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70% of Korea's foreign

workers earn less than
$1,800
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Publication Date : 08-11-2013
Seven out of 10 foreigners working in Korea were paid less than 2 million won (US$1,800) a
month this year, Statistics Korea revealed Thursday.
According to the state-funded agency, about 525,000 foreign workers were paid less than 2
million won in 2013. They took up 71.4 per cent of the total 735,000 salaried non-Korean
employees.
Of them, the monthly wage for 42,000 workers was below 1 million won, accounting for more
than 5 per cent of all foreign workers.
About 159,000 non-Koreans were paid between 2 million won and 3 million won, while the
number of individuals whose wage exceeds 3 million won came to 51,000.
By gender, 84.6 per cent of the 241,000 female foreign employees were paid less than 2
million won.
The statistics authorities said the total number of non-Korean workers, in both salaried and
self-employed jobs, came to some 760,000 as of May 2013. The jobless rate in the same
period stood at 4.2 per cent of the 1.12 million foreigners older than 15.
The non-Korean employment rate dropped to 67.5 per cent in May, down 3.5 percentage
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le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/70%25%20of%20Korea's%20foreign%20workers%20earn%20less%20than%20$1,800%20-%20ANN.htm[4/25/2015 2:04:34 PM]

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BANGKOK:
About 377,000 non-Koreans, nearly half of all those employed, were hired by the
manufacturing industry, according to the data.
It also showed that 138,000 foreigners were either self-employed or employed in the private
and public service sectors, followed by retail, lodging and restaurants with 137,000 and the
construction sector with 64,000.
More than 470,000 foreign residents were regular workers, while 263,000 non-Koreans here
had nonregular jobs.
By nationality, Korean-Chinese topped the employment roster with 331,000 workers,
followed by Vietnamese with 76,000, Chinese with 55,000, North Americans with 47,000
and Indonesians with 29,000.
The combined 386,000 Korean-Chinese and Chinese workers accounted for more than half
of all salaried and self-employed foreign workers.
Data showed that the number of workers from Europe and North America (Canada and the
United States) increased by 2,000 and 1,000, respectively, compared with the previous
year.
In contrast, the number of Korean-Chinese, Vietnamese and Mongolian workers fell by
26,000, 6,000 and 3,000, respectively.
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Total employment declined due mainly to en masse expiry of the visa held by KoreanChinese and Chinese workers, said a Statistics Korea offcial.
But he downplayed the fall and predicted a large portion will return to work. He cited the law
which obliges Chinese employees who applied for visa renewal to stay in China for at least
three months.
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A Century of Deceit: Iraq, the World Wars,

Holocaust and Zionist Militarism
Posted by Brandon Martinez on April 4, 2014
While the West bears much

shame and responsibility for
aiding and abetting the
Zionist project and all of its
murderous and destructive
consequences, bringing
history into accordance with
the facts is one way to uplift
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/A%20Century%20of%20Deceit%20%20Iraq,%20the%20World%20Wars,%20Holocaust%20and%20Zionist%20Militarism%20_%20Veterans%20News%20Now.htm[4/25/2015 2:05:06 PM]
the Palestinians whose

struggle for freedom and
justice goes on.
By Brandon Martinez
Some studies estimate that close to 1.5 million Iraqis have lost their lives as a result of the brutal American
invasion and occupation of their country in 2003.[1] Millions more Iraqis have become refugees and orphans
with no future prospects for prosperity, sanctity or stability. Most of the critical infrastructure of the country was
bombed into rubble and dust. American depleted uranium weapons have caused cancer rates in some Iraqi cities to
skyrocket, permanently destroying the genes of future generations of Iraqis who are being born with horrifc birth
defects and diseases.
The culprits responsible for this genocidal campaign to subdue and enslave the Iraqi people are not the CEOs
of American oil companies as some disingenuous commentators on the Left have claimed. President George
W. Bushs foreign policy in the Middle East was not his own nor that of the oil lobby, but was the brainchild of
the neoconservative conspirators behind the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), the Jewish
Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA), the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and other Zionist-oriented
think tanks that dominated the Washington Beltway.
Three of Bushs principal foreign policy advisors who are widely recognized as the prime movers behind the
war in Iraq were neocon ideologues Richard Perle, Douglas Feith and Paul Wolfowitz, all of whom have welldocumented histories of Israeli partisanship. Perle and Wolfowitz, for instance, were both investigated by the FBI in
the 1980s for passing classifed defense documents to Israel.[2] Perle was once an employee of the Israeli weapons
frm Soltam.[3] Writers for the New York Times described Wolfowitz as one of Israels staunchest allies in the Bush
administration and revealed that Wolfowitz is friendly with Israels generals and diplomats and that he is something of
a hero to the heavily Jewish neoconservative movement.[4][5] Feith once ran a law frm in Israel and received an
award from the Zionist Organization of America for his services to Israel and the Jewish people.[6] The New Yorker
revealed that Feith even has a portrait of Zionisms founder Theodore Herzl hanging on the wall of his home library. [7]
It was Feith and his neocon Zionist colleague Abram Shulsky who oversaw the secretive Offce of Special Plans in the
Pentagon where all of the lies about Iraqs weapons of mass destruction were conceived and disseminated.[8]
These Israeli militarists, masquerading as American thinkers, left behind a paper trail that unveiled their true
objectives. In 1996, Richard Perle, Douglas Feith and David Wurmser all future Bush administration offcials
authored a strategy paper for Benjamin Netanyahus Israeli Likud regime entitled A Clean Break: A New
Strategy for Securing the Realm.[9] In the paper, these Zionist hawks advocated an aggressive Israeli foreign policy,
calling for the removal of all of Israels possible military competitors in the region through force. They spoke of
weakening, containing, and even rolling back Syria and of removing Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq, calling it an
important Israeli strategic objective. Also on their hit list was Iran, whose infuence in the region they hoped to
neutralize as well. By eliminating Israels external enemies the Zionist neocons were in turn endeavoring to subdue
Israels internal foes, the indigenous Arab Palestinians who continue to resist Israeli occupation and apartheid.[10]
Meyrav Wurmser, the wife of neocon David Wurmser, confessed that most of the leading neocons are proIsrael Jews.[11] Gal Beckerman, a writer for the Jewish Forward newspaper, admitted that the ideology of
neoconservatism itself was the brainchild of chauvinistic Jewish intellectuals such as Leo Strauss, Irving
Kristol and Albert Wohlstetter. If there is an intellectual movement in America to whose invention Jews can
lay sole claim, neoconservatism is it, Beckerman wrote.[12] Prominent Israeli journalist Ari Shavit said the Iraq war
was engineered by a cabal of 25 mostly Jewish neoconservative intellectuals.[13] Famed American-Jewish journalist
Carl Bernstein expressed the same view on MSNBC. The Iraq war was launched on a phony pretext by Bush, Cheney
and the Jewish neocons who wanted to remake the world, Bernstein opined, much to the chagrin of the pro-Zionist
host.[14]
The engine driving the Zionist-led neoconservative war machine is holocaust
mythology.
For those of us who are involved in foreign and defense policy today of my
generation, explained Richard Perle in a BBC interview, the defning moment of our
history was certainly the holocaust.[15]
Douglas Feith often invokes the holocaust to justify his militarism. In a New Yorker profle,
Feith asked, Whats the answer to the Holocaust? He answered his own question by
Richard Perle
suggesting that it is not surprising that this alleged event has caused so many Jews to
become militant neocons dedicated to aggressive, unyielding warfare against all those who
pose a threat to Jews and their interests.[16]
In a New York Times profle, Paul Wolfowitz spoke of the holocaust as having a profound impact on his worldview.[17]
Another neocon ringleader, Michael Ledeen, revealed his obsession with the subject in an article he authored entitled
The New Holocaust.[18] Political analyst Kevin Barrett observed that the Israelis and their Jewish neocon
patrons in Washington are fanatical extremists who feel that they are being persecuted everywhere they go
and that they have to be extremely harsh, unyielding and aggressive, as well as deceptive and violent with the
world in order to ensure their survival.[19] Somehow it doesnt dawn on them that maybe it is their
unscrupulous behavior that is the cause of hostility towards them in the frst place. Obviously introspection is
not exactly a Zionist virtue.
The Zionists militarist mindset is evidently motivated by the ethnocentric myths of Jewish victimhood. Worldconquering Neocon-Zionist belligerence is driven in large part by the religious adherence to the offcial propaganda
of the victors of World War II. Elite Jews played an important role in bringing about the Second World War as the
fnal phase of their plan to establish the state of Israel. The First World War accomplished several things for
the Zionists: it freed up Palestine from Ottoman control (the Ottomans previously rejected Zionist offers to
purchase Palestine), it fractured the big empires of Europe who could then be manipulated into future
conficts, and lastly it delivered Russia to the Bolsheviks, a majority of whom were Jewish chauvinists hellbent on the subjugation of that Christian Empire. With Russia now in the hands of Jewish communist extremists
and Palestine falling under British dominion, the Zionist plan for Israel was well on its way.
It has been repeatedly acknowledged by British Statesmen, wrote Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann in a 1941
letter to British leader Winston Churchill, that it was the Jews who, in the last [world] war, effectively helped to
tip the scales in America in favour of Great Britain. They are keen to do it and may do it again. Wiezmann
went on to ask for British assistance in the formation of a Jewish fghting force that would be used to ethnically
cleanse Palestine of its Arab population. Wiezmann promised Churchill that if the British would help create a Jewish
militia to conquer Palestine, he would do his utmost to mobilize American Jewry to exert their infuence to draw America
into the Second World War on Britains side, as they did in the frst great war. [20]
Benjamin Freedman, a
former top-level Zionist,
exposed the machinations
of his brethren relating to
the First and Second World
Wars and the Zionist
conquest of Palestine. In a
1961 speech at the Willard
Hotel in Washington, D.C.,
Freedman explained that the
United States was
suckered into the [frst
world] war merely so that
the Zionists of the world
could obtain Palestine.
Freedman described how
Zionist Jews made a
secretive deal with the
British leadership during
World War I promising to
Chaim Weizmanns letter to Churchill
bring America into the war
in exchange for Palestine.
The result of this agreement was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, a British government decree that promised
to make Palestine into a national homeland for the Jews.[21] Freedman stressed the absurdity that Britain should
offer [Palestine] as coin of the realm to pay the Zionists for bringing the United States into the war. The Zionists, said
Freedman, have complete control of our government. The Zionists and their co-religionists rule this United States as
though they were the absolute monarchs of this country.[22]
In a December 1919 speech in Jerusalem, Chaim Wiezmann boasted about securing the Balfour Declaration from the
British government through persistent propaganda, through unceasing demonstration of the life force of our people.
We told the responsible authorities: We will establish ourselves in Palestine whether you like it or not, Weizmann said.
You can hasten our arrival or you can equally retard it. It is however better for you to help us so as to avoid our
constructive powers being turned into a destructive power which will overthrow the world.[23] Threatening the world
into approving the creation of Israel was part and parcel of the Zionist project from its inception.
In 1903 an early Zionist leader named Max Nordau conspicuously predicted the outbreak of the First World
War, which lends credence to the suggestion that a hidden force of Jewish Zionists, Freemasons and bankers
are responsible for instigating the confict for their own purposes. Let me tell you the following words as if I were
showing you the rungs of a ladder leading upward and upward: Herzl, the Zionist Congress, the English Uganda
proposition, the future world war, the peace conference where with the help of England a free and Jewish Palestine
will be created, Nordau told his compatriots at the sixth Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, 11 years before the
outbreak of the First World War and 14 years before the British issued the Balfour Declaration.[24]
Such predictive powers unveil a plan that was consciously followed and executed during and after World War I. The
peace conference Nordau envisioned was the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, which resulted in the Treaty of
Versailles, a farce that unjustly punished Germany for a war it did not start, thus laying the groundwork for the
inevitable outbreak of the Second World War. An international peacekeeping body was established shortly after
World War I known as the League of Nations. The League put its stamp of approval on the British seizure of
Palestine after the war, an imperial land-grab that had no real legitimacy outside of the self-serving
declarations of the political elites, bankers and oligarchs who chaired the League.
The League essentially functioned as a tool of the fnancial elite and served the
geopolitical aspirations of the Zionists.

The League of Nations is a Jewish idea, and Jerusalem some day will become the
capital of the worlds peace, proclaimed Jewish leader Nahum Sokolow at a
Zionist conference in Carlsbad, California, in 1922.
The League has recognized our rights to our ancient home, he said. We Jews
throughout the world will make the Leagues struggle our own and will not rest until there
is ultimate victory.[25]
Nahum Sokolow
Even with Palestine now in the palm of their hands, the Zionists still had a
problem: convincing Europes Jews to leave their lives of luxury and embrace
Palestine as their new home. Such a task proved diffcult, with only a minority of European Jews strongly
identifying with Zionism at this time.
This reality sheds a different light on the rise of Adolf Hitler and National Socialism in Germany, which proved very
convenient from the Zionists perspective. While publicly professing scorn and hatred of Nazism, Zionist Jews
secretly initiated a deal with Hitlers government the Transfer Agreement which saw the transfer of tens
of thousands of German Jews and their assets to Palestine. Lasting from 1933 through 1941, the Nazi-Zionist pact
proved crucial to the future establishment of the Zionist state. The large amounts of capital and agricultural equipment
that was shipped into Palestine by way of this agreement substantially contributed to the creation of Israel. Through
this pact, Hitlers Third Reich did more than any other government during the 1930s to support Jewish development in
Palestine, opined historian Mark Weber in his article titled Zionism and the Third Reich. [D]uring the 1930s no
nation did more to substantively further Jewish-Zionist goals than Hitlers Germany, says Weber.[26]
Still, the Transfer Agreement alone did not produce the amount of Jewish emigration necessary to form an
exclusivist Jewish ethno-state in Palestine, as the Zionists intended all along. There simply were not enough
Jews in Palestine that would be required to replace the expelled Arabs and keep them at bay. Not only that, but
there was still not enough global support or sympathy for the creation of a state for Jews. Since the dawn of
Zionism in the late 1800s, Jewish-Zionist ideologues had been ravenously promoting the story of six million
persecuted and oppressed Jews. We Jews need a homeland of our own because we are persecuted wherever we go
was the traditional Zionist argumentation. But the First World War did not produce the circumstances needed to foist
this propaganda on the world. Jews were not singled out for persecution or mistreatment by any belligerent in that war,
which is why the Zionists, following the dictates of their founder Theodore Herzl, deliberately aided and abetted Hitlers
forces to corral their fellow Jews into ghettos and concentration camps during the Second World War.
Herzl, in his diaries, advocated making use of anti-Semitism to spur Jewish emigration to Palestine. It would
be an excellent idea to call in respectable, accredited anti-Semites as liquidators of [Jewish] property, he
wrote. The anti-Semites will become our most dependable friends, the anti-Semitic countries our allies. I
have already told you that we want to let respectable anti-Semites participate in our project, respecting their
independence which is valuable to usas a sort of peoples control authority. [27]
Did Hitler not carry out Herzls exact mandate? It must be pointed out that Hitlers fnal solution of the Jewish question
was the same procedure outlined by Zionists decades earlier: sequestering all Jews into a single state, isolated from
other nations. The fnal solution of the Jewish question lies therefore in the establishment of the Jewish State,
said the 1897 manifesto of a German-Zionist group.[28] In an 1899 letter, Theodore Herzl asked the Russian
Czar if he would hear out his Zionist plan for the fnal solution of the Jewish Question.[29] In 1936, the Jewish
nationalist leader Vladimir Jabotinsky laid out what the Zionist plan would ultimately entail: It is not our task to establish
in Palestine a home for selected people, not even a state for a small portion of our people. The aim of our efforts is to
organize a systematic massive Jewish evacuation from all the countries in which they live.[30]
The transfer of millions of Jews to their homeland [Palestine] will save the European Jewry from extermination,
declared Jabotinsky in 1940, adding, Evacuation of the Jewish masses is the only cure for the Jewish catastrophe.[31]
The extermination Jabotinsky spoke of was not happening, but that didnt stop Zionist propagandists from
disseminating reckless atrocity stories of systematic genocide in order to win the world over to the Zionist
cause. Legends of human soap, skin lampshades, shrunken heads, electric shock chambers, gas chambers
and other absurdities were trumpeted from the rooftops by Zionists and their controlled press.
Jewish leaders made numerous public pronouncements designed to provoke Hitler, hoping he would unleash his
fury upon Europes Jews, and with the help of Organized Zionism spur them to make their way to Palestine. For
instance, Organized Jewry made a declaration of war against Germany in March 1933, before Hitler took any
serious measures restricting the rights of German Jews. Judea Declares War on Germany: Jews of All the
World Unite in Action, read the headline of the March 24, 1933, edition of Britains Daily Express.
The corresponding article declared a Jewish holy war against Germany. The Israeli people around the world, the
article continued, declare economic and fnancial war against Germany. Fourteen million Jews stand together as one
man, to declare war against Germany.[32] A year later Jabotinsky made a similarly bellicose pronouncement, stating:
For months now the struggle against Germany is waged by each Jewish community, at each conference, in all our
syndicates, and by each Jew all over the world. There is reason to believe that our part in this struggle has general
value. We will trigger a spiritual and material war of all the world against Germanys ambitions to become once
again a great nation, to recover lost territories and colonies. But our Jewish interests demand the complete
destruction of Germany.[33]
As the war drew near, Chaim Weizmann did everything in his power to invite defnite reprisals against Jews from
Hitlers regime. In a 1939 letter to British leader Neville Chamberlain, Weizmann declared that the Jews stand by
Great Britain and will fght on the side of the democracies.[34] Weizmann and his Zionist colleagues made many public
statements to that effect, which Hitler referenced in a July 1942 speech.[35] In 1941, an American Jew named
Theodore Kaufman made an even more brazen effort to deliberately provoke hostility towards Jews. He
authored and published a book advocating the genocide of the whole German people by way of a forced sterilization
program. Kaufmans text, titled Germany Must Perish!, outlined a comprehensive plan for the extinction of the German
nation and the total eradication from the earth, of all her people.[36] A map illustrating the possible territorial break-up
of Germany and the apportionment of her lands was also found in the book. Germany must perish forever from this
earth! Kaufman declared, calling for a fnal solution of German extinction. Hitlers propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels
was well aware of Kaufmans hateful screed, and widely distributed it in Germany to bolster his case of a Jewish
conspiracy against his country.
Zionist leaders and activists gave Hitler more than enough ammunition to justify interning Jews in camps as a
security threat to Germany. The American and Canadian governments imprisoned Japanese, German and Italian
citizens in camps during the war with a far weaker rationale. Japanese, German and Italian citizens of the US and
Canada had not declared a holy war against their adopted countries, but were interned nonetheless. It is diffcult to
escape the conclusion that these Zionist provocations were a cleverly calculated ruse intended to create an
atmosphere in Europe conducive to the Zionist transfer plan. Without the uprooting process initiated by the
National Socialists and their Zionist assistants, it is unlikely that any large amount of European Jews would
have voluntarily left Europe for an uncertain future in Palestine.
Some Jewish casualties in a devastating war that took tens of millions of lives was inevitable and very much desired by
the Zionist leaders seeking a pretext to invade and conquer Palestine for Jewish colonization. There are 6,000,000
living, bleeding, suffering arguments in favor of Zionism, declared Rabbi Stephen S. Wise at a meeting of Zionists in
New York in 1900. [37] In 1906, a German-Jewish philanthropist named Dr. Paul Nathan publicized the notion that the
Russian government had initiated a policy of exterminating its Jews as a solution to the Jewish question and that six
million were in grave danger.[38] Max Nordau, the Zionist leader who predicted World War I, invoked the story of six
million persecuted Jews in 1899, 1911 and 1920.[39] At a Zionist conference in 1911, Nordau warned that it was only a
matter of time before six million Jews would be annihilated by European governments.[40]
This familiar narrative was repeatedly advanced a few dozen times before, during and after World War I.[41] A
most interesting example is from October 1919 when the American Hebrew publication carried an alarmist
story headlined The Crucifxion of Jews Must Stop which alleged that six million Jewish men and women
were on the brink of a holocaust of human life.[42] A New York Times report from the same year headlined
Ukrainian Jews Aim To Stop Pogroms alleged that six million Jews in the Ukraine and Poland were being
targeted in pogroms and massacres.[43] Another report from 1921 titled Begs America Save 6,000,000 In
Russia, also from the New York Times, said, Russias 6,000,000 Jews are facing extermination by
massacre.[44]
As the Second World War approached, Zionists amplifed their atrocity propaganda. In 1936, Chaim Weizmann told a
British Commission that six million Jews in Europe had neither hope nor future save in the land of Israel.[45] In
1940, World Jewish Congress chairman Nahum Goldmann proclaimed that if the German National Socialists achieved
victory in the war 6,000,000 Jews in Europe are doomed to destruction.[46] Amazingly, Zionist newspapers
betrayed the pre-meditated and fraudulent nature of the six million myth by proclaiming precisely six million
Jewish victims six months before the end of the war. [47] Soviet-Jewish war propagandist Ilya Ehrenburg told
his readers that the world now knows that Germany has killed six million Jews in March of 1945, two months
before the end of hostilities and long before any accurate statistical data of war casualties would become
available.[48] At that time, no demographic fgures could have been available to [Ehrenburg], writes German
Rudolf in the preface of The First Holocaust. Just a year later, Rudolf continues, British Historian David
Irving emphasized that as early as June 1945, in other words immediately after the end of hostilities in Europe,
some Zionist leaders claimed to be able to provide the precise number of Jewish victims six million, of
course even though the chaos reigning in Europe at that time rendered any demographic studies
impossible.[49]
In an effort to whitewash their own egregious war crimes, the Allied Powers went along with the Zionists premeditated fctional account of six million dead Jews. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, an Allied-run kangaroo court
staffed to the brim by Zionist Jews and their Allied lackeys, the truth was buried underneath a tidal wave of falsehoods.
The Zionist motives for the war itself were purposefully obscured and a cartoonish propaganda narrative of Nazi evil
was foisted upon the world to advance the victors post-war aims for Europe and accelerate the Zionists ambitions for a
Jewish ethno-state in Palestine. American Senator Thomas Dodd, who was a chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg
trials in 1945, revealed in a letter to his wife that the staff at Nuremberg was about 75 per cent Jewish. Now my
point is that the Jews should stay away from this trial for their own sake, Dodd wrote in the letter, adding, For the
charge a war for the Jews is still being made and in the post-war years it will be made again and again. The
too large percentage of Jewish men and women here [at Nuremberg] will be cited as proof of this charge.[50]
When the Soviet Union and its communist satellites in
Eastern Europe collapsed in 1991, so did the myth of the
six million.
The Soviet lie of four million deaths at Auschwitz a
monstrous exaggeration accepted as fact for decades
was offcially reduced to around one million, but
revisionist historians doubt even that fgure.
Revisionist scholarship has determined that somewhere
between 100-150 thousand people perished in Auschwitz
mainly as a result of disease and starvation, which was not
a deliberate act on the part of the Germans but rather the
outcome of Allied carpet-bombing of Germanys
infrastructure.[51]
For years Zionist propagandists claimed several million
Jews had been killed by the Germans at the
Mauthausen and Majdanek concentration camps, but
recent offcial revisions place the Jewish death totals
there at 74,000 combined.[52] Despite the vast lowering of the death fgures at many major camps, Zionists and
those they have convinced through incessant propaganda still repeat the erroneous six million number as fact.
Jewish scholar Norman Finkelstein outlined Zionist deceptions vis--vis
the orthodox holocaust narrative in his book The Holocaust Industry.[53]
Finkelstein observes that a dogma has been fashioned around the
holocaust by the Jewish-Zionist establishment as a means of
thought control.
Shielding Israel from criticism and rebuke, Finkelstein argues, is a
primary motivation behind the ceaseless promotion of holocaust
mythology, in addition to Zionist shakedowns for reparations money
from Germany.
This proftable industry is bolstered by the Hollywood entertainment
establishment which is totally run by Jews according to the
Jewish Los Angeles Times columnist Joel Stein.[54] Not only does
the holocaust dogma provide Zionist Jews with psychological cover
to commit heinous crimes against the Palestinians and mask them
under a faade of victimhood, but it also acts as a perpetual pretext
for wars that serve Israels interests, such as the war in Iraq.
The Holocaust Industry by Norman Finkelstein
Gilad Sharon, the son of Israeli war criminal politician Ariel Sharon, vividly unveiled the bloodthirsty and bellicose nature
of Zionism in a 2012 op-ed for the Jerusalem Post. Calling openly for the genocidal carpet-bombing of Gaza, Sharon
declared: We need to fatten entire neighborhoods in Gaza. Flatten all of Gaza. The Americans didnt stop with
Hiroshima the Japanese werent surrendering fast enough, so they hit Nagasaki, too.[55] Sharons remarks are not
the ravings of a fringe lunatic they are completely consistent with the teachings of the pioneers of Zionist ideology,
like Dr. David Wolffsohn, the late World Zionist Organization chairman, who told a meeting of Zionists in 1907 that Jews
must put aside their differences and unite to conquer the world.[56] Vladimir Jabotinsky, the father of the
Revisionist strain of Zionism, said candidly, We want a Jewish Empire.[57] Zionism is a death-crazed
narcissistic cult, said Rich Siegel, a former Zionist who saw the light.[58] The inhuman precepts of the Jewish
supremacist mentality that is so prevalent in the Israeli state today can only result in more violence and
bloodshed, more misery and suffering for the Palestinians and Arabs in general.
While the West bears much shame and responsibility for aiding and abetting the Zionist project and all of its
murderous and destructive consequences, bringing history into accordance with the facts is one way to uplift
the Palestinians whose struggle for freedom and justice goes on.
Copyright 2014 Brandon Martinez
Brandon Martinez is a freelance writer and journalist from Canada whose areas of expertise are foreign policy,
international affairs and 20th and 21st century history. His writing is focused on issues such as Zionism, IsraelPalestine, American and Canadian foreign policy, war, terrorism and deception in media and politics. His
articles have appeared on Press TV, Veterans News Now, Media With Conscience News, Whatsupic and other
alternative media outlets. Readers can contact him at martinezperspective@hotmail.com or visit his blog at
http://martinezperspective.wordpress.com.
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End Notes
[1] http://www.justforeignpolicy.org/iraq
[2] Stephen Green, Serving Two Flags: Neo-Cons, Israel and the Bush Administration, Counterpunch, Feb. 28-Mar.
02, 2004. http://www.counterpunch.org/2004/02/28/neo-cons-israel-and-the-bush-administration/
[3] http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=soltam_ltd .
[4] Bill Keller, The Sunshine Warrior (Paul Wolfowitz), The New York Times Magazine, Sept. 22, 2002.
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/754534/posts
[5] Eric Schmitt, The Busy Life of Being a Lightning Rod for Bush, New York Times, April 22, 2002.
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/22/world/the-busy-life-of-being-a-lightning-rod-for-bush.html
[6] Zionist Organization of America News Release, Oct. 13, 1997.
http://web.archive.org/web/20010329165718/http:/www.zoa.org/pressrel/19971013a.htm
[7] Jeffrey Goldberg, A LITTLE LEARNING: What Douglas Feith knew, and when he knew it, The New Yorker, May 9,
2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20060319111108/http:/www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/050509fa_fact
[8] Julian Borger, The spies who pushed for war, The Guardian, July 17, 2003.
http://web.archive.org/web/20100329074314/http:/www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jul/17/iraq.usa
[9] http://www.iasps.org/strat1.htm
[10] Stephen J. Sniegoski, The war on Iraq: Conceived in Israel, 2003. http://www.thornwalker.com/ditch/conc_toc.htm
[11] BBC video documentary The War Party: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jilA-ZeBUI4
[12] Gal Beckerman, The Neoconservative Persuasion Examining the Jewish roots of an intellectual movement, The
Forward, Jan. 6, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145938/http:/galbeckerman.com/crit9/
[13] Ari Shavit, White mans burden, Haaretz, April 3, 2003.
http://web.archive.org/web/20110119065714/http:/www.haaretz.com/news/features/white-man-s-burden-1.14110
[14] Journalist Carl Bernstein Tells Joe Scarborough: Jewish Neocons Responsible in Part for Iraq War, The Blaze,
April 26, 2013. http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/04/26/journalist-carl-bernstein-tells-joe-scarborough-jewishneocons-responsible-in-part-for-iraq-war/

[15] See note 10.
[16] See note 6.
[17] See note 4.
[18] Michael Ledeen, The New Holocaust, PJ Media, Dec. 22, 2010.
http://pjmedia.com/michaelledeen/2010/12/22/the-new-holocaust/
[19] Mossad major player in Kennedy killing, Press TV, Nov. 25, 2013.
http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/11/25/336583/mossad-major-player-in-kennedy-killing/
[20] Transcript of Sept. 10, 1941, letter from Chaim Weizmann to Winston Churchill:
http://www.fpp.co.uk/History/Churchill/Weizmann_Zionists/WSC_100941.html
[21] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration
[22] Transcript of Benjamin Freedmans 1961 speech at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C.:
http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/israel/freedman.htm
[23] Judische Rundschau (Jewish Review), Jan. 16, 1920.
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2013/03/international-jewry-is-power-after-all.html
[24] Zionism and Palestine Before the Mandate: A Phase of Western Imperialism; an Essay with a Selection of
Readings by Richard P. Stevens, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1972, p. 132.
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2011/04/in-1903-zionists-knew-thered-be-world.html
[25] Says Jews Will Back League, New York Times, Aug. 28, 1922. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
res=F40D13FF3B5D1A7A93CAAB1783D85F468285F9
[26] Mark Weber, Zionism and the Third Reich, The Journal of Historical Review, July-August 1993 (Vol. 13, No. 4),
pages 29-37. http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v13/v13n4p29_Weber.html
[27] The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, edited by Raphael Patai, translated by Harry Zohn (1960) New York; Herzl
Press, pp. 83, 84, 143. http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2011/12/another-amazing-zionistprediction.html?zx=7cb290fb199a3d45
[28] The Zionist Plan for the Final Solution of the Jewish Question, Winston Smith Ministry of Truth, Feb. 4, 2011.
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2011/02/fnal-solution-of-jewish-question.html
[29] Ibid.
[30] Ben Hecht, Peridy, p. 254. A facsimile of this page is here:
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2011/04/zionist-aim-to-drive-jews-from-europe.html
[31] Ibid.
[32] The Daily Express (London), March 24, 1933, pp. 1-2. A facsimile of the front page of the paper and full text of the
relevant article is here: http://www.biblestudysite.com/judeawar.htm
[33] Jacques Benoist-Mechin, Histoire de lArme Allemande, Vol. IV, p. 303. http://guardian.150m.com/jews/jewsdeclare-war.htm
[34] Jews To Fight for Democracies: Dr. Weizmanns Letter to Mr. Chamberlain, The Times (London), Sept. 6, 1939. A
facsimile of the article is available here: http://oi44.tinypic.com/ege6v6.jpg
[35] David Irving, Hitler and Holocaust Denial: Electronic Edition, by Richard J. Evans.
http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/evans/540d/view/print.html
[36] Kaufman, Theodore N. Germany Must Perish! Newark, NJ: Argyle, 1941.
https://archive.org/details/GermanyMustPerish
[37] ZIONISTS MASS MEETING, New York Times, June 11, 1900. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?
res=9E01E7D61F3CE433A25752C1A9609C946197D6CF
[38] Dr. Paul Nathans View of Russian Massacre, New York Times, March 25, 1906.
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A00E7DE113EE733A25756C2A9659C946797D6CF
[39] Max Nordaus six million Jews in 1899, 1911, & 1920, Winston Smith Ministry of Truth, Dec. 21, 2013.
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2013/12/max-nordaus-six-million-jews-in-1899.html?
zx=549ada2e31178ae1
[40] Ben Hecht, Perfdy, p. 254. http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.ca/2011/03/1911-zionist-warns-6000000jews-to-be.html?zx=f8a947be628aa77b
[41] Heddesheimer, Don. The First Holocaust: Jewish Fund Raising Campaigns with Holocaust Claims during and after
World War One. Chicago, IL: Theses & Dissertations, 2003. http://vho.org/GB/Books/tfh/
[42] Martin H. Glynn, The Crucifxion of Jews Must Stop, The American Hebrew, Oct. 31, 1919. A facsimile of the
article is reproduced here: http://jrbooksonline.com/HTMLdocs/The%20Crucifxion%20of%20Jews%20Must%20Stop.htm
[43] Ukrainian Jews Aim To Stop Pogroms, New York Times, Sept. 8, 1919. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?res=F40A11FF3E5E157A93CAA91782D85F4D8185F9
[44] Begs America Save 6,000,000 In Russia, New York Times, July 20, 1921. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?res=F60A12FA3C551A738DDDA90A94DF405B818EF1D3
[45] Weizmanns statement was quoted in the Israeli Government Year Book (1953) and The Jewish Western Bulletin
(Dec. 11, 1936). Facsimiles of both clippings are reproduced here:
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2011/02/6000000-fgure-of-jews-from-1936.html
[46] Doom of European Jews is Seen if Hitler Wins, The Palm Beach Post, June 25, 1940. Other articles mentioning
Goldmanns prediction can be found here: http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2013/12/nahum-goldmannsoothsaying-six.html
[47] The Pittsburgh Press, Nov. 28, 1944, p.5 / The Palestine Post, Nov. 28, 1944. Facsimiles of these articles can be
found here: http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2011/05/nov-1944-six-million-jews-listed.html
[48] Wolves they werewolves they remain, Soviet News Weekly (London), March 15, 1945. A facsimile of this and
other articles where Ehrenburg invokes the six million number prior to the end of the war can be found here:
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.com/2012/11/ehrenburg-6000000-jews-collection.html
[49] Heddesheimer 2003, preface.
[50] Historian David Irving produced excerpts of Thomas Dodds letter on his website:
http://www.fpp.co.uk/History/Nuremberg/Thomas_Dodd_ltr.html
[51] Mark Weber, New Offcial Changes in the Auschwitz Story, Institute of Historical Review.
http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v21/v21n3p24_weber.html
[52] The revised offcial death totals of Jews at Mauthausen and Majdanek are 14,000 and 60,000 respectively. See
http://winstonsmithministryoftruth.blogspot.ccom/2013/10/17-million-jews-killed-at-majdanek-says.html And here:
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005196
[53] Finkelstein, Norman G. The Holocaust Industry: Refections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering. London:
VERSO, 2000.
[54] Joel Stein, Who runs Hollywood? Cmon, Los Angeles Times, Dec. 19, 2008.
https://web.archive.org/web/20130316201104/http:/articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/19/opinion/oe-stein19
[55] Gilad Sharon, A decisive conclusion is necessary, The Jerusalem Post, Nov. 18, 2012.
https://web.archive.org/web/20130318130846/http:/www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/A-decisive-conclusionis-necessary
[56] Says Jews Must Conquer. Dr. Wolffsohn Delivers Closing Speech at Zionist Congress. New York Times, Aug. 22,
1907. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FB0D16FD3C5A15738DDDAB0A94D0405B878CF1D3
[57] Brenner, Lenni. Zionism in the Age of the Dictators. London: Croom Helm, 1983, ch. 10.
http://www.vho.org/aaargh/engl/zad/zad10.html
[58] Words from an Honest, Intelligent & Compassionate Jew Rich Siegel, Ken OKeefe Blog, Nov. 18, 2012.
http://kenokeefe.wordpress.com/2012/11/15/words-from-an-honest-intelligent-compassionate-jew-rich-siegel/
About Author
Latest Posts
Brandon Martinez
Founder at Non-Aligned Media
Brandon Martinez is an independent writer and journalist from Canada who specializes in foreign policy
issues, international affairs and 20th and 21st century history. For years he has written on Zionism, IsraelPalestine, American and Canadian foreign policy, war, terrorism and deception in media and politics. His
articles and analysis have appeared on Press TV, Veterans News Now, Media With Conscience News,
Whatsupic, Intifada Palestine, Information Clearing House, What Really Happened, and other alternative
media outlets. He is the co-founder of Non-Aligned Media and the author of the 2014 book Grand
Deceptions: Zionist Intrigue in the 20th and 21st Centuries
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The views expressed herein are the views of the author exclusively and not necessarily the views of VNN or any
other VNN authors, affliates, advertisers, sponsors or partners and technicians. Notices
Posted by Brandon Martinez on April 4, 2014, With 3129 Reads, Filed under Americas, Europe, History, Iran, Israel, Middle
East, Middle East Wars, Palestine, World News, World War I (1914-1918) , World War II (1939-1945) . You can follow any
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3 Responses to "A Century of Deceit: Iraq, the World Wars, Holocaust and Zionist Militarism"
Debbie Menon
April 4, 2014 at 7:57 pm
Why so many people in this world kowtow and kiss the bloated arse of the Israeli Overlord ?
Fear.
Is Samson holding up the pillars of the US and the European Congress?
Where is our Delilah?
Could their Nuclear Arsenal be Israels Samson?
Read the story here : http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/samsondelilah.htm
mcfadden
April 4, 2014 at 12:47 pm
Nice work, Brandon. And you dont even nail them on 9/11. Have you read Collateral_Damage_911 (pdf)?
There are two volumes, each just 59 information thick pages. Vol. 1 details the motivations for 9/11 ( like the
fact that Bush I had fraudulently issued 250 Billion in counterfeit baby Treasury bonds on 09/11/1991
monies used to destabilize Russia so that the fnancial Zios could rape her. Vol. 2 segues to the subprime
treason op.
Joogle it!
Peace.
mcfadden
April 9, 2014 at 1:27 pm
Awaiting moderation? This didnt show yesterday. What gives?
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A/RES/20/2131 - Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty - U...
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United Nations
A/RES/20/2131
un logo
General Assembly
Distr: General
21 December 1965
Twentieth session
Agenda item 107
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly
2131 (XX). Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the
Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty
The General Assembly,
Deeply concerned at the gravity of the international situation and the increasing threat to universal
peace due to armed intervention and other direct or indirect forms of interference threatening the
sovereign personality and the political independence of States,
Considering that the United Nations, in accordance with their aim to eliminate war, threats to the
peace and acts of aggression, created an Organization, based on the sovereign equality of States,
whose friendly relations would be based on respect for the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples and on the obligation of its Members to refrain from the threat or use of
force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State,
Recognizing that, in fulflment of the principle of self-determination, the General Assembly, in the
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples contained in
resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960, stated its conviction that all peoples have an inalienable
right to complete freedom, the exercise of their sovereignty and the integrity of their national
territory, and that, by virtue of that right, they freely determine their political status and freely pursue
their economic, social and cultural development,
Recalling that in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the General Assembly proclaimed
that recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the
human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, without distinction of any
kind,
Reaffrming the principle of non-intervention, proclaimed in the charters of the Organization of
American States, the League of Arab States and the Organization of African Unity and affrmed at
fle:///C|/U...nce%20and%20Sovereignty%20-%20UN%20Documents%20%20Gathering%20a%20body%20of%20global%20agreements.htm[4/25/2015 2:05:17 PM]
the conferences held at Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Chapultepec and Bogot, as well as in the
decisions of the Asian-African Conference at Bandung, the First Conference of Heads of State or
Government of Non-Aligned Countries at Belgrade, in the Programme for Peace and International
Cooperation adopted at the end of the Second Conference of Heads of State or Government of NonAligned Countries at Cairo, and in the declaration on subversion adopted at Accra by the Heads of
State and Government of the African States,
Recognizing that full observance of the principle of the non-intervention of States in the internal
and external affairs of other States is essential to the fulflment of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations,
Considering that armed intervention is synonymous with aggression and, as such, is contrary to the
basic principles on which peaceful international cooperation between States should be built,
Considering further that direct intervention, subversion and all forms of indirect intervention are
contrary to these principles and, consequently, constitute a violation of the Charter of the United
Nations,
Mindful that violation of the principle of non-intervention poses a threat to the independence,
freedom and normal political, economic, social and cultural development of countries, particularly
those which have freed themselves from colonialism, and can pose a serious threat to the
maintenance of peace,
Fully aware of the imperative need to create appropriate conditions which would enable all States,
and in particular the developing countries, to choose without duress or coercion their own political,
economic and social institutions,
In the light of the foregoing considerations, solemnly declares:
1. No State has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the
internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, armed intervention and all other forms
of interference or attempted threats against the personality of the State or against its political,
economic and cultural elements, are condemned.
2. No State may use or encourage the use of economic, political or any other type of measures to
coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights
or to secure from it advantages of any kind. Also, no State shall organize, assist, foment, Finance,
incite or tolerate subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of
the regime of another State, or interfere in civil strife in another State.
3. The use of force to deprive peoples of their national identity constitutes a violation of their
inalienable rights and of the principle of non-intervention.
4. The strict observance of these obligations is an essential condition to ensure that nations live
together in peace with one another, since the practice of any form of intervention not only violates the
spirit and letter of the Charter of the United Nations but also leads to the creation of situations which
threaten international peace and security.
5. Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural
systems, without interference in any form by another State.
6. All States shall respect the right of self-determination and independence of peoples and
nations, to be freely exercised without any foreign pressure, and with absolute respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms. Consequently, all States shall contribute to the complete
elimination of racial discrimination and colonialism in all its forms and manifestations.
7. For the purpose of the present Declaration, the term "State" covers both individual States and
groups of States.
8. Nothing in this Declaration shall be construed as affecting in any manner the relevant
provisions of the Charter of the United Nations relating to the maintenance of international peace and
security, in particular those contained in Chapters VI, VII and VIII.
1408th plenary meeting
21 December 1965
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Africa in Transition Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan Runs for Re-Election
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October 30, 2014
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Africa in Transition signals the most
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Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan speaks to the media on the situation in Chibok and the success of the World
Economic Forum in Abuja May 9, 2014. (Afolabi Sotunde/Courtesy Reuters)
Today, to nobodys surprise, President Goodluck Jonathans
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spokesman announced that he would accept the ruling
10
11
Peoples Democratic Partys (PDP) nomination for

president. The presidential elections are scheduled for February
14, 2015.
Recent Posts
February 26th, 2015
Within the PDP Jonathan was unopposed. However, numerous

PDP personalities have left the party, most recently the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, Aminu Tambuwal. Others have left but subsequently returned.
The leading opposition party, the All Progressives Congress (APC), will select its presidential
candidate in early December. Former military chief of state Muhammadu Buhari is the
current favorite. If Buhari is successful, the 2015 presidential election will be a rematch of
the 2011 elections. Those elections bifurcated the country with Buhari taking all of the
predominately Muslim states and Jonathan the rest (with one exception). These elections
were followed by the worst single episode of violence in the north since the 1966-70 civil war.
Jonathans announcement comes one day after Boko Haram seized the strategically
important city of Mubi in Adamawa state, the headquarters of the Nigerian armys 234
Buhari on Being Nigeria Military

Chief of State
Muhammadu Buhari, the leading opposition
candidate in Nigerias upcoming presidential
election, delivered an address at the Royal
Institute for International
February 25th, 2015
Has the Tide Turned Against Boko

Haram in Nigeria?
On February 25, in the aftermath of two
bombings that killed at least twenty-seven,
President Goodluck Jonathan said that the
February 24th, 2015
ISIS and Boko Haram

The relationship, if any, between Nigerias
Boko Haram and ISIS is a question that
vexes the policy community. If there
battalion, one of the largest military units in the northeast. Mubis residents appear to have
fed, joining a large and rapidly growing internally displaced population in the northeast. The
much ballyhooed negotiations between the government and Boko Haram over a cease-fre
and the release of the kidnapped Chibok school girls thus far have come to nothing.
February 23rd, 2015
Nigeria Security Tracker: Weekly

Update February 14-February 20
Below is a visualization and description of
some of the most signifcant incidents of
political violence in Nigeria from February
Corruption remains a feature of the Jonathan administration, with investigations still

underway on alleged mis-direction of oil revenue. Jonathans signature power
initiative has been launched, and has the potential for revitalizing the economy. However, in
the short term, power generation has actually fallen. Given these circumstances, Jonathans
candidacy would seem to be in trouble. Yet, such is the power of incumbency that the smart
February 20th, 2015
South Africas Billion Dollar Rhino

Question
This is a guest post by Allen Grane, research
associate for the Council on Foreign
Relations Africa Studies program. On
money must be on a Jonathan victory.

Nigerian civil society groups are expressing concern about the state of electoral preparations.
Then, too, there is the question of how balloting will be conducted in the parts of the
northeast subject to Boko Haram. That region voted solidly for Buhari in 2011. If the
elections in those areas do not take place, or if the turnout is miniscule because of security
concerns, their credibility will be questioned, especially in the north. However, elections are
an aspect of elite politics remote from the concerns and aspirations of the Nigerian people.
For many Nigerians, they may not matter very much except as a spur to ethnic, religious, and
Nigeria: Dancing on the

Brink
Former U.S. ambassador to
Nigeria John Campbell explores
Nigeria's postcolonial history
and examines the events and
conditions that have carried
this troubled giant to the edge.
regional identities. Hence, the question is whether the February 2015 elections will further
exacerbate ethnic and religious tensions, and perhaps encourage increased support for Boko
Haram and other radical movements.
Nigeria Security Tracker
Opinions expressed on CFR blogs are solely those of the author or commenter, not of CFR,
which takes no institutional positions.
Posted in Africa, Civil Society, Confict, Corruption, Elections, Military,

Nigeria, Uncategorized
Share
Kintunde Akinleye/Courtesy Reuters
No Comments
Post a Comment
The interactive Nigeria Security Tracker

documents and maps violence motivated by
political, economic, or social grievances.
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Al-Qaeda-Nusra union can divide Syria: rebels | News , Middle East | THE DAILY STAR
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Lauren Williams | The Daily Star
BEIRUT: The announcement that the Syrian opposition Nusra Front has aligned with the leadership of Al-Qaeda
in Iraq has thrown transition plans in Syria into chaos, with some opposition groups warning it could complicate
the battlefeld, even pit northern-backed Islamists against southern-backed secularists.
The new development coincided with high-level discussions at the G-8 summit in London on the Syria crisis and
an appeal from rebel groups for more arms, adding strain to already diverging opinions on how and who to
support among the opposition fghters.
Abu Mohammad al-Golani, the leader of the Nusra Front the most lethal opposition group, Wednesday pledged
allegiance to the leadership of Al-Qaeda in Iraq in an online statement.
The sons of Nusra Front renew their pledge [of allegiance] to the Sheikh of Jihad Ayman al-Zawahri and declare
obedience, Golani said.
The announcement came a day after the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi said his group
and the Nusra Front would operate under a united leadership called the Islamic State of Iraq.
The Nusra Front has claimed some of the most signifcant victories against Syrian government forces in the
course of the 2-year-old uprising. But their radical ideology and use of suicide attacks and the killing of civilians
has alienated other opposition fghters, who point out that Syrian President Bashar Assad has frequently justifed
his offensives as a war against foreign-backed jihadists and not a popular Syrian movement.
In December, the U.S blacklisted the Front as a terrorist group, citing links to Al-Qaeda.
The Syrian State news agency said the union proves that this opposition was never anything other than a tool
used by the West and by terrorists to destroy the Syrian people.
Golani appeared to try to appease opposition backers, and, while not denying the merger, said he was not
consulted ahead of time about the union through the media.
What you saw from the Front of its defense of your religion, honor and blood, and its good qualities with you and
the fghting groups, will remain as you experienced it, Golani said.
The move could complicate efforts to arm and assist opposition groups on the ground.
Efforts to form a transition government, designed to administer military and humanitarian efforts and manage
natural resources from a location inside northern Syria along the Turkish border, was announced in haste in
February.
But the initiative has stalled over a dispute over the leadership, and persistent accusations from some opposition
factions that the government mirrored the Syrian National Coalition from which it was formed; dominated by
Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood.
Arab military, diplomatic and opposition offcials speaking to The Daily Star have acknowledged Western
concerns over a lack of unity within the government, and worries that weapons are heading to Islamist groups on
the ground, were behind a quiet backing away from the initiative.
The U.S. and its regional allies, Saudi Arabia and Jordan, which has a peace accord with Israel, fear a hard-line
Islamist government could replace Assad if he falls.
According to opposition military sources and Arab diplomats close to discussions, the plan collapsed in part due
to a failure by Saudi Arabia and Qatar to negotiate a deal over the position of defense command, which would
manage military supplies. And when Qatar- and Turkey-backed Ghassan Hitto was nominated for the
premiership of the body, various opposition factions resigned from the coalition.
Chief among opponents to the government was the Supreme Military Council, the armed wing of the Syrian
National Coalition designed to coordinate Free Syrian Army operations from their command post in Turkey.
Spokesman for the FSA, Saudi-aligned former Lebanese MP Louay Moqdad, told The Daily Star this week the
FSA did not support the Nusra ideology but that the coordination with the FSA was convenient only on the
ground.
Moqdad said the FSA was grateful to Turkey for hosting us, but he reiterated the military councils position that
the transition government was a mistake.
We want all the Free Syrian Army to be unifed together. When Saudi Arabia sees that there is unity, they will
support us, but not under this coalition.
Arab diplomatic sources told The Daily Star U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry had also requested a hold on the
northern transition initiative amid increasing reports that the U.S. military was working with Saudi Arabia to form
a Western-friendly transition government aimed at funding more secular rebels from Jordan on the southern
border as a counterweight to the proliferation of hard-line Islamists.
While Western diplomats have remained tightlipped about the Jordan project, a senior military opposition offcial,
who declined to be identifed due to the sensitivity of discussions, told The Daily Star: The fght is essentially for
Damascus, and Jordan is much closer to Damascus.
It was unclear where the new development left the Jordanian plan, but opposition fgures said they lamented the
Nusra announcement, saying it could only lead to new battle between revolutionary forces.
Veteran dissident Kamal Labwani, who has been an outspoken opponent of the Muslim Brotherhood and Qatars
agenda in Syria, said Nusras move was proof the group was being used by Iran and would ultimately serve the
Syrian regime.
I am afraid that this movement may divide the opposition in Syria. ... Aleppo will be under the control of the
Salafsts and the south under the control of maybe more liberals, but those serving ... Israel or whoever else,
Labwani said.
We think this will lead to a divide between the revolution forces.
A Muslim Brotherhood spokesperson late last night told The Daily Star they had yet to adopt a position on the
Nusra announcement.
Everyone has an interest in dividing Syria. Qatar, the Muslim Brotherhood, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Iraq ... All have a
beneft in dividing Syria, Labwani said.
Asked what the best outcome could be to avoid such a scenario, he replied: I hope they will be brave enough to
intervene militarily now. With agencies
A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Daily Star on April 11, 2013, on page 1.
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2 years
solver ago
Not sure why Qatar is doing this again. wasn't Libya enough?
I found this related article very interesting as well:
http://www.cia-news.com/jabhat...
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2 years
Adonis ago
the flthy zionist scum talks about dividing syria, while they will be united in defeat
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Analysts Divided On U.S. Arming Syrian Rebels : NPR
middle east
Analysts Divided On U.S. Arming Syrian Rebels

MAY 01, 2013
3:00 PM ET
Listen to the
Story
All Things
Considered
8 min 21
sec
This week President Obama said it was important to remain prudent in coming to
conclusions about chemical weapon use within Syria, something he said could change
the nature of U.S. involvement there. Melissa Block talks to analysts Andrew Tabler
and Joshua Landis about U.S. involvement in arming rebels in Syria.
Copyright 2013 NPR. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission
required.
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:

This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Audie Cornish.
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
I'm Melissa Block. And we begin this hour with the war in Syria and the possibility of
U.S. involvement. Today, in Damascus, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad used the
opportunity of May Day to make a rare public appearance. He visited a power plant
and said, we hope that by this time next year, we will have overcome the crisis in our
country.
le:///C|/U...CKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Analysts%20Divided%20On%20U.S.%20Arming%20Syrian%20Rebels%20%20%20NPR.htm[4/25/2015 2:06:15 PM]
Meanwhile, President Obama says his administration is considering a spectrum of

options if it can be verifed that the Assad regime has, in fact, used chemical weapons.
To talk about those options, I'm joined by two Syria analysts, Andrew Tabler, senior
fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Andrew, welcome back.
ANDREW TABLER: Thank you.
BLOCK: And also Joshua Landis, who directs the Center for Middle East Studies at the
University of Oklahoma. Welcome back to you, Professor Landis.
JOSHUA LANDIS: Pleasure to be with you.
BLOCK: Well, one option on that spectrum that President Obama's talking about
would be for the U.S. to go ahead and arm the Syrian rebels. Andrew Tabler, I know in
the past you've been a strong advocate for arming the rebel forces. Are you still?
TABLER: It becomes harder to arm the rebels without mitigating in some of the
downsides. If it had been - if it had occurred earlier, it would have been easier, but
unfortunately, now we have more extremists who have moved into diferent areas that
are controlled by the opposition. So you can't guarantee that every bullet would not
make it into the hands of an extremist.
But overall, you could strengthen the mainline nationalist local and franchise
battalions and it would help deal them back in. And the reason why I still think that's a
good idea, you know, with groups that we vetted and we can work with is because I just
don't think this confict is going to end any time soon.
BLOCK: And Joshua Landis, Andrew Tabler there is advocating going ahead and
arming with some hesitation or some reservations, it sounds like.
LANDIS: Well, I think the United States should stay out of this. This is a civil war,
ethnic civil war, which America cannot adjudicate and we can't solve. The Syrians
ultimately have to fgure out who they are, if they can live together and what their
national identity is going to be. And if America jumps into the middle of it, we're going
to want to kill the extremists and we're going to want to destroy the Assad regime and
we're going to be fghting a two-front war in Syria.
And we're not going to get the outcomes we want and we're going to spend a fortune
doing it. And, you know, there's got to be one of these wars we just don't get involved
in.
BLOCK: Do you see a better path, though, given the tens of thousands that have died
in this war with no apparent end in sight?
LANDIS: I don't. I don't know whether America can stop the killing. And that's the real
sad part of it. I mean, I don't know whether America can solve Syria's problems.
BLOCK: Andrew Tabler?
TABLER: I think that we can help put a cap on Bashar al-Assad using the full lethality
of his arsenal against the Syrian population. That's what's driven most of the death
tolls here.
BLOCK: Joshua Landis, I'd be curious to hear your perspective, as somebody who
married into what I gather is a prominent Syrian Alawite family. Alawites are the
minority in Syria, party of President Assad and other elites. Help us understand the
Alawite perspective on the rebel movement and the future of their country.
LANDIS: Well, as I said, this is a ethnic war and it's devolving increasingly towards
minorities, who are 20 percent of Syria, led by the Alawites, 12 percent, who have
monopolized the military and security forces. They have had their foot on the throats
of the Sunni-Arab majority for the last 40 or 50 years. Sunni-Arab majority has fnally
had enough of this and they're trying to overthrow this regime.
If we get into Syria and get a Sunni win by arming up the rebels, then the question is,
what happens to the defeated minority. Will they be ethnically cleansed? Will they - we
don't know what could happen to them, but bad things will happen and that's the
problem. I mean, you can just throw some arms at the opposition, which is what
Obama is toying with now because I think the public pressure is getting great. But if
you want a win and the kind of win that would set up a new Syrian state that would be
secular, that would get rid of the extremists, that would guarantee rights for
minorities, you're going to have to spend a lot of money. And you can't do it by just
putting in, you know, an air no-fy zone or something like that.
You really have to get involved. There isn't a Syrian opposition army that we trust. We
have one general, General Idris, who we've named the high command guy. And the
question is, do we give him money. But he's a contractor. He doesn't have an army
loyal to him. What he needs is American money and arms and he will ofer those to
various militias.
There are over a thousand militias in Syria, who then come, they get his arms and they
go out and do most of the heavy fghting. But that's why we can't keep - it's very
difcult to keep the arms from extremists because the extremists are, by far, the best
organized, best fghters and they can deliver.
BLOCK: Andrew Tabler, you've been shaking your head as you've listened to Professor
Landis talk.
TABLER: Yeah, none of the options...
BLOCK: What part do you disagree with there?
TABLER: Well, I think comprehensively, I mean, none of the options, the things that
Josh is spelling out, are on the president's desk right now. What's on the president's
desk range from, you know, air strikes to deal with the chemical weapons, you know,
the loaded bombs that we have thus far, you know, what would be the next steps after
that. But, you know, anybody who's studied the Middle East will tell you that, you
know, Iraq is not Syria and Syria isn't Egypt.
They're not all the same. And this situation is quite diferent. No one is - even the
Syrian opposition does not want the United States to enter Iraq. Those who put those
arguments forward are those who are, you know, very close to the minority-dominated
regime in Syria and they would like to scare the American public into further, you
know, delaying their response.
I don't think, at this point, given the fact that we've been so hesitant to get involved,
it's very hard to make the case that this is working. If you look at the death tolls, it's not
working. If you look at the number of displaced persons, it's not working. If you look at
the amount of territory in Syria which is safe for civilians, it's not working.
I can't imagine advocating continuing the course is the solution for this. Something
more assertive is in order and I think that's where we're going to be looking at, you
know, chemical weapons and also backing the opposition. Now, can you get the perfect
outcome? No, no. Here's a very big diference in terms of dollars and cents.
When we unilaterally essentially went into Iraq, that cost the American taxpayers a lot
more, right, because we had to pay for all of that, both in blood and in treasure and so
on. Now, we have many more allies with a lot more cash, actually, at their disposal
than we do to help us carry this out. But what they're asking us to do, at the moment, is
to help lead a coalition to help get rid of President Assad and to set up a post-Assad
Syria that we can deal with.
It's going to take a long time and that process will help end this confict eventually. So
the American taxpayers are not going to have to foot the whole bill.
LANDIS: Could I have one rejoinder? Andrew just said that I'm a regime-supporter for
making this argument and therefore trying to scare Americans away. I think that's an
unfair accusation. I'm an American.
TABLER: You've got to be kidding, Josh. You have been one of the biggest supporters
of Bashar al-Assad for a long time, and look, that's your position. And I think the
argument you make...
LANDIS: That's completely untrue. And I'm an American trying to keep us out of
another Iraq-type of venture.
TABLER: I think that you are...
LANDIS: What you are saying is that Syria's not like Iraq.
TABLER: I'm sorry I don't agree with you.
LANDIS: And Syria's exactly like Iraq. This is not about the regime. This is about
America staying out of a quagmire, Andrew.
TABLER: Josh, I just think that your positions have come consistently on side of the
regime.
LANDIS: Well, that's because I want Americans to stay out. I think the Syrians have to
settle their own problems.
TABLER: I just don't think that policy's working.
BLOCK: And we're going to have to leave it there for now. Thanks to both of you. I look
forward to continuing this conversation in the future. Andrew Tabler with the
Washington Institute on Near East Policy. He's author of the book "In The Lion's Den:
An Eyewitness Account of Washington's Battle With Syria." And Joshua Landis, who
directs the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma. Thanks to
you both.
TABLER: Thank you.
LANDIS: Thank you.
Copyright 2013 NPR. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media
without attribution to NPR. This transcript is provided for personal, noncommercial use only, pursuant to our Terms of
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CHILD SLAVERY
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SLAVERY AND WHAT WE BUY
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Arming Syrian rebels bridges partisan divide | WashingtonExaminer.com
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BY SUSAN FERRECHIO | SEPTEMBER 14, 2014 | 5:00 AM
Democratic and Republican lawmakers this week will likely form a bipartisan coalition to pass
President Obama's request to arm and train Syrian rebels.
Democratic and Republican
lawmakers this week will
likely form a bipartisan
coalition to pass...
With support from both House leaders from both parties, the measure could pass as early as
Tuesday, although lawmakers are weighing whether to attach it to a must-pass government funding
bill or take it up as separate legislation.
I think most of my colleagues, Republicans and Democrats, are motivated to be supportive of the president, Rep. Gerry
Connolly, D-Va., said after a recent closed-door briefng with fellow Democrats. Obviously there are going to be elements in
both caucuses who disagree, but I dont sense enormous dissension.
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The two parties are likely to work together to pass the legislation even as they plan to spend most of September battling over
partisan legislation that stands no chance of ever becoming law.
There is enough dissent on both sides that passage will likely require the two parties to work together, and they have signaled
that will happen.
In a rare show of unity, House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., both back
Obamas request, as does Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev. and Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky.
At this point in time its important that we give the president what hes asking for, Boehner said last week.
Although some media have reported existing funds must be authorized to pay for the mission to arm and train the Syrians, GOP
aides said the legislation may not necessitate the authorization of funds.
The House began grappling with Obamas request as the president announced a broader strategy that includes targeted air
strikes to defeat the terrorist group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, which is destabilizing the Middle East.
In recent weeks, the public has become increasingly worried about the threat of the Islamic State, who released videos showing
them beheading two American journalists. Polling shows the majority of Americans want the United States to take action to
defeat the group.
But theres plenty of discontent to go around in both parties when it comes to the request to train the Syrians.
While there is broad agreement among lawmakers that the United States should help combat the Islamic terrorist threat, some
lawmakers in both parties fear U.S military equipment will end up in the hands of the Islamic State or other terrorist groups.
"We must have greater assurance that we aren't arming extremists who will eventually use those weapons against us," Sen.
Mark Begich, D-Alaska, who is in a tough re-election race, said in a statement.
Lawmakers are also wary of voting on expanding U.S. military action so close to the criticalNovember election, a move that
could be particularly unpopular with the Democratic base.
The House Democratic liberal wing, the Progressive Caucus, released a statement calling for a vote on training and arming the
Syrian rebels to be separate from a vote on government funding.
House leaders are more likely to break up the two measures in order to allow opponents to vote against arming the Syrians
without having to oppose funding the government.
The fscal year ends Sept. 30. The House is planning to vote on a measure to keep funding at current levels until Dec. 11.
Senior Congressional Correspondent David M. Drucker contributed to this report
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AUTHOR:
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The Washington Examiner
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Home Features Essays
MOST VIEWED
Asia's
Reemergence
China's Boyfriends
for Hire
By Steven Radelet and Jeffrey

Sachs
Rapprochement
Reloaded
FROM OUR NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1997

