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FLAME TESTS
(1) Add HCl to solid sample; this forms a
salt
(2) Dip nichrome wire into sample with HCl
(3) Hold wire/salt into bunsen flame
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
(1) Add nitric acid; remove impurities/neut.
OH
(2) Add AgNO3; makes silver halide (AgX)
(3) Add NH3 (Ammonia) Solution
(4) Sunlight + 2AgX; darkens to make 2Ag &
Br
reduces to SO2
reduces to S and
DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS
- more reactive halogen displaces less
reactive halide ion from their compound
- Cl>Br>I
- changes clear w/ organic solvent (2 layers
Cl2 + KBr (solution) = orange solution (Br2)
+H (bond breaking) vs -H (bond making)
CARBONATE/NITRATE THERMAL
STABILITY
- thermal stability increases down a group;
group 2 is less thermally stable than group
1
HALOGENOALKANE - AQ ALKALI
- react w/ aqueous alkali (e.g.
NaOH)
- halogen substituted by OH
- forms alcohol
- called hydrolysis/nucleophilic sub.
- fluoro least reactive; high bond
H
HALOGENOALKANE - AMMONIA
- reacts w ammonia to make amine
- amine is -NH2/-NH/-N-group
- is example of nucleophilic sub.
HALOGENOALKANE SAFETY and PRECAUTIONS
ALCOHOLIC
Toxic - use gloves & fume cupboard
Flammable - use water bath, no
flame
Harmful gases - use fume cupboard
Corrosive
wear googles and
MELTING -POINT
DETERMINATION
- sharp bp. over small range - pure
YIELDS NEVER 100%
- transfer losses [loss during
purifc.]
- competing reactions
carbon dioxide dissolves
in H2O
-MAKE
UP 100CM3 OF SOLUTION
FEHLINGS/BENEDICTS
SOLUTION
- blue -> red w/ aldehyde (blue,
ket.)
[g1 nitrate]
decomp. to nitrite
NO2)CALCULATIONS
& oxygen (O2)
ENTHALPY
CHANCE
[g2 q=mc
nitrate]
(1)
t (kJ) (2) fnd n (mol) (3) H=q/n
-1 Li)
decomp.
nitrite
oxygen
(incl. g1
include
sign&and
unit (kJmol
- be suretotooxide,
)
[g1 carbonate]
Common
Errors
USEFUL CHARGES
Ag+
MNO4CO322+
Zn
HCO3
SO423+
Al
NO3
SO32NH4+
OHCR2O7222O
S
PO43-
Electrophile
- species (+) that accepts
TYPES OF REACTIONS
aldehyde - cho
carb.
acid large
- cooh
Addition - join two or more molecules to form one
single
ketone - =o
(100AE)
Polymerisation - join many simple monomer units to make polymer
Elimination - when a small group of atoms breaks from larger
molecule
Substitution - when one species replaced by another
Hydrolysis - split molecule into 2 new molecules (add H+ and OH-)
electrons
- attracted to electron rich area
(c=c)
Free Radicals
- highly reactive single atoms (-)
with and unpaired electron.
BOND FISSION
Heterolytic
- bond breaks unevenly;