing the fracture with a splint.

Your first step in identifying a broken bone would be

to check for deformity by comparing the injured
counterpart on the opposite side of the victim's body.

Second, look for an open wound, which may indicate

an underlying fracture.

Third, check for pain, which usually accompanies a

fracture. The injured person will most likely be able to
point to the area of pain. To assist in diagnosing a
broken bone, gently feel along the bone. The victim
will most certainly complain of tenderness or pain at
the exact point of the fracture.

Fourth, notice if the injured area is swollen. Swelling

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.5 Poisoning

Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.

Try and identify the poison if possible
Check for signs like burns around mouth, breathing difficulty or vomiting
Induce vomiting if poison swallowed
In case of convulsions, protect the person from self injury
If the vomit falls on the skin, wash it thoroughly
Position the victim on the left till medical help arrives

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.6 Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
The steps of Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)

Investigate incidents, introduce yourself, check the level of awareness, move the
body, seek assistance

lay the victim and do the ABC audit and check the whole body
If not breathing, give two breath support

Check the carotid artery, if there is a pulse continue CPR at a rate of 12 breath
per minute. If no pulse immediately start pressure, the pressure of 15 times, do
the following;
1) put your hand on the victims bodies
2) gave 15 times the pressure depth of 1.5 to 2 inches for adults
3) after given the pressure to give 15, the second blast (1 lap)
4) gave 15 times more pressure and then the second blast (2 rounds)
5) after four rounds check the carotid pulse
6) continue with CPR (15 2 blast pressure) if no pulse

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID AND TREATMENT

7.4.6 Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

should have no heart beat (pulse), continue with CPR, check pulse 10 times after
the blast, ready to perform chest compressions if no pulse

If the victim starts to breathe without help, put him in the recovery position
Check the breathing and pulse every 3 minutes

7.4 BASIC FIRST AID

AND TREATMENT
7.4.6 Cardio
Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
How to practice
proper safe and
methods in
conducting CPR