MS - 1장 Radar Systems and Equation

Radar Signal Processing Course
Dept of Avionics
Graduate School
Korea Aerospace University

Korea Aerospace Univ.
RSP Lab
Contents
1.
Radar Fundamental
2.
Radar Cross Section
3.
CW and Plused Radar
4.
Radar Detection
5.
Radar Waveform Analysis
6.
Matched Filter and Radar Ambiguity Function
7.
Pulse Compression
8.
Radar Wave Propagation
9.
Clutter and Moving Target Indicator
10. Radar Antennas

11. Target Tracking
12. Synthetic Aperture Radar
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Chapter 1
Radar Fundamentals
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To be covered
1.1 RADAR Classification
1.2 Range
1.3 Range Resolution
1.4 Doppler Frequency
1.5 Coherence
1.6 The RADAR Equations
1.6.1 LPRF Radar Equation
1.6.2 HPRF Radar Equation
1.6.3 Surveillance Radar Equation
1.6.4 Radar equation with Jamming
1.6.5 Bistatic Radar Equation
1.7 RADAR Losses
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1.1 Radar Classifications

RADAR : RAdio Detection And Ranging.
- transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume to search for targets.
- targets will reflect portions of this energy back to the radar.
Echoes
Radar Signal
processing
Target information : range,

velocity, angular position
Target Identification
Classification
Type : Platform, Frequency Band, Antenna Type, Waveform, Mission, Function
1) Platform : Ground based, airborne, spaceborne, ship based radar.
2) Mission : weather, acquisition and search, tracking, TWS, fire control,
Early warning, Over the Horizon, Terrain Following,
Terrain Avoidance Radar.
3) Phased Array Radar : Active Array, Passive Array
4) Waveform type : CW, FMCW, Pulsed (Doppler) Radar-LPRF, MPRF, HPRF
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Radar Frequency Band

5) Operating frequency
Letter
Designation
HF
VHF
UHF
L-band
S-band
C-band
Frequency
(GHz)
0.003-0.03
0.03-0.3
0.3-1.0
1.0-2.0
2.0-4.0
4.0-8.0
New band
designation
A
A<0.25, B>0.25
B<0.5, C>0.5
D
E<3.0, F>3.0
G<6.0, H>6.0
Letter
Designation
X-band
Ku-band
K-band
Ka-band
MMW
Frequency
(GHz)
8.0-12.5
12.5-18.0
18.0-26.5
26.5-40.0
Normally>34.0
New band
designation
I<10.0; J>10.0
J
J<20.0; K>20.0
K
L<60.0; M>60.0
- L-band : primarily ground based and ship based systems,

long range military and air traffic control search operation.
- S-band : Most ground and ship based medium range radar
- C-band : Most weather detection radar systems,
medium range search, fire control and metric instrumentation radar.
- X-band : Small Size of the antenna Airborne Radar
- Ku, K, Ka - band : severe weather and atmospheric attenuation,
short range applications police traffic radar, terrain avoidance.
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Over The Horizon Radar

Relocatable Over the
Horizon Radar (ROTHR)
< U.S. Navy Over The Horizon Radar >

Frequency range : 5 ~ 28MHz
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BMEWS
< Ballistic Missile Early Warning System >

Operating Frequency : 245MHz
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AEGIS
< U.S. Navy AEGIS >

Operating frequency : S-band
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AWACS
< Airborne Warning And Control System >

Operating frequency : S-band
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1.2 Radar Range

Pulsed radar
<A simplified pulsed radar block diagram>
- Targets range R, is computed by measuring the time delay t,

R
* c=3 x10 8 m/s
c t
2
(1.1)
* factor is needed to account for the two-way time delay

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Train of pulses for Measurement

- In general, a pulsed radar transmits and receives a train of pulse.
< Train of transmitted and received pulses >
- IPP : inter pulse period T, : pulse width

- IPP is referred to as the Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI)
- PRF = Inverse of the PRI ( fr ).
fr
1
1
PRI T
(1.2)
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Range Ambiguity
- Radar transmitting duty cycle (factor)d t is defined,
dt / T
- Radar average transmitted power is
Pav Pt dt
- Pulse energy is
EP Pt PavT Pav / f r
- Unambiguous Range Ru. : Range corresponding to the two-way time delay T,
Ru c
T
c
2 2 fr
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Range Ambiguity
< Range Ambiguity >

