Chapter 7 Circuit

7
Response of First-Order RL and

RC Circuits
Assessment Problems
AP 7.1 [a] The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the inductor behaves like a
short circuit, effectively eliminating the 2 resistor from the circuit.
First combine the 30 and 6 resistors in parallel:

30k6 = 5
Use voltage division to find the voltage drop across the parallel resistors:
5
v=
(120) = 75 V
5+3
Now find the current using Ohms law:
v
75
i(0 ) = = = 12.5 A
6
6
1
1
[b] w(0) = Li2 (0) = (8 103 )(12.5)2 = 625 mJ
2
2
[c] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen
by the inductor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 2 resistor
remains connected to the inductor. Thus,
L
8 103
=
=
= 4 ms
R
2
[d] i(t) = i(0 )et/ = 12.5et/0.004 = 12.5e250t A,
t0
[e] i(5 ms) = 12.5e250(0.005) = 12.5e1.25 = 3.58 A
So w (5 ms) = 21 Li2 (5 ms) = 12 (8) 103 (3.58)2 = 51.3 mJ
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72
CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

w (dis) = 625 51.3 = 573.7 mJ
573.7
% dissipated =
100 = 91.8%
625
AP 7.2 [a] First, use the circuit for t < 0 to find the initial current in the inductor:
Using current division,

10
i(0 ) =
(6.4) = 4 A
10 + 6
Now use the circuit for t > 0 to find the equivalent resistance seen by the
inductor, and use this value to find the time constant:
L
0.32
=
= 0.1 s
Req
3.2
Use the initial inductor current and the time constant to find the current
in the inductor:
i(t) = i(0 )et/ = 4et/0.1 = 4e10t A, t 0
Use current division to find the current in the 10 resistor:
Req = 4k(6 + 10) = 3.2 ,
io (t) =
..
4
4
(i) = (4e10t ) = 0.8e10t A,
4 + 10 + 6
20
t 0+
Finally, use Ohms law to find the voltage drop across the 10 resistor:
vo (t) = 10io = 10(0.8e10t ) = 8e10t V, t 0+
[b] The initial energy stored in the inductor is
1
1
w(0) = Li2(0 ) = (0.32)(4)2 = 2.56 J
2
2
Find the energy dissipated in the 4 resistor by integrating the power
over all time:
di
v4 (t) = L = 0.32(10)(4e10t ) = 12.8e10t V,
t 0+
dt
p4 (t) =
2
v4
= 40.96e20t W,
4
t 0+
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
Problems
w4 (t) =
73
40.96e20t dt = 2.048 J
Find the percentage of the initial energy in the inductor dissipated in the
4 resistor:

2.048
% dissipated =
100 = 80%
2.56
AP 7.3 [a] The circuit for t < 0 is shown below. Note that the capacitor behaves like
an open circuit.
Find the voltage drop across the open circuit by finding the voltage drop
across the 50 k resistor. First use current division to find the current
through the 50 k resistor:
80 103
i50k =
(7.5 103 ) = 4 mA
3
3
3
80 10 + 20 10 + 50 10
Use Ohms law to find the voltage drop:
v(0 ) = (50 103 )i50k = (50 103 )(0.004) = 200 V
[b] To find the time constant, we need to find the equivalent resistance seen
by the capacitor for t > 0. When the switch opens, only the 50 k
resistor remains connected to the capacitor. Thus,
= RC = (50 103 )(0.4 106 ) = 20 ms
[c] v(t) = v(0 )et/ = 200et/0.02 = 200e50t V, t 0
1
1
[d] w(0) = Cv 2 = (0.4 106 )(200)2 = 8 mJ
2
2
1
1 2
[e] w(t) = Cv (t) = (0.4 106 )(200e50t )2 = 8e100t mJ
2
2
The initial energy is 8 mJ, so when 75% is dissipated, 2 mJ remains:
8 103 e100t = 2 103 ,
e100t = 4,
t = (ln 4)/100 = 13.86 ms
AP 7.4 [a] This circuit is actually two RC circuits in series, and the requested
voltage, vo , is the sum of the voltage drops for the two RC circuits. The
circuit for t < 0 is shown below:
74

Find the current in the loop and use it to find the initial voltage drops
across the two RC circuits:
15
i=
= 0.2 mA,
v5(0 ) = 4 V,
v1(0 ) = 8 V
75,000
There are two time constants in the circuit, one for each RC subcircuit.
5 is the time constant for the 5 F 20 k subcircuit, and 1 is the time
constant for the 1 F 40 k subcircuit:
5 = (20 103 )(5 106 ) = 100 ms;
1 = (40 103 )(1 106 ) = 40 ms
Therefore,
v5 (t) = v5(0 )et/5 = 4et/0.1 = 4e10t V, t 0
v1 (t) = v1(0 )et/1 = 8et/0.04 = 8e25t V, t 0
Finally,
vo (t) = v1(t) + v5(t) = [8e25t + 4e10t] V,
t0
[b] Find the value of the voltage at 60 ms for each subcircuit and use the
voltage to find the energy at 60 ms:
v1 (60 ms) = 8e25(0.06)
v5 (60 ms) = 4e10(0.06)
= 1.79 V,
= 2.20 V
w1 (60 ms) = 21 Cv12(60 ms) = 12 (1 106 )(1.79)2
= 1.59 J
w5 (60 ms) = 21 Cv52(60 ms) = 12 (5 106 )(2.20)2
= 12.05 J
w(60 ms) = 1.59 + 12.05 = 13.64 J
Find the initial energy from the initial voltage:
w(0) = w1 (0) + w2 (0) = 21 (1 106 )(8)2 + 12 (5 106 )(4)2 = 72 J
Now calculate the energy dissipated at 60 ms and compare it to the
initial energy:
wdiss = w(0) w(60 ms) = 72 13.64 = 58.36 J
% dissipated = (58.36 106 /72 106 )(100) = 81.05 %
AP 7.5 [a] Use the circuit at t < 0, shown below, to calculate the initial current in
the inductor:
i(0 ) = 24/2 = 12 A = i(0+ )

Note that i(0 ) = i(0+ ) because the current in an inductor is continuous.
[b] Use the circuit at t = 0+ , shown below, to calculate the voltage drop
across the inductor at 0+ . Note that this is the same as the voltage drop
across the 10 resistor, which has current from two sources 8 A from
the current source and 12 A from the initial current through the inductor.
Problems
75
v(0+ ) = 10(8 + 12) = 200 V

[c] To calculate the time constant we need the equivalent resistance seen by
the inductor for t > 0. Only the 10 resistor is connected to the inductor
for t > 0. Thus,
= L/R = (200 103 /10) = 20 ms
[d] To find i(t), we need to find the final value of the current in the inductor.
When the switch has been in position a for a long time, the circuit
reduces to the one below:
Note that the inductor behaves as a short circuit and all of the current
from the 8 A source flows through the short circuit. Thus,
if = 8 A
Now,
i(t) = if + [i(0+ ) if ]et/ = 8 + [12 (8)]et/0.02
= 8 + 20e50t A, t 0
[e] To find v(t), use the relationship between voltage and current for an
inductor:
di(t)
v(t) = L
= (200 103 )(50)(20e50t ) = 200e50t V,
t 0+
dt
AP 7.6 [a]
From Example 7.6,

vo (t) = 60 + 90e100t V
Write a KCL equation at the top node and use it to find the relationship
between vo and vA :
vA vo
vA
vA + 75
+
+
=0
8000
160,000
40,000
20vA 20vo + vA + 4vA + 300 = 0
25vA = 20vo 300
vA = 0.8vo 12
Use the above equation for vA in terms of vo to find the expression for vA :
vA (t) = 0.8(60 + 90e100t ) 12 = 60 + 72e100t V,
t 0+
76

[b] t 0+ , since there is no requirement that the voltage be continuous in a
resistor.
AP 7.7 [a] Use the circuit shown below, for t < 0, to calculate the initial voltage drop
across the capacitor:
i=
40 103
(10 103 ) = 3.2 mA
125 103
vc (0 ) = (3.2 103 )(25 103 ) = 80 V
so vc (0+ ) = 80 V
Now use the next circuit, valid for 0 t 10 ms, to calculate vc (t) for
that interval:
For 0 t 100 ms:

= RC = (25 103 )(1 106 ) = 25 ms
vc (t) = vc (0 )et/ = 80e40t V 0 t 10 ms
[b] Calculate the starting capacitor voltage in the interval t 10 ms, using
the capacitor voltage from the previous interval:
vc (0.01) = 80e40(0.01) = 53.63 V
Now use the next circuit, valid for t 10 ms, to calculate vc (t) for that
interval:
For t 10 ms :
Req = 25 kk100 k = 20 k
= ReqC = (20 103 )(1 106 ) = 0.02 s
Therefore vc (t) = vc (0.01+ )e(t0.01)/ = 53.63e50(t0.01) V,
t 0.01 s
Problems
77
[c] To calculate the energy dissipated in the 25 k resistor, integrate the

power absorbed by the resistor over all time. Use the expression
p = v 2/R to calculate the power absorbed by the resistor.
w25 k =
0.01
[80e40t ]2
dt +
25,000
[53.63e50(t0.01)]2
dt = 2.91 mJ
25,000
0.01
[d] Repeat the process in part (c), but recognize that the voltage across this
resistor is non-zero only for the second interval:
w100 k =
[53.63e50(t0.01)]2
dt = 0.29 mJ
100,000
0.01
We can check our answers by calculating the initial energy stored in the
capacitor. All of this energy must eventually be dissipated by the 25 k
resistor and the 100 k resistor.
Check: wstored = (1/2)(1 106 )(80)2 = 3.2 mJ
wdiss = 2.91 + 0.29 = 3.2 mJ
AP 7.8 [a] Prior to switch a closing at t = 0, there are no sources connected to the
inductor; thus, i(0 ) = 0.
At the instant A is closed, i(0+ ) = 0.
For 0 t 1 s,
The equivalent resistance seen by the 10 V source is 2 + (3k0.8). The

current leaving the 10 V source is
10
= 3.8 A
2 + (3k0.8)
The final current in the inductor, which is equal to the current in the
0.8 resistor is
3
IF =
(3.8) = 3 A
3 + 0.8
The resistance seen by the inductor is calculated to find the time
constant:
L
2
[(2k3) + 0.8]k3k6 = 1
=
= = 2s
R
1
Therefore,
i = iF + [i(0+ ) iF ]et/ = 3 3e0.5t A,
0 t 1s
78

For part (b) we need the value of i(t) at t = 1 s:
i(1) = 3 3e0.5 = 1.18 A
.
[b] For t > 1 s
Use current division to find the final value of the current:

9
i=
(8) = 4.8 A
9+6
The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor is used to calculate the
time constant:
L
2
3k(9 + 6) = 2.5
=
=
= 0.8 s
R
2.5
Therefore,
i = iF + [i(1+ ) iF ]e(t1)/
= 4.8 + 5.98e1.25(t1) A,
t 1s
AP 7.9 0 t 32 ms:
1
vo =
RCf
32103
3210
1
1
10 dt + 0 =
(10t)
=
(320 103 )
RCf
RCf
0
RCf = (200 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 40 103
so
1
= 25
RCf
vo = 25(320 103 ) = 8 V
Problems
79
t 32 ms:
t

1 Zt
1
1
vo =
5 dy + 8 =
(5y)
+8 =
5(t 32 103 ) + 8
3
RCf 3210
RCf
RCf
32103
RCf = (250 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 50 103
so
1
= 20
RCf
vo = 20(5)(t 32 103 ) + 8 = 100t + 11.2

The output will saturate at the negative power supply value:
15 = 100t + 11.2
..
t = 262 ms
AP 7.10 [a] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the
non-inverting input:
vp = Vf + [Vo Vf ]et/ = 2 + (0 + 2)et/
= (160 103 )(10 109 ) = 103 ;
vp = 2 + 2e625t V;
1/ = 625
vn = vp
Write a KVL equation at the inverting input, and use it to determine vo:
vn
vn vo
+
=0
10,000
40,000
.. vo = 5vn = 5vp = 10 + 10e625t V
10 + 10e625t = 5;
e625t = 1/2;
t = ln 2/625 = 1.11 ms
[b] Use RC circuit analysis to determine the expression for the voltage at the
non-inverting input:
vp = Vf + [Vo Vf ]et/ = 2 + (1 + 2)e625t = 2 + 3e625t V
The analysis for vo is the same as in part (a):
vo = 5vp = 10 + 15e625t V
10 + 15e625t = 5;
e625t = 1/3;
t = ln 3/625 = 1.76 ms
710
Problems
P 7.1
v
= 25
i
1
[b] =
= 100 ms
10
L
[c] =
= 0.1
R
L = (0.1)(25) = 2.5 H
[a] R =
1
1
[d] w(0) = L[i(0)]2 = (2.5)(6.4)2 = 51.2 J
2
2