ISSUE
APITALISM LEAVES ITS WESTERN ENCLAVE
Pakistan's Middle
Beginning in the early 1500s, for more than four centuries now, the
Class Extremists
West has been ascendant in the world economy. With but 14 percent of the
world's population in 1820, Western Europe and four colonial offshoots of Great
VIEW ALL
Britain (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States) had already
achieved around 25 percent of world income. By 1950, after a century and a half
of Western industrialization, their income share had soared to 56 percent, while
their population share hovered around 17 percent. Asia, with 66 percent of the
world's population, had a meager 19 percent of world income, compared with 58
percent in 1820. In 1950, however, one of the great changes of modern history
began, with the rapid growth of many Asian economies. By 1992, fueled by high
growth rates, Asia's share of world income had risen to 33 percent. This tidal
shift is likely to continue, with Asia reemerging by the early 21st century as the
world's center of economic activity.
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Asia's sudden ascent has become something of a Rorschach test for the
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economics profession and the foreign policy community. For some, Asia's rapid
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growth is an economic miracle that calls for a reevaluation of Western economic
offers.
strategies. For others, such as the MIT economist Paul Krugman, writing in the
November/December 1994 Foreign Affairs, the rapid growth has looked hollow.
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Not only has there been no miracle, but there was reason to believe that Asian
growth might display weaknesses similar to those of the period of rapid Soviet
growth in the 1950s and 1960s. These doubts seemed to fnd support in the
sudden, sharp currency crises that gripped several high-fying Southeast Asian
economies (especially Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand) in
mid-1997. Even money managers formerly enamored of the region decried
underlying institutional weaknesses, including corruption, nepotism, populist
policies, and insuffcient banking regulation.
The Southeast Asian currency crises of 1997 are not a sign of the end of Asian
growth but rather a recurring -- if diffcult to predict -- pattern of fnancial
instability that often accompanies rapid economic growth. Just as Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Korea rapidly recovered from fnancial crises in the 1970s and
1980s, so the Asian economies are likely to resume rapid growth within two to
three years. In the long term, growth will continue because most of Asia has
adopted capitalism as the organizing basis of economic life and become deeply
integrated into the global economy. This has been true for more than a century in
Japan, since the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Korea and Taiwan adopted
essentially capitalist development strategies in the 1960s, while most of
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Southeast Asia made similar choices in the 1970s. Even China in recent years
can be considered to have adopted an essentially capitalist development model,
despite continued Communist Party rule and a state sector that still employs
around 18 percent of the labor force. India began turning away from a milder
version of socialism in the early 1990s, though Indian domestic politics still
contains strong doses of anticapitalist rhetoric.
If there is anything to the "Asian miracle," it is that several governments,
benefting from Japan's early experience and from each other's experiences since
the 1960s, have been able to create an economic environment for proftable,
private investment -- almost always with important foreign partners -- despite
serious shortcomings in overall political and economic conditions. They did so,
in most cases, by creating in the midst of weaker economic institutions a
capitalist enclave that has gradually spread throughout the economy. Put another
way, Asia's challenge, so far accomplished, has been to create a virtuous circle,
in which a modern economic sector originally confned to an enclave has not
only expanded through new investments but has fueled a much broader
modernization of political and economic institutions. Addressing governmental
weaknesses is the largest hurdle facing Asian countries, particularly the region's
two colossi that constitute around two-thirds of Asia's population and around 38
percent of the world's population -- China and India. Corruption is rife, judicial
systems are weak, and local governments often lack authority and adequate
fnances. But global capitalism stirs powerful forces for economic growth even
in the face of serious limitations in law, economic structure, and politics.
The West currently has a disproportionate share of world income, but its share
will diminish as capitalism pervades Asia. By 2025, Asia will likely reassume its
place at the center of the world economy. Asia may account for 55 to 60 percent
of world income in the year 2025, with the West's share falling from around 45
percent today to between 20 and 30 percent. Standards of living will still be
much higher in the West, but average per capita income in Asia will probably
increase to around one-third of the U.S. level, compared with a meager 13
percent today.
CURRENCY CRISES
These long-term projections might seem heedlessly optimistic in the face of the
economic shocks buffeting Asia. Recently the darlings of the international
investment community, Southeast Asian economies have taken a beating at the
hands of money managers inside and outside their countries. Equity markets fell
by around 50 percent (in dollar terms) in Thailand between January and
September 1997, while declines in other Asian markets have been in the range of
40 percent. Has the bubble of East Asian growth burst, the years of rapid growth
already a thing of the past?
The currency upheavals probably refect short-run fnancial considerations rather
than a long-term crisis of regional growth. The simplest part of the explanation
is that the Southeast Asian countries increasingly pegged their currencies to the
U.S. dollar during the 1990s, even though the region's trade depends not just on
the United States but on the European and Asian markets (with Japan playing an
important role). After mid-1995 the U.S. dollar began to appreciate sharply vis-vis the yen and the major continental European currencies such as the deutsche
mark, French franc, and Spanish peseta. As a result, the Southeast Asian
currencies also appreciated sharply against the yen, European currencies, and
other national currencies, such as the Chinese yuan, that also depreciated vis-vis the dollar. It took 3.5 yen to buy one Thai baht in May 1995; by May 1997,
on the eve of the currency crisis, it took 4.6 yen, a rise of 31 percent. In effect,
the Southeast Asian exporters were pricing themselves out of the European and
Japanese markets. They were also facing stiff competition from China, which
had devalued the yuan in January 1994. Naturally, exchange rates came under
pressure.
There is a second, related aspect of the fnancial crisis. The Southeast Asian
countries all attracted considerable foreign capital investments in the 1990s.
Many of these investments enhanced export potential and thereby contributed to
the main engine of long-term growth. In the mid-1990s, however, a rising share
of foreign fows appears to have headed for speculative investments in the real
estate markets. Following fnancial market deregulation in many countries,
commercial banks got into the act by borrowing dollars from abroad and lending
the funds domestically to real estate developers. When they made these loans in
local currency, the banks exposed themselves to the risk of currency
depreciation, since the value of such loans would fall relative to the value of their
dollar borrowing. Even when the domestic real estate loans were in dollars,
however, the banks were at risk, since domestic property developers would be
unable to repay the dollar- denominated loans in the event of a weakening of the
domestic currency. The pegged exchange rate regimes gave (misplaced)
confdence to the fnanciers to accept such risks. Thus when property markets
weakened in 1996 and the currencies depreciated in 1997, the banks were hit by
a double whammy of non-performing loans, and many faced insolvency. The
banking crisis was exacerbated, especially in Thailand, by inadequate levels of
bank capital and poor supervision.
The currency crises will likely have continuing effects for two or three years on
the overall health of the banking system and on the construction sector, so that
growth during 1997 and 1998 will be slower than in previous years. The crises
also underscore better regulation and supervision of the fnancial markets as a
condition for more stable growth in the future. These are serious challenges.
Nonetheless, looking forward more than a couple of years, the currency crises
(appropriately dealt with) do not call into question the underlying export -growth
strategy of the region or the medium-term growth prospects.
THE KRUGMAN CRITIQUE
Paul Krugman's critique of East Asia's rapid growth was that it was
unimpressive and even suspect because it was based largely on heavy
investment spending rather than productivity growth. He riled Asian
policymakers by noting that rapid Soviet growth had been similarly based on
heavy investment spending. The implication was that East Asian growth was
fragile, and, indeed, likely to founder. Krugman was right to dispel the notion
that Asia's "miraculous" growth could continue at very high rates forever, but he
was wrong about the solidity of Asia's economic development, and he gave a
misleading impression of Asia's prospects for the future.
First, Krugman's empirical claims about investment versus productivity as
factors of growth were much too stark. Most researchers have found that rapid
growth in Asia has been due to both productivity growth and capital investment,
though it is probably true that investment spending, not pure productivity gains,
has been the major source of overall GDP growth. Second, and perhaps more
important, growth based on rapid capital accumulation (that is, physical
investment spending) can be highly desirable, as long as the investment
spending itself meets the market test, in the sense of rates of return that exceed
the cost of capital. Here the contrast between East Asia and the former Soviet
Union could not be greater. Soviet capital was allocated by bureaucratic fat, not
market forces. Rates of return in the Soviet Union were low and falling rapidly
as early as the late 1950s. Rates of return in East Asia, in contrast, have been
high and have declined only gradually over time. In Korea, for example, after 30
years of rapid growth, the marginal productivity of capital is estimated at around
20 percent, far higher than estimates for the United States of around 11 percent.
Krugman's critique is correct on a general point. To the extent that growth is
driven by capital accumulation rather than pure productivity gains, the marginal
productivity of capital is likely to decline as the capital stock deepens -- that is,
as capital per worker in the Asian economies rises to the level of Western
economies. But this point does not really answer the question of how fast the
decline in growth is likely to be. All other things being equal, growth rates tend
to fall gradually (over decades) as developing countries close the income gap
with the United States (at around $27,000 per capita). A country at one-fourth
the U.S. income level experiences a growth rate roughly 2.8 percentage points
above the U.S. rate. If the United States manages per capita growth of about 2.0
percent per year, a country at $7,000 per capita (such as Thailand) could have
per capita growth around 4.8 percent per year, equivalent to aggregate GDP
growth of 6.5 percent to 7.0 percent per year. When the income gap narrows to
around half the U.S. level, growth diminishes by about 1.4 percent per year, so a
country at around $13,500 might be expected to have a per capita growth rate
near 3.4 percent per year. Interestingly, Japan itself -- once viewed naively as a
country that would quickly soar ahead of U.S. income levels -- demonstrated
this kind of tapering off of growth as its economic success led to a narrowing
(and virtual elimination) of the income gap with the United States.
Of course growth also depends on policy choices, geography, and demography.
For example, demographic changes supported high savings and rapid growth in
the past, as falling fertility rates led to an increasing share of workers in the
population. In the future, however, Asia's aging populations -- most immediately
in Japan -- will put pressure on pension and public health insurance systems and
slow economic growth.
The main conclusion, shown in Table 1, is that while all of Asia has continued
room for signifcant growth, the high-income East Asian economies are likely to
grow more slowly in the next 30 years than in the past 30 because of both capital
deepening and demographic changes. Southeast Asia and China, where incomes
are low compared with the advanced economies, should be able to grow at about
the same rate as in the past 30 years, as the impact of capital deepening is offset
by continued policy reform and institutional upgrading. In these countries, the
slowing effect from the aging of society is still several decades away. South Asia
is likely to accelerate its growth rate, as policy reforms take root and
demographic shifts work in favor of high savings and faster growth.
EAST ASIA'S GROWTH STRATEGY
Table 2 reminds us of the extraordinary achievements of Asian economies. From
1965 to 1995, per capita income rose more than sevenfold in the four "tigers"
and about fourfold in Southeast Asia and China. As is well known, all these
high-fying economies exhibited certain similarities. They achieved rapid export
growth, followed prudent fscal policies, recorded high rates of saving, pursued a
public policy in support of rising literacy and basic education, did not undermine
agriculture, and achieved a rapid transition to low rates of population growth.
While these basic features of high growth seem straightforward -- and indeed are
the workhorse components of typical development programs of the World Bank
-- something went very right in East Asia that did not click in other parts of the
developing world.
Developing countries typically lag many years behind the advanced countries in
the adoption of new technologies in manufacturing and services. Infrastructure is
poor. Research and development is generally far behind the world standard and
is useful mainly to support the adoption of proven technologies from the
advanced economies. How can the lagging countries hope to catch up with the
world leaders? In development thinking over the past half-century, three types of
answers have been given to this question. The frst has been the doctrine of the
"big push," according to which a government should contrive to put all the
supporting pieces in place at nearly the same time through large-scale physical
investments in infrastructure, basic industry, and research and development, as
well as legal and institutional changes. The Stalinist drive toward rapid
industrialization in the 1930s and China's Great Leap Forward of 1958-61 were
the most destructive manifestations of this thinking, but numerous failed lesser
big pushes litter the development scene.
The second idea has been the doctrine of "import substitution" or "infant
industry protection," which holds that national industry requires breathing space
to catch up with foreign competitors. This venerable doctrine, extending from
Alexander Hamilton in 1790 to Friedrich List in the 1840s to Raul Prebisch in
the 1950s, has achieved some successes but a much larger number of failures.
Infant industry protection often becomes senile industry protection: domestic
frms in small markets never attain the scale at which they could overcome
foreign cost advantages, and protection leaves enterprises lazy, dependent on
state handouts, and behind in adopting technology. Infant industry protection
works best in large markets. Its track record in the United States, Germany,
Japan, and more recently in Brazil, China, and Korea shows some modest
successes (balanced by many high costs). Its record in much smaller economies
in Latin America, South Asia, Central Europe, and elsewhere is one of almost
unremitting failure.
The third doctrine, which best exemplifes the Asian paradigm, was aptly named
by the Japanese economist Kaname Akamatsu in the 1930s: the "fying geese"
model, according to which countries gradually move up in technological
development by following in the pattern of countries just ahead of them in the
development process. In this vision, Korea and Taiwan take over leadership in
textiles and apparel from Japan as Japan moves into the higher-technology
sectors of electronics, transport, and other capital goods. A decade or so later,
Korea and Taiwan are able to upgrade to electronics and auto components, while
the textile and apparel industries move to Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
To some extent, the fying geese pattern can be seen as the natural outcome of
market forces: labor-abundant, capital-scarce economies will be internationally
competitive in labor-intensive sectors, such as apparel, and will graduate to more
capital- or skill-intensive sectors as savings and education deepen the pool of
capital and skilled workers. And yet, as the Asian economies demonstrated,
more than markets are required. Even the simplest labor- intensive products
(apparel, footwear, electronics assembly) are part of a sophisticated international
division of labor, one increasingly determined by multinational enterprises and
technological designs created in the advanced economies. The trick is to bring
multinational production enterprises and their technologies into the poorer
economies to link them to the engines of growth of the advanced economies.
If the paradigmatic institution of the big push was state ownership of industry,
and for import substitution was private ownership backed by protectionism, for
fying-geese development it is the export platform. The idea behind an export
platform is to create an enclave economy hospitable to foreign investors and
integrated into the global economy, without the problems of infrastructure,
security, rule of law, and trade policies that plague the rest of the economy.
Asian governments introduced several variations of the export platform,
including export processing zones (EPZs), bonded warehouses, special
economic zones, and duty drawback systems. Governments supported these
institutions with macroeconomic policies that strengthened the incentives for
labor-intensive exports, especially via appropriate exchange rates.
The export platform strategy began with textiles and apparel but really took off
with electronics. With the emergence of the semiconductor industry and the
early realization by Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments, National
Semiconductor, and others that even in this very high-tech sector there were
several very low-tech processes such as chip assembly, the new industry leaders
began a search for low-wage production sites. Advances in information
technology greatly enhanced the applicability of export platform production.
Computer -assisted design and manufacturing allows digitized instructions for
design, fabric- cutting, or other technical specifcations to be sent from
engineering headquarters to local production sites via phone lines. Reductions in

transport costs, for example through the computerization and faster turnaround
time of container ports, also facilitated the outsourcing of production.
Some early candidates for low-wage production sites were in America's back
yard. Texas Instruments began production in El Salvador, only to leave in the
mid-1980s when political instability and yanqui-baiting heated up. Hong Kong
was a more likely candidate: stable, with low wages, and under British law and
political control. Hong Kong's early success in the 1950s was not lost on its
neighbors such as Taiwan and Korea, and then Singapore in 1965 and Malaysia
in the early 1970s. The Southeast Asian countries began to compete furiously for
footloose electronics frms that were neglected or shunned in the Caribbean,
Mexico, Central America, or other potential sites. By 1975 East Asia employed
roughly 95 percent of worldwide offshore electronics assembly workers. By the
mid-1970s, the die was cast: poor East Asian countries were swept up in the
worldwide electronics revolution, while Latin America, Central Europe, and sub
-Saharan Africa were bypassed. Starting in 1980, China created several special
economic zones up and down the coast, but especially in Shenzhen City, on the
border of Hong Kong. Within a few years, one of the world's greatest export
booms was under way, with millions of new jobs in China directed toward laborintensive export production.
EPZs, bonded warehouses, and duty drawbacks accounted for the bulk of the
manufacturing exports of the East Asian tiger economies in the early years, but
they also served as models. In Korea, for example, there was more stress on joint
ventures and technology licensing than on foreign investment in EPZs. But the
underlying model was the same: domestic production linked with worldwide
technology through the direct involvement of foreign frms. Joint ventures,
original equipment manufacturing, outsourcing under license, and similar
arrangements all facilitate export-oriented manufacturing by poorer economies.
The fying geese of East Asia caught the updraft of global electronics
production, which has helped carry them through more than 15 years of rapid
economic growth. In this one sector lies much of the manufacturing export
"miracle" of Malaysia, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, and to a lesser extent Hong
Kong (which instead became the service center for export platform production in
southern China). Table 3 highlights the dramatic shift in exports from primary
commodities to labor-intensive sectors, including apparel and textiles, but
especially electronics components and machinery.
Table 3 also highlights the fallacy of the argument that import substitution rather
than export promotion was the key to East Asia's success. Korea, and to a lesser
extent Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia, have combined the export-promotion
strategy with an import - substitution strategy. Korea, for example, spent
considerable effort fostering heavy industry, such as steel and chemicals, behind
protectionist barriers. But the protected sectors, by and large, have played a
small direct role in export success and have not become the export champions.
They have apparently also not even played a large role as inputs into the export
sectors. Korea's electronics boom did not rely on its steel and chemicals. The
connection between protectionism and export success is equally tenuous in
Malaysia and Indonesia.
The underlying assumption of the fying geese approach is that the
sophistication of domestic production will move forward one position at a time.
That is, a country assembling shoes is not likely to get stuck at that stage;
experience, education, and further physical investment will lead from footwear
to simple electronics assembly and from there to more sophisticated consumer
goods and then to automotive components, heavy machinery, and perhaps on to
high-technology goods. Critics of the labor-intensive exports strategy charge
that it is a dead end. They are probably correct that EPZ production alone does
not guarantee a foothold on the next rung on the ladder. But all the early East
Asian export-platform graduates -- Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan -were able to develop higher levels of local technology and sophistication,
typically continuing to rely on joint ventures and strategic alliances with more
sophisticated multinational frms. Acer cut its teeth on computer production
under license for U.S. brands; Samsung went from chip assembly to global
leadership in 64k random access memory chip production allied with IBM and
other electronics leaders.
THE CHALLENGES OF GOVERNANCE
The emphasis here is on the industrial component of the overall growth nexus,
since it is crucial and has been poorly understood by outside observers. Consider
the debate over industrial policy. All of the successful East Asian countries
shared a common industrial policy: promotion and support of labor-intensive
exports. It involved picking winners, at least in the narrow sense of recognizing
early on that electronics assembly operations could provide a strong impetus to
growth and were therefore worth attracting through special zones, tax holidays,
and other investment incentives. (It is truer to say that the electronics "winners,"
like Texas Instruments, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel, picked Asia, rather than the
other way around.) Traditional industrial policies based on import substitution to
promote heavy industry were also carried out, but not in all the successful
countries. To the extent these policies brought any net benefts -- and it is far
from clear that they did -- their success was limited to Japan, Taiwan, and Korea.
Asia has achieved rapid growth despite severe limitations in its institutions. The
most general challenge facing the region is the creation of systems of
governance and law beyond the export platforms that are consistent with the
needs of sophisticated, high- income economies. In much of Asia, the rule of law
remains weak. Strong central governments control powerful and politicized
bureaucracies that can override local interests, the judiciary, and even private
property rights. Unsurprisingly, much of Asia, including some of its fastestgrowing countries, ranks very poorly on international opinion surveys regarding
the extent of corruption and bribery. Far from greasing the wheels of commerce,
corruption was a factor in the weak fnancial market regulation that contributed
to this year's currency crises. A recent empirical study by Shang-Jin Wei of
Harvard University found that Asian corruption greatly discourages foreign
direct investment, equivalent to a tax on multinational frms of 20 percent or
more.< Local governments are also weak, unable to address urgent
infrastructural and regulatory challenges. The Emerging Asia study documented
that tens of billions of dollars in environmental degradation takes place every
year in Asia's mega-cities due to extreme but remediable levels of pollution and
congestion.
The challenge of governance will be most acute in the two mega-states. China
faces severe and growing strains on a centralized political system that for more
than two millennia has been predicated on a largely sedentary peasant
population. The very underpinning of Chinese statecraft is called into question
by the social dynamism and geographic mobility of modern Chinese society.
The share of the Chinese population engaged in agriculture has declined rapidly
from around 70 percent in 1980 to below 55 percent today. On the other hand,
the proportion of the labor force on the move within China has burgeoned to
almost unimaginable (and still undocumented) proportions. An estimated 100 to
150 million are migrating within the country, mainly from countryside to urban
areas and from the interior to the coasts, which offers profound advantages for
export-based activity. Local governments and transport infrastructure have been
overwhelmed by these population movements. Similarly, social systems are
breaking down, since they too were predicated on an immobile population
locked into villages or into centrally planned state enterprises that expected and
guaranteed lifetime employment.
China will have to struggle with privatization, banking reform, and legal
modernization, as well as the daunting challenges of environmental degradation,

wide regional inequalities, pervasive corruption, and profoundly inadequate
infrastructure. There is a path ahead, based as in the rest of Asia on the
proposition that institutional upgrading must proceed in step with economic
development. In the fnal analysis, however, sustained economic development
will depend on the ability of China's political system to move beyond traditional
models of statecraft.
India came late to the process of global integration and market reform. While its
economy was never subjected to the extreme versions of socialism practiced in
the Soviet Union and China, the much milder form of Indian socialism held
economic growth in check for nearly four decades. Until 1991, economic life
was tied up in a mind-numbing and corrupt system of licenses and government
approvals for investments, imports, exports, employment, land purchases, hiring
and dismissals, and virtually every other aspect of economic activity -- the socalled License Raj. When a balance-of-payments crisis threatened India in mid1991, the system fnally cracked, with Nehruvian socialism succumbing to
history in the same year as the Soviet Union. Since then, a considerable portion
of the License Raj has been dismantled, and India's economic growth has
increased to more than six percent per year.
Like China, India is in a complex and gradual transition from socialism to
markets, from traditional political structures to those needed for a rapidly
growing economy. India has the vast advantage over China of a constitutional
order predicated on federalism, democratic legitimacy, and the rule of law. The
problems in India lie in specifc practices. While India is under the rule of law,
the laws are often terrible and antiquated. Federalist arrangements purportedly
give the states broad authority to carry out regional policies, but in almost every
policy area, ranging from land use to labor rights to trade to infrastructure
development, a morass of relations between the central government and the
states can stall necessary actions for years.
The remarkable period since mid-1996, when the once-dominant Congress Party
lost its governing majority, suggests reasonable prospects for further reform. A
short-lived government led by the Hindu-nationalist Indian People's Party (BJP)
committed itself to continued economic liberalization and market reforms, albeit
with a nationalist rhetorical stance. The BJP government was followed by a
United Front coalition government, in which a remarkably disparate group of
centrists and leftists committed to a "minimum program" of continued market
reform. As a result of these twists and turns, nearly every major political group
in India has committed itself programmatically to market reforms. Prospects for
sustained economic growth of six percent or more per year (roughly four percent
or more per capita) in the next few years seem a reasonable bet.
AN ASCENDANT ASIA AND THE WEST
In a fundamental sense, the system of market capitalism, which frst appeared in
Western Europe, has fnally become a global -- and in particular, Asian -instrument of economic development. Asia has demonstrated that it can mold
capitalist institutions into a vehicle for rapid economic catch-up. The
implications of a more globally balanced economic prosperity will be profound
and require sustained analysis. The West today represents around 45 percent of
world GDP, although it has just 13 percent of the world's population. According
to the baseline estimates that underlie the growth projections in Table 1,
continued economic success in Asia, in the context of an open, market -based
world economy, is likely to reduce the West's share of world income to around
30 percent, while Asia's share could well rise above half. Much of the force
behind this shift is the reasonable expectation that three of the four largest
countries -- China, India, and Indonesia -- together comprising 40 percent of the
world's population, could achieve per capita growth rates of 5 percent or more
for the next three decades. In this forecast, Asia's share of world income happens
to rise to 58 percent, just about the same share that Asia had in 1820, at the
outset of the Industrial Revolution. Over two centuries of economic
development, Asia's share of world income slid until 1950, but it will probably
continue to rise through 2025.
Perhaps the wisest observations about this possibility were voiced 222 years ago
by Adam Smith, who noted that the discovery of the sea passage between
Western Europe and Asia came at a time of unprecedented European military
advantage over the Asians, so that the Europeans "were enabled to commit with
impunity every sort of injustice in those remote countries." But increased trade
itself would be the vehicle for raising the incomes and thereby the political
defenses of the Asian powers: "Hereafter . . . the inhabitants of all the different
quarters of the world may arrive at that equality of courage and force which, by
inspiring mutual fear, can alone overawe the injustice of independent nations
into some sort of respect for the rights of one another. But nothing seems more
likely to establish this equality of force than the mutual communication of
knowledge and all sorts of improvements which an extensive commerce . . .
carries along with it." The reemergence of Asia in the world economy will be an
opportunity for mutual gain and a more balanced international system. This is
the time for the Western nations to work for long-term interests by encouraging
Asia to rejoin a world economic system based on commitments to the
international rule of law, political and economic freedom, and open
opportunities for trade and development by all countries that subscribe to shared
international values.
ON THIS TOPIC
ESSAY, NOV/DEC
1995
ESSAY, JUL
1967
A New China
Strategy: The
Challenge
India Adrift
Krishan Bhatia
Kenneth Lieberthal
The People's Republic of

China has been in the news
this year for a number of
disturbing reasons. It has
mounted muscular military
actions to back its diplomacy
regarding Taiwan and the
South China Sea, allegedly
transferred m-11 missile
technology to Pakistan, sold
nuclear technology to Iran, ...
A combination of factors is
inexorably pushing India
toward what may be described
as a political and economic
watershed. The decisions and
actions that its leadership
takes-or fails to take-this year
may shape the history not only
of India but perhaps of Asia
for a long time to come. To
say that ...
ESSAY, JUL/AUG
2006
The India Model

Gurcharan Das
AN ECONOMY
UNSHACKLED Although the
world has just discovered it,
India's economic success is far
from new. After three
postindependence decades of
meager progress, the country's
economy grew at 6 percent a
year from 1980 to 2002 and at
7.5 percent a year from 2002
to 2006 -- making it one of ...
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3 years
Azja Handel ago
Yes. fantastic article. Future belongs to Asia

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Assad's divide-and-conquer strategy proving effective against Syrian rebels - Page 2 | GlobalPost
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Biblical tradition holds that northern Iraq is the land of Cain and Abel. Across post-war Iraq, the ancient
parable of fratricide seems to be playing out in a contemporary context: Muslim brothers killing Muslim
brothers in spates of violence between the Sunni and Shia sects rippling out in waves across the
Middle East.
Reese Erlich
December 18, 2013 01:54
READ MORE
Syria's minority Christians under
threat from extremist Muslim rebels
Once a safe haven for Middle Eastern
Christians, Syria has become a place where
Christians are targeted for kidnapping and
murder.
Assad's divide-and-conquer strategy

proving effective against Syrian rebels
US-supported rebels are losing ground to both ultra-conservative Islamist rebels and the Assad regime.

proving effective against Syrian
rebels
US-supported rebels are losing ground to both
ultra-conservative Islamist rebels and the
Assad regime.
It's Salafst vs. Salafst in Syria's civil

war
heap imports.
"The Syrian regime made a big mistake," Barakat said. "We had an army of unemployed young
people and new groups started to emerge."

Initially, Muslim youth focked to the Muslim Brotherhood, a group that had been fghting the
government since the 1970s. The old Brotherhood leadership had been jailed or forced into exile, and a
new leadership arose.
Ultra-conservative Muslims like the rest of

Syria are divided about the appropriate role
of violence in a war marked by religious
divisions.
What it means to call the bombing of

Iran's embassy in Beirut 'sectarian'
Syria's civil war is increasingly seen as stoking
a regional confict based on religious
differences. But don't forget about political
motives, analysts say.
Do Lebanon's Taif Accords offer
The Brotherhood established a headquarters in exile in Istanbul, Turkey. They repudiated some of their lessons for Syrian peace?
earlier ultra-religious views and proclaimed support for a parliamentary system that would include free With a skyrocketing death toll and neither side
elections and protection for minorities.
willing to negotiate peace, Syria might to well to

look at how its neighbor solved its own civil war.
But the Brotherhood and its afliated militias didn't agree with US policy in the region. Like most
Iranians say US sanctions hit wrong

target
Syrians, the Brotherhood leadership opposed the US invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, and wanted
Since the US imposed strict sanctions 18

months ago, Iran's economy has been in free
le:///C|/U...RLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Assad's%20divide-and-conquer%20strategy%20proving%20effective%20against%20Syrian%20rebels%20-%20Page%202%20_%20GlobalPost.htm[4/25/2015 2:07:00 PM]
Israel to return the Golan Heights, seized from Syria in 1967.

During the frst two years of the uprising, the Brotherhood dominated various civilian and military
coalitions formed to oppose Assad, much to the chagrin of the Obama administration.
"America didn't want the Muslim Brotherhood to rule," said Professor Landis. "It was too Islamist for
the US, but in fact, it is the least Islamist. The US wants a Chalabi," referring to Ahmed Chalabi, an Iraqi
opposition leader backed by the US before the invasion, but who had little popular support.
During the past year, extremist groups grew in infuence. The Al Nusra Front and the ISIS both
proclaim their afliation with al Qaeda, although they remain operationally independent.
fall. Iranians say ordinary people are the ones

feeling the pain.
Forgotten Algiers Accords bind US

to non-interference in Iran
The Accords are a legally binding agreement
quite famous in Iran and virtually unknown in
the US.
The view from Tehran on Iran, Assad,

and Shia Islam
For both religious and geopolitical reasons, the
Iranian government continues to serve as
Syria's most important backer with broad
domestic support.
The growth of extremist groups has posed a signifcant problem for civil society activists, those who
Syrian Christians become

kidnapping targets, fee to Lebanon
advocate a secular parliamentary system for Syria and who played a prominent role in the early days of
Syria's civil war is empowering extremists and

squeezing Christians.
the uprising.
In 2011 I interviewed several such non-violent protesters in Damascus. Mahmud has since moved to
Dera in southern Syria, where he joined the FSA. The former secular journalist and playwright became
a devout Muslim.
Leen, his friend and fellow activist, admitted that Mahmud and many others have undergone a political
transformation.
"The FSA is conservative," said Leen, "because it wants Islam to play an important role in a
revolutionary government, but it's not extremist. The ISIS, which is mostly foreign fghters, wants to
impose a religious dictatorship on Syria."
Leen blames the rise in sectarianism on the Assad government, which promoted sectarian divisions
Fighting in Syria shifts as sectarian

divisions intensify
The war in Syria is increasingly defned along
the lines of a Shia regime versus a Sunni
opposition.
Syria spillover into Lebanon furthers

intra-Muslim confict in Mideast
Hezbollah claimed victory over the Free Syrian
Army in Qusayr, but its entry into the war is
fueling Sunni-Shia violence at home.
Special Report: Sunni and Shia

divided in Iraq, the land of Cain and
Abel
How the US invasion of Iraq unleashed a chain
reaction of sectarian violence.
from the very beginning of the uprising.
US fnds Sunni-Shia rift diffcult to

navigate
"Assad rallied Alawites against Sunnis by calling them takfris," or impure Muslims, she said. Even
Domestic conficts often proxy battles in larger

war.
during the opening weeks of the popular uprising, the government accused peaceful demonstrators of
being al Qaeda extremists.
Extremist rebels also fan religious confict, she admitted, by lobbing rockets and mortars into civilian
areas of Damascus. Many land in Christian neighborhoods near the Old City, leading many to suspect
the rebels deliberately target Christians.
Leen criticized such attacks as immoral and likely to alienate civilians from the rebel cause. But she
admitted that many rebel supporters justify such attacks because of the army's horrifc shelling of rebelheld areas.
"The government has laid siege to rebel towns, cutting of food, water and medicine," she said. "What
Q & A: US lessons and failures along

Sunni-Shia divide
After 10 years of engagement in Iraq and
Afghanistan, has the US learned anything?
Shias in Saudi keep protest

movement alive
Though illegal in the kingdom, open dissent is
alive and well in Qatif.
In Bahrain, a growing Sunni-Shia rift

Sunni and Shia have lived in peace in Bahrain
for centuries. But since the 2011 uprising,
tensions between the two groups have divided
the country.
do you expect people to do?"
Q & A: How a revolution opened the

door for Middle East extremists
Government supporters make similar justifcations for army attacks on civilians in rebel areas. Alaa
Syria's nonviolent uprising helped cause a

regional chain reaction, argues Lebanese
scholar Chibli Mallat.
Ebrahim, a local TV reporter, argued that the Syrian Army tries to be selective in its attacks. But he said
some government supporters think bombardments are justifed because civilians provide a nurturing
environment for the rebels.
Ebrahim strongly disagreed with this view, but said some government supporters are convinced if the
civilians dont leave rebel areas, they must support the rebels.
Ebrahim brings an interesting perspective to the issue of religious tensions in Syria. He pulled out an
iPhone to display idyllic photos of family and friends in his home village near Syria's Mediterranean
coast. In happier times, they enjoyed the area's beautiful waterfalls and picturesque mountains.
He also described the good relations among the village's diverse religious groups. Sunni Muslims,
Bahrain: 30 days in jail for one tweet

Human rights activist Sayed Yousif alMuhafdha had a month to refect on his
country's uprising.
Bahrain's royal family has history of

favoring Sunni minority
Analysis: Two years after Bahrainis rose up in
support of a constitutional government, the
monarchy has proven resilient.
Saudi youth fghting against Assad

regime in Syria
GlobalPost has learned that hundreds of young
Saudis are focking to Syria in a 'holy war'
against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
Christians and Alawites get along well, he said, despite the increase in religious tensions elsewhere in
Syria. Ebrahim said Sunnis in his village support the government of Assad so they don't come under
suspicion.
In the cities where rebels are fghting for control, however, entire Sunni neighborhoods are cordoned of
with army checkpoints and become no-go zones at night. The army also lays siege to mostly Sunni,
rebel-controlled towns, frequently preventing entry of food, medicine and other essentials.
Saddam Hussein's legacy of division

in Iraq
Analysis: More than six years after Hussein's
death, Sunni-Shia violence is in part a bloody
consequence of his repression.
THE TEAM
Charles M. Sennott
the Assad government. He noted that Syria has a long history of secularism, with friendships and
Charles M. Sennott is the

co-founder of
GlobalPost.He also heads
up The...
marriages cutting across religious lines.
Reese Erlich
Ebrahim said the confict in Syria remains political, not religious, pitting western-backed rebels against
other minorities support the government. Many Sunnis do not. Assad draws particularly strong support
Reese Erlich is a bestselling book author and

freelance journalist who
writes...
from Alawites.
Gary Knight
As an Alawite government employee, if youre invited to dinner by a Sunni, you would be afraid of an
Gary Knight is the Visual

Editor and Co-Founder of
the GroundTruth Project....
However, sectarian confict has seriously impacted the country because Christians, Shia Muslims and
ambush," Ebrahim said. "You would refuse. Trust has broken down.
Kevin Douglas Grant
He initially felt some sympathy for the peaceful protestors demonstrating in the early months of the
Kevin Douglas Grant is the

co-founder and managing
editor of The
GroundTruth...
uprising. But he believes that religious extremists now dominate, leaving little room for civilian
opposition.
Emily Judem
And then earlier this year he faced a personal tragedy. His mother, a Syrian Army ofcer, was
Emily Judem is multimedia

editor at The GroundTruth
Project, a foundation-...
assassinated by a rebel sniper, who killed her with a single shot at a distance of 1300 yards. An army
investigation revealed the rebels had inside help.
Franco Pagetti
His mother's assassination was just one more indication of a technically profcient enemy with
Franco Pagetti has been a

news photographer since
1994, with much of his
work...
intelligence capability even within the military. He said the confict will continue as long as outside
powers such as the US and Saudi Arabia fund the rebels.
Jane Arraf Middle

East
Civilian opponents and rebels make the same argument regarding the government. "Assad would fall
Jane Arraf is a reporter

based in Baghdad for Al
Jazeera International and
the
quickly if he didn't receive support from Russia, Iran and Hezbollah," said activist Leen.
Caryle Murphy Saudi

Arabia
Both Leen and Ebrahim agreed that, whoever wins, Syria has changed forever.
Caryle Murphy is an
independent journalist and
author of "Passion For
Islam "
Weve lost this amazing country," said Ebrahim, "and its never coming back.
GlobalPost special correspondent Reese Erlich's reporting from Syria was supported in part by a
Lauren Madow
travel grant from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Erlich's book on the Syrian uprising will be
Lauren Madow is a
documentary flmmaker,
USC graduate student and
journalist...
published by Prometheus Books in the fall of 2014.

<<
Joseph A. Kchichian
Joseph A Kchichian is a
senior fellow at the King
Faisal Center for
Research...
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/syria/131216/assad-syria-rebelssunni-shia
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proving effective against Syrian rebels
By Reese Erlich | 12/18/13
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DAMASCUS Syrias US-backed rebels are steadily losing ground to extremist Islamist groups, dealing a serious
blow to Washingtons hopes to overthrow the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
The splintering of the Free Syrian Army is seen by many regional analysts as a sign of the increased sectarianism
of the civil war. What began as an Arab Spring uprising against dictatorship has become a vehicle for extremists
who attack all government supporters as infdels and apostates. For its part, the Assad regime rallies minority
Shiites and Alawites by condemning Sunni rebels as takfris, or "impure Muslims."
Assads idea, these analysts contend, was to play up the sectarian divide as a way to fracture and weaken his
opposition. It appears Assads strategy may be working.
The civil war has claimed more than 100,000 lives, forced 2 million refugees to fee and 3 million to be internally
displaced. Assad supporters see him as a strong leader fghting against chaos and extremism.
Extremist groups have been fghting US-supported rebels for months. The frst evidence came in July
when the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) expelled the FSA from several northern cities,
including Raqqa. The ISIS then imposed a severe interpretation of sharia law that includes
imprisonment and torture of anyone who opposes the ISIS.
Adding to the Islamist momentum, a new and increasingly powerful coalition of extremist militias,
the Islamic Front, seized a warehouse last week controlled by the FSA. The storage facility inside Syria near the
Turkish border was chock full of trucks, supplies and weapons.
According to some reports, General Salim Idris, head of the FSA, fed to Turkey after his men gave up the
warehouse without a fght, leading the Obama administration to announce it wouldsuspend "non-lethal aid"to
le:///C|/U...n/Assad's%20divide-and-conquer%20strategy%20proving%20effective%20against%20Syrian%20rebels%20_%20MinnPost.htm[4/25/2015 2:07:06 PM]
opposition groups. This debacle revealed the weakness of the pro-US militias, according to Joshua Landis,
director of the Center forMiddle EastStudies at the University of Oklahoma.
"Idris is a stufed shirt and has no troops," said Landis in a phone interview. Fighting between pro-US and ultra
conservative militias "is a vipers nest. Everyone is scrambling for power."
Landis noted that the Islamic Front, along with two ultra-conservative groups afliated with al Qaeda, now
control swaths of northern and southern Syria. Those groups also control towns on the outskirts of Damascus,
and regularly lob mortar shells into the capital.
In recent weeks the government has taken back control over some of the Damascus suburbs, along with portions
of the important cities of Homs and Aleppo. So overall, the civil war remains a stalemate.
Government ofcials argue that they are protecting secular rule. Minister of Justice Najm al Ahmad, in an
exclusive GlobalPost interview, said the rebel groups promote extremism and religious hatred. He said the Syrian
Army's progress so far comes from popular opposition to "these terrorist groups and their takfri methodology.
The people sufer from the terrorist actions."
Assad is an Alawite, a small sect of Muslims with roots in Shia Islam. Less than 15 percent of Syrian Muslims are
Shia, while an estimated 74 percent are Sunni. Before the uprising began the rift between the sectshad been
limited to the religious sphere. Now both sides use the diferences to rally their supporters.
Yet after nearly three years of fghting, the government has failed to win the war. Analysts in Damascus say that
can be traced, in part, to Assad's economic policies.
In the early 2000s, Assads government privatized some state-run industries and lowered tarifs on imported
goods, following an economic model promoted by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.
Such policies increased poverty in the mainly Sunni, rural areas, according to Dr. Bassam Barakat, a progovernment political consultant.
For Bakarat and other analysts the defning line in this confict is not religious, but economic.
"Textile and other factories were no longer subsidized by the government," Bakarat said. "They allowed Turkish
commodities to enter without taxes. The national industry was completely damaged."
Unemployment grew as factories shut down and farmers couldn't compete with cheap imports.
"The Syrian regime made a big mistake," Barakat said.
"We had an army of unemployed young people and new groups started to emerge."
Initially, Muslim youth focked to the Muslim Brotherhood, a group that had been fghting the government since
the 1970s. The old Brotherhood leadership had been jailed or forced into exile, and a new leadership arose.
The Brotherhood established a headquarters in exile in Istanbul, Turkey. They repudiated some of their earlier
ultra-religious views and proclaimed support for a parliamentary system that would include free elections and
protection for minorities.

But the Brotherhood and its afliated militias didn't agree with US policy in the region. Like most Syrians, the
Brotherhood leadership opposed the US invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, and wanted Israel to return the
Golan Heights, seized fromSyriain 1967.
During the frst two years of the uprising, the Brotherhood dominated various civilian and military coalitions
formed to oppose Assad, much to the chagrin of the Obama administration.
"America didn't want the Muslim Brotherhood to rule," said Professor Landis. "It was too Islamist for the US, but
in fact, it is the least Islamist. The US wants a Chalabi," referring to Ahmed Chalabi, an Iraqi opposition leader
backed by the US before the invasion, but who had little popular support.
During the past year, extremist groups grew in infuence. The Al Nusra Front and the ISIS both proclaim their
afliation with al Qaeda, although they remain operationally independent.
The growth of extremist groups has posed a signifcant problem for civil society activists, those who advocate a
secular parliamentary system for Syria and who played a prominent role in the early days of the uprising.
In 2011 I interviewed several such non-violent protesters in Damascus. Mahmud has since moved to Dera in
southern Syria, where he joined the FSA. The former secular journalist and playwright became a devout Muslim.
Leen, his friend and fellow activist, admitted that Mahmud and many others have undergone a political
transformation.
"The FSA is conservative," said Leen, "because it wants Islam to play an important role in a revolutionary
government, but it's not extremist. The ISIS, which is mostly foreign fghters, wants to impose a religious
dictatorship on Syria."
Leen blames the rise in sectarianism on the Assad government, which promoted sectarian divisions from the
very beginning of the uprising.
"Assad rallied Alawites against Sunnis by calling them takfris," or impure Muslims, she said. Even during the
opening weeks of the popular uprising, the government accused peaceful demonstrators of being al Qaeda
extremists.
Extremist rebels also fan religious confict, she admitted, by lobbing rockets and mortars into civilian areas of
Damascus. Many land in Christian neighborhoods near the Old City, leading many to suspect the rebels
deliberately target Christians.
Leen criticized such attacks as immoral and likely to alienate civilians from the rebel cause. But she admitted that
many rebel supporters justify such attacks because of the army's horrifc shelling of rebel-held areas.
"The government has laid siege to rebel towns, cutting of food, water and medicine," she said. "What do you
expect people to do?"
Government supporters make similar justifcations for army attacks on civilians in rebel areas. Alaa Ebrahim, a
local TV reporter, argued that the Syrian Army tries to be selective in its attacks. But he said some government
supporters think bombardments are justifed because civilians provide a nurturing environment for the rebels.
Ebrahim strongly disagreed with this view, but said some government supporters are convinced if the civilians
dont leave rebel areas, they must support the rebels.
Ebrahim brings an interesting perspective to the issue of religious tensions in Syria. He pulled out an iPhone to
display idyllic photos of family and friends in his home village near Syria's Mediterranean coast. In happier
times, they enjoyed the area's beautiful waterfalls and picturesque mountains.
He also described the good relations among the village's diverse religious groups. Sunni Muslims, Christians and
Alawites get along well, he said, despite the increase in religious tensions elsewhere in Syria. Ebrahim said
Sunnis in his village support the government of Assad so they don't come under suspicion.
In the cities where rebels are fghting for control, however, entire Sunni neighborhoods are cordoned of with
army checkpoints and become no-go zones at night. The army also lays siege to mostly Sunni, rebel-controlled
towns, frequently preventing entry of food, medicine and other essentials.
Ebrahim said the confict in Syria remains political, not religious, pitting western-backed rebels against the
Assad government. He noted that Syria has a long history of secularism, with friendships and marriages cutting
across religious lines.
However, sectarian confict has seriously impacted the country because Christians, Shia Muslims and other
minorities support the government. Many Sunnis do not. Assad draws particularly strong support from Alawites.
As an Alawite government employee, if youre invited to dinner by a Sunni, you would be afraid of an ambush,"
Ebrahim said. "You would refuse. Trust has broken down.
He initially felt some sympathy for the peaceful protestors demonstrating in the early months of the uprising. But
he believes that religious extremists now dominate, leaving little room for civilian opposition.
And then earlier this year he faced a personal tragedy. His mother, a Syrian Army ofcer, was assassinated by a
rebel sniper, who killed her with a single shot at a distance of 1300 yards. An army investigation revealed the
rebels had inside help.
His mother's assassination was just one more indication of a technically profcient enemy with intelligence
capability even within the military. He said the confict will continue as long as outside powers such as the US
andSaudi Arabiafund the rebels.
Civilian opponents and rebels make the same argument regarding the government. "Assad would fall quickly if
he didn't receive support from Russia,Iranand Hezbollah," said activist Leen.
Both Leen and Ebrahim agreed that, whoever wins, Syria has changed forever.
Weve lost this amazing country," said Ebrahim, "and its never coming back.
GlobalPost special correspondent Reese Erlich's reporting from Syria was supported in part by a travel grant
from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Erlich's book on theSyrian uprisingwill be published by
Prometheus Books in the fall of 2014.
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In 90 seconds: Who are the Syrian opposition?
More than two years after the uprising began in Syria, the opposition
remains fractious and deeply divided.
The wide variety of political groups, exiled dissidents, grassroots activists
and armed militants have been unable to agree on how to overthrow
President Bashar al-Assad.
Several groups, however, have tried to form coalitions to unite opposition
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In November 2012, Syrian opposition factions agreed to set up a new and

more inclusive leadership council at a meeting in Doha, Qatar.
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Ahmed Jarba became president of the National Coalition in July 2013
It was hoped the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and

Opposition Forces, which includes members from within Syria and abroad,
would gain widespread international recognition as the country's sole
legitimate representative, become the conduit for all fnancial and possibly
military aid, administer areas controlled by rebel forces, and plan for a
post-Assad transition.
Elsewhere on the BBC
'Civil, democratic Syria'

A blueprint for the National Coalition was outlined in a document
published by the veteran dissident Riad Seif, who was subsequently
elected one of its two vice-presidents. His proposals were based on the
Cairo conference documents agreed in July 2012, which called on
revolutionary and political opposition factions to "unite under one
leadership framework".
Following the Doha meeting, the National Coalition declared on its
Facebook page that it was working "to aid and support the revolutionary
forces struggling to overthrow the Assad regime and to transition Syria
towards a democratic and pluralistic civil state".
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"The coalition also plays an important role in liaising between the needs of
the Syrian people and the international community," it added.
According to its website, the National Coalition is dedicated to:
Ensuring absolute national sovereignty and independence for Syria
Preserving the unity of the Syrian people
Preserving the unity of the country and its cities
Overthrowing the regime, dismantling the security forces, and holding
responsible parties accountable for crimes against the Syrian people
Not engaging in any dialogue or negotiations with the regime
Upholding the opposition's commitment to a civil, democratic Syria
Click
The smart bandage that changes the treatment
depending on how the wound is responding
'Serious step'
The Doha meeting was a response to increasing pressure from the
opposition's foreign backers to form a new alliance that superseded the
Syrian National Council (SNC), which was widely viewed as ineffective,
consumed by infghting and little respected on the ground. Reaction within
the SNC was mixed, with some groups concerned that they would only
control 22 seats on the leadership council, but the alliance's chairman
George Sabra asserted at the time: "This is a serious step against the
regime and a serious step towards freedom."
The National Coalition also includes members of the Local Co-ordination
Committees (LCC), a network of grassroots opposition activists, as well as
representatives of the local revolutionary councils. It also has the support
of the rebel Supreme Military Council (SMC) of the Free Syrian Army
(FSA).
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However, it does not include the National Co-ordination Committee, which

represents the internal political opposition groups that reject violence and
want to negotiate with the government, and several militant Islamist groups
fghting alongside the rebels, including the Nusra Front.
International reaction to the National Coalition was generally positive. The
six member states of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) were frst to
recognise it as "the legitimate representative" of the Syrian people,
followed by France, the UK, EU and US.
In December 2012, 100 countries at the Friends of the Syrian People
conference in Marrakech also recognised the coalition. Absent were
Russia, China and Iran, which have backed President Assad or blocked

Fear not, there's hope on the horizon.
action by the UN Security Council.

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Despite its international support, the National Coalition has suffered many
of the problems experienced by the SNC, on which it is still dependent
operationally and organisationally, including internal divisions and outside
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Moaz al-Khatib (L) resigned shortly after the appointment of Ghassan Hitto (R)
The National Coalition's frst president, Sunni cleric Moaz al-Khatib,

declared that he was resigning in March 2013, complaining that foreign
powers were placing too many conditions on aid to opposition and armed
rebel groups, and were trying to manipulate events for their own interests.
The resignation came fve days after Ghassan Hitto was elected prime
minister of the National Coalition's interim government, whose creation Mr
Khatib believed was premature. Mr Hitto's candidacy was backed by the
Muslim Brotherhood, which dominates the SNC, and the National
Coalition's secretary general, Mustafa Sabbagh, a businessman who has
strong links to Qatar.
The previous month, the SNC had publicly criticised Mr Khatib for saying
he would be ready to attend talks with Vice-President Farouq al-Sharaa in
a third country if the Syrian government met several conditions, including
the release of tens of thousands of political prisoners.
The National Coalition has also been unable to assert overall command
over Syria's rebel forces, particularly jihadist groups.
It has similarly struggled to address the humanitarian crisis, in part
because of a lack of funding. An Assistance Co-ordination Unit was set up,
but it has struggled to carry out anything on a signifcant scale. The
coalition has also so far failed to administer liberated areas and provide
basic services and supplies.
In May 2013, a coalition of leading rebel groups issued a joint statement
sharply criticising the National Coalition, accusing it of failing to fulfl its
duties, and of allowing itself to be taken over by regional and international
players.
The National Coalition overhauled its leadership at a conference in
Istanbul in July 2013, with candidates backed by Saudi Arabia defeating
those supported by Qatar in a series of elections. Ahmed Jarba, an
infuential tribal fgure with close ties to Riyadh, was named president after
he narrowly defeated Mr Sabbagh in a run-off vote.
Ahmed Tomeh wants to bring order to rebel-held areas of Syria
At the same time, Mr Hitto announced his resignation as prime minister,

citing an inability to form an interim government to administer so-called
"liberated" zones, co-ordinating the provision basic services and supplies.
He was replaced in September by Ahmed Tomeh, a moderate Islamist
and former political prisoner who is secretary general of the Damascus
Declaration, a coalition of political parties, human rights groups and prodemocracy activists named after a 2005 document that demanded Syria's
transformation from a "security state to a political state".
In his frst speech, Mr Tomeh said he wanted to restore order and
security to rebel-held areas, protect people's property, revive the economy
and invest in national resources.
In September 2013, Mr Jarba parked a storm of protest within the National
Coalition's leadership when he told the UN in New York that he would
participate in an international conference in Geneva aimed at fnding a
political solution the confict in Syria.
The US and Russia want the Syrian government and opposition to accept
a solution based on the core elements of the fnal communique issued
after the UN-backed Action Group for Syria meeting in June 2012. The
communique called for a transitional government that could include
offcials serving under President Assad and members of the opposition.
Syrian National Council (SNC)
The Syrian National Council (SNC) is a coalition of opposition groups

formed in October 2011 to offer a credible alternative to the Syrian
government and serving as a single point of contact for the international
community.
George Sabra insists the SNC will not be "subsumed" by the National Coalition
The current president is George Sabra, a Christian and a veteran leftist

dissident.
He replaced Abdelbaset Sayda, a Kurd, in November 2012, shortly before

the creation of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and
Opposition Forces.
Mr Sayda and his predecessor, Burhan Ghalioun, were both criticised for
failing to reconcile different groups within the opposition and present a
united front.
The SNC's website says it is committed to the following principles:
1. Working to overthrow the regime using all legal means
2. Affrming national unity among all components of Syrian society and
rejecting all calls for ethnic strife
3. Safeguarding the non-violent character of the Syrian revolution
4. Protecting national independence and sovereignty, and rejecting
foreign military intervention
It has laid out plans for a transitional period which would see it:
1. Form an interim administration
2. Hold an all-inclusive national convention on democratic change
3. Organise the election of a constitutional assembly within a year to
draft a new constitution and hold free parliamentary elections within
six months of the new constitution being approved
4. Form a judicial commission to investigate crimes against humanity
and form a national reconciliation commission
The new Syria, the SNC states on its website, will be a "democratic,
pluralistic, and civil state; a parliamentary republic with sovereignty of the
people based on the principles of equal citizenship with separation of
powers, smooth transfer of power, the rule of law, and the protection and
guarantee of the rights of minorities".
Burhan Ghalioun (L) and Abdelbaset Sayda (R) failed to unite SNC factions
The SNC, which is dominated by Syria's majority Sunni Muslim community,

has struggled to win over Christians and members of President Assad's
Alawite sect, who each make up about 10% of the population and have so
far stayed loyal to the government. The council's primacy has also been
challenged by the National Co-ordination Committee (NCC), an opposition
bloc that still functions within Syria and is led by longstanding dissidents,
some of whom are wary of the Islamists within the SNC. Several members
of the SNC have also complained about its ineffectual leadership.
The SNC has also found it diffcult to work with the Free Syrian Army.
However, the two groups have agreed to co-ordinate their operations and
the SNC has urged the international community to support the rebels.
In November 2012, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said the SNC
could "no longer be viewed as the visible leader of the opposition" and
called for an opposition leadership structure that could "speak to every

segment and every geographic part of Syria".
Following the creation of the National Coalition, Mr Sabra insisted that the
SNC would not be "subsumed under anybody".
"The SNC is older than this initiative or any other initiative, and it has a
deep political and regional structure," he said.
In October 2013, Mr Sabra said the SNC would not attend a meeting in
Geneva planned by the US and Russia to fnd a political solution to the
confict. He also threatened to pull out of the National Coalition.
"The Syrian National Council, which is the biggest bloc in the coalition, has
taken the frm decision... not to go to Geneva, under the present
circumstances," he told the AFP news agency. "This means that we will not
stay in the Coalition if it goes."
National Co-ordination Committee (NCC)
Formed in June 2011, the National Co-ordination Committee (NCC) for

Democratic Change is an alliance of 16 left-leaning political parties, three
Kurdish political parties, and independent political and youth activists. Its
chairman is the veteran left-wing opposition activist Hassan Abdul Azim,
leader of the Democratic Arab Socialist Union. His deputy and spokesman
abroad is Haytham Manna, a Paris-based academic and rights activist.
Hassan Abdul Azim and Haytham Manna have called for a peaceful transition
Unlike the Syrian National Council and the National Coalition, the NCC is
open to the idea of a political settlement with the government. Its call for
dialogue is conditional on a ceasefre, the withdrawal of the army from
towns and cities, and the release of all political detainees.
The NCC believes the Free Syrian Army is an essential part of the
revolution and plays an important role in protecting society, but rejects calls
to arm it or for foreign military intervention.
NCC leaders accused the SNC and the National Coalition of being
beholden to Turkey and Gulf Arab states that provide shelter, fnancial
support and weapons to rebel groups. It also objects to what it calls the
Muslim Brotherhood's domination of the exiled opposition. In turn, the SNC
and National Coalition have portrayed NCC leaders as isolated and lacking
support among Syrians.
In September 2012, the NNC organised the Syrian Salvation Conference,
a meeting in Damascus tolerated by the authorities. A statement agreed
by participants called for the following:
1. Removal of the regime and all its symbols, and building of a civil
democratic state
2. Rejection of sectarianism
3. Adoption of non-violent resistance, but recognising the Free Syrian

Army as "one of the components of the revolution"
4. Extraction of the Syrian army from the "clutches" of the regime.
5. Accomplishment of the goals of the revolution
6. Protection of civilians
7. Democratic resolution of the "Kurdish national case"
8. Maintenance of Syria's territorial and social integrity
Afterwards, Mr Manna said regime change was inevitable. "This regime is
dead in the hearts and minds of all Syrians," he explained. "There must be
negotiations on a peaceful transition of power."
Kurdish Supreme Committee
The Kurdish Supreme Committee was formed in July 2012 by the

Democratic Union Party (PYD) and the Kurdish National Council (KNC), an
alliance of 13 Kurdish parties, under the initiative of the President of Iraq's
semi-autonomous Kurdistan region, Massoud Barzani.
Salih Muslim is head of the Democratic Union Party (PYD)
It was hoped the committee would administer the de facto autonomous

Kurdish zone created in north-eastern Syria when government forces
withdrew in the summer of 2012.
However, the KNC has complained that the PYD has not honoured the
power-sharing agreement. The PYD's armed wing, the Popular Protection
Units (YPG), has been accused of refusing to share security responsibility
in most of the towns and villages in the Kurdish area with the KNC's
fghters. Parties in the KNC have also claimed that the Kurdish Supreme
Committee has become a tool of the PYD.
There has led to disagreement over how Syria's Kurds should be
represented at an international peace conference in Geneva proposed by
the US and Russia. The US and Turkey reportedly want the KNC to be
represented by the main opposition alliance, the National Coalition, which
it joined in September 2013. The PYD meanwhile wants Kurds to be
represented by the Kurdish Supreme Committee. And Mr Barzani is said to
want the KNC to represent itself.
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DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS SHARE RESPONSIBILITY FOR CIA CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY
le:///C|/U...RLINK/Desktop/Backupan/CIA%20%20The%20Rogue%20Agency%20Puts%20On%20A%20Global%20Horror%20Show.htm[4/25/2015 2:07:42 PM]
The preceding headlines appeared at The Huffngton Post on Tuesday, December 9, 2014. This day will forever be
remembered as the day the CIA was outed once and for all. Outed for only a small fraction of its countless crimes
against humanity.
To call the CIA a rogue agency is to grossly understate the massive, multi-decade crime spree it has perpetrated against
the community of nations and people of the world. There is no other federal department, bureau or agency that has
overtly been given both the budget and governmental approval to commit capital crimes at will.
From the assassination of heads of state to the mass murder of innocents in foreign lands; from torture to kidnapping;
from false fag attacks on civilian targets to drone missile strikes on wedding parties; from extraordinary rendition to black
site prisons, the list of odious crimes goes on and on and on. The CIA always does it their own way, without regard
to law or statute, rule or regulation, ethics or morality. Truly, the Central Intelligence Agency is the ultimate example of
state-sponsored terrorism, government-sanctioned criminality and bureaucratic lawlessness.
HOW DOES THE COMPANY (AKA THE CIA) GET AWAY

WITH IT
After all, whatever black operations are not performed under cover of black budgets, are necessarily conducted with US
tax dollars and in our name. Do we really want to know what manner of CIA-fabricated plots have been conducted in our
name?
The answer is simple: The taxpayer has a moral and civic obligation to know how their tax remittances are being used to
kill, maim and torture people abroad and at home. Not to know represents a tacit approval of such reprehensible and
savage behavior. Once the citizen pays for an assassination or kidnapping, that is perpetrated in the name of the United
States of America, there is ownership whether you want it or not.
Similarly, if you regularly vote for a political leader who is a known war criminal, and then he goes out and commits
genocide, guess who is also responsible for the suffering associated with that genocide? How is it that so many voters
misunderstand or are ignorant of this crucial element of civic responsibility?!
For instance, every person who voted for Barack Obama the second time around knew that he earned the right to be
called the Drone Ranger, a CIA pet project if ever there was one. When he continued the killing spree by drone in his
second term, his many supporters inherited the karma in light of their foreknowledge. Hey, just know that that karma
really bites when you least expect it.
The following list of headings just appeared in a single article which conveys some of the more abhorrent CIA conduct
against living humanity.
Well Worn Waterboards
Near Drowning
The Dungeon-LikeSalt Pit
Standing on Broken Legs
Non-stop Interrogation
Forced Rectal Feeding and Worse
Lost Detainees
Threats to Mothers
Sexual Assault by Interrogators
To read some of the more gruesome details from the same report [not for the fainthearted] click on the following link:
The Most Gruesome Moments in the CIA Torture Report
Just what does a CIA Horror Show really look like? After all, unless the American people take a close look at what is
being done around the world 24/7 in their name and with their tax dollars, it will continue ad infnitum. So at the
risk of alienating some in our readership, here are a couple of links which capture exactly what our illustrious CIA
performs on our behalf.
Photos from CIA Torture and GITMO
CIA Torture Pics
Heres another rather extended headline with key bullet points from a major daily in the UK (Mail Online).
Where does the nation go from here?

With this damning and indisputable information now in the hands of every American it is critical that an appropriate and
measured response be taken. Not to address the ongoing atrocities and barbarity, misdeeds and wrongdoings,
excesses and indiscretions of the CIA only perpetrates such a cycle of institutionalized criminality.
Therefore, perhaps it is time to go back to the very roots of this depraved organization in order to ascertain why it should
ever exist in the frst place. Its last incarnation was called the OSS, the Offce of Strategic Services.
The Offce of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It
was the wartime intelligence agency, and a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency.[1]
Their real problems began at the OSS when Operation Paperclip was allowed to run its course. This misguided
initiative, although it may have had reasonable intentions, was designed to fail miserably. Heres the cover story before
we provide the not-so-well-known backstory.
Operation Paperclipwas theOffce of Strategic Services(OSS) program in which over 1,500
Germanscientists, technicians, and engineers fromNazi Germanyand other foreign countries were
brought to the United States for employment in the aftermath ofWorld War II. [1]It was conducted by
theJoint Intelligence Objectives Agency(JIOA), and in the context of theburgeoningCold War. One
purpose of Operation Paperclip was to deny German scientifc expertise and knowledge to theSoviet
Union[2]and theUnited Kingdom,[3]as well as inhibitingpost-war Germanyfrom redeveloping its military
research capabilities.[2]
On the face of it this plan seems to have had an important objective; however, it also came with a HUGE catch. Their
were certain rogue elements and intelligence assets which came from Nazi Germany along with the 1500 German
scientists, technicians, and engineers. One of those characters was Reinhard Gehlen, a true Nazi operative if ever
there was one.
Gehlen had always been under the sponsorship of US Army G-2 (intelligence), but he eventually
succeeded in realizing his ambition of establishing an association with theCentral Intelligence
Agency(CIA), established in 1947. The CIA kept close tabs on the Gehlen group. For many years during
theCold War, Org agents were the only eyes and ears of the CIA on the ground in theSoviet
Blocnations.[3]
So determined was Gehlen to associate with the Central Intelligence Agency that extraordinary measures at the very
highest levels of the US Government were taken to ensure that that marriage took place. And so it did in the form of
the Gehlen Organization. In the ultra-secret circles where military and civilian intelligence organizations intersect, it is
understood that this particular association created an environment whereby many of the worst tactics and techniques
from Nazi Germany found there way into common use throughout the CIA.
Nazi Infltration Of The Central Intelligence Agency
The depth and breadth of the CIAs appropriation of so much of the Nazi war criminal infrastructure and apparatus[4] is
not well understood by many, even by those initiated in the upper echelons of the military intelligence and secret
services. The tradeoffs and compromises that were necessarily made during the transitional absorption of Nazi
personnel and assimilation of German knowhow were simply too radioactive (read: highly classifed) for anyone to know
except those very few privileged decision-makers at the top of the OSS leadership.
Therein lies the root cause for so much of what is profoundly wrong with the CIA. A glaring example of just how wrong
things would go is the highly consequential case of Allen W. Dulles, the frst civilian director of the CIA. Dulles was fred
by John F. Kennedy shortly after the CIA-coordianted Bay of Pigs fasco. The whole top tier of the CIA was immediately
relieved of their duties for their blatant insubordination. Nevertheless, Dulles was determined to get even with JFK. And
he did, before and after LBJ appointed him to the Warren Commission.
During theKennedyAdministration, Dulles faced increasing criticism. [1]The pro-American but unpopular
regimes in Iran and Guatemala that Dulles had helped put in place were widely regarded as brutal and
corrupt.[22]In autumn 1961, following the Bay of Pigs incident, Dulles and his entourage, includingDeputy
Director for PlansRichard M. Bissell, Jr.and Deputy DirectorCharles Cabell, were forced to resign.[5]
There are now numerous reports which contain high integrity research and authoritative investigations into the CIAs
direct involvement in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. As a matter of fact, highly credible evidence and testimony
points directly to CIA planning, implementation and coverup of JFKs cold-blooded murder. Kennedy knew that
eventually someone at the highest levels of the CIA would commit the egregious error of utilizing The Companyfor
domestic purposes. With the ignominious fring of the once all powerful Allen Dulles, perhaps he even knew that he
would be the frst stateside target.
Conclusion
When in the course of creating the U.S. National Security State the CIA was chosen as the very foundation for the
architecture, the whole enterprise was set up for an inevitable and monumental failure. The treasonous false fag
attacks on 9/11 dramatically illustrated the shortcomings of such a rogue agency, as did the traitorous assassination of
John F. Kennedy.
When the CIA will so boldly assassinate the President of the United States of America, what wont they do, and get away
with?!
JFK ASSASSINATION: CLASSIC CIA

EXECUTION PLAN
The following video provides a rare glimpse of ex-CIA Director Allen Dulles manipulating the media and controlling the
Warren Commission investigative process in Dallas in July of 1964. Only seeing is believing what the CIA is truly
capable of.
Michael Thomas
December 10, 2014
State of the Nation
Authors Note
We took no satisfaction in the writing of this expos. Nonetheless, this story needs to be disseminated so that informed
decisions can be made about the future (or lack thereof) of the CIA.
As President John F. Kennedy once remarked, I want to splinter theCIAinto a thousand pieces andscatterit to
the winds.
Endnotes
[1]Offce of Strategic Services

[2]Operation Paperclip
[3]Reinhard Gehlen
[4]CIA was formed by absorbing in secret almost the entire Nazi war criminal infrrastructure
[5]Allen Dulles
Recommended Reading
The CIA/MSM Contra-Cocaine Cover-up
9-11 SOLVED, CIA & MOSSAD Responsible Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga
Polish Death Squads Fighting in Ukraine. CIA Covert Operation?
CIA Ultimately Oversees All Major Terrorist Organizations
References
The Most Gruesome Moments in the CIA Torture Report
CIA torture report reveals tactics WORSE than agency let on
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR (AUTHOR PROFILE)

Michael Thomas is a contributing writer to Storyleak and Editor of the State of the Nation website, where he offers
analysis on geopolitical events.
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COMMENTS (146)
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Sort by: Date Rating Last Activity

Iremember 11 weeks ago
+9
"When the CIA will so boldly assassinate the President of the United States of America, what wont they do, and get
away with?!"
Pretty much anything they want to, whenever they want, to whomever they want.
Reply
1 reply active 9 weeks ago
Mr. Liberty 9 weeks ago
+4
I heard on Jones today that there are some whispers of Seymour Hersh actually viewing footage of US military
sodomizing children in front of their parents, and that the video will be released. I don't know how true that is but if it
ends up being true...I wonder if Roger will support that type of enhanced interrogation techniques?
Reply
4 replies active 9 weeks ago
Mr.Lincoln 115p 10 weeks ago
+4
Dec 10, 2014 VICE News Exclusive: The Architect of the CIA's Enhanced Interrogation Program
The Senate Intelligence Committee has released a blistering, 500-page report on the CIAs controversial detention
and interrogation program, a document that committee chairwoman Dianne Feinstein said represents the most
signifcant oversight effort in the history of the US Senate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmNUi0itl-8
Reply
+4
The U.S Government Is Lying, Manipulating and Continuing Torture Dec 11, 2014
In this video Luke Rudkowski details how the U.S government is still lying, manipulating, continuing torture and
committing other human right violations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvMhfGDwvhI
Reply
zebrano 11 weeks ago
+4
We have to get rid of this 2 party system that has been enslaving us for quite a while now. Nothing gets done
anymore. Join us at
www.no2party.freeforums.org/next-us-2-party-polit...
Overview at www.boardreader.com/site/no2party_freeforums_org_...
Join us and tell us what's on your mind.
Reply
PoofShesGone 11 weeks ago
+4
What a conundrum. The rabid anti-Muslim commenters don't care how badly Muslims are treated, they think all
Muslims should be exterminated, but many of those same commenters also abhor the US Government and will decry
the CIA and thus President Obama for torturing those same Muslims. It's clear to me that torture doesn't work (no one
ever should have listened to VP Cheney) and it lowers us to the same moral plain as ISIS (ISIL?) and Al Queda. If
nothing else we should have closed GITMO years ago and brought those prisoners to the US for trials. It's still not too
late, IMO.
Reply
+3
Weve Known for 1,700 Years that Torture Produces False Confessions December 19, 2014
Weve Known for Thousands of Years that Torture Doesnt Work Mark Costanzo (Claremont McKenna professor of
psychology) and Ellen Gerrity (Duke University professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences) note in a study
published in the journal Social Issues and Policy Review: As early as the third century A.D., the great Roman Jurist
Ulpian noted that information obtained through torture was not to be trusted because some people are so susceptible
to pain that they will tell any lie rather than suffer it (Peters, 1996). http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2014/12/weveknown...
Reply
sara 11 weeks ago
+1
This is an excellent expos, Pullitzer Prize material. Well done.