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Example 1.1- Pulse Width & Energy

EX1.1) A airborne pulsed radar has peak power Pt=10KW, and uses two
PRF fr1=10KHz, fr2 = 30KHz, What are the required pulse width so
that Pav=1500W? And compute pulse energy.
1500
Sol)
d
0.15
t
10 10 3
The pulse repetition interval are

1
0.1ms
10 10 3
1
T2
0.0333 ms
30 10 3
T1
1 0.15 T1 15 s
2 0.15 T2 5s
E p1 P1 1 10 10 3 15 10 6 0.15 J
E p 2 P2 2 10 10 3 5 10 6 0.05 J
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- Range resolution R, is radar metric that describes its ability to detect
target in close proximity to each other as distinct objects.
- The distance between minimum range Rmin and maximum range Rmax
is divided into M range bin, each of R,
Rmax Rmin
R
(1.6)
- Two target located at range R1 and R2, the deference those two ranges as R,
(t 2 t1 )
t
R R2 R1 c
c
2
2
(1.7)
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Range Resolution
<Fig. 1.8.> Resolving targets in range and cross range

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Range Resolution
(a) Two targets are separated by c / 4
Two unresolved targets.
(b) Two targets are separated by c / 2
Two resolved targets
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- Assume that the two targets are separated by c / 4 , the returned pulse
would be composed of returns from both target, as Fig 1.9a
- Assume that the two targets are separated by c / 2 , two distinct returned
pulses will be produced, as Fig 1.9b
R should be greater or equal to c / 2
R
c
c
2 2B
Narrow pulse width

Fine Resolution
Reduce Avg Power
Pulse Compression
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Example 1.2 - Parameters

EX 1.2) unambiguous range of 100 km, and a bandwidth 0.5Mhz,
Compute the required PRF, PRI, R, and .
Sol)
c
3 10 8
PRF
1500 Hz
5
2ru 2 10
1
1
PRI
0.6667 ms
PRF 1500
c
3 10 8
R
300 m
6
2 B 2 0.5 10
2R 2 300
2 s
8
c
3 10
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1.4 Doppler Frequency

- Doppler frequency to extract target radial velocity (range rate)
and to distinguish between moving and stationary targets (MTI)
- A closing target will cause the
reflected equiphase wavefronts
to get closer to each other.
(smaller wavelength)
- An opening target will cause the
reflected equiphase wavefronts
to expand. (larger wavelength)
<Fig. 1.10.> Effect of target motion on the reflected equiphase waveforms

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Doppler Frequency
<Fig 1.11>
The impact of target velocity
on single pulse
- Define d as the distance that the target moves into the pulse during the t,
d vt
(1.9)
- Since pulse is moving at the speed of light and the trailing edge moved distance c d ,
t
c d
c
(1.10)
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Doppler Frequency
- combining (1.9) and (1.10) yields,
vc
d
vc
(1.11)
- In t, the pulse leading edge has moved in the direction of the radar a distances,
s ct
(1.12)
- therefore, the reflected pulse width is now seconds, L meters,
L c s d
(1.13)
- Substituting (1.11) and (1.12) into (1.13) yields

vc
vc
c2
vc
c 2 vc
c
vc
vc
vc
cv

cv
c ct
(1.14)
(1.15)
(1.16)
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Doppler Frequency
- In a similar fashion, one can compute for opening target.
vc
cv
(1.17)
- To derive an expression for Doppler frequency, consider <Fig. 1.12>
<Fig. 1.12>
Target motion effects
on the radar pulses
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Doppler Frequency
d t
(1.18)
c
d ct
fr
(1.19)
c fr
c
c f r
d
c
t
(1.20)
(1.21)
- Reflected pulse spacing s d , new PRF f r
sd
c
c f r
'
c
fr
(1.22)
- new PRF is related to the original PRF
fr
'
c
fr
c
(1.23)
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Doppler Frequency
- number of cycles does not change frequency of the reflected signal will go
up by the same factor
f0
'
c
f0
c
(1.24)
f 0:carrier frequency of the incident signal