Z t
e20x t
= 51.2(1 e20t) J
[e] wdiss =
1024e20x dx = 1024
20 0
0
% dissipated =
51.2(1 e20t)
(100) = 100(1 e20t)
51.2
.. 100(1 e20t) = 60
Therefore t =
P 7.2
so
e20t = 0.4
1
ln 2.5 = 45.81 ms
20
[a] Note that there are several different possible solutions to this problem,
and the answer to part (c) depends on the value of inductance chosen.
L
Choose a 10 mH inductor from Appendix H. Then,

0.01
R=
= 10 which is a resistor value from Appendix H.
0.001
R=
[b] i(t) = Io et/ = 10e1000t mA,

t0
1
1
[c] w(0) = LIo2 = (0.01)(0.01)2 = 0.5 J
2
2
1
w(t) = (0.01)(0.01e1000t )2 = 0.5 106 e2000t
2
1
So 0.5 106 e2000t = w(0) = 0.25 106
2
e2000t = 0.5
then
e2000t = 2
ln 2
. . t =
= 346.57 s
(for a 10 mH inductor)
2000
Problems
P 7.3
[a] iL(0) =
711
125
= 2.5 A
50
io (0+ ) =
125
2.5 = 5 2.5 = 2.5 A
25
io () =
125
= 5A
25
[b] iL = 2.5et/ ;
L
50 103
=
= 2 ms
R
25
iL = 2.5e500t A
t 0+
io = 5 iL = 5 2.5e500t A,
[c] 5 2.5e500t = 3
2 = 2.5e500t
e500t = 1.25
P 7.4
.. t = 446.29 s
[a] t < 0
2 kk6 k = 1.5 k
Find the current from the voltage source by combining the resistors in
series and parallel and using Ohms law:
ig (0 ) =
40
= 20 mA
(1500 + 500)
Find the branch currents using current division:

i1 (0 ) =
2000
(0.02) = 5 mA
8000
i2 (0 ) =
6000
(0.02) = 15 mA
8000
[b] The current in an inductor is continuous. Therefore,

i1 (0+ ) = i1(0 ) = 5 mA
i2 (0+ ) = i1(0+ ) = 5 mA
(when switch is open)
712
[c] =
L
0.4 103
=
= 5 105 s;
R
8 103
i1 (t) = i1(0+ )et/ = 5e20,000t mA,
1
= 20,000
t0
when t 0+
[d] i2(t) = i1(t)
.. i2(t) = 5e20,000t mA,
t 0+
[e] The current in a resistor can change instantaneously. The switching

operation forces i2 (0 ) to equal 15 mA and i2(0+ ) = 5 mA.
P 7.5
[a] io(0 ) = 0
since the switch is open for t < 0.
[b] For t = 0 the circuit is:
120 k60 = 40
. . i g =
12
= 0.24 A = 240 mA
10 + 40
iL (0 ) =
120
ig = 160 mA
180
[c] For t = 0+ the circuit is:
120 k40 = 30
. . i g =
ia =
12
= 0.30 A = 300 mA
10 + 30

120
300 = 225 mA
160
.. io(0+ ) = 225 160 = 65 mA

Problems
713
[d] iL(0+ ) = iL(0 ) = 160 mA

[e] io () = ia = 225 mA
[f] iL() = 0,
since the switch short circuits the branch containing the 20
resistor and the 100 mH inductor.
L
100 103
1
[g] =
=
= 5 ms;
= 200
R
20
.. iL = 0 + (160 0)e200t = 160e200t mA,

[h] vL(0 ) = 0
t0
since for t < 0 the current in the inductor is constant
[i] Refer to the circuit at t = 0+ and note:

20(0.16) + vL(0+ ) = 0;
[j] vL() = 0,
.. vL (0+ ) = 3.2 V
since the current in the inductor is a constant at t = .
[k] vL (t) = 0 + (3.2 0)e200t = 3.2e200t V,

[l] io (t) = ia iL = 225 160e200t mA,
P 7.6
t 0+
t 0+
For t < 0
ig =
48
= 6.5 A
6 + (18k1.5)
iL (0 ) =
18
(6.5) = 6 A = iL (0+ )
18 + 1.5
For t > 0
iL (t) = iL (0+ )et/ A,

=
t0
L
0.5
=
= 0.0125 s;
R
10 + 12.45 + (54k26)
1
= 80
714

iL (t) = 6e80t A,
io (t) =
P 7.7
t0
54
54
(iL(t)) = (6e80t) = 4.05e80t V,
80
80
t 0+
24
= 2A
12
1.6
L
=
= 20 ms
[b] =
R
80
[c] i = 2e50t A,
t0
[a] i(0) =
v1 = L
d
(2e50t ) = 160e50t V
dt
v2 = 72i = 144e50t V
t 0+
t0
1
[d] w(0) = (1.6)(2)2 = 3.2 J
2
w72 =
72(4e100x ) dx = 288

e100x t
= 2.88(1 e100t) J
100 0
w72 (15 ms) = 2.88(1 e1.5 ) = 2.24 J

% dissipated =
P 7.8
2.24
(100) = 69.92%
3.2
1
w(0) = (10 103 )(5)2 = 125 mJ
2
0.9w(0) = 112.5 mJ
1
w(t) = (10 103 )i(t)2,
2
i(t) = 5et/ A
.. w(t) = 0.005(25e2t/ ) = 125e2t/ ) mJ

w(10 s) = 125e2010
6 /
mJ
6
.. 125e2010 / = 112.5
so
20 106
L
=
ln(10/9)
R
R=
10 103 ln(10/9)
= 52.68
20 106
e2010
6/
10
9
Problems
P 7.9
715
1
[a] w(0) = LIg2
2

e2t/ to
(2/ ) 0
0
1
1
= Ig2R (1 e2to / ) = Ig2L(1 e2to / )
2
2
Z
wdiss =
to
Ig2Re2t/ dt = Ig2R
wdiss = w(0)

1 2
1 2
. .
LIg (1 e2to/ ) =
LI
2
2 g
1 e2to/ = ;
"
e2to/ =
#
2to
1
= ln
;
(1 )
R=
[b] R =
1
(1 )
R(2to )
= ln[1/(1 )]
L
L ln[1/(1 )]
2to
(10 103 ) ln[1/0.9]

20 106
R = 52.68
P 7.10
[a] vo(t) = vo(0+ )et/

.. vo(0+ )e10
.. e10
3 /
. . =
3 /
= 0.5vo (0+ )
=2
L
103
=
R
ln 2
10 103
.. L=
= 14.43 mH
ln 2
[b] vo(0+ ) = 10iL (0+ ) = 10(1/10)(30 103 ) = 30 mV
vo (t) = 0.03et/ V
p10 =
vo2
= 9 105 e2t/
10
w10 =
103
0
1
1000 ln 2
9 105 e2t/ dt = 4.5 105 (1 e210

. .
3 /
w10 = 48.69 nJ
716

1
1
wL (0) = Li2L (0) = (14.43 103 )(3 103 )2 = 64.92 nJ
2
2
48.69
100 = 75%
64.92
% diss in 1 ms =
P 7.11
[a] t < 0
iL (0 ) =
150
(12) = 10 A
180
t0
1.6 103
= 200 106 ;
8
1/ = 5000
io = 10e5000t A t 0
1
[b] wdel = (1.6 103 )(10)2 = 80 mJ
2
[c] 0.95wdel = 76 mJ
.. 76 103 =
to
8(100e10,000t) dt

t o
.. 76 103 = 80 103 e10,000t = 80 103 (1 e10,000to )
0
.. e10,000to = 0.05 so to = 299.57 s

. .
to
299.57 106
=
= 1.498
200 106
so
to 1.498
Problems
P 7.12
717
t < 0:
240
= 10 A;
16 + 8
iL (0+ ) =
iL(0 ) = 10
40
= 8A
50
t > 0:
Re =
(10)(40)
+ 10 = 18
50
L
72 103
=
= 4 ms;
Re
18
1
= 250
.. iL = 8e250t A
vo = 8io = 64e250t V,
P 7.13
t 0+
p40 =
vo2
(64)2 500t
=
e
= 102.4e500t W
40
40
w40 =
102.4e
500t
e500t
dt = 102.4
= 204.8 mJ
500 0
1
w(0) = (72 103 )(8)2 = 2304 mJ
2
% diss =
204.8
(100) = 8.89%
2304
718
P 7.14

[a] t < 0 :
iL (0) =
72
= 2.4 A
24 + 6
t > 0:
i =
100
5
iT = iT
160
8
vT = 20i + iT
(100)(60)
= 12.5iT + 37.5iT
160
vT
= RTh = 12.5 + 37.5 = 25
iT
L
250 103
=
R
25
iL = 2.4e100t A,
1
= 100
t0
[b] vL = 250 103 (240e100t ) = 60e100t V,

[c] i = 0.625iL = 1.5e100t A
P 7.15
t 0+
t 0+
1
w(0) = (250 103 )(2.4)2 = 720 mJ
2
p60 = 60(1.5e100t)2 = 135e200t W
w60 =
135e200t dt = 135
% dissipated =
e200t
= 675 mJ
200 0
675
(100) = 93.75%
720
Problems
P 7.16
719
t<0
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = 4 A
t>0
Find Thevenin resistance seen by inductor:
iT = 4vT ;
vT
1
= RTh = = 0.25
iT
4
L
5 103
=
=
= 20 ms;
R
0.25
io = 4e50t A,
vo = L
1/ = 50
t0
dio
= (5 103 )(200e50t ) = e50t V,
dt
t 0+
720
P 7.17

[a] t < 0 :
t = 0+ :
120 = iab + 18 + 12,
iab = 90 A,
t = 0+
[b] At t = :
iab = 240/2 = 120 A,
[c] i1 (0) = 18,

i2 (0) = 12,
1 =
t=
2 103
= 0.2 ms
10
2 =
6 103
= 0.4 ms
15
i1 (t) = 18e5000t A,
t0
i2 (t) = 12e2500t A,
t0
Problems
iab = 120 18e5000t 12e2500t A,
721
t0
120 18e5000t 12e2500t = 114

6 = 18e5000t + 12e2500t
x = e2500t
Let
P 7.18
so
Solving x =
1
= e2500t
3
.. e2500t = 3
and
6 = 18x2 + 12x
t=
ln 3
= 439.44 s
2500
[a] t < 0
1 kk4 k = 0.8 k
20 kk80 k = 16 k
(105 103 )(0.8 103 ) = 84 V
iL (0 ) =
84
= 5 mA
16,800
t>0
L
6
=
103 = 250 s;
R
24
1
= 4000
722

iL (t) = 5e4000t mA,
t0
p4k = 25 106 e8000t(4000) = 0.10e8000t W

wdiss =
0.10e8000x dx = 12.5 106 [1 e8000t] J
1
w(0) = (6)(25 106 ) = 75 J
2
0.10w(0) = 7.5 J
.. e8000t = 2.5
12.5(1 e8000t) = 7.5;

t=
ln 2.5
= 114.54 s
8000
[b] wdiss(total) = 75(1 e8000t) J

wdiss(114.54 s) = 45 J
% = (45/75)(100) = 60%
P 7.19
[a] t > 0:
Leq = 1.25 +
60
= 5H
16
iL (t) = iL (0)et/ mA;

iL (t) = 2e1500t A,
iL (0) = 2 A;
1
R
7500
=
=
= 1500
L
5
t0
vR (t) = RiL (t) = (7500)(2e1500t ) = 15,000e1500t V,

vo = 3.75
[b] io =
P 7.20
1
6
diL
= 11,250e1500t V,
dt
t 0+
t 0+
11,250e1500x dx + 0 = 1.25e1500t 1.25 A
[a] From the solution to Problem 7.19,