Reply
Night Ranger 11 weeks ago
+1
The CIA needs to be shut down ... once and for all.
Reply
Harold S. 11 weeks ago
+1
"From the assassination of heads of state to the mass murder of innocents in foreign lands; from torture to
kidnapping; from false fag attacks on civilian targets to drone missile strikes on wedding parties; from
extraordinary rendition to black site prisons, the list of odious crimes goes on and on and on. The CIA
always does it their own way, without regard to law or statute, rule or regulation, ethics or morality. Truly, the
Central Intelligence Agency is the ultimate example of state-sponsored terrorism, government-sanctioned
criminality and bureaucratic lawlessness."
L O V E it ! ! !
Reply
Detektei in nrnberg 4 weeks ago
Whatever that is not acceptable issue. You have nicely described those things which is happening. I want to give
thanks of the writer. Good job Carry on :)
Reply
Johndissuza 8 weeks ago
Well job through showing, Pulitzer Prize material and the CIA need to be shut down ... once and for all. Thanks for
sharing the great information. Dissertation Proposal Writing Services
Reply
seth 9 weeks ago
ROGER is commenting out of an asylum these days.

He sees French frogs everywhere. He is scared getting bitten and sucked up.
Reply
Yety1976 10 weeks ago
These are just inhuman nature shown by them. CIA are responsible for crime investigation not treating convicted as
such a inhuman nature. They have to do investigation remaining in human area.
Reply
essay writer 11 weeks ago
-4
In this way, least hundred million of taught ladies of conceptive age was left in the demographic path. Obviously, some
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Reply
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Countries Compared by People > Migration > Foreign worker salaries. International Statistics at NationMaster.com
CONTENTS
MAP
INTERESTING
Q+A
People > Migration > Foreign worker salaries: Countries

Compared
Home / Country Info / Stats / People / Migration / Foreign worker salaries
DEFINITION: Workers' remittances and compensation of employees comprise current transfers by migrant workers and wages
and salaries earned by nonresident workers. Remittances are classifed as current private transfers from migrant workers
id t iALL
th h t
t f
th
i
ti
f th i i
i ti
t t
t
i i t i th i
t
f i i
SHOW
Totals
salaries
salaries
COUNTRY
AMOUNT
DATE
European Union
99.85 billion
2009
United States
48.31 billion
2009
Saudi Arabia
25.97 billion
2009
Switzerland
19.56 billion
2009
Russia
18.61 billion
2009
Germany
15.92 billion
2009
Group of 7 countries (G7) average
15.03 billion
2009
Netherlands
14.21 billion
2009
Italy
12.99 billion
2009
Spain
12.65 billion
2009
10
Luxembourg
10.56 billion
2009
11
Kuwait
9.91 billion
2009
12
Malaysia
6.53 billion
2009
High income OECD countries average
6.22 billion
2009
GRAPH
Select year
Select
year
HISTORY
le:///C|/U...pared%20by%20People%20)%20Migration%20)%20Foreign%20worker%20salaries.%20International%20Statistics%20at%20NationMaster.com.htm[4/25/2015 2:07:53 PM]
13
Lebanon
5.75 billion
2009
14
Oman
5.31 billion
2009
15
France
5.22 billion
2009
Eurozone average
4.76 billion
2009
16
China
4.44 billion
2009
17
Norway
4.17 billion
2009
18
Belgium
4.14 billion
2009
19
Japan
4.07 billion
2009
Heavily indebted countries average
3.95 billion
2009
NATO countries average
3.74 billion
2009
United Kingdom
3.67 billion
2009
European Union average
3.57 billion
2009
3.5 billion
2009
20
Europe average
21
Denmark
3.41 billion
2009
22
Austria
3.38 billion
2009
23
Israel
3.28 billion
2009
24
Kazakhstan
3.14 billion
2009
25
Australia
3 billion
2009
26
India
2.89 billion
2009
27
Indonesia
2.7 billion
2009
28
Czech Republic
2.56 billion
2009
29
Ireland
1.99 billion
2009
Emerging markets average
1.86 billion
2009
Greece
1.84 billion
2009
Former Soviet republics average
1.84 billion
2009
Eastern Europe average
1.52 billion
2009
31
Portugal
1.46 billion
2009
32
Bahrain
1.39 billion
2009
33
Libya
1.36 billion
2009
34
Hungary
1.34 billion
2009
30
35
Poland
1.33 billion
2009
36
South Africa
1.16 billion
2009
37
Brazil
1 billion
2009
38
New Zealand
871.16 million
2009
39
Sweden
787 million
2009
40
Argentina
702.22 million
2009
41
Azerbaijan
651.83 million
2009
42
Lithuania
619.67 million
2009
43
Venezuela
581 million
2009
44
Jordan
502.25 million
2009
45
Uganda
463.29 million
2009
46
Finland
453.71 million
2009
47
Brunei
444.82 million
2009
48
Sri Lanka
434.5 million
2009
49
Cyprus
408.96 million
2009
50
Papua New Guinea
322.63 million
2009
51
Jamaica
314.11 million
2009
52
Romania
310 million
2009
53
Costa Rica
238.6 million
2009
54
Panama
229.4 million
2009
55
Cambodia
215.16 million
2009
56
Syria
212 million
2009
57
Slovenia
191.45 million
2009
58
Kyrgyzstan
187.71 million
2009
59
Gabon
185.6 million
2009
60
Armenia
145.15 million
2009
61
Senegal
144.1 million
2009
62
Turkey
141 million
2009
63
Haiti
134.82 million
2009
64
Slovakia
133.85 million
2009
65
Tajikistan
123.63 million
2009
66
Maldives
116.03 million
2009
67
Belarus
112.4 million
2009
68
Netherlands Antilles
105.88 million
2009
69
Mali
104.79 million
2009
70
Moldova
104 million
2009
71
Bolivia
103.47 million
2009
72
Botswana
102.21 million
2009
73
Congo, Republic of the
102.2 million
2009
74
Bulgaria
101.25 million
2009
75
Burkina Faso
99.6 million
2009
76
Croatia
99.27 million
2009
77
The Bahamas
96.32 million
2009
78
Cameroon
94.36 million
2009
79
New Caledonia
92.4 million
2009
80
Colombia
92.23 million
2009
81
Serbia and Montenegro
90.91 million
2009
82
Benin
88.3 million
2009
83
Peru
85.42 million
2009
84
Mongolia
83.44 million
2009
85
Ecuador
81.28 million
2009
86
Tanzania
80.55 million
2009
87
Estonia
80.53 million
2009
88
Aruba
76.74 million
2009
89
Guyana
76.74 million
2009
90
Rwanda
71.44 million
2009
91
Nigeria
65.65 million
2009
92
Zambia
65.62 million
2009
93
French Polynesia
64.33 million
2009
94
Mozambique
63.06 million
2009
95
Morocco
60.96 million
2009
96
Kenya
60.8 million
2009
97
Bosnia and Herzegovina
60.8 million
2009
98
Philippines
58 million
2009
99
Togo
57.63 million
2009
100
Thailand
53.48 million
1991
101
Malta
53.07 million
2009
102
Latvia
45.5 million
2009
103
Guinea
44.87 million
2009
104
Barbados
40.07 million
2009
105
Lesotho
34.68 million
2009
106
Iceland
33.91 million
2009
107
Burma
31.7 million
2009
108
Georgia
31.68 million
2009
109
Iraq
31.4 million
2009
110
Dominican Republic
28.8 million
2009
111
Central African Republic
27.38 million
1994
112
Ethiopia
26.55 million
2009
113
Ukraine
25 million
2009
114
Seychelles
23.89 million
2009
115
Belize
22.8 million
2009
116
Guatemala
22.6 million
2009
117
Laos
22.37 million
2009
118
Niger
22.3 million
2009
119
Fiji
22.21 million
2009
120
Algeria
22.03 million
1991
121
Madagascar
21.2 million
2009
122
El Salvador
20.89 million
2009
123
Cote d'Ivoire
19.54 million
2009
124
Guinea-Bissau
16.75 million
2009
125
Namibia
15.88 million
2009
126
Chad
15.42 million
1994
127
Trinidad and Tobago
14.34 million
1995
128
Tonga
13.51 million
2009
129
Tunisia
12.89 million
2009
130
Nepal
12.33 million
2009
131
Cape Verde
11.83 million
2009
132
Mauritius
11.67 million
2009
133
Honduras
11.58 million
2009
134
Swaziland
10.96 million
2009
135
Albania
10.03 million
2009
136
Mauritania
9.62 million
1998
137
Samoa
8.45 million
2009
138
The Gambia
8.41 million
2009
139
Pakistan
8 million
2009
140
Bangladesh
7.59 million
2009
141
Zimbabwe
7.24 million
1994
142
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7.06 million
2009
143
Mexico
7 million
1982
144
Ghana
6.4 million
2009
145
Saint Kitts and Nevis
5.94 million
2009
146
Djibouti
5.79 million
2009
147
Uruguay
5.62 million
2009
148
Chile
5.6 million
2009
=149
Suriname
5.1 million
2009
=149
Faroe Islands
5.1 million
2009
4.41 million
2009
4.4 million
1997
151
Solomon Islands
152
Turkmenistan
153
Saint Lucia
4.28 million
2009
154
Grenada
3.65 million
2009
155
Comoros
156
Sierra Leone
3.5 million
1995
3.49 million
2009
=157
Vanuatu
2.6 million
2009
=157
Nicaragua
2.6 million
1983
159
Somalia
2.57 million
1983
160
Antigua and Barbuda
2.23 million
2009
161
Sudan
2 million
2009
162
Eritrea
1.31 million
2000
163
Burundi
1.2 million
2009
164
Liberia
1.01 million
2009
165
Kiribati
731,127.3
1994
166
Sao Tome and Principe
546,840
2009
167
Malawi
440,000
2009
168
Equatorial Guinea
331,409.3
1994
169
Dominica
174,628.5
2009
170
Paraguay
100,000
1988
1/1
All
All
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European Union has had the highest migration > foreign worker salaries since 1971.
United States ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Christian countries in 2009.
Saudi Arabia ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Hot countries in 2009.
Germany ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst European Union in 2009.
Switzerland ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Europe in 2009.
Russia ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Emerging markets in 2009.
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Brazil ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Latin America and Caribbean in 2009.
South Africa ranked frst for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Sub-Saharan Africa in 2009.
Netherlands ranked second for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst NATO countries in 2009.
United Kingdom ranked last for migration > foreign worker salaries amongst Group of 7 countries (G7) in 2009.
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Demography, Migration and Multiculturalism in South Korea | The Asia-Pacifc Journal
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Demography, Migration and Multiculturalism in South Korea

Andrew Eungi Kim
More than a million foreigners reportedly reside in South Korea now, with unskilled migrant workers
accounting for a majority.Although the countrys reliance on imported foreign labor is likely to
continue unabated, the country prides itself as an ethnically homogenous society and insists on
almost zero-immigration policy.However, this paper shows that Korean society is rapidly becoming a
multicultural society and this process is inevitable and irreversible.In support of this argument, the
paper examines various social factors that are contributing to the making of a multiethnic Korea,
including the continuing infux of migrant workers, rapid aging of the population, low fertility rate,
and shortage of brides.The paper also assesses the applicability of various theories and trends of
migration to the Korean context.The Korean case suggests a need for a paradigm shift in
understanding multiculturalism. This is because the dominant perspectives and theories on
multiculturalism have been western-centric, based on western experience and focusing on racial
diferences and tensions. Multiculturalism in Korea as well as in its neighboring countries like China,
Japan, and Taiwan is fundamentally diferent, as it involves people of similar physical appearances
and historical cultural bonds, and it entails ethnic rather than racial diferences.
Key Words
Korea, multiculturalism, migrant workers, immigrant brides, intermarriage, and aging
Introduction
A report by the U.N. (2006) shows that the number of people who live and work outside
their countries of birth has doubled over the last 35 years to 191 million in 2005 (see
International Organization for Migration 2005). The total represents about three per
cent of the worlds population or one in every 35 persons. About 6 out of 10
international migrants live in high-income economies, including 22 prosperous
developing countries such as South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait and Qatar (United Nations 2006, p. 12). Other fndings by the report include the
following: around 75 per cent of international migrants lived in just 28 countries, with
one in fve living in the United States; international migrants comprise at least 20 per
cent of the population in 41 countries; women comprise nearly half of all international
migrants and they outnumber male migrants in developed countries; about a third of the
191 million international migrants has moved from one developing country to another,
while another third has migrated from a developing country to a developed country,
indicating that the number of South-to-South migrants approximates that of South-toNorth migrants (United Nations 2006, p. 12).
fle:///C|/U...mography,%20Migration%20and%20Multiculturalism%20in%20South%20Korea%20_%20The%20Asia-Pacifc%20Journal.htm[4/25/2015 2:08:09 PM]
As in other parts of the world, international migration in Asia is an important social issue.
Most countries in the region are afected by temporary labor migration as either laborexporting or labor-importing countries.Only a handful of Asian countries or territories,
the richest ones, have a net import of labor. These are Japan, South Korea, Taiwan,
Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia.Since the 1980s Japan has been importing foreign
workers to meet the demand for cheap labor from small- to mid-sized frms.The country
now has about two million registered foreigners (1.57 per cent of the population),
including 600,000 Korean descendents of colonial immigrants,[1] and the issues of
citizenship, nationhood, and national identity have become important and controversial
political issues (see Yamanaka 2000, 2004a and 2004b; Lie 2000, 2001; Arudou and
Higuchi 2008).
GDP of Asian countries (PPP) in global perspective

South Korea (henceforth Korea) has been importing signifcant numbers of migrant
workers since the early 1990s. As of the end of 2007, registered foreigners totaled
1,066,273, accounting for 2.2 per cent of the total population.The number of foreigners
in Korea jumped 2.75 times since 1997 from 386,972.If the current trend continues, the
number of foreigners in Korea would reach 1.5 million in 2012, 2.5 million in 2020, and
4.1 million by 2050 or 9.2 per cent of the total population, which would be similar to the
proportion of foreign-born residents in England (9.7 per cent) in 2005.
A large majority of foreigners in Korea have entered the country with work visas and the
number of foreigners with work visas, as of May 2008, amounted to more than
700,000.The 2008 total represents an annual increase of nearly 100,000 new arrivals
since late 2004, when the fgure was 460,000.Most of those who entered Korea with
work visas, including more than 200,000 overstaying migrant workers, have been
unskilled migrant workers.
The demand for foreign labor has largely come about as better-educated and wealthier
Koreans began to turn away from certain occupation categories, especially the so-called
3-D (difcult, dirty, and dangerous) manual jobs, prompting the Korean government to
utilize several labor-importing schemes since 1992 to both secure and control foreign
workers.The number of foreigners in Korea will increase further as the anticipated bride
shortage brings in more foreigners.
The presence of growing numbers of unskilled migrant workers, along with a substantial
number of foreign brides and professional foreign workers, marks a signifcant departure
from the proverbial image of Korea as an ethnically homogenous society.Although
foreigners constituted only a little over one per cent of the total population of 48 million
as of the end of 2005, the country is on its way to becoming a multiracial and
multiethnic society. This paper examines the factors that will generate substantial infow
labor migrants and brides, notably rapid aging of the population and the resulting labor
shortage, and son preferential practices and shortage of brides. It also assesses the
applicability of existing migration theories to the Korean context and analyzes
international migration in Korea in light of general trends in global migration.
Unskilled Migration Workers: History of Labor Importation Policies in Korea
Korea was a labor-exporting country from the early 1960s to the late 1980s.[2]
Thousands of Korean workers emigrated annually in the 1960s and 1970s, notably to
Germany, when miners and nurses made up the bulk of the outgoing migrant workers.
During the construction boom of the 1970s and early 1980s, tens of thousands of
Koreans were sent to the Middle East to work as construction workers for Korean
companies.In the 1980s, more than 30,000 Koreans migrated annually as laborers to
other countries. By 1993, the fgure had dwindled to 18,000 (Ministry of Justice 19821993).
Since the late 1980s, Korea changed from a labor-exporting nation to a labor-importing
nation (Park 1994).When foreign migrant workers began arriving in Korea in 1987, the
shortage of manual workers was estimated at 100,000, mainly in small- and mediumsized manufacturing frms (Kwon 2004, p. 1). Since the mid-1980s, Korea has
experienced a deceleration in the growth of the domestic labor force as the rural labor
surplus was exhausted and the participation rate of youth (15-19 age group) in the labor
force declined signifcantly due to longer schooling.The labor shortage was also caused
by the booming construction industry, which drew Korean workers out of relatively lowpaying factory jobs into higher-paying construction work.Moreover, growing labor
market segmentation since the early 1990s brought about uneven labor shortages: large
frms subcontracted some of their labor-intensive production lines to small frms (5-29
employees) to cope with growing national and international competition, leading to an
increase in the percentage of employees in small frms from 18.3 per cent in 1980 to
27.6 per cent in 1995.The labor shortages in Korea were and are thus more serious in
smaller frms than in larger frms, and in unskilled jobs than in highly skilled jobs (Lee,
H. 1997, p. 357).The labor shortage in manufacturing became very serious in 1991
when unflled production jobs totaled 222,000.
Migrant workers in Korea organize

Perhaps more important than the migration transition and labor market segmentation in
explaining labor importation in Korea is a demand for cheap, unskilled labor to fll jobs
shunned by Koreans.In congruence with dual labor market theory, the demand for
foreign labor in Korea came about as relatively better-educated, more status-conscious,
and wealthier Koreans began to turn away from low-paying and less prestigious manual
jobs.To mitigate the labor shortage in unskilled, manual jobs, since 1992 the Korean
government has sought to bring in and control the infow of unskilled migrant workers.
[3] The number of such workers entering Korea increased from 33,861 in 1994 to 49,345
in 2000, and 106,688 in 2004. Korea attracted workers from a dozen or so Asian
countries, including China (predominantly ethnic Koreans), Vietnam, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, and the Philippines.Recently, however, unskilled migrant workers have
come from dozens of countries from throughout the world, including Russia, Pakistan,
India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, and Nigeria.They are employed in agriculture, fshery and
service industries as well as in 3D jobs in industries including construction, metal work,
dyeing, auto-parts, tanning, textiles, furniture-manufacturing and other small- to
medium-scale manufacturing industries (see Seol 1999, 2000; Seol et al. 1999; Kim, W.
2004).
Four types of work permits regulate the infux of foreign workers: Professional Work
Permit System (PWPS), Industrial Training System (ITS), Employment Management
System (EMS) for less-skilled overseas Koreans, and Employment Permit System (EPS)
for unskilled foreign workers.The work permit system stipulates diferent conditions and
entitlements for skilled and less-skilled or unskilled workers. Skilled foreign workers are
subject to less regulation than their less-skilled counterparts.The Immigration Bureau
does not limit the number of visas for skilled workers, while setting visa quotas for lessskilled foreign workers in specifed industrial sectors where their labor is needed.
The Industrial Training System (ITS) was implemented in January 1994.In the inaugural
year, 31,830 Asian workers arrived.Since then, the number of industrial trainees
fuctuated between 25,000 and 52,000.The training program consists of a one-year
training and two-year work permit system: trainees are eligible to apply for a work
permit after completion of the training program. If they are successful in obtaining a
work permit, they can work as regular workers with the full range of labor rights. Four
main sectors in which these trainees work are manufacturing, construction, agricultural,
and inland and coastal fsheries.However, the trainee program created many problems:
trainees often became undocumented workers as they ran away from the trainee
program for better pay elsewhere (trainees were paid barely more than the minimum
wage and were often forced to work overtime with no overtime pay); there were many
reports of abuses as trainees were not protected by the Labor Standard Law. The
Industrial Training System was discontinued in January 1, 2007.
The Employment Permit System (EPS) for less-skilled or unskilled foreign workers was
implemented on August 17, 2004 to ultimately replace the problematic ITS.Unlike the
ITS, which was controlled and operated by business associations, all activities of the EPS
registration of potential migrant workers, selection, pre-departure orientation, postarrival orientation, job placement, return and reintegration, and monitoringare strictly
regulated by government agencies.The new system is aimed at providing equal
treatment to foreign workers, including basic labor rights, employment insurance and
legal minimum wages, while ensuring a stable supply of manpower for Korean
employers. However, foreign workers are banned from changing workplaces on their own
and are allowed to work in Korea for a maximum of three years.To establish labor
migration through bilateral agreements between the sending and receiving countries, the
government entered a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with six Asian countries
Thailand, Viet Nam, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippinesfrom which
about 25,000 workers arrived in 2004.In 2006, three other countries were added
Uzbekistan, Pakistan, and Cambodiafollowed by MOU with China, Bangladesh, Kyrgyz
Republic, Nepal, Myanmar and East Timor in 2007.More than 100,000 workers arrived
from these countries in 2007 alone.The Korean Ministry of Labor assigns annual quotas
to all sending countries according to employer preference, evaluation of sending
procedures, and the number of illegal workers. Consequently, sending countries
compete for quotas, which is expected to bring higher quality workers to Korea and
guarantee fairness in recruiting in the sending countries.Eligibility is restricted to
manufacturing companies with less than 300 workers who can prove that they previously
tried to employ Korean workers.
In addition, an Employment Management System (EMS) for overseas Koreans has been
implemented since December 2002 for overseas Koreans who have foreign
nationalities.To be eligible, they have to be at least 30 years old and have a relative
living in Korea (there are plans to bring down the age restriction to 25).The occupation
categories for EMS are accommodation and restaurant, cleaning service, assistance with
household afairs, and the like. EMS permit holders were originally allowed to stay for up
to two years, but from August 2004 permission was extended to three years.
Through these labor importation schemes, several hundred thousand foreign workers,
skilled and unskilled, have been brought into Korea, ushering in the dawn of a
multiethnic Korea.
Koreas Aging Population and Labor Shortage
Korea is one of the worlds most rapidly aging societies and its fertility rate is falling at a
record pace to a level well below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per family. In
2000, Korea became an aging society, in which 7 per cent of the population consists of
the elderly (those 65 years or older).If current population trends continue, the country
will transition to an aged society in 2019, when 14 percent of the population will be
elderly.Korea will become a superaged society by 2026, when the elderly would make
up 20 per cent of the population.
Koreas aging population

While economically advanced nations took decades to transit from an aging society to an
aged society, Korea will do so within a generation (roughly 19 years). It took France 115
years (1864-1979) to make the transition, Sweden 85 years (1887-1972), and England
45 years (1930-1975) (see Table 1). Koreas 19-year mark will break the world record
of 26 years set by Japan (1970-1996). Korea is expected to take just 7 years to pass
from an aged society to a super-aged society, again beating the Japanese record of 12
years. The United Nations projects Koreas elderly population to rise to 24.1 per cent of
the total in 2030 and 37.3 per cent in 2050, the highest in the world (Korea Times
2005a). The U.N. forecasts that Japans aged population will rise to the second highest
level with 36.5 per cent in 2050, followed by Spain (35 per cent), Italy (34.4 per cent)
and the Netherlands (33.2 per cent). Demographers have coined the term agequake to
refer to the dire economic and social impact of Korean aging.
Rapid aging is a product of Koreas increasing life expectancy and above all its low
fertility rate. Due to signifcant improvements in health care and nutrition, the average
life expectancy of Koreans rose by more than 10 years in the two decades between 1983
when it was 67.14 to 72.83 in 1993 and 77.46 in 2003.A UN report projects South
Koreas life expectancy to increase to 81 years in 2020 and 83.3 years in 2050 (Korea
Times 2005b).
The most signifcant reason for this rapid aging is the falling fertility rate. Koreas total
fertility rate was 1.08 in 2005, one of the lowest, if not the lowest, in the world (see
Figure 1). [4] The decline from 1.47 in 2000 to 1.17 in 2002 is the largest two-year drop
on record, far below the replacement level of2.1 children.Korea took just 16 years for
its fertility rate to drop from the replacement level of 2.1 in 1983 to 1.42 in 1999
compared with Japan (30 years) and the Netherlands (29 years). If the low birthrate
persists, as demographers anticipate, the National Statistical Ofce projects a total
population of 42.35 million in 2050, falling from the current 48.29 million.
As a consequence, the proportion of the economically active population (15-64 year

olds), which was 61.4 per cent in 2003, will rise to 62.7 per cent in 2010 and 64.0 per
cent in 2020 before falling to as low as 53.7 per cent by 2050 (Donga ilbo 2005). This
portends a declining labor supply.According to a report by the Korea Labor Institute
(2005), Korea will face a severe labor shortage beginning in 2010. Assuming that Koreas
economic growth averages 4.5 per cent and that there will be an annual 1.51 per cent
increase in demand for labor during the next 15 years, there will be a shortage of
586,000 workers in 2015 and 1.23 million in 2020. A Bank of Korea estimate is even
higher, projecting a shortage of up to 4.8 million workers in 2020 (Bank of Korea 2006).
In addition to acute labor shortage, the low birthrate poses many economic
problems.Whether in the context of real estate or consumer spending, economic growth
and population have always been closely linked.In fact, Koreas remarkable economic
development of the last forty years was in part fueled by a large young cohort who
provided a sizeable labor pool (Lee, H. 1999, pp. 82-85). Other problems associated
with low birthrate are declining tax revenues for (IMF estimates for every one per cent
increase in the elderly population, there will be .46% deterioration in fscal balance),
declining savings rate, diminishing consumption, waning investment, and budget defcits
(government expenditure on the elderly in Korea is expected to soar from 2 per cent of
GDP in 2002 to 8.5 per cent in 2050).Also, pension funds can dry up and funding for
health insurance can become insufcient.
This leaves Korea with little choice but to import increasing numbers of foreign
laborers.The Korean government may be forced to grant permanent resident status to
migrant workers in order to secure a stable supply of labor.The availability of a large
pool of migrants, coupled with the governments wish to mobilize foreign labor, will
facilitate a fow of migrants into Korea.
The expected increase in labor importation is not a welcome prospect for the
government, which remains fxated on the ideology of an ethnically homogenous
nation.Consequently, there have been active debates about extending the retirement
age of workers, although the current global fnancial crisis and the concomitant rise in
the unemployment of college graduates is putting a damper on the issue.The
government has also implemented various policies to facilitate a higher fertility
rate.These include: 1) an allowance to every pregnant mother for medical check-ups; 2)
free vaccinations to all newborns and free medical and dental check-ups until the age of
six; 3) childcare allowances for low-income families; 4) expansion of public childcare
facilities; 5) for low-income families, waiving monthly health insurance fees for newborns
until the age of fve; 6) subsidies for after-school programs for the children of lowincome families; and 6) incentives for companies to extend, and ofer more benefts for,
maternity leave. Public advertisements on television and in newspapers promote having
a larger number of children for each family.
Many local governments have introduced incentives to encourage more births.Some
provide childbirth allowances, such as a one-time payment of between one and three
million won for every second or third newborn, while some municipalities ofer gift
certifcates for families to buy clothes, diapers, baby food and other childcare supplies for
newborns.Some local governments provide state-hired babysitters for up to 30 days to
families giving birth to a third child.The babysitter service is also provided to low-income
families for children aged between three months to 12 years. To date, however, these
measures have failed to slow Koreas declining fertility rate.
Immigrant Brides: Bride Shortage and Increasing Intermarriage
In addition to the continuing infux of foreign laborers, there is yet another factor
conducive to the emergence of a multicultural Korea: the infux of foreign brides.As with
migrant laborers, the vast majority of foreign brides have come from Asian developing
countries .
The proportion of intermarriages in total marriages in Korea has jumped more than tenfold since 1990, accounting for nearly 14 per cent in 2005.This coincided with the
growing number of migrant workers in Korea (see Table 2).The soaring number of
international marriages is also due to a signifcant growth in the number of picture
brides from abroad.
Korean men marry Vietnamese women in Vietnam

Rapid urbanization has largely drained the countryside of young women in search of
better educational and job opportunities.Many men in the countryside, on the other
hand, stayed behind to carry on family farming.These men have had great difculty in
fnding marriageable partners who were willing to give up the comfort of urban life to
marry farmers or fshermen.Unable to fnd brides in Korea, many looked outside the
country.In 2005, 35.9 per cent of rural men who married wed foreign brides from such
countries as China (ethnic Koreans), Vietnam, the Philippines, and even
Uzbekistan.[5]As Table 3 shows, most foreign brides are Asians with more than threefourths coming from China and Vietnam in recent years, attesting to increases in crossborder hypergamy.
The number of foreign brides will rise signifcantly over the next decade, with Korean son
preference, which has led to a serious imbalance in favor of males since the late 1980s,
resulting in an acute shortage of brides.Table 4 reveals the seriousness of sex imbalance
in Korea:
The data are even more startling for the birth-order-specifc sex ratios: the sex ratio at
birth for the familys third- and fourth-born children has hovered between 130 and 140
in Korea (see Park and Cho 1995).It goes without saying that such a skewed sex ratio
at birth has been obtained through sex-selective abortions.The proportion of married
women aged 20-44 years old who have had at least one induced abortion has been high:
39 per cent in 1976; 48 per cent in 1979; 52 per cent in 1988; 49 per cent in 1994; 44
per cent in 1997; and 40 per cent in 2003 (Korea Institute for Health and Social Afairs
1976-2003).
The normal sex ratio at birth is around 105, with extra males accruing rapidly, especially
between 1988 and 1996.As a consequence, Korea is facing a serious shortage of
brides.For example, the sex ratio of men and women in their most suitable years for
marriagei.e., 26-30 year old males and 24-28 year old femalesis expected to be
118.9 in 2010, 112.0 in 2020 and 116 in 2030 (National Statistical Ofce 2001).This
means that hundreds of thousands of males in their teens and early 20s will be unable to
fnd Korean wives.
The projected rise in intermarriage in Korea in the near future suggests that the nature
of intermarriage will change. While intermarriage to date has been largely limited to
farmers and blue-collar workers, it is likely to increasingly involve urbanites and even
college-educated white-collar workers.What is certain, consistent with international
marriage trends, is that Korean men with low incomes are less likely to fnd Korean
wives.
Korea is not alone when it comes to bride shortages.Other Asian countries with strong
son preference, particularly China and India, also face serious bride shortages.For
example, Chinas sex ratio at birth in 2005 was 118 and there are an estimated 30
million extra men in China. The number of extra males in India may be within the same
range (see Hudson and Den Boer 2005).As of 2002, other countries with high sex ratios
at birth were Guam with 114, Taiwan 110, China 109, and Singapore 108. What this
portends is increasing competition to lure brides in countries sufering from bride
shortages, particularly China, India, Korea, and Taiwan.
The Korean government has discouraged abortions in general and sex-selective
abortions in particular.In fact, abortion has been illegal in Korea, except in cases of
pregnancies resulting from rape or incest, involving deformities of fetuses, and
endangering the lives of pregnant women.And doctors are prohibited from informing the
mothers about the sex of the fetus.The harshest penalty for violating this law for
doctors is loss of their license to practice, but no doctor has ever been convicted to that
degree of penalty. Thus far no country has successfully prevented sex-select abortions.
The issue of bride migration in Korea is further complicated by the growing number of biethnic/bi-racial children from international marriages. Among the ofspring of interracial and inter-ethnic unions, the most numerous are ofspring of Korean individuals and
persons of other Asian heritage.They are called Kosians, with the prefx Ko deriving
from the term Korean and the sufx sians from the term Asians.Estimates vary,
but their number reportedly stood at around 50,000 as of the end of 2006.Nearly a third
of all children born in 2020 are expected to be Kosians and their accumulated total will
soar to 1.67 million or 3.3 per cent of the population by that year (JoongAng Daily
2006). In addition, the number of bi-ethnic/bi-racial children in elementary and

secondary school reached 13,445 in 2007, up 68.1 per cent from the previous year
(7,998).The proportion of bi-ethnic/bi-racial children in total enrollment is expected to
rise to 16 per cent in 2118 and to more than 870,000 or 26 per cent in 2050.Elementary
textbooks will soon include a section on bi-ethnic/bi-racial children and multicultural
families, highlighting the need to understand their cultural backgrounds and to develop
more tolerant attitudes toward them.This is a major change from the emphasis on ethnic
homogeneity, which presented Korea as a consanguineous community comprised ofthe
descendants of one common ancestor.Major television networks have started to
program shows featuring immigrant brides and multicultural families.Evidently, Korean
society is starting to implement measures to accept the multicultural reality, at least for
those who share Korean blood.
Bi-ethnic and bi-racial children in Seoul

Multicultural Korea: Issues and Implications
This article sheds light on several important issues in the study of international
migration, and reveals many implications for broader theoretical debate in the
feld.First, in congruence with neoclassical economics, those who come to Korea as

unskilled migrant workers are from developing countries, prompted by diferentials in
wages and employment conditions.Push-pull factors also play a role in prompting
international migration, including by foreign brides.Consonant with world systems
theory, international migration to Korea can be seen as an impact of economic
globalization in which an ever-increasing number of people are incorporated into the
world economy, ultimately engendering migration fows. The historical-structural
approach is also applicable, since Korea, having achieved remarkable economic
development in the last four decades, is utilizing labor importation/migration to mobilize
labor. In addition, hypergamy, i.e., marrying someone of higher status, is evident for
most of the foreign brides who marry Korean men, the vast majority coming from
relatively poorer countries in Asia.
The Korean case points to a new trend: the regionalization of international
migration.The infux of foreign workers and brides illustrates the growing predominance
of intra-Asian migration as opposed to the early postwar decades in which the primary
Korean migrant fows were to North America. The regions persisting economic
disparities and demographic diferentialsi.e., the declining labor supply due to rapid
aging in the more developed economies, and the large pool of the economically active
population in less developed countriessuggest that international migration will continue
.What will be diferent is that the destination will increasingly be within the Asian
region.As Asia further transforms itself as a region of growth and prosperity, intraregional immigration is likely to increase even more, given geographical proximity and
cultural similarities between the migrant-sending and migrant-receiving countries.The
increasing economic and cultural integration of the Asian region will facilitate this trend.
Conclusions
This paper has examined factors that are making Korea a multiethnic society, as the
infow of migrant workers addresses labor shortage resulting from rapid aging and low
fertility.The rapid rise in intermarriage, initially limited to farmers and blue-collar
workers, will proliferate into wider social classes as the decades-long practice of sonpreference results in a shortage of females.As a consequence, interracial and interethnic
births are on the rise.Taiwan, which seems to be ahead of Korea by about ten years in
experiencing labor importation and bride importation, provides a glimpse into changes
that are in store for Korea in the near future: cross-border marriages accounted for 20.1
per cent of total marriages in Taiwan in 2005 (the fgure reached its peak in 2003 when
it was 31.9 per cent), while births of bi-ethnic and bi-racial children accounted for 12.9
per cent of total births (Kojima 2006).
These patterns generally correspond to the fve general trends in international migration
identifed by Castles and Miller (2003, pp. 7-9): 1) the globalization of migrationmore
countries are afected by migration and migrants come from more diverse areas; 2) the
acceleration of migrationinternational migration of people is growing across the globe;
3) the diferentiation of migrationmost countries have a range of types of immigration,
including labor migration, refugees and permanent settlement; 4) the feminization of
migrationwomen are playing a greater role in most types of migration, in both labor
and marriage migration.; and 5) the growing politicization of migrationinternational
migration is having a greater impact on domestic politics and national security policies of
states as well as bilateral relationships among them.The growing multiethnic character
of Korea is consistent with broad trends of migration; the growth in the number of
migrant workers and foreign brides in Korea indicates the acceleration of migration; the
infux of foreigners into Korea began with migrant workers, but expanded to include
foreign brides, illustrating the diferentiation of migration; in addition to the sizable

number of female migrant workers, the growing number of foreign brides is emblematic
of the feminization of migration; and the Korean governments monitoring of labor-and
bride-sending countries is indicative of the growing politicization of migration.
Despite all the indications that the country is rapidly becoming a multicultural society,
the Korean government still insists on almost zero-immigration.In contrast to such
immigration countries as the United States, Canada, and Australia that have extended
citizenship to many new residents and encouraged their integration and assimilation,
Korea remains a non-immigration country, much like Japan and many Western
European countries, its policy objectives centering on controlling infows, restricting longterm stays, discouraging permanent residence and limiting citizenship.
The current Lee Myung-bak government is continuing to promote the previous
administrations goal of changing policy toward foreigners from control and
management to understanding and respect.But if changes in law are to be efective,
there will have to be accompanying changes in the mindset and attitude of Koreans to
embrace the multiethnic society that is emerging.
Andrew Kim is an Associate Professor in the International Studies Division of Korea

University. He is the coauthor with John Lie of South Korea in 2007: Scandals and
Summits, Asian Survey, Jan-Feb, 2008 pp. 116123. This is a revised version of an
article published in Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 70-92. Published at the
Asia-Pacifc Journal on February 1, 2009.
Recommended citation: Andrew Eungi Kim, Demography, Migration and Multiculturalism
in South Korea The Asia-Pacifc Journal , Vol. 6-2-09, February 1, 2009.
Notes:
[1] Flows of immigration from Korea to Japan have been minimal in the post-WWII
period. A part of the reason for this is that Japan grants citizenship based on jus
sanguinis or the law of blood, meaning that it ascribes citizenship by blood, not by place
of birth (jus soli).This has made it difcult for Koreans in Japan to become full-fedged
citizens and the discriminations against them has become popularly known in Korea.
[2] The focus of this article is on temporary migrant workers in post-war Korea.The
earliest labor migration in modern Korean history actually took place at the turn of the
twentieth century.Between 1903 and 1905, more than 7,000 Koreans migrated to
Hawaii to work as laborers for sugar plantations.The contact between Koreans and
recruiters for Hawaiian sugar planters was largely provided by American missionaries
stationed in Korea at the time.These migrant workers came from a wide range of social
classes.Later, during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945), hundreds of thousands
of Korean migrant workers were sent overseas by Japanese authorities to work in
mines and factories and many others migrated to Manchukuo.
[3] It must be noted that even before the government formally began implementing
labor-importing policies, a considerable number of transnational migrant workers were in
Korea.This was a result of the fact that the Korean government eased conditions for
tourist visas in preparations for the Asian Games in 1986 and the Seoul Olympics in
1988.
[4] The reasons for the low fertility rate in Korea include the following: 1) people are
marrying at older ages due to longer schooling and working; 2) more people are staying
unmarried; 3) the stress of raising children, particularly due to education frenzy; 4) high
living costs; 5) high education costs (Koreas per capita private spending on education is
the second highest in the world after the United States); and 6) high childcare costs.A
noteworthy fact about the relationship between the low fertility rate and high living costs
is that Korean women with higher levels of educational attainment, hence higher socioeconomic class, actually have higher fertility rates (around 1.5 for women with college
education and less than 1 for those with elementary education).This is at odds with a
universal trend which shows that educational attainment is negatively correlated with
fertility rate, meaning that the higher the educational attainment, the lower the fertility
rate.
[5] Both of the patterns, i.e., migration of mainly unskilled Asian laborers and foreign
brides, took place earlier in Japan.
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Diplomaatia Countering Russias Hybrid Threats
Diplomaatia is the largest foreign and security

policy monthly in the Baltics, where
international relations and current events are
analyzed by Estonia's best foreign policy
analysts and leading international thinkers.
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DIPLOMAATIA
No. 135 November 2014, Russia,
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Diplomaatia Countering Russias Hybrid Threats.htm[4/25/2015 2:08:28 PM]
Countering Russias Hybrid Threats
Richard Weitz
Due to recent reforms and enlarged budgets, the Russian military

is now a stronger force with improved capabilities, equipment, and
tactics. Yet, the Ukraine confict shows that the most notable
Hybrid war: A fghter of the Donetsk

