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PoliticalLaw(ConstitutionalLaw)ArticleIII
DEC20
PostedbyMagz
ARTICLEIIIBILLOFRIGHTS
Section1.Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,
norshallanypersonbedeniedtheequalprotectionofthelaws.

DefinitionofPolicePower:
1)Powervestedinthelegislature
2)BytheConstitution
3)Tomake,ordain,andestablish
4)Allmannerofwholesomeandreasonablelaws,statutes,andordinances
5)Eitherwithpenaltiesorwithout
6)Notrepugnanttotheconstitution
7)Astheyshalljudgetobeforthegoodandwelfareofthecommonwealthandofthesubjects
ofthesame.
AspectsofDueProcess:

1. Proceduraldueprocessreferstothemodeofprocedurewhichgovernmentagenciesmust
followintheenforcementandapplicationoflaws.
2. Substantivedueprocessprohibitionagainstarbitrarylaws.
Note:PROCEDURALDUEPROCESS:
1. Alawwhichhearsbeforeitcondemns.
2. Dueprocessoflawcontemplatesnoticeandopportunitytobeheardbeforejudgmentis
renderedaffectingonespersonorproperty(Lopezv.Dir.ofLands)
3. Dueprocessdependsoncircumstances;itvarieswiththesubjectmatterandthenecessitiesof
thesituation.
RequisitesofPROCEDURALdueprocess:

ForJUDICIALproceedings:CODE:CJNOH
1. Acourtortribunalclothedwithjudicialpowertohearanddeterminethematterbeforeit.
2. Jurisdictionmustbelawfullyacquiredoverthepersonofthedefendantorovertheproperty
whichisthesubjectoftheproceedings.
3. Thedefendantmustbegivennoticeandanopportunitytobeheard.
4. Judgmentmustberendereduponalawfulhearing.
ForADMINISTRATIVEproceedings:CODE:HEDSHIP
1. Therighttoahearing,whichincludestherighttopresentonescaseandsubmitevidencein
supportthereof.
2. Thetribunalmustconsidertheevidencepresented.
3. Thedecisionmusthavesomethingtosupportitself.
4. Evidencesupportingtheconclusionmustbesubstantial.
5. Thedecisionmustbebasedontheevidencepresentedatthehearingoratleastcontainedin
therecordanddisclosedtothepartiesaffected.
6. Thetribunalorbodyoranyofitsjudgesmustactonitsorhisownindependentconsideration
ofthelawandfactsofthecontroversy,andnotsimplyaccepttheviewsofasubordinatein
arrivingatadecision.
7. Theboardorbodyshould,inallcontroversialquestions,renderitsdecisioninsuchamanner
thatthepartiestotheproceedingcanknowthevariousissuesinvolvedandthereasonsforthe
decisionrendered.
Note:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Whatisrequiredisnotactualhearing,butarealopportunitytobeheard.
Therequirementofdueprocesscanbesatisfiedbysubsequentduehearing.
Violationofdueprocess:whensamepersonreviewshisowndecisiononappeal.
Noticeandhearingarerequiredinjudicialandquasijudicialproceedings,butnotinthe
promulgationofgeneralrule.

ForSCHOOLDISCIPLINARYproceedings:CODE:WAInADP
1. Thestudentmustbeinformedinwritingofthenatureandcauseofanyaccusationagainst
them.
2. Thestudentshallhavetherighttoanswerthechargesagainsthim,withtheassistanceof
counselifdesired.
3. Thestudenthastherighttobeinformedoftheevidenceagainsthim.
4. Thestudenthastherighttoadduceevidenceinhisownbehalf.
5. Theevidencemustbedulyconsideredbytheinvestigatingcommitteeorofficialdesignatedby
theschoolauthoritiestohearanddecidethecase.
6. Thepenaltyimposedmustbeproportionatetotheoffense.
Note:
1. Theschoolhasacontractualobligationtoafforditsstudentsafairopportunitytocompletethe
courseastudenthasenrolledfor.
2. Exceptions:
3. Seriousbreachofdiscipline;or
4. Failuretomaintaintherequiredacademicstandard.
5. Proceedingsinstudentdisciplinarycasesmaybesummary;crossexaminationisnotessential
InstanceswhenhearingsareNOTnecessary:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Whenadministrativeagenciesareexercisingtheirquasilegislativefunctions.
Abatementofnuisanceperse.
Grantingbycourtsofprovisionalremedies.
Casesofpreventivesuspension.
Removaloftemporaryemployeesinthegovernmentservice.
Issuanceofwarrantsofdistraintand/orlevybytheBIRCommissioner.
Cancellationofthepassportofapersonchargedwithacrime.
Issuanceofsequestrationorders(consideredaprovisionalremedy).
Judicialorderwhichpreventsanaccusedfromtravellingabroadinordertomaintainthe
effectivityofthecourtsjurisdiction.
10. SuspensionofabanksoperationsbytheMonetaryBoarduponaprimafaciefindingofliquidity
problemsinsuchbank.
Note:
1. Therighttocounselisaverybasicrequirementofsubstantivedueprocessandhastobe
observedeveninadministrativeandquasijudicialbodies.
2. Therighttoappealisastatutoryprivilegethatmaybeexercisedonlyinthemannerin
accordancewithlaw.
RequisitesofSUBSTANTIVEdueprocess:CODE:IM
1. TheINTERESTSofthepublicgenerally,asdistinguishedfromthoseofaparticularclass,
requirestheinterferencebythegovernmentand

2. TheMEANSemployedarenecessaryfortheaccomplishmentofthepurposeandnotunduly
oppressiveuponindividuals.
Requirementsofavalidordinance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

MustnotcontravenetheConstitutionoranystatute
Mustnotbeunfairoroppressive
Mustnotbepartialordiscriminatory
Mustnotprohibit,butmayregulatetrade
Mustbegeneralandconsistentwithpublicpolicy
Mustnotbeunreasonable

WhenisalawVAGUE?
1. WhenitlacksCOMPREHENSIBLESTANDARDS
2. ThatmenofordinaryintelligencemustnecessarilyGUESSastoitsmeaning
3. Anddifferastoitsapplication
EqualProtectionofthelaw
Theequalitythatitguaranteesislegalequalityortheequalityofallpersonsbeforethelaw.It
doesnotdemandabsoluteequality.Itmerelyrequiresthatallpersonsshallbetreatedalike,
underlikecircumstancesandconditionsbothastoprivilegesconferredandliabilitiesenforced.

Requisitesforvalidclassificationforpurposesoftheequalprotectionclause
Theclassificationmust:CODE:SGEE
1.
2.
3.
4.

