Plasma membrane and cell transport

1. DIFFUSION 1) molecules/ions move down/with a concentration gradient; 2)

rate increased by a greater concentration difference/ higher temperatures/
smaller molecules or ions/ larger surface area of membrane/ smaller diffusion
distance; 3) Credit example of diffusion e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water;
FACILITATED DIFFUSION - 4) molecules/ions move down/with a concentration
gradient; 5) requires protein channel/ carrier membrane; 6) credit example of
facilitated diffusion, such as glucose/amino acids/named ion;
OSMOSIS 7) movement of water; 8) From high/less negative water potential; 9)
Across partially permeable/ membrane;
ACTIVE TRANSPORT - 10) molecules/ions move down/with a concentration
gradient; 11) requires protein channel/carrier membrane; 13) credit example e.g.
sodium/potassium/proton pump;
ENDOCYTOSIS (exocytosis/pinocytosis/phagocytosis) 14) Description of process;
15) Active transport/endocytosis etc., require ATP /energy OR
diffusion/facilitated/osmosis do not req energy
2.
Process

Takes place against

a concentration
gradient

Requires energy in
the form of ATP

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

3. (a) Phospholipid ;
(b)

Glycerol / propan 1,2,3 triol ;

Ester bond / ester linkage ;

(c)

Insoluble in water / does not dissolve in water / non-polar ;

(d)

(Fluid because) phospholipids move (around membrane) ;

(Mosaic because) membrane contains proteins /

glycoproteins (lying amongst phospholipids) / eq ;

2
1

2
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4. (a) (net) movement / eq of, molecules / ions / particles / gases / solute / named

example ;
from high concentration to low concentration / down a concentration gradient ;
[ignore references to membrane]
(b)

(c)

concentration gradient / eq ;
temperature ;
(diffusion) distance / thickness (of membrane) ; [not size]
permeability (of membrane) ;
surface area (of membrane) ;
size of, molecules / ions / particles ;
polarity / solubility in lipids / eq ;

(active transport) up / against concentration gradient / from low to high

concentrations / involves carriers / ATP / energy / respiration ;

1
[5]

5. (a) (i)

Movement down concentration gradient / eq ;

Involves protein in membrane ;
(ii)

(Active transport) requires, ATP/ energy ;

(Active transport) occurs against/up the concentration gradient ;

2
2

6. (a) {Fatty acid / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar} ;

(so orientate themselves) away from {water / polar environment} ;
{Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar} ;
(so can) interact with {water / polar environment} ;
(b)

(c)

Correct measurement ; [27 mm or 37 / 38 mm]

Divide by magnification ;
Correct conversion to m ; [answer = 0.009 or 0.012 / 0.013]

Carbohydrate: Cell recognition / cell adhesion / eq ;

Protein: Transport of molecules / eq OR

receptor for hormone / eq OR enzymes ;

1
[8]