Peoples Republic near Novoazovsk.
Photo: TASS / Scanpix
manifestation of Russias increased military strength has been less the augmentation of Russias conventional
or nuclear capabilities and more Russias improved operational procedures--its strategy and tactics. In
particular, Russians have demonstrated increasing profciency in employing what are variously termed
asymmetric, unconventional, hybrid, non-linear, ambiguous, unrestricted, and next-generation
warfare tactics.
Defense analyst Frank Hoffman describes hybrid threats as: Any adversary that simultaneously employs a
tailored mix of conventional weapons, irregular tactics, terrorism, and criminal behavior in the same time and
battlespace to obtain their political objectives. In its 2011 Field Manual 3-0 Operations, the U.S. Army defned
the term as: The diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, and/or criminal
elements all unifed to achieve mutually beneftting effects. Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates
observed that [t]he categories of warfare are blurring and no longer ft into neat, tidy boxes. One can expect
to see more tools and tactics of destruction from the sophisticated to the simple being employed
simultaneously in hybrid and more complex forms of warfare.
In recent years, Russian policy makers have skillfully mixed military and non-military tactics to achieve
geopolitical gains at the expense of the United States and its partners and allies. Recent Russian aggression
against the countrys neighbors has involved cyber attacks, information operations, psychological pressure,
media manipulation, economic threats, proxy actions, sophisticated propaganda, exploitation of ethnic strife,
and courting deliberate and accidental agents of infuence in foreign countries through infuence-buying and
framing issues in attractive ways to sympathetic audiences. While these tactics do not cause signifcant harm
individually, when combined they can weaken a country and prime it for invasion or insurrection.
The aggregate effect of employing these tools has also presented a potent hybrid mix that NATO and the
United States have found diffcult to counter. For example, Russian actions in Ukraine and elsewhere have
deliberately fallen below the threshold normally deemed necessary for invoking NATOs Article 5 collective
defense guarantee. Russian tactics have also exploited ambiguities to make it more diffcult for Western
leaders to reach a consensus that all these activities are orchestrated by Moscow or any other single
aggressor.
Although some of the terms, tools, and techniques that Russia has employed are new, the concept of hybrid
warfare is not. At the start of World War II, German soldiers dressed in Polish uniforms and shot at regular
German forces to provide justifcation for Hitlers invasion of Poland. The Soviets would regularly establish
friendly governments of exiled communists and fellow-travelers to legitimize their foreign military invasions
and occupations. The Chinese have advanced a three warfares strategy that includes legal, media,
information, and psychological elements. Other malign actors are probably closely studying recent Russian
tactics with an eye to augmenting their own hybrid toolbox.
There is no explicit Russian government doctrine for hybrid warfare, but even before Moscows recent military
interventions, Russian strategists embraced information warfare, studied intensely how social forces can
affect security developments, and developed a refexive control concept that applied measures to lead an
adversary to refexively pursue actions sought by Moscow. In 2008, for instance, Russia may have induced
Georgian forces to launch an offensive against Russian proxies in South Ossetia, providing the Russian
government with its desired justifcation to invade Georgia. Russian leaders have in practice though not
explicitly joined the Obama administration in emphasizing a whole-of-government approach to generating
smart power tools for foreign policy. Russias Chief of the General Staff, Valery Gerasimov, explicitly stated
in 2013 that Moscow would apply the broad use of political, economic, informational, humanitarian, and other
nonmilitary measures supplemented by military means of a covert nature character, to achieve Russian
interests. In May 2014, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoygu told Arab military offcials that Russia
believed that the United States had engineered the Arab Spring and Euromaiden protests in Ukraine to gain
control of natural resources and subvert foreign governments. Shoygu stated that Russia would also engage
in information operations to counter U.S. and Western expansionism.
The Russian governments Ukraine campaign highlighted how Moscow orchestrates strategic communication,
psychological operations, psychological pressure, economic threats, and sub-military force as well as
conventional military power. In summary, Russias hybrid tactics on display in Ukraine and elsewhere have
included:
Information operations entailing a mix of propaganda, disinformation, diplomatic duplicity, media
manipulation, and outright falsehoods designed to confuse and divide opinion in the targeted state and
elsewhere (i.e., failing to keep pledges to deescalate a crisis). The subsequent ambiguous operating
environment makes it increasingly diffcult for Russias opponents to craft an effective counterstrategy or
mobilize support against Moscow. Russian information operations also exploit political, economic,
regional, ethnic, sectarian, social, and other divisions in the targeted state. For instance, information
campaigns vilify the non-Russian populations by claiming that they are disenfranchising the target states
ethnic Russians, highlighting real or fabricated injustices, and offering Russian support for protection of
their minority rights. A common tactic is to denounce local opposition groups as fascists and NAZI
sympathizers, while accusing these groups Western backers as seeking natural resources or social
revolutions designed to replace pro-Moscow governments with Western puppet regimes. In foreign
countries, Russian information operations try to win support among international peace groups, Russiale:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Diplomaatia Countering Russias Hybrid Threats.htm[4/25/2015 2:08:28 PM]
friendly media, supportive businesses, and right- and left-wing extremists opposed to NATO and Western
values. The Russian government also provides funding for pro-Russian NGOs, political parties, and
transnational criminal organizations in foreign countries to support proxy operations. The Russian
government has recently sought to gain sympathizers among Western social conservatives through
attacks on homosexual activists and other controversial social behavior in defense of conservative
Christian values. Within Russia, the government promotes nationalism in order to mobilize patriotic fervor
on behalf of the states actions. The media also exaggerates foreign threats to Russia to rally support
behind the government.
Psychological operations employing Russian-controlled media and agents of infuence in order to create
a narrative favorable to the Kremlin, incite subversive activity by the targeted states population through
controlled chaos, intimidate civilian support networks (such as military contractors), spur fows of
refugees, and create other distractions that weaken the targeted governments ability to resist Russian
actions. For example, the resurrection of the concept of Novorossiya gave pro-Russian Ukrainians a
new sense of legitimacy and identity that fortifed their separatist ambitions. Moscows actions target a
part of a country in a way that threatens escalation to the entire country if the government resists
Russian gains.
Covert deliveries of weapons to pro-Russian fghters under the guise of rendering help to distressed
populations. This tactic involves rendering relief aid to territories in which Russia has created the
conditions for a humanitarian crisis in the frst place, thereby allowing Moscow to provide both bullets
and bandages. Moreover, when the targeted government objects to the Russian deliveries on its territory
without its permission, Moscow shows that it can ignore the foreign governments wishes. Russia also
relies on direct arms sales and purchases to infuence foreign actors.
Economic destabilization involving formal sanctions, Russian-induced labor stoppages, transnational
criminal organizations, threats to cut energy sales and other vital commercial ties, and additional implicit
or explicit economic coercion designed to weaken the targeted population and deter external intervention
on its behalf. Russian offcials have also consistently warned about the high mutual costs of economic
sanctions and publicly denigrated the effectiveness of foreign sanctions. Furthermore, Russia can
supplement these coercive measures by offering others positive incentives to cooperate with Russia,
such as purchasing the Mistral amphibious ships from France, offering lucrative investment opportunities
to foreign businesses, or subsidizing energy sales to foreign countries.
The employment of paramilitary proxies such as little green men (undeclared Russian military
personnel operating without insignia or offcial affliation), retired Russian military personnel, active duty
Russian soldiers on vacation and other Russian volunteers who join local irregular units, self-declared
Cossack fghters, and other regional militants including criminal gangs. They engage in rapid localized
actions that present others with fait accompli and, through staged incidents of supposed attacks against
Russian interests or humanitarian crises, justify more direct Russian military intervention in addition to
diplomatic, logistical, and other non-military support. Russias elite commandos (Spetsnaz) can organize
and lead these irregular groups as well as hinder the movement of enemy forces, seize control of key
infrastructure, and conduct provocateur operations such as dressing as local ethnic Russians and
provoking non-ethnic Russians. Russians can also infltrate the civil society institutions and local security
forces of a targeted state.
Seeking partial deniability by employing Russian soldiers irregularly, patriotic Russian hackers not
belonging to government agencies, and other groups not formally part of the Russian government or
armed forces. The intent is to allow Russian offcials to deny direct responsibility for the disorders in the
targeted country while making evident to select audiences that there is some offcial Russian involvement
in the disorders that could escalate if provoked, thereby deterring countermeasures by the targeted
government or by third parties.
Employing force feints that use exercises, troop deployments, and other military activities to intimidate
countries, disrupt the targeted states military response (i.e., forcing the Ukrainians to disperse their
forces and bring air defenses that have no use in fghting the pro-Russian separatists), and deter
intervention by third parties through threats of escalation. If another state bordering Russia confronts a
Moscow-backed separatist movement, then that state cannot apply its full military potential against the
rebels but would have to hold some troops back either to avoid provoking Moscow or to prevent Russian
troops from attacking them where and when they are most vulnerable (near Russia and engaged with
Russian proxies, as with Russias last-minute counteroffensive in Ukraine in late August which shattered
Ukrainian forces and saved the separatists from imminent defeat). The mobilization of Russian military
power near a target country also positions Russia to intervene more effectively if necessary, as the
exercises enable Russian forces to launch conventional operations with less warning time. The shadow
of escalation also makes Russias non-military subversion efforts more effective. Without the risk of
potential Russian military intervention, a targeted government could more easily suppress pro-Russian
proxies and Russias little green men by applying its full police powers and conventional force against
them. But in Ukraine, the governments response was limited to avoid giving Russia a pretext for
escalation to direct intervention, which nevertheless did occur when the pro-Russian insurgency
performed poorly. Russian leaders mistakenly expected more Russian Ukrainians to join the uprising or
the insurgents to fght better. Instead, the Russian government had to expand its direct intervention over
time by providing more equipment and training to the insurgents and increasing the number of Russian
volunteers who eventually reinforced them. Russia also used its air defense systems to establish a de
facto no-fy-zone over eastern Ukraine and engaged in military (including nuclear) exercises during the
Ukraine confict. Nonetheless, Moscow would generally like to avoid, or at least conceal and minimize
under the cover of conducting military exercises or humanitarian interventions, any conventional military
campaigns in foreign countries.
Tactically shifting between offensive and defensive postures designed to keep the targeted state and its
foreign supporters off guard and force them to remain reactive rather than engage in proactive moves.
To maintain the initiative in Ukraine, Russian offcials have accused their opponents of taking
destabilizing and aggressive actions in what former NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen
termed a smokescreen designed to cover up Russia's own broken promises, interference and
escalation. Russian media outlets also promote conspiracy theories to discredit Western motives and
actions, claiming for instance that the West (not Russia) violates international law, threatens Russia by
expanding NATO, promoted social revolutions to subvert pro-Moscow regimes, and builds missile
defenses to counter Russia under the pretext of protecting against Iran. Russian information organs also
promote the notion that Russians are paranoid about their security needs so it would be best for foreign
governments to avoid taking strong actions that could result in irrational Russian escalation. Moreover,
Russia has sometimes paused its aggression by, as in Ukraine, offering a compromise after the
successful initial campaign reached its culminating point, thus allowing Russia to keep the Crimea under
its control while temporarily freezing the confict in eastern Ukraine. Russia gains additional leverage by
positioning itself to unfreeze the confict at any time. For example, Russian offcials might reignite the
separatist conficts in Georgia, Moldova, or Ukraine should any of these countries try to join NATO.
Cyber attacks against critical public and private infrastructure networks that delay and disrupt the targets
response to Russian actions, along with cyber disruptions or other anti-access attacks against NATO
communications, information, and other critical networks. The uncertain consequences of launching
major cyber attacks has thus far limited Moscows use of cyber weapons, but, as with Russias unused
nuclear arsenal, Russia hopes to exploit its possession of these weapons (with their potential to infict
catastrophic damage on a target) to deter Western actions against Russia and its proxies. Another
constraint of Moscows inclination to disrupt foreign information networks is that Russia employs cyber
tools to supplement other data collection methods, ranging from reading public sources to espionage
activities by Russian agents.
The Russian strategy of refexive control, which was seen most clearly in Georgia in 2008, when the
South Ossetian government was staffed by many Russians, one of whom was the minister of defense.
Presumably with Russian approval and perhaps following Moscows instructions, the South Ossetians
escalated their local confict with Georgian authorities in the summer of 2008 to the point that Georgia
was compelled to mobilize its forces in response to a threatened South Ossetian offensive and to launch
a major campaign to reconquer the region. At this stage, the Russians exploited the Georgians refexive
defensive act--which they indirectly provoked via their proxies in the frst place--to justify their own
mobilization and movement southward. Consequently, the Georgians were forced to launch a desperate
all-out assault on the South Ossetian capital of Tskhinvali in the hope of seizing it before the Russians
could arrive. While Georgian forces succeeded in taking the city, their apparent victory quickly turned to
defeat as Russia used it as an excuse for the outright invasion of the country.
Russia seems to be applying refexive control in a similar manner in Ukraine. The rebels were at frst
bolstered by Russian volunteers, all of whom were allowed to travel to the warzone unmolested by the
Russian government, many of whom may have been armed by the Russian government, and some of whom
may even be Russian soldiers or intelligence personnel. These proxy forces overran much of the Donbass,
forcing Ukraine to launch a so-called counter-terrorist operation in response, which was certain to infict
civilian casualties and further alienate many of its own citizens. While Russia denied repeated pleas from the
self-proclaimed Peoples Republics of Donetsk and Lugansk for the deployment of peacekeepers, the
passage of independence referendums in the two breakaway regions on May 11, followed by their next-day
request for annexation by Russia, offered Moscow the excuse that it needed to intervene. Although less
visible and more indirectly than in South Ossetia--and with an apparent pause in the hopes that the rebels
could defeat the Ukrainian government without an overly large Russian military footprint--the Russian
government created a war via proxy and provoked its opponent into attacking that proxy, thus giving it the
excuse to ride in to the rescue in late August, smashing the Ukrainian forces as they were about to liquidate
the remaining rebel strongholds and opening up a new front in southern Ukraine in territory that would
connect the recently occupied Crimea Peninsula with the Russian Federation.
These new tactics have presented NATO planners with a major challenge. On the one hand, they must still
prepare to fght a limited conventional war against Russia in Europe. This is an improbable but not impossible
occurrence. Despite the risks, if Russia were able to threaten a NATO member militarily without triggering an
adequate collective NATO response, it could shatter members faith in the alliance and its Article 5 security
guarantees. On the other hand, U.S. and NATO planners must respond to ambiguous Russian threats whose
nature makes it hard to achieve a political consensus among all 28 members for launching a vigorous
response. Through the EU and other coordinating mechanisms, Western governments have proven willing to
apply sanctions against Russia, but Western leaders generally resist enduring major economic costs on their
own businesses and voters to infict pain on other countries. The transience and ineffectiveness of many
previous Western sanctions campaigns against Russia, such as those imposed after the Russia-Georgia War
in 2008, likely discourages Russian leaders from making major concessions to end the sanctions. Russians
can also hope to work with Western groups, such as businesses with interests in Russia, to dilute or
circumvent those sanctions that the West does adopt.
Looking ahead, the United States and its allies and partners need to consider how to better respond to
Russias hybrid threats. For example, NATO could partner with other organizations more effective for dealing
with specifc non-military hybrid techniques, such as collaborating with the EU to promote energy
independence, minority rights, and political reform. NATO members might more readily use Article 5 if they
understood that the alliances response can involve measures other than a direct military response, which
could be reserved only for responding to extremely damaging attacks. The United States and other NATO
members might develop unifed national security budgets to accompany the separate defense, state, etc.,
budgets generated by their individual departments and ministries to ensure that they adequately fund the nonmilitary capabilities needed to counter Russian hybrid tacticssuch as the U.S. public diplomacy conducted
by the Voice of America and the RFE/RL. The United States might also revisit the 1999 decision (made
primarily as a political compromise between the Clinton administration and congressional conservatives when
the propaganda tools of Russia, China, and other countries were much weaker) to eliminate the U.S.
Information Agency. In principle, NATO can employ cyber countermeasures against an aggressor, provide
paramilitary forces such as gendarmerie for battling proxy forces, and conduct counterinformation campaigns.
Furthermore, by focusing more on the ends of aggressive action, rather than the means, the allies could
more readily employ Articles 4 and 5 to deter further aggression.
In terms of military power, if more NATO forces are able to rapidly deploy to subversion-susceptible front-line
states, they can give a targeted countrys armed forces a shield behind which they can concentrate on
suppressing a Russian-backed insurgency without worrying as much about triggering direct Russian
intervention. At its recent Wales summit, NATO announced that it will take some steps to achieve these
capabilities, but their implementation has only just begun. For example, NATOs recently launched
spearhead force can be more rapidly deployed in Eastern Europe, but the new force needs to be adequately
resourced.
Furthermore, Russias activities, especially its willingness to employ conventional military force and violate
arms control treaties, have implications for U.S. and NATO nuclear policies. In addition to raising the
readiness of Russian air defenses near eastern Ukraine and making other conventional military preparations
to intervene in Ukraine, Russian offcials, including President Putin, made implicit threats to counter NATO
military responses and to reinforce Russian control over the Crimea by bringing it under Russias nuclear
umbrella. Therefore, Western policy makers need to address NATOs nuclear policies less as an arms control
and alliance management issue and consider more the operational and deterrence implications of their
nuclear policies.
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EU - Photos and All Basic Informations
Contents 1 History 1.1 Structural evolution 2 Geography 2.1 Member states 2.2 Environment 3 Politics 3.1 Constitutional nature 3.2 Governance 3.2.1 European Council 3.2.2 European Commission 3.2.3 European Parliament 3.2.4
Council of the European Union 3.3 Budget 3.4 Competences 4 Legal system 4.1 Courts of Justice 4.2 Fundamental rights 4.3 Acts 5 Area of freedom, security and justice 6 Foreign relations 6.1 Military 6.2 Humanitarian aid 7 Economy 7.1
Internal market 7.2 Competition 7.3 Monetary union 7.4 Energy 7.5 Infrastructure 7.6 Agriculture 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religion 8.3 Education and science 8.4 Health care 9 Culture 9.1 Sport 9.2 Symbols 10 See also 11
Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links
History Main articles: History of the European Union and History of Europe Play media Robert Schuman proposing the Coal and Steel Community on 9 May 1950. After World War II, moves towards European integration were seen by
many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism that had devastated the continent.[26] The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to the creation of the European Movement
International and also of the College of Europe, a place where Europe's future leaders would live and study together.[27] 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, which was declared to be "a frst step in the
federation of Europe", starting with the aim of eliminating the possibility of further wars between its member states by means of pooling the national heavy industries.[28] The founding members of the Community were Belgium,
France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The originators and supporters of the Community include Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak.[29] The continental territories of the
member states of the European Union (European Communities pre-1993), coloured in order of accession. In 1957, the six countries signed the Treaty of Rome, which extended the earlier co-operation within the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC) and created the European Economic Community (EEC), establishing a customs union. They also signed another treaty on the same day creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for cooperation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958.[29] The EEC and Euratom were created separately from ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The executives of the new
communities were called Commissions, as opposed to the "High Authority". The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and then tienne Hirsch.
Euratom would integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union between members.[30][31] Throughout the 1960s, tensions began to show with France seeking to limit supranational power. However,
in 1965, an agreement was reached and hence in 1967, the Merger Treaty was signed in Brussels. It came into force on 1 July 1967 and created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as
the European Communities.[32][33] Jean Rey presided over the frst merged Commission (Rey Commission).[34] In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand further. (Berlin Wall) In 1973, the Communities enlarged to
include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Community in 1985, following a dispute over fshing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom.[35] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters
rejected membership in a referendum. In 1979, the frst direct, democratic elections to the European Parliament were held.[36] Greece joined in 1981; Portugal and Spain in 1986.[37] In 1985, the Schengen Agreement led the way
toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states.[38] In 1986, the European fag began to be used by the Community[39] and the Single European Act was
signed. The euro was introduced in 2002, replacing 12 national currencies. Seven countries have since joined; the latest entrant, Lithuania, in 2015. In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the
Community as part of a reunited Germany.[40] With further enlargement planned for former communist states, Cyprus, and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. The
European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treatywhose main architects were Helmut Kohl and Franois Mitterrandcame into force on 1 November 1993.[16] The treaty also gave the name European community
to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone has
increased to encompass 19 countries. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the Union.[41] Europe Day in
Warsaw, Poland, a celebration of the European integration and peace between the European nations, awarded with the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize. On 1 January 2007, Romania and Bulgaria became EU members. In the same year,
Slovenia adopted the euro,[41] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014 and by Lithuania in 2015. In June 2009, the European Parliament elections were held, leading to the second
Barroso Commission, and by July, Iceland formally applied for EU membership, but has since suspended negotiations. On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular, it
changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a permanent President of the European Council, the frst of which was
Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the High Representative, Catherine Ashton.[42] In 2012 the Union received the Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and
human rights in Europe."[43][44] On 1 July 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member.[45][46][47] Structural evolution Main article: Treaties of the European Union The following timeline illustrates the integration that has led to the
formation of the present union, in terms of structural development driven by international treaties: Signed In force Document 1948 1948 Brussels Treaty 1951 1952 Paris Treaty 1954 1955 Modifed Brussels Treaty 1957 1958 Rome
treaties 1965 1967 Merger Treaty 1975 N/A European Council conclusion 1985 1985 Schengen Treaty 1986 1987 Single European Act 1992 1993 Maastricht Treaty 1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty 2001 2003 Nice Treaty 2007 2009 Lisbon
Treaty Three pillars of the European Union: EuropeanCommunities: European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty expired in 2002 European Union (EU)
European Economic Community (EEC) Schengen Rules European Community (EC) TREVI Justice and Home Afairs (JHA) Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) European Political Cooperation(EPC)
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Unconsolidated bodies Western European Union (WEU) Treaty terminated in 2011 v t e
Geography Main article: Geography of the European Union The 65,993km (41,006mi) coastline dominates the European climate (Cyprus). Mont Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in the union. The EU's member states cover an area of
4,423,147 square kilometres (1,707,787sqmi).[c] The EU's highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps, 4,810.45 metres (15,782ft) above sea level.[48] The lowest point(s) in the EU is Lammeforden (Denmark) and Zuidplaspolder
(Netherlands), at 7m (23ft) below sea level.[49] The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are infuenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometres (41,006mi) long. Including the overseas territories of France which are located
outside the continent of Europe, but which are members of the union, the EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic (North-East Europe) to tropical (French Guyana), rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole
meaningless. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal
climate (Northern Balkans and Central Europe).[50] The EU's population is highly urbanised, with some 75% of inhabitants (and growing, projected to be 90% in seven member states by 2020) living in urban areas. Cities are largely
spread out across the EU, although with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. An increasing percentage of this is due to low density urban sprawl which is extending into natural areas. In some cases, this urban growth has been
due to the infux of EU funds into a region.[51] Member states Main article: Member state of the European Union The following 28 sovereign states (of which the map only shows territories situated in and around Europe) constitute the
union:[52] Ireland United Kingdom France Netherlands Germany Denmark Poland Lithuania Latvia Estonia Finland Sweden Czech Republic Austria Hungary Romania Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Slovenia Croatia Italy Belgium Luxembourg
Portugal Spain Malta Cyprus Name Capital Accession Population[53] Area (km2) Austria Vienna 01995-01-01-00001 Jan 1995 70068451900000000008,451,900 700483855000000000083,855 Belgium Brussels 01957-03-25Founder
700711161600000000011,161,600 700430528000000000030,528 Bulgaria Sofa 02007-01-01-00001 Jan 2007 70067284600000000007,284,600 7005110994000000000110,994 Croatia Zagreb 02013-07-01-00001 Jul 2013
70064262100000000004,262,100 700456594000000000056,594 Cyprus Nicosia 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004 7005865900000000000865,900 70039251000000000009,251 Czech Republic Prague 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004
700710516100000000010,516,100 700478866000000000078,866 Denmark Copenhagen 01973-01-01-00001 Jan 1973 70065602600000000005,602,600 700443075000000000043,075 Estonia Tallinn 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004
70061324800000000001,324,800 700445227000000000045,227 Finland Helsinki 01995-01-01-00001 Jan 1995 70065426700000000005,426,700 7005338424000000000338,424 France Paris 01957-03-25Founder
700765633200000000065,633,200 7005674843000000000674,843 Germany Berlin 01957-03-25Founder[d] 700780523700000000080,523,700 7005357021000000000357,021 Greece Athens 01981-01-01-00001 Jan 1981
700711062500000000011,062,500 7005131990000000000131,990 Hungary Budapest 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004 70069908800000000009,908,800 700493030000000000093,030 Ireland Dublin 01973-01-01-00001 Jan 1973
70064591100000000004,591,100 700470273000000000070,273 Italy Rome 01957-03-25Founder 700759685200000000059,685,200 7005301338000000000301,338 Latvia Riga 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004
70062023800000000002,023,800 700464589000000000064,589 Lithuania Vilnius 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004 70062971900000000002,971,900 700465200000000000065,200 Luxembourg Luxembourg 01957-03-25Founder
7005537000000000000537,000 70032586400000000002,586.4 Malta Valletta 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004 7005421400000000000421,400 7002316000000000000316 Netherlands Amsterdam 01957-03-25Founder
fle:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/EU%20-%20Photos%20and%20All%20Basic%20Informations.htm[4/25/2015 2:08:58 PM]
700716779600000000016,779,600 700441543000000000041,543 Poland Warsaw 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004 700738533300000000038,533,300 7005312685000000000312,685 Portugal Lisbon 01986-01-01-00001 Jan 1986
700710487300000000010,487,300 700492390000000000092,390 Romania Bucharest 02007-01-01-00001 Jan 2007 700720057500000000020,057,500 7005238391000000000238,391 Slovakia Bratislava 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004
70065410800000000005,410,800 700449035000000000049,035 Slovenia Ljubljana 02004-05-01-00001 May 2004 70062058800000000002,058,800 700420273000000000020,273 Spain Madrid 01986-01-01-00001 Jan 1986
700746704300000000046,704,300 7005504030000000000504,030 Sweden Stockholm 01995-01-01-00001 Jan 1995 70069555900000000009,555,900 7005449964000000000449,964 United Kingdom London 01973-01-01-00001 Jan
1973 700763730100000000063,730,100 7005243610000000000243,610 Through successive enlargements, the Union has grown from the six founding states Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
to the current 28. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the
institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".[54][55] To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defned at the 1993 meeting of the
European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of
a country's fulflment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council.[56] No member state has ever left the Union, although Greenland (an autonomous province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985.[57] The Lisbon Treaty now
contains a clause providing for a member to leave the EU.[58] There are six countries which are recognized as candidates for membership: Albania, Iceland, Macedonia,[e] Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey.[59] However, on 13 June 2013,
Iceland's Foreign Minister, Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson, informed the European Commission that the newly elected government intended to "put negotiations on hold".[60] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are ofcially recognised as
potential candidates,[59] but have not submitted membership applications. Due to the lack of recognition by fve of the 28 EU member states, the European Commission refers only to "Kosovo*", with an asterisked footnote containing
the text agreed to by the BelgradePristina negotiations: "This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence." Four countries
forming the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (that are not EU members) have partly committed to the EU's economy and regulations: Iceland (a candidate country for EU membership), Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part
of the single market through the European Economic Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through bilateral treaties.[61][62] The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican include
the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.[63] Environment Further information: European Commissioner for the Environment and European Climate Change Programme Viru Bog in Lahemaa National Park in Estonia, a
protected habitat under the Habitats Directive In 1957, when the EU was founded, it had no environmental policy, no environmental bureaucracy, and no environmental laws.[64] Today, the EU has some of the most progressive
environmental policies of any state in the world. The environmental policy of the EU has therefore developed in remarkable fashion in the past four decades. An increasingly dense network of legislation has emerged, which now
extends to all areas of environmental protection, including: air pollution control, water protection, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, biotechnology and other industrial risks.[65] The Institute for
European Environmental Policy estimates the body of EU environmental law amounts to well over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions.[66] Environmental policy has thus become a core area of European politics. Such dynamic
developments are surprising in light of the legal and institutional conditions which existed in the late 1950s and 60s.[67] Acting without any legislative authority, European policy-makers initially increased the EU's capacity to act by
defning environmental policy as a trade problem. The most important reason for the introduction of a common environmental policy was the fear that trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge
due to the diferent environmental standards.[68] However, in the course of time, EU environmental policy emerged as a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, policy principles and procedures. The legal basis of EU
environmental policy was not more explicitly established until the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987.[66] The Black Stork, an Annex A protected species under Regulation (EC) No. 338/97 Initially, EU environmental policy
was rather introspective. More recently, however, the Union has demonstrated a growing leadership in global environmental governance. The role of the EU in securing the ratifcation and entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in the
face of US opposition is an example in this regard. This international dimension is refected in the EU's Sixth Environmental Action Programme, which recognises that its strategic objectives can only be achieved if a series of key
international environmental agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at an EU level and worldwide. The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty further strengthens the EU's global environmental leadership
ambitions.[69] The vast body of EU environmental law which now exists has played a vital role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe as well as contributed to improvements in air and water quality and waste
management.[66] However, signifcant challenges remain, both to meet existing EU targets and aspirations and to agree new targets and actions that will further improve the environment and the quality of life in Europe and beyond.
One of the top priorities of EU environmental policy is combatting climate change. In 2007, member states agreed that the EU is to use 20% renewable energy in the future and that it has to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in 2020 by
at least 20% compared to 1990 levels.[70] This includes measures that in 2020, 10% of the overall fuel quantity used by cars and trucks in EU 27 should be running on renewable energy such as biofuels. This is considered to be one of
the most ambitious moves of an important industrialised region to fght climate change.[71] The EU recently adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy.[72] The European Green Capital is
an annual award that is given to cities that focuses in the environement, energy efciency and quality of life in urban areas to create smart city.
Politics Main article: Politics of the European Union Political system of the European Union The EU operates within those competencies conferred on it by the treaties and according to the principle of subsidiarity (which dictates that
action by the EU should only be taken where an objective cannot be sufciently achieved by the member states alone). Laws made by the EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms. Generally speaking, they can be classifed into
two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures and those which specifcally require national implementation measures.[73] Constitutional nature Further information: Treaties of
the European Union The classifcation of the European Union in terms of international or constitutional law has been much debated, often in the light of the degree of integration that is perceived, desired, or expected. Historically, at
least, the EU is an international organisation, and by some criteria, it could be classifed as a confederation; but it also has many attributes of a federation, so some would classify it as a (de facto) federation of states.[74][75][76] For this
reason, the organisation has, in the past, been termed sui generis (incomparable, one of a kind), though it is also argued that this designation is no longer true.[77][78] The organisation itself has traditionally used the terms
"community", and later "union". The difculties of classifcation involve the diference between national law (where the subjects of the law include natural persons and corporations) and international law (where the subjects include
sovereign states and international organisations); they can also be seen in the light of difering European and American constitutional traditions.[77] Especially in terms of the European constitutional tradition, the term federation is
equated with a sovereign federal state in international law; so the EU cannot be called a federal state or federationat least, not without qualifcation. Though not, strictly, a federation, it is more than a free-trade association.[79] It is,
however, described as being based on a federal model or federal in nature. Walter Hallstein, in the original German edition of Europe in the Making called it "an unfnished federal state".[80] The German Constitutional Court refers to the
European Union as an association of sovereign states and afrms that making the EU a federation would require replacement of the German constitution.[81] Others claim that it will not develop into a federal state but has reached
maturity as an international organisation.[82] Governance Main articles: Institutions of the European Union and Legislature of the European Union The European Union has seven institutions: the European Parliament, the Council of the
European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Central Bank, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Auditors. Competencies in scrutinising and amending legislation are
divided between the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union while executive tasks are carried out by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the
aforementioned Council of the European Union). The monetary policy of the eurozone is governed by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of
the European Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specifc area. European Council The President of the European
Council, Donald Tusk European Union This article is part of a series on the politicsandgovernment oftheEuropeanUnion Parliament President Martin Schulz Largest groups; EPP (Manfred Weber) S&D (Gianni Pittella) 8th session (201419) 751 MEPs Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference Legislative procedure European Council President Donald Tusk Parties List of meetings Council of the European Union Presidency Latvia Confgurations General Foreign Justice
and Home Economic Euro Legislative procedure Voting Secretariat Secretary-General Uwe Corsepius Directorates-general COREPER Commission Juncker Comm. President Jean-Claude Juncker Vice Presidents Frans Timmermans
Federica Mogherini Kristalina Georgieva Jyrki Katainen Valdis Dombrovskis Andrus Ansip Maro efovi Commissioners Civil Service Secretary-General Catherine Day Court of Justice Court of Justice General Court Civil Service
Tribunal Members Rulings Central Bank Central Bank President ESCB Euro EMU Eurozone Court of Auditors Court of Auditors Budget OLAF Agencies Other bodies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman National parliaments Policies
and issues Budget Four Freedoms Economic area Single market Area of FS&J Schengen Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Integration Supranationalism Federalism
United States of Europe Multi-speed Opt-outs Enhanced co-op Withdrawal Foreign relations High Representative Federica Mogherini Ext. Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Enlargement Elections 1979, 1984, 1989 1994, 1999,
2004, 2009 2014 (last election) Political parties Constituencies Referendums Law Acquis Primacy Subsidiarity Treaties Fundamental Rights Membership v t e The European Council gives direction to the EU, and convenes at least four
times a year. It comprises the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state; either its head of state or head of government. The European Council has been
described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority".[83] It is actively involved in the negotiation of the treaty changes and defnes the EU's policy agenda and strategies. The European Council uses its leadership role to sort
out disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifes important documents (for
example, international agreements and treaties).[84] On 19 November 2009, Herman Van Rompuy was chosen as the frst permanent President of the European Council. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force and
he assumed ofce. Ensuring the external representation of the EU,[85] driving consensus and settling divergences among members are tasks for the President both during the convocations of the European Council and in the time
periods between them. The European Council should not be mistaken for the Council of Europe, an international organisation independent from the EU. European Commission The Commission President, Jean-Claude Juncker The
European Commission acts as the EU's executive arm and is responsible for initiating legislation and the day-to-day running of the EU. The Commission is also seen as the motor of European integration. It operates as a cabinet
government, with 28 Commissioners for diferent areas of policy, one from each member state, though Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. One of the 28 is the
Commission President (currently Jean-Claude Juncker) appointed by the European Council. After the President, the most prominent Commissioner is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Afairs and Security Policy who is
ex-ofcio Vice-President of the Commission and is chosen by the European Council too.[86] The other 26 Commissioners are subsequently appointed by the Council of the European Union (also known as the Council of Ministers) in
agreement with the nominated President. The 28 Commissioners as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament. European Parliament The hemicycle of the parliamentary building in Brussels The
European Parliament forms one half of the EU's legislature (the other half is the Council of the European Union, see below). The 751 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every fve years on the
basis of proportional representation. Although MEPs are elected on a national basis, they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality. Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into sub-national
constituencies where this does not afect the proportional nature of the voting system.[87] The ordinary legislative procedure of the union The Parliament and the Council of the European Union pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas
under the ordinary legislative procedure. This also applies to the EU budget. Finally, the Commission is accountable to Parliament, requiring its approval to take ofce, having to report back to it and subject to motions of censure from it.
The President of the European Parliament carries out the role of speaker in parliament and represents it externally. The EP President and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years.[88] Council of the European Union
The Council of the European Union (also called the "Council"[89] and sometimes referred to as the "Council of Ministers")[90] forms the other half of the EU's legislature. It consists of a government minister from each member state and
meets in diferent compositions depending on the policy area being addressed. Notwithstanding its diferent confgurations, it is considered to be one single body.[91] In addition to its legislative functions, the Council also exercises
executive functions in relations to the Common Foreign and Security Policy. Budget Main article: Budget of the European Union The 2011 EU budget (141.9 bn. in total; commitment appropriations):[92] Cohesion and
competitiveness for growth and employment (45%) Citizenship, freedom, security and justice (1%) The EU as a global partner (6%) Rural development (11%) Direct aids and market related expenditures (31%) Administration (6%)
The EU had an agreed budget of 120.7billion for the year 2007 and 864.3billion for the period 20072013,[93] representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27's GNI forecast for the respective periods. By comparison, the United
Kingdom's expenditure for 2004 was estimated to be 759billion, and France was estimated to have spent 801billion. In 1960, the budget of the then European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP.[94] In the 2010 budget of
141.5billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total budget.[95] Next comes "agriculture" with approximately 31% of the total.[95] "Rural development, environment and
fsheries" takes up around 11%.[95] "Administration" accounts for around 6%.[95] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship, freedom, security and justice" bring up the rear with approximately 6% and 1% respectively.[95] The Court
of Auditors aims to ensure that the budget of the European Union has been properly accounted for. The court provides an audit report for each fnancial year to the Council and the European Parliament. The Parliament uses this to
decide whether to approve the Commission's handling of the budget. The Court also gives opinions and proposals on fnancial legislation and anti-fraud actions.[96] The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and
the Council with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions".[97] The Court has refused to do so every year since 1993, qualifying their report of the
Union's accounts every year since then.[98] In their report on 2009 the auditors found that fve areas of Union expenditure, agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially afected by error.[99] The European Commission
estimated[when?] that the fnancial impact of irregularities was 1,863million.[100] Competences EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. In some areas the EU enjoys exclusive competence.
These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. In other areas the EU and its member states share the competence to legislate. While both can legislate, member states can only legislate to the
extent to which the EU has not. In other policy areas the EU can only co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising national laws.[101] That a particular policy area
falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Diferent legislative procedures are used within the same category of
competence, and even with the same policy area. The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories: As outlined in Title I of Part I of the
consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union view talk edit Exclusive competence Shared competence Supporting competence "The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international
agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act." the customs union the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the
euro the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fsheries policy common commercial policy conclusion of certain international agreements "Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the
Union has done so." the internal market social policy, for the aspects defned in this Treaty economic, social and territorial cohesion agriculture and fsheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources environment
consumer protection transport trans-European networks energy the area of freedom, security and justice common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defned in this Treaty "Union exercise of competence shall not
result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in" research, technological development and(outer) space development cooperation, humanitarian aid "The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements
supplemental to theirs common policies, not covered elsewhere" coordination of economic, employment and social policies common foreign, security and defence policies "The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or
supplement Member States' actions in" the protection and improvement of human health industry culture tourism education, youth, sport and vocational training civil protection (disaster prevention) administrative cooperation
Legal system Further information: European Union law, Treaties of the European Union and Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union The Court of Justice, seated in Luxembourg. The EU is based on a series of treaties.
These frst established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties.[102] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal
powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation[f ] which can directly afect all member states and their inhabitants.[g] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and
international treaties.[103] Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratifed, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore
conficting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions.[h] Courts of Justice The judicial branch of the EUformally called the Court of Justice of the European Unionconsists of three courts: the Court of Justice, the
General Court, and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. Together they interpret and apply the treaties and the law of the EU.[104] The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the institutions, and cases
referred to it by the courts of member states.[105] The General Court mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EU's courts,[106] and the European Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes
between the European Union and its civil service.[107] Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law.[108] Fundamental rights The awarding ceremony of the 1990 Sakharov Prize
awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi (here by Martin Schulz) inside the Parliament's Strasbourg hemicycle, in 2013. Suu Kyi could not collect it before as she had been political prisoner for years. The treaties declare that the EU itself is "founded
on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities... in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination,
tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail."[109] In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty gave legal efect to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The charter is a codifed catalogue of
fundamental rights against which the EU's legal acts can be judged. It consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by the Court of Justice and derived from the "constitutional traditions common to the member
states."[110] The Court of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has, on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those fundamental rights.[111] The Charter of Fundamental Rights was drawn
up in 2000. Although originally not legally binding the Charter was frequently cited by the EU's courts as encapsulating rights which the courts had long recognised as the fundamental principles of EU law. Although signing the
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership,[i] previously, the EU itself could not accede to the Convention as it is neither a state[j] nor had the competence to accede.[k] The Lisbon Treaty and
Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the Convention while the latter formally permits it. Although, the EU is independent from Council of Europe, they share purpose and ideas especially on
rule of law, human rights and democracy. Further European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, the source of law of Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by Council of Europe. The EU also promoted
human rights issues in the wider world. The EU opposes the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership.[112] Acts The main legal acts of the EU come in
three forms: regulations, directives, and decisions. Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,[l] and automatically override conficting
domestic provisions.[f ] Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states.[m] When the
time limit for implementing directives passes, they may, under certain conditions, have direct efect in national law against member states. Decisions ofer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. They are legal acts which
only apply to specifed individuals, companies or a particular member state. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the
institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value and apply without any formal hierarchy.[113]
Area of freedom, security and justice Further information: Area of freedom, security and justice The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and Austria Since the creation of the EU in 1993, it has developed its
competencies in the area of freedom, security and justice, initially at an intergovernmental level and later by supranationalism. To this end, agencies have been established that co-ordinate associated actions: Europol for co-operation
of police forces,[114] Eurojust for co-operation between prosecutors,[115] and Frontex for co-operation between border control authorities.[116] The EU also operates the Schengen Information System[17] which provides a common
database for police and immigration authorities. This co-operation had to particularly be developed with the advent of open borders through the Schengen Agreement and the associated cross border crime. Furthermore, the Union
has legislated in areas such as extradition,[117] family law,[118] asylum law,[119] and criminal justice.[120] Prohibitions against sexual and nationality discrimination have a long standing in the treaties.[n] In more recent years, these
have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual orientation.[o] By virtue of these powers, the EU has enacted legislation on sexual discrimination in the workplace, age discrimination, and racial discrimination.[p]
Foreign relations Main articles: Foreign relations of the European Union, Common Foreign and Security Policy and European External Action Service The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Afairs and Security Policy, Federica
Mogherini. Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the Common Commercial
policy.[121] Steps for a more wide ranging co-ordination in foreign relations began in 1970 with the establishment of European Political Cooperation which created an informal consultation process between member states with the aim
of forming common foreign policies. It was not, however, until 1987 when European Political Cooperation was introduced on a formal basis by the Single European Act. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy
(CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty.[122] The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human
rights, democracy, and the rule of law.[123] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. The unanimity and difcult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead
to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq.[124] The EU participates in all G8 and G20 summits. (G20 summit in Seoul) The coordinator and representative of the CFSP within the EU is the High Representative
of the Union for Foreign Afairs and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini) who speaks on behalf of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters, and has the task of articulating the positions expressed by the member states on
these felds of policy into a common alignment. The High Representative heads up the European External Action Service (EEAS), a unique EU department[125] that has been ofcially implemented and operational since 1 December
2010 on the occasion of the frst anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon.[126] The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry and diplomatic corps for the European Union.[127] Besides the emerging international policy of
the European Union, the international infuence of the EU is also felt through enlargement. The perceived benefts of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfl the
EU's accession criteria, and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of European formerly Communist countries.[128] This infuence on the internal afairs of other countries is generally referred to as "soft power",
as opposed to military "hard power".[129] Military Main article: Military of the European Union NATO Summit 2006 in Riga, Latvia. The European Union does not have one unifed military. The predecessors of the European Union were
not devised as a strong military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufcient for defence purposes.[130] 22 EU members are members of NATO[131] while the remaining member states follow policies of
neutrality.[132] The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU.[133] According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), France spent more than 44 billion ($59bn) on defence in 2010, placing it third in the world after the US and China, while the United Kingdom spent almost 38 billion ($58bn), the fourth largest.[134] Together, France and the
United Kingdom account for 45 per cent of Europe's defence budget, 50 per cent of its military capacity and 70 per cent of all spending in military research and development.[135] Britain and France are also ofcially recognised nuclear
weapon states and are the only two European nations to hold permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. In 2000, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany accounted for 97% of the total military research budget
of the then 15 EU member states.[136] The Eurofghter Typhoon and Eurocopter Tiger are built by consortia of companies based in EU member states. Following the Kosovo War in 1999, the European Council agreed that "the Union
must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to actions by NATO". To that
end, a number of eforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be
able to deploy quickly about 1500personnel.[137] EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia.[138] EU military operations are supported by a
number of bodies, including the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Staf.[139] In an EU consisting of 28 members, substantial security and defence co-operation is increasingly
relying on co-operation of the great powers.[140] Humanitarian aid Further information: ECHO (European Commission) Collectively, the EU is the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world. [141] [142] The European Commission's
Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. In 2012, its budget amounted to 874 million, 51% of the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin
America, the Caribbean and Pacifc, and 20% to the Middle East and Mediterranean.[143] Humanitarian aid is fnanced directly by the budget (70%) as part of the fnancial instruments for external action and also by the European
Development Fund (30%).[144] The EU's external action fnancing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.[144] The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the Development Cooperation Instrument
(DCI, 16.9 billion, 20072013), which must spend 95% of its budget on overseas development assistance (ODA), and from the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI), which contains some relevant
programmes.[144] The European Development Fund (EDF, 22.7 bn, 20082013) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-fnanced instruments to encourage
increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight.[144] However, four countries have reached the 0.7% target: Sweden, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Denmark.[145] In 2011,
EU aid was 0.42% of the EU's GNI making it the world's most generous aid donor.[146] The previous Commissioner for Aid, Louis Michel, has called for aid to be delivered more rapidly, to greater efect, and on humanitarian
principles.[147]
Economy Main articles: Economy of the European Union and Regional policy of the European Union The fve largest economies in the world according to the IMF by GDP in 2011.[148] The EU has established a single market across the
territory of all its members. 19 member states have also joined a monetary union known as the eurozone, which uses the Euro as a single currency.[149] In 2012, the EU had a combined GDP of 16.073 trillions international dollars, a 20%
share of the global gross domestic product (in terms of purchasing power parity).[24] According to Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report 2012, the EU owns the largest net wealth in the world; it is estimated to equal 30% of the $223
trillion global wealth. GDP (in PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 regions in 2009. Of the top 500 largest corporations measured by revenue (Fortune Global 500 in 2010), 161 have their headquarters in the EU.[150] In 2007, unemployment
in the EU stood at 7%[151] while investment was at 21.4% of GDP, infation at 2.2%, and current account balance at 0.9% of GDP (i.e., slightly more import than export). In 2012, unemployment in the EU stood, per August 2012, at
11.4%[151] There is a signifcant variance for GDP (PPP) per capita within individual EU states, these range from 11,300 to 69,800 (about US$15,700 to US$97,000).[152] The diference between the richest and poorest regions (271
NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2009, from 27% of the EU27 average in the region of Severozapaden in Bulgaria, to 332% of the average in Inner London in the United Kingdom. On the
high end, Inner London has 78,000 PPP per capita, Luxembourg 62,500, and Bruxelles-Cap 52,500, while the poorest regions, are Severozapaden with 6,400 PPP per capita, Nord-Est with 6,900 PPP per capita, Severen
tsentralen with 6,900 and Yuzhen tsentralen with 7,200.[152] Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central
and southern Europe.[153][154] Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the former USSR
Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme. EU research and technological framework programmes sponsor research conducted by consortia from all EU
members to work towards a single European Research Area.[155] Internal market Main article: Internal market A standardised passport design, displaying the name of the member state, the national arms and the words "European
Union" given in their ofcial language(s). (Irish model) Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently renamed the single market, and a customs
union between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU,[149] and the customs union involves the application of a common external tarif on all goods
entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of Iceland, Norway,
Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union.[61] Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.[156] Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of
investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries.[157] Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht there has been a
rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. The free movement of persons means that EU
citizens can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifcations of other states.[158] The free
movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. While services account for 6070% of GDP, legislation in the area is not
as developed as in other areas. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services.[159] According to the Treaty the provision
of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. Competition Further information: European Union competition law and European Commissioner for Competition The EU operates a competition
policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market.[q] The Commission as the competition regulator for the single market is responsible for antitrust issues, approving mergers, breaking up cartels, working for
economic liberalisation and preventing state aid.[160] The Competition Commissioner, currently Joaqu n Almunia, is one of the most powerful positions in the Commission, notable for the ability to afect the commercial interests of
trans-national corporations.[161] For example, in 2001 the Commission for the frst time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their national
authority.[162] Another high-profle case against Microsoft, resulted in the Commission fning Microsoft over 777million following nine years of legal action.[163] Monetary union Main articles: Eurozone and Economic and Monetary
Union of the European Union The seat of the Central Bank in Frankfurt. 19 of the 28 member states of the union have adopted the euro as their legal tender. 10 euro note from the new Europa series written in Latin (EURO) and Greek
(EYP) alphabets, but also in the Cyrillic (EBPO) alphabet, as a result of Bulgaria joining the European Union in 2007. The creation of a European single currency became an ofcial objective of the European Economic Community in
1969. In 1992, after having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfll the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they
wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate had frst to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. The euro has been designed to help build a single market by, for example: easing travel of citizens and
goods providing price transparency creating a single fnancial market eliminating exchange rate problems providing price stability providing a currency used internationally and protected against shocks by the large amount of internal
trade within the eurozone It is also intended as a political symbol of integration and stimulus for more.[164] In 1999 the currency union started, frst as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the currency
was fully put into place, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which
have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19 countries, the most recent being Lithuania which joined on 1 January 2015. Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Sweden decided not to join the euro.[165][r] Since its launch the euro has
become the second reserve currency in the world with a quarter of foreign exchanges reserves being in euro.[166] The euro, and the monetary policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the control of
the European Central Bank (ECB).[167] The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stability. It is at the centre of the European System of Central Banks,
which comprehends all EU national central banks and is controlled by its General Council, consisting of the President of the ECB, who is appointed by the European Council, the Vice-President of the ECB, and the governors of the
national central banks of all 28 EU member states.[168] The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of fnancial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking
Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the
ECB. The aim of this fnancial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.[169] To prevent the joining states from getting into fnancial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the
Maastricht treaty to fulfll important fnancial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government defcits and limit the
government debt to a sustainable level. Some states joined the euro but violated these rules and contracts to an extent that they slid into a debt crisis and had to be fnancially supported with emergency rescue funds. These states were
Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and Spain. Even though the Maastricht treaty forbids eurozone states to assume the debts of other states ("bailout"), various emergency rescue funds had been created by the members to support the
debt crisis states to meet their fnancial obligations and buy time for reforms that those states can gain back their competitiveness. Energy Main article: Energy policy of the European Union Consumed energy (2012)[170] Renewable
(dom. prod.) (7%) Nuclear[s] (dom. prod.) (13%) Coal and lignite (dom. prod.) (10%) Gas (dom. prod.) (9%) Gas (import) (14%) Oil (dom. prod.) (6%) Oil (import) (33%) Other (dom. prod.) (1%) Other (import) (7%) In 2006, the EU-27
had a gross inland energy consumption of 1,825million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe).[171] Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54% was imported.[171] In these statistics, nuclear energy
is treated as primary energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of the uranium, of which less than 3% is produced in the EU.[172] The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this has
its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the frst draft
policy was published in January 2007.[173] The EU has fve key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the internal market, encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy
resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central Asia[174] and North Africa; use existing energy
supplies more efciently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and fnally increase funding for new energy technologies.[173] The EU currently imports 82% of its oil, 57% of its natural gas[175] and 97.48% of its
uranium[172] demands. There are concerns that Europe's dependence on Russian energy is endangering the Union and its member countries. The EU is attempting to diversify its energy supply.[176] Infrastructure Further information:
European Commissioner for Transport, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship and European Investment Bank The resund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is part of the Trans-European Networks. The EU is
working to improve cross-border infrastructure within the EU, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN). Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Frjus Rail Tunnel, the resund Bridge, the Brenner
Base Tunnel and the Strait of Messina Bridge. In 2001[needs update] it was estimated that by 2010 the network would cover: 75,200 kilometres (46,700mi) of roads; 78,000 kilometres (48,000mi) of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime
harbours; and 210 internal harbours.[177][178] The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major
problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda.[179] The Polish road network in
particular was in poor condition: at Poland's accession to the EU, a number of roads needed to be upgraded, particularly the A4 autostrada, requiring approximately 13billion.[180][181] The Galileo positioning system is another EU
infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA), and is to be operational by 2012.[needs update] The Galileo project was launched partly
to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for far greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.[182] It has been criticised by
some due to costs, delays, and their perception of redundancy given the existence of the GPS system.[183] Agriculture Main article: Common Agricultural Policy Vineyards in Romania; EU farms are supported by the CAP, the largest
budgetary expenditure. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the oldest policies of the European Community, and was one of its core aims.[184] The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural production, providing
certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high quality of life for farmers, stabilising markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.[t] It was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention. Until the 1990s,
the policy accounted for over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and still accounts for around 34%.[185][dated info] The policy's price controls and market interventions led to considerable overproduction,
resulting in so-called butter mountains and wine lakes. These were intervention stores of produce bought up by the Community to maintain minimum price levels. To dispose of surplus stores, they were often sold on the world market
at prices considerably below Community guaranteed prices, or farmers were ofered subsidies (amounting to the diference between the Community and world prices) to export their produce outside the Community. This system has
been criticised for under-cutting farmers outside Europe, especially those in the developing world.[186] The overproduction has also been criticised for encouraging environmentally unfriendly intensive farming methods.[186]
Supporters of CAP say that the economic support which it gives to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of living, in what would otherwise be an economically unviable way of life. However, the EU's small farmers receive
only 8% of CAP's available subsidies.[186] Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was
deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas (by the McSharry reforms in 1992) and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler
reforms in 2004). Agriculture expenditure will move away from subsidy payments linked to specifc produce, toward direct payments based on farm size. This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels, while
maintaining agricultural income levels.[184] One of these reforms entailed the abolition of the EU's sugar regime, which previously divided the sugar market between member states and certain African-Caribbean nations with a
privileged relationship with the EU.[152]
Demographics Main articles: Demographics of the European Union and Largest population centres in the European Union The combined population of all member states, excluding Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013, was forecast to
be 503,679,730 on 1 January 2012.[187] v t e Largest population centres of European Union Larger Urban Zones, according to Eurostat[188][189] Rank City name State Pop. London Paris 1 London United Kingdom 11,905,500 Madrid
Berlin 2 Paris France 11,532,409 3 Madrid Spain 5,804,829 4 Berlin Germany 4,971,331 5 Barcelona Spain 4,440,629 6 Athens Greece 4,013,368 7 Rome Italy 3,457,690 8 Hamburg Germany 3,134,620 9 Milan Italy 3,076,643 10
Katowice Poland 2,710,397 The EU contains 16cities with populations of over one million, the largest being London. Besides many large cities, the EU also includes several densely populated regions that have no single core but have
emerged from the connection of several cites and now encompass large metropolitan areas. The largest are Rhine-Ruhr having approximately 11.5million inhabitants (Cologne, Dortmund, Dsseldorf et al.), Randstad approx. 7million
(Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al.), Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region approx. 5.8million (Frankfurt, Wiesbaden et al.), the Flemish Diamond approx. 5.5million (urban area in between Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven
and Ghent), Katowice and its Upper Silesian metropolitan area approx. 5.3million and the resund Region approx. 3.7million (Copenhagen, Denmark and Malm, Sweden).[190] In 2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were
born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute
numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million).[191] Vital statistics in recent
years[192][193] (in thousands) Year Population Live births Deaths Natural change Net migration Total change 2012 505 730.5 5 231,1 10.4 5 013,9 9.9 217,3 0.4 882,2 1 099,5 2013 507 416.6 5 075,7 10.0 4 999,2 9.9 76,5 0.1 653,1
729,6 Languages Main article: Languages of the European Union Language Native speakers Total English 13% 51% German 16% 27% French 12% 24% Italian 13% 16% Spanish 8% 15% Polish 8% 9% Romanian 5% 5% Dutch 4% 5% Greek
3% 4% Hungarian 3% 3% Portuguese 2% 3% Czech 2% 3% Swedish 2% 3% Bulgarian 2% 2% Slovak 1% 2% Danish 1% 1% Finnish 1% 1% Lithuanian 1% 1% Croatian 1% 1% Slovenian <1% <1% Estonian <1% <1% Irish <1% <1% Latvian
<1% <1% Maltese <1% <1% Published in June 2012.[194] Survey conducted in February March 2012. Native: Native language[195] Total: EU citizens able to hold a conversation in this language[196] Among the many languages and
dialects used in the EU, it has 24 ofcial and working languages: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese,
Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish.[197][198] Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every ofcial language. The European Parliament provides translation into all languages for documents and its
plenary sessions.[199] Some institutions use only a handful of languages as internal working languages.[200] Catalan, Galician, Basque, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are not ofcial languages of the EU but have semi-ofcial status in that
ofcial translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens of the EU have the right to correspond with the institutions using them. Language policy is the responsibility of member states, but EU institutions promote the
learning of other languages.[u][201] English is the most spoken language in the EU, being spoken by 51% of the EU population when counting both native and non-native speakers.[202] German is the most widely spoken mother
tongue (about 88.7million people in 2006). 56% of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue.[203] Most ofcial languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family,
except Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian, which belong to the Uralic language family, and Maltese, which is a Semitic language. Most EU ofcial languages are written in the Latin alphabet except Bulgarian, written in Cyrillic, and Greek,
written in the Greek alphabet.[204] With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third ofcial script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek scripts.[205] Besides the 24
ofcial languages, there are about 150 regional and minority languages, spoken by up to 50million people.[204] Of these, only the Spanish regional languages (Catalan, Galician, and Basque), Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh[206] can be used
by citizens in communication with the main European institutions.[207] Although EU programmes can support regional and minority languages, the protection of linguistic rights is a matter for the individual member states. The
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratifed by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26 September
and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe. Religion Self described religion in the European Union (2012)[208] Catholic (48%) Protestant (12%) Orthodox (8%) Other Christian (4%) Non believer/Agnostic (16%)
Atheist (7%) Muslim (2%) Other religion/None stated (3%) The EU is a secular body with no formal connection to any religion. The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union recognises the "status under
national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional organisations".[209] The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance
of Europe".[209] Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included proposals to mention Christianity or God, or both, in the preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and was
dropped.[210] Christians in the EU are divided among members of Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In 2009, the EU had an estimated Muslim
population of 13million,[211] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million.[212] The other world religions of Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism are also represented in the EU population. According to new polls about
Religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union accounting 72% for EU population.[208] Catholics are the largest Christian group in EU, accounting for 48% EU
citizens, while Protestants make up 12%, and Eastern Orthodox make up 8%, and other Christians account for 4% of the EU population.[213] Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52% of EU citizens believed in a
God, 27% in "some sort of spirit or life force", and 18% had no form of belief.[214] Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years.[215] The countries where the fewest people reported a
religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%).[214] The most religious countries are Malta (95%, predominantly Roman Catholic) as well as Cyprus and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with about 90%
of the citizens professing a belief in God. Across the EU, belief was higher among women, increased with age, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the
political scale (57%)."[214] Education and science Main articles: Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union and Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development Erasmus Programme logo,
representing the humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher education, the policy was developed in the 1980s in programmes
supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. In its frst 20years, it has supported international exchange opportunities for
well over 1.5million university and college students and has become a symbol of European student life.[216] There are now similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for
adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 20072013. These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training felds across the
EU.[217][218] Through its support of the Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe. Scientifc development is facilitated through the EU's Framework Programmes, the frst of
which started in 1984. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. The independent European Research Council allocates EU funds to European or national research projects.[219] EU research and
technological framework programmes deal in a number of areas, for example energy where it aims to develop a diverse mix of renewable energy for the environment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels.[220] Health care
Further information: Healthcare in Europe European Health Insurance Card. (French version pictured) Although the EU has no major competences in the feld of health care, Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union afrms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the defnition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". All the member states have either publicly sponsored and regulated
universal health care or publicly provided universal health care. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on
the safety of food and other products.[221][222][223] Health care in the EU is provided through a wide range of diferent systems run at the national level. The systems are primarily publicly funded through taxation (universal health
care). Private funding for health care may represent personal contributions towards meeting the non-taxpayer refunded portion of health care or may refect totally private (non-subsidised) health care either paid out of pocket or met
by some form of personal or employer funded insurance.[citation needed] All EU and many other European countries ofer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for
emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries.[224] A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access
to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients.[225][226][227]
Culture Main articles: Culture of Europe, Western culture and Cultural policies of the European Union Acropolis and Colosseum, symbols of the Graeco-Roman world. Athens (Greece) and Florence (Italy) were the frst European Capitals
of Culture. Cultural co-operation between member states has been a concern of the EU since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty.[228] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000
7-year programme,[228] the European Cultural Month event,[229] the MEDIA Programme,[230] orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra[231] and the European Capital of Culture programme where one or more cities
in the EU are selected for one year to assist the cultural development of that city.[232] Sport Main articles: Sport policies of the European Union and Sport in Europe Sport is mainly the responsibility of an individual member states or
other international organisations rather than that of the EU. However, there are some EU policies that have had an impact on sport, such as the free movement of workers which was at the core of the Bosman ruling, which prohibited
national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship.[233] The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specifc nature of sport and its structures based
on voluntary activity.[234] This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due to objections over the applications of free market principles to sport which led to an increasing
gap between rich and poor clubs.[235] The EU does fund a programme for Israeli, Jordanian, Irish, and British football coaches, as part of the Football 4 Peace project.[236] Symbols Main article: Symbols of Europe Clockwise from top
left: The European fag seen at the occasion of the 2004 enlargement; the reliquary bust of Charlemagne (c. 1350); Europa and the bull, depicted as the personifcation of Europe in a map by Fredericus de Wit (1700) The fag of the union
consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue feld. The blue represents the west, while the number and position of the stars represent completeness and unity, respectively.[237] Originally designed in 1955 for the Council of Europe,
the fag was adopted by the European Communities, the predecessors of the present union, in 1986. United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the union in the year 2000, having been selected from proposals submitted by school
pupils.[238] Since 1985 the fag day of the union has been Europe Day, on 9 May, i.e. the date of the 1950 Schuman declaration. The anthem of the union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of
Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on ofcial occasions.[239] Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological fgure of Europa
has frequently been employed as a personifcation of Europe. Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present union. Statues of Europa and the bull
decorate several of the Union's institutions, and a portrait of her is seen on the 2013 series of Euro banknotes. The bull is for its part depicted on all residence permit cards.[240] Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin:
Carolus Magnus), established an empire that represented the most expansive European unifcation since the Roman era, and thereby founded what became the French and German monarchies.[241][241][242][243][244] Known as
Pater Europae (Father of Europe),[241][245] he enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. The present symbolic relevance of Charlemagne pertains to his embodiment of Franco-German relations, on which European
integration relies. The Commission has named one of its central buildings in Brussels after Charlemagne, and the Charlemagne Prize has since 1949 annually been awarded to champions of European unity.[citation needed] Religious
symbols of Europe and its integration include Saint Benedict, who in 1964 was named patron saint of Europe by Pope Paul VI, and Saint Hedwig, who in 1997 was canonised as patron saint of European unifcation by Pope John Paul
II.[246][247]
See also Outline of the European Union European Union Wikipedia book
Notes ^ Not including overseas territories ^ .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states also have their own TLDs. ^ This fgure includes the extra-European territories of member states which are part of the European
Union and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union. For more information see Special member state territories and the European Union. ^ On 01990-10-03-0000October 3, 1990, the
constituent states of the former German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, automatically becoming part of the EU. ^ Referred to by the EU as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". ^ a b See
Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu ^ According to the principle of Direct Efect frst invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse
Administratie der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (European Court of Justice 1963). See: Craig and de Brca, ch. 5. ^ According to the principle of Supremacy as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585. See Craig
and de Brca, ch. 7. See also: Factortame litigation: Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, Solange II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft, BVerfG decision of 22 October 1986 [1987] 3 CMLR 225,265)
and Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze [1974] 2 CMLR 372; Raoul George Nicolo [1990] 1 CMLR 173. ^ It is efectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria, Assembly.coe.int. It should be noted that this is a political and not a legal
requirement for membership. ^ The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the Council of Europe (Article 59.1 of the Convention), and even now only states may become member of the
Council of Europe (Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe). ^ Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms" 1996 E.C.R. I-1759 (in French), ruled that the European Community did not have the competence to accede to the ECHR. ^ See: Case 34/73, Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze [1973] ECR 981. ^ To do otherwise would
require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states. See Craig and de Brca, p. 115 ^ See Articles 157 (ex Article 141)
of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu ^ See Article 2(7) of the Amsterdam Treaty on eur-lex.europa.eu ^ Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal
treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19 July 2000, p. 2226); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and
occupation (OJ L 303, 2 Dec 2000, p. 1622). ^ Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome ^ In order to meet the euro convergence criteria it is necessary frst to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, something Sweden has declined to
do: "ERM II". Danish Finance Ministry. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. ^ Note that although almost all Uranium is imported, Nuclear Power is considered primary energy produced in the EU ^ Article 39 (ex Article 33) of the
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu ^ See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
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of the European Communities. 2008. p.22. ISBN978-92-79-09437-8. Retrieved 1 March 2009. European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU).
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and consumers". Europa: Gateway to the European Union. European Commission. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011. ...the common agricultural policy is the most integrated of all EU policies and consequently takes a large
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respondents (51%) speaking it either as their mother tongue or as a foreign language. ^ European Commission (2006). "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)" (PDF). Europa web portal. p.3.
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Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshhold. ^ a b
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27 February 2008. ^ "Media Programme". Europa. European Commission. Retrieved 13 June 2013. ^ "An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra". The European Youth Orchestra. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007.
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Further reading Bindi, Federiga, ed. The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World (Brookings Institution Press; 2010). The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its
neighbours. Bomberg, Elizabeth, Peterson, John, and Richard Corbett, eds. The European Union: How Does it Work? (3rd ed) (2012, Oxford University Press). ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5 and ISBN 0-19-957080-9. Corbett, Richard; Jacobs,
Francis; Shackleton, Michael (2011). The European Parliament (8th ed.). London: John Harper Publishing. ISBN978-0-9564508-5-2. Craig, Paul; de Brca, Grinne (2007). EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN978-0-19-927389-8. Jordan, A.J. and Adelle, C. (eds) Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, VA. Kaiser, Wolfram. Christian
Democracy and the Origins of European Union (2007) McCormick, John (2007). The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press. ISBN978-0-8133-4202-3. Pinder, John, and Simon Usherwood. The European Union: A Very
Short Introduction (2008) excerpt and text search Rifkin, Jeremy (2004). The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream. Jeremy P. Tarcher. ISBN978-1-58542-345-3. Smith, Charles
(2007). International Trade and Globalisation (3rd ed.). Stocksfeld: Anforme. ISBN1-905504-10-1. Staab, Andreas. The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact (2008) excerpt and text search Steiner, Josephine;
Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner, Christian (2006). EU Law (9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-927959-3. Yesilada, Birol A. and David M. Wood. The Emerging European Union (5th ed. 2009) Piris, Jean-Claude (2010).
Lisbon Treaty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.448. ISBN978-0-521-19792-2.
External links Find more about European Union at Wikipedia's sister projects Defnitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from
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Justice of the European Union Court of Auditors Agencies EUR-Lex EU Laws http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the European Union Overviews and data Eurostat European Union
Statistics Explained Datasets related to the EU on CKAN CIA World Factbook: European Union entry at The World Factbook British PathOnline newsreel archive of the 20th century Search EU Financial Sanctions List The European
Union: Questions and Answers Congressional Research Service Works by European Union at Project Gutenberg Works by or about European Union at Internet Archive (search optimized for the non-Beta site) News and interviews Der
Spiegel interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing Educational resources European Studies Hub interactive learning tools and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the
European Union and its politics. Tupy, Marian L. (2008). "European Union". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN978-0-86597-665-8.
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Fareed Zakaria: How to Change Ugly Regimes
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BY FAREED ZAKARIA 6/26/05 AT 8:00 PM
FILED UNDER: News
As you read about yet another Iranian "election"--in which candidates have been
carefully vetted by the ruling mullahs--keep in mind that the real story in Iran is
that the government has tightened its grip on power in recent years. Despite an
unhappy population, the mullahs have shut down newspapers, persecuted
nongovernmental groups and imprisoned opponents. An interesting contrast in
the same region is Libya, surely the strangest country to be taking baby steps
toward reform. Once a key sponsor of terror, it is now opening up its economy,
welcoming tourism and trade, presenting economic-reform plans and even talking
about political changes. While all these steps are small and easily reversible-Libya is still ruled by a wacky megalomaniac--there is some real movement here.
fle:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Fareed%20Zakaria%20%20How%20to%20Change%20Ugly%20Regimes.htm[4/25/2015 2:09:27 PM]
What's striking about these two countries is that we have had different policies
toward them. Simply put, we have tried regime change with Iran and conditional
engagement with Libya.
It isn't just these two countries where you see this pattern. For almost fve decades
the United States has put in place a series of costly policies designed to force
Cuba to dismantle its communist system. These policies have failed totally.
Contrast this with Vietnam, also communist, where Washington has adopted a
different approach, normalizing relations with its former enemy. While Vietnam
remains a Leninist regime in many ways, it has opened up its society, and the
government has loosened its grip on power, certainly far more than that of Fidel
Castro. For the average person in Libya or Vietnam, American policy has
improved his or her life and life chances. For the average person in Iran or Cuba,
U.S. policy has produced decades of isolation and economic hardship.
Don't get me wrong. I think the regimes in Tehran and Havana are ugly and
deserve to pass into the night. But do our policies actually make that more likely?
Washington has a simple solution to most governments it doesn't like: isolate
them, slap sanctions on them and wait for their downfall. As Richard Haass
argues intelligently in his new book, "The Opportunity," regime change has
become a substitute for an actual policy toward countries like North Korea and
Iran, with which we have serious security problems. Rather than tackling the
issue of North Korean nukes, we're waiting for the country to collapse. We might
be waiting awhile.
Try Newsweek for only $1.25 per week
Critics could argue that I'm forgetting the many surprising places where regimes
have fallen and freedom has been given a chance to fourish. Who would have
predicted that Ukraine, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan would see so much change in the
past year and a half? But these examples only prove my point. The United States
had no "regime change" policy toward any of these countries, and it had relations
with all of them. In fact, these relationships helped push the regimes to change
and emboldened civil-society groups.
Ah, you might say, but these regimes were not truly evil. Well, what about Mao's
China at the height of the Cultural Revolution? Nixon and Kissinger opened
relations with what was arguably the most brutal regime in the world at the time.
And as a consequence of that opening, China today is far more free-economically and socially--than it has ever been. If we were trying to help the
Chinese people, would isolation have been a better policy?
I realize that it feels morally righteous and satisfying to "do something" about
cruel regimes. But in doing what we so often do, we cut these countries off from
the most powerful agents of change in the modern world--commerce, contact,
information. To change a regime, short of waging war, you have to shift the
balance of power between the state and society. Society needs to be empowered.
It is civil society--private business, media, civic associations, nongovernmental
organizations--that can create an atmosphere which forces change in a country.
But by piling on sanctions and ensuring that a country is isolated, Washington
only ensures that the state becomes ever more powerful and society remains weak
and dysfunctional. In addition, the government benefts from nationalist
sentiment as it stands up to the global superpower. Think of Iraq before the war,
which is a rare case where multilateral sanctions were enforced. As we are
discovering now, the sanctions destroyed Iraq's middle class, its private sector
and its independent institutions, but they allowed Saddam to keep control. When
the regime was changed by war, it turned out that nation-building was vastly
more diffcult because the underpinnings of civil society had been devastated.
In a careful study, the Institute for International Economics has estimated that
U.S. sanctions on 26 countries, accounting for more than half the world's
population, cost America between $15 billion and $19 billion in lost exports
annually and have worked less than 13 percent of the time. But what if it's even
worse? What if our policies have exactly the opposite effect than is intended?
Look around the world today, and you will see regime change in places where
Washington has no such policy and regime resilience in places where it does.
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Financial Crisis and Foreign Workers in Korea -- Kil-Sang Yoo - Research & Seminars | Migration Dialogue
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Crisis and Foreign Workers in Korea -- Kil-Sang
Financial Crisis and Foreign Workers in Korea

Kil-Sang Yoo
R&S HOME
Korea Labor Institute
Opinion Leader
Seminars (OLS)
Introduction
Comparative
Immigration and
Integration Program
(CIIP)
Prior to the fnancial crisis occurred in November 1997, Korea has achieved its economic
miracle over the last three decades. Between 1965 and 1996, GNP per capita in Korea
increased 100 times, from US $105 to $10,543.
Comparative Eforts to
Manage Emigration
(CEME)
Until the early 1970s, Korea was an agrarian society containing a big rural population. With
the successful economic growth, however, the Korean labor market passed the era of the
Lewis-type "unlimited labor supply" around 1974_1975(Bai, 1981). Nevertheless, steady
migration from rural to urban areas enabled continuous high economic growth without labor
shortage until the mid 1980s.
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Due to continuous high economic growth and the end of migration from rural to urban areas,
Korean labor market began to face labor shortage from the late 1980s. The shortage of labor
supply rapidly increased the wage of Korean workers, and labor-intensive sectors such as
textile industry began to lose competitiveness in international markets and cannot attract
domestic workers with the wage level ofered to them.
Relative high wage and enough employment opportunities in Korean labor market began to
attract foreign workers from late 1980s. Between late 1980s and 1997, many foreign workers
from China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Philippine, and other countries emigrated to
Korea searching for "Korean dream", and the number of foreign workers was 268 thousands in
1997 which was equal to 1.3 percent of total Korean labor force.
The fnancial crisis occurred in November 1997 has drastically changed Korean economy and
its labor market. The economic growth rate sharply decreased from 5.5% in 1997 to -5.3% in
frst half of 1998. The unemployment rate increased from 2.5 percent in 1997 to 7.6 percent
in July 1998. Sharp economic downturn and high unemployment rate reduced demand for
foreign workers in Korean labor market. Foreign workers began to leave Korea after fnancial
crisis, and this resulted in reduced number of foreign workers in Korea. From January to June
of 1998, 104 thousands of foreign workers, which is 40 percent of foreign workers in Korea,
left Korea.
_. Korean Labor Market Before Financial Crisis
le:///C|/U...rkers%20in%20Korea%20--%20Kil-Sang%20Yoo%20-%20Research%20&%20Seminars%20_%20Migration%20Dialogue.htm[4/25/2015 2:09:31 PM]
1. Transition of Labor Supply
Before the mid-1980s, Korea was in the situation of excess supply of labor and was one of the
labor exporting countries. In 1963, out of total employed persons, 63.0 percent were
employed in the agriculture, forestry and fshing, and only 8.7 percent were employed in
mining and manufacturing. The unemployment rate was 8.1 percent in 1963. The difculties in
fnding a job in the domestic market led Koreans to look at foreign labor markets.
Korea's labor export dated back to 1963 when 247 mine workers emigrated to West Germany.
From then on, emigration of mine workers' to West Germany increased and in 1965 Korean
nurses began to emigrate to West Germany.
Emigration of seemen on foreign ships and construction workers in Thailand's express
construction were followed in 1965. These were starting points of emigration of Korean
workers(Kang, 1996).
From 1962, Korean government launched the Five-Year Economic Development Plans. With
the success of the Five-Year Economic Development Plans, a lot of new jobs were created in
the urban areas, and this created massive migration of young people from rural to urban
areas. This unlimited supply of labor from rural areas made it possible for Korea to develop its
industry with very low labor cost until the mid 1970s. The success of industrialization
increased employment in the manufacturing and service sectors and decreased employment in
the agricultural, forestry and fshing industry.
In 1970s, Korean constructuring companies extended their businesses to the Middle East.
Right after the frst oil crisis in 1974, Korean construction companies rushed to the Middle
East, and there was a "Middle East Construction Boom" in Korea. A lot of Korean workers
emigrated to the Middle East countries searching for oil dollars and this created shortage of
skilled workers in Korean labor market in mid 1970s.
It is said that a country reaches its turning point in migration when the unlimited supply of
labor from the traditional sector of that economy to the modern sector is not available
anymore (Lewis, 1954). It is believed that Korea passed that turning point in the mid
1970s(Bai, 1981).
With rapid economic development and increasing outward direct investment to other countries,
Korea began to solve high unemployment problem from 1970s.
From the late 1960s, the unemployment rate dropped drastically and it remained at 3_4
percent level until 1987 except 1980 right after the second oil crisis(See Figure 1).
From 1988 to 1997, the unemployment rate dropped further and it remained at two percent
level(See Figure 1). The two percent level of unemployment rate means labor shortage in
Korean labor market. As shown in Table 1, labor shortage problem became key issue from
1998 in Korea. Especially labor shortage of unskilled workers and production workers was very
severe, and the shortage of labor forced Korean government to import foreign workers under
the "technical trainee" program from 1992.
The excess demand for labor rapidly increased wage of Korean workers as shown in Table 2.
The rate of nominal wage increase from 1987 to 1996 was 14.6 percent and the rate of real
wage increase during the same period was 8.1 percent.
What caused the labor shortage in Korea during that period?
On the demand side labor shortage was due to overheated demand. The accelerated economic
growth over the past 1986_1988 period was the main reason for the labor shortage in the
manufacturing sector. The average economic growth rate during 1986_1988 period was 11.5
percent and high economic growth rate around 8_9 percent was continued until 1996.
On the supply side, the labor market entry of the baby boom generation born between the
late 1950s and early 1960s has mostly ended. This change in the population structure imply
that the labor shortage problem is not cyclical but structural.
The labor shortage was severe especially among blue-collar workers, among small and
medium size frms, and among unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Such labor shortage
problem forced Korean government to change the policy toward foreign workers, so-called
"open door policy".
2. Foreign Workers Before Financial Crisis
There are three types of foreign workers in Korea: legal employees, trainees and illegal
workers.
The Korean Immigration Law allows the employment of skilled workers to only a few
categories whose skills are necessary to Korea. For a foreigner to be legally admitted into
Korea under these categories, he or she should submit an evidence of having a job in Korea.
The Korean government issues a visa as long as there is a Korean employer who wants to
ofer a job to the foreigner. Therefore legal migrant workers are all professional and technical
workers such as professors, researchers, or entertainers.
The Korean Immigration Law does not allow unskilled foreign workers to enter Korea for the
purpose of employment except in the case of technical trainees. The "technical trainee"
program was introduced in 1992 to help small and medium-sized businesses cope with the
severe shortage of labor.
With globalization of production since late 1980s, big companinies needed to train foreign
workers in their Korean factories, who would go back to work in their overseas branches. The
Korean government permitted this kind of training within one year and this was the beginning
of the industrial and technical training program. Later, this program was extended to the
medium and small size companies in the manufacturing sector. Employer who were sufered
from labor shortage welcomed the foreign trainees. In this way, the training program has
been changed to the migration program in Korea.
Three industries can bring foreign trainees without any foreign afliation; small manufacturing,
fshing, and construction. This system was frst introduced to help small manufacturing sector.
In 1996, it was expanded to include the fshing and the construction sectors.
The foreign trainee system for manufacturing frms without a foreign afliation is managed by
the Foreign Training Cooperation Corporation(FTCO) under the Korea Federation of Small
Business. Trainees under this category are to return to their home countries after a maximum
of three years.
The maximum number of foreign trainees per frm is 10 percent of the workforce with the
limit of 20 trainees. The FTCO manages the trainee system with the aim of helping the small
manufacturing sector by supplying unskilled labor.
Companies need to put a security deposit of 300,000 Korean wons per trainee with FTCO. If a
trainee fees due to the companies' faults, the deposit has to be given up. The recruiting
agency also has to give up the security deposit of 100 US dollars per trainee which is hold by
the FTCO while the trainee stays in Korea However, quite a few foreign trainees leave their
companies.
After the frst two years, a trainee who passes a qualifcation test can stay for another year as
a worker, which was introduced in 1997. Only the trainees brought after April 1998 are
entitled to this change.
As wages have been increased and labor shortage became much more severe since early
1990s, illegal migrant workers came to Korea to fnd employment opportunities. They are
illegal in the sense of violation of Korean Immigration Law. Most of illegal workers are persons
who have stayed to work longer than the period of permission. Also, many illegal workers
violated their purpose of stay(namely, the status of visa). Not many but some foreign workers
entered Korea without any legal permission of stay. All those workers can be classifed as
illegal migrant workers.
Any foreigner who stays in Korea after his/her visa expires is subject to the fne of up to 1
million Korean wons. The Korean immigration authorities diferentiate fnes depending on the
length of period the foreigners overstayed. Illegal foreign workers also have to pay the cost
incurred to send them back to their home countries.
Korean employers who hire illegal foreign workers are also subject to penalties. In October
1996, the Korean government toughened these sanctions in order to reduce the growing
number of illegal foreign workers. Korean employers can be imprisoned for less than three
years (one year before October 1996) or they can be given a fne of less than 10 million
Korean wons (5 million Korean wons before October 1996). The Korean employers also have
to pay the cost of returning their foreign employees to their home countries if the illegal
foreign workers can not pay the cost.
Table 3 shows the trend of foreign workers in Korea in recent years.
_. Financial Crisis and Foreign Workers.
1. Financial Crisis and IMF Programs
For the past several decades, Korean Economy has grown rapidly. With per capita GDP rising
at an annual rate of nearly 7 percent, a once poor agrarian economy has been transformed
into an advanced industrial economy. In 1996, Korea became the world's 11st largest
economy and became the member of OECD countries.
However, since the beginning of 1997, an unprecedented number of highly leveraged
conglomerates("chaebols") had moved into bankruptcy. The bankruptcies severely weekened
the fnancial system of Korea and nonperforming loans rose sharply to the equivalent of 7.5
percent of GDP. At the same time, the steep decline in stock prices cut the value of banks'
equity and further reduced their net worth. These developments exacerbated the existing
weekness in the Korean banking system. The weak state of the banking sector has led to
successive downgrades by the international credit rating agencies and a sharp tightening in
the availability of external fnancing.
Thus Korean economy narrowly survived on overnight loans from international fnancial
institutions. The value of Korean won fell by more than 100 percent against the U.S. dollars
between October and December 1997.
In order to solve fnancial crisis Korean government decided to approach the International
Monetary Fund(IMF) for a rescue plan on November 19, 1997 and IMF approved a
comprehensive fnancing package of about 58.4 billion U.S. dollars on both a multilateral and
bilateral basis.
On the condition of receiving IMF's rescue programs, the Korean government should provide:
(1) strong macroeconomic measures designed to facilitate the orderly reduction of the
external current account defcit; rebuilding of foreign reserve at the Bank of Korea; and
containment of infationary pressure through tighter monetary and fscal policy;
(2) a comprehensive strategy to restructure and recapitalize the fnancial sector, and make it
more transparent and market-oriented, and improve the supervision of fnancial institutions;
(3) measures to reduce the high degree of short-term debt of private corporations and
fnancial institutions and to allow a better diversifcation of risk in the economy.
The IMF programs, as originally designed, were intended to narrow the external current
account defcit to below 1 percent of GDP in 1998 and 1999, contain the infation rate at or
below 5(later changed to 9) percent, and limit real GDP growth rate to about 3(later chanted
to -4.2) percent in 1998, followed by a recovery toward full potential in 1999.
Despite the IMF's rescue package, during the last week of December 1997, Korea was on the
verge of defaulting on its foreign debts. It narrowly avoided that fate by working out a last
minute emergency loan package put together by the IMF and G-7 countries including the
United States.
2. Korean Economy and Labor Market under IMF Programs

Ever since Korea applied for the IMF rescue programs, Korean economy has been
experiencing a severe trouble.
The IMF insists that Korea's frst priority should be its structural adjustment. In order to
induce structural adjustment of private corporations and to invite foreign capital, the IMF
insists that the interest rate should be very high through very tight monetary and fscal
policies. The IMF also insists that all fnancial institutions must keep their owned capital ratio
in terms of the BIS(Bank for International Settlement) criterion as higher than 8 percent by
the end of 1998 and that any fnancial institution which fails in upgrading its BIS ratio should
be closed immediately after 1998.
Because the BIS ratios of most fnancial institutions in Korea were much lower than 8 percent,
fnancial institutions began to withdraw loans to the private frms and almost stop new loans.
Interest rates soared to as high as 40 percent and this superhigh interest rates and
withdrawal of loans increased default risks of frms. Increasing bankruptcies of frms soared
interest rates further and froze loan to the frms.
This vicious circle of fnancial institutions and frms has created credit crunch and has
paralyzed function of fnancial system in Korea.
Collapse of fnancial system has weekened growth potential of Korean economy. Even the
frms that are fnancially sound and very competitive in the internal market are being pushed
to the point of bankruptcy.
The economic growth rate in terms of real GDP recorded -3.9 percent in the frst quarter and 6.6 percent in the second quarter of 1998(Table 4). Production activities have shrunk
suddenly. As shown in Table 4, production contracted by 2.8 percent in the frst quarter and
6.0 percent in the second quarter of 1998. The reduction of production was especially severe
in manufacturing and construction industry. Due to severe credit crunches and sudden fall in
the value of real estates, consumption expenditure shrank by 9.7 percent in the frst quarter
and 12.2 percent in the second quarter of 1998. Contraction of consumption expenditure
increased inventory stock of products, and thus average operation ratio of production plants
fell from 80.6 percent on October 1997 to 63.7 percent on July 1998. The severe shrink of
consumption expenditure and operational ratio and too high interest rates have reduced
investment expenditure by 23.0 percent in the frst quarter and 29.8 percent in the second
quarter of 1998.
The immediate impact of the sharp economic downturn on the labor market is the drastic
increase of unemployment. The unemployment rate in Korea has been increased drastically
from 2.1% in October 1997 to 7.6 percent in July 1998 and the unemployed persons
increased from 454 thousands to 1,651 thousands(See Table 5).
The rising unemployment rates are mainly due to the job destruction. From July 1997 to July
1998, total employment contracted by 6.5 percent coupled with the 1.0 percent reduction of
the labor force as shown in Table 5.
However, when we consider that population who are not in the labor force has been rapidly
increased throughout this year, which represents so called "discouraged worker efect", the
situation of unemployment is more serious than that the statistics show(See Table 5).
3. Foreign Workers after Financial Crisis