'
- Doppler frequency f d is defined as the difference f 0 f 0
c
2
f0 f0
f0
c
c
2
2
fd
f0
( c, c f 0 )
c
fd f0 f0
'
(1.25)
(1.26)
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Doppler Frequency
Figure 1.13. Closing target with velocity .
- the range to the target at any time t , R(t)
Rt R0 t t0
(1.27)
- the signal received by the radar
xr t
xr t xt t
(1.28)
(1.29)
2
R0 t t0
c
R0 : the range at time t0 (time reference)

xt : transmitte d signal
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Doppler Frequency
- substituting Eq.(1.29) into Eq.(1.28)
2
xr t x 1
t 0
c
2 R 2
0 0 t0
c
c
- compression or scaling factor

2
1
(1.30)
(1.31)
(1.32)
- using Eq.(1.32), rewrite Eq.(1.30)

xr t xt 0
(1.33)
a time-compressed version of the returned signal from a stationary target

based on the scaling property of the Fourier transform
the spectrum of the received signal will be expanded in frequency

by a factor of
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Doppler Frequency
- consider the special case
xt yt cos w0t
(1.34)
w0 : radar center frequency in radians per second

received signal xr t
xr t yt 0 cosw0t 0
(1.35)
Fourier transform of Eq.(1.35)

1
X r w
2
Y w0 Y w0

(1.36)
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Doppler Frequency
- where for simplicity the effects of the constant phase 0 have been ignored
- band pass spectrum centered at w0 instead of w0
- difference between the two values incurred due to the target motion
wd w0 w0
(1.37)
2
2
f0
(1.38)
c
- for a receding target the Doppler shift

fd
2
, w 2f
c
same as Eq.(1.26)
f d 2
Figure 1.14. Spectra of radar received signal.

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Doppler Frequency Effect

- Doppler frequency depends on radial velocity
< Target1 generates zero Doppler. Target2 generates maximum Doppler. Target3 is in-between >
- General expression for

fd
cos
fd
(1.39)
cos
e : elvation angle
a : azimuth angle
for an opening target

fd
cos cos e cos a
(1.40)
< Radial velocity is proportional to

the azimuth and elevation angles >
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Example 1.3
-
Compute the Doppler frequency measured by the radar shown in the fig. below.
fd 2
250 175 28 .3KHz

0.03
Similarly, if the target we re opening the Doppler frequency is

fd 2
250 175 5KHz

0.03
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MATLAB Function doppler_freq.m

f d , tdr doppler _ freq freq, ang, tv, indicator
1. freq 10GHz, ang 0 , tv 175 m / s, indicator 1

2. freq 10GHz, ang 0o , tv 175 m / s, indicator 0
o
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1.5 Coherence
- COHERENT
the phase of any two transmitted pulse is consistent (Fig 1.17a)
to maintain an integer multiple of wavelengths between the equiphase
wavefront (Fig 1.17b) using STALO
- COHERENT-ON-RECEIVER (or quasi-coherent)
stores a record of the phase of transmitted phase
Figure 1.17 (a) Phase contunutity between consecutive pulses.

(b) Maintaining an integer multiple of wavelengths between the equiphase
wavefronts of any two successive pulses guarantees coherency.
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Doppler Frequency Extraction

- coherence : refer to extract the received signal phase
- only coherent or coherent-on-receiver radars extract Doppler inform.
fi
1 d
t
2 dt
(1.41)
f i : instantane ous frequency

t : signal phase
Ex) signal
xt cos w0t 0 (1.42)
: scaling factor
0 : constant phase
f i f 0
(1.43)
w0 2f 0
2
2
f i 1 f 0
c
(1.44)
c f
Doppler shift
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1.6 Radar Equation Derivation

(1) peak power density ( PD ) in case of omni antenna
Peak transmitte d power
watts
(1.45)
2
area of a sphere
m
P
t2
(1.46) (assuming a losses propagation medium)
4R
PD
- case of directional antenna

G 2
Ae
(1.47)
4
Ae A (1.48)
Ae:ant. effective aperture
G: ant. gain
0 1
: aperture efficiency
0 .7
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Power Density at R
(3) power density PD (distant R, antenna gain G )
PD
Pt G
4R 2
(1.49)
- the radar radiated energy impinges on a target

the amount of the radiated energy is proportional to target RCS
(4) RCS (Radar Cross Section)