RestonSUBSTANTIALDISTINCTIONS
BeGERMANEtothepurposesofthelaw
Notlimitedtoexistingconditionsonly
APPLYEQUALLYtoallmembersoftheSAMECLASS.

Section2.Therightofthepeopletobesecureintheirpersons,houses,papers,andeffectsagainst
unreasonablesearchesandseizuresofwhatevernatureandforanypurposeshallbeinviolable,
andnosearchwarrantorwarrantofarrestshallissueexceptuponprobablecausetobe
determinedpersonallybythejudgeafterexaminationunderoathoraffirmationofthe
complainantandthewitnesseshemayproduce,andparticularlydescribingtheplacetobe
searchedandthepersonorthingstobeseized.
GeneralRule:Searchandseizuresareunreasonableunlessauthorizedbyavalidlyissuedsearch
warrantorwarrantofarrest

Requisitesforavalidwarrant:CODE:PJED
1. ItmustbeissueduponPROBABLECAUSE.
2. TheexistenceofprobablecauseisdeterminedpersonallybytheJUDGE.
3. ThejudgemustEXAMINEUNDEROATHthecomplainantandthewitnesseshemay
produce.
4. ThewarrantmustPARTICULARLYDESCRIBEtheplacetobesearchedandpersonorthings
tobeseized.

DefinitionofPROBABLECAUSE
Fortheissuanceofawarrantofarrest:
Probablecausereferstosuchfactsandcircumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonablydiscreetand
prudentmantobelievethatanoffensehasbeencommittedbythepersonsoughttobearrested.
Fortheissuanceofasearchwarrant:
Probablecausewouldmeansuchfactsandcircumstanceswhichwouldleadareasonablydiscreet
andprudentmantobelievethatanoffensehasbeencommittedandthattheobjectssoughtin
connectionwiththeoffenseareintheplacetobesearched.
Note:ProbablecausefortheissuanceofasearchwarrantdoesNOTrequirethattheprobable
guiltofaspecificoffenderbeestablished,unlikeinthecaseofawarrantofarrest.

ExistenceofprobablecauseDETERMINEDPERSONALLYBYTHEJUDGE
ThejudgeisNOTrequiredtopersonallyexaminethecomplainantandhiswitnesses.Whatthe
Constitutionunderscoresistheexclusiveandpersonalresponsibilityoftheissuingjudgeto
satisfyhimselfoftheexistenceofprobablecause(Solivenv.Makasiar,167SCRA394).
Tobesure,theJudgemustgobeyondtheprosecutorscertificationandinvestigationreport
whenevernecessary(Limv.Felix).
Procedure:
1. Thejudgepersonallyevaluatesthereportandsupportingdocumentssubmittedbythefiscal
regardingtheexistenceofprobablecauseand,onthebasisthereof,issueawarrantofarrestor
2. Ifonthebasisthereof,thejudgefindsnoprobablecause,hemaydisregardthefiscalsreport
andrequirethesubmissionofsupportingaffidavitsofwitnessestoaidhiminarrivingatthe
conclusionastotheexistenceofprobablecause.
ExaminationUNDEROATHORAFFIRMATIONOFTHECOMPLAINANTAND
WITNESSES

1. Theoathrequiredmustrefertothetruthofthefactswithinthepersonalknowledgeofthe
complainantorhiswitnessesbecausethepurposeistoconvincethejudgeoftheexistenceof
probablecause(Alvarezv.CFI,64Phil.33).
2. Thetruetestofsufficiencyofanaffidavittowarranttheissuanceofasearchwarrantis
whetherithasbeendrawninsuchamannerthatperjurycouldbechargedthereonandaffiant
beheldliableforthedamagescaused(Alvarezv.CFI).
PARTICULARITYOFDESCRIPTION(SEARCHWARRANT)
1. Asearchwarrantmaybesaidtoparticularlydescribethethingstobeseizedwhenthe
descriptionthereinisasspecificasthecircumstanceswillordinarilyallowor
2. Whenthedescriptionexpressesaconclusionoffactnotoflawbywhichthewarrant
officermaybeguidedinmakingthesearchandseizureor
3. Whenthethingsdescribedarelimitedtothosewhichbearadirectrelationtotheoffense
forwhichthewarrantisbeingissued(BacheandCo.v.Ruiz,37SCRA823).
JOHNDOEWARRANT
AJohnDoewarrantcansatisfytherequirementofparticularityofdescriptionifitcontainsa
descriptiopersonaesuchaswillenabletheofficertoidentifytheaccused(Peoplev.Veloso,48Phil.
159)
GENERALWARRANT
Ageneralwarrantisonethatdoesnotallegeanyspecificactsoromissionsconstitutingthe
offensechargedintheapplicationfortheissuanceofthewarrant.Itcontravenestheexplicit
demandoftheBillofRightsthatthethingstobeseizedbeparticularlydescribed.
VALIDWARRANTLESSSEARCH
1. Searchmadeasanincidenttolawfularrest
1. Anofficermakinganarrestmaytakefromthepersonarrested:
1. Anymoneyorpropertyfounduponhispersonwhichwasusedinthecommissionofthe
offenseor
2. Wasthefruitthereofor
3. Whichmightfurnishtheprisonerwiththemeansofcommittingviolenceorescapingor
4. Whichmaybeusedinevidenceinthetrialofthecase
1. Thesearchmustbemadesimultaneouslywiththearrestanditmayonlybemadeinthearea
withinthereachofthepersonarrested
1. Searchofmovingvehicles
1. Thisexceptionisbasedonexigency.Thus,ifthereistimetoobtainawarrantinordertosearch
thevehicle,awarrantmustfirstbeobtained.
2. Thesearchofamovingvehiclemustbebasedonprobablecause.