After the fnancial crisis, many Korean people believe that foreign workers should be sent to
their home countries since even Korean nationals fnd it difcult to fnd a job. The frst step for
reducing foreign workers was to banish undocumented foreign workers. So Korean
government ofered an amnesty program to undocumented foreign workers. Those who
reported to the authorities from January to March 1998 were allowed to leave the country
without paying the fnes. About 53 thousand undocumented foreign workers left the country
under this program. Only a small number of Chinese workers did not take the program(Table
7). Many of the other nationals accepted the ofer. The number of undocumented foreign
workers decreased from 148,048 persons on December 1997 to 95,027 persons on June 1998.
A growing number of the foreign trainees are also loosing their jobs. From January to
November 1997, 589 companies gave up 2,024 trainees, while 4,050 foreign trainees in 1,226
companies lost their training companies from December 1997, when Korea asked help from
the IMF to March 1998.(Y. Park, 1998)
During the period of from December 1997 to June 1998, 50,253 foreign trainees left Korea,
which is 48.5 percent of foreign trainees. During the same period, total number of foreign
workers has been reduced from 267,546 persons to 159,994 persons, which means 107,552
persons(40.2 percent of foreign workers in Korea) left Korea (See Table 6). This means about
six hundred of foreign workers are leaving Korea everyday after fnancial crisis.
However, Korea still needs unskilled foreign workers. Despite rapidly growing number of
unemployed persons, not many Korean workers want to have a so-called three-D(difcult,
dangers and dirty) job. Small frms in labor-intensive manufacturing sector still have
difculties in recruiting Korean workers. The Korea Federation of Small Business strongly
insists that the number of foreign trainees should not be reduced and some measures should
be done to facilitate the process of relocating the foreign trainees who loose their jobs to a
new training place.
The Foreign Training Cooperation Corporation(FTCO) under the Korea Federation of Small
Business did a survey on May 1998 on the use of foreign trainees of 6,418 companies which
hired the foreign trainees. The labor shortage of surveyed companies' was not serious. Only
7.9 percent of the surveyed companies (510 companies) answered that they are in the
situation of labor shortage. The number of needed workers was 1,605 persons which was 0.55
percent of the existing workers. Among the 6,418 surveyed companies, 31.1 percent(2,011
companies) answered that they used less foreign trainees on May 1998 than on December
1997. The number of foreign trainees declined by 6.4 percent during the same period. On the
other hand, in the companies which used less foreign trainees, Korean workers replaced only
14.3 percent of the jobs which were previously hold by the foreign trainees.
Base on the results of this survey, the concerned government ministries reached the following
agreements:
(1) The quota of foreign trainees will be frozen during 1998. However, the case of fshing
industry will be reconsidered in the second half of 1998;
(2) Since drastic change of the "technical trainee" program may deteriate labor shortage of
small frms, replacement of trainees will be allowed within the existing quota of trainees,
when trainees go back to their countries after completing training. The case of those feeing
the training place will be decided based on the employment situation of the second half of
1998;
(3) For the trainees in the process of being brought in Korea, only those for manufacturing
will be allowed.
The number of legal migrant foreign workers who are all professional and technical workers
has been decreasing after fnancial crisis. Legal foreign employees in Korea shrank from
15,900 persons on December 1997 to 11,622 persons on June 1998 (See Table 6).
It has been pointed that foreign workers often face inferior working conditions since trainees
are not considered workers under the Korean Labor Standard Act and many foreign workers
are in illegal status. The working conditions of the foreign workers are believed to become
worse after the fnancial crisis hit Korea, which is confrmed by local newspapers. Even
working conditions of Korean workers have been becoming inferior due to many Korean frms'
fnancial difculties. Most workers in Korea have to accept their pay-cut and it is reported that
the cases of unfair labor practices are greatly increasing after fnancial crisis. The government
has introduced various measures to deal with unfair labor practices. However, the foreign
workers are mostly neglected partly due to the lack of the administrative capacity to protect
the foreign workers.
By ofering the amnesty program to undocumented foreign workers right after the fnancial
crisis, Korean government revealed its intention of using foreign workers as a bumper to ease
economic impacts of the crisis. The Korean government seemed to achieve its objective.
About one thirds of the illegal workers left Korea under this program. However, by sending the
foreign workers to their home countries, employment opportunities for local workers were not
generated, either. Many Korean frms still have difculties in hiring local workers for the jobs
which were previously hold by the foreign workers.
This indicates that foreign workers in Korea are helping the Korean economy by taking the
jobs with the conditions which the Korean workers would not consider. The position of Korean
government on the foreign labor has been that Korea does not need unskilled foreign workers;
only trainees have been brought through a legal channel. However, two thirds of the foreign
labor is still undocumented.
The Korean government should reconsider its position. Foreign trainees should be accepted as
a worker. The need of changing the foreign labor policy has been debated in Korea. The
Ministry of Justice recently revealed its position of illegal foreign workers being also protected
by the Korean Labor Standard Act. Considering the overall employment situation in Korea, the
employment opportunities will be certainly decreased. However, the government should give
fair treatments to the foreign labor who is already in the country. This can be achieved only
by recognizing the foreign labor as a worker(S. Uh 1998, Y. Park 1998).
Figure 1. Trend of Annual unemployment rate in Korea : 1963_1997

Table 1. Labor Shortage Ratio(1985_97)
(Unit : percent) 1985 1988 1990 1993 1995 1997
- By type of workers
_Total employees
_Ofce workers
_Production workers
- Skilled
- Unskilled
1.8
0.9
2.4
2.0
4.9
3.5
1.2
5.2
3.9
12.3
4.3
1.3
6.9
5.3
16.2
3.6
1.8
6.0
5.1
14.7
3.7
1.8
5.8
5.0
11.4
2.4
1.2
3.9
3.3
12.6
Note: Labor shortage ratio = unflled vacancies/current employees.
Source: Ministry of Labor, Employment Forecasting Survey, Each Issue.
Table 2. GDP Growth Rate and Wage Increase Rate in Korea
(Unit : percent) Year GDP
Growth Rate Wage Increase Rate
Noninal Wage Real Wage
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
6.5
11.6
11.5
11.3
6.4
9.5
9.1
5.1
5.8
8.6
8.9
7.1
5.5
9.2
8.2
10.1
15.5
21.1
18.8
17.5
15.2
12.2
12.7
11.2
11.9
7.0
6.7
5.3
6.8
7.8
14.5
9.5
7.5
8.4
7.0
6.1
6.4
6.7
2.4
Source: KLI Labor Statistics, 1998, Korea Labor Institute
Table 3. Foreign workers in Korea by visa status

(Unite : person, %) Year Total legal stay illegal stay
subtotal employees trainees
1991 44,850(100.0) 2,973(6.6) 2,973(6.6) - 41,877(93.4)
1992 73,868(100.0) 8,340(11.3) 3,395(5.0) 4,945(6.7) 65,528(88.7)
1993 66,919(100.0) 12,411(18.5) 3,767(5.6) 8,644(12.9) 54,508(81.5)
1994 81,824(100.0) 33,593(41.1) 5,265(6.4) 28,328(34.6) 48,231(58.9)
1995 128,906(100.0) 47,040(36.5) 8,228(6.4) 38,812(30.1) 81,866(63.5)
1996 210,494(100.0) 81,440(38.7) 13,420(6.4) 68,020(32.3) 129.054(61.3)
1997 267,546(100.0) 119,498(44.7) 15,900(5.9) 103,598(38.7) 148,048(55.3)
1998. 6 159,994(100.0) 64,967(40.6) 11,622(7.3) 53,345(33.3) 95,027(59.4)
Source: Ministry of Justice
Table 4. Major Macroeconomic Indicators in Korea
(Unite : percent) 1997 1998
1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 1/4 4/4
GDP growth rate 5.7 6.6 6.1 3.9 -3.9 -6.6
Production
_Mining & manufacturing
_Construction
6.1
5.7
-0.9
7.0
7.2
2.5
6.7
7.5
4.8
4.7
4.6
3.6
-2.8
-6.5
-7.3
-6.0
-10.10
-12.1
Consumption Expenditure 4.4 5.1 5.1 -0.2 -9.7 -12.2
Gross fxed investment 0.3 0.2 -3.7 -9.8 -23.0 -29.8
Source : Bank of Korea
Table 5. Major Labor Market Indicators in Korea
(Unit : thousand persons, percent) 1997 1998
1/4 2/4 Yearly 1/4 2/4 July
Population over 14 years old
Labor Force
Labor Force Participation Rate
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment Rate
Population not in Labor Force
34,532
(1.8)
21,112
(3.4)
61.1
20,466
(2.5)
645
(41.8)
3.1
13,421
(-0.7)
34,668
(1.6)
21,868
(1.8)
63.1
21,319
(1.8)
550
(33.2)
2.5
12,799
(0.3)
34,736
(1.6)
21,604
(2.0)
62.2
21,048
(1.4)
556
(30.8)
2.6
13,132
(1.1)
35,070
(1.6)
20,892
(-1.0)
59.6
19,710
(-3.7)
1,182
(83.3)
5.7
14,179
(5.6)
35,187
(1.5)
21,663
(-0.9)
61.6
20,178
(-5.4)
1,485
(170.0)
6.9
13,524
(5.7)
35,267
(1.4)
21,650
(-1.0)
61.4
19,999
(-6.5)
1,651
(246.8)
7.6
13,617
(5.6)
Note : Numbers in parentheses are rates of change with respect to the same period of the
previous year.
Source : Ofce of Statistics, Monthly Employment Trend, each issue.
Table 6. Foreign Workers in Korea
(Unit : person) Total Employees Trainees Illegal Stay
Subtotal Firms with foreign afliation Firms without foreign afliation
Dec. 1994
Dec. 1995
Dec. 1996
Dec. 1997
Feb. 1998
June 1998
81,824(100.0)
128,906(100.0)
210,494(100.0)
267,546(100.0)
194,057(100.0)
159,994(100.0)
5,265(6.4)
8,228(6.4)
13,420(6.4)
15,900(5.9)
13,246(6.8)
11,622(7.3)
28,328(34.6)
38,812(30.1)
68,020(32.3)
103,598(38.7)
57,512(29.6)
53,345(33.4)
9,512(11.6)
15,238(11.8)
29,724(14.1)
32,656(12.2)
20,344(10.5)
17,698(11.1)
18,816(23.0)
23,574(18.3)
38,296(18.2)
70,942(26.5)
37,168(19.1)
35,647(22.3)
48,231(58.9)
81,866(63.5)
129,054(61.3)
148,048(55.4)
123,299(63.5)
95,027(59.4)
Note: 1) Numbers in parentheses are proportion of each category out of total.
2) The number of trainees until December, 1997 included the trainees who fed the training
places.
Source: Ministry of Justice. Korea(unpublished data)
Table 7. Undocumented Foreign Workers in Korea by National December 1997 June 1998
China
(Korean Chinese)
Philippines
Bangladesh
Thailand
Vietnam
Pakistan
Indonesia
Nepal
Others
57,722
(29,858)
13,909
9,033
8,200
6,389
5,935
2,353
1,059
43,448
53,429
(26,153)
6,302
6,939
2,528
3,181
3,350
1,013
639
17,646
Total 148,048 95,027
Source: Ministry of Justice, Korea(unpublished data)
References
Bai, Moo-ki, Labor Economics, 1981.
Kang, Su Dol, Globalization of the Labor Market: Foreign Labor Issues in Korea, Korea Labor
Institute, September 6, 1996.
Korea Labor Institute, KLI Labor Statistics, 1998.
Lewis, W. Arthur, Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor, Manchester School, May
1954.
Ministry of Labor, Employment Forecasting Survey, Each Issue.
Park, Young-bum, "Financial Crisis and Foreign Workers in Korea", July 1998. (Unpublished
paper).
Uh, Soobong, "Immigration and Labor Market Issues in Korea", Workshop on International
Migration and Labor Markets in Asia, 29 and 30 January 1998, Japan Institute of Labor.
Following the Money: Chinese Labor Migration to Zambia | migrationpolicy.org
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Following the Money: Chinese Labor Migration to Zambia

FEBRUARY 20, 2015 FEATURE
ByHannah Postel
Chinese migration to Zambia has increased in recent years following the
development of a strong economic relationship between the two countries,
and against a backdrop of rising Chinese migration to resource-rich areas of
the world. China has invested billions of dollars in Zambias most proftable
industries, and is responsible for most major infrastructure projects in the
country. In 2014 it also began funding Mandarin instruction in Zambian
government secondary schools. Flows of people have begun to follow the
fows of investment capital: the number of Chinese nationals entering Zambia
has increased by 60 percent since 2009.
Many Chinese workers enter Zambia in supervisory roles on

major infrastructure projects. (Photo courtesy of Dr. Ching
Kwan Lee)
The design of Zambias immigration system and its migration relationship

with China ofers insight into the migration policies and trends of developing
countries, providing a more nuanced view of migration fows worldwide.
Prevailing migration theory largely applies to conventional fows of people
from poorer to richer countries (known as South-North migration). The
Chinese fow to Zambia, characterized by highly skilled migrants, exemplifes

the phenomenon of South-South migration, which represents more than one-third of global migration.
This article examines the newly emerging migration pattern from China to Zambia, a nontraditional destination, based on original
research including the authors coding of more than 25,000 Zambian entry permits for 2012 and 2013 and in-depth interviews with
key ofcials and community members. Though the Chinese population in Zambia has received much negative media attention,
mainly due to the anti-Chinese rhetoric of late President Michael Sata, the Zambian government now largely recognizes the
importance of the economic relationship. While integration of Chinese arrivals into Zambian society has been minimal to date,
continuing Chinese investment suggests the population is only going to grow further.
The Zambian Immigration System
All visitors require a visa to enter Zambia, with stays past 30 days requiring an additional permit. The six major permit types are:
le:///C|/U...INK/Desktop/Backupan/Following%20the%20Money%20%20Chinese%20Labor%20Migration%20to%20Zambia%20_%20migrationpolicy.org.htm[4/25/2015 2:09:42 PM]
residence, visiting, study, employment, temporary, and self-employment (investor). Permitted length of stay varies from three
months to ten years, with employment permits lasting for two years. Zambia does not have a separate permit for family reunion
family members enter on the same permit as the initial holder. This complicates collection of accurate statistics, as only the
individual granted a permit is written into the immigration records.
The Zambian government prioritizes migrants with high socioeconomic status, and does not intend to provide social welfare to
new residents, as indicated by the following four tenets of Zambian immigration policy, which are that an immigrant to Zambia:
1.
2.
3.
4.
must have a contribution to make in the form of skills, profession, or capital

should not deprive a Zambian of employment
should not be a charge on the state
must be in possession of a permit.
Zambia is not a traditional migration destination; ranking 141 of 187 on the United Nations Human Development Index, it has not
historically attracted many aspiring newcomers. It therefore serves as a useful counterpoint to frequently analyzed destinations
such as the United States and the United Kingdom.
Migration in Developing Countries
Zambia ofers a strong example of developing-country policies. Nontraditional destinations are often left out of migration studies,
due to the continued focus on archetypal low-skilled migration to high-income countries. However, almost half of the worlds
estimated 321.5 million international migrants reside in a developing country; 36 percent (82.3 million) were born and still reside
in the global South. This fgure exceeds all other geographic migration patterns and is therefore crucial to understand.
To accurately assess the impact of these South-South fows, one must frst understand the main characteristics of the South-North
archetype, which has been characterized as fows of low-skilled and culturally distinct people from poorer countries [to wealthy
countries], increasingly perceived as a problem in need of control, according to migration scholar Hein de Haas. While many
prospective migrants look for greater economic opportunity abroad, traditional migration destinations are also attractive for their
relatively higher levels of safety, employment, and social services. Receiving countries typically employ strict entry rules including
extensive border enforcement to keep out these lower-skilled newcomers.
In contrast, immigration to developing countries tends to be characterized by higher admission rates and individuals with more
diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Immigration policies in developing countries may not necessarily be less stringent than
elsewhere, but the capability to strictly enforce borders is often lacking. Much South-South migration is therefore unauthorized;
almost 80 percent is estimated to take place between countries with contiguous borders and limited procedural formalities.
Though most countries welcome skilled migration, developing-country policies in particular favor the admission of better-educated
individuals to help improve the domestic economy. The combination of these two characteristics leads to a diverse migration
system.
Recent Zambian Migration Trends
The total volume of migration to Zambia is low, with approximately 16,500 permit applications submitted in 2011, the highest level
in recent years. (It is also important to keep in mind that family members are admitted with the permit holder and not on their own
separate permits; one permit thus does not necessarily equal one person.)
The author manually transcribed 25,000 Zambian immigration permits (Photos: Hannah Postel)
The author was granted access to employment permit data for 2012 and 2013 by the Zambian Department of Immigration,
manually transcribing details from more than 25,000 permits. The 2012 records provided information on nationality, occupation,
and employer of each permit holder. While the 2013 records did not include individual occupations, locational data was recorded
for some of the permit-sponsoring employers, providing insight into patterns of residence in-country. The author also conducted
interviews with Zambian government ofcials, Chinese government and industry representatives, and international organization
staf. Total immigration numbers and important metadata for permit transcription were obtained from the Employment Permit
Secretariat and Department of Immigration ofcials.
Zambia is quite open to foreigners: on average, just 5.8 percent of applicants were denied admission over the 2009-12 period
surveyed (see Figure 1). Educated, investment-focused applicants were favored for their potential to contribute to the domestic
economy.
Figure 1. Zambian Entry Permit Applications by Approval, 2009-12
Source: Zambian Department of Immigration, Immigration Permit Details (Lusaka: Department of Immigration),
2009-12.
China, India, and South Africa supply the largest numbers of migrants to Zambia, followed by Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, and
the United States (see Figure 2). Migration to Zambia is diverse, with at least one-third of approved permits allocated to individuals
from countries other than the top six senders.
Figure 2. Approved Permits by Nationality, 2009-12
Source: Zambian Department of Immigration, Immigration Permit Details.
In general, the quality of ofcial statistics is poor; this is especially true for exit records. Those leaving are supposed to turn in their
permits and get their passport stamped upon exit, however, most people do not follow these requirements and it is unclear if exit
stamps are recorded with any frequency. It is thus nearly impossible to determine either the overall size of the immigrant
population or annual net infows and outfows. Analysis of permit trends instead of short-term visa issuances focuses on migrants
who indicate at least a three-month planned stay, but there is no way to know exactly how long permit holders remain in Zambia.
Conversations with immigration ofcials and independent immigration consultants confrmed the impression that most permit
holders from the United States and United Kingdom enter on short-term work permits and leave after the duration of their
contract. Indians, South Africans, and Zimbabweans tend to migrate more permanently. Consensus on the Chinese was divided.
Though migrants from neighboring African countries (apart from those mentioned above) do not fgure prominently in permit and
visa data, this is likely because they do not enter Zambia through formal channels. Such data are collected manually and
inconsistently at border posts, and there is no enforcement along the majority of the border. The Zambian government is largely
unaware of the volume or characteristics of migrants crossing into the country informally, according to the Deputy Chief of
Operations of the Department of Immigration. Though Somali and Congolese immigrants have built a sizeable community in
Lusaka, Zambia is still mainly a transit point for Central and East African migrants traveling to South Africa; many do not choose to
reside in Zambia permanently.
Chinese Migration to Zambia

Though Zambia has long been a hotspot for Sino-African economic relations, Chinese migration to the country remained minimal
until 2008. Home to Chinas frst foreign aid project, the TAZARA Railway, Zambia also hosts Chinas frst operational special
economic zone on the continent. As in much of Africa, China is responsible for most major infrastructure projects, and has
invested billions of dollarsabout 11 percent of Zambias estimated $26.8 billion in gross domestic product (GDP)in copper
mining, construction, and manufacturing. Chinese migration to Zambia exemplifes sociologist Stephen Castles statement that
migrations are not an isolated phenomenon: movements of commodities and capital almost always give rise to movements of
people.
The Chinese population in Zambia has been the focus of disproportionate media attention, largely due to late Zambian President
Michael Satas infamous anti-Chinese platform in the 2006 elections. His alarmist claim of 80,000 Chinese residents in Zambia has
pervaded coverage of the subject. The Chinese presence in Zambia has been continuously overstated due to this extreme
overestimation. Others have previously suggested a population in the 4,000-15,000 range; a recent estimate conducted by the
author using census and immigration data ranged from 5,000 to 18,000, with a likely center around 12,000-15,000. Even though
developing a precise and accurate estimate is nearly impossible (due to unreliable statistics and high numbers of temporary
migrants), it is important to maintain a sense of scale when discussing Chinese migration to Zambia. Even at a high bound of
18,000, the Chinese community represents just one-tenth of 1 percent of the Zambian population.
With this in mind, Chinese migration to Zambia has indeed increased in recent years. Figure 3 shows the number of approved
permits for Chinese nationals against the total number of permits granted. Though the total number of Chinese entering the
country decreased between 2011 and 2012, the percentage of permits granted to Chinese applicants has continued to grow.
Approved work permits for Chinese immigrants jumped to 5,897 in 2013, according to a preliminary count. The overwhelming
majority of Chinese move to Zambia to work (see Figure 4). Of the 9,067 total employment permits recorded in 2012, more than
one-third (3,722) were granted to Chinese nationals.
Figure 3. Approved Entry Permits for Chinese and All Nationalities to Zambia, 200912
Figure 4. Types of Zambian Entry Permits Granted to Chinese Nationals, 2012
Roles and Integration of Chinese Immigrants in Zambia

Chinese migration to Africa is often categorized into three diferent types: temporary labor migrants, small-scale entrepreneurs,
and transit migrants. The frst category can be divided into two subgroups: semi-skilled laborers largely returning to China after
completing their contracts, and a smaller group of managers and professionals often remaining in Africa as entrepreneurs. In her
study of Chinese activities in Zambia, Solange Guo Chatelard also includes a small number of expatriates sent over by central and
provincial government agencies to fulfll diplomatic, managerial and consultant functions in diferent sectors.
Quantitative evidence from Zambia largely supports these typologies. As shown in Figure 4, 95 percent of the Chinese entering
Zambia in 2012 (3,649 permits) were labor migrants. All but a few were employed by Chinese-owned companies. National or
regional Chinese state-owned enterprises sponsored 2,026 individuals. Zambian government ministries directly hired 736 Chinese,
while many more were working on Zambian government contracts won by large Chinese construction companies (see Table 1). One
particularly interesting example is the 436 individuals hired by the Zambian Ministry of Defense and Air Force. Though at frst
glance the possibility that Chinese nationals might be stafng Zambias military roster could be a cause for concern (especially
given extensive media focus on the Chinese takeover of Africa), permit details show that most if not all of these individuals were
working to build the new Air Force barracks on a government contract with the Chinese construction giant Sinomach.
Table 1: Zambian Employment Permits by Selected Companies, 2012-13
These fgures illustrate how crucial government contracts are to the fow of Chinese labor migrants to Zambia. While not a single
Sinohydro employee entered the country in 2012, this fgure jumped to 136 in 2013 (direct employees; 333 when including their
contract workers). The reverse is also true: while in 2012, 200 employees were hired by Sinomach and 446 by the contracting
Ministry of Defense, after the project was completed the number dropped in 2013to 43 and 89, respectively.
While the distinction between diferent categories of Chinese labor migrants to Africa largely holds true in Zambia, a number of
Chinese managers said that staying in Zambia would end their careers. Personal connections are central to successful business
networking in China and are impossible to maintain from such a distance. Those who do remain to begin their own companies
often in turn hire more Chinese employees. For example, an individual granted an investors permit in 2011 to establish the
company Camland Construction sponsored 11 work permits for Chinese migrant employees in 2013. It is likely that most of the
migrants falling into the other category work for small Chinese-owned businesses (typically restaurants, import-export shops,
and spin-of construction companies). Due to the imprecision of Zambian data and the degree of state infuence on private
Chinese businesses, it is impossible to determine the exact nature of many of these enterprises. However, after accounting for joint
ventures and third-country corporations, among others, a conservative estimate of 60 percent of these other workers are in
Zambia on small-time private interests. Chinese entrepreneurs accounted for 237 investment permits from January 2012 to June
2014. These new businesses were largely concentrated in the construction, manufacturing, and mining industries.
Chinese transit migrants are likely quite few. It is impossible to estimate the number due precisely to their transient nature and
poor immigrant exit records, but a large majority of the Chinese community as observed and self-described either planned to
remain in Zambia or return to China in the medium term.
Employment data on Chinese nationals in Zambia illuminate the economic and social role they play in-country. Many aspiring
Chinese migrants ft Zambian immigration policy aims of admitting highly educated, investment-seeking foreigners to combat the
local skills gap. This is demonstrated by extremely high admission rates: less than 1 percent of Chinese work-permit applicants
were rejected in 2012. Coding for terms such as manager, director, and senior, 2,754 permit holders were identifed in
managerial occupations. Chinese nationals accounted for 923 of these managerial permits, entering Zambia to play a supervisory
role.
Importing Chinese Labor
One of the most contentious aspects of the Chinese presence in Africa is Chinese labor imports. Many major Chinese companies are
said to hire almost entirely from China to the exclusion of local workers, citing language and cultural diferences. One of late
President Satas major accusations in 2006 was that the Chinese infesters were taking jobs away from Zambians. The data
support this claim to some extent: Chinese companies were the most likely to pad their employment rolls with individuals not
necessarily bringing specifc education and expertise to the table. Almost every large company hired at least one Chinese chef,
while 628 permits (17 percent of the total) in 2012 were granted to people with vague titles like constructor and skilled worker.
Increasing Diversity
The Chinese population in Zambia shows that emigration from China is increasingly diverse. The typical Chinese migrant is no
longer a 20- to 30-something male from coastal regions such as Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian. Though no formal data on
gender, age, and other demographics exist, women especially are present in much higher numbers than the prevailing literature
would suggest. Women account for an estimated 10-20 percent of the Chinese population in Zambia, though observation suggests
this fgure could be even higher. Importantly, many of these women are in Zambia of their own right rather than accompanying a
permit holder. Geographic diversity is also quite broad, with increasing representation from central and northern China. Though a
departure from the traditional demographics, this can be largely explained by the employment-driven nature of Chinese migration.
Most large companies hire workers from their home regions; for example, the Chengdu-based Lusaka Pan Brick Company hires
workers from the same province of Sichuan.
Though outsiders often refer to the Chinese as a homogenous group, the Chinese population in Zambia is relatively disjointed.
Multiple long-term residents described how the community has splintered as numbers have grown. In the 1990s, the approximately
200 Chinese residents of Lusaka all knew each other and united around their shared identity. As the Chinese migrant population
has grown and diversifed, individuals now self-segregate into smaller, more specialized groups, illustrated by the expanding
numbers of Chinese community organizations. Twenty years ago only the Chinese Embassy existed; two new regional migrant
associations were created in 2014 alone.
This diversity is also politically signifcant, as Chatelard asserts: Individuals and families have their own agenda which is often
quite separate from the concerns of the Chinese governmentit is not a homogeneous community of agents collectively working to
forward a coherent government agenda. Chinese government representatives freely admit to maintaining contact almost
exclusively with the large state-owned enterprises seeking Zambian government contracts, and rarely, if ever, interacting with the
sizeable group of individuals pursuing private interests. In fact, they reported they are unable to even estimate the size of the
Chinese community. The growing Chinese presence in Africa continues to set of global alarm bells, often viewed as a coherent
neocolonialist strategy fully planned and implemented by the Chinese state. This new Chinese migration, however, is typifed by a
multitude of both public and private actors with independent motives, similar to other global population fows.
Migrant Assimilation
In some countries, migrants...are virtually indistinguishable from the receiving population, according to Castles. This is true in
Zambia, where South African, Zimbabwean, and British immigrants share many cultural, occupational, and physical similarities
with native Zambians. Due to the strong colonial and regional ties among these countries, it can be impossible to discern an
individuals nationality. India and Zambia also have a long migration and shared cultural history as former British colonies; many
Indian migrants have so assimilated into Zambian society that they identify as Zambian.
Chinese migrants are more conspicuous and less assimilated into Zambian society than other migrant groups, at least partially due
to the sheer newness of their presence. They also attract disproportionate attention due to their work on high-profle projects in
visible industries such as construction, and a distinct appearance relative to most Zambian residents. Though no Zambian
integration initiatives exist for any migrant population, the Chinese have remained by far the most segregated. Many attribute this
to persistent language and cultural diferences. Though an increasing number of Chinese migrants speak English, few Zambians are
profcient in Chinese. However, the Chinese-sponsored introduction of Mandarin instruction in Zambian government secondary
schools in 2014 has the potential to close this language gap.
Some Zambians praise the Chinese for living and working side-by-side with locals, rarely seen amongst other groups of expatriates.
Others, however, are angered by what they view as Chinese migrants perceived sense of superiority, exploitation of local workers,
and unwillingness to learn local languages. Cultural diferences drive misunderstandings on both sides: the Chinese consistently
complain about Zambians work performance, calling them lazy, while Zambians are mystifed by the Chinese tendency to migrate
without their families, feeling this signals a cold and unapproachable temperament.
The Chinese straddle a visible divide in the foreign populations in Zambia. More permanent migrants, mainly from other African
countries such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Somalia, but also Indians and Lebanese, tend to interact on a peer-to-peer level
with local Zambians. They are more established and integrated in-country. Expatriates are the second major group, mainly
Americans and Europeans on contract with international organizations, governments, or religious organizations. It is highly
unusual for anyone from this demographic to remain in Zambia longer than two years. The fact that Chinese both bridge and
challenge these paradigms further makes them an enigma to observers.
Mirror of Larger Emigration Patterns
Since Zambia admits the majority of permit applicants, selection policies do not play a major role in determining immigrant
demographics. Therefore, Zambian immigration data can provide insight into emigration patterns from major sending countries.
Chinese immigration was negligible until the infux began around 2008, according to the Deputy Director of Operations at the
Zambian Department of Immigration. This trend tracks with the overall growth in the stock of Chinese emigrants worldwide, which
increased by 128.6 percent between 1990 and 2013from around 4.1 million in 1990 to 9.3 million in 2013. Chinas bid to join the
World Trade Organization (WTO) necessitated reform of the countrys entry-and-exit procedures; simplifcation of the passport
application process enabled many more Chinese nationals to travel and move abroad. Beijings increased attention to the continent
demonstrated by the establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2008including investment and trade
promotion likely spurred increased migration to Africa in particular.
Migration to Zambia as an example of South-South migration does not ft the prevailing global model of low-skilled migration to
high-income countries. Zambian labor immigration is largely characterized by educated foreigners ofering sectoral expertise and
management experience. Dual labor market theory, which argues that cheap immigrant labor at the secondary end of the labor
market will always be in demand since primary workers do not take such undesirable jobs, thus applies to the Zambian casein
reverse. Labor migrants enter the country not to occupy low-skilled jobs undesirable to frst-tier natives, but instead to manage
and share expertise with a relatively uneducated Zambian populace.
The global reach of multinational frms, worldwide demand for certain specialties, and formal treaty arrangements contribute to the
function of migration systems as international labor markets. These elements are key to Chinese migration to Zambia, which has
arisen from a growing history of political and economic cooperation between the two countries. Migration systems theory also
applies to the Zambian immigration system more broadly, explaining many migrant fows through prior links including
colonization, trade, and investment. The theorys main weaknessits sheer breadthcan also be its strength, rendering it
applicable to a larger spectrum of migration patterns.
Chain Migration from China?

Chinese migration to Zambia (and Africa more broadly) will likely continue to increase over the short- to medium term. Chinas
population pressures and recent international business expansions drive this trend. Chinese emigration historically follows a chain
migration pattern, with pioneer migrants creating opportunities in the destination country for friends and family to follow behind.
The Chinese population in Zambia is still quite new; as life in Zambia is publicized and further business opportunities are created,
more migrants will surely follow.
Despite the highly publicized anti-Chinese rhetoric in Zambia, local ofcials are very aware of the important role the Chinese play
in-country. Chinese infuence is evident in the number of individuals present when stepping into any major government ofce, and
extends beyond the ofcial sphere into public life via daily vegetable markets and the recent proliferation of Chinese restaurants.
The Zambian governments recent commitment to fund public school Chinese-language instruction is only one example of its longrun dedication to the bilateral relationship. Despite the temporary nature of many Chinese migrants, the community as a whole will
only continue to grow.
Sources
Castles, Stephen and Miller, Mark J. 2009. The Age of Migration. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chatelard, Solange Guo. 2011. Unpacking the new scramble for Africa: a critical and local perspective of Chinese activities in
Zambia. In States, regions and the global system: Europe and Northern Asia-Pacifc in globalized governance, eds. Andreas
Vasilache, Reimund Seidelmann, and Jose Luis de Sales Marques. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
de Haas, Hein. 2011. The determinants of international migration: Conceptualizing policy, origin and destination efects. IMI
Working Paper 32, DEMIG Project Paper 2, University of Oxford, International Migration Institute, April 2011. Available Online.
Liu, Guofu. 2009. Changing Chinese Migration Law: From Restriction to Relaxation.Journal of International Migration and
Integration 10 no. 3 (2009): 311-33.
Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor. 1998.Worlds in
Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mung, Emmanuel. 2008. Chinese Migration and China's Foreign Policy in Africa.Journal of Chinese Overseas 4 no. 1: 91-109.
Park, Yoon Jung. 2009. Chinese Migration to Africa. SAIIA Occasional Paper 24, South African Institute of International Afairs,
Johannesburg, 2009. Available Online.
Piore, Michael J. 1979. Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ratha, Dilip and William Shaw. 2007. South-South Migration and Remittances. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available
Online.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Afairs. Population Ofce. 2013. International Migration 2013: Migrants by
Origin and Destination. New York: United Nations. Available Online.
Wang, Huiyao. 2014. Recent Trends in Migration between China and Other Developing Countries. Presentation at the International
Organization for Migration, South-South Migration: Partnering Strategically for Development conference, Geneva, March 24-25,
2014. Available Online.
Zambian Department of Immigration. 2014. Immigration Permit Details. Lusaka: Department of Immigration.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ABOUT THIS ARTICLE, CONTACT US AT Source@MigrationPolicy.org
NEWSLETTER SIGNUP
AUTHOR
Hannah Postel works for an international development contractor in Washington, DC. She is a graduate of
Middlebury College, where she focused on international political economy and Chinese studies. A Fulbright
research grantee, she spent a year in Zambia studying Chinese migration trends.
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Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States - Photos and All Basic Informations
Contents 1 Powers of the President and Congress 2 Historical overview 2.1 20th century 2.1.1 World War I 2.1.2 World War II 2.1.3 Cold War 2.2 21st century 3 Law 4 Alliances 4.1 NATO 5 Geography 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 Canada 5.3 Mexico 5.4 Australia 5.5 Middle East 5.6 Japan 5.7 South Korea 5.8 China 5.9 Taiwan 5.10 ASEAN 5.10.1 Indonesia 5.10.2 Malaysia 5.10.3 Myanmar 5.10.4
Philippines 5.10.5 Thailand 5.10.6 Vietnam 5.11 Eastern Europe 5.12 Kosovo 5.13 Hub and spoke vs multilateral 6 Oil 6.1 Persian Gulf 6.2 Canada 6.3 Africa 7 Foreign aid 8 Military 8.1 Aid 8.2 Missile defense 8.3 Exporting democracy 8.3.1 Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy 8.3.2 Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results 8.3.3 Opinion that U.S. intervention
efectively exports democracy 9 Covert actions 10 Human Rights 11 War on Drugs 12 Criticism 13 Support 14 See also 14.1 Constitutional and international law 14.2 Diplomacy 14.3 Intelligence 14.4 Military 14.5 Policy and doctrine 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links
Powers of the President and Congress[edit] The US Constitution gives much of the foreign policy decision-making to the presidency, but the Senate has a role in ratifying treaties, and the Supreme Court interprets treaties when cases are presented to it. Main articles: Treaty Clause, War Powers Clause, Appointments Clause and Foreign Commerce Clause Subject to the advice and consent
role of the U.S. Senate, the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations, but treaties enter into force if ratifed by two-thirds of the Senate. The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces, and as such has broad authority over the armed forces; however only Congress has authority to declare war, and the civilian and military budget is
written by the Congress. The United States Secretary of State is the foreign minister of the United States and is the primary conductor of state-to-state diplomacy. Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. Congress also has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations.[3]
Historical overview[edit] Main articles: History of U.S. foreign policy and Timeline of United States diplomatic history The Jay Treaty of 1795 aligned the U.S. more with Britain and less with France, leading to political polarization at home The main trend regarding the history of U.S. foreign policy since the American Revolution is the shift from non-interventionism before and after World
War I, to its growth as a world power and global hegemony during and since World War II and the end of the Cold War in the 20th century.[4] Since the 19th century, US foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations.[5] Foreign policy themes were expressed considerably in George Washington's
farewell address; these included among other things, observing good faith and justice towards all nations and cultivating peace and harmony with all, excluding both "inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others", "steer[ing] clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world", and advocating trade with all nations. These policies
became the basis of the Federalist Party in the 1790s. But the rival Jefersonians feared Britain and favored France in the 1790s, declaring the War of 1812 on Britain. After the 1778 alliance with France, the U.S. did not sign another permanent treaty until the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Over time, other themes, key goals, attitudes, or stances have been variously expressed by
Presidential 'doctrines', named for them. Initially these were uncommon events, but since WWII, these have been made by most presidents. In general, the United States followed an isolationist foreign policy until attacks against U.S. shipping by Barbary corsairs spurred the country into developing a naval force projection capability, resulting in the First Barbary War in 1801.[6] Despite
occasional entanglements with European Powers such as the War of 1812 and the 1898 Spanish-American War, U.S. foreign policy was marked by steady expansion of its foreign trade and scope during the 19th century, and it maintained its policy of avoiding wars with and between European powers. Concerning its domestic borders, the 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the nation's
geographical area; Spain ceded the territory of Florida in 1819; annexation brought Texas in 1845; a war with Mexico in 1848 added California, Arizona and New Mexico. The U.S. bought Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867, and it annexed the Republic of Hawaii in 1898. Victory over Spain in 1898 brought the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, as well as oversight of Cuba. The short
experiment in imperialism ended by 1908, as the U.S. turned its attention to the Panama Canal and the stabilization of regions to its south, including Mexico. 20th century[edit] World War I[edit] The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which the United States, along with allied powers, defeated its enemies and increased its international reputation. President Wilson's Fourteen
Points was developed from his idealistic Wilsonianism program of spreading democracy and fghting militarism so as to end wars. It became the basis of the German Armistice (really a surrender) and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The resulting Treaty of Versailles, due to European allies' punitive and territorial designs, showed insufcient conformity with these points and the U.S.
signed separate treaties with each of its adversaries; due to Senate objections also, the U.S. never joined the League of Nations, which was established as a result of Wilson's initiative. In the 1920s, the United States followed an independent course, and succeeded in a program of naval disarmament, and refunding the German economy. New York became the fnancial capital of the world,
but the downside was that the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hurled the entire world into the Great Depression. American trade policy relied on high tarifs under the Republicans, and reciprocal trade agreements under the Democrats, but in any case exports were at very low levels in the 1930s. World War II[edit] Main article: Diplomatic history of World War II United States Allies of World
War II at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. The United States adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy from 1932 to 1938, but then President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved toward strong support of the Allies in their wars against Germany and Japan. As a result of intense internal debate, the national policy was one of becoming the
Arsenal of Democracy, that is fnancing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers. Roosevelt mentioned four fundamental freedoms, which ought to be enjoyed by people "everywhere in the world"; these included the freedom of speech and religion, as well as freedom from want and fear. Roosevelt helped establish terms for a post-war world among
potential allies at the Atlantic Conference; specifc points were included to correct earlier failures, which became a step toward the United Nations. American policy was to threaten Japan, to force it out of China, and to prevent its attacking the Soviet Union. However, Japan reacted by an attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, and the United States was at war with Japan, Germany,
and Italy. Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I, the United States provided Lend-Lease grants of $50,000,000,000. Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacifc against Japan, then into North Africa against Italy and Germany, and fnally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against
the Germans. The American economy roared forward, doubling industrial production, and building vast quantities of airplanes, ships, tanks, munitions, and, fnally, the atomic bomb. Much of the American war efort went to strategic bombers, which fattened the cities of Japan and Germany. Cold War[edit] Main article: History of the Cold War Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao
Zedong meets with U.S. President Richard Nixon, 1972 After the war, the U.S. rose to become the dominant non-colonial economic power with broad infuence in much of the world, with the key policies of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine. Almost immediately however, the world witnessed division into broad two camps during the Cold War; one side was led by the U.S., and
the other by the Soviet Union, but this situation also led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement. This period lasted until almost the end of the 20th century, and is thought to be both an ideological and power struggle between the two superpowers. A policy of containment was adopted to limit Soviet expansion, and a series of proxy wars were fought with mixed results. In
1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations, and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states. With these changes to forty-fve years of established diplomacy and military confrontation, new challenges confronted U.S. policymakers. American foreign policy is characterized by
the protection of its national interests. 21st century[edit] In the 21st century, U.S. infuence remains strong but, in relative terms, is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China, India, Russia, Brazil, and the newly consolidated European Union. Substantial problems remain, such as climate change, nuclear proliferation, and the specter of nuclear
terrorism. Foreign policy analysts Hachigian and Sutphen in their book The Next American Century suggest all six powers have similar vested interests in stability and terrorism prevention and trade; if they can fnd common ground, then the next decades may be marked by peaceful growth and prosperity.[7]
Law[edit] Main articles: Treaty and Treaty Clause In the United States, there are three types of treaty-related law: Executive agreements Congressional-executive agreements are made by the president and Congress. A majority of both houses makes it binding much like regular legislation after it is signed by the president. The constitution does not expressly state that these agreements are
allowed, and constitutional scholars such as Laurence Tribe think they are unconstitutional.[citation needed] However, the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld their validity.[citation needed] Sole executive agreements are made by the president alone. Treaties are formal written agreements specifed by the Treaty Clause of the Constitution. The president makes a treaty with foreign powers,
but then the proposed treaty must be ratifed by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. For example, President Wilson proposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I after consulting with allied powers, but this treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate; as a result, the U.S. subsequently made separate agreements with diferent nations. While most international law has a broader interpretation
of the term treaty, the U.S. sense of the term is more restricted. In Missouri v. Holland, the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government, and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of
the states. International law in most nations considers all three of the above agreements as treaties. In most nations, treaty laws supersede domestic law. So if there is a confict between a treaty obligation and a domestic law, then the treaty usually prevails. In contrast to most other nations, the United States considers the three types of agreements as distinct. Further, the United States
incorporates treaty law into the body of U.S. federal law. As a result, Congress can modify or repeal treaties afterwards. It can overrule an agreed-upon treaty obligation even if this is seen as a violation of the treaty under international law. Several U.S. court rulings confrmed this understanding, including the 1900 Supreme Court decision in Paquete Habana, a late 1950s decision in Reid v.
Covert, and a lower court ruling in 1986 in Garcia-Mir v. Meese. Further, the Supreme Court has declared itself as having the power to rule a treaty as void by declaring it "unconstitutional", although as of 2011, it has never exercised this power. The State Department has taken the position that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties represents established law. Generally when the
U.S. signs a treaty, it is binding. However, because of the Reid v. Covert decision, the U.S. adds a reservation to the text of every treaty that says, in efect, that the U.S. intends to abide by the treaty, but if the treaty is found to be in violation of the Constitution, then the U.S. legally can't abide by the treaty since the U.S. signature would be ultra vires.
Alliances[edit] NATO[edit] A map of allies of the United States NATO member states, including their colonies and overseas possessions Major non-NATO allies, plus Republic of China (Taiwan) Signatories of Partnership for Peace with NATO The United States is a founding member of NATO, the world's largest military alliance. The 28-nation alliance consists of Canada and much of
Europe, including the nation with NATO's second largest military, the United Kingdom. Under the NATO charter, the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power. NATO is restricted to within the North American and European areas. In 1989, the United States also granted fve nations the major non-NATO ally status (MNNA); this number was
increased in the late 1990s and following the September 11 attacks; it currently includes 28 nations. Each such state has a unique relationship with the United States, involving various military and economic partnerships and alliances.
Geography[edit] The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2013) United Kingdom[edit] Main article: United KingdomUnited States relations Further information: Special Relationship and Anglosphere Queen Elizabeth II welcomes President Obama and
First Lady Michelle Obama to Buckingham Palace on April 1, 2009. United States foreign policy afrms its alliance with the United Kingdom as its most important[citation needed] bilateral relationship in the world, evidenced by aligned political afairs between the White House and 10 Downing Street, as well as joint military operations carried out between the two nations. While both the
United States and the United Kingdom maintain close relationships with many other nations around the world, the level of cooperation in military planning, execution of military operations, nuclear weapons technology, and intelligence sharing with each other has been described as "unparalleled" among major powers throughout the 20th and early 21st century.[8] The United States
and Britain share the world's largest foreign direct investment partnership. American investment in the United Kingdom reached $255.4 billion in 2002, while British direct investment in the United States totaled $283.3 billion.[9] Canada[edit] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper (right) and President Obama (left) meet in Ottawa in February 2009 Main article: CanadaUnited States
relations The bilateral relationship between Canada and the United States is of notable importance to both countries. About 7585% of Canadian trade is with the United States, and Canada is the United States' largest trading partner and chief supplier of oil. While there are disputed issues between the two nations, relations are close and the two countries share the "world's longest
undefended border."[10] The border was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and, apart from minor raids[clarifcation needed], has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada
since the 1850s has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being culturally overwhelmed by its neighbor, which is nine times larger in terms of population and eleven times larger in terms of economy.[11][12] The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994, which also includes Mexico. Mexico[edit] Main
article: MexicoUnited States relations The United States shares a unique and often complex relationship with Mexico. A history of armed confict goes back to the Texas Revolution in the 1830s, the MexicanAmerican War in the 1840s, and an American invasion in the 1910s. Important treaties include the Gadsden Purchase, and multilaterally with Canada, the North American Free Trade
Agreement. The central issue in recent years has been illegal immigration, followed by illegal gun sales (from the U.S.), drug smuggling (to the U.S.) and escalating drug cartel violence just south of the U.S.-Mexico border.[13][14] Australia[edit] Main article: AustraliaUnited States relations Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd talks with United States President Barack Obama in
Washington The United States' relationship with Australia is a very close one, with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stating that "America doesn't have a better friend in the world than Australia".[15] The relationship is formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the AustraliaUnited States Free Trade Agreement. The two countries have a shared history, both have previously been British Colonies
and many Americans focked to the Australian goldfelds in the 19th century. At a strategic level, the relationship really came to prominence in World War II, when the two nations worked extremely closely in the Pacifc War against Japan, with General Douglas MacArthur undertaking his role as Supreme Allied Commander based in Australia, efectively having Australian troops and
resources under his command. During this period, the cultural interaction between Australia and the U.S. were elevated to a higher level as over 1 million U.S. military personnel moved through Australia during the course of the war. The relationship continued to evolve throughout the second half of the 20th Century, and today now involves strong relationships at the executive and mid
levels of government and the military, leading Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacifc Afairs, Kurt M. Campbell to declare that "in the last ten years, [Australia] has ascended to one of the closest one or two allies [of the U.S.] on the planet".[16] Middle East[edit] Main article: United States foreign policy in the Middle East The United States has many important allies in the
Greater Middle East region. These allies are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, Afghanistan, Israel, Egypt, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar. Israel and Egypt are leading recipients of United States foreign aid, receiving $2.775 billion[17] and 1.75 billion[18] in 2010. Turkey is an ally of the United States through its membership in NATO, while all of the other countries except Saudi Arabia and
Qatar are major non-NATO allies. The United States toppled the government of Saddam Hussein during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[19] Turkey is host to approximately 90 B61 nuclear bombs at Incirlik Air Base.[20] Other allies include Qatar, where 3,500 U.S. troops are based,[21] and Bahrain, where the United States Navy maintains NSA Bahrain, home of NAVCENT and the Fifth Fleet.
Japan[edit] Main article: JapanUnited States relations The relationship began in the 1850s as the U.S. was a major factor in forcing Japan to resume contacts with the outer world beyond a very restricted role. In the late 19th century the Japanese sent many delegations to Europe, and some to the U.S., to discover and copy the latest technology and thereby modernize Japan very rapidly
and allow it to build its own empire. There was some friction over control of Hawaii and the Philippines, but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands in 1898. Likewise the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea. The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, but the U.S. was increasingly troubled about
Japan's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis.[22] President Theodore Roosevelt admired Japan's strength as it defeated a major European power, Russia. He brokered an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 19056. Anti-Japanese sentiment (especially on the West Coast) soured relations in the 190724
era. In the 1930s the U.S. protested vehemently against Japan's seizure of Manchuria (1931), its war against China (193745), and its seizure of Indochina (Vietnam) 194041. American sympathies were with China and Japan rejected increasingly angry American demands that Japan pull out of China. The two nations fought an all-out war 194145; the U.S. won a total victory, with heavy
bombing (including two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki) that devastated Japan's 50 largest industrial cities. The American army under Douglas MacArthur occupied and ruled Japan, 194551, with the successful goal of sponsoring a peaceful, prosperous and democratic nation.[23] In 1951, the U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty Between the
United States and Japan, subsequently revised as Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan in 1960, relations since then have been excellent. The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies, and it is both a Major Non-NATO ally and NATO contact country. The United States has several military bases in Japan including Yokosuka,
which harbors the U.S. 7th Fleet. The JSDF, or Japanese Self Defense Force, cross train with the U.S. Military, often providing auxiliary security and conducting war games. When the U.S.President Barack Obama met with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso in 2009, he said the relationship with Japan as the "cornerstone of security in East Asia".[24] After the several years of critical moment
during Japan's Democratic Party administration, President Obama and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe reconfrmed the importance of its alliance and currently the U.S. and Japan negotiating to participate Trans-Pacifc Strategic Economic Partnership.[25][26] South Korea[edit] Main article: South KoreaUnited States relations South KoreaUnited States relations have been most extensive
since 1945, when the United States helped establish capitalism in South Korea and led the UN-sponsored Korean War against North Korea and China (19501953).[27] Stimulated by heavy American aid[by whom?], South Korea's rapid economic growth, democratization and modernization greatly reduced its U.S. dependency. Large numbers of U.S. forces remain in Korea. At the 2009 G20 London summit, U.S. President Barack Obama called South Korea "one of America's closest allies and greatest friends." [28] China[edit] Main article: Sino-American relations President Barack Obama addresses the opening session of the frst U.S.China Strategic and Economic Dialogue. American relations with the People's Republic of China are quite strong, yet complex. A great
amount of trade between the two countries necessitates positive political relations, although occasional disagreements over tarifs, currency exchange rates and the Political status of Taiwan do occur. Nevertheless, the United States and China have an extremely extensive partnership. The U.S. criticizes China on human rights issues. Taiwan[edit] Main article: Republic of ChinaUnited
States relations Taiwan (ofcially the Republic of China), does not have ofcial diplomatic relations with America and no longer receives diplomatic recognition from the State Department of the United States, but it conducts unofcial diplomatic relations through its de facto embassy, commonly known as the "American Institute in Taiwan (AIT)", and is considered to be a strong Asian ally
and supporter of the United States.[29] ASEAN[edit] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an important partner for United States in both economic and geostrategic aspects. ASEAN's geostrategic importance stems from many factors, including: the strategic location of member countries, the large shares of global trade that pass through regional waters, and the alliances and
partnerships which the United States shares with ASEAN member states. In July 2009, the United States signed ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, which establishes guiding principles intended to build confdence among its signatories with the aim of maintaining regional peace and stability.[30] Trade fows are robust and increasing between America and the ASEAN region. Since
2002 exports to the United States have gained 40% in value while U.S. exports to ASEAN increased 62%.[31] Indonesia[edit] Main article: IndonesiaUnited States relations As the largest ASEAN member, Indonesia has played an active and prominent role in developing the organization.[32] For United States, Indonesia is important for dealing with certain issues; such as terrorism,[33]
democracy, and how United States project its relations with Islamic world, since Indonesia has the world's largest Islamic population, and one that honors and respects religious diversity.[34] US eyes Indonesia as potential strategic allies in Southeast Asia.[35] During his stately visit to Indonesia, U.S. President Barack Obama has held up Indonesia as an example of how a developing nation
can embrace democracy and diversity.[36][37] Malaysia[edit] Main article: MalaysiaUnited States relations Despite increasingly strained relations under the Mahathir Mohamad government, ties have been thawed under Najib Razak's administration. Economic ties are particularly robust, with the United States being Malaysia's largest trading partner and Malaysia is the tenth-largest
trading partner of the U.S. Annual two-way trade amounts to $49 billion. The United States and Malaysia launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) in June 2006. The United States and Malaysia enjoy strong security cooperation. Malaysia hosts the Southeast Asia Regional Center for Counterterrorism (SEARCCT), where over 2000 ofcials from various countries have
received training. The United States is among the foreign countries that has collaborated with the center in conducting capacity building programmes. The U.S. and Malaysia share a strong military-to-military relationship with numerous exchanges, training, joint exercises, and visits. Myanmar[edit] Main article: BurmaUnited States relations Bilateral ties have generally been strained but
are slowly improving. The United States has placed broad sanctions on Burma because of the military crackdown in 1988 and the military regime's refusal to honour the election results of the 1990 People's Assembly election. Similarly, the European Union has placed embargoes on Burma, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the
exception of humanitarian aid.[38] US and European government sanctions against the military government, alongside boycotts and other types direct pressure on corporations by western supporters of the Burmese democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from Burma of most U.S. and many European companies. However, several Western companies remain due to
loopholes in the sanctions.[39] Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in Myanmar and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. Ongoing reforms have improved relations between Burma and the United States. Philippines[edit] Main article: PhilippinesUnited States relations The United States ruled the Philippines from
1898 to 1946. The Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-American War. The United States fnally recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946 in the Treaty of Manila.[40] July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4, 1964 when, upon the advice of historians and the urging of
nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country's Independence Day.[41] Since 2003 the U.S. has designated the Philippines as a Major Non-NATO Ally. Thailand[edit] Main article: ThailandUnited States relations Thailand and the US are both former Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) members, being close
partners throughout the Cold War, and are still close allies. Since 2003, the U.S. has designated Thailand as a Major Non-NATO Ally. Vietnam[edit] Main article: United StatesVietnam relations United States involved in Vietnam War in 1955 to 1975. In 1995, President Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam. Today US eyes Vietnam as a potential
strategic ally in Southeast Asia.[35] Eastern Europe[edit] President Barack Obama talks with Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk of Ukraine at the conclusion of their bilateral meeting in the Oval Ofce, March 12, 2014. U.S. Marines greet local Albanian boys in Kosovo on June 25, 1999 American relations with Eastern Europe are infuenced by the legacy of the Cold War. Since the collapse of
the Soviet Union, former Communist-bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism. Many have also joined the European Union and NATO, strengthening economic ties with the broader Western world and gaining the military protection of the United States via the North Atlantic Treaty. Kosovo[edit] Main article: KosovoUnited States relations The UN
Security Council divided on the question of Kosovo's declaration of independence. Kosovo declared its independence on February 17, 2008, whilst Serbia objected that Kosovo is part of its territory. Of the fve members with veto power in the UN Security Council, the USA, UK, and France recognized the declaration of independence, and China has expressed concern, while Russia
considers it illegal. "In its declaration of independence, Kosovo committed itself to the highest standards of democracy, including freedom and tolerance and justice for citizens of all ethnic backgrounds", President George W Bush said on February 19, 2008.[42][43] Hub and spoke vs multilateral[edit] While America's relationships with Europe have tended to be in terms of multilateral
frameworks, such as NATO, America's relations with Asia have tended to be based on a "hub and spoke" model using a series of bilateral relationships where states coordinate with the United States and do not collaborate with each other.[44] On May 30, 2009, at the Shangri-La Dialogue Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates urged the nations of Asia to build on this hub and spoke model as
they established and grew multilateral institutions such as ASEAN, APEC and the ad hoc arrangements in the area.[45] However in 2011 Gates said that the United States must serve as the "indispensable nation," for building multilateral cooperation.[46]
Oil[edit] Persian Gulf[edit] Further information: Energy policy of the United States and Petroleum politics A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaila oil feld, Iraq, April 2003 As of 2014, the U.S. currently produces about 66% of the oil that it consumes.[47] While its imports have exceeded domestic production since the early 1990s, new hydraulic fracturing
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techniques and discovery of shale oil deposits in Canada and the American Dakotas ofer the potential for increased energy independence from oil exporting countries such as OPEC.[48] Former U.S. President George W. Bush identifed dependence on imported oil as an urgent "national security concern".[49] Two-thirds of the world's proven oil reserves are estimated to be found in the
Persian Gulf.[50][51] Despite its distance, the Persian Gulf region was frst proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II. Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies, and the United Statesas the world's leading oil producer at that timesupplied most of the oil for the Allied armies. Many U.S. strategists were concerned that the war would
dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply, and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia, a kingdom with large oil reserves.[52] The Persian Gulf region continued to be regarded as an area of vital importance to the United States during the Cold War. Three Cold War United States Presidential doctrinesthe Truman Doctrine, the Eisenhower Doctrine, and the Nixon
Doctrineplayed roles in the formulation of the Carter Doctrine, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its "national interests" in the Persian Gulf region.[53] Carter's successor, President Ronald Reagan, extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the "Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine", which proclaimed that the
United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia, whose security was threatened after the outbreak of the IranIraq War.[54] Some analysts have argued that the implementation of the Carter Doctrine and the Reagan Corollary also played a role in the outbreak of the 2003 Iraq War.[55][56][57][58] Canada[edit] Almost all of Canada's energy exports go to the United States, making it
the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports: Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports, and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports.[59] Africa[edit] In 2007 the U.S. was Sub-Saharan Africa's largest single export market accounting for 28.4% of exports (second in total to the EU at 31.4%). 81% of U.S. imports from this region were
petroleum products.[60]
Foreign aid[edit] Main articles: United States foreign aid and United States Agency for International Development Foreign assistance is a core component of the State Department's international afairs budget, which is $49 billion in all for 2014.[61] Aid is considered an essential instrument of U.S. foreign policy. There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance: bilateral
development aid, economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals, humanitarian aid, and multilateral economic contributions (for example, contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund).[62] In absolute dollar terms, the United States government is the largest international aid donor ($23 billion in 2014).[61] The U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID) manages the bulk of bilateral economic assistance; the Treasury Department handles most multilateral aid. In addition many private agencies, churches and philanthropies provide aid. Although the United States is the largest donor in absolute dollar terms, it is actually ranked 19 out of 27 countries on the Commitment to Development Index. The CDI ranks the 27
richest donor countries on their policies that afect the developing world. In the aid component the United States is penalized for low net aid volume as a share of the economy, a large share of tied or partially tied aid, and a large share of aid given to less poor and relatively undemocratic governments. Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States, with liberals, on average,
supporting foreign aid much more than conservatives do.[63]
Military[edit] The United States has fought wars and intervened militarily on many occasions. See, Timeline of United States military operations. The U.S. also operates a vast network of military bases around the world. See, List of United States military bases. In recent years, the U.S. has used its military superiority as sole superpower to lead a number of wars, including, most recently, the
invasion of Iraq in March 2003 as part of its global "War on Terror." Aid[edit] Main articles: United States military aid, United States Foreign Military Financing and Foreign Military Sales U.S. Soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala, Afghanistan, December 2009 The U.S. provides military aid through many diferent channels. Counting the items that appear
in the budget as 'Foreign Military Financing' and 'Plan Colombia', the U.S. spent approximately $4.5 billion in military aid in 2001, of which $2 billion went to Israel, $1.3 billion went to Egypt, and $1 billion went to Colombia.[64] Since 9/11, Pakistan has received approximately $11.5 billion in direct military aid.[65] As of 2004, according to Fox News, the U.S. had more than 700 military
bases in 130 diferent countries.[66] Estimated US foreign military fnancing and aid by recipient for 2010: Recipient Military aid (USD Billions) Iraq 6.50 Afghanistan 5.60[67] Israel 2.75[17] Egypt 1.75[18] Pakistan 1.60[68] Colombia .834[69] Jordan .300[70] Palestinian Authority .100[18] Yemen .070 Missile defense[edit] Main articles: National missile defense and Strategic Defense
Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposal by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983[71] to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles,[72] later dubbed "Star Wars".[73] The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic ofense doctrine of mutual assured
destruction (MAD). Though it was never fully developed or deployed, the research and technologies of SDI paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today.[74] In February 2007, the U.S. started formal negotiations with Poland and Czech Republic concerning construction of missile shield installations in those countries for a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense system[75] (in
April 2007, 57% of Poles opposed the plan).[76] According to press reports the government of the Czech Republic agreed (while 67% Czechs disagree)[77] to host a missile defense radar on its territory while a base of missile interceptors is supposed to be built in Poland.[78][79] Russia threatened to place short-range nuclear missiles on the Russia's border with NATO if the United States
refuses to abandon plans to deploy 10 interceptor missiles and a radar in Poland and the Czech Republic.[80][81] In April 2007, Putin warned of a new Cold War if the Americans deployed the shield in Central Europe.[82] Putin also said that Russia is prepared to abandon its obligations under an Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 with the United States.[83] On August 14,
2008, The United States and Poland announced a deal to implement the missile defense system in Polish territory, with a tracking system placed in the Czech Republic.[84] "The fact that this was signed in a period of very difcult crisis in the relations between Russia and the United States over the situation in Georgia shows that, of course, the missile defense system will be deployed not
against Iran but against the strategic potential of Russia", Dmitry Rogozin, Russia's NATO envoy, said.[75][85] Exporting democracy[edit] See also: American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa In United States history, critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad.[86][87] Critics have also charged that the U.S.
helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances. Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad. Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall efectiveness of U.S. eforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations.[88] Until recently,
scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been "negligible, often counterproductive, and only occasionally positive."[89][90] Other studies fnd U.S. intervention has had mixed results,[88] and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in
other countries.[91] Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy[edit] Professor Paul W. Drake argued that the U.S. frst attempted to export democracy in Latin America through intervention from 1912 to 1932. Drake argued that this was contradictory because international law defnes intervention as "dictatorial interference in the afairs of another state for the purpose of
altering the condition of things." The study suggested that eforts to promote democracy failed because democracy needs to develop out of internal conditions, and can not be forcibly imposed. There was disagreement about what constituted democracy; Drake suggested American leaders sometimes defned democracy in a narrow sense of a nation having elections; Drake suggested a
broader understanding was needed. Further, there was disagreement about what constituted a "rebellion"; Drake saw a pattern in which the U.S. State Department disapproved of any type of rebellion, even so-called "revolutions", and in some instances rebellions against dictatorships.[92] Historian Walter LaFeber stated, "The world's leading revolutionary nation (the U.S.) in the
eighteenth century became the leading protector of the status quo in the twentieth century."[93] Mesquita and Downs evaluated 35 U.S. interventions from 1945 to 2004 and concluded that in only one case, Colombia, did a "full fedged, stable democracy" develop within ten years following the intervention.[94] Samia Amin Pei argued that nation building in developed countries usually
unravelled four to six years after American intervention ended. Pei, based on study of a database on worldwide democracies called Polity, agreed with Mesquita and Downs that U.S. intervention eforts usually don't produce real democracies, and that most cases result in greater authoritarianism after ten years.[95] Professor Joshua Muravchik argued U.S. occupation was critical for Axis
power democratization after World War II, but America's failure to encourage democracy in the third world "prove... that U.S. military occupation is not a sufcient condition to make a country democratic."[96][97] The success of democracy in former Axis countries such as Italy were seen as a result of high national per-capita income, although U.S. protection was seen as a key to
stabilization and important for encouraging the transition to democracy. Steven Krasner agreed that there was a link between wealth and democracy; when per-capita incomes of $6,000 were achieved in a democracy, there was little chance of that country ever reverting to an autocracy, according to an analysis of his research in the Los Angeles Times.[92] Opinion that U.S. intervention
has mixed results[edit] Tures examined 228 cases of American intervention from 1973 to 2005, using Freedom House data. A plurality of interventions, 96, caused no change in the country's democracy. In 69 instances the country became less democratic after the intervention. In the remaining 63 cases, a country became more democratic.[88] However this does not take into account the
direction the country would have gone with no US intervention. Opinion that U.S. intervention efectively exports democracy[edit] Hermann and Kegley found that American military interventions designed to protect or promote democracy increased freedom in those countries.[91] Peceny argued that the democracies created after military intervention are still closer to an autocracy
than a democracy, quoting Przeworski "while some democracies are more democratic than others, unless ofces are contested, no regime should be considered democratic."[98] Therefore, Peceny concludes, it is difcult to know from the Hermann and Kegley study whether U.S. intervention has only produced less repressive autocratic governments or genuine democracies.[99] Peceny
stated that the United States attempted to export democracy in 33 of its 93 20th-century military interventions.[100] Peceny argued that proliberal policies after military intervention had a positive impact on democracy.[101]
Covert actions[edit] See also: Covert United States foreign regime change actions and Reagan Doctrine United States foreign policy also includes covert actions to topple foreign governments that have been opposed to the United States. In 1953 the CIA, working with the British government, initiated Operation Ajax against the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad
Mossadegh who had attempted to nationalize Iran's oil, threatening the interests of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.[102] A year later, in Operation PBSUCCESS, the United States government and the CIA toppled the democratically elected left-wing government of Jacobo rbenz in Guatemala and installed the military dictator Carlos Castillo Armas. The United Fruit Company lobbied for
rbenz overthrow as his land reforms jeopardized their land holdings in Guatemala, and painted these reforms as a communist threat. The coup triggered a decades long civil war which claimed the lives of 200,000 people.[103] During the massacre of alleged communists in 1960s Indonesia, the U.S. government provided assistance to the Indonesian military that, according to Bradley
Simpson, Director of the Indonesia/East Timor Documentation Project at the National Security Archive, helped facilitate the mass killings.[104][105][106][107] This included the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta supplying Indonesian forces with lists of up to 5,000 names of suspected PKI members, who were subsequently killed in the massacres.[108][109][110][111] In 1970, the CIA worked with
coup-plotters in Chile in the attempted kidnapping of General Ren Schneider, who was targeted for refusing to participate in a military coup upon the election of Salvador Allende. Schneider was shot in the botched attempt and died three days later. The CIA later paid the group $35,000 for the failed kidnapping.[112]
Human Rights[edit] See also: List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States and United States and state-sponsored terrorism The inclusion of Human Rights in U.S. foreign policy had a controversial start. For one thing, human rights driven foreign policy did not originate in the Executive branch but was instead enforced upon it by Congress, starting in the 1970s.[113]
Following the Vietnam War, the feeling that U.S. foreign policy had grown apart from traditional American values was seized upon by Senator Donald M. Fraser (D, MI), leading the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, in criticizing Republican Foreign Policy under the Nixon administration. In the early 1970s, Congress concluded the Vietnam War and passed the
War Powers Act. As "part of a growing assertiveness by Congress about many aspects of Foreign Policy,"[114] Human Rights concerns became a battleground between the Legislative and the Executive branches in the formulation of foreign policy. David Forsythe points to three specifc, early examples of Congress interjecting its own thoughts on foreign policy: Subsection (a) of the
International Financial Assistance Act of 1977: ensured assistance through international fnancial institutions would be limited to countries "other than those whose governments engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights."[114] Section 116 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended in 1984: reads in part, "No assistance may be
provided under this part to the government of any country which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights."[114] Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended in 1978: "No security assistance may be provided to any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of
internationally recognized human rights."[114] These measures were repeatedly used by Congress, with varying success, to afect U.S. foreign policy towards the inclusion of Human Rights concerns. Specifc examples include El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and South Africa. The Executive (from Nixon to Reagan) argued that the Cold War required placing regional security in favor of
US interests over any behavioral concerns of national allies. Congress argued the opposite, in favor of distancing the United States from oppressive regimes.[113] Nevertheless, according to historian Daniel Goldhagen, during the last two decades of the Cold War, the number of American client states practicing mass murder outnumbered those of the Soviet Union.[115] On December 6,
2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing fnancial aid to foreign countries.[116] He also criticized Russia's law discriminating against gays,[117] joining other western leaders in the boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia.[118] In June 2014, a Chilean court ruled that the United States played a key role in the murders of Charles Horman and Frank
Teruggi, both American citizens, shortly after the 1973 Chilean coup d'tat.[119]
War on Drugs[edit] Main article: War on Drugs United States foreign policy is infuenced by the eforts of the U.S. government to control imports of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and cannabis. This is especially true in Latin America, a focus for the U.S. War on Drugs. Those eforts date back to at least 1880, when the U.S. and China completed an agreement that
prohibited the shipment of opium between the two countries. Over a century later, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act requires the President to identify the major drug transit or major illicit drug-producing countries. In September 2005,[120] the following countries were identifed: Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, India,
Jamaica, Laos, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela. Two of these, Burma and Venezuela are countries that the U.S. considers to have failed to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements during the previous 12 months. Notably absent from the 2005 list were Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China and Vietnam; Canada
was also omitted in spite of evidence that criminal groups there are increasingly involved in the production of MDMA destined for the United States and that large-scale cross-border trafcking of Canadian-grown cannabis continues. The U.S. believes that the Netherlands are successfully countering the production and fow of MDMA to the U.S.
Criticism[edit] Main article: Criticism of American foreign policy Demonstration at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin against the NSA surveillance program PRISM, June 2013 Critics from the left cite episodes that undercut leftist governments or showed support for Israel. Others cite human rights abuses and violations of international law. Critics have charged that the U.S. presidents have used
democracy to justify military intervention abroad.[86][87] It was also noted that the U.S. overthrew democratically elected governments in Iran, Guatemala, and in other instances. Noam Chomsky, a vociferous critic of U.S. foreign policy, argues that "in both cases the consequences reach to the present" and that Guatemala in particular "remains one of the world's worst horror
chambers."[121] Critics also point to declassifed records which indicate that the CIA under Allen Dulles and the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover aggressively recruited more than 1,000 Nazis, including those responsible for war crimes, to use as spies and informants against the Soviet Union in the Cold War.[122][123] Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in
exporting democracy abroad. Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall efectiveness of U.S. eforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations.[88] Some scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been "negligible, often counterproductive, and only
occasionally positive."[89][90] Other studies fnd U.S. intervention has had mixed results,[88] and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries.[91] A 2013 global poll in 68 countries with 66,000 respondents by Win/Gallup found that the U.S. is perceived as the biggest threat to world peace.[124][125][126]
Support[edit] Regarding support for certain anti-Communist dictatorships during the Cold War, a response is that they were seen as a necessary evil, with the alternatives even worse Communist or fundamentalist dictatorships. David Schmitz says this policy did not serve U.S. interests. Friendly tyrants resisted necessary reforms and destroyed the political center (though not in South
Korea), while the 'realist' policy of coddling dictators brought a backlash among foreign populations with long memories.[127][128] Many democracies have voluntary military ties with United States. See NATO, ANZUS, Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, Mutual Defense Treaty with South Korea, and Major non-NATO ally. Those nations with
military alliances with the U.S. can spend less on the military since they can count on U.S. protection. This may give a false impression that the U.S. is less peaceful than those nations.[129][130] Research on the democratic peace theory has generally found that democracies, including the United States, have not made war on one another. There have been U.S. support for coups against
some democracies, but for example Spencer R. Weart argues that part of the explanation was the perception, correct or not, that these states were turning into Communist dictatorships. Also important was the role of rarely transparent United States government agencies, who sometimes mislead or did not fully implement the decisions of elected civilian leaders.[131] Empirical studies
(see democide) have found that democracies, including the United States, have killed much fewer civilians than dictatorships.[132][133] Media may be biased against the U.S. regarding reporting human rights violations. Studies have found that The New York Times coverage of worldwide human rights violations predominantly focuses on the human rights violations in nations where
there is clear U.S. involvement, while having relatively little coverage of the human rights violations in other nations.[134][135] For example, the bloodiest war in recent time, involving eight nations and killing millions of civilians, was the Second Congo War, which was almost completely ignored by the media. Niall Ferguson argues that the U.S. is incorrectly blamed for all the human
rights violations in nations they have supported. He writes that it is generally agreed that Guatemala was the worst of the US-backed regimes during the Cold War. However, the U.S. cannot credibly be blamed for all the 200,000 deaths during the long Guatemalan Civil War.[128] The U.S. Intelligence Oversight Board writes that military aid was cut for long periods because of such
violations, that the U.S. helped stop a coup in 1993, and that eforts were made to improve the conduct of the security services.[136] Bahraini pro-democracy protesters killed by the U.S.-allied regime, February 2011 Today the U.S. states that democratic nations best support U.S. national interests. According to the U.S. State Department, "Democracy is the one national interest that helps
to secure all the others. Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace, deter aggression, expand open markets, promote economic development, protect American citizens, combat international terrorism and crime, uphold human and worker rights, avoid humanitarian crises and refugee fows, improve the global environment, and protect human health."[137]
According to former U.S. President Bill Clinton, "Ultimately, the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere. Democracies don't attack each other."[138] In one view mentioned by the U.S. State Department, democracy is also good for business. Countries that embrace political reforms are also more likely to pursue
economic reforms that improve the productivity of businesses. Accordingly, since the mid-1980s, under President Ronald Reagan, there has been an increase in levels of foreign direct investment going to emerging market democracies relative to countries that have not undertaken political reforms.[139] Leaked cables in 2010 suggested that the "dark shadow of terrorism still dominates
the United States' relations with the world".[140] The United States ofcially maintains that it supports democracy and human rights through several tools [141] Examples of these tools are as follows: A published yearly report by the State Department entitled "Supporting Human Rights and Democracy: The U.S. Record" in compliance with a 2002 law (enacted and signed by President
George W. Bush, which requires the Department to report on actions taken by the U.S. Government to encourage respect for human rights.[142] A yearly published "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices." [143] In 2006 (under President George W. Bush), the United States created a "Human Rights Defenders Fund" and "Freedom Awards." [144] The "Human Rights and Democracy
Achievement Award" recognizes the exceptional achievement of ofcers of foreign afairs agencies posted abroad.[145] The "Ambassadorial Roundtable Series", created in 2006, are informal discussions between newly confrmed U.S. Ambassadors and human rights and democracy non-governmental organizations.[146] The National Endowment for Democracy, a private non-proft
created by Congress in 1983 (and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan, which is mostly funded by the U.S. Government and gives cash grants to strengthen democratic institutions around the world
See also[edit] History of U.S. foreign policy International relations of the Great Powers (18141919) Timeline of United States diplomatic history Constitutional and international law[edit] Advice and consent List of United States treaties Missouri v. Holland Treaty Clause Diplomacy[edit] Council on Foreign Relations Cowboy diplomacy List of diplomatic missions of the United States
George Washington's Farewell Address United States and the United Nations United States Agency for International Development List of diplomatic missions in the United States United States foreign aid The Washington Diplomat Intelligence[edit] Covert United States foreign regime change actions Extraordinary rendition Special Activities Division Torture and the United States
Military[edit] 2003 invasion of Iraq American intervention in the Middle East NATO United States Foreign Military Financing United States involvement in regime change United States military aid Policy and doctrine[edit] United States and state terrorism United States and state-sponsored terrorism Anti-Americanism American imperialism American exceptionalism Bush Doctrine Carter
Doctrine China containment policy Containment Dtente Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration Human rights in the United States Kirkpatrick Doctrine Human Rights Record of the United States (Chinese publication) Monroe Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Powell Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Special Relationship Truman Doctrine Criticism of American foreign
policy History of U.S. expansion and infuence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Overseas interventions Pax Americana America's Backyard Territorial acquisitions view talk edit
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Might Negotiate on Missile Defense, washingtonpost.com ^ Citizens on U.S. Anti-Missile Radar Base in Czech Republic ^ Europe diary: Missile defence, BBC News ^ "Missile Defense: Avoiding a Crisis in Europe". Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ Russia piles pressure on EU over missile shield, Telegraph ^ China, Russia sign nuclear deal, condemn U.S. missile defense plans, International Herald
Tribune ^ Russia threatening new cold war over missile defence, The Guardian ^ U.S., Russia no closer on missile defense, USATODAY.com ^ Russia Lashes Out on Missile Deal, The New York Times, August 15, 2008 ^ Russia angry over U.S. missile shield, Al Jazeera English, August 15, 2008 ^ a b Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de (Spring 2004). "Why Gun-Barrel Democracy Doesn't Work". Hoover
Digest 2. Also see this page. ^ a b Meernik, James (1996). "United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy". Journal of Peace Research 33 (4): 391402. doi:10.1177/0022343396033004002. ^ a b c d e Tures, John A. "Operation Exporting Freedom: The Quest for Democratization via United States Military Operations" (PDF). Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and
International Relations.PDF fle. ^ a b Lowenthal, Abraham (1991). The United States and Latin American Democracy: Learning from History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.243265. ^ a b Peceny, Mark (1999). Democracy at the Point of Bayonets. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p.183. ISBN0-271-01883-6. ^ a b c Hermann, Margaret G.; Kegley, Charles
(1998). "The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy: Evaluating the Record". International Interactions 24 (2): 91114. doi:10.1080/03050629808434922. ^ a b Lowenthal, Abraham F. (March 1, 1991). Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.1, 4, 5. ISBN0-8018-4132-1. ^ Lafeber, Walter (1993). Inevitable
Revolutions: The United States in Central America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN0-393-30964-9. ^ Factors included limits on executive power, clear rules for the transition of power, universal adult sufrage, and competitive elections. ^ Pei, Samia Amin (March 17, 2004). "Why Nation-Building Fails in Mid-Course". International Herald Tribune. ^ Peceny, p. 186. ^ Muravchik, Joshua
(1991). Exporting Democracy: Fulflling America's Destiny. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press. pp.91118. ISBN0-8447-3734-8. ^ Przeworski, Adam; Przeworski, Adam; Limongi Neto, Fernando Papaterra; Alvarez, Michael M. (1996). "What Makes Democracy Endure" ( Scholar search). Journal of Democracy 7 (1): 3955. doi:10.1353/jod.1996.0016.[dead link] ^ Peceny, p.
193 ^ Peceny, p. 2 ^ Review: Shifter, Michael; Peceny, Mark (Winter 2001). "Democracy at the Point of Bayonets". Latin American Politics and Society 43 (4): 150. doi:10.2307/3177036. ^ "Special Report: Secret History of the CIA in Iran". The New York Times. 2000. ^ Stephen Schlesinger (3 June 2011). Ghosts of Guatemala's Past. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2014. ^ Brad Simpson
(Winter 2013). The Act of Killing and the Dilemmas of History. Film Quarterly. Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 10-13. Published by: University of California Press. Retrieved 9 May 2014. ^ Historian Claims West Backed Post-Coup Mass Killings in '65. The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved on 1 March 2014. ^ Simpson, Bradley (2010). Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations,
19601968. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-7182-0 ^ Accomplices in Atrocity. The Indonesian killings of 1965 (transcript). Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 7 September 2008 ^ Bellamy, Alex J. (2012). Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928842-9. p. 210. ^ David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack
(2007). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Infuence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhof Publishers. ISBN 90-04-15691-7 pp.8081 ^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6 p. 157 ^ Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6 p.
117 ^ CIA Admits Involvement in Chile. ABC News. September 20 ^ a b Crabb, Cecil V.; Pat Holt (1992). Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President and Foreign Policy (2nd ed.). Michigan: Congressional Quarterly. pp.187211. ISBN978-0-87187-622-5. ^ a b c d Forsythe, David (1988). Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Congress Reconsidered. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
pp.123. ISBN978-0-8130-0885-1. ^ Daniel Goldhagen (2009). Worse Than War. PublicAfairs. ISBN 1-58648-769-8 p.537 "During the 1970s and 1980s, the number of American client states practicing mass-murderous politics exceeded those of the Soviets." ^ McVeigh, Karen (December 6, 2011). "Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama". The Guardian (London).
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1,000 Nazis. The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2014. ^ The Nazis Next Door: Eric Lichtblau on How the CIA & FBI Secretly Sheltered Nazi War Criminals. Democracy Now! October 31, 2014. ^ Goodenough, Patrick. "And The Country Posing The Greatest Threat to Peace as 2013 Ends is ". CNS News. Retrieved 2014-08-18. ^ "US the biggest threat to world peace in 2013 poll
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Give peace a rating May 31, 2007, from The Economist print edition ^ Japan ranked as world's 5th most peaceful nation: report Japan Today, May 31, 2007 ^ Weart, Spencer R. (1998). Never at War. Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-07017-9. pp. 221224, 314. ^ DEATH BY GOVERNMENT By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994. Online links: [1] [2] [3] ^ No Lessons
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Further reading[edit] Bailey, Thomas. A Diplomatic History of the American People (10th ed. Prentice Hall, 1980) Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions since World War II (Common Courage Press, 2003) Borgwardt, Elizabeth. "A New Deal for the World" (Harvard UP, 2005) Chomsky, Noam. Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
(Metropolitan Books, 2003) Cohen, Warren I. The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 4, America in the Age of Soviet Power, 19451991 (Cambridge UP, 1995) Fawcett, Louise, ed. International Relations of the Middle East (3rd ed. Oxford U.P. 2013) Freedman, Lawrence. A Choice of Enemies: America Confronts the Middle East (PublicAfairs, 2009) Gries, Peter Hays.
The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Afairs (Stanford University Press, 2014) Hastedt, Glenn P. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy (Facts on File, 2004) Hermann, Margaret G.; Kegley, Charles (1998). "The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy: Evaluating the Record". International Interactions 24 (2):
91114. doi:10.1080/03050629808434922. Herring, George C. From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (Oxford History of the United States) (2008) Hook, Steven W. and John Spanier. American Foreign Policy Since WWII (19th ed. 2012) Ikenberry, G. John, ed. American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays (6th ed. Wadsworth, 2010), 640pp; essays by scholars Iriye, Akira.
The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 3, The Globalizing of America, 19131945 (Cambridge UP, 1995) Jentleson, Bruce W. American Foreign Policy: The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century (4th ed. W. W. Norton, 2010) Jentleson, Bruce W. and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations (4 vol 1997), long historical articles by scholars
LaFeber, Walter. The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: The American Search for Opportunity, 18651913, vol. 2 (Cambridge UP, 1995) Lowenthal, Abraham F. (March 1, 1991). Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN0-8018-4132-1. McCormick, James M. et al. The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy:
Insights and Evidence (2012) McDougall, Walter. "Promised Land, Crusader State" (2004) Mead, Walter Russell, and Richard C. Leone. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (2002) Meernik, James (1996). "United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy". Journal of Peace Research 33 (4): 391402.
doi:10.1177/0022343396033004002. JSTOR424565. Nichols, Christopher McKnight. "Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age" (2011) Paterson, Thomas G. and others. American Foreign Relations (6th ed. 2 vol, Wadsworth, 2004), a detailed history Perkins, Bradford. The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: Volume 1, The Creation of a Republican Empire,
17761865 (Cambridge UP, 1995) Schulzinger, Robert. A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History) (2006). 26 essays by scholars; emphasis on historiography Smith, Tony; Richard C. Leone (1995). America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN0691-04466-X. Wittkopf, Eugene R. et al. American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process (2007)
External links[edit] History of the United States' relations with the countries of the world Milestones of U.S. diplomatic history Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS): Ofcial Documentary History of U.S. Foreign Relations Foreign Relations and International Aid from UCB Libraries G U.S. Political Parties and Foreign Policy, a background Q&A by Council on Foreign Relations Foreign
Relations of the United States 18611960 (full text from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries) Confdence in U.S. Foreign Policy Index Tracking survey of American public attitudes on foreign policy, conducted by Public Agenda with Foreign Afairs magazine. An interactive map of some examples of a sampling of U.S. Foreign Policy Analysis of Congressional-Executive
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FSA terrorists in Syria ask their israeli friends to impose a no y zone over Syria | Uprootedpalestinians's Blog
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FSA terrorists in Syria ask their israeli friends to impose a