1
1
w(0) = Leq[iL (0)]2 = (5)(2)2 = 10 J
2
2
1
1
[b] wtrapped = (10)(1.25)2 + (6)(1.25)2 = 12.5 J
2
2
Problems
P 7.21
723
v
= 8 k
i
1
1
1
=
= 500;
C=
= 0.25 F
RC
(500)(8000)
1
=
= 2 ms
500
1
w(0) = (0.25 106 )(72)2 = 648 J
2
Z to
(72)2 e1000t
wdiss =
dt
(800)
0
[a] R =
[b]
[c]
[d]
[e]
e1000t to
= 0.648
= 648(1 e1000to ) J
1000 0
%diss = 100(1 e1000to ) = 68

. . t =
P 7.22
e1000to = 3.125
ln 3.125
= 1139 s
1000
[a] Note that there are many different possible correct solutions to this
problem.
R=
C
Choose a 100 F capacitor from Appendix H. Then,
0.05
R=
= 500
100 106
Construct a 500 resistor by combining two 1 k resistors in parallel:
[b] v(t) = Vo et/ = 50e20t V,

[c] 50e20t = 10
. . t =
P 7.23
so
so
t0
e20t = 5
ln 5
= 80.47 ms
20
[a] v1(0 ) = v1 (0+ ) = 40 V
v2(0+ ) = 0
Ceq = (1)(4)/5 = 0.8 F
= (25 103 )(0.8 106 ) = 20ms;
1
= 50
724

i=
40 50t
e
= 1.6e50t mA,
25,000
t 0+
1 Z t
1.6 103 e50x dx + 40 = 32e50t + 8 V,
t0
106 0
Z t
1
v2 =
1.6 103 e50x dx + 0 = 8e50t + 8 V,
t0
6
4 10
0
v1 =
1
[b] w(0) = (106 )(40)2 = 800 J
2
1
1
[c] wtrapped = (106 )(8)2 + (4 106 )(8)2 = 160 J.
2
2
The energy dissipated by the 25 k resistor is equal to the energy
dissipated by the two capacitors; it is easier to calculate the energy
dissipated by the capacitors:
1
wdiss = (0.8 106 )(40)2 = 640 J.
2
Check: wtrapped + wdiss = 160 + 640 = 800 J;
w(0) = 800 J.
P 7.24
[a] t < 0:
i1 (0 ) = i2(0 ) =
3
= 100 mA
30
[b] t > 0:
i1 (0+ ) =
0.2
= 100 mA
2
Problems
i2 (0+ ) =
725
0.2
= 25 mA
8
[c] Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, therefore,

i1 (0 ) = i1(0+ ) = 100 mA
[d] Switching can cause an instantaneous change in the current in a resistive
branch. In this circuit
i2 (0 ) = 100 mA and i2(0+ ) = 25 mA
[e] vc = 0.2et/ V,
t0
= Re C = 1.6(2 106 ) = 3.2 s;

vc = 0.2e312,000t V,
[f] i2 =
P 7.25
t0
vc
= 0.1e312,000t A,
2
i1 =
1
= 312,500
t0
vc
= 25e312,000t mA,
8
t 0+
[a] t < 0:
Req = 12 kk8 k = 10.2 k

vo (0) =
10,200
(120) = 102 V
10,200 + 1800
t > 0:
= [(10/3) 106 )(12,000) = 40 ms;

vo = 102e25t V,
p=
1
= 25
t0
vo2
= 867 103 e50t W
12,000
726
wdiss =
12103
867 103 e50t dt
= 17.34 103 (1 e50(1210

1
[b] w(0) =
2
3)
) = 7824 J
10
(102)2 106 = 17.34 mJ
3
0.75w(0) = 13 mJ
Z
to
867 103 e50x dx = 13 103
.. 1 e50to = 0.75;
P 7.26
e50to = 4;
so to = 27.73 ms
[a] t < 0:
io (0 ) =
6000
(40 m) = 24 mA
6000 + 4000
vo (0 ) = (3000)(24 m) = 72 V
i2 (0 ) = 40 24 = 16 mA
v2 (0 ) = (6000)(16 m) = 96 V
t>0
= RC = (1000)(0.2 106 ) = 200 s;
io (t) =
24
et/ = 24e5000t mA,
1 103
1
= 5000
t 0+
Problems
727
[b]
Z t
1
24 103 e5000x dx + 72
0.6 106 0

e5000x t
= (40,000)
+72
5000 0
= 8e5000t + 8 + 72
vo = [8e5000t + 80] V,
t0
vo =
[c] wtrapped = (1/2)(0.3 106 )(80)2 + (1/2)(0.6 106 )(80)2

wtrapped = 2880 J.
Check:
1
wdiss = (0.2 106 )(24)2 = 57.6 J
2
1
1
w(0) = (0.3 106 )(96)2 + (0.6 106 )(72)2 = 2937.6 J.
2
2
wtrapped + wdiss = w(0)
2880 + 57.6 = 2937.6
P 7.27
OK.
[a] At t = 0 the voltage on each capacitor will be 150 V(5 30), positive at
the upper terminal. Hence at t 0+ we have
.. isd (0+ ) = 5 +
150 150
+
= 1055 A
0.2
0.5
At t = , both capacitors will have completely discharged.

.. isd () = 5 A
728

[b] isd (t) = 5 + i1 (t) + i2 (t)
1 = 0.2(106 ) = 0.2 s
2 = 0.5(100 106 ) = 50 s
6
.. i1(t) = 750e510 t A,
i2(t) = 300e20,000t A,
t 0+
t0
.. isd = 5 + 750e510 t + 300e20,000t A,

P 7.28
t 0+
[a]
vT = 20 103 (iT + v ) + 5 103 iT

v = 5 103 iT
vT = 25 103 iT + 20 103 (5 103 iT )
RTh = 25,000 + 100 106
= RTh C = 40 103 = RTh (0.8 106 )
RTh = 50 k = 25,000 + 100 106
=
25,000
= 2.5 104 A/V
6
100 10
[b] vo(0) = (5 103 )(3600) = 18 V

t > 0:
vo = 18e25t V,
t<0
t0
Problems
729
v
v vo
+
+ 2.5 104 v = 0
5000
20,000
4v + v vo + 5v = 0
vo
= 1.8e25t V,
10
. . v =
P 7.29
t 0+
[a]
pds = (16.2e25t )(450 106 e25t ) = 7290 106 e50t W

wds =
pds dt = 145.8 J.
.. dependent source is delivering 145.8 J.

[b] w5k =
w20k =
(5000)(0.36 103 e25t)2 dt = 648 106
(16.2e25t )2
dt = 13,122 106
20,000
e50t dt = 12.96 J
e50t dt = 262.44 J
1
wc (0) = (0.8 106 )(18)2 = 129.6 J
2
X
wdiss = 12.96 + 262.44 = 275.4 J

wdev = 145.8 + 129.6 = 275.4 J.
730
P 7.30

t<0
t>0
..
vT = 5io 15io = 20io = 20iT
= RC = 40 s;
vo = 15e25,000t V,
io =
P 7.31
RTh =
vT
= 20
iT
1
= 25,000
t0
vo
= 0.75e25,000t A,
20
t 0+
[a] The equivalent circuit for t > 0:
= 2 ms;
1/ = 500
Problems
vo = 10e500t V,
t0
io = e500t mA,
t 0+
i24k = e500t
16
= 0.4e500t mA,
40
731
t 0+
p24k = (0.16 106 e1000t)(24,000) = 3.84e1000t mW

w24k =
3.84 103 e1000t dt = 3.84 106 (0 1) = 3.84 J
1
1
w(0) = (0.25 106 )(40)2 + (1 106 )(50)2 = 1.45 mJ
2
2
% diss (24 k) =
3.84 106
100 = 0.26%
1.45 103
[b] p400 = 400(1 103 e500t)2 = 0.4 103 e1000t

w400 =
p400 dt = 0.40 J
% diss (400 ) =
i16k = e
500t
0.4 106
100 = 0.03%
1.45 103

24
= 0.6e500t mA,
40
t 0+
p16k = (0.6 103 e500t)2 (16,000) = 5.76 103 e1000t W

w16k =
5.76 103 e1000t dt = 5.76 J
% diss (16 k) = 0.4%

[c]
wdiss = 3.84 + 5.76 + 0.4 = 10 J
wtrapped = w(0)
% trapped =
wdiss = 1.45 103 10 106 = 1.44 mJ
1.44
100 = 99.31%
1.45
Check: 0.26 + 0.03 + 0.4 + 99.31 = 100%

P 7.32
[a] Ce =
(2 + 1)6
= 2 F
2+1+6
vo (0) = 5 + 30 = 25 V
= (2 106 )(250 103 ) = 0.5 s;
1
=2
732
t 0+
vo = 25e2t V,
1
1
[b] wo = (3 106 )(30)2 + (6 106 )(5)2 = 1425 J
2
2
1
wdiss = (2 106 )(25)2 = 625 J
2
625
100 = 43.86%
% diss =
1425
vo
[c] io =
= 100e2t A
250 103
Z
1
6 106
e2x
= 16.67
2
v1 =
[d] v1 + v2 = vo
t
0
100 106 e2x dx 5 = 16.67
t

5 = 8.33e2t 13.33 V

t
0
e2x dx 5
t0
v2 = vo v1 = 25e2t 8.33e2t + 13.33 = 16.67e2t + 13.33 V t 0

1
1
[e] wtrapped = (6 106 )(13.33)2 + (3 106 )(13.33)2 = 800 J
2
2
wdiss + wtrapped = 625 + 800 = 1425 J
(check)
P 7.33
[a] From Eqs. (7.35) and (7.42)

Vs
Vs (R/L)t
i=
+ Io
e
R
R
v = (Vs Io R)e(R/L)t
. .
Vs
= 4;
R
Io
Vs Io R = 80;
Vs
=4
R
R
= 40
L
Vs
= 8A
R
Now since Vs = 4R we have
. . I o = 4 +
4R 8R = 80;
Vs = 80 V;
L=
R = 20
R
= 0.5 H
40
Problems
[b] i = 4 + 4e40t ;
733
i2 = 16 + 32e40t + 16e80t
1
1
w = Li2 = (0.5)[16 + 32e40t + 16e80t] = 4 + 8e40t + 4e80t
2
2
.. 4 + 8e40t + 4e80t = 9 or e80t + 2e40t 1.25 = 0
Let x = e40t:
x2 + 2x 1.25 = 0;
Solving, x = 0.5;
x = 2.5
But x 0 for all t. Thus,

e40t = 0.5;
P 7.34
e40t = 2;
t = 25 ln 2 = 17.33 ms
[a] Note that there are many different possible solutions to this problem.
L
Choose a 1 mH inductor from Appendix H. Then,

R=
0.001
= 125
8 106
Construct the resistance needed by combining 100 , 10 , and 15
resistors in series:
R=
[b] i(t) = If + (Io If )et/

Io = 0 A;
If =
25
Vf
=
= 200 mA
R
125
.. i(t) = 200 + (0 200)e125,000t mA = 200 200e125,000t mA,
t0
[c] i(t) = 0.2 0.2e125,000t = (0.75)(0.2) = 0.15

e125,000t = 0.25
. . t =
so
e125,000t = 4
ln 4
= 11.09 s
125,000
734
P 7.35

[a] t < 0
iL (0 ) = 5 A
t>0
iL () =
=
40 80
= 2 A
4 + 16
L
4 103
=
= 200 s;
R
4 + 16
1
= 5000
iL = iL() + [iL(0+ ) iL ()]et/

= 2 + (5 + 2)e5000t = 2 3e5000t A,
t0
vo = 16iL + 80 = 16(2 3e5000t) + 80 = 48 48e5000t V,

[b] vL = L
diL
= 4 103 (5000)[3e5000t] = 60e5000t V,
dt
t0
t 0+
vL (0+ ) = 60 V
From part (a)
vo (0+ ) = 0 V
Check: at t = 0+ the circuit is:
vL (0+ ) = 40 + (5 A)(4 ) = 60 V,
vo (0+ ) = 80 (16 )(5 A) = 0 V
Problems
P 7.36
735
[a] For t < 0, calculate the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit to the left and
right of the 75 mH inductor. We get
i(0 ) =
5 120
= 5 mA
15 k + 8 k
i(0 ) = i(0+ ) = 5 mA
[b] For t > 0, the circuit reduces to
Therefore i() = 5/15,000 = 0.333 mA

