ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY

The generation, transmission and

distribution system of electrical power is
called Supply System.
The Transmission System is used to deliver
bulk power from power station to the load
centers and large consumers beyond the
economical service range of the regular
primary distribution lines where as
distribution system is to deliver power from
power station to various consumers.
The Distribution System may further be
delivered into feeders, distributor and
service main.
Feeders are the conductors which connect
the station to the area to be fed by those
stations.
Distributors are the conductors from which
numerous tapings for the supply to the
consumers are taken.
Service mains are the conductors, which
connect the consumers terminal to the
distributors.

SUB STATIONS

Sub-Station server as sources of energy

supply for the local areas of distribution in
which they are located and their main
function is to receive energy transmitted at
high voltage from the generating stations
and to step down the voltage to a value
appropriate for local distribution and provide
facilities for switching.
INTRODUCTION OF MAIN INSTALLED AT
11 KV SUB STATION:(1)TRANSFORMER
The Transformer is simple in
construction and consists of Magnetic Circuit
linking with two winding known as Primary
and Secondary Winding. Besides Magnetic
Circuits and Windings it consists of a
suitable container for the assembled core,
winding, tank and suitable bushings for
insulating and bringing out terminals of the
winding from the container. Temperature
Gauges are used for measurement of
temperature of hot oil or hottest spot
temperature and oil gauge to indicate the oil

level inside tank. Gas operated

relay(Buchholz Relay) in order to give alarm
to indicate the presence of gas in case of
some minor fault and take out the
transformer out of circuit at the event of
serious fault.

CORE CONSTRUCTION OF POWER

TRANSFORMER
Since Core is Magnetic Link between the
systems connected to the Transformer and
itself contain a lot of energy, therefore, it is
not by an means the passive component as
it appears.
(2)CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (CT)
As the Current Transformer is used in
conjunction with current measuring device,
its primary winding is designed to be
connected in series with the line to the ratio
of primary secondary turns ratio.
A Current Transformer
comprises a laminated core (usually high
permeability steel) core carrying a large

number of turns of line insulated wire for the

secondary.

(3)POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)

Potential Transformer is used for
measurement of high voltage by means of
low range voltmeters or for energizing the
potential coil of wattmeter and energy
meter. This also used for energizing relay
and other protective devices.
The Potential Transformer
(PT) operates on the same principle as a
Power Transformer. Both Primary and
Secondary Windings are wound on a high
voltage winding is on the outside. The
Potential Transformer is always step down
transformer since this meant for reducing
the voltage to a reasonable operating value
(4)CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit Breaker is a mechanical device

designed to close or open contact members,
thus closing of an electrical circuit under
normal or abnormal conditions.
There are many types of Circuit
Breakers:Oil Breakers:- In Oil Circuit Breaker the
circuit make and breaking Oil. Nowadays it
is less in use.
Air Blast Circuit Breaker:- In Air Blast Circuit
Breaker the circuit operated by Air Pressure
and its yard.
Air Break Circuit:- In Air Circuit Breaker the
circuit make and break in natural air it is use
only for Low Voltage.
Sulphur Hexaflouride Breaker:- SF6 Circuit
Breaker is that in which SF6 with pressure is
to extinguish the arc. SF6 gas has excellent
Dielectric Arc Quenching, Chemical and
open Arc Quenching medium such as oil or
air. It has very high dielectric strength. So it
is used nowadays in Substations.

Vacuum Circuit Breaker:- in Vacuum Circuit

Breaker the Circuit Breaker breaks and
makes in Vacuum Interrupter. It is the safest
circuit makes and breaks process and used
widely nowadays.
(5)CAPACITY VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
(C.V.T.)
Capacity Voltage Transformer is used to
remove the carrier and fundamentals
frequency. Capacity Voltage Transformer
output for carrier 0 to 10 volt.
(6)WAVE TRAP:A device is used to exclude wanted
frequency component such as noise or other
interface of a wave. It blocks the high
frequency about 62kHz to 500 kHz. Wave
Trap only hang red phase for 132KV. And for
220 kHz above it hang on yellow phase.
(7)LIGHTING ARRETER:Lighting is a huge spark, which is due to the
electrical discharge taking place between
the clouds, with in the same clouds, with in
the some cloud between the cloud and

earth. An instrument which is used to

reduce the effect of surge produced by the
lighting is known as Lighting Arrester.
Lightning Arrester act as a safety valves
designed to discharge electric surge
resulting from lightning strokes, switching or
other disturbance which would otherwise
flash over insulator for puncture insulation,
resulting in a line outage and possible failure
of equipment.
(8)MAIN ISOLATOR:Main Isolator is used in Sub Station yard in
incoming side of line of isolating the Sub
Station supply in normal condition (i.e. in off
load position) for carried out general
maintenance work.