1. Seizureofgoodsconcealedtoavoidcustomsduties/authorizedundertheTariffsand
CustomsCode
1. TheTariffsandCustomsCodeauthorizespersonshavingpoliceauthorityundertheCodeto
effectsearchandseizureswithoutasearchwarranttoenforcecustomslaws.
2. Exception:Asearchwarrantisrequiredforthesearchofadwellinghouse.
3. Searchesunderthisexceptionincludesearchesatbordersandportsofentry.Searchesinthese
areasdonotrequiretheexistenceofprobablecause.
1. Seizureofevidenceinplainview
1. Tobeavalidwarrantlesssearch,thearticlesmustbeopentotheeyeandhand.
2. Thepeaceofficercomesupontheminadvertently.
1. Waiverofright
1. Requisitesofavalidwaiver:
1. Therightexists.
2. Thepersonhadactualorconstructiveknowledgeoftheexistenceofsuchright.
3. Thereisanactualintentiontorelinquishsuchright.
1. Therightagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresisapersonalright.Thus,onlytheperson
beingsearchedcanwaivethesame.
2. Waiverrequiresapositiveactfromtheperson.Mereabsenceofoppositionisnotawaiver.
3. Thesearchmadepursuanttothewaivermustbemadewithinthescopeofthewaiver.
Note:
1. Checkpoints:aslongasthevehicleisneithersearchednoritsoccupantssubjectedtoabody
searchandtheinspectionofthevehicleislimitedtoavisualsearch=validsearch(ValmonteV.
DeVilla)
2. Carrollrule:warrantlesssearchofavehiclethatcanbequicklymovedoutofthelocalityor
jurisdiction
3. The1987Constitutionhasreturnedtothe1935rulethatwarrantsmaybeissuedonlyby
judges,buttheCommissionerofImmigrationmayorderthearrestofanalieninordertocarry
outaFINALdeportationorder.
VALIDWARRANTLESSARRESTS
1. Whenthepersontobearrestedhascommitted,isactuallycommitting,orisabouttocommit
anoffenseinthepresenceofthearrestingofficer.
1. Whenanoffensehasinfactjustbeencommittedandthearrestingofficerhaspersonal
knowledgeoffactsindicatingthatthepersontobearrestedhascommittedit.
1. Whenthepersontobearrestedisaprisonerwhohasescapedfromapenalestablishmentor
placewhereheisservingfinaljudgmentortemporarilyconfinedwhilehiscaseispending,or

hasescapedwhilebeingtransferredfromoneconfinementtoanother.
1. Waiverofaninvalidarrest:
Whenapersonwhoisdetainedappliesforbail,heisdeemedtohavewaivedanyirregularity
whichmayhaveoccurredinrelationtohisarrest.
1. Hotpursuit
A.Thepursuitoftheoffenderbythearrestingofficermustbecontinuousfromthetimeofthe
commissionoftheoffensetothetimeofthearrest.
B.Theremustbenosuperveningeventwhichbreaksthecontinuityofthechase.
1. Stopandfrisk
Whenapolicemanobservessuspiciousactivitywhichleadshimtobelievethatacrimeisaboutto
becommitted,hecaninvestigatethesuspiciouslookingpersonandmayfriskhimforweaponsas
ameasureofselfprotection.Shouldhefind,however,aweapononthesuspectwhichis
unlicensed,hecanarrestsuchpersonthenandthereforhavingcommittedanoffenseinthe
officerspresence.
Section3.(1)Theprivacyofcommunicationandcorrespondenceshallbeinviolableexcept
uponlawfulorderofthecourt,orwhenpublicsafetyororderrequiresotherwiseasprescribed
bylaw.
(2)Anyevidenceobtainedinviolationofthisortheprecedingsectionshallbeinadmissible
foranypurposeinanyproceedings.

R.A.4200(AntiWiretappingAct)
1. Thelawdoesnotdistinguishbetweenapartytotheprivatecommunicationorathirdperson.
Hence,bothapartyandathirdpersoncouldbeheldliableunderR.A.4200iftheycommitany
oftheprohibitedactsunderR.A.4200(Ramirezv.Ca)
1. TheuseofatelephoneextensiontooverhearaprivateconversationisnotaviolationofR.A.
4200becauseitisnotsimilartoanyoftheprohibiteddevicesunderthelaw.Also,atelephone
extensionisnotpurposelyinstalledforthepurposeofsecretlyinterceptingorrecording
privatecommunication.(Gaananv.IAC,145SCRA112)
Typesofcommunicationprotected:
Letters,messages,telephonecalls,telegramsandthelike.
Exclusionaryrule:

Anyevidenceobtainedshallbeinadmissibleforanypurposeinanyproceeding.However,inthe

Anyevidenceobtainedshallbeinadmissibleforanypurposeinanyproceeding.However,inthe
absenceofgovernmentalinterference,theprotectionagainstunreasonablesearchandseizure
cannotbeextendedtoactscommittedbyprivateindividuals.(Peoplev.Martin)
Section4.Nolawshallbepassedabridgingthefreedomofspeech,ofexpression,orofthe
press,oroftherightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassembleandpetitionthegovernmentfor
redressofgrievances.

Whatareconsideredprotectedspeech:
Protectedspeechincludeseveryformofexpression,whetheroral,written,tapeordiscrecorded.
Itincludesmotionpicturesaswellaswhatisknownassymbolicspeechsuchasthewearingofan
armbandasasymbolofprotest.Peacefulpicketinghasalsobeenincludedwithinthemeaningof
speech.

ProhibitionsunderSection4
1. ProhibitionagainstPRIORRESTRAINT
1. ProhibitionagainstSUBSEQUENTPUNISHMENT

Prohibitionagainstpriorrestraint
1. Priorrestraintmeansofficialgovernmentalrestrictionsonthepressorotherformsof
expressioninadvanceofactualpublicationordissemination.
2. Examples/formsofpriorrestraint
1. moviecensorship
2. judicialpriorrestraint=injunctionagainstpublication
3. licensetaxesbasedongrossreceiptsfortheprivilegeofengaginginthebusinessof
advertisinginanynewspaper
4. flatlicensefeesfortheprivilegeofsellingreligiousbooks

Whenprohibitiondoesnotapply
1. Duringawar.Ex.Governmentcanpreventpublicationaboutthenumber/locationsofits
troops(Nearv.Minnesota,238US697)
2. Obscenepublications.

Standardsforallowablesubsequentpunishment
TESTCRITERION
1.DangerousTendencyTestThereshouldbeaRATIONALCONNECTION
betweenthespeechandtheevilapprehended.
2.ClearandPresentDangerTestThereshouldbeaclearandpresentdangerthatthe
wordswhenusedundersuchcircumstancesareofsuchanatureastocreateaCLEARAND
PRESENTDANGERthattheywillbringaboutthesubstantiveevilsthattheStatehasarightto
prevent.
3.BalancingofInterestsTestThecourtsshouldBALANCEthePUBLICINTEREST
servedbylegislationononehandandtheFREEDOMOFSPEECH(oranyotherconstitutional
right)ontheother.Thecourtswillthendecidewherethegreaterweightshouldbeplaced.
FreedomofSpeech
Thedoctrineonfreedomofspeechwasformulatedprimarilyfortheprotectionofcore
speech,i.e.speechwhichcommunicatespolitical,socialorreligiousideas.Theseenjoythe
samedegreeofprotection.Commercialspeech,however,doesnot.