L
75 103
=
= 5 s
[c] =
R
15,000
[d] i(t) = i() + [i(0+ ) i()]et/
= 0.333 + [5 0.333]e200,000t = 0.333 5.333e200,000t mA,
P 7.37
t0
[a] t < 0
KVL equation at the top node:

vo vo
vo
50 =
+
+
8
40 10
Multiply by 40 and solve:
2000 = (5 + 1 + 4)vo ;
.. io(0 ) =
vo = 200 V
vo
= 200/10 = 20 A
10
736

t>0
Use voltage division to find the Thevenin voltage:

40
(800) = 200 V
VTh = vo =
40 + 120
Remove the voltage source and make series and parallel combinations of
resistors to find the equivalent resistance:
RTh = 10 + 120k40 = 10 + 30 = 40
The simplified circuit is:
L
40 103
1
=
= 1 ms;
= 1000
R
40
200
io () =
= 5A
40
.. io = io () + [io(0+ ) io()]et/
= 5 + (20 5)e1000t = 5 + 15e1000t A,

[b] vo
vo
P 7.38
t0
dio
dt
10(5 + 15e1000t) + 0.04(1000)(15e1000t )
50 + 150e1000t 600e1000t
50 450e1000t V,
10io + L
t 0+
[a]
Vs
v
1
+ +
R R L
t
0
v dt + Io = 0
Problems
737
Differentiating both sides,

1 dv
1
+ v=0
R dt L
dv R
+ v=0
dt
L
. .
[b]
R
dv
= v
dt
L
R
dv
dt = v dt
dt
L
R
dv = v dt
L
so
dv
R
= dt
v
L
Z
v(t) dx
Vo
ln
. .
P 7.39
RZ t
dy
L 0
v(t)
R
= t
Vo
L
v(t) = Vo e(R/L)t = (Vs RIo )e(R/L)t
[a] vo(0+ ) = Ig R2 ;
L
R1 + R2
vo () = 0
vo (t) = Ig R2 e[(R1 +R2 )/L]t V,
t 0+
[b] vo(0+ ) , and the duration of vo(t) zero

L
[c] vsw = R2 io ;
=
R1 + R2
io (0+ ) = Ig ;
Therefore
Therefore
[d] |vsw (0+ )| ;
P 7.40
io () = Ig
R1
R1 + R2
io (t) =
Ig R1
R1 +R2
io (t) =
R1 Ig
(R1 +R2 )
vsw =
+ Ig
+
R1Ig
(1+R1 /R2)
Ig R1
R1 +R2
e[(R1+R2 )/L]t
R2Ig
e[(R1 +R2 )/L]t
(R1+R2 )
R2 Ig
e[(R1+R2 )/L]t,
(1+R1 /R2)
t 0+
duration 0
Opening the inductive circuit causes a very large voltage to be induced across
the inductor L. This voltage also appears across the switch (part [d] of
Problem 7.39), causing the switch to arc over. At the same time, the large
voltage across L damages the meter movement.
738
P 7.41

t > 0;
calculate vo (0+ )
va va vo (0+ )
+
= 20 103
15
5
.. va = 0.75vo (0+ ) + 75 103
15 103 +
vo(0+ ) va vo (0+ )
+
9i + 50 103 = 0
5
8
13vo (0+ ) 8va 360i = 2600 103

i =
vo(0+ )
9i + 50 103
8
vo (0+ )
. . i =
+ 5 103
80
.. 360i = 4.5vo (0+ ) + 1800 103
8va = 6vo (0+ ) + 600 103
.. 13vo (0+ ) 6vo (0+ ) 600 103 4.5vo (0+ )
1800 103 = 2600 103
2.5vo (0+ ) = 200 103 ;
vo(0+ ) = 80 mV
vo () = 0
Find the Thevenin resistance seen by the 4 mH inductor:
iT =
vT
vT
+
9i
20
8
Problems
vT
.. 10i =
;
8
i =
vT
9i
8
iT =
vT
10vT
9vT
+
20
80
80
i =
739
vT
80
iT
1
1
5
1
=
+
=
=
S
vT
20 80
80
16
.. RTh = 16
=
4 103
= 0.25 ms;
16
1/ = 4000
.. vo = 0 + (80 0)e4000t = 80e4000t mV,

P 7.42
t 0+
For t < 0
vx
vx 480
0.8v +
=0
15
21
v =
vx 480
21

vx
vx 480
vx 480
0.8
+
15
21
21
=
..
vx
vs 480
+ 0.2
15
21
= 21vx + 3(vx 480) = 0
24vx = 1440 so vx = 60 V
io (0 ) =
vx
= 4A
15
t>0
740
Find Thevenin equivalent with respect to a, b
VTh 320
VTh 320
0.8
5
5
=0
vT = (iT + 0.8v )(5) = iT + 0.8

vT = 5iT + 0.8vT
vT
5
VTh = 320 V
(5)
.. 0.2vT = 5iT
vT
= RTh = 25
iT
io () = 320/40 = 8 A
Problems
80 103
= 2 ms;
40
1/ = 500
io = 8 + (4 8)e500t = 8 4e500t A,
P 7.43
741
t0
For t < 0,
i80mH (0) = 50 V/10 = 5 A
For t > 0, after making a Thevenin equivalent we have
Vs
Vs t/
+ Io
e
i=
R
R
1
R
8
=
=
= 80
L
100 103
Io = 5 A;
If =
Vs
80
=
= 10 A
R
8
i = 10 + (5 + 10)e80t = 10 + 15e80t A,
vo = 0.08
P 7.44
di
= 0.08(1200e80t ) = 96e80t V,
dt
t0
t 0+
[a] Let v be the voltage drop across the parallel branches, positive at the top
node, then
Ig +
v
1
+
Rg L1
v
1
1
+
+
Rg
L1 L2
v
1
+
Rg Le
v dx +
Z
1
L2
v dx = 0
v dx = Ig
v dx = Ig
1 dv
v
+
=0
Rg dt Le
742

dv Rg
+
v=0
dt
Le
Therefore v = Ig Rg et/ ;
= Le /Rg
Thus

Z
1 t
Ig Rg ex/ t Ig Le
x/
i1 =
Ig Rg e
dx =
=
(1 et/ )
L1 0
L1 (1/ ) 0
L1
i1 =
Ig L1
Ig L2
(1 et/ ) and i2 =
(1 et/ )
L1 + L2
L1 + L2
[b] i1() =
P 7.45
L2
Ig ;
L1 + L2
i2() =
L1
Ig
L1 + L2
[a] t < 0
t>0
iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = 25 mA;
24 103
= 0.2 ms;
120
1
= 5000
iL () = 50 mA
iL = 50 + (25 + 50)e5000t = 50 + 75e5000t mA,
vo = 120[75 103 e5000t] = 9e5000t V,
Z
t0
t 0+
t
1
[b] i1 =
9e5000x dx + 10 103 = (30e5000t 20) mA,
60 103 0
Z t
1
[c] i2 =
9e5000x dx + 15 103 = (45e5000t 30) mA,
40 103 0
P 7.46
t0
t0
t>0
1
40
Problems
io = 5e40t A,
743
t0
t > 0+
vo = 40io = 200e40t V,
200e40t = 100;
e40t = 2
1
.. t =
ln 2 = 17.33 ms
40
P 7.47
1
1
[a] wdiss = Le i2 (0) = (1)(5)2 = 12.5 J
2
2
Z
1 t
[b] i3H =
(200)e40x dx 5
3 0
= 1.67(1 e40t) 5 = 1.67e40t 3.33 A
i1.5H =
1 Zt
(200)e40x dx + 0
1.5 0
= 3.33e40t + 3.33 A
1
wtrapped = (4.5)(3.33)2 = 25 J
2
1
[c] w(0) = (3)(5)2 = 37.5 J
2
P 7.48
[a] v = Is R + (Vo Is R)et/RC

.. Is R = 40,
i = Is
Vo t/RC
e
R
Vo Is R = 24
.. Vo = 16 V
Is
Vo
= 3 103 ;
R
Is
.. Is 0.4Is = 3 103 ;
R=
16
= 3 103 ;
R
R=
40
Is
Is = 5 mA
40
103 = 8 k
5
1
= 2500;
RC
C=
1
103
=
= 50 nF;
2500R
20 103
= RC =
1
= 400 s
2500
[b] v() = 40 V
1
w() = (50 109 )(1600) = 40 J
2
0.81w() = 32.4 J
v 2(to ) =
32.4 106
= 1296;
25 109
40 24e2500to = 36;
v(to) = 36 V
e2500to = 6;
.. to = 716.70 s
744
P 7.49

[a] Note that there are many different possible solutions to this problem.
R=
C
Choose a 10 H capacitor from Appendix H. Then,
0.25
= 25 k
10 106
Construct the resistance needed by combining 10 k and 15 k resistors
in series:
R=
[b] v(t) = Vf + (Vo Vf )et/

Vo = 100 V;
Vf = (If )(R) = (1 103 )(25 103 ) = 25 V
.. v(t) = 25 + (100 25)e4t V = 25 + 75e4t V,

[c] v(t) = 25 + 75e4t = 50
. . t =
P 7.50
so
e4t =
t0
1
3
ln 3
= 274.65 ms
4
[a]
io (0+ ) =
36
= 7.2 mA
5000
[b] io() = 0
[c] = RC = (5000)(0.8 106 ) = 4 ms
[d] io = 0 + (7.2)e250t = 7.2e250t mA,
t 0+
[e] vo = [36 + 1800(7.2 103 e250t)] = 36 + 12.96e250t V,
t 0+
Problems
P 7.51
745
[a] Simplify the circuit for t > 0 using source transformation:
Since there is no source connected to the capacitor for t < 0

vo (0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 0 V
From the simplified circuit,
vo () = 60 V
= RC = (20 103 )(0.5 106 ) = 10 ms
1/ = 100
vo = vo() + [vo(0+ ) vo ()]et/ = (60 60e100t ) V,
t0
dvo
dt
ic = 0.5 106 (100)(60e100t ) = 3e100t mA
[b] ic = C
v1 = 8000ic + vo = (8000)(3 103 )e100t + (60 60e100t ) = 60 36e100t V

v1
io =
= 1 0.6e100t mA, t 0+
3
60 10
[c] i1 (t) = io + ic = 1 + 2.4e100t mA, t 0+
v1
[d] i2(t) =
= 4 2.4e100t mA, t 0+
15 103
[e] i1(0+ ) = 1 + 2.4 = 3.4 mA
At t = 0+ :
Re = 15 kk60 kk8 k = 4800
v1 (0+ ) = (5 103 )(4800) = 24 V
i1 (0+ ) =
P 7.52
v1 (0+ ) v1(0+ )
+
= 0.4 m + 3 m = 3.4 mA (checks)
60,000
8000
[a] vo(0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 120 V
vo () = 150 V;
= 2 ms;
1
= 500
746

vo = 150 + (120 (150))e500t
vo = 150 + 270e500t V,
t0
[b] io = 0.04 106 (500)[270e500t ] = 5.4e500t mA,
t 0+
[c] vg = vo 12.5 103 io = 150 + 202.5e500t V

[d] vg (0+ ) = 150 + 202.5 = 52.5 V
Checks:
vg (0+ ) = io (0+ )[37.5 103 ] 150 = 202.5 150 = 52.5 V
vg
= 3 + 4.05e500t mA
50k
vg
= 1 + 1.35e500t mA
=
150k
i50k =
i150k
-io + i50k + i150k + 4 = 0

P 7.53
(ok)
For t < 0
Simplify the circuit:

80/10,000 = 8 mA,
10 kk40 kk24 k = 6 k
8 mA 3 mA = 5 mA
5 mA 6 k = 30 V
Thus, for t < 0
.. vo (0 ) = vo(0+ ) = 30 V
Problems
747
t>0
Simplify the circuit:

8 mA + 2 mA = 10 mA
10 kk40 kk24 k = 6 k
(10 mA)(6 k) = 60 V
Thus, for t > 0
vo () = 10 103 (6 103 ) = 60 V
= RC = (10 k)(0.05 ) = 0.5 ms;
1
= 2000
vo = vo () + [vo(0+ ) vo()]et/ = 60 + [30 (60)]e2000t