: defined as the ratio of the power reflected back to the radar to the
power density incident on the target
P
r m2
(1.50)
Pr : reflected power
PD
(5) total power delivered to the radar signal processor by the ant.
PDr
Pt G
4R
2 2
Pt G 2 2
4 3 R 4
Ae
(1.51)
G 2
Ae
4
(1.52)
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Maximum Radar Range MDS

(6) maximum radar range Rmax
1
Pt G 4
Rmax
(1.53)
3
4 S min
S min : minimum detectable siganl power
2 2
in order to double the radar maximum range Pt sixteen times

Ae four times
(7) In practical, the returned signal received corrupted with noise
noise : random, described by Power Spectral Density function
noise power N
N Noise PSD B
(1.54)
B: radar operating bandwidth
input noise power to a lossless ant.
N i kTe B (1.55)
k : 1.38 10 23 joule/degr ee Kelvin (Boltzman' s constant)

Te : effective noise temperat ure in degree Kelvin
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Radar Equation with SNR

(8) noise figure(F) : the fidelity of a radar receiver is described by a figure of
merit
SNR i Si N i
F
(1.56)
SNR o So N o
SNRi , SNRo : signal to noise ratio (SNR) at input and output of the receiver
- Eq.(1.55) rearranging
Si kTe BF SNR o
S min kTe BF SNR omin
(1.57)
(1.58)
- substituting Eq.(1.58) into Eq.(1.53)

2 2
P
G
t
Rmax
4 3 kTe BF SNR o
min
Pt G 2 2
SNR o 3
4 kTe BFR 4
Pt G 2 2
SNR o 3
4 kTe BFLR 4
14
(1.59)
Radar losses
(1.60)
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Example 1.4 Radar Equation

- A certain C-band radar with the following parameters:
Peak power Pt 1.5MW , operating frequency f 0 5.6GHz , antenna gain G 45 dB,
effective temperatu re Te 290 K , pulse width 0.2 sec .
The radar thre shold is SNR min 20 dB. Assume target cross section 0.1m 2 .
Compute the maximum range.
1
1
5MHz
0.2 10 6
c
3 10 8
the wavelenth is
0.054 m
f 0 5.6 10 9
solution : the radar bandwidth is B
R
4
dB
Pt G 2 2 4 kTe B F SNR omin

3
Pt
G2
kTe B
4 3
61.761
-25.421
90dB
-136.987
32.976
3dB
dB
SNR o
20dB
min
-10
R 4 61 .761 90 25 .352 10 32 .976 136 .987 3 20 197 .420 dB

R 4 10197.420 10 55 .208 1018 m 4
R 86 .199 km
The maximum detection range is 86.2 Km

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MATLAB Function radar_eq.m

out _ par radar _ eq( pt, freq, g , sigma , te, b, nf , loss, input _ par, option
, rcs _ delta1, rcs _ delta 2, pt _ percent1, pt _ percent2)
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Plot of Range vs SNR for RCS & Pt
RCS, pt

Detection
range
Hankuk Aviation Univ.
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Plot of SNR vs Range for RCS & Pt

S
RCS, pt

SNR
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1.6.1 Low PRF Radar Equation

Parameters
Pav Pt d t
: Average transmitted power
dt T
: Transmission duty factor
d r TT 1 f r
(1.62) : Receiving duty factor
for low PRF radars (T>> ) receiving duty factor is d r 1.

Ti
np
fr
n p Ti f r
(1.63) : Time on target = Dwell Time
n p : number of pulses that strikes the target

fr
: radar PRF
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Low PRF Radar Equation

-Single pulse radar equation
Pt G 22
( SNR)1
(4 )3 R 4 kTe BFL
(1.64)
-Integrated pulses
( SNR ) n p
Pt G 2 2 n p
(4 ) 3 R 4 kTe BFL
(1.65)
-Using Eq.(1.63) and B=1/
( SNR) n p
Pt G 2 2Ti f r
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FL
(1.66)
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MATLAB lprf_req.m
-The function lprf_req.m computes (SNR)np.
-Plot SNR vs range for three sets of coherently integrated pulses
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Plot of SNR vs Range for variable Np
- Np()
SNR .
-Detection Range
SNR(dB)
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Plot of SNR vs Np for RCS & Pt
- RCS
SNR
- Np
SNR
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1.6.2 High PRF Radar Equation