CommercialSpeech
1. Acommunicationwhichnomorethanproposesacommercialtransaction.
1. Toenjoyprotection:
1. Itmustnotbefalseormisleading;and
2. Itshouldnotproposeanillegaltransaction.
1. Eventruthfulandlawfulcommercialspeechmayberegulatedif:
1. Governmenthasasubstantialinteresttoprotect;
2. Theregulationdirectlyadvancesthatinterest;and
3. Itisnotmoreextensivethanisnecessarytoprotectthatinterest.(CentralHudsonGasand
ElectricCorp.v.PublicServiceCommissionofNY,447US557)
UnprotectedSpeech
1. 1.LIBEL
1. FAIRCOMMENT(U.S.Rule).ThesearestatementsofOPINION,notoffact,andarenot
consideredactionable,evenifthewordsusedareneithermildnortemperate.Whatis
importantisthattheopinionisthetrueandhonestopinionoftheperson.Thestatementsare
notusedtoattackpersonalitiesbuttogiveonesopinionondecisionsandactions.

1. OPINIONS.Withrespecttopublicpersonalities(politicians,actors,anyonewithaconnection
toanewsworthyevent),opinionscanbeairedregardingtheirpublicactuations.Commenton
theirprivatelives,ifnotgermanetotheirpublicpersonae,arenotprotected.
1. 2.OBSCENITY
1. Testforobscenity(Millerv.California)
1. Whethertheaverageperson,applyingcontemporarycommunitystandardswouldfindthat
thework,takenasawhole,appealstotheprurientinterest.
2. Whethertheworkdepictsordescribes,inapatentlyoffensiveway,sexualconduct,
specificallydefinedbylaw.
3. Whetherthework,takenasawhole,lacksseriousliterary,artistic,politicalorscientificvalue.
2. Procedureforseizureofallegedlyobscenepublications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Authoritiesmustapplyforissuanceofsearchwarrant.
Courtmustbeconvincedthatthematerialsareobscene.Applyclearandpresentdangertest.
Judgewilldeterminewhethertheyareinfactobscene.
Judgewillissueasearchwarrant.
ProperactionshouldbefiledunderArt.201oftheRPC.
Convictionissubjecttoappeal.

RightofAssemblyandPetition
1. Thestandardsforallowableimpairmentofspeechandpressalsoapplytotherightof
assemblyandpetition.
1. Rulesonassemblyinpublicplaces:
1. Applicantshouldinformthelicensingauthorityofthedate,thepublicplacewhereandthe
timewhentheassemblywilltakeplace.
1. Theapplicationshouldbefiledaheadoftimetoenablethepublicofficialconcernedto
appraisewhethertherearevalidobjectionstothegrantofthepermitortoitsgrant,butin
anotherpublicplace.ThegrantorrefusalshouldbebasedontheapplicationoftheClearand
PresentDangerTest.
1. Ifthepublicauthorityisoftheviewthatthereisanimminentandgravedangerofa
substantiveevil,theapplicantsmustbeheardonthematter.
1. Thedecisionofthepublicauthority,whetherfavorableoradverse,mustbetransmittedtothe
applicantsattheearliestopportunitysothattheymay,iftheysodesire,haverecoursetothe
properjudicialauthority.
1. Rulesonassemblyinprivateproperties:
Onlytheconsentoftheownerofthepropertyorpersonentitledtopossessionthereofisrequired.

Section5.Nolawshallbemaderespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefree
exercisethereof.Thefreeexerciseandenjoymentofreligiousprofessionandworship,without
discriminationorpreference,shallforeverbeallowed.Noreligioustestshallberequiredforthe
exerciseofcivilorpoliticalrights.

ClausesunderSection5
1. Nonestablishmentclause
2. FreeexerciseofReligion
Distinctionbetweentheclauses(SchoolDistrictv.Schempp,374US203)
1. Thenonestablishmentclausedoesnotdependuponanyshowingofdirectgovernmental
compulsion.Itisviolatedbytheenactmentoflawswhichestablishanofficialreligion
whetherthoselawsoperatedirectlytocoercenonobservingindividualsornot.Thetestof
compliancewiththenonestablishmentclausecanbestatedasfollows:Whatarethepurposes
andprimaryeffectoftheenactment?Ifeitheristheadvancementorinhibitionofreligion,the
lawviolatesthenonestablishmentclause.Thus,inorderforalawtocomplywiththenon
establishmentclause,tworequisitesmustbemet.First,ithasasecularlegislativepurpose.
Second,itsprimaryeffectneitheradvancesnorinhibitsreligion.
1. Thefreeexerciseofreligionclausewithdrawsfromlegislativepowertheexertionofany
restraintonthefreeexerciseofreligion.Inordertoshowaviolationofthisclause,theperson
affectedmustshowthecoerciveeffectofthelegislationasitoperatesagainsthiminthe
practiceofhisreligion.Whilethefreedomtobelieve(nonestablishment)isabsolute,the
momentsuchbeliefflowsoverintoaction,itbecomessubjecttogovernmentregulation.
Requisitesforgovernmentaidtobeallowable:
1. Itmusthaveasecularlegislativepurpose;
2. Itmusthaveaprimaryeffectthatneitheradvancesnorinhibitsreligion;
3. Itmustnotrequireexcessiveentanglementwithrecipientinstitutions.
Section6.Thelibertyofabodeandofchangingthesamewithinthelimitsprescribedbylawshall
notbeimpairedexceptuponlawfulorderofthecourt.Neithershalltherighttotravelbe
impairedexceptintheinterestofnationalsecurity,publicsafetyorpublichealth,asmaybe
providedbylaw.

RightsguaranteedunderSection6:
1. Freedomtochooseandchangeonesplaceofabode.
2. Freedomtotravelwithinthecountryandoutside.

Curtailmentofrights:
RIGHTMANNEROFCURTAILMENT
1.LibertyofabodeLawfulorderofthecourtandwithinthelimitsprescribedby
law.
2.RighttotravelMaybecurtailedevenbyadministrativeofficers(ex.passport
officers)intheinterestofnationalsecurity,publicsafety,orpublichealth,asmaybeprovidedby
law.
Note:Therighttotravelandthelibertyofabodearedistinctfromtherighttoreturntoones
country,asshownbythefactthattheDeclarationofHumanRightsandtheCovenantonHuman
Rightshaveseparateguaranteesforthese.Hence,therighttoreturntoonescountryisnot
coveredbythespecificrighttotravelandlibertyofabode.(Marcosv.Manglapus)
Section7.Therightofthepeopletoinformationonmattersofpublicconcernshallberecognized.