= 60 + 90e2000t V
P 7.54
t0
t < 0:
io (0 ) =
20
(10 103 ) = 2 mA;
100
vo(0 ) = (2 103 )(50,000) = 100 V
t = :
io () = 5 10
20
= 1 mA;
100
vo () = io ()(50,000) = 50 V
748

RTh = 50 kk50 k = 25 k;
C = 16 nF
1
= 2500
= (25,000)(16 109 ) = 0.4 ms;

.. vo (t) = 50 + 150e2500t V,
t0
ic = C
dvo
= 6e2500t mA,
dt
i50k =
vo
= 1 + 3e2500t mA,
50,000
t 0+
io = ic + i50k = (1 + 3e2500t) mA,

P 7.55
t 0+
t 0+
[a] vc (0+ ) = 50 V
[b] Use voltage division to find the final value of voltage:
vc () =
20
(30) = 24 V
20 + 5
[c] Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the
capacitor:
VTh = 24 V,
RTh = 20k5 = 4 ,
Therefore = ReqC = 4(25 109 ) = 0.1 s

The simplified circuit for t > 0 is:
[d] i(0+ ) =
24 50
= 18.5 A
4
Problems
749
[e] vc = vc () + [vc (0+ ) vc()]et/

7
= 24 + [50 (24)]et/ = 24 + 74e10 t V,

[f] i = C
P 7.56
t0
dvc
7
7
= (25 109 )(107 )(74e10 t ) = 18.5e10 t A,
dt
t 0+
[a] Use voltage division to find the initial value of the voltage:
vc (0+ ) = v9k =
9k
(120) = 90 V
9k + 3k
[b] Use Ohms law to find the final value of voltage:

vc () = v40k = (1.5 103 )(40 103 ) = 60 V
[c] Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the
capacitor:
VTh = 60 V,
RTh = 10 k + 40 k = 50 k
= RTh C = 1 ms = 1000 s
[d] vc = vc () + [vc(0+ ) vc ()]et/
= 60 + (90 + 60)e1000t = 60 + 150e1000t V,
t0
We want vc = 60 + 150e1000t = 0:
Therefore t =
P 7.57
ln(150/60)
= 916.3 s
1000
Use voltage division to find the initial voltage:

vo (0) =
60
(50) = 30 V
40 + 60
Use Ohms law to find the final value of voltage:

vo () = (5 mA)(20 k) = 100 V
= RC = (20 103 )(250 109 ) = 5 ms;
1
= 200
vo = vo () + [vo(0+ ) vo()]et/
= 100 + (30 + 100)e200t = 100 + 130e200t V,
t0
750
P 7.58

For t < 0,
t > 0:
vo (0) = 80 V
vTh = 30 10 i + 0.8(100) = 30 10
100
+ 80 = 50 V
100 103
vT = 30 103 i + 16 103 iT = 30 103 (0.8)iT + 16 103 iT = 40 103 iT

RTh =
vT
= 40 k
iT
t>0
vo = 50 + (80 50)et/
= RC = (40 103 )(5 109 ) = 200 106 ;
vo = 50 + 30e5000t V,
P 7.59
vo (0) = 50 V;
1
= 5000
t0
vo() = 80 V
RTh = 16 k
= (16)(5 106 ) = 80 106 ;
1
= 12,500
v = 80 + (50 80)e12,500t = 80 30e12,500t V,
t0
Problems
P 7.60
751
For t > 0
VTh = (25)(16,000)ib = 400 103 ib
ib =
33,000
(120 106 ) = 49.5 A
80,000
VTh = 400 103 (49.5 106 ) = 19.8 V

RTh = 16 k
vo(0+ ) = 0
vo () = 19.8 V;
= (16, 000)(0.25 106 ) = 4 ms;

vo = 19.8 + 19.8e250t V,
1/ = 250
t0
1
w(t) = (0.25 106 )vo2 = w()(1 e250t)2 J
2
(1 e250t)2 =
0.36w()
= 0.36
w()
1 e250t = 0.6
e250t = 0.4
P 7.61
. .
t = 3.67 ms
[a]
1 t
Is R = Ri +
i dx + Vo
C 0+
di
i
0=R + +0
dt C
di
i
. .
+
=0
dt RC
752

[b]
di
i
=
;
dt
RC
Z
i(t)
i(0+ )
ln
di
dt
=
i
RC
Z
dy
1
=
y
RC
0+
dx
i(t)
t
=
+
i(0 )
RC
i(t) = i(0+ )et/RC ;

i(0+ ) =
Vo
Is R Vo
= Is
R
R
Vo t/RC
.. i(t) = Is
e
R
P 7.62
[a] Let i be the current Zin the clockwise

direction around the circuit. Then
Z
1 t
1 t
Vg = iRg +
i dx +
i dx
C1 0
C2 0

1
1
iRg +
+
C1 C2
Z
1
i dx = iRg +
Ce
0
t
t
0
i dx
Now differentiate the equation

0 = Rg
di
i
+
dt Ce
Therefore i =
1
v1 (t) =
C1
di
1
+
i=0
dt Rg Ce
Vg t/Rg Ce
Vg t/
e
=
e
;
Rg
Rg
= Rg Ce

Vg x/
Vg ex/ t
Vg Ce t/
e
dx =
(e
1)
=
Rg
Rg C1 1/ 0
C1
v1 (t) =
Vg C2
(1 et/ );
C1 + C2
= Rg Ce
v2 (t) =
Vg C1
(1 et/ );
C1 + C2
= Rg Ce
[b] v1() =
P 7.63
or
C2
Vg ;
C1 + C2
v2 () =
C1
Vg
C1 + C2
[a] For t > 0:
= RC = 250 103 8 109 = 2 ms;
1
= 500
Problems
753
t 0+
vo = 50e500t V,
vo
50e500t
[b] io =
=
= 200e500t A
250,000
250,000
1
v1 =
200 106
40 109
P 7.64
e500x dx + 50 = 10e500t + 40 V,
t0
[a] t < 0
t>0
vo (0 ) = vo (0+ ) = 40 V
vo () = 80 V
= (0.16 106 )(6.25 103 ) = 1 ms;
vo = 80 40e1000t V,
[b] io = C
t0
dvo
= 0.16 106 [40,000e1000t ]
dt
= 6.4e1000t mA;
1
[c] v1 =
0.2 106
t 0+
6.4 103 e1000x dx + 32
= 64 32e1000t V,
[d] v2 =
1/ = 1000
t0
Z t
1
6.4 103 e1000x dx + 8
0.8 106 0
= 16 8e1000t V,
t0
1
1
[e] wtrapped = (0.2 106 )(64)2 + (0.8 106 )(16)2 = 512 J.
2
2
754
P 7.65
[a] Leq =
=
(3)(15)
= 2.5 H
3 + 15
Leq
2.5
1
=
= s
R
7.5
3
io (0) = 0;
120
= 16 A
7.5
io () =
.. io = 16 16e3t A,
t0
t 0+
vo = 120 7.5io = 120e3t V,

i1 =
1
3
40 40 3t
e A,
3
3
120e3x dx =
i2 = io i1 =
8 8 3t
e A,
3 3
t0
t0
[b] io(0) = i1 (0) = i2(0) = 0, consistent with initial conditions.

vo (0+ ) = 120 V, consistent with io (0) = 0.
vo = 3
di1
= 120e3t V,
dt
t 0+
or
di2
= 120e3t V,
t 0+
dt
The voltage solution is consistent with the current solutions.
vo = 15
1 = 3i1 = 40 40e3t Wb-turns

2 = 15i2 = 40 40e3t Wb-turns
.. 1 = 2 as it must, since
vo =
d1
d2
=
dt
dt
1 () = 2 () = 40 Wb-turns
1 () = 3i1 () = 3(40/3) = 40 Wb-turns
2 () = 15i2 () = 15(8/3) = 40 Wb-turns
.. i1() and i2() are consistent with 1 () and 2 ().
P 7.66
[a] Leq = 5 + 10 2.5(2) = 10 H

=
L
10
1
=
= ;
R
40
4
i = 2 2e4t A,
1
=4
t0
Problems
755
di1
di
di
2.5 = 2.5 = 2.5(8e4t ) = 20e4t V, t 0+
dt
dt
dt
di1
di
di
[c] v2 (t) = 10
2.5 = 7.5 = 7.5(8e4t ) = 60e4t V, t 0+
dt
dt
dt
[d] i(0) = 2 2 = 0, which agrees with initial conditions.
[b] v1(t) = 5
80 = 40i1 + v1 + v2 = 40(2 2e4t ) + 20e4t + 60e4t = 80 V

Therefore, Kirchhoffs voltage law is satisfied for all values of t 0.
Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.
P 7.67
[a] Leq = 5 + 10 + 2.5(2) = 20 H

=
L
20
1
=
= ;
R
40
2
i = 2 2e2t A,
1
=2
t0
di1
di
di
+ 2.5 = 7.5 = 7.5(4e2t ) = 30e2t V, t 0+
dt
dt
dt
di1
di
di
[c] v2 (t) = 10
+ 2.5 = 12.5 = 12.5(4e2t ) = 50e2t V, t 0+
dt
dt
dt
[d] i(0) = 0, which agrees with initial conditions.
[b] v1(t) = 5
80 = 40i1 + v1 + v2 = 40(2 2e2t ) + 30e2t + 50e2t = 80 V

Therefore, Kirchhoffs voltage law is satisfied for all values of t 0.
Thus, the answers make sense in terms of known circuit behavior.
P 7.68
[a] From Example 7.10,

Leq =
=
L1 L2 M 2
50 25
=
= 1H
L1 + L2 + 2M
15 + 10
1
L
= ;
R
20
1
= 20
.. io(t) = 4 4e20t A,
t0
[b] vo = 80 20io = 80 80 + 80e20t = 80e20t V,

di1
di2
[c] vo = 5
5
= 80e20t V
dt
dt
t 0+
io = i1 + i2
dio
di1 di2
=
+
= 80e20t A/s
dt
dt
dt
. .
di2
di1
= 80e20t
dt
dt
756

.. 80e20t = 5
.. 10
Z
t1
di1
di1
400e20t + 5
dt
dt
di1
= 480e20t ;
dt
dx =
di1 = 48e20t dt
48e20y dy
48 20y
i1 =
e
20
t

= 2.4 2.4e20t A,

t0
[d] i2 = io i1 = 4 4e20t 2.4 + 2.4e20t

= 1.6 1.6e20t A,
t0
[e] io (0) = i1(0) = i2(0) = 0, consistent with zero initial stored energy.
vo = Leq
dio
= 1(80)e20t = 80e20t V,
dt
t 0+ (checks)
Also,
vo = 5
di1
di2
5
= 80e20t V,
dt
dt
vo = 10
di2
di1
5
= 80e20t V,
dt
dt
t 0+ (checks)
t 0+ (checks)
vo (0+ ) = 80 V, which agrees with io (0+ ) = 0 A

io () = 4 A;
io ()Leq = (4)(1) = 4 Wb-turns
i1 ()L1 + i2 ()M = (2.4)(5) + (1.6)(5) = 4 Wb-turns (ok)

i2 ()L2 + i1 ()M = (1.6)(10) + (2.4)(5) = 4 Wb-turns (ok)
Therefore, the final values of io , i1 , and i2 are consistent with
conservation of flux linkage. Hence, the answers make sense in terms of
known circuit behavior.
P 7.69
[a] From Example 7.10,

Leq =
=
L1 L2 M 2
0.125 0.0625
=
= 50 mH
L1 + L2 + 2M
0.75 + 0.5
L
1
=
;
R
5000
1
= 5000
.. io(t) = 40 40e5000t mA,
t0
[b] vo = 10 250io = 10 250(0.04 + 0.04e5000t = 10e5000t V,
t 0+
Problems
[c] vo = 0.5
757
di1
di2
0.25
= 10e5000t V
dt
dt
io = i1 + i2
dio
di1 di2
=
+
= 200e5000t A/s
dt
dt
dt
di2
di1
= 200e5000t
dt
dt
. .
.. 10e5000t = 0.5
.. 0.75
Z
t1
di1
di1
50e5000t + 0.25
dt
dt
di1
= 60e5000t;
dt
dx =
di1 = 80e5000t dt
80e5000y dy
80 5000y
i1 =
e
5000
t