-Single pulse radar equation for a high PRF Radar
Pt G 22 d t2
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe BFLd r
d r dt f r
(1.67)
B 1 / Ti
Pt G 2 2 f rTi
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FL
(1.68)
PavG 2 2 Ti
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FL
(1.69)
- finally
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Example 1.5 HPRF Radar

- Compute the single pulse SNR for a high PRF radar with the following
Parameters: peak power Pt=100KW, antenna gain G=20dB, operating frequency
f0=5.6GHz, losses L=8dB, noise figure F=5dB, effective temperature Te=400K,
dwell interval Ti=2s, duty factor dt=0.3. The range of interest is R=50Km.
Assume target RCS =0.01m2.
( SNR) dB ( Pav G 2 2 Ti (4 )3 R 4 kT F L) dB
solution
( SNR) dB 44.771 40 25.42 20 3.01 32 .976 202 .581

187 .959 5 8 11.006 dB
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MATLAB hprf_req.m
- Plot of SNR vs range for three duty cycle choices
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Plot of SNR vs Range for three duty cycle
dt
11dB
SNR
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1.6.3 Surveillance Radar Equation

- Surveillance or search radars continuously scan a specified volume in space
searching for targets.
- 2D Radar (a): fan search pattern , (b): stacked search pattern
(a) pattern radar steered in azimuth.

(b) pattern radar steered in azimuth and elevation.
(employed by phased array radar)
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Surveillance Radar Equation

- Search volume : search solid angle
- Antenna 3dB beam width : a and e
- number of antenna beam position (nB)

nB
a e
(1.70)
3dB
- for a circular aperture of diameter D
(1.71)
3 dB
D
- when aperture tapering is used, 3dB 1.25 / D
Substituting Eq.(1.71) into Eq.(1.70)
nB
D2
< A cut in space showing the antenna

beam width and the search volume >
(1.72)
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- Time on target (expressed in terms of TSC :scan time)
Tsc
Tsc2
Ti
2
nB
D
Tsc : Scan time
(1.73)
- Search Radar Equation
PavG 22 Tsc2
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FLD 2
(1.74)
- using Eq.(1.47) in Eq.(1.74)
SNR
Pav A Tsc
2
A
D
/ 4 (aperture area) (1.75)
4
16 R kTe LF
- Power aperture product : Pav A

- Computed to meet predetermined SNR and RCS for a given search volume
defined by
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Example 1.6 Search Radar

- Compute the power aperture product for an X-band radar
Parameter => SNR = 15dB; L=8dB; Te=900 degree Kelvin; =2o; Tsc=2.5sec;
F=5dB. Assume a -10dBsm target cross section, and R=250Km.
Compute the Peak transmitted power corresponding to 30% duty factor, if the
antenna gain is 45dB.
Solution:
2 2
Solid angle cov erage :
(57 .23)
29 .132 dB
( SNR ) dB ( Pav A Tsc 16 R 4 kTe L F ) dB

15 Pav A 10 3.979 12 .041 215 .918 199 .054 5 8 29 .133
power aperture product : Pav A 33 .793 dB
radar wavelength : 0.03 m
G2
A
3.550 dB ;
4
Pt
Pav A 33 .793 30 .243 dB 10 3.0243 1057 .548W
Pav 1057 .548
3.52516 KW
dt
0 .3
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MATLAB power_aperture_eq.m
nB
a e
nB
D2
3 dB
3dB
Tsc
Tsc2
Ti
2
nB
D
PavG 2 2 Ti
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FL
Power
Aperture
Product
PavG 22 Tsc2
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FLD 2
A D 2 / 4 , Ae G2 / 4
Pav A Tsc
SNR
16 R 4 kTe LF
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Power Aperture Product - Matlab code

Surveillance Radar Compute P_A_P, Aperture, Pt, Pav
Matlab Code
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Plots of peak power vs. aperture area
PavG 22 Tsc2
SNR
(4 )3 R 4 kTe FLD 2
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Plot power aperture product vs. range
range
-> P_A_P
-> sigma
P_A_P
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1.6.4 Radar Equation with Jamming

ECM (Electronic Countermeasure)
chaff, radar decoys, radar RCS alteration, and radar jamming
Jammers
1) Barrage jammers
: Attempt to increase the noise level across the entire radar operating BW.
Can be deployed in the main beam or in side lobes of the radar antenna.
2) Deceptive jammers (repeaters)
: Carry receiving devices on board in order to analyze the radars transmission,
and then send back false target-like signals in order to confuse the radar.
(1) spot noise repeaters measures the transmitted radar signal BW and then
jams only a specific range of frequencies.
(2) deceptive repeaters sends back altered signals that make the target
appear in some false position (ghosts).
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(1) Self-Screen Jammers (SSJ)