(9)LINE EARTH SWITCH:Line Earth Switch is for purpose for Line

Earthing purpose and for carried out

maintenance work on line in normal

conditions.
(10)CT; PT UNIT:It is joint unit of two types devices i.e.
current transformer and potential
transformer for measuring current and
voltage for metering-protection purpose.
(11)NEUTRAL CURRENT
TRANSFORMER:To measure the neutral current of any
winding of transformer. The Neutral Current
is always star connected transformer should
be zero. If increase in neutral current shows
that there is fault in transformer winding. It
operate the REF relay to switch off the
supply of transformer.

BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS IN

SUBSTATION:

Bus Bar term is used for a main bar or

conductor carrying electric current to which
may connections may be made. Thus
electric bus bar is the collector of electric
energy at one location. Bus bars are merely

convenient means of connecting switches

and other equipment into various
arrangements. The usual arrangement of
connections is most of the Sub stations
permits working on almost any piece of
equipment without interruption to incoming
or outgoing feeders. The bus bars are
usually of Aluminum.
THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF BUS
BAR ARRANGEMENTS:1) Single Bus Bar Arrangements:This is the simplest arrangement consisting
of a single set of bus bars for the full length
of the switch board and to this set of bus bar
are connected all the generators.
Transformer and feeders. The chief
advantages of such a bus bar arrangement
are low initial cost, less maintenance and
simple operation. The drawback of the
system is that in case of fault on the bus bar
whole of the supply system is affected and
all the healthy feeders are disconnected.
2)MAIN AND TRANSFORMER BUS
ARRANGEMENT:-

This arrangement has been quite frequently

adopted were the load and continuity of
supply stiff additional costs. This
arrangement provides additional flexibility.
Continuity of supply and allows periodic
maintenance without total shutdown. Such
as arrangement is suitable for highly
interconnected power network in which
flexibility is very important.
ADVANTAGES:

It ensures continuity of supply in case of

bus fault in the event of occurrence of
fault on one of the bus; the entire load
can be transferred to the other bus.
Repair and maintenance can be carried
out on the main bus without, interrupting
the supply as the load can be transferred
to the auxiliary bus.
Each load can be supplied from either
bus.

3)DOUBLE BUS DOUBLE BREAKER

ARRANGEMENT:In very imprint power station two circuit
breakers are employed for each circuit.

Such a bus bar arrangement does not

require any bus coupler and permits
switch over from bus to the other
whenever desired without interruption.
This bus arrangement is very costly and its
maintenance cost is also high. This
arrangement provides maximum. A circuit
breaker can be opened for repairs and
usual checks and the load can be shifted
on the other circuit breaker easily.

PROTECTION OF POWER T/F:-

The following relays are installed at

substation for protection power T.F. for any
abnormal condition i.e. for any fault in the
system. The relays command the
controlling circuit breaker and isolated
faulty portion.
(1)OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION:There are three numbers (R,Y,&B) over
current and one number earth fault
protection (relay) provided on C and
R(control and relay) panel. These relay are

provided to protect the T/F involving the

fault on over current and earth fault. The
time setting of these relays is made less
than the time setting of incoming line and
more than time setting of outgoing line.
However time setting of T/F should be kept
as min as possible to clean the fault in
least time.
(2)DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:The relay is provided to protect the
equipment in the zone between incoming
current transformer to outgoing current
transformer. It detect balancing in the
current between these zone and trip
simultaneously.
(3)RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY
(REF):It is also called instantaneous fault relay
operates in zero time. It sees the zone
between primary C.T. to secondary C.T.
(4) BUCHHOLZ RELAY:It is gas and oil actuated protective device
and it is partially universally used on all oil