= 16 16e5000t mA,

t0
[d] i2 = io i1 = 40 40e5000t 16 + 16e5000t

= 24 24e5000t mA,
t0
[e] io (0) = i1(0) = i2(0) = 0, consistent with zero initial stored energy.
vo = Leq
dio
= (0.05)(200)e5000t = 10e5000t V,
dt
t 0+ (checks)
Also,
vo = 0.5
di1
di2
0.25
= 10e5000t V,
dt
dt
vo = 0.25
di2
di1
0.25
= 10e5000t V,
dt
dt
t 0+ (checks)
t 0+ (checks)
vo (0+ ) = 10 V, which agrees with io (0+ ) = 0 A

io () = 40 mA;
io ()Leq = (0.04)(0.05) = 2 mWb-turns
i1 ()L1 + i2 ()M = (16 m)(500) + (24 m)(250) = 2 mWb-turns (ok)

i2 ()L2 + i1 ()M = (24 m)(250) + (16 m)(250) = 2 mWb-turns (ok)
Therefore, the final values of io , i1 , and i2 are consistent with
conservation of flux linkage. Hence, the answers make sense in terms of
known circuit behavior.
758
P 7.70

t < 0:
iL (0 ) = 10 V/5 = 2 A = iL(0+ )
0 t 5:
= 5/0 =
iL (t) = 2et/ = 2e0 = 2
iL (t) = 2 A 0 t 5 s
5 t < :
5
= 5 s;
1
1/ = 0.2
iL (t) = 2e0.2(t 5) A,
P 7.71
t 5s
For t < 0:
i(0) =
10
(15) = 10 A
15
Problems
759
0 t 10 ms:
i = 10e100t A
i(10 ms) = 10e1 = 3.68 A
10 ms t 20 ms:
Req =
(5)(20)
= 4
25
1
R
4
=
=
= 80
L
50 103
i = 3.68e80(t0.01) A
20 ms t < :
i(20 ms) = 3.68e80(0.020.01) = 1.65 A
i = 1.65e100(t0.02) A
vo = L
di
;
dt
L = 50 mH
di
= 1.65(100)e100(t0.02) = 165e100(t0.02)
dt
vo = (50 103 )(165)e100(t0.02)
= 8.26e100(t0.02) V,
t > 20+ ms
vo (25 ms) = 8.26e100(0.0250.02) = 5.013 V

760
P 7.72

From the solution to Problem 7.71, the initial energy is
1
w(0) = (50 mH)(10 A)2 = 2.5 J
2
0.04w(0) = 0.1 J
1
..
(50 103 )i2L = 0.1 so iL = 2 A
2
Again, from the solution to Problem 7.73, t must be between 10 ms and 20 ms
since
i(10 ms) = 3.68 A and
i(20 ms) = 1.65 A
For 10 ms t 20 ms:
i = 3.68e80(t0.01) = 2
e80(t0.01) =
P 7.73
3.68
2
so t 0.01 = 0.0076
..
t = 17.6 ms
[a] t < 0:
Using Ohms law,

800
ig =
= 12.5 A
40 + 60k40
60
i(0 ) =
(12.5) = 7.5 A = i(0+ )
60 + 40
[b] 0 t 1 ms:
i = i(0+ )et/ = 7.5et/
1
R
40 + 120k60
=
=
= 1000
L
80 103
i = 7.5e1000t
i(200s) = 7.5e10
3 (200106 )
= 7.5e0.2 = 6.14 A
[c] i(1 ms) = 7.5e1 = 2.7591 A

Problems
761
1 ms t < :
1
R
40
=
=
= 500
L
80 103
i = i(1 ms)e(t1 ms)/ = 2.7591e500(t0.001) A
i(6ms) = 2.7591e500(0.005) = 2.7591e2.5 = 226.48 mA
[d] 0 t 1 ms:
i = 7.5e1000t
v=L
di
= (80 103 )(1000)(7.5e1000t ) = 600e1000t V
dt
v(1 ms) = 600e1 = 220.73 V

[e] 1 ms t :
i = 2.759e500(t0.001)
v=L
di
= (80 103 )(500)(2.759e500(t0.001))
dt
= 110.4e500(t0.001) V
v(1+ ms) = 110.4 V
P 7.74
0 t 10 s:
= RC = (4 103 )(20 109 ) = 80 s;

vo (0) = 0 V;
1/ = 12,500
vo () = 20 V
vo = 20 + 20e12,500t V
0 t 10 s
762

10 s t < :
t :
i=
50 V
= 2.5 mA
20 k
vo () = (2.5 103 )(16,000) + 30 = 10 V

vo (10 s) = 20 + 200.125 = 2.35 V
vo = 10 + (2.35 + 10)e(t 1010
6 )/
RTh = 4 kk16 k = 3.2 k

= (3200)(20 109 ) = 64 s;
vo = 10 + 7.65e15,625(t 1010
P 7.75
1/ = 15,625
6 )
10 s t <
0 t 200 s;
Re = 150k100 = 60 k;
10
=
109 (60,000) = 200 s
3
vc = 300e5000t V
vc (200 s) = 300e1 = 110.36 V
Problems
763
200 s t < :
Re = 30k60 + 120k40 = 20 + 30 = 50 k

10
=
109 (50,000) = 166.67 s;
3
1
= 6000
vc = 110.36e6000(t 200 s) V
vc (300 s) = 110.36e6000(100 s) = 60.57 V
io (300 s) =
i1 =
60.57
= 1.21 mA
50,000
60
2
io = io ;
90
3
i2 =
40
1
io = io
160
4
2
1
5
5
isw = i1 i2 = io io = io = (1.21 103 ) = 0.50 mA
3
4
12
12
P 7.76
Note that for t > 0, vo = (4/6)vc , where vc is the voltage across the 0.5 F
capacitor. Thus we will find vc first.
t<0
vc(0) =
3
(75) = 15 V
15
764

0 t 800 s:
= Re C,
Re =
(6000)(3000)
= 2 k
9000
1
= 1000
= (2 103 )(0.5 106 ) = 1 ms,

vc = 15e1000t V,
t0
vc(800 s) = 15e0.8 = 6.74 V

800 s t 1.1 ms:
1
= 333.33
= (6 103 )(0.5 106 ) = 3 ms,

vc = 6.74e333.33(t80010
6)
1.1 ms t < :
= 1 ms,
1
= 1000
vc(1.1ms) = 6.74e333.33(1100800)10
vc = 6.1e1000(t1.110
3)
= 6.74e0.1 = 6.1 V
vc(1.5ms) = 6.1e1000(1.51.1)10
= 6.1e0.4 = 4.09 V
vo = (4/6)(4.09) = 2.73 V
Problems
P 7.77
765
1
w(0) = (0.5 106 )(15)2 = 56.25 J
2
0 t 800 s:
vc2 = 225e2000t
vc = 15e1000t;
p3k = 75e2000t mW
w3k =
800106
0
75 103 e2000t dt
3 e
800106

2000t
= 75 10
2000 0
= 37.5 106 (e1.6 1) = 29.93 J
1.1 ms t :
vc = 6.1e1000(t1.110
3)
V;
3)
mW
p3k = 12.4e2000(t1.110
w3k =
vc2 = 37.19e2000(t1.110
1.1103
12.4 103 e2000(t1.110
3)
3 )
dt
e2000(t1.110 )

2000
1.1103
6
= 6.2 10 (0 1) = 6.2 J
3
= 12.4 103
w3k = 29.93 + 6.2 = 36.13 J

%=
P 7.78
36.13
(100) = 64.23%
56.25
t < 0:
vc (0 ) = (5)(1000) 103 = 5 V = vc (0+ )

766

0 t 5 s:
= ;
1/ = 0;
vo = 5e0 = 5 V
5 s t < :
= (100)(0.1) = 10 s;
vo = 5e0.1(t 5) V
1/ = 0.1;
Summary:
vo = 5 V,
0 t 5s
vo = 5e0.1(t 5) V,
P 7.79
5s t <
[a] 0 t 2.5 ms
vo (0+ ) = 80 V;
vo () = 0
L
= 2 ms;
R
1/ = 500
vo (t) = 80e500t V,
0+ t 2.5 ms
vo (2.5 ms) = 80e1.25 = 22.92 V

io (2.5 ms) =
(80 22.92)
= 2.85 A
20
vo (2.5+ ms) = 20(2.85) = 57.08 V

vo () = 0;
= 2 ms;
vo = 57.08e500(t 0.0025) V
1/ = 500
t 2.5+ ms
Problems
767
[b]
[c] vo (5 ms) = 16.35 V

io =
P 7.80
+16.35
= 817.68 mA
20
[a] io(0) = 0;
io () = 25 mA
1
R
2000
=
=
103 = 8000
L
250
io = (25 25e8000t) mA,
vo = 0.25
0 t 75 s
dio
= 50e8000t V,
dt
0 t 75 s
75 s t < :
io (75s) = 25 25e0.6 = 11.28 mA;
io = 11.28e8000(t7510
vo = (0.25)
6 )
io () = 0
mA
dio
= 22.56e8000(t75s)
dt
. . t < 0 :
vo
= 0
0 t 75 s :
vo
= 50e8000t V
75 s t < :
vo
= 22.56e8000(t75s)
[b] vo(75 s) = 50e0.6 = 27.44 V

vo (75+ s) = 22.56 V
[c] io (75 s) = io(75+ s) = 11.28 mA
768
P 7.81

[a] 0 t 1 ms:
vc (0+ ) = 0;
vc () = 50 V;
RC = 400 103 (0.01 106 ) = 4 ms;
1/RC = 250
vc = 50 50e250t
vo = 50 50 + 50e250t = 50e250t V,
0 t 1 ms
1 ms t < :
vc (1 ms) = 50 50e0.25 = 11.06 V
vc () = 0 V
= 4 ms;
1/ = 250
vc = 11.06e250(t 0.001) V
vo = vc = 11.06e250(t 0.001) V,
t 1 ms
[b]
P 7.82
[a] t < 0;
vo = 0
0 t 4 ms:
= (200 103 )(0.025 106 ) = 5 ms;
vo = 100 100e200t V,
1/ = 200
0 t 4 ms
vo (4 ms) = 100(1 e0.8 ) = 55.07 V

4 ms t 8 ms:
vo = 100 + 155.07e200(t0.004) V,
4 ms t 8 ms
vo (8 ms) = 100 + 155.07e0.8 = 30.32 V

t 8 ms:
vo = 30.32e200(t0.008) V,
t 8 ms
Problems
769
[b]
[c] t 0 :
vo = 0
0 t 4 ms:
= (50 103 )(0.025 106 ) = 1.25 ms 1/ = 800
vo = 100 100e800t V,
0 t 4 ms
vo (4 ms) = 100 100e3.2 = 95.92 V

4 ms t 8 ms:
vo = 100 + 195.92e800(t0.004) V,
4 ms t 8 ms
vo (8 ms) = 100 + 195.92e3.2 = 92.01 V

t 8 ms:
vo = 92.01e800(t0.008) V,
P 7.83
t 8 ms
[a] = RC = (20,000)(0.2 106 ) = 4 ms;

io = vo = 0
t<0

16
io (0 ) = 20
= 16 mA,
20
+
1/ = 250
.. io = 16e250t mA
io() = 0
0+ t 2 ms
770

i16k = 20 16e250t mA
.. vo = 320 256e250t V
0+ t 2 ms
vc = vo 4 103 io = 320 320e250t V
0 t 2 ms
vc (2 ms) = 320 320e0.5 = 125.91 V