- Escort jammers can also be treated as SSJs if they appear at the same range
as that of the targets.
- Single pulse power received by radar at R
Pt G 2 2
Pr
( 4 ) 3 R 4 L
(1.76)
- Received Power from an SSJ jammer at R

PSSJ
PJ GJ AB
4R 2 BJ LJ
(1.77)
- Substituting Eq.(1.47) into Eq.(1.77)

PSSJ
PJ GJ 2G B
4R 2 4 BJ LJ
(1.78)
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Self-Screen Jammers (SSJ)

- Radar Eq. for a SSJ case
S
S SSJ
Pt GBJ LJ
4PJ GJ R 2 BL
(1.79)
- ratio S/SSSJ is less than unity since the jamming power is greater than the
target signal power.
- as the target becomes closer to the radar, there will be a certain range such
that the ratio S/SSSJ is equal to unity. This range is the crossover or burnthrough range.
1/ 2
P GBJ LJ
( RCO ) SSJ t
4PJ GJ BL
(1.80)
RCO : crossover range

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Self-Screening Jammers (SSJ)

Pt G 2 2
Pr
( 4 ) 3 R 4 L
PSSJ
PSSJ
PJ GJ AB
4R 2 BJ LJ

Target range SSJ jammer
PJ GJ 2G B
4R 2 4 BJ LJ
S
S SSJ
Pt GBJ LJ
4PJ GJ R 2 BL
SSJ
1/ 2
( RCO ) SSJ
Pt GBJ LJ

4PJ GJ BL
S/Sssj unity
Rco : crossover range

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Plots of relative S and SSSJ
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Plot Crossover Range vs Pj and Pt
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(2) Stand Off Jammer (SOJ)

PSOJ
PJ GJ 2G B
2
4RJ 4 BJ LJ
S
S SOJ
Jammer .
Pt G 2 RJ2BJ LJ
4PJ GJ GR 4 BL
( RCO ) SOJ
RD
SOJ power
Pt G 2 RJ2BJ LJ

4PJ GJ GBL
( Rco ) SOJ
( S / S SOJ ) min
SOJ Radar Eq
1/ 4
crossover range
When (S S SOJ )
Jammer Radar
Detection Range
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Target and jammer echo signals
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(3) Range Reduction Factor

- Consider a radar system whose detection range R in the absence of jamming,
Pt G 22
( SNR) 0
(4 )3 kTe BFLR 4
(1.85)
- Range Reduction Factor (RRF) refers to the reduction in the radar
detection range due to jamming. In the presence of jamming the effective

detection range is,
Rdj R RRF
(1.86 )
- Jammer power in the radar receiver is,

PJ J o B kTJ B
(1.87 )
where J 0 output power spectral density of barrage jammer

TJ jammer effective temperatur e
- Total jammer plus noise power in the radar receiver is

Ni PJ kTe B kTJ B
(1.88)
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Range Reduction Factor

- The radar detection range is limited by the receiver signal-to-noise plus
interference ratio rather than SNR.
Pt G 2 2
S

3
4
PSSJ N (4 ) k (Te TJ ) BFLR
(1.89 )
- The amount of reduction in the signal-to-noise plus interference ratio because
of the jammer effect can be computed from the difference between Eqs.(1.85)
and (1.89)
10 .0 log 1
TJ
Te
(dBs )
(1.90 )
- The RRF is
RRF 10
40
(1.91)
RSP Lab
Radar Reduction factor

Pt G 22
( SNR) 0
(4 )3 kTe BFLR 4
Jamming
Rdj R RRF
Range Reduction Factor

effective detection range
PJ J o B kTJ B
Receiver jamming Power
Ni PJ kTe B kTJ B
Jammer + noise power
Pt G 2 2
S