RightsguaranteedunderSection7
1. Righttoinformationonmattersofpublicconcern
2. Rightofaccesstoofficialrecordsanddocuments
Personsentitledtotheaboverights
OnlyFilipinocitizens.

Discretionofgovernment
Thegovernmenthasdiscretionwithrespecttotheauthoritytodeterminewhatmattersareof
publicconcernandtheauthoritytodeterminethemannerofaccesstothem.
Recognizedrestrictionsontherightofthepeopletoinformation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Nationalsecuritymatters
Intelligenceinformation
Tradesecrets
Bankingtransactions
Diplomaticcorrespondence
Executivesessions
Closeddoorcabinetmeetings
SupremeCourtdeliberations

Section8.Therightofthepeople,includingthoseemployedinthepublicandprivatesectors,
toformunions,associations,orsocietiesforpurposesnotcontrarytolaw,shallnotbe
abridged.
Therighttoformassociationsshallnotbeimpairedwithoutdueprocessoflawandisthusan
aspectoftherightofliberty.Itisalsoanaspectofthefreedomofcontract.Inaddition,insofaras
theassociationsmayhavefortheirobjecttheadvancementofbeliefsandideas,thefreedomof
associationisanaspectofthefreedomofspeechandexpression,subjecttothesamelimitation.
Therightalsocoverstherightnottojoinanassociation.
Governmentemployeeshavetherighttoformunions.Theyalsohavetherighttostrike,unless
thereisastatutorybanonthem.
Section9.Privatepropertyshallnotbetakenforpublicusewithoutjustcompensation.
Whocanexercisethepowerofeminentdomain:
1)Thenationalgovernment
1. Congress
2. Executive,pursuanttolegislationenactedbyCongress
2)Localgovernmentunits,pursuanttoanordinanceenactedbytheirrespectivelegislative
bodies(underLGC)
3)Publicutilities,asmaybedelegatedbylaw.

Whenistheexerciseofthepowerofeminentdomainnecessary?
Itisonlynecessarywhentheownerdoesnotwantoropposesthesaleofhisproperty.Thus,ifa
validcontractexistsbetweenthegovernmentandtheowner,thegovernmentcannotexercisethe
powerofeminentdomainasasubstitutetotheenforcementofthecontract.

Elementsofthepowerofeminentdomain
1)ThereisaTAKINGofprivateproperty
2)TakingisforPUBLICUSE
3)PaymentofJUSTCOMPENSATION
TAKING


A.Elements:CODE:EPAPO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Theexpropriatorenterstheproperty
Theentrancemustnotbeforamomentaryperiod,i.e.,itmustbepermanent
Entryismadeunderwarrantorcoloroflegalauthority
Propertyisdevotedtopublicuse
Utilizationofthepropertymustbeinsuchawayastoousttheowneranddeprivehimofthe
beneficialenjoymentofhisproperty.

B.Compensabletakingdoesnotneedtoinvolveallthepropertyinterestswhichformpartofthe
rightofownership.Whenoneormoreofthepropertyrightsareappropriatedandappliedtoa
publicpurpose,thereisalreadyacompensabletaking,evenifbaretitlestillremainswiththe
owner.
PUBLICUSE
1. Publicuse,forpurposesofexpropriation,issynonymouswithpublicwelfareasthelatterterm
isusedintheconceptofpolicepower.
1. Examplesofpublicuseincludelandreformandsocializedhousing.

JUSTCOMPENSATION
1. Compensationisjustiftheownerreceivesasumequivalenttothemarketvalueofhis
property.Marketvalueisgenerallydefinedasthefairvalueofthepropertyasbetweenone
whodesirestopurchaseandonewhodesirestosell.
2. Thepointofreferenceuseindeterminingfairvalueisthevalueatthetimethepropertywas
taken.Thus,futurepotentialuseofthelandisnotconsideredincomputingjust
compensation.
Judicialreviewoftheexerciseofthepowerofeminentdomain
1. Todeterminetheadequacyofthecompensation
2. Todeterminethenecessityofthetaking
3. Todeterminethepublicusecharacterofthetaking.However,iftheexpropriationis
pursuanttoaspecificlawpassedbyCongress,thecourtscannotquestionthepublicuse
characterofthetaking.
WhenmunicipalpropertyistakenbytheState:
Compensationisrequiredifthepropertyisapatrimonialproperty,thatis,propertyacquiredby
themunicipalitywithitsprivatefundsinitscorporateorprivatecapacity.However,ifitisany
otherpropertysuchapublicbuildingsorleguacomunalheldbythemunicipalityfortheStatein
trustfortheinhabitants,theStateisfreetodisposeofitatwill.

Pointofreferenceforvaluatingapieceofproperty:
Generalrule:Thevaluemustbethatasofthetimeofthefilingofthecomplaintforexpropriation.
Exception:Whenthefilingofthecasecomeslaterthanthetimeoftakingandmeanwhilethe
valueofthepropertyhasincreasedbecauseoftheusetowhichtheexpropriatorhasputit,the
valueisthatofthetimeoftheearliertaking.BUTifthevalueincreasedindependentlyofwhat
theexpropriatordid,thenthevalueisthatofthelatterfilingofthecase.
Section10.Nolawimpairingtheobligationofcontractsshallbepassed.
Whendoesalawimpairtheobligationofcontracts:
1)Ifitchangesthetermsandconditionsofalegalcontracteitherastothetimeormodeof
performance
2)Ifitimposesnewconditionsordispenseswiththoseexpressed
3)Ifitauthorizesforitssatisfactionsomethingdifferentfromthatprovidedinitsterms.
AmerechangeinPROCEDURALREMEDIESwhichdoesnotchangethesubstanceofthe
contract,andwhichstillleavesanefficaciousremedyforenforcementdoesNOTimpairthe
obligationofcontracts.
Avalidexerciseofpolicepowerissuperiortoobligationofcontracts.
Section12.Rightsofpersonunderinvestigationforthecommissionofanoffense.
RightsofpersonunderinvestigationfortheCommissionofanoffenseCODE:SCISI
1)Righttoremainsilent
2)Righttohavecompetentandindependentcounsel,preferablyofhisownchoice
3)Righttoprovidedwiththeservicesofcounselifhecannotaffordtheservicesofone.
4)Righttobeinformedoftheserights.
Whenrightsareavailable:
1)AFTERapersonhasbeentakenintocustodyor
2)Whenapersonisotherwisedeprivedofhisfreedomofactioninanysignificantway.
3)Whentheinvestigationisbeingconductedbythegovernment(police,DOJ,NBI)with
respecttoacriminaloffense.
4)Signingofarrestreportsandbookingsheets.
Whenrightsarenotavailable:

1)Duringapolicelineup.Exception:Oncethereisamoveamongtheinvestigatorstoelicit
admissionsorconfessionsfromthesuspect.
2)Duringadministrativeinvestigations.
3)Confessionsmadebyanaccusedatthetimehevoluntarilysurrenderedtothepoliceor
outsidethecontextofaformalinvestigation.
4)Statementsmadetoaprivateperson.