.. io(2+ ms) = 16e0.5 = 9.7 mA
io () = 0
vc = 125.91e250(t0.002),
io = C
t 2 ms
dvc
= (0.2 106 )(250)(125.91)e250(t0.002)
dt
= 6.3e250(t0.002) mA,
t 2+ ms
vo = 4000io + vc = 100.73e250(t 0.002) V
t 2+ ms
Summary part (a)

io = 0
t<0
io = 16e250t mA
(0+ t 2 ms)
t 2+ ms
io = 6.3e250(t 0.002) mA
vo = 0
t<0
vo = 320 256e250t V,
0+ t 2 ms
vo = 100.73e250(t 0.002) V,
t 2+ ms
[b] io(0 ) = 0
io (0+ ) = 16 mA
io (2 ms) = 16e0.5 = 9.7 mA
io (2+ ms) = 6.3 mA
[c] vo (0 ) = 0
vo (0+ ) = 64 V
vo (2 ms) = 320 256e0.5 = 164.73 V
vo (2+ ms) = 100.73
Problems
771
[d]
[e]
P 7.84
t > 0:
vT = 12 104 i + 16 103 iT
i =
20
iT = 0.2iT
100
.. vT = 24 103 iT + 16 103 iT
RTh =
vT
= 8 k
iT
= RC = (8 103 )(2.5 106 ) = 0.02 1/ = 50

772

vc = 20e50t V;
50t = ln 1000
P 7.85
20e50t = 20,000
..
t = 138.16 ms
Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the capacitor.
RTh calculation:
iT =
..
vT
vT
vT
+
4
2000 5000
5000
iT
5+28
1
=
=
vT
10,000
10,000
vT
10,000
=
= 10 k
iT
1
Open circuit voltage calculation:
The node voltage equations:

voc
voc v1
+
4i = 0
2000
1000
v1 voc
v1
+
5 103 = 0
1000
4000
The constraint equation:
i =
v1
4000
Solving, voc = 80 V,
v1 = 60 V
Problems
vc(0) = 0;
773
vc() = 80 V
= RC = (10,000)(1.6 106 ) = 16 ms;
1
= 62.5
vc = vc () + [vc(0+ ) vc ()]et/ = 80 + 80e62.5t = 14,400

Solve for the time of the maximum voltage rating:
e62.5t = 181;
62.5t = ln 181;
t = 83.09 ms
P 7.86
vT = 2000iT + 4000(iT 2 103 v ) = 6000iT 8v

= 6000iT 8(2000iT )
vT
= 10,000
iT
10
= 1 ms;
10,000
1/ = 1000
i = 25e1000t mA
.. 25e1000t 103 = 5;
t=
ln 200
= 5.3 ms
1000
774
P 7.87

[a]
Using Ohms law,

vT = 5000i
i =
20,000
(iT + i ) = 0.8iT + 0.8i
20,000 + 5000
Solve for i :
i (1 0.8) = 0.8iT
i =
0.8iT
;
1 0.8
vT = 5000i =
4000iT
(1 0.8)
Find such that RTh = 5 k:

RTh =
4000
vT
=
= 5000
iT
1 0.8
1 0.8 = 0.8
.. = 2.25
[b] Find VTh ;
Write a KCL equation at the top node:

VTh 40
VTh
+
2.25i = 0
5000
20,000
The constraint equation is:
(VTh 40)
=0
5000
Solving,
i =
VTh = 50 V
Problems
775
Write a KVL equation around the loop:

50 = 5000i + 0.2
di
dt
Rearranging:
di
= 250 + 25,000i = 25,000(i + 0.01)
dt
Separate the variables and integrate to find i;
di
= 25,000 dt
i + 0.01
Z
dx
=
x + 0.01
25,000 dx
.. i = 10 + 10e25,000t mA
di
= (10 103 )(25,000)e25,000t = 250e25,000t
dt
Solve for the arc time:
di
v = 0.2 = 50e25,000t = 45,000;
dt
. . t =
P 7.88
e25,000t = 900
ln 900
= 272.1 s
25,000
[a]
= (25)(2) 103 = 50 ms;

vc (0+ ) = 80 V;
1/ = 20
vc () = 0
vc = 80e20t V
.. 80e20t = 5;
e20t = 16;
t=
ln 16
= 138.63 ms
20
776

[b] 0+ t 138.63 ms:
i = (2 106 )(1600e20t ) = 3.2e20t mA
t 138.63+ ms:
= (2)(4) 103 = 8 ms;

vc (138.63+ ms) = 5 V;
1/ = 125
vc () = 80 V
vc = 80 75e125(t0.13863) V,
t 138.63 ms
i = 2 106 (9375)e125(t0.13863)
= 18.75e125(t0.13863) mA,
t 138.63+ ms
[c] 80 75e125t = 0.85(80) = 68
80 68 = 75e125t = 12
e125t = 6.25;
P 7.89
t =
ln 6.25
= 14.66 ms
125
[a] RC = (25 103 )(0.4 106 ) = 10 ms;

vo = 0,
1
= 100
RC
t<0
[b] 0 t 250 ms :
vo = 100
t
0
0.20 dx = 20t V
[c] 250 ms t 500 ms;

vo (0.25) = 20(0.25) = 5 V
vo (t) = 100
t
0.25
0.20 dx + 5 = 20(t 0.25) + 5 = 20t + 10 V
[d] t 500 ms :
vo (0.5) = 10 + 10 = 0 V
vo (t) = 0 V
Problems
P 7.90
[a] vo = 0,
t<0
1
= 100
RC
RC = (25 103 )(0.4 106 ) = 10 ms

[b] Rf Cf = (5 106 )(0.4 106 ) = 2;
vo =
777
1
= 0.5
Rf Cf
5 106
(0.2)[1 e0.5t] = 40(1 e0.5t) V,
25 103
0 t 250 ms
[c] vo (0.25) = 40(1 e0.125)

= 4.70 V
Vm Rf
Vm Rf
+
(2 e0.125)e0.5(t0.25)
Rs
Rs
= 40 + 40(2 e0.125)e0.5(t0.25)
= 40 + 44.70e0.5(t0.25) V,
250 ms t 500 ms
vo =
[d] vo(0.5) = 40 + 44.70e0.125

= 0.55 V
vo = 0.55e0.5(t0.5) V,
t 500 ms
778
P 7.91

Z
1
vo =
R(0.5 106 )
4 dx + 0 =
4t
R(0.5 106 )
4(15 103 )
= 10
R(0.5 106 )
..
P 7.92
vo =
..
P 7.93
R=
4(15 103 )
= 12 k
10(0.5 106 )
4(40 103 )
4t
+
6
=
+ 6 = 10
R(0.5 106 )
R(0.5 106 )
R=
4(40 103 )
= 20 k
16(0.5 106 )
1
= 1,250,000
RC
[a] RC = (1000)(800 1012 ) = 800 109 ;

0 t 1 s:
vg = 2 106 t
6
vo = 1.25 10
= 2.5 1012
2 106 x dx + 0
0

x 2 t
= 125 1010 t2 V,

0 t 1 s
0
10
vo (1 s) = 125 10 (1 106 )2 = 1.25 V

1 s t 3 s:
vg = 4 2 106 t
4
vo = 125 10
= 125 10
1106
"
t

(4 2 106 x) dx 1.25
6x
4x
2 10
1.25
2 1106
= 5 106 t + 5 + 125 1010 t2 1.25 1.25
= 125 1010 t2 5 106 t + 2.5 V, 1 s t 3 s
1106
vo (3 s) = 125 1010 (3 106 )2 5 106 (3 106 ) + 2.5

= 1.25
3 s t 4 s:
vg = 8 + 2 106 t
4
vo = 125 10
(8 + 2 106 x) dx 1.25
3106
"
t

x2 t
= 125 104 8x
+2 106
1.25
2 3106
3106
= 107 t 30 125 1010 t2 + 11.25 1.25
= 125 1010 t2 + 107 t 20 V, 3 s t 4 s

Problems
779
vo (4 s) = 125 1010 (4 106 )2 + 107 (4 106 ) 20 = 0

[b]
[c] The output voltage will also repeat. This follows from the observation that
at t = 4 s the output voltage is zero, hence there is no energy stored in
the capacitor. This means the circuit is in the same state at t = 4 s as it
was at t = 0, thus as vg repeats itself, so will vo .
P 7.94
[a]
Cdvp vp vb
+
= 0;
dt
R
therefore
dvp
1
vb
+
vp =
dt
RC
RC
vn va
d(vn vo )
+C
= 0;
R
dt
dvo
dvn
vn
va
=
+
dt
dt
RC
RC
therefore
But vn = vp
Therefore
dvn
vn
dvp
vp
vb
+
=
+
=
dt
RC
dt
RC
RC
Therefore
dvo
1
=
(vb va );
dt
RC
1
vo =
RC
(vb va) dy
[b] The output is the integral of the difference between vb and va and then
scaled by a factor of 1/RC.
Z t
1
[c] vo =
(vb va ) dx
RC 0
RC = (50 103 )(10 109 ) = 0.5 ms
vb va = 25 mV
vo =
1
0.0005
50tsat = 6;
25 103 dx = 50t
tsat = 120 ms
780
P 7.95

The equation for an integrating amplifier:
1
vo =
RC
(vb va) dy + vo(0)
Find the values and substitute them into the equation:

RC = (100 103 )(0.05 106 ) = 5 ms
1
= 200;
RC
vb va = 15 (7) = 8 V
vo (0) = 4 + 12 = 8 V
vo = 200
t
0
8 dx + 8 = (1600t + 8) V,
0 t tsat
RC circuit analysis for v2:

v2(0+ ) = 4 V;
v2() = 15 V;
= RC = (100 k)(0.05 ) = 5 ms
v2 = v2() + [v2(0+ ) v2()]et/

= 15 + (4 + 15)e200t = 15 + 11e200t V,
vf + v2 = vo
..
0 t tsat
vf = vo v2 = 23 1600t 11e200t V,
0 t tsat
Note that
1600tsat + 8 = 20
. .
tsat =
28
= 17.5 ms
1600
so the op amp operates in its linear region until it saturates at 17.5 ms.
P 7.96
Use voltage division to find the voltage at the non-inverting terminal:

vp =
80
(45) = 36 V = vn
100
Write a KCL equation at the inverting terminal:

36 14
d
+ 2.5 106 (36 vo) = 0
80,000
dt
..
2.5 106
dvo
50
=
dt
80,000
Problems
781
Separate the variables and integrate:

dvo
= 250
dt
Z
vo (t)
vo (0)
..
dx = 250
dvo = 250dt
Z
t
0
. .
dy
vo (t) vo(0) = 250t
vo (0) = 36 + 56 = 20 V
vo (t) = 250t + 20
Find the time when the voltage reaches 0:
0 = 250t + 20
P 7.97
..
t=
20
= 80 ms
250
[a] T2 is normally ON since its base current ib2 is greater than zero, i.e.,
ib2 = VCC /R when T2 is ON. When T2 is ON, vce2 = 0, therefore ib1 = 0.
When ib1 = 0, T1 is OFF. When T1 is OFF and T2 is ON, the capacitor C
is charged to VCC , positive at the left terminal. This is a stable state;
there is nothing to disturb this condition if the circuit is left to itself.
[b] When S is closed momentarily, vbe2 is changed to VCC and T2 snaps
OFF. The instant T2 turns OFF, vce2 jumps to VCC R1 /(R1 + RL ) and ib1
jumps to VCC /(R1 + RL ), which turns T1 ON.
[c] As soon as T1 turns ON, the charge on C starts to reverse polarity. Since
vbe2 is the same as the voltage across C, it starts to increase from VCC
toward +VCC . However, T2 turns ON as soon as vbe2 = 0. The equation
for vbe2 is vbe2 = VCC 2VCC et/RC . vbe2 = 0 when t = RC ln 2, therefore
T2 stays OFF for RC ln 2 seconds.
P 7.98
[a] For t < 0, vce2 = 0. When the switch is momentarily closed, vce2 jumps to
vce2 =
VCC
6(5)
R1 =
= 1.2 V
R1 + RL
25
T2 remains open for (23,083)(250) 1012 ln 2

= 4 s.
782

[b] ib2 =
VCC
= 259.93 A,
R
ib2 = 0,
ib2
P 7.99
5 t 0 s
0 < t < RC ln 2
VCC
VCC (tRC ln 2)/RLC
+
e
R
RL
259.93 + 300e0.210
6 (t4106 )
A,
RC ln 2 < t
[a] While T2 has been ON, C2 is charged to VCC , positive on the left terminal.
At the instant T1 turns ON the capacitor C2 is connected across b2 e2 ,
thus vbe2 = VCC . This negative voltage snaps T2 OFF. Now the polarity
of the voltage on C2 starts to reverse, that is, the right-hand terminal of
C2 starts to charge toward +VCC . At the same time, C1 is charging
toward VCC , positive on the right. At the instant the charge on C2
reaches zero, vbe2 is zero, T2 turns ON. This makes vbe1 = VCC and T1
snaps OFF. Now the capacitors C1 and C2 start to charge with the
polarities to turn T1 ON and T2 OFF. This switching action repeats itself
over and over as long as the circuit is energized. At the instant T1 turns
ON, the voltage controlling the state of T2 is governed by the following
circuit:
It follows that vbe2 = VCC 2VCC et/R2 C2 .