no fy zone overSyria
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Posted on September 17, 2014 by michaellee2009
FSA Rebels Urge Israel to Impose No-Fly Zone Over Syria
Blog Stats
Claims Intervention Would Win Hearts of All Syrians
Authors
fada1
462,397 hits
The Free Syrian Army (FSA), the vetted, moderate rebels the US are constantly
arming, but who are also allied with ISIS, have urged Israel to join in the Syrian
Civil War by imposing a no-fy zone across the nations south.
mala114
michaellee2009
Richard Edmondson
samivesusu
uprootedpalestinians
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Israel has the opportunity to win

the hearts of all Syrians, whom the
entire world has forsaken,
declared the FSA commander,
quoted in the Times of Israel, going
on to assure Israel that the border
with Syria would be secure postAssad.
The reality, however, is that the
Israel-Syria frontier is controlled
almost entirely by al-Qaeda at this
point, and analysts believe it will be
only a matter of time before alQaeda starts attacking Israel across the Golan Heights.
What every Muslim

needs to know
Though Israel has long insisted it is neutral in the Syria War, they have attacked Syrian
military targets in Golan repeatedly, including when they were fghting al-Qaeda forces
in the recent takeover. It is hard to imagine, however, that the FSA narrative of Syrian
Muslim Alliance with Rum
gratitude for Israeli intervention will come to pass, particularly with al-Qaeda and ISIS in
the rebellions drivers seat.
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Dear friends,An American
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(VINEYARDSAKER:)
Short message for some
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I would like the following
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clarkPlease email me at
vineyardsaker@gmail.comThanks
Saker
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The press in Banderastan
February 22, 2015
The new Eurocraine has
decided to mark the frst
anniversary of its glorious
revolution by removing the
accreditation of over 100
Russian news organizations
from any offcial state body.
We should salute that.
Initially, Russian journalists
were simply kidnapped and
often murdered, now they are
simply denied accreditation
and the Russian media
banned from []
noreply@blogger.com
(VINEYARDSAKER:)
Email from a friend: Picture
from Lvov 2/19/14 February
22, 2015
Oyoun Qarra Massacre,
20 May1990
Our Paradise onEarth
62 Years, 62 Messages:
We have A Home and its
CalledPalestine
Palestinian Women and
Children in
Jewishgulags
A Nation Behind Bars:
Prisoners in
IsraeliDetention
How little they have
changed in 62years
A Thousand Carnations
for PalestinianMothers
Zionist Defnition of
Religious Tolerance: If
its not Jewish, either we
Judaize it or we Destroy
it!(II)
Palestine, forgiveus;
One Year On: Gaza
Steadfast and Defant
amidst a World that has
lost itsHumanity
The Tale of 3
PalestinianVillages
This is how a Nakba is
carriedout
61 Years of On-Going
Nakba: the Old Still Live
through Us and the
Young NeverForgot
61 years of Nakba, 418
Palestinian
villagesdestroyed
Get up, stand up for
Palestinian Rights on
May Day and EveryDay
Palestinian Prisoners:
Imprisoned for their Love
Saker:Regarding your article

today, I hope you will publish
this picture on your website:I
screencaptured this some
time back from a notorious
German expatriate neo-Nazi
on Twitter.Its worth
memorializing just who stole
heavy military weapons from
the government security
forces and entered them into
the Maidan confict, which
would be the people of Lvov,
Lem []
noreply@blogger.com
(VINEYARDSAKER:)
Ukraine... It's a Heist!!!
February 22, 2015
Excellent video made by a
friend. Please distribute!
noreply@blogger.com
(VINEYARDSAKER:)
The Maidan - one year later
February 21, 2015
Today is the frst anniversary
of the deal made between
Yanukovich and the
"opposition" and guaranteed
by foreign ministers Radosaw
Sikorski of Poland, Laurent
Fabius of France and FrankWalter Steinmeier of
Germany. As we all know,
the deal resulted in a
withdrawal of the security
forces from the Kiev city
center immediately followed
by an armed []
noreply@blogger.com
(VINEYARDSAKER:)
Novorussian and Ukrainian
POWs February 21, 2015
noreply@blogger.com
(VINEYARDSAKER:)
Ya Suri
ofFreedom
They cant take that away
from me: "settlers" stealing
Palestinian land from
under ourfeet
Archives
February 2015
January 2015
Rehmat
December 2014
Jewish Lobby puts Canadian
November 2014
Muslim professor in French

Jail
October 2014
Armenian Holocaust and
September 2014
Jews: 100 years after
August 2014
Malcolm X: 50 years after

Martyrdom
July 2014
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Mouqawamah
Music
Sayyed Hashim al-Haidari:
Only Iran helped prevent fall
of Iraq to ISIS February 14,
2015 MaddColdSonofKufa
From Classic to PostResistance: On Hizbullahs
Transformation February 13,
Venezuela Foils USSponsored Coup Attempt
Maduro February 13, 2015
MaddColdSonofKufa
Sheikh Naim Qassem:
Wherever Resistance Exists,
ISIS and Nusra Collapse
February 13, 2015
MaddColdSonofKufa
Muqtada al-Sadr: Jihad
December 2012
Mughniyehs Martyrdom Will

Begin Demise Of State Of
Absolute Evil February 13,
November 2012
Mughniyeh to Franjiyeh: Our
February 2013
January 2013
October 2012
September 2012
August 2012
Most Important Instructor Is

the Israeli Enemy February
13, 2015
MaddColdSonofKufa
June 2012
Putins trust rating hits 85%

historical high February 13,
May 2012
Major General Suleimani:
July 2012
April 2012
March 2012
February 2012
January 2012
ISIS Experiencing Last Days

February 12, 2015
MaddColdSonofKufa
Resistance Forces
Preemptive Strike in Southern
Syria Frustrates Israeli-
December 2011
Jordanian-Takfri Plots
November 2011
February 12, 2015

MaddColdSonofKufa
October 2011
September 2011
Takfri terrorists ask

illegitimate Israeli regime to
August 2011
July 2011
bomb southern Syria

February 12, 2015
MaddColdSonofKufa
June 2011
May 2011
Reading future:
April 2011
Hafez al-Assad
March 2011
Speech about
February 2011
Wahhabism
January 2011
December 2010
November 2010
October 2010
September 2010
August 2010
July 2010
June 2010
May 2010
April 2010
March 2010
February 2010
January 2010
December 2009
The Late
President Hafez
Al-Assad: We
are the rightful
owners and the
owners of a just
cause
November 2009
October 2009
Stephen Lendman
May 2009
Al Jazeera Spy Cables

Reveal Netanyahu Lies about
Iran's Nuclear Program
February 24, 2015
Reveal Netanyahu Lies about
Iran's Nuclear Programby
April 2009
Stephen LendmanNetanyahu
is an embarrassment to
March 2009
legitimate governance. He's

unft to serve. Why Israelis put
February 2009
up with him they'll have to

explain.On March 17, they'll
have a chance to replace him.
He's in a close race he could
lose. Letting him remain prime
min []
September 2009
August 2009
July 2009
June 2009
January 2009
December 2008
November 2008
October 2008
September 2008
June 1843
June 1813
January 1514
June 113
Lavrov in New York February

23, 2015
Lavrov in New Yorkby
Stephen LendmanIf America
had a foreign minister like
Lavrov and others like him in
top positions, we'd have world
peace, not multiple direct and
proxy wars of aggression
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against one country after

another.The scourge of mass
slaughter and destruction
would end. So would the
threat of nuclear war.The
Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientist []
February 23, 2015
Al Jazeera Spy Cablesby
Stephen LendmanOn
February 23, Al Jazeera
headlined "The Spy Cables: A
Glimpse into the world of
espionage."Saying "(s)ecret
documents, leaked from
numerous intelligence
agencies, offer rare insights
into the interactions between
spies."Hold the cheers. Al
Jazeera is owned, operated
and controlled by Qatar's g
[]
No Let Up in Intense AntiRussian Propaganda
February 23, 2015
No Let Up in Intense AntiRussian Propagandaby
Stephen LendmanIts
viciousness exceeds anything
in recent memory. Big Lies
bury hard truths.A February
20 Offce of the Vice
President statement said Joe
Biden discussed "the latest
situation in eastern Ukraine"
with (US installed) president
Poroshenko and prime
minister Yatsenyuk.He lied
claiming []
Kharkov False Flag?
February 22, 2015
Kharkov False Flag?by
Stephen LendmanUS/Kiev
dirty hands instigated
numerous previoius false
fags throughout months of
war on Donbass. Ukraine's
military downing MH17 was
the most fagrant.More recent
ones included Volnovakha
and Donetsk bus attacks,
Mariupol's shelling, and
attacks on schools, hospitals,
residential neighborhoods
and city streets []
Deconstructing John Kery's
Big Lies in London February
22, 2015
Deconstructing John Kerry's
Big Lies in Londonby Stephen
LendmanAn earlier article
explained he disgraces the
offce he holds. He represents
the worst of America's dark
side.He'sorld-class thug. Pure
evil best describes him. He
deplores peace. He supports
war. He's a longtime serial
liar.He and his British
counterpart in crime Foreign
[]
Kerry Threatens Russia
February 22, 2015
Kerry Threatens Russiaby
Stephen LendmanHis bluster,
bullying and Big Lies wore
thin long ago. He uses
diplomacy as a weapon
against sovereign
independent countries.On
February 5, the Washington
Post cited a poll of 1,615
scholars from 1,375 colleges
and universities. Kerry was
rated America's worst
Secretary of State in the past
50 years.On February 21 []
Greece Surrenders to Troika
February 21, 2015
Greece Surrenders to
Troikaby Stephen
LendmanInstead of
renouncing its odious debt
and walking away, Athens
agreed to pay bankers frst,
maintain austerity, and let
long-suffering Greeks
continue taking the
hindmost.SYRIZA campaign
pledges proved hollow.
Pleasing Brussels and
Washington matters
more.After weeks of
negotiations, Greece got what
the Wall Stree []
Caracas Mayor Part of US
Coup Plot February 21, 2015
Caracas Mayor Part of US
Coup Plotby Stephen
LendmanWashington spent
16 years unsuccessfully trying
to topple Venezuela's model
democracy.On February 19,
London's Guardian published
an edited Venezuela
Solidarity Campaign
statement on its coup plot
signed by 70 distinguished
fgures - including John Pilger
and George Galloway.The
unedited version []
Russia Bashing Big Lies
Persist February 21, 2015
Russia Bashing Big Lies
Persistby Stephen
LendmanWashington and goalong presstitute media Big
Lies exceed anything in
memory throughout the Cold
War.Despite Ukraine's military
chief, OSCE monitors,
Ukrainian offcials inspecting
its border areas with Russia,
Dutch experts, and French
President Francois Hollande
concurring on no Russia
troops involved i []
Uprooted Palestinian
Geneva II Battle: Failure is staring
at Brahimi and Friends of Syria in
theface
Geneva 2: Syrian lesson to the the

enemy, the enemy within and the
theory ofeveryone
The War on Terror: Hezbollah hails

Lebanese army great achievements
againstterrorists
THE MIND MAZE OF

DANIELMABSOUT
The Liar wants his Liesremoved
A LESSON TO ALL (Except

DanielMabsout)
Terrorism is not Wahabism Omar

Atrash Charged in Haret Hreik 2 Blasts
Military Court Judge Charges 12
People for Forming (SO-CALLED)
TerroristGroup
The liar, Brotherhood, AL SISI, Assad,

AND THE UPROOTED
PALESTINIANCAUSE
THE GIANT IS NEITHER SLEEPING

NORDEAD
The Zionists Muslim war

onResistanceJune 16, 2013
O traitor Meshaal: Martyr Shaikh

Ahmed Yassin said hours before
hisdeath,April 2, 2013
Qatar killed commander Ahmed Jabari

with Wristwatch bearing high
explosives C4materialMarch 30, 2013
From the Grand Imam of Umayyad

Mosque to the Grand Brother
ofAmericaMarch 29, 2013
O Hamas guys Hamas needs a

revolution .. Vedioadded March 29,
2013
How to unite muslims?? Two ways to

stop the "Shiitetsunami"??February
18, 2013
"Do not return to Kufr, killing one

another, after I am gone." Why Is
"Muslim" Morsi
KillingEgyptians?February 3, 2013
Updated:Terrorist Saqr al-Qassam (a

Hamas leader) killed while fghting in
Nusrae front ranks inIdlebJanuary 5,
2013
Is Alan Hart Running Cover For

AIPAC?? By Brother
NathanaelKapnerDecember 24, 2012
Netanyahu and Meshaal: Honeymoon

in 2 Adjoining BedRooms December
14, 2012
Damascus, opened its seven gates

doors to Meshaal .. He betrayed Syria
and chosed to be a slave in the court
ofHamadDecember 8, 2012
Italian newspaper: Wesam al-Hassan

held a secret meeting with a delegation
from the "Hamas" in Berlin one day
before he wasassassinatedDecember
3, 2012
On Abbas statehood, Hamastan,

Jordan Option and the War
onSyriaDecember 3, 2012
Hypocrite Khaled Meshaal
Updated: "Slip of Clintons tongue":

"Hamas" assassinated the chief of
Syrian missileprogram!?November 26,
2012
Hamas to Mursi: "May God have Bless

Mubarak" .. Open crossings and
freeAqsa!! November 10, 2012
Meet Syrias
"freedomfghters"November 2, 2012
Brotherhoods Sectarian War

onSyriaOctober 28, 2012
THE ZIONIST WAR

AGAINSTISLAMOctober 10, 2012
"Ottoman sultan" between heating the

Syrian front and the collapse of
theSultanate
Syria, PKK and Hamas: Loyalty

andBetrayalOctober 9, 2012
The ungrateful "son" of Hamas would

be the next NatoMuftiOctober 7, 2012
Damuscus: The new Whorehoods First

Qibla, and SecondHaramSeptember
7, 2012
On American Brothers Hamayreh and

"Shiiteextremists"September 3, 2012
Palestinian Reconciliation:
CockingaggregatesJuly 27, 2012
Uris MuslimBrothersJuly 25, 2012
Egypt Brothers: ErasingHistory July 24,
2012
Khalid "Ibn Sabaa" faning SunniShaeFitnaJuly 16, 2012
"US Marines stick together" the story of

a "Palestinian"BastardJune 14, 2012
Khalid Amayereh calling for"UNITY"?

?June 3, 2012
Brothers of America calls for

intervention inSyriaMay 28, 2012
Clueless Arab and Palestinian leaders

andpunditsMay 14, 2012
Khalid Amayereh: The "sincere" Man is

behaving in a theatrical manner these
days- just theseday!!April 16, 2012
Egypts Muslim stupidhood

ReassuresWashingtonApril 10, 2012
Iran, Syria, "Brotherhood Spring" and

the ongoinig war onGazaMarch 13,
2012
"Success will never come

fromdeviant"March 2, 2012
What AboutSyria? February 29, 2012
Uri Avnery is worried: Obama on the

wrong side of history, Uri
isnot?February 20, 2011
How about an international award

forhypocrisy?February 9, 2012
The Case Of Uri Avnery I: Shukran,

Israel Analyzed AndRefuted February
4, 2012
What Hamas wants? Whatever you try,

today, you will not get a Hamas clear
answer to the Question: Is Qatar and
Saudi are supported resistance?
Orothers?February 3, 2012
Khalid Amayreh:
"Weexpect"January 17, 2012
Rats desert a sinking ship,

foolsrideJanuary 15, 2012
"Is it a pre-condition to recognize Israel

in order togovern?"January 8, 2012
The Ugly Face of the

MuslimBrotherhoodJanuary 7, 2012
Brothers ofAmerica January 1, 2012
Amayereh, indirectly,addressing himself

and his brothers: Dont allow yourselves
to fall into thetrap.December 25, 2011
Inventing awar December 15, 2011
Nasser On Socialism, The Muslim

Brotherhood, &IslamDecember 10,
2011
Feltman: Brotherhood will respect

Camp David Palestinian
Reconciliation would not be achieved,
because Hamas is a
TerroristOrganization December 9,
2011
"We cant take peoples support

forgranted."December 7, 2011
Divide to Rule: "Arab Spring" between

Secularism andsectarianism.December
3, 2011
The Abbas-Mishaal encounter: what is

next? The start of a real"
PalestinianpartnershipNovember 27,
2011
UN Trusteeship Not Membership

Another way to change the regime
inPalestineNovember 8, 2011
Exclusive: Gordaff at Gaddafs

Capture and the
"nextmission"November 4, 2011
Biden prescription for winning wars
without losing a single life. (Making new
BinLadens)November 4, 2011
Gordon Duff Calling for unity??? What

Time isIt?October 29, 2011
Real Islam in harmony with

realdemocracy.October 28, 2011
On Alan Hart and

nakedHypocrisyOctober 8, 2011
"All vows, oaths, promises,

engagements, andswearing,
"September 29, 2011
Prof William A. Cook: Tearing the Veil

From Israels Civility-a book review
Commented byUPSeptember 20,
2011
Is Israel getting the message? Asks

Mr.Amayreh,
"Veteran" Sami Jadallah: Time For

Regime Change
inPalestineSeptember 19, 2011
A letter from a 1948 settler to 1967

settlers inGazaSeptember 1, 2010
On Khalid Amayreh, Syrian Brothers

"revolution" and the great day
forPalestineMay 1, 2011
Khalid Amayreh: "The Syrian regime

must change, or it will bechanged"April
28, 2011
KEN OKEEFE-GORDON DUFF: NEW

ATTACKS IN GAZA, CENSORED
FROM WESTERN
PRESS(EXCLUSIVE-VIDEO)February
11, 2011
They Invented a Religion to Steal a

Land from ItsOwnersJanuary 4, 2011
On "Socialist Workers wake up!", after
"Each village is areminder"September
8, 2010
DesertPoison: PALESTINE BETRAYED

BY ITSOWNSeptember 6, 2010
Palestinian Idiot: Advice to Erdogan

and to Turkey: Dont Trust the Arab
Throngs, Dont lose your old Friends,
Nato andIsraelJune 10, 2010
Nahida the Exiled

Palestinian A
MUST READ
Redemption:
AChallengeJanuary 1, 2014
Child In Gaza Has A Message
ForYOUJanuary 1, 2014
Bashing Islam is progressive,
discussing Judaism
isantisemiticDecember 21,
2013
God gave me this land, a few
thousand years ago, NICE, isnt
it!December 21, 2013
MEET THE NEW
ISRAELIPIONEERSNovember28
, 2013
No alternative to
FULLLIBERATIONOctober 18,
2013
The world is antisemitic, Oh
Really!October 10, 2013
What can we call

thisattitude?October 7, 2013
DetachedOctober 7, 2013
Do you know how it feels to live
inGaza?October 05, 2013
The Jewish State What It Really
Means?October 5, 2013
Ezz Al Zanoon, Son
ofPalestineSeptember 28, 2013
Beware of
SideBattlesSeptember 27, 2013
Gods
chosenPsychopaths
September 23, 2013
I cantanymore September19,
2013
SIMPLYSUPERB September19,
2013
HiddenHandsSeptember 17,
2013
A Tale of a Palestinian
littlegirlSeptember8, 2013
Waving the
Protocols!September4, 2013
Dont letthem Aug 24,, 2013
Gas the Arabs inAction Aug
23, 2013
Nahida Izzat; The Curse
ofChutzpaMarch 14, 2013
Defant Land Faithful Land.
HolyLandMarch 12, 2013
I am all ofthose February 18,

2013
The Curse ofChutzpa March 15,
2013
Shia Sunni?
CuiBono?February 11, 2013
Vote-Giving? No Thank you.
We ChooseLIBERATION January
16, 2013
Why we must defend those who
dare to speak about the ideology
of Jewishsupremacy December
27, 2012
To My Dear
StatelessPalestinianDecember
15, 2012
When I was seven, Jesus cried
December 11, 2012
Evidence of God?
YoubetDecember 11, 2012
Celebrating
TalmudReadingDecember 10,
2012
Moshiach Advert in
JerusalemPostDecember 10,
2012
Tale In TheDarkness December
9, 2012
"Moshiach"Again!December 9,
2012
Who CreatesGhettos?December
8, 2012
Civilian Society??December 7,
2012
Palestine: NowWhat? December
3, 2012
PALESTINE: SUE ISRAEL
FORGENOCIDEDecember 2,
2012
DontDecember 1, 2012
Beginning of theENDDecember
1, 2012
FACTS: WMS (Weapons of
MassSalvation)November 30,
2012
"Another fghter on
theway"November 26, 2012
Biased
WashingtonPost!November 26,
2012
The Jewish state is a "state
ofsoldiers"November 26, 2012
America Under
IsraeliOccupationNovember 25,
2012
Netanyahus Message
toChabadNovember 24, 2012
People with
GreenHeartsNovember 23, 2012
Gaza, the
HumanStoryNovember 23, 2012
Who could dothat?November 23,
2012
Beloved People
ofGazaNovember 23, 2012
"Genocidal Supremacy? What
Supremacy? This is
BloodLibel!"November 23, 2012
Do you know how it feels to live
inGaza?November 22, 2012
Hassan NasrullahNovember 22,
2012
EWES: Hamad Bin Jasim
November 22,
2012
"Light unto
theNations"November 22, 2012
We in Gaza fne Worried about
you
!November 22, 2012
X+Y+Z=GenocideNovember 21,
2012
In Palestine Something
MiraculousHappensNovember
21, 2012
The "Art" of Violence and
Racism!November 20, 2012
Sleazy Snake November 19, 2012
The ultimatechallenge November
19, 2012
GazaSpeaksNovember 16, 2012
Confict of Interest and the
Obliteration of Concept
ofLiberationNovember 16, 2012
The House
ofRothschildNovember 13, 2012
Birth of Terrorism &FalseFlagNovember 13, 2012
What would you
callthis?November 13, 2012
What is Wrong with
ThesePeople?November 8, 2012
Terrorist!November 6, 2012
Palestinian
ZionistsExistNovember 6, 2012
A lioness of
Palestine!November 6, 2012
Ooops, I just Committed a
ThoughtCrime!November 4,
2012
The HiddenTruth November 3,
2012
This is MyPalestine October 26,
2012
YES, WE HAVE THE EVERY
RIGHT October 26, 2012
Lala-LandOctober 25, 2012
My HajjExperience October 24,
2012
Electronic Intifada: Integrity and
ConsistencyPlease!October 19,
2012
Make up your mind October 14,
2012
The Moral Compass of
USArmyOctober 14, 2012
GrowingSpine!October 12, 2012
URGENT
BREAKINGNEWSOctober 7,
2012
Supremacy of "Peace
Now"activistsOctober 5, 2012
World, I LoveYou October 3,
2012
Palestine- What its
AllAboutOctober 2, 2012
October 2, 2012
Temple of"Israel" September 30
2012
World. . . BeWarned September
29 2012
What ReallyMatters!September
29 2012
Ken OKeefe and False
FlagsSeptember 27 2012
Hijacking and Steering
BDSMovementSeptember 27
2012
JPost "Moshiach now
inIsrael"September 27 2012
ISRA-HELL
ONEARTHSeptember 26 2012
Breaking!! False Flag attack
onIran!September 26 2012
Is that ChildAbuse? September
25, 2012
FinalCallSeptember 24, 2012
BelovedJerusalemSeptember
22, 2012
Only inPalestineSeptember 20,
2012
An OpenInvitation September 4,
2012
When you are
aPalestinianSeptember 4, 2012
PALESTINE, Not Just
aName!September 1, 2012
Look who is training
terrorist!August 23, 2012
When Talmudic Law is Put
intoPracticeAugust 16, 2012

July 30, 2012
DO NOT Take theBait July 9,
2012
Bemused!July 9, 2012
Once and forAll June 25, 2012
A Palestinian Stone
SpeaksoutJune 25, 2012
ChildhoodFriendsJune 24, 2012
TheJourneyJune 23, 2012
Violence of the "Chosen" is a
"virtue" and a "moralvalue"June
19, 2012
Once upon a time, I lived
inHeavenJune 14, 2012
AVAAZ Ever Wondered Who Is
Behind It? Youshould!June 14,
2012
Most PreciousGiftsJune 14,
2012
My Beloved has ManyFaces
June 11, 2012
Humanity is
DoomedWhenJune 7, 2012
MotherhoodRedefnedJune 7,
2012
Beauty and theBeast June 6,
2012
Spot thedifferenceMay 29, 2012
Palestine. A Moment
ofRefectionApril 27, 2012
Untill our Liberation
andReturnApril 2, 2012
Not in myname! March 16, 2012
Breaking the Chains
ofArroganceMarch 5, 2012
Solving theproblem? March 1,
2012
DONOR OPIUM, February 28,
2012
The Mother of
AllConspiraciesFebruary 26,
2012
Advice to BankrobbedcountriesFebruary 24,
2012
The Question ofFaithFebruary
24, 2012
InhumanityFebruary 22, 2012
Are you a
"certifedcuckoo"?February 20,
2012
Types ofSoulsFebruary 17, 2012
Poison in theCake February 10,
2012
Forbidden !!February 9, 2012
Setting the
recordsstraightFebruary 9, 2012
BeyondBeliefFebruary 1, 2012
"Just Keep looking the
OtherWay"January 23, 2012
IdiocracyJanuary 22, 2012
Will PSC rise to
theChallenge?January 22, 2012
Logic of theAbsurd January 17,
2012
"Chosen", so theycan! January
15, 2012
I met Jesustoday January 7,
2012
Of Exclusivity, Loyalty and
Liberation ofPalestineJanuary 2,
2012
GLOBAL MARCH
TOJERUSALEMDecember 30,
2011
Repeat after me: "The Earth
isFlat"December 21, 2011
Defamation as a
PoliticalToolDecember 20, 2011
InventedPeopleDecember 13,
2011
Chabad rabbis in the US Knesset
(sorry)SenateDecember 8, 2011
Open Debate: Their
DeadliestEnemy!December 6,
2011
Today! November 21, 2011
Who are
theWarmongers?November 17,
2011
Arent we luckyfolks! November
14, 2011
Calling a Spade
aSpadeNovember 13, 2011
THEY DID IT!November 6, 2011
HijackingRevolutionsNovember
4, 2011
From Tribalism
toHumanismNovember 4, 2011
Panic-struckNovember 1, 2011
Did the Age of Enlightenment
neveroccur?October 31, 2011
FINALLY !! The TRUTH Comes
Out!October 29, 2011
The LIGHTListSeptember 29,
2011
Concerning Mondoweiss, Racism
and Freedom
ofSpeechSeptember 21, 2011
ThoughtTerrorismSeptember
19, 2011

September 19, 2011
Will it ever stop getting
"better"!September 17, 2011
Dare I say itsname? September
4, 2011
Dedicated to the Children
ofGAZA.September 4, 2011
Open youreyesSeptember 3,
2011
"O . . . BLESS THEE
OISRAEL"September 2, 2011
For Those With Eyes
ThatSeesSeptember 1, 2011
Eureka !!! itsEurabia! August
27, 2011
Another "Religion" in
theMakingAugust 26, 2011
NO, BUT NO
THANKYOUSeptember 20, 2011
More sense to thesenses August
9, 2011
Keep meAfoatJuly 29, 2011
CosmicVerses July 23, 2011
Yes, Iam July 9, 2011
A song forLiftaJuly 8, 2011
WouldYou?July 6, 2011
Mirror Mirror on the Wall, Whos
the Fairest One ofAll?July 5,
2011
Halle-freakin-lujah July 4, 2011
The "Eternal Victims"
MoanAgain!July 1, 2011
MercyHalalJune 28, 2011
A "Benign" culture with
"Benignindividuals"!June 28,
2011
Demonizing Islam, Cui
Bono?June 25, 2011
The Great CancerHoax June 17,
2011
AboutIslamJune 16, 2011
MorphingZionismJune 16, 2011
The Question ofSufferingJune
15, 2011
The coming
AmericanNakbaJune 10, 2011
"Give the entire Middle East to
the Jews "June 10, 2011
Sharing our House
with"Settlers"June 9, 2011
Jewish Voice for Peace?Really?
?June 7, 2011
A mysticalvisitMay 26, 2011
The SpidersWebMay 18, 2011
This is How Liberationis May 18,
2011
Supremacist Chabad Rabbi
Accidentally Tells theTruth May
17, 2011
The Wanted18May 16, 2011
Pathetic orwhat!May 9, 2011
I have adream May 7, 2011
Photos PalestineApril 29,
2011
Holding the WorldHostage April
29, 2011
RisingaboveApril 25, 2011
Stranger thanFiction!April 21,
2011
Doves andHawksApril 20, 2011
A "culture" ofHate!April 17, 2011
A culture ofSupremacy April 17,
2011
A VERY IMPORTANT MESSAGE
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"MuslamicInfdels"April 7, 2011
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ChabadLubavitchMarch 29,
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15, 2011
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LittleBoxesMarch 11, 2011
We March to Jerusalem, Martyrs
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beDestroyedFebruary 27, 2011
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DefenseTeamFebruary 27, 2011
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2011
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Why Revolution is
aMUST?February 21, 2011
I want to tell theworld February
20, 2011
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a"supporter"February 19, 2011
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Gods
ChosenTerrorists February 7,
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hasbaraFebruary 6, 2011
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"lostcause"January 29, 2011
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andCongress January 24, 2011
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Must Be Created, But Let Us Be
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A MUST WATCH, The link
between Chabad andEDL
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SamsonsblackmailJune 23,
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West to Pay a High Price for
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A Zionist Friendly, Right-wing
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The Oft-Predicted Fickle
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HasTipped
Israel instructs Obama:
Iranian and Syrian Sanctions
are Not PainfulEnough!
Will Washington grasp the
hand being offered by the
Iranianpeople?
US offcials confess to
targeting Irans
civilianpopulation
Syrias First Line of Defense:
Dial133
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OtherName
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TurningPoint?
Will Al-Nusrah Front
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TheHague?
Political Grinches Stealing
Christmas From Palestinian
and SyrianRefugees
Is Yarmouk Headed for the
Same Fate as Nahr alBared?
As Yarmouk goes, so goes
Damascus. As Damascus
goes, so goesSyria
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"An historic victory for
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the Axis ofResistance
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manbehind
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Racism mars spring for many
foreigners and Palestinians
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Egypt just annulled
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Lebanons wretched triad:
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Perceptions of the Syrian
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"PalestinianActivists"
I need to get in and get
outfast
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support the Sacred
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inLebanon?
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Fadlallah continues to
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come toLebanon?
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politicians still block
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facing US hates
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Women, two Squares and
twoMovements
Santa-Jeff Feltman Delivers
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A Tireless Advocate of Justice
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continue their decend to the
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Libyas new Liberation Front
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US MUST STOP FUNDING
ISRAELICRIMES
29 years after the Massacre
at SabraShatila
Sanctioning Messenger Dr.
Bouthainia Shaaban Assaults
AmericanValues
Ma`a as-salaamah
Mohammad.. May Allah
protectyou!
Qaddafs MissingLegions
Really fastnote.
Its notover
Franklin Lamb: NATOs
Qana Massacre at
Majer,Libya
Where have Libyas children
gone? Long timemissing
End Game for Benghazi
Rebels as Libyan Tribes
Prepare to Weighin?
Seeking context and
understanding from
Libyasyouth
Feltman brandishes the
Dahiyeh Doctrine but seeks a
fgleaf
US has decided to recognize
Libyas rebels as the
legitimategovernment
Franklin Lamb in Tripoli
Libyans ask "WhyNow?"
NATOs War Against Libyas
Civilians Live fromLibya
Libyas neighborhoods
prepare for NATOboots
When Hanan metPeter
Obamas Middle East Speech
and Nakba Day2011
NAKBA 2011
Commemorations :
Palestinians gate
crashborder
Majesty and massacre at
Maroun al Ras with
PhotoStory
The tide is still in favor of
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Congress andAipac?
Dr. Franklin Lamb: Israel will
not collapse peacefully but it
willdissolve
Lebanon Wiki-Cables Tell of
Treason, USInterference
They came, they saw and
now its time toact
CONGRESSMAN PETER
KINGS GREAT
MUSLIMSCARE
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Guns and Money Divide Syrian Rebels - The Daily Beast
THE DAILY BEAST
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Khalil Hamra/AP
WORLD 05.15.13
Mike Giglio
Guns and Money Divide Syrian

Rebels
Suspicion between rebel groups in Syria raises the specter of further violence if
Assad fallsand makes the idea of intervention fraught and complex. Mike Giglio
reports.
Riad al-Ahmad, an Army lieutenant when Syrias revolution began, defected to

the rebels side early in the confict. In Latakia, the coastal stronghold of Syrian
President Bashar al-Assad, Ahmad made a name for himself as a bold and
reliable commander. As his stature grew, he attracted funds from foreign
donors, a coveted resource in the rebels desperate war efort, which he used to
arm his fghters. In late January, Ahmad was resting in the Turkish city of
Antakya, 12 miles from the Syrian border, when he received a call from a man
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who said he had money to donate. Ahmad went out to meet the manand
disappeared.
Two weeks later Ahmad resurfaced in a video posted to the Web, staring
hollow-eyed at the camera in front of a bare concrete wall. He said hed been
kidnapped from Antakya and brought to Syria, and that his captors were about
to remove one of his eyes. Then he begged a friend to pay the ransomabout
$450,000, which hed left in his Antakya hometo keep the kidnappers from
cutting me into pieces. Ahmads friends say the money came from donors in
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Guns%20and%20Money%20Divide%20Syrian%20Rebels%20-%20The%20Daily%20Beast.htm[4/25/2015 2:11:25 PM]
the Gulf, and that hed planned to spend it on weapons and distribute it among
other rebel leaders in Latakia. Later in the video, Ahmads head raps against
the foor as a jagged metal rod, wielded of camera, digs into Ahmads left eye,
mashing it into a pulp and wiping it on his cheek. Ahmads body was
discovered last month in a Syrian border town.
Rebels eventually arrested Ahmads alleged kidnappers. To the surprise of
many, they were well-known rebel commanders from a smaller battalion in
Latakia. Some had even been part of the search party when Ahmad went
missing. Faced with the idea that the culprits were some of their own, many of
the rebels involved in Ahmads ordeal decided they must have been double
agents, secretly working for Assad. (In a video interview from jail, the groups
alleged ringleader denied this, and claimed hed been framed.) But when the
suspected perpetrators were apprehended, according to Abu Ahmad Dabaa, a
rebel commander and friend of Ahmads who was present, they ofered a
diferent motive: they couldnt fnd donors of their own, and they needed the
money to support their troops.
Dabaa says the men cited an Arabic proverb: He who needs can do irrational
things.
Suspicion among rebels over money and arms is a persistent backdrop to their
campaign against Assad. In recent months, wayward rebels have attempted to
raid weapons warehouses belonging to the rebellions main umbrella group, the
Free Syrian Army, says Bassam al-Dada, an FSA adviser. Accusations of arms
hoarding, meanwhile, are commonplacewith rebel groups suspecting each
other of stockpiling weapons for what they call the day after, possibly to be
used on one another if Assad falls. Some rebel groups are using the revolution
so that in the day after, when they topple the regime, they can be powerful,
says Saf al-Saf, a rebel commander in Hama. There is something they say a
lot here in Syria: that after toppling the regime, the real fght will begin.
Dabaa, the Latakia commander, ticks of several powerful rebel groups that
have drawn his suspicion. You dont know what they want and what their
agenda is, he says. If the United States knew about this, they would never give
us weapons.
America has been moving slowly
toward providing the rebels with
greater support. The U.S. government
Suspicion among
rebels over
money and arms
is a persistent
backdrop to their
once refused to deal directly with the

oppositions armed element, but this
year it has promised the rebels $250
million in nonlethal aid, which could
include battlefeld gear like body armor.
With the Obama administration
pressed to respond to Syrias alleged
use of chemical weapons, and reluctant
campaign against
Assad.
to intervene, some analysts expect it to

settle on sending weaponsa task now
handled unofcially by countries such
as Saudi Arabia and Qatar, along with
private donors like those who
supported Ahmad. I think eventually
the United States has decided that the
path of least resistance and least risk is, at this point, providing weapons, at
least on a small scale, says Shashank Joshi, an analyst with the Royal United
Services Institute in London.
But the prospect of factionalism and infghting, Joshi adds, has been a major
point of inhibition in Western deliberations on arming the rebels. In addition
to fueling worries that rebels will one day turn these arms against each other,
bringing further chaos, it speaks to one of the single greatest concerns about
the provision of arms, which is leaking, Joshi says. And the real problem is
not just leaking out of the country, but also to other rebel groups.
If rebels fght among themselves, or form alliances against one another, Joshi
notes, it increases the chances that any weapons provided by the U.S. will end
up in the hands of people they werent intended fora key American concern in
a confict where one of the main rebel groups is ofcially allied with al Qaeda.
It would surprise me if there wasnt warlordism on the day after, says Firas
Abi Ali, the head of Middle East and North Africa forecasting at Exclusive
Analysis, a risk consultancy frm in London. Our forecast is that the war
continues [after Assad], and you do see them taking control of parts of the
country, and you do see them fghting amongst themselves for control of
territory and control of assets.
Command and control remains weak among the loosely organized rebel groups,
Abi Ali says, and they have expressed competing ideas on what Syria should
look like after Assad. The oppositions political leaders, meanwhile, seem to
have little infuence on the ground. The rebels are still a disparate bunch that
disagrees on a lot of things, Abi says. And why would these guys listen to
anybody other than their regional commanders?
Rebel leaders, however, have long argued that the lack of a steady and
centralized fow of weapons has only fueled factionalism, leading rebel groups
to compete for resources while dividing their loyalties among diferent donors
and that meaningful international support would help to bring everyone into
line. They say that weapons fow channeled in the right way creates political
unity, and that if you have something everyone wants, you can unify these
competing factions, Joshi says.
And many commanders insist that the rebels are concerned with little more
than bringing down Assad. The best strategy to shine in the day after, says a
coordinator with the formidable Suquor al-Sham brigade who goes by the name
Abu Humam, is to try to make your name by helping as much as you can, so
you can be loved for liberating the country.
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APOCALYPSES 02.24.15
Anna
Nemtsova
Ukraine Rebels Praise the Lord

While Russia Passes the
Ammunition
On the front lines of the worst fghting here since World War II.
DEBALTSEVE, Ukraine The Russian-backed rebels of the 7 th Brigade of the
Donetsk Peoples Republic army have been fying a fag with the face of Jesus
Christ on it since they went to war in eastern Ukraine in April. Now its fapping
in the wind at a checkpoint between the mostly destroyed towns of Vuhlehirsk
and Debaltseve, and the troops are pumped up with a sense of righteous
victory. Last week, after a long siegeand ignoring a nominal cease-frethey
forced the Ukraine governments troops to give up Debaltseve in what was, for
Kiev, a humiliating defeat.
Anna Nemtsova/The Daily Beast
On Sunday, bearded and dirty after weeks of fghting in the epicenter of the
war, the rebels could not wait to conquer more Ukrainian towns. As one of the
commanders, nicknamed Dyak, told The Daily Beast, frst they plan to take
over Slovyansk, a hometown for several of them that served as a rebel
operations center for much of last year, then became the focus of outrageous
Russian propaganda after it was taken by Ukrainian forces. The rebels want to
surround Volnovakha, and eventually they plan to take control of Mariupol, a
strategic port on the Sea of Azov that sits astride the land route between Russia
and the Crimean Peninsula that Moscow seized and annexed almost a year ago.
(On Monday, Kiev reportedrebel attacks on government troops in Mariupol.)
Dyak proudly told us that now his forces have everything they need to fght a
big war. He pointed at a Russian T-72B3 main battle tank and three 2S1 SAU
Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers fueling up at a gas station mostly destroyed
by artillery. The commander bragged of even more powerful weapons,
including an MSTA self-propelled gun known as a Tank Destroyer sent from

Russia and deployed with rebel forces.
But weaponry was not the only explanation of the victory, Dyak insisted,
pointing at a big blue-and-yellow sign across the road that said: Ukraine is
above all. The rebels mocked the slogan, popular among Ukrainian patriots.
We are beating Ukrainians because Jesus is with us, not with them,
executioners of their own people, Dyak said. Ukraine should know, we are
not a bunch of insurgentswe
are a serious army now,the forces of Novorossia.
The rebels talk constantly these days about setting up new cauldrons where
they can trap Ukraines troops the way they were trapped in Debaltseve, with
heavy artillery pouring in on them from all sides. The strategy, which some
Ukrainian soldiers refer to as meat grinder, destroyed hundreds of lives twice
before: in Ilovaisk, where the rebels killed around 1,000 Ukrainian soldiers last
August, and in Debaltseve this month.
All in all, thousands of civilians and military have been killed and villages and
towns devastated as the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine has experienced
combat the likes of which nobody has seen here since World War II.
Nobody is going to make peace in Ukraine, the leader of the Donetsk
Peoples Republic, Alexander Zakharchenko, declared at a public meetingon
Monday. He blamed Ukraine for taking weapons from United States.
(Washington is still debating whether to supply any sort of lethal weapons, in
fact.) Zakharchenko predicted that Ukraine would attack the rebels again in
late March or early April.
Anna Nemtsova/The Daily Beast
Clearly, theres no confdence in the cease-fre arrangements hammered out in

Minsk this month. As soon as we withdraw heavy weapons from front lines,
Ukraine will pull weapons in from Kharkiv and Dnepropetrovsk, said
Zakharchenko. It seems to me, there will be a provocation. Ukraine needs
war.
In the meantime, the security services of Ukraine warned against mass rallies
in Kharkiv afterSundaysterrorist attack on a peaceful march of Ukrainian
activists, which killed three and wounded 10 people. That was not the frst such
bombing in the southeast of Ukraine; explosions set of by the insurgent
underground have kept the situation tense for months.
Russia has helped out the Donetsk militia with weapons of all calibers and
levels of destructive power, from semiautomatic pistols and assault rifes to
heavy artillery, missiles, rockets and thermobaric bombs.
On Monday, columns of rusty tanks and armored vehicles with no

identifcation numbers on them could be seen on both sides of the border.
Three armored vehicles in a cloud of black exhaust parked on the road by the
cemetery outside of Amvrosyevka village, not far from the Uspenka border
checkpoint now controlled by Russia and Donetsk.
The devastated population of Debaltseve came out of the basements after being
terrifed by artillery fre raining on the city for over two weeks. Loudspeakers
blared patriotic songs about the Donbass war on the main square on Sunday,
where dozens of people lined up to receive packages with food aid from the
International Committee of the Red Cross.
Some victims of the war loaded the
boxes with food onto the bicycles,
others dragged their UCRC packages
We are beating
Ukrainians
because Jesus
is with us, not
with them,
executioners of
their own
people.
along the bumpy streets past buildings

with no windows and giant holes in the
walls. We live here like in an
apocalypse, Maria Fyodorova, 57, told
The Daily Beast.
At the Debaltseve checkpoint the rebels
under the Jesus fag also talked about
apocalypse.
UKRAINE
TAKE THAT
TAKEN
LOADED WEAPON
THE
KREMLIN'S
STRANGE
COUNTERST
RIKE
I WAS
SNATCHED
BY PRORUSSIAN
THUGS
PUTIN'S
NUMBER
ONE
GUNMAN
IN UKRAINE
A rebel nicknamed Che Guevara said he discovered deep knowledge studying

the life of the Argentine Marxist revolutionary. He apologized for smelling
worse than a dog, took his shirt of and showed of a portrait of Che on his
chest. Back in April, he said, he joined a separatist rebel militia, but after its
units were pushed out of his hometown of Slovyansk, his family stayed behind.
It was the like the End of Days they heard predicted when they were children,
joked Donbas Che: brother would take up weapons to fght against his brother.
And yet, while talk of Armageddon foated in Ukraines air, Russian President
Vladimir Putin still said he rejected even the idea of a war between Russia and
Ukraine. I think that such an apocalyptical scenario is unlikely to be possible
and hope that it will never come to that, Putin said on Monday.
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Baz Ratner/Reuters
WORLD WAR WEARY 02.21.15
Anna
Nemtsova
Ukraine Takes a Breath En Route

To Hell
At the heart of the rebellion, Donetsk, people line up for ballet tickets while they
resign themselves to a long, savage war.
DONETSK, Ukraine The echoes of artillery faded into the background on the
outskirts of this embattled city on Friday, and at the slightest opportunity
peaceful life returned to people whose lives have been torn by heavy artillery
attacks for almost a year.
Pedestrians and trafc flled up the downtown streets. There was even a line of
theater lovers buying last tickets to the ballet Giselle at the opera house. But
not many in the self-proclaimed Donetsk Peoples Republic (DNR) believed in
peace. Peoplehad no illusions about the latest truce holding this timethis is
just a short break before the war continues, people said.
I will tell you exactly what will happen next, said Oleg, nicknamed Mamai,
the commander of an international militia unit that included fghters from
Russia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Mamai came from the Russian city of
Vladikavkaz to fght against Ukrainian forces last April, to be a real helper for
the Russian empire and serve our Tsar Vladimir. Russian President Vladimir
Putin, that is.
Mamais predictions for the future peace agreement, to which Putin had
devoted about 17 hours of his life, sounded dark. In Mamais interview with
The Daily Beaston Fridayhe afrmed the ofcial message by the DNR defense
ministry: If the Ukrainian army continued fghting, there would soon be a
much bloodier battle over Mariupol on the coast. The goal is to enlarge the
bufer zone between Russia and NATO and ideally, establish pro-Russian
power in Ukraine, Mamai explained.
As far as the fghters in eastern Ukraine are concerned, NATO is just over the
horizon although it has no physical presence on Ukrainian territory. Indeed,
the question of whether its members will supply lethal weapons remains under
debate in Europe and in Washington.
Meanwhile commemorations devoted to violent battles for the European future
have begun on Ukraines main square, Maidan Nezalezhnosti. One year ago
over 100 people were killed in violent clashes on the square, including 17
policemen. People lay fowers and lit candles around the portraits of victims,
heroes of the Euromaidan revolution. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko
said in a public addresson Friday: Now its clear that a year ago we were not
fghting against [deposed President Viktor] Yanukovich. Moscow prepared to
eliminate and break Ukraine apart before Maidan, Poroshenko said.
President Poroshenko promised to
reform Ukraine and re-enforce the
countrys army to defend the state. No
Mamai came to
fght against
Ukrainian forces
last April, to be a
real helper for the
matter how hard it is going to be, I will

do everything, so the great sacrifces
our people have sufered in the past
year, would not, God forbid, be in vain.
I swear, Poroshenko concluded.
Back in Donetsk rebel commander
Mamai also spoke about his own ferce
Russian empire
and serve our Tsar
Vladimir.
commitment. For Russia I would

sacrifce my life and the life of my only
18-year-old son, so wed win this war
and not live under the power of Europe
and America.
This week busses full of Russian
volunteers as committed as Mamai crossed the border between Russian region

of Rostov and the self-proclaimed DNR, controlled by Russian border guards
alone. They were in groups of 50 men and women of all ages, many in
uniforms.
"Even if the worst came to worst and the war in Ukraine grew into WWIII
nuclear confict, wed still fght on, said Mamai, who is 37 and has no memory
of the world wars and very little of the Cold War.
Mamai spoke passionately about his hopes for the future of Donetsk. In the
midst of heavy fghting last fall his son Zaur arrived from Russia to join the
rebel militia. Mamai said that his sons character had changed in Donetsk. He
grew quiet and modest. After a month of fghting, in appreciation for his sons
courage, Mamai presented Zaur with a machine-gun.
We are Ossetians, he told me, and as with any men from Caucasus war is in
our blood. I can see here that Russians sleep for a long time but if they wake up
to fght for a good cause, nothing can stop them.
Elsewhere in this city, while regular rebels felt fatalistic about the continued
war and the local population of Donetsk longed for peace, a couple of dozen
Soviet veterans, chests covered in medals, gathered at a local WWII museum to
remember their Great Patriotic War and talk of the current more confusin one.
The museums walls were covered in Red Army fags alongside portraits of
Stalin and other Soviet leaders. One by one veterans stood up to tell about their
war experiencetheir friends wounded and killed fghting Nazi soldiers and
tanks.
It was clear who the enemy was back in 1941-1945, but who is the enemy in
this war? Raisa Pudak, a teacher of English at School Number 8 asked me.
There is no enemy. We all have relatives both in Russia and in Ukraine.
Would the truce fnally hold? Would rebellious DNR and LNR become a part of
Ukraine one day?
I am afraid that Ukraine will never be the country we knew, Pudak said. Big
tears ran down her face.
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Photo Illustration by Sarah Rogers/The Daily Beast
IT GETS BETTER? 02.24.15
Samantha
Allen
Does the South Need an LGBT

School?
One Atlanta educator is trying to start a school for LGBT students, teachers, and
families.
When transgender school teacher Christian Zsilavetz moved to Atlanta a few
years ago, he was nervous about his career prospects despite the citys
reputation as an LGBT oasis in the South.
It was really daunting moving to Georgia as a trans guy, Zsilavetz tells me. I
cant aford to be dropped into some random school, not having any idea whats
going to happen if Im outed or choose to be out.
Before coming to Atlantaand before his transitionZsilavetz worked as a
middle and high school teacher in Seattle. In 2006, he temporarily quit
teaching and transitioned to male in the more clandestine occupation of
limousine driver. Two years later, after testosterone had done its work, he
returned to the classroom and largely left his past out of his profession.
But now, Zsilavetz is spearheading an efort to create Pride School Atlanta
(PSA), the frst school in the area for LGBT and allied students, teachers, and
families. Zsilavetz hopes to launch the small nonproft school in August with
full-time tuition set at around $12,000, with lower price points available for
part-time homeschoolers. The mission statement promises a safe and fun
learning environment, free of homophobia and transphobiaa place that
honors [students] identities so they can be themselves.
If it launches as planned, PSA would join a mere handful of schools in the U.S.
designed to be safe spaces for LGBT students, including Harvey Milk High
School in New York and The Alliance School in Milwaukee. And if it proves to
be successful, PSA could become the frst school of its kind to thrive in the
SouthWalt Whitman Community School in Dallas only managed to stay open
from 1997 to 2004 before its funding was withdrawn. Unlike these other
schools, PSA will launch with a focus on children in grades Pre-K to 8 with an
eye toward expansion.
In fact, it was Zsilavetzs youngest family members that motivated him to take
up the task of launching an LGBT school. Now a married man with two
children, ages 6 and 3, Zsilavetz realizes the importance of placing them in a
school where its OK for their dad to be trans. When he told his supervisor at
a private school in Atlanta that he would like to come out to the students before
his 5-year-old outed him, she reportedly replied: Id rather it didnt come from
you. In the ensuing conversation, she suggested he start his own school if he
wanted to be out on the job. And thats precisely how he got the idea to start
PSA.
With same-sex marriage bans falling
like dominoes, the establishment of a
separate school for the LGBT
85 percent of LGBT
students reported
experiencing verbal
harassment at school
and nearly a third said
they had missed school
sometime in the last
month out of concern for
their own safety or
comfort.
community might seem like an extreme

measure to take in a rapidly changing
climate. But the speed with which
marriage battles are being won in the
judiciary is radically out of step with the
lackluster pace of LGBT acceptance on
a cultural level. And nowhere is this
disjuncture felt more acutely than
within the U.S. school system. In the
movement for LGBT equality, the gap
between legal protection and social
acceptance is only getting wider and
children are the ones falling through
the cracks. Its an auspicious time to be
an LGBT adult but its still a miserable
moment to be a gay kid.