3
4
PSSJ N (4 ) k (Te TJ ) BFLR
SNR + interference
Radar detection range
10 .0 log 1
RRF 10
TJ
Te
(dBs )
40
The amount of reduction

in the SNR +interference
Radar Reduction Factor
RSP Lab
Radar Reduction factor

Compute : Crossover range,
Matlab Code : fun [RRF] = range_red_factor (te, pj,
gj, g, freq, bj, rangej, lossj)
te0
pj
Korea Aerospace
Univ.
730K
150KW
gj
freq
bj
rangej
lossj
3dB
40dB
10GHz
1MHz
40Km
1dB
RSP Lab
RRF vs Radar Operating Wavelength
RSP Lab
RRF vs radar to jammer range
RSP Lab
RRF vs jammer peak power
RSP Lab
1.6.5 Bi-static Radar Equation

- Monostatic radar : use the same ant. for both transmitting and receiving.
- Bi-static radar : use transmit and receive ant. placed in different locations.
<Bistatic radar geometry>

RSP Lab
1.6.5 Bi-static Radar Equation

- A synchronization link
extract maximum target information at Rx
- Bistatic radar measured bistatic RCS(B)

Case1. small bistatic angle bistatic RCS monostatic RCS
Case2. bistatic angle approaches 180o bistatic RCS becomes large and
approximated by
max
4At2
2
RSP Lab
Bistatic Radar Equation

(1) The power density at the target is
PD
Pt Gt
4Rt2
(1.93)
(2) The effective power scattered off a target with bistatic RCS B is
P PD B
(1.94)
(3) The power density at the receiver ant. is

Prefl
P
PD B
4Rr2 4Rr2
(1.93)
where Rt range from the radar transmitte r to the target

Rr range from the target to the receiver
Prefl
Pt Gt B
PD B
4Rr2 (4 ) 2 Rt2 Rr2
(1.96 )
RSP Lab
Bistatic Radar Equation

(4) The total power delivered to the signal processor by a receiver ant. with Ae
PDr
Pt Gt B Ae
(4 ) 2 Rt2 Rr2
(1.97 )
Sudstituti ng (Gr 2 / 4 ) for Ae yields

Pt Gt Gr 2 B
PDr
(4 ) 3 Rt2 Rr2
(1.98)
(5) when transmitter and receiver losses, Lt and Lr ,are taken into
consideration, the bi-static radar equation is
Pt Gt Gr 2 B
PDr
(4 )3 Rt2 Rr2 Lt Lr L p
(1.99 )
where L p medium propagatio n loss

RSP Lab
1.7 Radar Losses

1.7. Radar Losses
- Receiver SNR (1 / losses)
- Losses increase drop in SNR decreasing the probability of detection.
1.7.1 Transmit and Receive Losses (typically, 1 to 2 dBs)

- Occur between the radar Tx and ant. Input port and between the ant.
output port and receiver front end. often called plumbing losses
1.7.2. Antenna Pattern Loss and Scan Loss

- Radar equation assumed maximum ant. gain.
target is located along the ant. boresight axis.
RSP Lab
1.7 Radar Losses

- The loss in the SNR due to not having max. ant. gain on the target at all
time is called ant. pattern (shape) loss.
- Consider a sinx/x ant. radiation pattern (next page), average ant. gain over
/2.
Average ant. gain

2
r
Gav 1
36
2
(1.100 )
Gaussian ant. pattern case

2.776 2
G ( ) exp
2
3 dB
(1.101)
<Normalized (sinx/x) ant. pattern>

RSP Lab
Antenna Pattern Loss and Scan Loss

- If the ant. scanning rate is so fast that the gain on receive is not the same
as on transmit additional scan loss has to be calculated and added to the
beam shape loss.
- Phased array radars are often prime candidates for both beam shape and
scan losses.
1.7.3. Atmospheric Loss
- Atmospheric attenuation is a function of the radar operating frequency, target
range, and elevation angle. Atmospheric attenuation can be as high as a few dBs.
1.7.4. Collapsing loss
- When the number of integrated returned noise pulses is larger than the target
returned pulses, a drop in the SNR occurs. The collapsing loss factor is
nm
n
(1.102 )
RSP Lab
Atmospheric & Collapsing Losses
< Illustration of collapsing loss. Noise source In cells 1,2,4, and 5 converge to increase
the noise level in cell3>
RSP Lab
Processing Losses
1.7.5. Processing Losses
a. Detector Approximation :
- The output voltage signal of a radar receiver (linear detector) is

v (t ) vI2 (t ) vQ2 (t )
where (vI , vQ ) in phase and quadrature components.
- For a radar using a square law detector,