immersed transformer having rating more

than that 750 kva. It is installed in the pipe
joining the main tank of the transformer to
the conservator and is used to give alarm in
case of minor faults and to disconnect the
transformer from supply mains in case of
several internal faults. The use of such a
relay is possible only with transformers
having conservators.
It consists of two elements
mounted in a small chamber located in the
pipe connections between the conservators
and the transformer tanks. When minor fault
occur, heat is produced due to current
leakage, some of oil in the transformer tank
evaporates and some vapors collects in the
top of the chamber while passing to the
conservator. When a predetermined amount
off vapor accumulates in the top of the
chamber, the oil level falls, the mercury type
switch attached to the float is tilted and
closes the alarm circuit to ring the bell. A
release clock is provided at the top of the
chamber to refill the oil. When severe fault
occur large volume of gas is evolved so that

the lower element containing a mercury

switch mounted on a hinged type flap is
tilted and the trip coil is energized. A test
cock is provided at the bottom.
(5) MASTER RELAY/ TRIPPING RELAY:It is used to extend tripping command to the
circuit breaker and operates when ever
receives command from other protection
relays, also acts as blocking relay for
breaker operation. Used for extending inter
tripping commands.
(6)DC SUPERVISION RELAY:It makes a continuous supervision of DC
supply in the C & R panel and in case of its
operation initiates alarm contacts to the AC
buzzer.
(7) AC/DC CHANGE OVER:Without flag relay for change over of AC and
DC supply. It is provided in all the panels.
The indication automatically gat connected
to DC supply.

(8) DISTANCE PROTECTION MAIN-1,

MAIN-2
Impedance relays are whenever over current
relays do not provide adequate protection.
The function even if the short circuit current
is relative low. The speed of operation is
independent of current magnitude.
Measures the apparent impedance between
the relay and the short circuit. The apparent
impedance is measured by computing the
ratio between voltage and current at the
relay. The relays which are almost always
directional are typically employed on
transmission lies where impedance is both
predictable and constant.
(9) BUS BAR PROTON TIP RELAY:Used to isolate the fault bus by tripping all
the circuit breakers connected to the faulty
bus.
(10) LOCAL REMOTE SWITCH:Used as a selector switch for remote or local
operation of the circuit breaker.
(11) AIR GAS PRESSURE ALARM:-

Initiates the low air/gas alarm and lockout

contacts.

(12) GAS PRESSURE CONTRACTOR:It is a contractor in the circuit breaker used

to lock the breaker in case sf-6 gas pressure
falls below permissible limit.
(13) OVER FLUX RELAY:Generally installed on 220 kv C & R panels
of 220/132/66KV T/F and operates if the V/f
exceeds a preset value to avoid saturation
of magnetic circuits and to avoid excessive
core/iron losses in the T/F generally its
setting is 115% of normal value.
(14) BREAKER AUX. CONTACTS:Auxiliary contacts of the breaker used for
various purpose such as indication, tripping,
closing, interlock etc.

D.C. BATTERY

Battery se are produced at the D.C. supply

to meet out the required of system of
various for tipping protection system of

various equipment at substation. This D.C.

battery normally provided at the
substation are of 100, 150, 200AH
according to the required of D.C. load
normally 220V D.C. supply is required for
substation protection system, this battery
comprises of 110 cells of volt each making
220 volt. All the tripping system protection
system is based on D.C.
These 2 Volts D.C. generally are of
lead sulfate. They are certain parameter to
check the healthiness of the battery.
(1)SPECIFIC GRAVITY:It is the ratio of gravity of the solution in
the cell to the gravity of water normally a
healthy cell must have specific gravity
between 1.185 to 1.210. This is also
measure of charging of battery and also
shows the indicate of its health
consequent as charging/discharging.
(2)VOLTAGE:There are two terminal are provided to
meant the voltage between two terminal it
should be within the range of 1.9to 2.1

over charging and under charging of

battery must be avoided for better life of
battery normally that life of battery is
estimated as 10 years.

(3) AMPERE HOUR:It is the unit to show the capacity of the

battery means as if 10 ampere hours
taken it can give 10 ampere for an hour
continuously without any dipper voltage,
i.e. fully charged. Normally 2 volt is used
in series t50 from 220 volt having certain
advantages.
1. Cost of one cell is less.
2. It cell is damage may be kept out of
circuit without effecting the D.C. o/p
considerably.
(4) BATTERY CHARGER:Battery Charger is used at the substation
to charge the D.C. battery cells on the

appropriate voltage level. This is basically

a convenient type device which convert
the A.C. for charging purpose. There are
two modes of charging.
1. Boost
2. Float
When high charging is required in less
time boost is applied and in normal case
the float operates to make care of normal
charging/discharging of battery cells.
Normally there output is 220 voltD.C.