Exclusionaryrule
1)Anyconfessionoradmissionobtainedinviolationofthissectionshallbeinadmissiblein
evidenceagainsthim(theaccused).
2)Therefore,anyevidenceobtainedbyvirtueofanillegallyobtainedconfessionisalso
inadmissible,beingthefruitofapoisonedtree.
Requisitesofvalidwaiver:
1)WaivershouldbemadeinWRITING
2)WaivershouldbemadeinthePRESENCEOFCOUNSEL.
Section13.Righttobail
Whoareentitledtobail:
1)AllpersonsACTUALLYDETAINED
2)shall,BEFORECONVICTION
3)Beentitledtobail.
Whoarenotentitledtobail:
1)PersonschargedwithoffensesPUNISHABLEbyRECLUSIONPERPETUAorDEATH,
whenevidenceofguiltisstrong
2)PersonsCONVICTEDbythetrialcourt.Bailisonlydiscretionarypendingappeal.
3)PersonswhoaremembersoftheAFPfacingacourtmartial.
Otherrightsinrelationtobail.
1)TherighttobailshallNOTbeimpairedevenwhentheprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpus
issuspended.

2)Excessivebailshallnotberequired.
Factorsconsideredinsettingtheamountofbail:
1)Abilitytopostbail
2)Natureoftheoffense
3)Penaltyimposedbylaw
4)Characterandreputationoftheaccused
5)Healthoftheaccused
6)Strengthoftheevidence
7)Probabilityofappearingatthetrial
8)Forfeitureofpreviousbailbonds
9)Whetheraccusedwasafugitivefromjusticewhenarrested
10)Ifaccusedisunderbondinothercases
Implicitlimitationsontherighttobail:
1. Thepersonclaimingtherightmustbeinactualdetentionorcustodyofthelaw.
2. Theconstitutionalrightisavailableonlyincriminalcases,not,e.g.indeportationproceedings.
Note:
1. Righttobailisnotavailableinthemilitary.
2. Apartfrombail,apersonmayattainprovisionallibertythroughrecognizance.
Section14.Rightsofanaccused
Rightsofapersonchargedwithacriminaloffense
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Righttodueprocessoflaw
Righttobepresumedinnocent
Righttobeheardbyhimselfandcounsel
Righttobeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusationagainsthim
Righttohaveaspeedy,impartialandpublictrial
Righttomeetthewitnessesfacetoface
Righttohavecompulsoryprocesstosecuretheattendanceofwitnessesandtheproductionof
evidenceinhisbehalf

DUEPROCESS
Thismeansthattheaccusedcanonlybeconvictedbyatribunalwhichisrequiredtocomplywith
thestringentrequirementsoftherulesofcriminalprocedure.
PRESUMPTIONOFINNOCENCE
TheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitthelegislaturefromprovidingthatproofofcertainfactsleads
toaprimafaciepresumptionofguilt,providedthatthefactsprovedhaveareasonableconnection
totheultimatefactpresumed.
Presumptionofguiltshouldnotbeconclusive.

RIGHTTOBEHEARDBYHIMSELFANDCOUNSEL
Therighttobeheardincludesthefollowingrights:
1. Righttobepresentatthetrial
1. TherighttobepresentcoverstheperiodfromARRAIGNMENTtoPROMULGATIONof
sentence.
1. Afterarraignment,trialmayproceednotwithstandingabsenceofaccused,provided2
requisitesaremet.Note,thattrialinabsentiaisallowedonlyiftheaccusedhasbeenvalidly
arraigned.
(i)Accusedhasbeendulynotified;and
(ii)Hisfailuretoappearisunjustifiable.
1. Theaccusedmaywaivetherighttobepresentatthetrialbynotshowingup.However,the
courtcanstillcompeltheattendanceoftheaccusedifnecessaryforidentificationpurposes.
Exception:Iftheaccused,afterarraignment,hasstipulatedthatheisindeedtheperson
chargedwiththeoffenseandnamedintheinformation,andthatanytimeawitnessreferstoa
namebywhichheisknown,thewitnessistobeunderstoodasreferringtohim.
1. Whiletheaccusedisentitledtobepresentduringpromulgationofjudgement,theabsenceof
hiscounselduringsuchpromulgationdoesnotaffectitsvalidity.
2.Righttocounsel
(a)RighttocounselmeanstherighttoEFFECTIVEREPRESENTATION.
(b)Iftheaccusedappearsatarraignmentwithoutcounsel,thejudgemust:
(i)Informtheaccusedthathehasarighttoacounselbeforearraignment

(ii)Asktheaccusedifhedesirestheaidofcounsel
(iii)Iftheaccuseddesirescounsel,butcannotaffordone,acounseldeoficiomustbeappointed
(iv)Iftheaccuseddesirestoobtainhisowncounsel,thecourtmustgivehimareasonabletimeto
getone.
3.Righttoanimpartialjudge
4.Rightofconfrontationandcrossexamination
5.Righttocompulsoryprocesstosecuretheattendanceofwitnesses
RIGHTTOBEINFORMEDOFTHENATUREANDCAUSEOFACCUSATIONAGAINST
HIM
Purposesoftheright:
1)Tofurnishtheaccusedwithadescriptionofthechargeagainsthimaswillenablehimto
makehisdefenses
2)Toavailhimselfofhisconvictionoracquittalagainstafurtherprosecutionforthesame
cause
3)Toinformthecourtofthefactsalleged.
Iftheinformationfailstoallegethematerialelementsoftheoffense,theaccusedcannotbe
convictedthereofeveniftheprosecutionisabletopresentevidenceduringthetrialwithrespect
tosuchelements.
Therealnatureofthecrimechargedisdeterminedfromtherecitaloffactsintheinformation.Itis
notdeterminedbasedonthecaptionorpreamblethereofnorfromthespecificationofthe
provisionoflawallegedlyviolated
RIGHTTOSPEEDY,IMPARTIALANDPUBLICTRIAL
Factorsusedindeterminingwhethertherighttoaspeedytrialhasbeenviolated.
1)Timeexpiredfromthefilingoftheinformation
2)Lengthofdelayinvolved
3)Reasonsforthedelay
4)Assertionornonassertionoftherightbytheaccused
5)Prejudicecausedtothedefendant.
Effectofdismissalbasedonthegroundofviolationoftheaccusedsrighttospeedytrial