v 2 (t ) vI2 (t ) vQ2 (t )
- Since in real hardware the operation of squares and square roots are
time consuming, many algorithms have been developed for detector
approximation. typically 0.5 to 1 dB
RSP Lab
CFAR Losses
b. Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Losses
- Radar detection threshold is constantly adjusted as a function of the

receiver noise level
maintain a constant false alarm rate.
- CFAR processor : keep the number of false alarms under control in a

changing and unknown background of interference.
- CFAR processing can cause a loss in the SNR level on the order of 1dB.
- Adaptive CFAR / Nonparametric CFAR / Nonlinear receiver techniques.
RSP Lab
Quantization Loss & Range Gate Straddle

c. Quantization Loss
- Finite word length (number of bits) and quantization noise cause and
increase in the noise power density at the output of the ADC.
- A/D noise level is q2/12
( q :quantization level)
d. Range gate straddle

- Radar receiver is mechanized as a series of contiguous range gate.
- Each range gate is implemented as an integrator matched to the Tx

pulse width.
- The smoothed target return envelope is normally straddled to cover more
than one range gate.
RSP Lab

Case1: point target is located exactly at the center of range gate.
<early and late samples are equal>

RSP Lab

Case2: target starts to move into the next range gate
<late sample larger than the early sample>
RSP Lab
Doppler Filter Straddle

e. Doppler Filter Straddle
- Doppler filter spectrum is spread (widened) due to weighting functions.
- The target doppler freq. can fall anywhere between two doppler filters,
signal loss occurs.
due to weighting , the crossover freq. f co is

smaller than the filter cutoff freq. f c which
normally corresponds to the 3dB power point
RSP Lab
Other Losses
1.7.6. Other Losses
- Equipment losses : due to aging radar hardware
- Matched filter loss
- Antenna efficiency loss
- Crossover (squint) loss : tracking radar
RSP Lab

MS - 1장 Radar Systems and Equation

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Radar Signal Processing Course

Korea Aerospace University

Radar Cross Section

CW and Plused Radar

Radar Waveform Analysis

Matched Filter and Radar Ambiguity Function

Radar Wave Propagation

Clutter and Moving Target Indicator

10. Radar Antennas

Korea Aerospace Univ.

1.1 Radar Classifications

Target information : range,

Radar Frequency Band

- L-band : primarily ground based and ship based systems,

Over The Horizon Radar

< U.S. Navy Over The Horizon Radar >

< Ballistic Missile Early Warning System >

< U.S. Navy AEGIS >

< Airborne Warning And Control System >

Korea Aerospace Univ.

1.2 Radar Range

<A simplified pulsed radar block diagram>

- Targets range R, is computed by measuring the time delay t,

* c=3 x10 8 m/s

* factor is needed to account for the two-way time delay

Train of pulses for Measurement

< Train of transmitted and received pulses >

- IPP : inter pulse period T, : pulse width

< Range Ambiguity >

Example 1.1- Pulse Width & Energy

The pulse repetition interval are

1.3 Range Resolution

<Fig. 1.8.> Resolving targets in range and cross range

Two unresolved targets.

(b) Two targets are separated by c / 2

Two resolved targets

Korea Aerospace Univ.

1.3 Range Resolution

Narrow pulse width

Example 1.2 - Parameters

1.4 Doppler Frequency

<Fig. 1.10.> Effect of target motion on the reflected equiphase waveforms

- therefore, the reflected pulse width is now seconds, L meters,

- Substituting (1.11) and (1.12) into (1.13) yields

Korea Aerospace Univ.

- To derive an expression for Doppler frequency, consider <Fig. 1.12>

Korea Aerospace Univ.

- Reflected pulse spacing s d , new PRF f r

- new PRF is related to the original PRF

Korea Aerospace Univ.

f 0:carrier frequency of the incident signal

Korea Aerospace Univ.

Figure 1.13. Closing target with velocity .

- the range to the target at any time t , R(t)

- the signal received by the radar

Korea Aerospace Univ.

R0 : the range at time t0 (time reference)

- compression or scaling factor

- using Eq.(1.32), rewrite Eq.(1.30)

a time-compressed version of the returned signal from a stationary target

the spectrum of the received signal will be expanded in frequency

w0 : radar center frequency in radians per second