Nearly three-quarters of the U.S. population live in a state where same-sex
marriage licenses are available but a similar proportion of LGBT youth are still
experiencing severe levels of bullying in school. According to GLSENs 2013

National School Climate Survey, the majority of LGBT middle and high school
students in the U.S. regularly heard homophobic remarks at school that year,
sometimes even from school staf. Eighty-fve percent of LGBT students
reported experiencing verbal harassment at school and nearly a third said they
had missed school sometime in the last month out of concern for their own
safety or comfort. Students who experienced the most discrimination had lower
GPAs, lower self-esteem, and were less likely to plan on attending college.
But the potential consequences of bullying are often more tragic than a bad
report card. The 2013 survey also notes that nearly 40 percent of LGBT
students had been physically harassed in the last year and nearly 20 percent
had been assaulted. LGBT youth have to deal with the full spectrum of violence
in schoolsticks, stones, words and all. In this context, it is sadly not surprising
that lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth are four times more likely to attempt
suicide than straight youth and that nearly a quarter of transgender youth
report having attempted suicide.
Set against this backdrop, too, the ubiquitous It Gets Better slogan
initially intended as a message of hope for LGBT youthreveals a certain
attitude of passive defeatism toward the problems these children face in the
present. While the mainstream LGBT movement has been busy playing the
marriage equality game, LGBT youth and children of LGBT parents have been
fghting their own battles during recess, homeroom, and soccer practice
struggles that often pass unnoticed as same-sex marriage continues to
dominate the headlines.
Over the course of fundraising for PSA, Zsilavetz has been told that people will
talk more about what youre up to once the marriage debate starts to die down.
But he doesnt want to wait that long to, as he prefers to say, make it better
for LGBT families.
What happens when kids [of same-sex parents] go to school and they talk
about how their parents got married? he asks.
As Zsilavetz points out in our interview, too, perceived regional diferences in
LGBT acceptance are fattened in the space of the high school hallway. The
school climate in Georgia, for example, is frighteningly similar to the school
climate in California, which is often reputed to be the most LGBT-friendly
state. In both of these states, over 80 percent of LGBT middle and high school
students felt excluded by their peers, over half regularly heard disparaging
remarks about transgender people, and around 40 percent had their property
stolen or damaged. The situation is the same in Washington, Oregon, and
Connecticutall destinations for LGBT adults.
For anyone over the age of 20, there may be a world of diference between
being out in San Francisco and being out in Stone Mountain. But when it comes
to creating safe spaces for LGBT youth, schools on the Left Coast and the Deep
South are just as likely to post a failing grade.
Theres still no school where two boys

can hold hands in the hallways, says
Zsilavetz.
If more parents
withdrew their LGBT
childrenand LGBT
parents took their
straight children
elsewhere, toowould
public schools simply
be left to marinate in
their own bigotry?
When we say that education is the great

equalizer, that isnt what we should
mean.
As uncontroversial as an inclusive
private school might seem, the
conservative media is already starting
to attack PSA. Eric Owens of The Daily
Caller describes the school with the
politically charged language of
segregation and ghettoization
calculated terms that carry a special
weight in the heart of the Jim Crow
South. But conservative scare tactics
aside, the idea of separating LGBT students from straight and non-transgender
students could be worrying if only for the reason that friendships between
LGBT and non-LGBT people have been central to social change over the last 40
years. If more parents withdrew their LGBT childrenand LGBT parents took
their straight children elsewhere, toowould public schools simply be left to
marinate in their own bigotry? Is PSA taking the socially conservative demand
to keep it out of our schools too literally?
For Zsilavetzas for many parentsthe answers to these questions may be less
important than the immediate welfare of ones own children.
Why do we have to wait for them to fx the whole system? he asks. Why
should my kids have to wait for the whole system to change?
Indeed, as schools become the next ideological battleground in the battle over
LGBT rights, it might make sense to craft temporary havens for children who
are likely to be caught in the crossfre, especially transgender students. This
month, Kentucky lawmakers tried and failed to force transgender students to
use restrooms that match their assigned sex at birth. Utah pulled a similar
stunt last year. California also debated the bathroom question in 2014 before
landing on the side of transgender students. But while transphobic adults
deploy baseless fear-mongering to start these legislative spats, transgender
children in these states cannot even use the restroom without fear of bullying
and physical violence.
If you have to fght to get the right to use the bathroom, Zsilavetz says,
theres got to be something better.
A school like PSA will be more of a stopgap than a permanent solution,
especially when barriers of cost, transportation, and funding are considered.
LGBT private schools are not viable substitutes for the afrming public schools
that LGBT students so desperately need. But in the current absence of these
schools, initiatives like PSA could prove to be life saving as culture plays catch
up with the law of the land. A private school like PSA isnt a luxuryits a
warning that LGBT youth need help that theyre not getting.
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Photo Illustration by The Daily Beast
LET LOOSE 02.24.15
Michael
Daly
The Serial Killer Castro Sent to

New York City
Thirty-four years after Jesus Aguilera was sprung from a Cuban prison and then
unleashed nine months of terror on the Bronx, he was back in court to face U.S.
justice for murder.
Serial killer Jesus Aguilera came to us from Cuba after the Castro regime
emptied its jails and mental hospitals onto our shores more than three decades
ago.
On Monday afternoon, the 61-year-old Aguilera stood impassive in a Bronx
courtroom as the older daughter of one of his victims confronted him with a
searingly beautiful vision of divine justice.
As you take your fnal breath, I pray that your last vision is of the Almighty
God surrounded by all the victims, known and unknown, and you vividly see
these women, joyful, healthy, powerful, and whole, forever untouched by the
evil that destroyed you and your humanity, the daughter, Robin Bynoe, said as
she addressed Aguilera directly in her victims impact statement prior to his
sentencing for the 1981 murder of her mother.
Any remaining shred of humanity would have demanded some kind of a
reaction from Aguilera. He continued to evidence none at all, having been
blank-faced since being led into the courtroom. He had taken a sidelong glance
when the daughter rose to deliver her statement to the sentencing judge but
had gone back to gazing impassively ahead as she began to speak.
I love and am very proud of my mother, Bynoe said. I say again, I love and
am very proud of my mother.
Bynoe reported that her mother, 35-year-old Tolila Moore, had just shaken of a
longtime drug addiction, re-established a connection with her four children,
enrolled at Fordham University, and gone to work at Catholic Charities helping
others get clean.
Tolila, with Gods help, began to ferociously snatch back her life, Bynoe said.
Moore had then chanced to encounter Aguilera, who could have been sent by
the devil himself. The prosecutor would say that murder was too gentle a
word for what he did to her that day. Her daughter now recalled to the court
that three nuns who had worked with her mother had come to the funeral.
They praised my mother for her strength, courage, kindness, and strong work
ethic, the daughter remembered aloud.
As the daughter spoke, Aguilera worked his jaw, slowly, as if he were absently
chewing gum he did not have. He gave no sign he even heard Bynoe as she
addressed him directly.
To the murderer, my God asks that I practice forgiveness and mercy, Bynoe
said. You have been given mercy. You are still alive.
Bynoe then invoked that vision of divine justice, which would have stirred even
a determined atheist and nearly anyone else save the man to whom she
directed a few fnal words.
Lastly, my family and I urge, implore, and pray that the legal system will
extend mercy and justice to all your victims and their families by keeping you
caged for all the remaining days of your life, the daughter concluded.
Justice Troy Webber asked Aguilera if he had anything to say. He replied
through a Spanish interpreter, though he almost certainly speaks English after
spending more than 33 years in an American prison for two other torture
murders along with sexual assaults and the near-killings of a 15-year-old girl as
well as an elderly woman who had admitted him into her home out of kindness
to a newly arrived refugee.
No, Aguilera said.
Webber began by saying that she had long been opposed to capital
punishment.
But this is one of the few cases where I would have no problem sentencing you
to death, she then said.
The most she could impose was 15 years to life, to be served concurrently with
his two other life terms.
There should be absolutely no reason why this defendant is ever released from
incarceration, she ended by saying.
The court ofcers led the blank-faced Aguilera back to the holding cell. The
daughter, Bynoe, had taken a moment during her statement to thank Det.
Malcolm Reiman of Bronx Homicide as well as the prosecutors. She now
turned to embrace the lanky, kind-eyed Reiman, whom the family had come
view as the embodiment of all that is good and too seldom appreciated about
the NYPD.
Youre the best, she said.
Reiman was quick to say the case would not have been broken were it not for
the dedication of fellow cops. Among them was the already overburdened
detective who originally caught the case. He and the crime scene investigator
who processed the shack where Tolila Moore had been found partially clothed,
her hands and feet bound, a scarf around her neck that had been tightened
with a chisel the way a tourniquet is tightened with a stick, only in this instance
not to stem bleeding and save a life but to cut of air and eventually deliver
death.
The murder had received not a newspaper line of public attention, but Det.
Freddie Duran of the Crime Scene Unit processed the scene as if the case were
on the front page. He managed to lift a fngerprint of a jar.
At the same time, Det. John Starr of the
42nd Precinct squad gave the case his
He didnt
just murder
her, he
all, even going out solo on his own

time.
But despite Starrs eforts, the big break
did not come until 2009, when
advancing technology combined with
the equally dedicated Det. Arthur
Connelly. Connelly and others in the
tortured
her.
latent print unit periodically ran lifts

from old cases through a computer
database that had not existed when
they were originally collected.
In June 2009, latent print called Lt.
Sean OToole of Bronx Homicide and
said they had matched the print from
the Moore murder scene to a man named Jesus Aguilera. OToole assigned
Reiman to investigate.
Reiman was glad to discover that in another example of how things should be
done, the medical examiner had retained scrapings from under Moores
fngernails. A resulting DNA profle was submitted to another database that
had not existed at the time of the murder.
Sure enough, a hit for our Mr. Aguilera, Reiman later said.
Reiman conducted a background investigation and learned that Aguilera had
come to America as part of the Mariel boatlift in 1981. A Cuban prison ofcer is
said to have escorted Aguilera down to a boat that was headed for Key West,
Florida. Aguilera was briefy held at a refugee detention center in Arkansas
before being released to a brother.
Aguilera was believed to have strangled at least four people in the nine months
between his arrival in New York and his arrest for murder. Reiman spoke to
two others who had been lucky enough to escape before Aguilera succeeded in
killing them, including the teen the exported monster had lured into an
abandoned hospital with the promise of designer jeans, then raped and began
to strangle when she managed to jump up and run.
Reiman went with fellow Bronx Homicide detectives James Conneely and
Carlos Infante to Great Meadow Correctional Facility, where Aguilera was
already serving two life terms. Reiman presented Aguilera with a photo of the
shack where Moores body was found. Reiman would later compare the efect
to having placed a fragmentation grenade on the table and pulling the pin.
His muscles tensed, his face turned red, his eyes bulged, Reiman would
recall.
Reiman asked him a question.
Ever been there?
Aguilera responded emphatically in the negative. Reiman showed him a photo
of Moore lying face down at the crime scene. Aguilera immediately denied
knowing her.
How do you know you dont know her? Reiman asked. Shes face down.
Aguilera remained adamant. Reiman suggested that maybe he just did not
remember being at the shack or meeting her. Aguilera repeated his denials,
which was fne with the detectives.
Sometimes in a case like this, a denial is as good as an admission, Reiman
later said. Hes got his fngerprint at the scene and his DNA on the victim.
Aguilera was indicted for yet another murder. Reiman was at the arraignment
holding a brown case folder marked Tolila Moore F/B/35, Method: Ligature
Strangulation Homicide. The contents documented the eforts of all the
dedicated souls who had worked so hard on a case that the press and city as a
whole had met with a shrug.
Nobody had to tell the detectives that black lives matter, that all lives matter.
Aguilera initially pleaded not guilty but changed his mind after he learned that
the details of his other crimes could be admitted at trial.
On Monday afternoon, two of Moores daughters along with her sister, two
nieces, and a nephew arrived at the Bronx County Supreme Courthouse for the
sentencing. They knew that Aguilera was still doing two life terms, but justice
was still justice.
It makes all the diference in the world, the daughter, Bynoe, said.
That was all the more true in this instance because many people had assumed
Moore had died as a result of slipping back into her old, negative ways.
She didnt get the grief she should have gotten, her sister, Dorinda Cannon,
said.
Cannon recalled that when she walked up to the open cofn at the wake she had
seen something in Moores face.
She looked like she was angry, like she wanted to say something, Cannon
said.
The detectives had now said it for her, proving that Moore had in fact fallen
victim to a predator just when she was getting her life together.
She was doing all the right things, Cannon said. It makes us proud of her.
Reiman was there along with prosecutors Rachel Singer and Adam Oustatcher.
They went into Part 92 with the family.
Indictment 865 of 2010, Jesus Aguilera, a court ofcer announced.
A door to the right opened and Aguilera scufed in with a cane, wearing a
prison-issue tan top, green pants, and thick-soled black shoes. His head was
shaved.
We can proceed with sentencing, the judge said.
Oustatcher spoke frst, calling Aguilera a man [who] preys upon the innocent
and murders without warning just because he wants to.

He said of the crime, He didnt just murder her, he tortured her.
The prosecutor then said Moores older daughter wanted to address the court.
Bynoe delivered a statement that surely would have made her mother as proud
of her as the family was of her mother.
After Reiman got his hug, he stepped into the hallway.
That makes all the diference, he said. What a wonderful family.
He then headed back to work on his latest case because all lives matter.
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How Syrias War Is Dividing the Egyptian Jihadi Movement - Syria in Crisis - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
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How Syrias War Is

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The Syrian war has had repercussions throughout the Middle East,
including among its Islamist movements. While foreign Salaf-jihadi fghters are
streaming into Syria from other Arab countries to fght Syrian President Bashar alAssads regime, they are also bringing the disputes and controversies of the Syrian
jihad back home to be debated among their compatriots. In this way, the Syrian war is
reshaping the radical Salaf-jihadi landscape of the Middle East.
Egypt, already in turmoil since the 2011 overthrow of then president Hosni Mubarak,
is a case in point. The Arab Spring and the opening of the Egyptian political system
have profoundly afected the Salaf-jihadi trend in Egypt, and the evolution of the
national and regional order has forced it to confront new ideological choices. The
Share
already-shaky unity of the Egyptian Salaf-jihadi movement has been tested by the
rise and fall of the Muslim Brotherhoodparticularly after the military-led ouster of
then president Mohamed Morsi on July 3, 2013.
More recently, the Syrian jihad has exacerbated these divisions. While the Islamic
legitimacy of the armed opposition to the Syrian regime remains uncontested among
the Salaf-jihadi radicals, the decisive, dividing concern is simple: Which jihadi faction
should the Egyptian Salaf-jihadi movement support?
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/How Syrias War Is Dividing the Egyptian Jihadi Movement - Syria in Crisis - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.htm[4/25/2015 2:11:40 PM]
THE NUSRA FRONT-ISLAMIC STATE SPLIT

AS SEEN FROM EGYPT
This debate is not a mere practical matter, nor is it only one of war tactics. Rather, it
epitomizes the development of Salaf-jihadi ideology over the past few years and
sheds new light on its future. It illustrates the transformation of al-Qaeda and the
emergence of a new purist generation of Salaf-jihadis whose infuence is being
reinforced by the victories of their afliates in Syria.
The divide between the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), an international
jihadi group, and the Nusra Front, a Syrian opposition group with strong ties to alQaeda, is heavily debated in Cairos Salaf-jihadi milieu. These groups split from each
other in April 2013 and have since emerged as clearly separate entities.
While the Nusra Front is now perceived as the Syrian wing of al-Qaeda, the
relationship between the ISIL leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and the al-Qaeda leader,
Ayman al-Zawahiri, is fraught with confict. Zawahiri tried to intervene in the dispute
between the ISIL and the Nusra Front in May 2013, ordering both Baghdadi and
Nusra Front leader Abu Mohammad al-Golani to remain in their countries of origin
and cooperate across the border. But Baghdadi publicly accused the al-Qaeda leader
of misunderstanding sharia, or Islamic law.
Since then, the two groups have followed slightly diferent trajectories, with the Nusra
Front focusing on military afairs and collaborating with other Islamists in Syria only
while the ISIL is attempting to establish itself as a de facto government in areas under
its control in both Iraq and Syria (which has recently led to clashes with other Syrian
rebel groups). At the same time, they have avoided clashes with each other, and both
aspire to the same goal of an Islamic state in Syria and beyond.
Despite the apparent homogeneity of the Syrian groups ideologies, some Salafjihadis have turned the Nusra Front-ISIL divide into a fght for the purifcation of the
Islamic creed rather than a mere struggle for leadership.
PURISTS VERSUS PRAGMATISTS

One faction of Egyptian Salaf-jihadis, whose members are known as purists, is
broadly aligned with the ISIL. These purists condemn the Nusra Front for focusing
only on jihad and for relying on a weak aqida (creed).
They also blame the Nusra Front for welcoming all Egyptian volunteers, regardless of
their political afliations. For instance, they criticize the Nusra Front for accepting
supporters of Egyptian lawyer and Salaf politician Sheikh Hazem Abu Ismail, in its
ranks, arguing that Abu Ismails support for a democratic process in Egypt is
tantamount to heresy.
Finally, they accuse Golani of rebellion against al-Baghdadi as his legitimate
commander, and they criticize his Syrian-centered agenda. The purists secession is
not limited to the Syrian battlefeld but extends in the general direction of al-Qaeda as
well. These young Egyptian ultraradicals also reject the leadership of Zawahiri since
they are opposed to his recent pragmatic positions.
Instead, they have lent their support to an emerging second-tier leader of the Syrian
jihad, Abu Omar al-Kuwaiti, whose small faction of foreign jihadis is called the Group
of Muslims (Jamaat al-Muslimin). It has mainly been based on the Syrian-Turkish

border, near Atme and the Bab al-Hawa border crossing. The Group of Muslims
associates itself with the ISIL, but it has gained notoriety for its excommunication of
the Nusra Fronta step so confrontational and divisive that the ISIL leadership itself
rejects it.
The other camp in the Egyptian Salaf-jihadi trend follows the position of more
mainstream Egyptian and regional Salaf-jihadi ideologues. Its members oppose the
division between the Nusra Front and the ISIL, argue for reconciliation among the
Salaf-jihadis, and emphasize that ftna, or internal strife, should be avoided. They
argue that ideological purism is not everything but that the focus of Salaf-jihadis
should be on establishing an Islamic state and struggling against the Assad regime
and rival secular factions.
A GENERATIONAL DIVIDE
This dichotomy between pragmatists and purists is not a new phenomenon in the
Salaf-jihadi movement. Similar theological questions have been debated since the
emergence of al-Qaeda, particularly during the Algerian and Iraqi civil wars.
What is diferent now is the centrality of Syrias war in the development of Salafjihadi ideology. The older generation of more experienced and pragmatic ideologues,
for instance the Pakistan-based Zawahiri and the Jordanian Palestinian Salaf
scholars Abu Qatada al-Filistini and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, are isolated from
the battlefeld and do not seem to exert much infuence on the ground in Syria.
Therefore, a new radical generation under the umbrella of the ISIL has taken the lead
in formulating the doctrines of the Syrian jihad. Its infuence is being strengthened by
its material gains and by the support of a new generation of young individuals who
socialize on the Internet and refuse the tutelage of the pragmatists.
In Egypt, this debate over theological purity or pragmatism within the Salaf-jihadi
movement has yet to be settled, and recent events in Syria may also change matters.
But for now, it is clear that the Syrian civil war, combined with the arrests of many
pragmatic Salaf-jihadi leaders in Egypt, has begun to strengthen the radical purist
faction.
Jrme Drevon is a junior research fellow of the Swiss National Sciences
Foundation who specializes in Egyptian militancy.
More On:
Islamist Movements
Egypt
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Austin Bodetti
JANUARY 12, 2014
3:40 AM
JANUARY 12, 2014
3:40 AM
I wonder how the movement will divide further when Egyptian

muhajireen begin returning home.
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In Deir Ezzor, ISIS Divides and Conquers Rebel Groups | Syria Deeply, Covering the Crisis
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In Deir Ezzor, ISIS

Divides and Conquers
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Armed with weapons from Iraq, the militant group has played into
Syria Files
discord among jihadist groups on the ground in eastern Syria, making

rapid gains.
As U.S. forces bomb strategic points in Kurdistan, part of an attempt to help Peshmerga forces
beat back the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Sunni militant group continues to make
rapid gains in Syria. On the battlefeld, ISIS has taken advantage of rebel discord and its own
massive cache of weapons from Iraq to cut through Deir Ezzor with a speed that has surprised
analysts.
Since last year, ISIS has been in control of Raqqa, the province from which it launched its offensive
on the Iraqi city of Mosul this June. Should it take Deir Ezzor, it will be in undisputed control of
eastern Syria, giving it the momentum it needs to continue advances now under way in Hassakeh
and Aleppo provinces.
ISIS, when it went back to Deir Ezzor, took it in no time,

which surprised a lot of people.
We asked Hassan Hassan, an analyst at Abu Dhabi research center the Delma Institute and a
columnist for the National newspaper, to weigh in on how ISIS played on the fractiousness of Deir
Ezzor's rebels, and used its sizable weapons cache, to make such rapid gains.
le:///C|/U...20ISIS%20Divides%20and%20Conquers%20Rebel%20Groups%20_%20Syria%20Deeply,%20Covering%20the%20Crisis.htm[4/25/2015 2:11:51 PM]
Syria Deeply: What are the gains ISIS has made in Deir Ezzor since June?
Hassan Hassan: You can look at this chronologically after the takeover of Mosul and large swaths
of Iraq. After Iraq, ISIS has massive stockpiles of weapons, and it also has the momentum in terms
of fear and morale.
Before Mosul, Syrian rebels in Deir Ezzor were close to beating back ISIS in many areas of the
province. But when ISIS came back over from Iraq, it seems like they coordinated with certain rebel
groups and individuals, especially top leaders, to infltrate certain areas, especially areas that
would otherwise be resistant to ISIS. These groups include Free Syrian Army (FSA) groups in Mo
Hassan. Its residents have historically been recruited into the Syrian army, so there's a perception
that they are secular. It earned it the nickname "Little Moscow," because of its affnity to the
regime. ISIS, when it went back to Deir Ezzor, took it in no time, which surprised a lot of people.
Another surprise was Shuhail, which had been perceived as such a rebel stronghold that it would
have been diffcult to stage even regime or foreign intervention. But ISIS stormed the village and
killed and displaced many of its residents, and then took it. And Jabhat al-Nusra disappeared. It
was shocking that it disappeared so quickly.
The takeover of Abu Kamal wasn't surprising because it was on the border and ISIS was already
controlling the Iraqi side.
The most interesting thing about these advances was that they took place in areas that would be
otherwise resistant to ISIS. They were hostile to ISIS, either because they were tribal militias who
have interest in oil felds they didn't want to give up, or because they were part of Nusra, or
because they didn't accept the ISIS ideology. But ISIS swept right though.
The advances took place in areas that would be otherwise

resistant to ISIS.
Syria Deeply: How was it able to do this so quickly?
Hassan: There are a few factors. There's the momentum from Iraq, and so much fear because this
group had the ability to take on the Iraqi army and defeat it. So no one wanted to face down this
group on their own.
In line with that, the opposition or these militias in Deir Ezzor were divided among themselves.
They don't work with each other all the time, they're not in accordance with each other and they
didn't put enough emphasis on winning local hearts and minds, so they were often detached from
their communities. ISIS played on these divisions and took over these villages one by one until
they had swept them. So there's the division of the local communities, the momentum from Iraq
and then the third factor is the sheer weapons stockpile they got from Iraq. That's a big one.
Syria Deeply: What makes Deir Ezzor easy to control?
Hassan: Deir Ezzor is an isolated province. When Maliki was in control, he kept tight control over
the borders; it wasn't like the porous Turkey or Jordan borders. So that's on one side. Then from
the other side, ISIS controlled Raqqa and other groups controlled Hassakeh. So there wasn't much
communication between the outside world, and the opposition in exile, and the rebels in Deir
Ezzor. Rebels on the ground had been appealing to the opposition for many months before ISIS
took over. They saw it coming and fought back, but they couldn't hold on for long.
ISIS played on these divisions and took over these villages

one by one.
Syria Deeply: Where is Jabhat al-Nusra? What is the jihadi picture on the ground?
Hassan: Nusra is now nowhere to be seen in Deir Ezzor. It has disappeared completely. ISIS is
now allowing any group to fght and keep their weapons, as long as they have declared their
allegiance to ISIS.
In Deir Ezzor city, there are groups that have pledged allegiance to ISIS, working alongside ISIS.
In some areas, ISIS has allowed village militias to keep their own small weapons and command
their own checkpoints. This happens in areas that ISIS trusts are safe and will remain
unquestionably under ISIS control.
They have a new strategy of allowing certain groups, especially those who receive support from
foreign countries, or the SNC, to make a deal to control their own areas, as long as they are
organically linked to ISIS in a way that will keep them loyal to it. I wrote about the leader of Liwa alAnsar, a major group in Abu Kamal, who has relatives in ISIS in Iraq. Because of this connection,
he is organically attached to ISIS and will be loyal to them even if his rank and fle has other
opinions.
You could say that all the groups in Deir Ezzor are now
under some control of ISIS.
In some areas that ISIS doesn't trust to be totally secure, checkpoints are manned by fghters from
neighboring ISIS loyalist groups. You could say that all the groups in Deir Ezzor are now under
some control of ISIS.
Now it would very diffcult for groups that want to rebel against ISIS to coordinate a province-wide
rebellion. That's because part of the ISIS strategy is to divide non-loyalist areas. If they don't trust
an area, they bring in loyalist forces from other areas to control it. I am hearing ISIS is planning to
recruit men into groups that have pledged allegiance to them, because they don't trust them, don't
trust their motives. So they want to embed their own foreign jihadists into these groups, so that
they can control them in the long run. It's very smart.
Answers have been edited.
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Is Humanitarian Intervention Ever Morally Justied?
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Is Humanitarian Intervention Ever Morally

Justifed?
Ahmed Khaled Rashid, Mar 13 2012
This content was written by a student and assessed as part of a university degree. E-IR publishes student
essays & dissertations to allow our readers to broaden their understanding of what is possible when
answering similar questions in their own studies.
The issue of humanitarian intervention has been at the forefront of international relations discourse,
particularly after the end of the Cold War. It has been a highly contentious subject, having impact on millions
of peoples in a number of states and regions around the world. The international actors are yet to come up
with a consensus on a set of principles and parameters that defne and characterize intervention.
Essentially, the rationale of humanitarian intervention pulls in two directions. On one hand, from a realist
perspective, the inviolability of states sovereign rights is given supremacy. States are forbidden to use
armed forces against the territorial integrity of another state, except for self-defence. Therefore, intervention
is not permissible. On the other hand, intervention is justifed from a more liberal approach to punish wrongs
and to protect the innocent. The United Nations on several occasions have authorized use of force, however,
in certain cases some states have acted unilaterally. In this context, it is expedient to look closely into the
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Is%20Humanitarian%20Intervention%20Ever%20Morally%20Justied.htm[4/25/2015 2:12:13 PM]
factors that infuence such decisions singling out the underlying the moral dilemma and the relevant
political and legal implications.
In this essay, I will underscore the need for the international community to come up with a basic framework
favouring humanitarian intervention, based on an emerging norm that places the victims of gross human
rights violations at the centre of the decision making process. I want to establish a moral basis for
humanitarian intervention, with the objective of halting massive and systematic violations of human rights. I
will assert that traditional notions of sovereignty should not be an obstacle to intervention. Ethical obligations
should override both sovereign equality claims and state national interest.
Yet, I want to underscore that humanitarian intervention should only be justifed under certain situations. I
will illustrate certain acceptable conditions of intervention, with particular reference to the agents and
circumstances of intervention. The essay will demonstrate that upholding human rights and dignity should be
the overarching motive for intervening states and states should not intervene on the basis of self interest
only.
The arguments will be anchored on the theoretical approach of constructivism. Corollary to my argument, I
will claim that international law ought to accommodate and create provisions for intervention, in light of the
conception of United Nations Responsibility to Protect. I will argue in favour of instituting customary laws
vis--vis intervention, recognizing the challenges of formal legal codifcation. I will conclude with a note of
caution that in the absence of a framework of humanitarian intervention, more and more humanitarian
catastrophe, such as the Rwanda genocide, may be inevitable.
The Moral Basis of Intervention
The phenomenon of intervention is not new. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, moralists justifed
war as a way to uphold law and protect rights. Rulers were thought to the have right if not a duty to enforce
certain laws and norm beyond their realm. For example, one kind of oppression that medial moralists saw as
justifying intervention was the mistreatment of Christians by non-Christian kingdoms. Similar principles were
applied to the Spanish conquest of America (Nardin, 2002). The most important of these universal laws is
natural law rules of moral behaviour whose content is set by nature. Natural law is understood as
comprising precepts that are known by reason and binding on all rational beings. These rules are more
general than distinctive norms of particular communities and justifed the rulers in intervene, punish moral
wrongdoing and defend the innocent.
The idea of Common Morality, which stems from natural law, provides a more comprehensive moral basis for
humanitarian intervention. It rests on neither positive law nor on customs (Nardin, 2002). The basic principle
of common morality states that humans have rights not as member of particular community, but as
members of human community and there is a common moral world. It is stripped of religious, legal
connotations, customs and mores of particular communities; therefore it is minimal morality. The ideas stem
from critical refection on laws and customs, and based on reason. The assumption is that human are
choosing and rational beings. And more importantly there are established standards by which everybody
ought to live. Each person must respect the agency of others, the principle of respect, and must support one
another in appropriate ways (the idea of benefcence).
These principles provide the basis and moral obligation for people to help one another. The link between
common morality and intervention is quite obvious, as most basic human rights are universal moral rights. If
oppression goes on in any part of the world, other states have duty as fellow members of the human
community to act. The conception of dignity provides a reference point for us to determine if the
transgressions that are going on require some sort of intervention. The idea of benefcence means that other
human beings cannot sit idle while injustice of mass scale is going on somewhere else.
A number of philosophers, such as J.S. Mill argued for non-intervention, because intervention undermined
the authenticity of domestic struggles for liberty. Mill said that people given freedom by a foreign
intervention would not be able to hold on to it (Doyle, 2001). While, these may be valid arguments, they
tend to underestimate humanitarian urgency of the situation. Consider the ferocity of the violence in Rwanda
against the helpless, unarmed Tutsis, which left nearly a million of them killed in three months. Tutsis had
hardly any capacity to organize their struggle for freedom.

Moral principles provide a broad set of goals to guide deliberation, and they prescribe constraints on what
choices can be made. However, deciding which of several morally permissible courses of action to pursue in
a particular situation requires judgment and prudence, considering the political and legal realities.
Humanitarian Intervention in International Law: the key role of the United Nations
In the realm of international affairs, humanitarian intervention has been defned as a deliberate incursion
into a state without its consent by some outside agency, in order to change the functioning, policies, goals of
its government and achieve affects that favour the intervening agency (Vincent, 1974).
In general, humanitarian intervention fnds scant support in modern international law (Nardin, 2002). It is,
however, important to note that legislation of international law takes place formally and informally. New
norms and rules evolve through informal arguments, social learning and practices of states and non-state
actors. There have been numerous occasions in the international realm since 1990 to substantiate that new
norms are emerging that qualify state sovereignty and permit humanitarian intervention. There have been
persistent normative debate and reinterpretation of intervention principles that lays the foundation for
establishing customary laws favouring intervention. However, the power dynamic behind this process should
not leave the less powerful states believing that they have little choice but to allow powerful states reshape
laws (Byers, 2002).
Undoubtedly, the more substantive challenge towards a normative shift has been the realist, state-centric
view of international relations conceptualized as a struggle for power. It is also empirically established that
states have looked to safeguard their vital interests and advantages while dealing with intervention
questions. The conception of the Darfur confict for Russia and China is shaped by these powerful states
strategic interests in oil-rich Sudan. It is not hard to predict that either or both of the two Security Council
members may object to intervention in Darfur.
Nevertheless, the way forward for the international community is to focus on ideational and normative
structures rather than material structures, in line with constructivist theories of international relations. From
a theoretical perspective, constructivism tries to build a bridge between realism and liberalism, drawing from
structurationist and symbolic inter-actionist sociology, on behalf of liberal claim that international institutions
can transform state identities and interests (Wendt, 1992). Constructivism theories broaden our
understanding of international law to include issues of identity and purpose. In terms of conceptualizing
humanitarian intervention, it makes sense to anchor the core ideals on constructivism because it treats rules,
norms and ideas as constitutive, not just constraining. It stresses the importance of discourse,
communication and socialization in framing actors behaviour. (Reus-Smit, 2008). These ideas can be linked
well with the transnational forces that signifcantly infuence the international relations discourse today.
The United Nations (UN) is increasingly playing a stronger role in maintaining standards of human security
and justice. Yet, dealing with the humanitarian intervention issues have been a challenge for the UN. The UN
charter does assert the rights of the states. The number of occasions the UN has justifed intervention due to
gross human rights violation have been limited. However, the charter also upholds the rights of the
individuals. There are several references in the UN charter that justify the view that extreme violations of
human rights provide the basis for justifying humanitarian intervention. The major pronouncements of the
UN General Assembly on humanitarian assistance referred to the primary responsibility of the states for
dealing with the complex crises within their frontiers.
However, we have observed a gradual relaxation of this state centric view. State sovereignty, in its most
basic sense, is being redefned not least by the forces of globalization and international cooperation (Annan,
1999). A 1991 General Assembly resolution states the sovereignty, territorial integrity and national unity of
states must be fully respected in accordance with the charter of the United Nations. In this context
humanitarian assistance should be provided with the consent of the affected country and in principle on the
basis of an appeal by the affected country. (Taylor & Curtis, 2008). Article 39 of the UN charter says that
the Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of
aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with
Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security. The phrase threats of peace is
now interpreted broadly to include domestic violations of human rights, civil wars, humanitarian
emergencies, allowing the UN and the Security Council to act in appropriate ways.
The Responsibility to Protect, the 2001 report of the International Commission on Intervention and State
Sovereignty (ICISS) provides the framework for UN to address the question related to humanitarian
intervention. The Commission noted that states have the primary responsibility to protect their citizens but if
they are unwilling and unable to do so, the principle of non intervention yields to the international
responsibility to protect (ICISS, 2001). The document emphasizes prevention measures and permits
rebuilding of failed and tyrannical states. The principle of the responsibility to protect was adopted by the UN
General Assembly in the 2005 World Summit. In the outcome document of the summit, the General
Assembly states that if national authorities are manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide,
ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity and if peaceful means are inadequate; the international
community could take collective action through the UN Security Council according to Chapter VII of the
Charter. The responsibility to protect doctrine discards the notion of a right to intervene, as well as its
corollary drawbacks. Rooted in human rights and international humanitarian law, the norm squarely
embraces the victims point of view and interests, rather than questionable State-centred motivations
(Arbour, 2008).
The rapidly growing community of NGOs have played an important role in crises related to interventions.
NGOs have raised international awareness of tragic situations, demonstrated the need to protect vulnerable
populations and aid activities, and occasionally called directly for international military intervention (Roberts,
2000).
Shifting the debate away from the question of whether states have a right of intervention to the question of
where responsibility lies of protecting endangered people is consistent with the strong emergence of
transnational forces within the UN. The tensions between these transnational forces and the traditionally
more dominant intergovernmental aspects are apparent. As a transnational organization, UN represents a
common good that transcends the sum of individual state interests. (Cronin, 2002). The transnational face is
represented by UN specialized agencies, NGO, bureaucracies, the offce of the secretary general. Over the
past decades, UNs missions and services have expanded far beyond their original conception to include
humanitarian, democratization, promotion of economic development and protection of human rights. UN
member states are now widely understood to be instruments at the service of their peoples, and not vice
versa (Annan, 1999).
It is this orientation of promoting cosmopolitan values, such as human rights, that provide the conceptual
basis to deal with intervention issues with a bias towards the people and not the state. This observation is
consistent with the views of former Secretary General of the UN Perez De Cuellar, who said that UN has to
serve two constituencies, the government of the members states and the people for whom the government
acts. Therefore, the transnational forces legitimize and if not reinforce, UNs role in humanitarian
intervention to protect civilians in any part of the globe.
The challenge in this regard is whether the intergovernmental or the realist face, represented by the
sovereign states and the Security Council, will take precedence over the transnational face. The core ideals
of intergovernmental arrangements are the distribution of power sovereignty is regarded as the central
feature of the system of states. It is unlikely that the intergovernmental orientation of the UN will diminish;
nevertheless there are trends towards a shift towards a stronger transnationalism which lays the basis for
leading the intervention measures.
Arguments for Interventions: State sovereignty is not absolute
From a liberal perspective, a starting point for arguments favoring intervention is rooted on humanitarian
grounds. Human beings have a moral obligation to halt gross violations of human rights and brutal treatment
of innocent people. Quite often it is only through intervention and use of force can standards of civilized
conduct can be enforced. On many occasions, the oppression reaches such a stage that there exists no
national connection between the population and the state. Hence the argument for national sovereignty is
no longer valid in those situations. From a utilitarian perspective, intervention is justifed because it can
often save more lives than the intervention will cost. If conficts continue as a result of non-interference,
there is a probability of further instability in the neighbouring countries or region. Untended humanitarian
crisis can become international security concerns. The United States spent the 1990s conceiving of
Afghanistan as a humanitarian disaster zone, failing to notice that it was rapidly becoming a national security
nightmare, a training ground for terror (Ignatieff, 2002).
Still, it must be acknowledged that the same set of principles and arguments cannot be applied in all
circumstances. It is evident that selectivity in choice of occasions for intervention is both inevitable and
potentially justifable (Nardin, 2002). Often, the intervening forces play a vital role to remove a perpetual or a
standing menace to peace, whether a person or a regime (Doyle, 2001). Examples include de-nazifcation in
Germany following World War II, breaking of the zaibatsu in Japan or negating the threats posed by Saddam
Hussein.
Those who argue against intervention point to the fact that sovereignty implies that states recognize no
higher authority then themselves and there is no superior jurisdiction. The UN Charter Article 2(7) is fairly
explicit on states jurisdiction Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations
to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the
Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not
prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll. Some realist scholars also argue that
the international community have no legal jurisdiction over the citizens of another state. The citizens of that
state should be able to determine their own future without outside interference.
Furthermore, some of the intervening states had self-serving and imperialistic motives behind the decision
to intervene. Intervention may result in short term desired results but cannot ensure sustainable outcomes.
The consequences of intervention may well be a weak and fragile government and a population who has
been gifted the freedom from tyranny. Foreign politicians and soldiers are likely to misread the situation or
underestimate the forces required to change it (Walzer 2002). However, state sovereignty cannot be
absolute. The principle of responsibility to protect provides the basic structure for intervening in a state
where the state apparatus is unwilling and unable to protect its citizens or a group of citizens.
Conditions and Agents of Interventions
Every violation of human rights is not a justifcation for intervention. It depends on the nature, scope and
magnitude of the problem. Clearly, the circumstances have to be extreme and life and liberty has to be at
stake if they are to require the use of force across an international boundary. Certain situation of violations
has to have to be dealt with locally, by the local stakeholders. Only cases such as genocide, ethnic cleansing
or the systematic massacre of a religious or national community, extreme brutality and oppression targeted
towards a large population can justify an international response. It has to be clear that it does not seem
possible or practical to wait for a local response.
Also, it should be acknowledged that it is not possible or practical to intervene in all the occasions. The risks
must be calculated in each one. To be sure, any decision to intervene must be weighed with possible
consequences. If intervention leads to greater insecurity and spread of conficts in the region, it is perhaps
expedient to wait for more opportune moments to intervene. Military interventions across international
boundaries always impose risks on the intervening forces (Walzer, 2002).
From a moral standpoint, it is important that intervention takes place for the beneft of the oppressed
population. A pure moral will doesnt exist in political life, and it shouldnt be necessary to pretend to that
kind of purity. As long as it is morally right, any actor can have the agency to act on behalf of that
population. Moralists also argue that only the state that respects human rights is entitled to intervene
(Nardin, 2002). However, in the political and legal realm, normally the multilateral intervention enjoys more
legitimacy. I would argue both moral and politico-legal factors should determine who is justifed to intervene.
Collective decisions to act may pre-empt unilateral action.
In this context, the UN is the appropriate position to lead the process of intervention. The US intervention in
Iraq and NATOs military response in Kosovo crises brought doubts and generated suspicion among other
states. Unilateralism is commonly questioned because of a fear of the motives of single states acting alone.
Within the UNs General Assembly, there is ample evidence of a commitment to uphold and address the
pressing problems that can require the enforcement of intervention. States entrust UN and UN authorized
agents to carry out appropriate measures.
The problem arises if UN cannot come up with a consensus on such a decision and meanwhile atrocities are
still going on. As suggested before, it such scenario the transnational forces should be given prominence and
active role to get out of this paralysis situation. There is a partial consensus among some liberal states that
there is a moral right to intervene without Security Council authorization in extreme cases (Bellamy, 2005).
Yet, states involved in the decision process cannot act in its own interests. Some moralists argue that a
unilateralist rights and obligations to intervene are instantly restored if collective measures fail. However,
such situation must be treated with caution. Exceptions can be made, if it were certain that an intervening
country is in position to act effectively, and it does not have ulterior motive in doing so. Still, political
motivations are always mixed, whether the actors are one or many. Intervention is sometimes thought of as
an imperfect duty state is not obligated to intervene at a great cost to itself (Nardin, 2002).
A case in point is Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) in 1971. Had the UNs Security Council or General
Assembly been called into session, it would almost certainly have decided against intervention, because of
great powers, USA and Chinas opposition to Bangladeshs independence. Indias decision to intervene in
Bangladesh was solely dependent on its own political decision. Nevertheless, it proved to be effective in
stopping the atrocities and providing the fnal push towards Bangladeshi freedom fghters victory over
occupying Pakistani army.
Intervention should not be understood as referring only to use of force (Annan, 1999). In most cases,
however, humanitarian intervention involves the use of force, and it is crucial to its success that it be
pursued forcefully. The overarching the aim is the defeat of the oppressor, who are carrying out the
massacres or the ethnic cleansing (Walzer, 2002). Non coercive measures may be pursed at the beginning
through diplomatic efforts. Measures such as sanctions have been useful in putting pressure on rouge states.
Nevertheless, coercive military is justifed when other measures fail. The risk of not using coercion is
obvious. This was glaringly exemplifed in Bosnia, where repeated failed efforts were made to deal with the
disaster without fghting against its perpetrators. UN forces brought humanitarian relief to the victims,
provided some degree of military protection for relief workers, but they were mostly unsuccessful to create a
few safe zones for the Bosnians.
Conclusions
Contemporary international law establishes beyond any doubt that serious violations of human rights are
matters of international concern (Simma, 1999). Inaction cannot be a viable option for the international
community when a group or a community is being systematically persecuted in any part of the globe. In this
context, it is commendable that international actors both organizations and states have also began to focus
their attention beyond intervention on more comprehensive approaches to post-war state building (Gheciu &
Welsh, 2009). This will reinforce the emergence the norms of intervention.
The moral and ethical arguments provide the broad scope for taking action. Sovereignty in and of itself
should, at the very least, no longer shield perpetrators from punitive measures (Arbour, 2008).
The details of the procedures and mechanics of intervention lie in the legal and political sphere. UN should
have the key role in granting licence for intervention. For upholding the rights of vulnerable, it is imperative
that the international actors reach a clear consensus on these points. The ideas of concept of responsibility
to protect must be explored further and given a legal framework. The transnational actors such as
specialized agencies of UN can have a more formal role in the policy framework related to humanitarian
intervention. The expertise and knowledge of these agencies are undervalued and underused.
For a realist, concerns remain that the relaxation of non intervention principle will lead to more military
action by individual states. While these concerns can sometimes be valid, they do not provide us a direction
towards fnding solutions. There is an international community emerging that can override the risks of
unilateral intervention. The cosmopolitan actors have been successful in impacting on the setting the agenda
for international affairs. After all, as former UN General Secretary Kof Annan aptly epitomized the aim of
the UN Charter is to protect individual human rights, not to protect those who abuse them.
References
Annan, K. (1999, September 18). Two concepts of sovereignty. The Economist.
Arbour, L. (2008). The responsibility to protect as a duty of care in international law and practice. Review of
International Studies, 34(3), 445-458.
Bellamy, A. J. (2005). Responsibility to protect, or Trojan horse? The crisis in Darfur and humanitarian
intervention after Iraq. Ethics and International Affairs, 19(2), 31-53.
Byers, M. (2002). The shifting boundaries of international law. European Journal of International Law, 13
(1), 21-41.
Cronin, B. (2002). The two faces of the United Nations: The tension between intergovernmentalism and
transnationalism. Global Governance, 8(1), 53-71.
Doyle, M. (2001). The new interventionism. Metaphilosophy, 32 (1-2), 212-235.
Gheciu A. & Welsh A. (2009). Postwar justice and the responsibility to rebuild. Ethics and International
Affairs, 23(2).
Ignatieff, M. (2002). Intervention and State Failure, Dissent, 49(1), 115-123.
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001). The Responsibility to Protect.
Retrieved from http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf
Nardin, T. (2002). The moral basis of humanitarian intervention. Ethics and International Affairs, 16(1), 5770.
Roberts, A. (2000). The so-called right of humanitarian intervention. Law Yearbook of International
Humanitarian Law, 3, 3-51. doi:10.1017/S138913590000057X.
Reus-Smit, C. (2008) The international law. In Baylis, J, Smith, S. & Owens, P. (Eds), Globalization of World
Politics. Oxford University Press.
Simma, B. (1999). NATO, the UN and the use of force: Legal Aspects. European Journal of International Law,
10(1), 1-22.
Taylor, P., Curtis, D. (2008). The United Nations. In Baylis, J, Smith, S. & Owens, P. (Eds),
World Politics. Oxford University Press.
Globalization of
United Nations (2010). Charter of United Nations. Retrieved from

http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter1.shtml
Vincent, R. J. (1974). Non-intervention and International Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Walzer, M. (2002). The Argument about Humanitarian Intervention. Dissent, Winter, 29-37.
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International
Organization, 46(2), 391-425.
_
Written by: Ahmed Khaled Rashid
Written at: University of Ottawa
Written for: Prof Alexandra Gheciu

Date written: December/2010
4 Comments
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7 months
Ed ago
Thanks Ahmed for the vast and understandable information. I hope the move toward taking a more active
role in peace keeping as well as retribution toward violators can come sooner than later for the sake of the
least of these? It seems sensible, drones could provide beneft while the powers that be organize thus
preventing further atrocities on the least of these?
I found this buy searching Humanitarian aid and found the title odd?
I would have thought something closer to "Humanitarianism over Ignorance and Atrocities"
Its hard to walk in another's shoes when ours ft so nicely.
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2 years
Ashley ago
Brilliantly said. Thank you!
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2 years
Mwiru ago
I like this stuff. I am a former KIU student Ug. I like this content. Well documented and referenced.
Reply Share
3 years
ROBERN JUTA ago
I AS A STUDENT OF MA CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACE BUILDING IN KAMPALA INT.
UNIVERSITY-DAR ES SALAAM CAMPUS I REALLY APRICIATE MATERIAL YOU POST IN THIS

WEBSITE. THANKS.
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Isis: the inside story | Martin Chulov | World news | The Guardian
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Islamic State
(Isis)
The long read
Isis: the inside story

One of the Islamic States senior commanders reveals exclusive details of the terror groups origins inside an Iraqi prison right under the
noses of their American jailers. Report by Martin Chulov

Detainees in Camp Bucca, in southern Iraq. Photograph: David Furst/AFP/Getty Images

Martin Chulov
Thursday 11 December 2014 06.00GMT
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In the summer of 2004, a young jihadist in shackles and chains was walked by his captors slowly into the Camp Bucca prison in southern
Iraq. He was nervous as two American soldiers led him through three brightly-lit buildings and then a maze of wire corridors, into an
open yard, where men with middle-distance stares, wearing brightly-coloured prison uniforms, stood back warily, watching him.
I knew some of them straight away, he told me last month. I had feared Bucca all the way down on the plane. But when I got there, it
was much better than I thought. In every way.
The jihadist, who uses the nom de guerre Abu Ahmed, entered Camp Bucca as a young man a decade ago, and is now a senior ofcial
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Isis%20%20the%20inside%20story%20_%20Martin%20Chulov%20_%20World%20news%20_%20The%20Guardian.htm[4/25/2015 2:12:29 PM]
within Islamic State (Isis) having risen through its ranks with many of the men who served time alongside him in prison. Like him, the
other detainees had been snatched by US soldiers from Iraqs towns and cities and fown to a place that had already become infamous: a
foreboding desert fortress that would shape the legacy of the US presence in Iraq.
The other prisoners did not take long to warm to him, Abu Ahmed recalled. They had also been terrifed of Bucca, but quickly realised that
far from their worst fears, the US-run prison provided an extraordinary opportunity. We could never have all got together like this in
Baghdad, or anywhere else, he told me. It would have been impossibly dangerous. Here, we were not only safe, but we were only a few
hundred metres away from the entire al-Qaida leadership.
It was at Camp Bucca that Abu Ahmed frst met Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the emir of Isis who is now frequently described as the worlds
most dangerous terrorist leader. From the beginning, Abu Ahmed said, others in the camp seemed to defer to him. Even then, he was Abu
Bakr. But none of us knew he would ever end up as leader.
Abu Ahmed was an essential member of the earliest incarnation of the group. He had been galvanised into militancy as a young man by an
American occupation that he and many like him believed was trying to impose a power shift in Iraq, favouring the countrys larger Shia
population at the expense of the dominant Sunnis. His early role in what would become Isis led naturally to the senior position he now
occupies within a revitalised insurgency that has spilled across the border into Syria. Most of his colleagues regard the crumbling order in
the region as a fulflment of their ambitions in Iraq which had remained unfnished business, until the war in Syria gave them a new
arena.
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He agreed to speak publicly after more than two years of discussions, over the course of which he revealed his own past as one of Iraqs
most formidable and connected militants and shared his deepening worry about Isis and its vision for the region. With Iraq and Syria
ablaze, and the Middle East apparently condemned to another generation of upheaval and bloodshed at the hands of his fellow ideologues,
Abu Ahmed is having second thoughts. The brutality of Isis is increasingly at odds with his own views, which have mellowed with age as he
has come to believe that the teachings of the Quran can be interpreted and not read literally.
His misgivings about what the Islamic State has become led him to speak to the Guardian in a series of expansive conversations, which
ofer unique insight into its enigmatic leader and the nascent days of the terror group stretching from 2004, when he met Abu Bakr alBaghdadi in Camp Bucca, to 2011, when the Iraqi insurgency crossed the border into Syria.
At the beginning, back in Bucca, the prisoner who would become the most wanted man in the world had already set himself apart from the
other inmates, who saw him as aloof and opaque. But, Abu Ahmed recalled, the jailers had a very diferent impression of Baghdadi they
saw him as a conciliatory and calming infuence in an environment short on certainty, and turned to him to help resolve conficts among
the inmates. That was part of his act, Abu Ahmed told me. I got a feeling from him that he was hiding something inside, a darkness that
he did not want to show other people. He was the opposite of other princes who were far easier to deal with. He was remote, far from us
all.
***
Baghdadi was born Ibrahim ibn Awwad al-Badri al-Samarrai in 1971, in the Iraqi city of Samarra. He was detained by US forces in Falluja,
west of Baghdad, in February 2004, months after he had helped found a militant group, Jeish Ahl al-Sunnah al-Jamaah, which had taken
root in the restive Sunni communities around his home city.
He was caught at his friends house, said Dr Hisham al-Hashimi, an analyst who advises the Iraqi government on Isis. His friends name
was Nasif Jasim Nasif. Then he was moved to Bucca. The Americans never knew who they had. Most of Baghdadis fellow prisoners
some 24,000 men, divided into 24 camps seem to have been equally unaware. The prison was run along strictly hierarchical lines, down
to a Teletubbies-like uniform colour scheme which allowed jailers and captives alike to recognise each detainees place in the pecking
order. The colour of the clothes we wore refected our status, said Abu Ahmed. If I remember things correctly, red was for people who
had done things wrong while in prison, white was a prison chief, green was for a long sentence and yellow and orange were normal.
When Baghdadi, aged 33, arrived at Bucca, the Sunni-led anti-US insurgency was gathering steam across central and western Iraq. An
invasion that had been sold as a war of liberation had become a grinding occupation. Iraqs Sunnis, disenfranchised by the overthrow of
their patron, Saddam Hussein, were taking the fght to US forces and starting to turn their guns towards the benefciaries of Husseins
overthrow, the countrys majority Shia population.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of Isis.Photograph: AFP/Getty Images

The small militant group that Baghdadi headed was one of dozens that sprouted from a broad Sunni revolt many of which would soon
come together under the fag of al-Qaida in Iraq, and then the Islamic State of Iraq. These were the precursors to the juggernaut now
known simply as the Islamic State, which has, under Bagdhadis command, overrun much of the west and centre of the country and
eastern Syria, and drawn the US military back to a deeply destabilised region less than three years after it left vowing never to return.
But at the time of his stay at Bucca, Baghdadis group was little-known, and he was a far less signifcant fgure than the insurgencys
notional leader, the merciless Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who came to represent the sum of all fears for many in Iraq, Europe and the US.
Baghdadi, however, had a unique way to distinguish himself from the other aspiring leaders inside Bucca and outside on Iraqs savage
streets: a pedigree that allowed him to claim direct lineage to the Prophet Muhammad. He had also obtained a PhD in Islamic studies
from the Islamic University of Baghdad, and would draw on both to legitimise his unprecedented claim to anoint himself caliph of the
Islamic world in July 2014, which realised a sense of destiny evident in the prison yard a decade earlier.
Baghdadi was a quiet person, said Abu Ahmed. He has a charisma. You could feel that he was someone important. But there were
others who were more important. I honestly did not think he would get this far.
Baghdadi also seemed to have a way with his captors. According to Abu Ahmed, and two other men who were jailed at Bucca in 2004, the
Americans saw him as a fxer who could solve fractious disputes between competing factions and keep the camp quiet.
But as time went on, every time there was a problem in the camp, he was at the centre of it, Abu Ahmed recalled. He wanted to be the
head of the prison and when I look back now, he was using a policy of conquer and divide to get what he wanted, which was status. And
it worked. By December 2004, Baghdadi was deemed by his jailers to pose no further risk and his release was authorised.
He was respected very much by the US army, Abu Ahmed said. If he wanted to visit people in another camp he could, but we couldnt.
And all the while, a new strategy, which he was leading, was rising under their noses, and that was to build the Islamic State. If there was
no American prison in Iraq, there would be no IS now. Bucca was a factory. It made us all. It built our ideology.
As Isis has rampaged through the region, it has been led by men who spent time in US detention centres during the American occupation
of Iraq in addition to Bucca, the US also ran Camp Cropper, near Baghdad airport, and, for an ill-fated 18 months early in the war, Abu
Ghraib prison on the capitals western outskirts. Many of those released from these prisons and indeed, several senior American ofcers
who ran detention operations have admitted that the prisons had an incendiary efect on the insurgency.
I went to plenty of meetings where guys would come through and tell us how well it was all going, said Ali Khedery, a special aide to all
US ambassadors who served in Iraq from 2003-11, and to three US military commanders. But eventually even top American ofcers came
to believe they had actually become radicalising elements. They were counterproductive in many ways. They were being used to plan and
organise, to appoint leaders and launch operations.
We wrote each others details on the elastic of our boxer shorts. When we got out, we called each other
Abu Ahmed agreed. In prison, all of the princes were meeting regularly. We became very close to those we were jailed with. We knew
their capabilities. We knew what they could and couldnt do, how to use them for whatever reason. The most important people in Bucca
were those who had been close to Zarqawi. He was recognised in 2004 as being the leader of the jihad.
We had so much time to sit and plan, he continued. It was the perfect environment. We all agreed to get together when we got out. The
way to reconnect was easy. We wrote each others details on the elastic of our boxer shorts. When we got out, we called. Everyone who was
important to me was written on white elastic. I had their phone numbers, their villages. By 2009, many of us were back doing what we did
before we were caught. But this time we were doing it better.
According to Hisham al-Hashimi, the Baghdad-based analyst, the Iraqi government estimates that 17 of the 25 most important Islamic
State leaders running the war in Iraq and Syria spent time in US prisons between 2004 and 2011. Some were transferred from American
custody to Iraqi prisons, where a series of jailbreaks in the last several years allowed many senior leaders to escape and rejoin the
insurgent ranks.
Abu Ghraib was the scene of the biggest and most damaging breakout in 2013, with up to 500 inmates, many of them senior jihadists
handed over by the departing US military, feeing in July of that year after the prison was stormed by Islamic State forces, who launched a
simultaneous, and equally successful, raid on nearby Taji prison.
Iraqs government closed Abu Ghraib in April 2014 and it now stands empty, 15 miles from Baghdads western outskirts, near the
frontline between Isis and Iraqs security forces, who seem perennially under-prepared as they stare into the heat haze shimmering over
the highway that leads towards the badlands of Falluja and Ramadi.
Parts of both cities have become a no-go zone for Iraqs beleaguered troops, who have been battered and humiliated by Isis, a group of
marauders unparalleled in Mesopotamia since the time of the Mongols. When I visited the abandoned prison late this summer, a group of
disinterested Iraqi forces sat at a checkpoint on the main road to Baghdad, eating watermelon as the distant rumble of shellfre sounded in
the distance. The imposing walls of Abu Ghraib were behind them, and their jihadist enemies were staked out further down the road.
The revelation of abuses at Abu Ghraib had a radicalising efect on many Iraqis, who saw the purported civility of American occupation as
little improvement on the tyranny of Saddam. While Bucca had few abuse complaints prior to its closure in 2009, it was seen by Iraqis as a
potent symbol of an unjust policy, which swept up husbands, fathers, and sons some of them non-combatants in regular
neighbourhood raids, and sent them away to prison for months or years.
At the time, the US military countered that its detention operations were valid, and that similar practices had been deployed by other
forces against insurgencies such as the British in Northern Ireland, the Israelis in Gaza and the West Bank, and the Syrian and Egyptian
regimes.
An Islamic State militant in Raqqa, Syria. Photograph: Reuters