Ifthedismissalisvalid,itamountstoanacquittalandcanbeusedasbasistoclaimdouble
jeopardy.Thiswouldbetheeffectevenifthedismissalwasmadewiththeconsentoftheaccused
Remedyoftheaccusedifhisrighttospeedytrialhasbeenviolated
Hecanmoveforthedismissalofthecase.
Ifheisdetained,hecanfileapetitionfortheissuanceofwritofhabeascorpus.
Definitionofimpartialtrial
Theaccusedisentitledtothecoldneutralityofanimpartialjudge.
Itisanelementofdueprocess.
Definitionofpublictrial
Theattendanceatthetrialisopentoallirrespectiveoftheirrelationshiptotheaccused.However,
iftheevidencetobeadducedisoffensivetodecencyorpublicmorals,thepublicmaybe
excluded.
TherightoftheaccusedtoapublictrialisnotviolatedifthehearingsareconductedonSaturdays,
eitherwiththeconsentoftheaccusedoriffailedtoobjectthereto.

RIGHTTOMEETWITNESSFACETOFACE
Purposesoftheright:
1. Toaffordtheaccusedanopportunitytocrossexaminethewitness
2. Toallowthejudgetheopportunitytoobservethedeportmentofthewitness
Failureoftheaccusedtocrossexamineawitness
Ifthefailureoftheaccusedtocrossexamineawitnessisduetohisownfaultorwasnotdueto
thefaultoftheprosecution,thetestimonyofthewitnessshouldbeexcluded.
Whentherighttocrossexamineisdemandable
Itisdemandableonlyduringtrials.Thus,itcannotbeavailedofduringpreliminary
investigations.

Principalexceptionstotherightofconfrontation
1. Theadmissibilityofdyingdeclarations
2. TrialinabsentiaunderSection14(2)

3. Withrespecttochildtestimony
Section16.Allpersonsshallhavetherighttoaspeedydispositionoftheircasesbeforeall
judicial,quasijudicial,oradministrativebodies.

DistinctionbetweenSection14andSection16
Whiletherightsofanaccusedonlyapplytothetrialphaseofcriminalcases,therighttoaspeedy
dispositionofcasescoversALLphasesofJUDICIAL,QUASIJUDICIALorADMINISTRATIVE
proceedings.
Section17.Nopersonshallbecompelledtobeawitnessagainsthimself.
Whenisaquestionincriminating:
Aquestiontendstoincriminatewhentheansweroftheaccusedorthewitnesswouldestablisha
factwhichwouldbeanecessarylinkinachainofevidencetoprovethecommissionofacrimeby
theaccusedorthewitness.
Distinctionbetweenanaccusedandanordinarywitness
1. Anaccusedcanrefusetotakethewitnessstandbyinvokingtherightagainstself
incrimination.
2. Anordinarywitnesscannotrefusetotakethestand.Hecanonlyrefusetoanswerspecific
questionswhichwouldincriminatehiminthecommissionofanoffense.
Scopeofright
1. WhatisPROHIBITEDistheuseofphysicalormoralcompulsiontoextortcommunication
fromthewitnessortootherwiseelicitevidencewhichwouldnotexistwereitnotforthe
actionscompelledfromthewitness.
2. TherightdoesNOTPROHIBITtheexaminationofthebodyoftheaccusedortheuseof
findingswithrespecttohisbodyasphysicalevidence.Hence,thefingerprintingofan
accusedwouldnotviolatetherightagainstselfincrimination.However,obtainingasample
ofthehandwritingoftheaccusedwouldviolatethisrightifheischargedforfalsification.
3. Theaccusedcannotbecompelledtoproduceaprivatedocumentinhispossessionwhich
mighttendtoincriminatehim.However,athirdpersonincustodyofthedocumentmaybe
compelledtoproduceit.
Whentherightcanbeinvoked:
1. Incriminalcases
2. Inadministrativeproceedingsiftheaccusedisliabletoapenalty(Ex.Forfeitureofproperty)
Whocaninvoketheright:

Onlynaturalpersons.Judicialpersonsaresubjecttothevisitorialpowersofthestateinorderto
determinecompliancewiththeconditionsofthechartergrantedtothem.
Section18.Rightagainstinvoluntaryservitude

Definitionofinvoluntaryservitude
Itiseveryconditionofenforcedorcompulsoryserviceofonetoanothernomatterunderwhat
formsuchservitudemaybedisguised.
Exceptions:
1. Punishmentforacrimeforwhichthepartyhasbeendulyconvicted
2. Personalmilitaryorcivilserviceintheinterestofnationaldefense
3. ReturntoworkorderissuedbytheDOLESecretaryorthePresident
Section19.Prohibitionagainstcruel,degradingandinhumanpunishment
Whenisapenaltycruel,degradingandinhuman?
1. Apenaltyiscruelandinhumanifitinvolvestortureorlingeringsuffering.Ex.Beingdrawn
andquartered.
2. Apenaltyisdegradingifitexposesapersontopublichumiliation.Ex.Beingtarredand
feathered,thenparadedthroughouttown.
Standardsused:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Thepunishmentmustnotbesosevereastobedegradingtothedignityofhumanbeings.
Itmustnotbeappliedarbitrarily.
Itmustnotbeunacceptabletocontemporarysociety
Itmustnotbeexcessive,i.e.itmustserveapenalpurposemoreeffectivelythanalesssevere
punishmentwould.

Excessivefine
Afineisexcessive,whenunderanycircumstance,itisdisproportionatetotheoffense.
Note:Fr.Bernassaysthattheaccusedcannotbeconvictedofthecrimetowhichthepunishment
isattachedifthecourtfindsthatthepunishmentiscruel,degradingorinhuman.
Reason:Withoutavalidpenalty,thelawisnotapenallaw.
Section20.Nopersonshallbeimprisonedfordebtornonpaymentofapolltax.
DefinitionofdebtunderSection20

1)DebtreferstoaCONTRACTUALobligation,whetherexpressorimplied,resultinginany

1)DebtreferstoaCONTRACTUALobligation,whetherexpressorimplied,resultinginany
liabilitytopaymoney.Thus,allothertypesofobligationsarenotwithinthescopeofthis
prohibition.
2)Thus,ifanaccusedfailstopaythefineimposeduponhim,thismayresultinhissubsidiary
imprisonmentbecausehisliabilityisexdelictoandnotexcontractu.
3)AFRAUDULENTdebtmayresultintheimprisonmentofthedebtorif:
1. Thefraudulentdebtconstitutesacrimesuchasestafaand
2. Theaccusedhasbeendulyconvicted.
Section21.Nopersonshallbetwiceputinjeopardyofpunishmentforthesameoffense.Ifanact
punishedbyalawandanordinance,convictionoracquittalundereithershallconstituteabarto
anotherprosecutionforthesameact.