[b] While T2 is OFF and T1 is ON, the output voltage vce2 is the same as the
voltage across C1 , thus
Problems
783
It follows that vce2 = VCC VCC et/RLC1 .

[c] T2 will be OFF until vbe2 reaches zero. As soon as vbe2 is zero, ib2 will
become positive and turn T2 ON. vbe2 = 0 when VCC 2VCC et/R2C2 = 0,
or when t = R2 C2 ln 2.
[d] When t = R2C2 ln 2,
we have
vce2 = VCC VCC e[(R2 C2 ln 2)/(RLC1 )] = VCC VCC e10 ln 2

= VCC
[e] Before T1 turns ON, ib1 is zero. At the instant T1 turns ON, we have
ib1 =
VCC
VCC t/RLC1
+
e
R1
RL
[f] At the instant T2 turns back ON, t = R2 C2 ln 2; therefore

ib1 =
VCC
VCC 10 ln 2 VCC
+
e
=
R1
RL
R1
[g]
[h]
784
P 7.100 [a] tOFF2 = R2 C2 ln 2 = 18 103 (2 109 ) ln 2

= 25 s
[b] tON2 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 25 s
[c] tOFF1 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 25 s
[d] tON1 = R2 C2 ln 2
= 25 s
9
9
+
= 3.5 mA
3 18
9
9
+ e6 ln 2
[f] ib1 =
= 0.5469 mA
18 3
[g] vce2 = 9 9e6 ln 2
= 8.86 V
[e] ib1 =
P 7.101 [a] tOFF2 = R2 C2 ln 2 = (18 103 )(2.8 109 ) ln 2

= 35 s
[b] tON2 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 37.4 s
[c] tOFF1 = R1 C1 ln 2
= 37.4 s
[d] tON1 = R2 C2 ln 2 = 35 s
[e] ib1 = 3.5 mA
9
[f] ib1 =
+ 3e5.6 ln 2
= 0.562 mA
18
[g] vce2 = 9 9e5.6 ln 2
= 8.81 V
Note in this circuit T2 is OFF 35 s and ON 37.4 s of every cycle,
whereas T1 is ON 35 s and OFF 37.4 s every cycle.
P 7.102 If R1 = R2 = 50RL = 100 k,
C1 =
48 106
= 692.49 pF;
100 103 ln 2
If R1 = R2 = 6RL = 12 k,
C1 =
then
C2 =
36 106
= 519.37 pF
100 103 ln 2
then
48 106
= 5.77 nF;
12 103 ln 2
C2 =
36 106
= 4.33 nF
12 103 ln 2
Therefore 692.49 pF C1 5.77 nF and
519.37 pF C2 4.33 nF
P 7.103 [a] We want the lamp to be in its nonconducting state for no more than 10 s,
the value of to :
10 = R(10 106 ) ln
16
46
and
R = 1.091 M
[b] When the lamp is conducting

VTh =
20 103
(6) = 0.108 V
20 103 + 1.091 106
RTh = 20 kk1.091 M = 19,640

Problems
785
So,
(tc to ) = (19,640)(10 106 ) ln
4 0.108
= 0.289 s
1 0.108
The flash lasts for 0.289 s.

P 7.104 [a] At t = 0 we have
= (800)(25) 103 = 20 sec;

vc () = 40 V;
1/ = 0.05
vc (0) = 5 V
vc = 40 35e0.05t V,
0 t to
.. e0.05to = 1.4
40 35e0.05to = 15;
to = 20 ln 1.4 s = 6.73 s
At t = to we have
The Thevenin equivalent with respect to the capacitor is
800
20
=
(25) 103 =
s;
81
81
vc (to ) = 15 V;

vc() =
1
81
=
= 4.05
20
40
V
81
40
40 4.05(tto)
40 1175 4.05(tto)
vc (t) =
+ 15
e
V=
+
e
81
81
81
81
. .
40 1175 4.05(tto)
+
e
=5
81
81
786

1175 4.05(tto) 365
e
=
81
81
e4.05(tto) =
t to =
1175
= 3.22
365
1
ln 3.22
= 0.29 s
4.05
One cycle = 7.02 seconds.

N = 60/7.02 = 8.55 flashes per minute
[b] At t = 0 we have
= 25R 103 ;
1/ = 40/R
vc = 40 35e(40/R)t
40 35e(40/R)to = 15
. . t o =
R
ln 1.4,
40
R in k
At t = to :
vTh =
=
10
400
(40) =
;
R + 10
R + 10
RTh =
(25)(10R) 103
0.25R
=
;
R + 10
R + 10

10R
k
R + 10
1
4(R + 10)
=
4(R+10)
400
400
vc =
+ 15
e R (tto )
R + 10
R + 10
. .
or
400
15R 250 4(R+10) (tto )
R
+
e
=5
R + 10
R + 10

15R 250 4(R+10) (tto ) 5R 350

R
e
=
R + 10
(R + 10)
Problems
. . e
4(R+10)
(tto )
R
. . t t o =
787
3R 50
R 70

R
3R 50
ln
4(R + 10)
R 70
At 12 flashes per minute to + (t to ) = 5 s

. .
3R 50
R
R
ln 1.4 +
ln
=5
R 70
|40 {z } 4(R + 10)
dominant
term
Start the trial-and-error procedure by setting (R/40) ln 1.4 = 5, then
R = 200/(ln 1.4) or 594.40 k. If R = 594.40 k then t to
= 0.29 s.
Second trial set (R/40) ln 1.4 = 4.7 s or R = 558.74 k.
t to
= 0.30 s
With R = 558.74 k,
This procedure converges to R = 559.3 k.

P 7.105 [a] to = RC ln
Vmin Vs
Vmax Vs
= (3700)(250 106 ) ln
700
100
= 1.80 s
tc to =
RCRL
Vmax VTh
ln
R + RL
Vmin VTh
RL
1.3
=
= 0.26;
R + RL
1.3 + 3.7
VTh =
1000(1.3)
= 260 V;
1.3 + 3.7
RC = (3700)(2501 06 ) = 0.925 s
RTh = 3.7 kk1.3 k = 962
.. tc to = (0.925)(0.26) ln(640/40) = 0.67 s

.. tc = 1.8 + 0.67 = 2.47 s
flashes/min =
60
= 24.32
2.47
[b] 0 t to :
vL = 1000 700et/1
1 = RC = 0.925 s
to t tc :
vL = 260 + 640e(tto )/2
2 = RTh C = 962(250) 106 = 0.2405 s
788

0 t to :
i=
1000 vL
7
= et/0.925 A
3700
37
to t tc :
i=
1000 vL
74
64 (tto )/0.2405
=
e
3700
370 370
Graphically, i versus t is
The average value of i will equal the areas (A1 + A2) divided by tc .
.. iavg =
A1 + A2
tc
7 to t/0.925
e
dt
37 0
6.475
=
(1 e ln 7 ) = 0.15 As
37
Z tc
74 64e(tto )/0.2405
A2 =
dt
370
to
74
15.392 ln 16
=
(tc to ) +
(e
1)
370
370
17.797
15.392
=
ln 16
(1 e ln 16)
370
370
= 0.09436 As
A1 =
iavg =
(0.15 + 0.09436)
(1000) = 99.06 mA
0.925 ln 7 + 0.2405 ln 16
[c] Pavg = (1000)(99.06 103 ) = 99.06 W

No. of kw hrs/yr =
(99.06)(24)(365)
= 867.77
1000
Cost/year = (867.77)(0.05) = 43.39 dollars/year

P 7.106 [a] Replace the circuit attached to the capacitor with its Thevenin equivalent,
where the equivalent resistance is the parallel combination of the two
resistors, and the open-circuit voltage is obtained by voltage division
across the lamp resistance. The resulting circuit is
Problems
RTh = RkRL =
RRL
;
R + RL
VTh =
789
RL
Vs
R + RL
From this circuit,

vC () = VTh ;
vC (0) = Vmax ;
= RTh C
Thus,
vC (t) = VTh + (Vmax VTh )e(tto )/
where
RRL C
=
R + RL
[b] Now, set vC (tc) = Vmin and solve for (tc to ):
VTh + (Vmax VTh )e(tcto )/ = Vmin
e(tc to )/ =
Vmin VTh
Vmax VTh
(tc to )
Vmin VTh
= ln
Vmax VTh
(tc to ) =
RRL C
Vmin VTh
RRL C
Vmax VTh
ln
=
ln
R + RL Vmax VTh
R + RL Vmin VTh
P 7.107 [a] 0 t 0.5:

21
30 21 t/
i=
+
e
60
60 60
where = L/R.
i = 0.35 + 0.15e60t/L
i(0.5) = 0.35 + 0.15e30/L = 0.40
.. e30/L = 3;
L=
30
= 27.31 H
ln 3
[b] 0 t tr , where tr is the time the relay releases:

30
i=0+
0 e60t/L = 0.5e60t/L
60
.. 0.4 = 0.5e60tr /L ;
e60tr /L = 1.25
tr =
27.31 ln 1.25
= 0.10 s
60

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7

Response of First-Order RL and

First combine the 30 and 6 resistors in parallel:

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Using current division,

Req = 4k(6 + 10) = 3.2 ,

t = (ln 4)/100 = 13.86 ms

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

i(0 ) = 24/2 = 12 A = i(0+ )

v(0+ ) = 10(8 + 12) = 200 V

From Example 7.6,

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

vc (0 ) = (3.2 103 )(25 103 ) = 80 V

For 0 t 100 ms:

[c] To calculate the energy dissipated in the 25 k resistor, integrate the

The equivalent resistance seen by the 10 V source is 2 + (3k0.8). The

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Use current division to find the final value of the current:

RCf = (200 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 40 103

RCf = (250 103 )(0.2 106 ) = 50 103

vo = 20(5)(t 32 103 ) + 8 = 100t + 11.2

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

Choose a 10 mH inductor from Appendix H. Then,

[b] i(t) = Io et/ = 10e1000t mA,

Find the branch currents using current division:

[b] The current in an inductor is continuous. Therefore,

(when switch is open)

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

i1 (t) = i1(0+ )et/ = 5e20,000t mA,

[d] i2(t) = i1(t)

.. i2(t) = 5e20,000t mA,

[e] The current in a resistor can change instantaneously. The switching

since the switch is open for t < 0.

[b] For t = 0 the circuit is:

[c] For t = 0+ the circuit is:

.. io(0+ ) = 225 160 = 65 mA

[d] iL(0+ ) = iL(0 ) = 160 mA

.. iL = 0 + (160 0)e200t = 160e200t mA,

since for t < 0 the current in the inductor is constant

[i] Refer to the circuit at t = 0+ and note:

since the current in the inductor is a constant at t = .

[k] vL (t) = 0 + (3.2 0)e200t = 3.2e200t V,

iL (t) = iL (0+ )et/ A,

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

w72 (15 ms) = 2.88(1 e1.5 ) = 2.24 J

.. w(t) = 0.005(25e2t/ ) = 125e2t/ ) mJ

(10 103 ) ln[1/0.9]

[a] vo(t) = vo(0+ )et/

9 105 e2t/ dt = 4.5 105 (1 e210

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

.. e10,000to = 0.05 so to = 299.57 s

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

[b] vL = 250 103 (240e100t ) = 60e100t V,

Find Thevenin resistance seen by inductor:

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

120 = iab + 18 + 12,

iab = 240/2 = 120 A,

[c] i1 (0) = 18,

120 18e5000t 12e2500t = 114

CHAPTER 7. Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits

p4k = 25 106 e8000t(4000) = 0.10e8000t W

0.10e8000x dx = 12.5 106 [1 e8000t] J

12.5(1 e8000t) = 7.5;

[b] wdiss(total) = 75(1 e8000t) J