Requisitesforavaliddefenseofdoublejeopardy:CODE:ATS
1)Firstjeopardymusthaveattachedpriortothesecond.
2)Thefirstjeopardymusthaveterminated.
3)Thesecondjeopardymustbeforthesameoffenseasthatinthefirst.
st
WhendoesjeopardyATTACH:(1 requisite)CODE:CICAV
1)Apersonischarged
2)Underacomplaintorinformationsufficientinformandsubstancetosustainaconviction
3)Beforeacourtofcompetentjurisdiction
4)Afterthepersonisarraigned
5)Suchpersonentersavalidplea.
WhendoesjeopardyNOTattach:
1)Ifinformationdoesnotchargeanyoffense
2)If,uponpleadingguilty,theaccusedpresentsevidenceofcompleteselfdefense,andthe
courtthereafteracquitshimwithoutenteringanewpleaofnotguiltyforaccused.
3)IftheinformationforanoffensecognizablebytheRTCisfiledwiththeMTC.
4)Ifacomplaintfiledforpreliminaryinvestigationisdismissed.
ND

WhendoesfirstjeopardyTERMINATE:(2NDREQUISITE)
1)Acquittal
2)Conviction
3)DismissalW/OtheEXPRESSconsentoftheaccused
4)Dismissalonthemerits.
Examplesofterminationofjeopardy:
1)Dismissalbasedonviolationoftherighttoaspeedytrial.Thisamountstoanacquittal.
2)Dismissalbasedonademurrertoevidence.Thisisadismissalonthemerits.
3)Dismissalonmotionoftheprosecution,subsequenttoamotionforreinvestigationfiledby
theaccused.
4)Dischargeofanaccusedtobeastatewitness.Thisamountstoanacquittal.
WhencanthePROSECUTIONappealfromanorderofdismissal:
1)Ifdismissalisonmotionoftheaccused.Exception:Ifmotionisbasedonviolationofthe
righttoaspeedytrialoronademurrertoevidence.
2)IfdismissaldoesNOTamounttoanacquittalordismissalonthemerits
3)Ifthequestiontobepasseduponispurelylegal.
4)Ifthedismissalviolatestherightofdueprocessoftheprosecution.
5)Ifthedismissalwasmadewithgraveabuseofdiscretion.
WhatareconsideredtobetheSAMEOFFENSE:(underthe1stsentenceofSection21)
1)Exactidentitybetweentheoffenseschargedinthefirstandsecondcases.
2)Oneoffenseisanattempttocommitorafrustrationoftheotheroffense.
3)Oneoffenseisnecessarilyincludedornecessaryincludestheother.
Note:whereasingleactresultsintheviolationofdifferentlawsordifferentprovisionsofthe
samelaw,theprosecutionforonewillnotbartheothersolongasnoneoftheexceptionsapply.
Definitionofdoublejeopardy(2ndsentenceofSec.21)
Doublejeopardywillresultiftheactpunishableunderthelawandtheordinancearethesame.
Fortheretobedoublejeopardy,itisnotnecessarythattheoffensebethesame.

SUPERVENINGFACTS
1)UndertheRulesofCourt,aconvictionforanoffensewillnotbaraprosecutionforan
offensewhichnecessarilyincludestheoffensechargedintheformerinformationwhere:
1. Thegraveroffensedevelopedduetoasuperveningfactarisingfromthesameactoromission
constitutingtheformercharge.
2. Thefactsconstitutingthegraveroffensebecameknownorwerediscoveredonlyafterthe
filingoftheformerinformation.
3. Thepleaofguiltytothelesseroffensewasmadewithouttheconsentofthefiscalandthe
offendedparty.
2)Under(1)(b),ifthefactscouldhavebeendiscoveredbytheprosecutionbutwerenot
discoveredbecauseoftheprosecutionsincompetence,itwouldnotbeconsideredasupervening
event.
Effectofappealbytheaccused:
Iftheaccusedappealshisconviction,heWAIVEShisrighttopleaddoublejeopardy.Thewhole
casewillbeopentoreviewbytheappellatecourt.Suchcourtmayevenincreasethepenalties
imposedontheaccusedbythetrialcourt.
Section22.Noexpostfactolaworbillofattaindershallbeenacted.
Definitionofexpostfactolaw.
1)Onewhichmakesanactiondonebeforethepassingofthelaw,andwhichwasinnocent
whendone,criminal,andpunishessuchaction.
2)Onewhichaggravatesthecrimeormakesitgreaterthanwhenitwascommitted.
3)Onewhichchangesthepunishmentandinflictsagreaterpunishmentthanthatwhichthe
lawannexedtothecrimewhenitwascommitted.
4)Onewhichaltersthelegalrulesofevidenceandreceiveslesstestimonythanthelaw
requiredatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffenseinordertoconvicttheaccused.
5)OnewhichassumestoregulatecivilrightsandremediesonlyBUT,ineffect,imposesa
penaltyordeprivationofaright,which,whendone,waslawful.
6)Onewhichdeprivesapersonaccusedofacrimeofsomelawfulprotectiontowhichhehas
becomeentitledsuchastheprotectionofaformerconvictionoracquittal,oraproclamationof
amnesty.
Note:TheprohibitiononexpostfactolawsonlyappliestoretrospectivePENALlaws.
DefinitionofBILLOFATTAINDER
1)AbillofattainderisaLEGISLATIVEactwhichinflictspunishmentW/OJUDICIALtrial.

2)Thebillofattainderdoesnotneedtobedirectedataspecificallynamedperson.Itmayalso
refertoeasilyascertainablemembersofagroupinsuchawayastoinflictpunishmentonthem
withoutjudicialtrial.
3)Elementsofthebillofattainder
1. TheremustbeaLAW.
2. ThelawimposesaPENALburdenonaNAMEDINVIDIDUAL/EASILYASCERTAINABLE
MEMBERSofaGROUP.
3. ThepenalburdenisimposedDIRECTLYbytheLAWW/OJUDICIALtrial.

Reference:
PoliticalLaw(ConstitutionalLaw)Reviewer&MemoryAid
AteneoCentralBarOperations2001
Louie,Carrie,Evelyn,Thel,Gem,Ronald
PostedinConstitutionalLaw,PoliticalLaw
Tags:PoliticalLaw(ConstitutionalLaw)ArticleIII

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