Even now, fve years after the US closed down Bucca, the Pentagon defends the camp as an example of lawful policy for a turbulent time.
During operations in Iraq from 2003 to 2011, US Forces held thousands of Law of War detainees, said Lt Col Myles B Caggins III, a US
Department of Defense spokesman for detainee policy. These type of detentions are common practice during armed confict. Detaining
potentially dangerous people is the legal and humane method of providing security and stability for civilian populations.
***
Some time after Baghdadi was released from Bucca, Abu Ahmed was also freed. After being fown to Baghdad airport, he was picked up by
men he had met in Bucca. They took him to a home in the west of the capital, where he immediately rejoined the jihad, which had
transformed from a fght against an occupying army into a vicious and unrestrained war against Iraqi Shia.
Death squads were by then roaming Baghdad and much of central Iraq, killing members of opposite sects with routine savagery and
exiling residents from neighbourhoods they dominated. The capital had quickly become a very diferent place to the city Abu Ahmed had
left a year earlier. But with the help of new arrivals at Bucca, those inside the prison had been able to monitor every new development in
the unfolding sectarian war. Abu Ahmed knew the environment he was returning to. And his camp commanders had plans for him.
The frst thing he did when he was safe in west Baghdad was to undress, then carefully take a pair of scissors to his underwear. I cut the
fabric from my boxers and all the numbers were there. We reconnected. And we got to work. Across Iraq, other ex-inmates were doing
the same. It really was that simple, Abu Ahmed said, smiling for the frst time in our conversation as he recalled how his captors had
been outwitted. Boxers helped us win the war.
Zarqawi wanted a 9/11 moment to escalate the confict something that would take the fght to the heart of the enemy, Abu Ahmed
recalled. In Iraq, that meant one of two targets a seat of Shia power or, even better, a defning religious symbol. In February 2006, and
again two months later, Zarqawis bombers destroyed the Imam al-Askari shrine in Samarra, north of Baghdad. The sectarian war was
fully ignited and Zarqawis ambitions realised.
Asked about the merits of this violent provocation, Abu Ahmed paused for the frst time in our many conversations. There was a reason
for opening this war, he said. It was not because they are Shia, but because the Shia were pushing for it. The American army was
facilitating the takeover of Iraq and giving the country to them. They were in cooperation with each other.
He then refected on the man who gave the orders. Zarqawi was very smart. He was the best strategist that the Islamic State has had. Abu
Omar [al-Baghdadi] was ruthless, Abu Ahmed said, referring to Zarqawis successor, who was killed in a US-led raid in April 2010. And
Abu Bakr is the most bloodthirsty of all.
After Zarqawi was killed, the people who liked killing even more than him became very important in the organisation. Their
understanding of sharia and of humanity was very cheap. They dont understand the Tawheed (the Quranic concept of Gods oneness) the
way it was meant to be understood. The Tawheed should not have been forced by war.
Despite reservations that were already starting to stir, by 2006, Abu Ahmed had become part of a killing machine that would operate at
full speed for much of the following two years. Millions of citizens were displaced, neighbourhoods were cleansed along sectarian lines,
and an entire population numbed by unchecked brutality.
That summer, the US fnally caught up with Zarqawi, with the help of Jordanian intelligence, killing him in an airstrike north of Baghdad.
From late 2006, the organisation was on the back foot hampered by a tribal revolt that uprooted its leadership from Anbar and shrank
its presence elsewhere in Iraq. But according to Abu Ahmed, the group used the opportunity to evolve, revealing a pragmatism in addition
to its hardline ideology. For Isis, the relatively quiet years between 2008 and 2011 represented a lull, not a defeat.
By this time, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi had risen steadily through the group to become a trusted aide to its leader, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi,
and his deputy, the Egyptian jihadist Abu Ayub al-Masri. It was at this point, Abu Ahmed said, that Isis made an approach to the Baathist
remnants of the old regime ideological opponents who shared a common enemy in the US and the Shia-led government it backed.
Earlier incarnations of Isis had dabbled with the Baathists, who lost everything when Saddam was ousted, under the same premise that
my enemys enemy is my friend. But by early 2008, Abu Ahmed and other sources said, these meetings had become far more frequent
and many of them were taking place in Syria.
Syrias links to the Sunni insurgency in Iraq had been regularly raised by US ofcials in Baghdad and by the Iraqi government. Both were
convinced that the Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad, allowed jihadists to fy into Damascus airport, where military ofcials would escort
them to the border with Iraq. All the foreigners I knew got into Iraq that way, Abu Ahmed told me. It was no secret.
***
From 2008, when the US began to negotiate the transition of its powers to Iraqs feeble security institutions and therefore pave the way
to its own exit the Americans increasingly turned to only a few trusted fgures in the Iraqi government. One of them was Major General
Hussein Ali Kamal, the director of intelligence in the countrys Interior Ministry. A secular Kurd who had the trust of the Shia
establishment, one of Kamals many duties was to secure Baghdad against terror attacks.
Like the Americans, General Kamal was convinced that Syria was destabilising Iraq, an assessment based on the interrogations of jihadists
who had been captured by his troops. Throughout 2009, in a series of interviews, Kamal laid out his evidence, using maps that plotted the
routes used by jihadists to cross the border into western Iraq, and confessions that linked their journeys to specifc mid-ranking ofcers in
Syrian military intelligence.
Seventeen of the 25 most important Islamic State leaders now running the war in Iraq and Syria spent time in US prisons
As Isis activity ebbed in Iraq, he had become increasingly obsessed with two meetings that had taken place in Syria early in 2009, which
brought together Iraqi jihadists, Syrian ofcials and Baathists from both countries. (Kamal, who was diagnosed with a rare cancer in 2012,
died earlier this year, and authorised me to publish details of our conversations. Just tell the truth, he said during our last interview in
June 2014.)
When I frst met him in 2009, he was poring over transcripts of recordings that had been made at two secret meetings in Zabadani, near
Damascus, in the spring of that year. The attendees included senior Iraqi Baathists who had taken refuge in Damascus since their patron
Saddam was ousted, Syrian military intelligence ofcers, and senior fgures in what was then known as al-Qaida in Iraq. The Syrians had
developed links to the jihadists since the earliest days of the anti-US insurgency and had used them to unsettle the Americans and their
plans for Iraq.
By early in 2004/05, Islamic elements, jihadists and disenfranchised Baathists were starting to get together, said Ali Khedery, the
former adviser to American ambassadors and senior commanders in Bagdhad. They were naturally disciplined, well organised people
who knew the lay of the land. And over time, some folks who were Baathists became more and more Islamist and the insurgency raged. By
2007, General [David] Petraeus was saying there was crystal clear intelligence of cooperation between Syrian military intelligence and the
jihadists. Though the motivations never really aligned 100%.
In our conversations, Abu Ahmed emphasised the Syrian connection to Iraqs insurgency. The mujahideen all came through Syria, he
said. I worked with many of them. Those in Bucca had fown to Damascus. A very small number had made it from Turkey, or Iran. But
most came to Iraq with the help of the Syrians.
The supply line was viewed by Iraqi ofcials as an existential threat to Iraqs government and was the main source of the poisonous
relationship between Nouri al-Maliki, then Iraqs prime minister, and Bashar al-Assad. Maliki had become convinced early in the civil war
that Assad was trying to undermine his regime as a way to embarrass the Americans, and the evidence he saw in 2009 from the meeting in
Damascus took his loathing of the Syrian leader to a whole new level.
We had a source in the room wearing a wire, at the meeting in Zabadani, General Kamal told me at the time. He is the most sensitive
source we have ever had. As far as we know, this is the frst time there has been a strategic level meeting between all of these groups. It
marks a new point in history.
The Baathists present led the meeting. Their aim, according to General Kamals source, was to launch a series of spectacular attacks in
Baghdad and thereby undermine Malikis Shia-majority government, which had for the frst time begun to assert some order in post-civil
war Iraq. Until then, al-Qaida in Iraq and the Baathists had been ferce ideological enemies, but the rising power of the Shias and their
backers in Iran brought them together to plan a major strike on the capital.
By July 2009, the Interior Ministry had increased security at all checkpoints across the Tigris river into Baghdad, making a commute at
any time of day even more insuferable than normal. And then General Kamal received a message from his source in Syria. The extra
security at the bridges had been spotted by the attack plotters, he said. New targets were being chosen, but he didnt know what they were,
or when they would be hit. For the next two weeks, Kamal worked well into the evening in his fortifed ofce in the southern suburb of
Arasat, before being sped by armoured convoy across the July 14 Bridge which had been a target only days earlier to his home inside
the Green Zone.
For the rest of the month, General Kamal spent several hours each scorching night sweating it out on a treadmill, hoping that the exercise
would clear his head and get him ahead of the attackers. I may be losing weight, but Im not fnding the terrorists, he told me during our
last conversation before the attackers fnally struck. I know theyre planning something big.
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2006 when he was the leader of al-Qaida in Iraq.Photograph: AP
On the morning of 19 August, the frst of three fat-bed trucks carrying three large 1000-litre water tanks, each flled with explosives,
detonated on an overpass outside the Finance Ministry in south-eastern Baghdad. The blast sent a rumble across the Emerald City, raising
desert soil that caked homes brown, and sending thousands of pigeons scattering through the sky. Three minutes later, a second
enormous bomb blew up outside the Foreign Ministry on the northern edge of the Green Zone. Shortly after that, a third blast hit a police
convoy near the Finance Ministry. More than 101 people were killed and nearly 600 wounded; it was one of the deadliest attacks in the
six-year-old Iraqi insurgency.
I failed, Kamal told me that day. We all failed. Within hours, he was summoned to meet Maliki and his security chiefs. The prime
minister was livid. He told me to present what I had to the Syrians, Kamal later said. We arranged with Turkey to act as a mediator and
I few to Ankara to meet with them. I took this fle he tapped a thick white folder on his desk and they could not argue with what we
showed them. The case was completely solid and the Syrians knew it. Ali Mamlouk [the head of Syrian general security] was there. All he
did was look at me smiling and say I will not recognise any ofcial from a country that is under US occupation. It was a waste of time.
Iraq recalled its ambassador to Damascus, and Syria ordered its envoy to Baghdad home in retaliation. Throughout the rest of the year,
and into early 2010, relations between Maliki and Assad remained toxic.
In March 2010, Iraqi forces, acting on a US tip, arrested an Islamic State leader named Munaf Abdul Rahim al-Rawi, who was revealed to
be one of the groups main commanders in Baghdad, and one of the very few people who had access to the groups then leader, Abu Omar
al-Baghdadi. Al-Rawi talked. And in a rare moment of collaboration, Iraqs three main intelligence bodies, including General Kamals
Intelligence Division, conspired to get a listening device and GPS location tracker in a fower box delivered to Abu Omars hideout.
After it was confrmed that Abu Omar and his deputy, Abu Ayub al-Masri, were present at a house six miles south-west of Tikrit, it was
attacked in a US-led raid. Both men detonated suicide vests to avoid being captured. Messages to Osama bin Laden and Ayman alZawahiri were found on a computer inside the house. Much like Bin Ladens safe house in Pakistan, where he would be killed a little more
than a year later, Abu Omars hideout had no internet connections or telephone lines all important messages were carried in and out by
only three men. One of them was Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.
Abu Bakr was a messenger for Abu Omar, Abu Ahmed told me. He became the closest aide to him. The messages that got to Osama bin
Laden were sometimes drafted by him and their journey always started with him. When Abu Omar was killed, Abu Bakr was made leader.
That time we all had in Bucca became very important again.
The deaths of Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayub al-Masri were a serious blow to Isis, but the roles they had vacated were quickly flled
by the alumni of Camp Bucca whose upper echelons had begun preparing for this moment since their time behind the wire of their jail in
southern Iraq. For us it was an academy, Abu Ahmed said, but for them the senior leaders it was a management school. There
wasnt a void at all, because so many people had been mentored in prison.
When [the civil war in] Syria became serious, he continued, it wasnt difcult to transfer all that expertise to a diferent battle zone. The
Iraqis are the most important people on the military and Shura councils in Isis now, and that is because of all of those years preparing for
such an event. I underestimated Baghdadi. And America underestimated the role it played in making him what he is.
***
Abu Ahmed remains a member of Isis; he is active in the groups operations in both Iraq and Syria. Throughout our discussions, he
portrayed himself as a man reluctant to stay with the group, and yet unwilling to risk any attempt to leave.
Life with Isis means power, money, wives and status all attractive lures for young frebrands with a cause - but it also means killing and
dominating for a worldview in which he no longer believes so fervently. He said hundreds of young men like him, who were drawn to a
Sunni jihad after the US invasion, do not believe that the latest manifestation of the decade-long war remains true to its origins.
Iraqi detainees sleeping outside their tents in Camp Bucca, Iraq.Photograph: David Furst/AFP/Getty Images
The biggest mistake I made is to join them, Abu Ahmed said, but added that leaving the group would mean that he and his family would
certainly be killed. Staying and enforcing the groups brutal vision, despite partially disavowing it, does not trouble Abu Ahmed, who sees
himself as having few other options.
Its not that I dont believe in Jihad, he said. I do, he continued, his voice trailing away. But what options do I have? If I leave, I am
dead.
The arc of his involvement with what is now the worlds most menacing terrorist group mirrors many others who now hold senior
positions in the group: frst a battle against an invading army, then a score to be settled with an ancient sectarian foe, and now, a war that
could be acting out an end of days prophecy.
In the world of the Bucca alumni, there is little room for revisionism, or refection. Abu Ahmed seems to feel himself swept along by events
that are now far bigger than him, or anyone else.
There are others who are not ideologues, he said, referring to senior Isis members close to Baghdadi. People who started out in Bucca,
like me. And then it got bigger than any of us. This cant be stopped now. This is out of the control of any man. Not Baghdadi, or anyone
else in his circle.
Martin Chulov covers the Middle East for the Guardian. He has reported from the region since 2005. Additional reporting by Salaam
Riazk
Follow the Long Read on Twitter: @gdnlongread
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ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of Varied Media - NYTimes.com
MIDDLE EAST | ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of Varied Media
ISIS Onslaught Engulfs

Assyrian Christians as
Militants Destroy Ancient
Art
Spain Arrests 8 on Suspicion They

Fought in Ukraine
OPEN SOURCE
Historians Pore Over ISIS

Video of Smashed Statues
for Clues to Whats Been...
Obam
Jewish
MIDDLE EAST
ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of

Varied Media
By SCOTT SHANE and BEN HUBBARD
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AUG. 30, 2014
The extremists who have seized large

parts of Syria and Iraq have riveted
the worlds attention with their
military prowess and unrestrained
brutality. But Western intelligence
services are also worried about their
extraordinary command of seemingly
less lethal weapons: state-of-the-art
videos, ground images shot from
drones and multilingual Twitter
messages.
ISIS, the Islamic State in Iraq and

Syria, is using every contemporary
mode of messaging to recruit fghters,
intimidate enemies and promote its
claim to have established a caliphate,
a unifed Muslim state run according
to a strict interpretation of Islamic
law. If its bigotry and beheadings
seem to come from a distant century,
its use of media is up to the moment.
Try a Times digital subscription for 99
PLAY VIDEO
Footage From an ISIS Drone

August 30, 2014.
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le:///C|/U...K/Desktop/Backupan/ISIS%20Displaying%20a%20Deft%20Command%20of%20Varied%20Media%20-%20NYTimes.com.htm[4/25/2015 2:12:51 PM]
A review of its prodigious output in

print and online reveals a number
of
Go Unlimited.
Unlimited
includes NYTimes.com
on any
device, plus your
surprises.
ISISaccess
propaganda,
for
RELATED COVERAGE
of our few
smartphone
instance, haschoice
strikingly
calls foror tablet apps. Or both.
A Rogue State Along Two Rivers
attacks on the West, even though
its
TRY IT FOR 99
JULY 3, 2014
most notorious video, among
Americans, released 12 days ago,
showed the beheading of the American
journalist James Foley, threatened
ISIS Attacks Against Assyrian
Christians JUNE 12, 2014
another American hostage, and said
that American attacks on ISIS would
result in the bloodshed of Americans.
This diverged from nearly all of ISISs
Times Topic: Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
varied output, which promotes its
paramount goal: to secure and expand
the Islamic state. Experts say that
could change overnight, but for now it
sharply distinguishes ISIS from Al Qaeda, which has long made attacks
on the West its top priority.
An image posted on Twitter Friday by ISIS supporters shows a suicide bomb attack.
And while ISIS may be built on bloodshed, it seems intent on
demonstrating the bureaucratic acumen of the state that it claims to be

building. Its two annual reports so far are replete with a sort of jihadiststyle bookkeeping, tracking statistics on everything from cities taken
over and knife murders committed by ISIS forces to checkpoints set
up and even apostates repented.
ISIS media frames its campaign in epochal terms, mounting a frontal
assault on the national divisions and boundaries in the Middle East
drawn by Western powers after World War I. These Crusader
partitions and their modern Arab leaders, ISIS argues in its Englishlanguage magazine, were a divide-and-conquer strategy intended to
prevent Muslims from unifying under one imam carrying the banner of
truth.
That sense of historical grievance is an old theme for Al Qaeda and more
moderate Islamist groups. The diference is that by capturing expansive
territory and heavy weaponry, and fush with wealth from kidnappings,
oil piracy, bank robbery and extortion, ISIS claims to have taken a
major frst step toward righting what it sees as this ancient wrong,
creating a unifed Muslim state that will subsume existing nations.
ISIS carefully tailors its recruiting pitch, sending starkly diferent
messages to Muslims in the West and to those closer to home. But the
image of unstoppable, implacable power animates all of its messaging.
The pitch is efective. The militant rebellion in Syria and Iraq has drawn
as many as 2,000 Westerners, including perhaps 100 Americans, and
many thousands more from the Middle East and elsewhere, though
some have returned home. Experts believe most of those remaining
today are fghting with ISIS.
The overriding point is that success
breeds success, said Emile Nakhleh,
a former C.I.A. analyst. The
perception of quick victories and
territory and weapons and bases
means they dont need to try hard to
recruit.
PLAY
VIDEO
| 1:24
ISIS Goals for Iraq and Syria

Background on ISIS, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Video by Christian Roman on June 30,
2014. Photo by Reuters.
For two decades, Mr. Nakhleh said, Osama bin Laden talked about reestablishing the caliphate, but he never claimed to have done it. Young
people look at ISIS and say, By gosh, theyre doing it! They see the
videos with fghters riding on big tanks. They see that ISIS has money,
he said.
Before ISIS captured the Iraqi city of Mosul in June, other factions
fghting in Syria were attracting European recruits, said Thomas
Schmidinger, a political scientist from Vienna University. But since the
fall of Mosul, nearly everyone is going to ISIS, he said.
In the evolution of modern jihadist propaganda, Bin Laden, addressing
a single static camera with long-winded rhetoric in highly formal Arabic,
represented the frst generation. (His videos had to be smuggled to Al
Jazeera or another television network to be aired.) The most prominent
fgure of the second generation was the YouTube star Anwar al-Awlaki,
the American-born cleric killed in a drone strike in Yemen in 2011, who
addressed Westerners in colloquial English, had a blog and Facebook
page and helped produce a full-color, English-language magazine called
Inspire.
ISIS is online jihad 3.0. Dozens of Twitter accounts spread its message,
and it has posted some major speeches in seven languages. Its videos
borrow from Madison Avenue and Hollywood, from combat video
games and cable television dramas, and its sensational dispatches are
echoed and amplifed on social media. When its accounts are blocked,
new ones appear immediately. It also uses services like JustPaste to
publish battle summaries, SoundCloud to release audio reports,

Instagram to share images and WhatsApp to spread graphics and
videos.
They are very adept at targeting a young audience, said John G.
Horgan, a psychologist at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell who
has long studied terrorism. Theres an urgency: Be part of something
thats bigger than yourself and be part of it now. Fawaz A. Gerges, a
professor at the London School of Economics and the author of The Far
Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global, said ISIS had so far consistently
focused on what militants call the near enemy leaders of Muslim
countries like Bashar al-Assad of Syria and not the far enemy of the
United States and Europe.
The struggle against the Americans and the Israelis is distant, not a
priority, he said. It has to await liberation at home.
PLAY
VIDEO
| 2:46
A Canadians Pitch for

ISIS
Al-Hayat Media Center, an afliate of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria that ofers mostly nonArabic material geared toward Westerners, released a video featuring a martyred Canadian.
July 15, 2014.
Al Qaeda has often stressed the advantage to the terrorist network of

supporters who hold Western passports and can attack in their
countries. But a common public rite of passage for new recruits to ISIS
is tearing up or burning their passports, signifying a no-going-back
commitment to the Islamic state.
One polished ISIS video features a Canadian recruit named Andre
Poulin urging North American Muslims to follow him and even to
bring their families. Youd be very well taken care of here, he said in
the video. Your families would live here in safety, just like how it is
back home. You know we have expanses of territory here in Syria.
In another English-language video
pitch, a British fghter identifed as
Brother Abu Bara al-Hindi poses the
call to jihad as a test for comfortable
Westerners. Are you willing to
sacrifce the fat job youve got, the big
car, the family? he asks. Despite such
luxuries, he says, Living in the West,
I know how you feel in the heart
you feel depressed. The Prophet
Muhammad, he declares, said, The
cure for depression is jihad.
Such appeals provoke curiosity, and
British fghters have answered hundreds of questions about joining ISIS
on Ask.fm, a website, including what type of shoes to bring and whether
toothbrushes are available. When asked what to do upon arriving in
Turkey or Syria, the fghters often casually reply, Kik me, referring to
the instant messenger for smartphones, and continue the discussion in
private.
The English-language videos do not soft-pedal the dangers of the fght;
the video of Mr. Poulin, for instance, shows and celebrates his death in
battle. But the message to English speakers is nonetheless far softer than
the Arabic-language videos, which linger on enemy corpses and show
handcufed prisoners casually machine-gunned.
The message, said Mr. Gerges, is blunt: Get out of the way or you will
be crushed; join our caravan and make history.
Instead of emphasizing jihad as a means of personal
fulfllment, the Arabic media production portrays it as duty
for all Muslims. It faunts violence toward its foes, especially
Shiites and the Iraqi and Syrian security services, while
portraying the killing as just vengeance.
A recent hourlong ISIS documentary opens with video shot
from a drone over Falluja in Iraq and then over a convoy of
ISIS gun trucks heading of to battle. A voice-over says that
the Islamic state is expanding and that Jerusalems Aqsa
mosque is only a stones throw away.

The most recent cover of an
ISIS magazine, which includes
coverage of James Foley, the
murdered American journalist.
In a later scene, a fghter holding a rife and his passport

mocks his home country, Bahrain, for threatening to
withdraw citizenship from those who fght jihad abroad.
Dont you know that you, your citizenship, your laws, your
constitutions and your threats are under our feet? the fghter
says. Dont you know that we are the soldiers of the Islamic State in
Iraq and Syria and that our state will expand until it removes the
thrones that you sold your religion for?
Nowhere in the hourlong production full of threats, drive-by
shootings, explosions and gunfghts does an ISIS fghter mention the
United States or directly mention or threaten Israel, apart from the
allusion to the Aqsa mosque.
Hassan Hassan, a Syrian analyst with the Delma Institute in Abu Dhabi,
said that ISIS portrays itself as restoring idealized eras of earlier Islamic
history in a way that resonates with many of the regions Muslims.
ISIS tries to refect an image of being the continuation of the
system of the caliphate, he said. In peoples minds, the
caliphate is about victory and dignity of Muslims. A caliph is a
defender of Muslims against the enemies from within and
without.
ISIS emphasis on strict implementation of Islamic law also
draws support, he said, as does its portrayal of its battle in
staunchly sectarian terms.
A graphic from an ISIS annual

report that details its military
Many of the regions

Sunnis have deep
sympathy for any force that
can challenge the Iraqi or
attacks by type, part of the

groups varied media strategy.
Syrian governments, which

they feel have oppressed
Sunnis.
ISIS is the group that is capable of

hitting these governments security
forces and loyalists, and that has
massive appeal, Mr. Hassan said.
The State Departments Center for Strategic Counterterrorism
Communications has stepped up its eforts to counter ISIS propaganda,
publishing a steady stream of ISIS horror tales on Facebook and
Twitter, using the hashtag #ThinkAgainTurnAway.
For now, it seems an uphill climb. Last week, an ISIS fghter calling
himself Abu Turaab wrote on Twitter, For those who want to come but
are facing obstacles, be patient and keep the desire for Jihad alive
within you always.
The State Department account replied, ISIS recruits 2 choices: commit
atrocities & die as criminals, get nabbed and waste lives in prison. As of
Friday, Abu Turaabs comment had been named as a favorite 32 times .
The count for the State Departments response: Zero.
Correction: September 8, 2014
An earlier version of a picture caption with this article referred
incorrectly to the Twitter account where a photograph of an ISIS
suicide bombing was posted. The account is controlled by ISIS
supporters, not by ISIS itself.
Scott Shane reported from Baltimore, and Ben Hubbard from Baghdad. Kimiko de
Freytas-Tamura contributed reporting from London, and Melissa Eddy from Berlin.
A version of this article appears in print on August 31, 2014, on page A1 of the New York edition with the
headline: ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of Varied Media. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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In an incredible scoop,the Guardian's Martin Chulov interviewed a senior leader

ofISIS one who came up through the ranks with the group's top leader Abu Bakr
al-Baghdadi. The single most interesting quote from the ISIS leader, whom Chulov
refers to as Abu Ahmed, is quite disturbing: he credits the group's rise, in large part,
to American prison camps during the Iraq war, which he says gave him and other
jihadist leaders an invaluable forum to meet one another and to plan their later rise.
Attackers hack American blogger to death in
Bangladesh
"HERE, WE WERE NOT ONLY SAFE, BUT WE WERE ONLY A FEW HUNDRED
METERS AWAY FROM THE ENTIRE AL-QAEDA LEADERSHIP"
Associated Press
Abu Ahmed was imprisoned in a US-run detention center in southern Iraq called
Camp Bucca in 2004. That's where he met al-Baghdadi, among others who would
later form ISIS. According to Ahmed, Baghdadi managed to trick the US Army into
thinking he was a peacemaker, all the while building what would become ISIS right
under their noses:
CPAC shows how the GOPs 2016 strategy
"He was respected very much by the US army," Abu Ahmed said. "Ifofheavoiding the MSM could backfre
Yahoo News
wanted to visit people in another camp he could, but we couldnt. And all the
while, a new strategy, which he was leading, was rising under their noses,
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/ISIS%20leader%20%20'If%20there%20was%20no%20American%20prison%20in%20Iraq,%20there%20would%20be%20no%20ISIS'%20-%20Yahoo%20News.htm[4/25/2015 2:13:18 PM]
and that was to build the Islamic State. If there was no American prison in
Iraq, there would be no IS now. Bucca was a factory. It made us all. It built
our ideology."
When they entered the US-run prison, Baghdadi and many of the others were
members of small Sunni militia groups. But the organizing space allowedAntarctica
them to 'Penguin Post Offce' Job Attracts
Record Number of Applicants
unify under the name al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), led at the time by Abu Musab
alGood Morning America
Zarqawi.
"We could never have all got together like this in Baghdad, or anywhere else," Abu
Ahmed says, sounding almost grateful to the Americans."It would have been
impossibly dangerous. Here, we were not only safe, but we were only a few hundred
meters away from the entire al-Qaeda leadership."
United
Airlines Offcials Highlight 'NearLater, after Zarqawi was killed, and AQI's near-total defeat at the hands of
a Sunni
Misses' in Safety Message to Pilots
uprising and the American surge, Baghdadi and his compatriots rebuilt the
group
Good Morning America
under theISIS banner. Their network organized partially out of US-run detention
centers has played a key role in that. The Iraqi government, Chulov reports, estimates
that "17 of the 25 most important Islamic State leaders running the war in Iraq and
Syria spent time in US prisons between 2004 and 2011."
In other words: without theIraq war and American prisons there meant to detain
possible terrorists, ISIS as we know it wouldn't exist.
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Ismail Yusanto: Ini Pandangan Hizbut Tahrir Terhadap Syiah | Alhikmah
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Wawancara khusus, wartawan Alhikmah Pipin Nurullah dengan Juru Bicara Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) ihwal
sikap HTI terhadap Syiah
ALHIKMAH.CO Gerakan syiah menjadi perbincangan hangat kembali baru-baru ini akibat ulah pendukungnya
menyerang kampung ustadz Arifn Ilham Pembina Majelis Dzikir Az Zikra. Beberapa Ulama berkumpul menyatakan
sikap, bahkan Ahad (22/2/2015) para habaib, ulama NU, dan lembaga- lembaga Islam berkumpul dalam tabligh akbar
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Di tempat terpisah, di Yogyakarta, saat Kongres Umat Islam Indonesia (KUII) berlangsung, kepada Alhikmah, salah satu
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terhadap syiah.
Hizbut Tahrir sebagaimana umat Islam, berpegang teguh pada akidah Islam, yakni Arkanul Islam. Barangsiapa yang tidak
beriman kepada salah satu rukun iman itu, maka ia telah keluar dari Islam. Siapa pun, tanpa harus kita sebut, mereka sudah
keluar dari Islam, kata Ismail Yusanto.
Mereka yang mengatakan bahwa Al Quran sekarang ini belum genap, masih ada di Lauhil Mahfudz, apalagi sampai
mengatakan nabi keliru. Kan gitu, sebagian umat syiah merasa nabi keliru karena tidak menyampaikan pesan yang sudah
ditetapkan Allah tentang kewalian, kepemimpinan Ali bin Abi Thalib. Kemudian mengecam para sahabat juga. Sikap kita
tegas mengatakan siapa saja yang seperti itu, bukan Islam, kalau Syiah seperti itu berarti mereka bukan Islam, tegasnya.
Ismail Yusanto pun menyitir kitab Shakshiah Islamiyyah jilid II yang secara khusus mengkritik pendapat syiah. Mereka
itukan dibangun oleh satu paradigma inti, yaitu tentang kepemimpinan Ali, mereka membangun itu dengan
mengembangkan dalil hadits Ghadir khum, sejumlah ayat yang ditafsirkan secara paksa untuk menunjukkan kewalian Ali,
pendapat-pendapat itu dibantah Hizbut Tahrir di dalam kitab Syaksiyah tersebut, tambahnya.
Dalam kitab resmi HT tersebut, Ismail menyebutkan bahwa Nabi tidak pernah menunjuk Ali sebagai pemimpin setelah
beliau. Apalagi kemudian sekarang ini, Syiah itu melakukan konspirasi dengan kekuatan negara-negara dari timur atau
barat untuk memerangi umat Islam, seperti yang terjadi di Suriah, jadi secara politik mereka juga bermasalah, membela
Assad. Bahkan, kita menilai bahwa revolusi Iran itu adalah revolusi yang didesain bersama CIA, jadi itu pandangan lama
dan baru kemudian baru diungkap akhir-akhir ini, tegas Ismail.
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Hizbut Tahrir sebagaimana umat Islam, berpegang teguh pada akidah Islam, yakni Arkanul Islam.
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'Israel has the opportunity to win the hearts of all Syrians' | The Times of Israel
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Home > Israel & the Region

EXCLUSIVE
Israel has the opportunity to

win the hearts of all Syrians
FSA commander tells The Times of Israel that the IDF should establish
anti-Assad no-fy zone, West not providing moderates with defensive
weapons
BY ELHANAN MILLER
Recommend
September 16, 2014, 10:33 pm
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Illustrative photo of a Syrian rebel sitting behind an anti-aircraft weapon, February 8, 2013 (photo credit: AP/Abdullah alYassin)
le:///C|/U...CKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/'Israel%20has%20the%20opportunity%20to%20win%20the%20hearts%20of%20all%20Syrians'%20_%20The%20Times%20of%20Israel.htm[4/25/2015 2:14:58 PM]
WRITERS
Elhanan Miller
Elhanan Miller is the Arab
affairs reporter for The
Times of Israel
Israel stands to lose the popular support it gained among the Syrian
population of the Golan Heights because it has beenallowing Assad
regime aircraft to bomb opposition-held villages near the border in
recent days, a Free Syrian Army commander told The Times of Israel
on Tuesday, voicing dismay at the Wests reluctance to provide the
moderate opposition with basic means of self-defense.
In recent days President Bashar AssadsSyrian Army has intensifed
its airstrikes against villages along the Israeli border, captured by the
opposition over the past few weeks. According to the London-based
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, on Tuesday regime aircraft
bombarded Syrian villages in the northern and central Golan Heights,
including Ovania, Jubata al-Khashab, Turnejeh, Bir Ajam, Masharah
and al-Breiqa.
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Someof those
villages are located
within the buffer zone
along the border with
Israel, where no
Syrian military
presence is allowed
under the Agreement
on Disengagement
between Israel and
Syria of May 1974,
signed following the
Yom Kippur War.
Syrian oppositionists
in the area have said that Israels reluctance to enforce the agreement
against the regimes army is tantamount to collaborating with Assad
against the opposition.
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THE TIMES OF ISRAEL

CURRENT TOP STORIES
The Assad army has almost collapsed [in the area] and we are
making very good progress. The only thing stopping our advance is
the aircraft strikes, the feld commander, who refused to reveal his
identity, told The Times of Israel. He said that Syrian villagers who had
taken refuge in camps within the buffer zone have been targeted by
regime MiG fghter jets and helicopters dropping barrel bombs.
Israel consistently responds to fre penetrating its borders, attacking

Assad regime targets, but refrains when shells or missiles land inside
Syrian territory.
Israel, the commander said, should impose a no-fy area over the
buffer zone and allow the moderate opposition fghters to continue
eastward, toward Damascus.
Israel could down any plane above that area and no one would blame
it, he continued. Refraining from doing this means collaborating with
the Assad gang in our murder.
We are at a historic crossroads. Israel has the opportunity to win the
hearts of all Syrians, whom the entire world has forsaken, he went on.
If you get rid of this gang, your border will be protected. No one will
even think of attacking you. People here are sick and tired of wars.
A spokeswoman for the Israel Defense Forces told The Times of Israel
that the fghting in Syria is an internal Syrian matter and would offer
no explanation for Israels disinclinationto respond to infractions in the
buffer zone.
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Since the capture of FSA commander Sharif as-Safouri by the alQaeda affliate al-Nusra Front in July, Israel has reduced the number
of injured Syrian opposition fghters received for medical treatment,
the commander said. Safouri, the commander of Al-Haramein Brigade,
was the main coordinator of medical treatment with Israeli authorities.
Three injured Syrian FSA fghters have been awaiting treatment in
Israel for two months, with no Israeli response. Syrian civilians being
injured daily have limited access to Israel as well, he added.
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Israeli soldiers escort a wounded Syrian patient into a secret military feld hospital in the
Golan Heights. (photo credit: screen capture, Channel 2)
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The commander would like to see a permanent mechanism in place
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I would like to arrive at the border crossing and have my injured men
treated in Israel immediately. This would change public opinion toward
Israel, he said.
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Before a Heart Attack
No more than 150 fghters belonging to al-Nusra Front are present

along the Syrian border with Israel, the commander asserted, claiming
that more Islamists are based further east, in the Daraa province. The
border area, including the Quneitra crossing, is being held by
moderate opposition groups, he asserted.
He described the collaboration between his forces and the Nusra
jihadists as tactical, with coordination existing only in military activity,
not in strategy.
Yaalon scolds ministers

for Protective Edge
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When a battle begins, they take one target and we take the others,
he said.
Assad atrocities outstrip

Islamic State in Syria,
UN panel says
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Limited cooperation with al-Nusra Front
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allowing injured rebel fghters to enter Israel for treatment without

delay.
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But while the moderate Syrian fghters on the Golan are willing to
cooperate with al-Nusra in battle, they are wary of extremist ideology
infuencing the population, especially the younger generation.
Will You Sufer a Fatal

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Online Test Here.
Al-Nusra Front receives much support. Most of our children have

joined it. But if [material] support for us increases, we will be able to
draw our children into our own units and protect them from extremist
ideology.
Even without such support, the Free Syrian Army has forbidden its
fghters to attend sermons and religious classes delivered by al-Nusra
Front members. One such Friday sermon, delivered last month at a
mosque in the city of al-Breiqa, was attended by a number of FSA
fghters who refused to come the following week when learning the
speaker was a sheikh from al-Nusra Front.
The FSA even established its own shariacourt to try fghters who
have sinned based on Islamic law, to compete with similar religious
courts set up by al-Nusra.
What's This?
LATEST ARTICLES
NEWS
3:15 PM
West still reluctant to provide quality weapons

Despite US President Barack Obamas pledge to ramp up American
support for the moderate Syrian opposition, the commander said that
military aid obtained through the Military Operations Command
(MOC) center in Amman, Jordan remains limited.
The United States, the UK, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE which man
the command center adamantly refuse to provide anti-aircraft
weaponry to the Free Syrian Army. The center provides ammunition,
Denmark shooting
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2:52 PM
Most of al-Nusras commanders are foreigners, he said. Once we

fnish with the Alawite regime [of Bashar Assad], we will not let them
[the foreign fghters] stay in Syria.
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fnancial support, and small arms training to the rebels. The fghters
have also received TOW and Konkurs anti-tank missiles, but he said
those were distributed stingily.
cables hardly
contradict Netanyahu
I
Ayelet Tsabari wins

Sami Rohr Prize...
Start a blog
We only got one launcher and 10 missiles per unit of 50 men, he

complained.
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READ MORE ON: Free Syrian Army, Jubata Al-Khashab, anti-aircraft missiles, Golan Heights, Syrian fre on the
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COMMENTS ON THIS ARTICLE

34 comments
Report inappropriate comments
Posting as Yoppie
Comment
Ramy Al
Top Commenter Itaer
I know that this site is a racist and anti-islamist shithole. But I'm talking to who considers all human
beings equal, regardless of their religion/race. Do you think that what Assad's regime did to civilians
is ok?
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=syrian+army+torture
I'm talking to who cares about the Syrian population; probably to no one.
Reply Like Follow Post Edited September 21, 2014 at 8:47pm
Zak Goichman
Follow
Top Commenter
Many in Israel sympathize with the rebels who don't hate Israel.
And you should know already that the Israeli govt is working behind the scenes to help
the moderate rebels.
1 September 23, 2014 at 8:17pm
Reply Like
openid (signed in using AOL)
How about this instead "Syria has the opportunity to win the hearts of all Israelis" by denouncing the
hatred against Jews and Israel inculcated in them since childhood that pervades their society; by
actively making reparations for over 60 years of war against Israel, by proving that the state of war
against Israel is over, etc. Til then, no thanks; no need to get involved in your fratricidal, civil wars.
Reply Like Follow Post September 19, 2014 at 6:09am
Jan Burton
Top Commenter Centennial College
Assad keeps the Golan quiet at the price of supporting Hezbollah.

The rebels will ensure that Israel will soon have Afghanistan as a neighbour. Oh and the rebels are
Sunni - just like the Palestinians. So who do you think they'll seek to "liberate" next?
Tamar Alexander
Top Commenter
Israel need not take any part in the war in Syria. WE had enough of that in Lebanon those people are
not to be trusted. They will cooperate until they can stab us in the back.
4 Follow Post September 18, 2014 at 1:28am
Reply Like
salingd (signed in using yahoo)
People who have taught their children from kindergarden to hate Jews, will always hate Jews. Even
the ones we patch up in our Hospitals.
Reply Like
5 Follow Post September 18, 2014 at 12:57am
Ibrahim Bekta
Top Commenter
hahaha These People dont have a Plan since (3 years, 6 months and 2 days) . These so called
Moderate Rebels are in fact non-moderate Rebels, they worked with the Islamic Sate before, now
they work with Jabhat Al Nusra, which is on the terror lists in many Western Countries. The Free
Syrian Army is the weakest Group in these Confict, they are unorganized local units with no similar
Agendas or Goals. I mean these Guys, start these year in May their Campaign to convince the
Kurds and the Druze to fght with them against IS or Assad. The Druze heard what they say and dont
agreed or disagreed with them. The Kurds which had a long Frontline with the Terrorists Islamic
State agreed only to attack the Islamic state but not the Syrian Army. The Biggest Question was
always were where they the last 3 years ??? Pragmatic non-moderate Rebels at their best.
Reply Like
2 Follow Post September 17, 2014 at 10:27pm
David Tan Hock San
Top Commenter University of Western Sydney (UWS)
It is better to have ASSAD Regime back for Israel.. the reason is very simple.... ASSAD regime
supports Christians... Do not go down into their deceptions. In fact, it is now time for Israel to provide
ASSAD regime with more info about these jihadists. Israel is safer with ASSAD back in power,
simply because you all know this regime.
Reply Like
Jernst V. Zondel
Top Commenter Bewunderung Universitat
Blessed be Yisrael-Syria fur ihmer ahmein, ahmein, ahmein! O may Hashem G-ttYisrael end ze zivil
var ein day in favor ov Hiz compazzion fur innozent zivilians, ahmein, ahmein, ahmein!
Reply Like
John Katz

Top Commenter Florida Southern College
I'm all for cautiously extended a hand for peace--who knows, maybe we could gain some goodwill.
But I wouldn't count on it. Tread carefully, help those who wish to be allies, but watch out for the
backstab.
Of course, maybe I'm biased a bit because it appears they have Syrian Elvis on their team.
Gene Eology
Top Commenter
One sentence for all this bullsh-t in Syria,,,,,,, Dick Cheney, Israeli/U.S. oil conglomerate AFEK, 10
new oil wells in the Golan Heights and Israelis/settlers getting ready for the ski season. To be
continued,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
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ISTANBUL: Syria rebels plead for U.S. help as Nusra, a former friend, goes on the attack | Syria | McClatchy DC
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Syria rebels plead for U.S. help as Nusra, a

former friend, goes on the attack
BY ROY GUTMAN AND MOUSAB ALHAMADEE
McClatchy Foreign Staff October 29, 2014
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ISTANBUL Al Qaidas Syrian affliate, the

Nusra Front, which has long been viewed by
that countrys rebels as an ally in the battle to
topple President Bashar Assad, has turned on
them in recent days, forcing the beleaguered
rebels into a three-front war that they say they
are sure to lose unless the United States
changes policy and sends them more
weapons.
RELATED STORIES:
Syrias other war: Rebels plead for U.S. military help as
Assad forces close on Aleppo
Open-air art display in D.C. meant to show plight of
Syrias refugees
Recalling a Syrian leader who helped jihadis grow
prominent in rebellion
Rebel-held towns in Syria protest U.S. bombing of al
Qaida affliate
Commanders warned Wednesday that

assaults this week by Nusra could cause the
collapse of rebel front lines, which already were under stress from fghting the Islamic State and the
Assad government.
We are defending our existence, said Gen. Muhammad Hallak of the Syrian Revolutionary Front,
le:///C|/U...ia%20rebels%20plead%20for%20U.S.%20help%20as%20Nusra,%20a%20former%20friend,%20goes%20on%20the%20attack%20_%20Syria%20_%20McClatchy%20DC.htm[4/25/2015 2:15:15 PM]
one of the rebel groups. Without more assistance from the U.S.-led coalition battling the Islamic
State, we will withdraw our forces from the front with the Islamic State and the regime and work
only to save ourselves.
Syrias anti-Assad rebels have been staunch defenders of Nusra, which the United States declared
a terrorist organization in late 2012, much to the dismay of the rebel leadership. In September, rebel
leaders denounced the U.S. decision to launch airstrikes on eight Nusra encampments as part of
the frst attacks on the Islamic State inside Syria.
While acknowledging Nusras al Qaida ties, rebel leaders have said that unlike the Islamic State,
Nusra appears dedicated to the downfall of Assad. Previously, the groups have coordinated militarily
with Nusra.
That appears to have changed in recent days, however. Rebel commanders said that for the past
two months, Nusra has been moving forces into towns and cities held by more moderate rebels in
western Syria. On Monday, Nusra fghters attacked seven villages in Jabal al Zawiya that were held
by rebel forces in addition to launching a major assault on Almastuma, a regime base at the
entrance to the city of Idlib.
Nusra also has attacked the U.S.-backed Hazm Movement in Aleppo this week, and it has launched
assaults on major rebel-held cities such as Maarat al Numan.
The (Nusra) operation in Idlib was a fake, Hallak said, referring to the Monday attack on
Almastuma, and then they turned on the Syrian Revolutionary Front. The revolutionary front, which
last January spearheaded a highly successful assault against the Islamic State in northeastern
Syria, is among a dozen rebel groups receiving U.S. aid through a covert CIA program.
Nusra on Wednesday issued a statement saying it was fghting a war against corruption and the
corrupt and said other Islamist groups were with it.
A second rebel commander warned that his forces may have to abandon the fght against the
Islamic State north of Aleppo in the current adverse circumstances.
We are the only group that has kept our fghters in full force on the front lines with the regime in the
north of Hama, said Capt. Mamoun Swaid, a military leader in the Haq front, which also receives
U.S. support. But the regime is already benefting from Nusras war against the Free Syrian Army.
Fierce government bombing raids Wednesday killed and wounded many of our fghters.
A third CIA-vetted commander said that the U.S.-led coalition had cut the fow of arms and
ammunition to a trickle and painted a dire image of the outcome should this not change.
We will fght with everything we have in our hands, said this commander, who asked not to be
identifed by name to protect his relationship with the U.S.-led weapons suppliers. If at the end we
fail, we will leave the country to Jabhat al Nusra, to the Islamic State and to the regime. . . . If we
dont have weapons and ammunition, how can we fght?
The fghting between Nusra and the rebel groups was a reminder that Syria remains a complex
battlefeld where at least two wars are being fought the U.S.-led one against the Islamic State and
the one to topple Assad.
At least 25 civilians died Wednesday and 20 were wounded, some seriously, when regime
helicopters dropped two improvised explosive devices flled with shrapnel over a tent camp for the
internally displaced in Abdin, a rural area south of Idlib, in northern Syria, the Smart News
opposition network reported Wednesday.
Meanwhile, a small contingent of Syrian rebels was reported to have arrived in Kobani on
Wednesday to join the battle against the Islamic State there. The precise number of rebel fghters
was unknown. A rebel who claimed to command the group, Abdul Jabbar al Akidi, told the
Cumhuriyet newspaper in Turkey that 200 fghters had arrived from Aleppo and Idlib province to
help the Kurdish defenders of Kobani fend off the Islamic State.
The new arrivals drove into Kobani from Turkey and appear to be backed by the Turkish
government.
Another 150 fghters from Iraqs Kurdish peshmerga militia, equipped with artillery and heavy
machine guns, were reported to have arrived near the Syrian border after traveling through Turkey.
They were expected to cross into Kobani late Wednesday and early Thursday.
Alhamadee is a McClatchy special correspondent. Email: rgutman@mcclatchydc.com; Twitter: @roygutmanmcc
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Posting as Yoppie
Comment
Robin Cohen
Top Commenter London, United Kingdom
How about the rest of the world helping?

2 Follow Post October 30, 2014 at 1:51pm
Reply Like
Ibrahim Bekta
Top Commenter
The Rebels showed today again that they are the weakest Force on the Ground. They choose the
worst of worst Allies but they knew all about their Friends, the whole World know how this
terrorists killed thousands of People in Iraq and Afghanistan before the War in Syria even started
but they did not care, and today they pay the price. After losing Raqqa and Deir Ez zor Area to the
Islamic State, their Moral was down, but now it is over.
1 Follow Post October 31, 2014 at 9:55pm
Reply Like
David Coker
Top Commenter Dallas
Guess what's going to happen next in the Mideast. The Zionist Plan for Israel is laid bare in "A
Strategy For Israel in the 1980's" Oded Yinon.
1 Follow Post November 8, 2014 at 6:24am
Reply Like
James Shipley
Top Commenter University of Maryland, College Park
the friend of my enemy is also my enemy.

Reply Like Follow Post November 8, 2014 at 9:21pm
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U.S. Policy to Counter

Nigeria's Boko Haram
Author: John Campbell, Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies
Overview
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The World Next Week: February 26,

2015
By Robert McMahon and James M. Lindsay
U.S. and Israel: The Manufactured

Crisis
By Elliott Abrams
The militant Islamist group Boko Haram's increasingly bold
attacks in Nigeriamost notably its April kidnapping of nearly
By April Longley Alley and Zachary Laub
three hundred female studentsthreaten to fuel further MuslimChristian violence and destabilize West Africa, making the group
a leading concern for U.S. policymakers, writes former U.S.
Ambassador to Nigeria John Campbell, CFR senior fellow for
Africa policy studies,in a new Council Special Report
fromtheCenter for Preventive Action(CPA).
A Conversation on National Security

and Reform With Chairman Mac
Thornberry
By Mac Thornberry and James Shinn
The Search for a Monetary-Policy

Wizard and Political Moral Hazard
By Robert E. Rubin
Download the Full Report
Boko Haram's proclamation that it has established an Islamic

caliphate has stoked global fears over the insurgents' rapid ascent
Order Print Copy
in Africa's most populous country ahead of the February 2015

national elections. Campbell, however, warns U.S. policymakers
Order Ebook
to resist characterizing Boko Haram as simply another foe in the

global war on terrorism, since the group's grievances are
Publisher
Council on Foreign Relations
Press
primarily local.
Release Date
November 2014
"The Boko Haram insurgency," Campbell explains, "is a direct
44 pages
ISBN 978-0-87609-610-9
Council Special Report No. 70
See More of the Most Recent
result of chronic poor governance by Nigeria's federal and state
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Action Update
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bimonthly snapshot of global hot spots with
expert analysis on ways to prevent and
mitigate deadly confict.
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governments, the political marginalization of northeastern
View the most recent enewsletter
Nigeria, and the region's accelerating impoverishment." Rather
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than fghting the militant group solely through military force, he
Share
argues, the U.S. and Nigerian governments must work together to
345
115
redress the alienation of Nigeria's Muslims.
CFR Blog: Politics, Power,

and Preventive Action
"Washington should follow a short-term strategy that presses
Micah Zenko covers the U.S. national

security debate.
le:///C|/U...NK/Desktop/Backupan/John%20Campbell%20%20U.S.%20Policy%20to%20Counter%20Nigeria's%20Boko%20Haram%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.htm[4/25/2015 2:15:25 PM]
Abuja to end its gross human rights abuses, conduct credible

national elections in 2015, and meet the immediate needs of
refugees and persons internally displaced by fghting in the northeast," Campbell continues.
He also recommends that the Obama administration revive plans to open a consulate in the
northern city of Kano in order to improve U.S. outreach to that region's predominantly
Obamas New ISIS Strategy: Refecting

Reality
Guest Post: The Unknown Limits of
Synthetic Biology
Muslim population.
Though the United States has "little leverage" over President Goodluck Jonathan's
You Might Have Missed: Drone

Exports, Somalia, and JFKs
Ordinary Mortals
government, Washington should "pursue a longer-term strategy to address the roots of

northern disillusionment, preserve national unity, and restore Nigeria's trajectory toward
democracy and the rule of law."
Subscribe to the Blog Feed
Campbell's long-term recommendations comprise:

supporting Nigerians working for human rights and democracy;
revoking U.S. visas held by Nigerians who promote ethnic and religious violence and
commit fnancial crimes; and
CFR Blog: Development

Channel
Issues and innovations in global economic
development.
UN Reports Rising Attacks on Girls

Education
encouraging Abuja to revamp the culture of its military and police.

Read U.S. Policy to Counter Nigeria's Boko Haram , a report from CFR's Center for
Preventive Action (CPA). CPA seeks to help prevent, defuse, or resolve deadly conficts
around the world.
Five Ways to Engage the Private

Sector in Countering Violent
Extremism
White House Summit Embraces
Womens Rights to Counter Violent
Extremism
Additional CFR resources on Nigeria and Boko Haram:

Nigeria Security Tracker, an interactive map monitoring violence in Nigeria
Global Confict Tracker, an interactive guide to U.S. confict prevention priorities
New Books
Backgrounder on Boko Haram
Intimate Rivals
by Sheila A. Smith
Africa in Transition, Campbell's blog on political and security developments across subSaharan Africa
Council Special Reports are concise policy briefs that provide timely responses to developing
crises or contribute to debates on current policy dilemmas. The reports are written by
individual authors in consultation with an advisory committee. The content of the reports is
the sole responsibility of the authors.
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an independent, nonpartisan membership
organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for its members,
Smith's insightful book

explores the policy issues
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an advancing China. More
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The
Author
John Campbell is the Ralph Bunche senior fellow for Africa policystudies at the Council on Foreign
Relations. The second edition ofhis book Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink was published in June 2013.
He writes the blog Africa in Transition and edits the Nigeria SecurityTracker on CFR.org. From 1975 to
2007, Campbell served as a U.S.Department of State Foreign Service ofcer. He served twice in Nigeria,as
The Emerging Global

Health Crisis:
Noncommunicable
Diseases in Low- and
Middle-Income Countries
Rates of heart disease, cancer,
diabetes, and other
noncommunicable diseases
(NCDs) in low- and middleincome countries are
increasing faster than in
wealthier countries. The
outlines a plan for collective
action on this growing
epidemic.
political counselor from 1988 to 1990, and as ambassador from2004 to 2007. Campbells additional
overseas postings include Lyon,Paris, Geneva, and Pretoria. He also served as deputy assistant secretaryfor
human resources, dean of the Foreign Service Institute'sSchool of Language Studies, and director of the
Ofce of UN PoliticalAfairs. Campbell received a BA and MA from the University ofVirginia and a PhD in
seventeenth-century English history from theUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison.
North America: Time for a

New Focus
This Independent Task Force
asserts that elevating and
prioritizing the U.S.-CanadaMexico relationship ofers the
best opportunity for
strengthening the United
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world.
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New Council Special

Reports
by John Campbell
Campbell evaluates the

implications of the Boko
Haram insurgency and
recommends that the United
States support Nigerian eforts
to address the drivers of Boko
Haram, such as poverty and
corruption, and to foster
stronger ties with Nigerian
civil society.
Strategic Stability in the

Second Nuclear Age
by Gregory D. Koblentz
Koblentz argues that the

United States should work
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nuclear stability in the near
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for multilateral arms control
eforts over the longer term.
Limiting Armed Drone

Proliferation
by Micah Zenko and Sarah
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The authors argue that it is

essential to begin working now
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Op-Ed
Op-Ed
Op-Ed
Boko Haram: Origins,

Challenges and Responses
Should the United States

Fear Boko Haram?
What's Behind Nigeria's

Escalating Bodycount?
Author: John Campbell
October 20, 2014
October 1, 2013
May 21, 2013
Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource

Centre
cnn.com
Atlantic Monthly
John Campbell explains Boko

Haram's presence in Nigeria and
potential implications for U.S.
foreign policy.
John Campbell examines

Nigeria's ongoing problems: an
Islamic insurgency, a security
crackdown, and sectarian clashes.
Poor governance and extreme

poverty has contributed to the rise
of Boko Haram, a radical Islamist
movement, in the northeast of
Nigeria. John...
Audio
Nigeria's Battle with Boko

Haram (Audio)
Speaker: John Campbell
Presider: Irina A. Faskianos
September 26, 2011
John Campbell, CFR's Ralph

Bunche senior fellow for Africa
policy studies, discusses the
recent escalation of violence by
Nigeria's radical...
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Home > Publication and Statistics > Major Statistics
(in thdousand persons, %)

Economically Active Population Survey
Economically
active population
Participation rate
No. of employed
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
24,394 24,748 25,099 25,501 25,873

60.8
61.0
61.1
61.3
61.5
23,506 23,829 24,244 24,681 25,066
Employment Rate 1)
58.6
58.7
59.1
59.4
59.5
- Male
70.1
70.1
70.5
70.8
70.8
- Female
47.7
47.8
48.1
48.4
48.8
- Youth 2)
40.5
40.3
40.5
40.4
39.7
- Aged3)
60.4
60.9
62.1
63.1
64.3
Employment Rate
62.9
63.3
63.8
64.2
64.4
- Male
73.6
73.9
74.5
74.9
74.9
- Female
52.2
52.6
53.1
53.5
53.9
(OECD standard)4)
1)
2)
3)
4)
Employment rate = (employed persons aged 15 and over/population aged 15 and over)x100
Youth : people aged 15~29
Aged : people aged 55~64
Employment Rate(OECD standard) = (employed people aged 15~64/population aged 15~64)x100
Source : National Statistical Offce (www.nso.go.kr) [Economically Active Population Survey]
(1) Minimum Wage

(per hour, in won, %, thousand persons)
Minimum Wage
Minimum Wage
Increase Rate
(year-on-year)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
4,000
4,110
4,320
4,580
4,860
5,210
6.1
2.75
5.1
6.0
6.1
7.2
15,882 16,103 16,479 17,048 17,510 17,734
No. of Workers applied
(2) Survey on Wages

(per month, in thousand won, %)
Survey on Wages
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2,636 (2.6) 2,816 (6.8) 2,844 (1.0) 2,995 (5.3) 3,111 (3.9)
Nominal wage
2,714 (-0.1) 2,816 (3.8) 2,734 (-2.9) 2,818 (3.1) 2,889 (2.5)
Real wage
Consumer price
index
97.129 (2.8) 100.0 (3.0) 104.0 (4.0) 106.3 (2.2) 107.7 (1.3)
1) Figures in ( ) are year-on-year increase rates.

2) Real wage = (nominal wage/consumer price index) x 100
(3) Working Hours at Establishments
(in hour, per month, %)
Working Hours at Establishments
All employees
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
176.1 (-0.3) 176.7 (0.3)) 176.3 (-0.2) 174.3 (-1.1) 172.6 (-1.0)
Total hours
Contractual
hours of work
Regular
employees
184.4 (-0.2) 184.7 (0.2) 182.1 (-1.4) 179.9 (-1.2) 178.1 (-1.0)
169.3 (0.2) 168.3 (-0.6) 168.5 (0.1) 167.2 (-0.8) 165.6 (-1.0)
Overtime
hours
15.1 (-5.0)
Temporarydaily employees
16.4 (8.6) 13.6 (-17.1)
12.8 (-5.9)
12.5 (-2.3)
119.3 (-3.7) 115.4 (-3.3) 122.5 (6.2) 122.3 (-0.2) 122.5 (0.2)
Note :Figures in ( ) are year-on-year increase rates.

Source : Ministry of the Employment and Labor(www.moel.go.kr), National Statistical Offce(www.nso.go.kr)
(in case, day)

Labor Dispute
No. of Disputes
No. of Illegal
Disputes
No. of Work Days
Lost
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
115
108
121
86
65
105
72
17
17
11
14
13
536,285 809,402 626,921 511,307 429,335 933,267 637,738
Note :The number of disputes were calculated on the basis of bargaining unit.
Source : Ministry of Employment and Labor(www.moel.go.kr)
(1) Number of Insured Persons under Employment Insurance

(in each, person)
Number of Insured Persons under Employment Insurance
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
1,408,061
1,508,669
1,610,713
1,747,928
No. of covered
establishments
1,385,298
No. of
InsuredPersons
9,653,678 10,131,058 10,675,437 11,152,354 11,571,213
Note :The numbers are year-end/month-end fgures.

(2) Number of Recipients of Unemployment Beneft and Amount Paid
(in thousand persons, in billion won, %)
Number of Recipients of Unemployment Beneft and Amount Paid
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
No. of new
applicants
839
1,074
979
906
902
922
No. of recipients
990
1,301
1,239
1,202
1,187
1,210
2,865
4,116
3,687
3,561
3,677
3,882
Amount of benefts
paid
(in person, %)
Industrial Accident
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
No. of employees
(in thousand)
13,490 13,885 14,199 14,362 15,548 15,449
No. of the injured
95,806 97,821 98,645 93,292 92,256 91,824

2,146
1,916
1,931
1,860
1,864
1,929
Accident rate(%)
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.65
0.59
0.59
No. of deaths per

10,000 people
1.59
1.38
1.36
1.30
1.20
1.25
No. of deaths
Objectives
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Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps: Council Special Report on Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation - Council on Foreign Relations
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The Most:
Recent

Proliferation
Authors: Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon Fellow, and Sarah E. Kreps
Overview
Action (CPA).
Although only fve countries have developed armed dronesthe
By Elliott Abrams

Thornberry

By Robert E. Rubin
that it will soon equip its drones with precision-guided munitions

and hopes to mass-produce combat drones to conduct targeted
Publisher
Council on Foreign Relations
Press
strikes in cross-border attacks on suspected terrorists.Rebufed
Release Date
June 2014
develop them indigenously or with China's help to target the
184

Crisis
United States, Britain, Israel, China, and Iranseveral other

countries have announced their own programs. "India reports
1191
Sarah Kreps, published by the Center for Preventive
Share

2015
Fellow Micah Zenko and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow
52 pages
ISBN 978-0-87609-588-1
Council Special Report No. 69
Viewed
clear limits on its own sale and use of armed drones lest these
the central fndings of a new report by CFR Douglas Dillon
Order Print Copy
Shared
The Obama administration should pursue a strategy that places

weapons proliferate and their use becomes widespread. These are
Download the Full Report
About CFR
by requests to procure U.S. armed drones, Pakistan said it will

Taliban in its tribal areas." The report also notes that "Turkey has
about twenty-four types of drones in use or development, four of
which have been identifed as combat drones," while Switzerland,
Subscribe to the Preventive

Action Update
Receive the Center for Preventive Actions
bimonthly snapshot of global hot spots with
expert analysis on ways to prevent and
mitigate deadly confict.
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France, Italy, Spain, Greece, and Sweden "have collaborated on
View the most recent enewsletter
the Neuron, a stealth armed drone that made its frst
Submit
demonstration fight in December 2012."

Zenko and Kreps lay out several reasons why armed drones are
unique in their ability to destabilize relations and intensify
confict. Unmanned aircraft reduce the threshold for authorizing
CFR Blog: Defense in Depth

Janine Davidson examines the art, politics,
and business of American military power.
le:///C|/U...%20Sarah%20Kreps%20%20Council%20Special%20Report%20on%20Limiting%20Armed%20Drone%20Proliferation%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.htm[4/25/2015 2:15:38 PM]
military action by eliminating pilot casualty, potentially increasing the frequency of force
deployment. Because there is no onboard pilot, drones are less responsive to warnings that
could defuse or prevent a clash. Furthermore, countries may fre on a manned fghter plane,
mistaking it for an armed drone, which could increase the likelihood of confict.
In addition, the proliferation of unmanned aircraft carries an increased risk of lethality
because "drones are, in many ways, the perfect vehicle for delivering biological and chemical
Engageor Isolate?
A Savage Ukrainian Defeat at
Debaltseve; What ISIS Really Wants
Prioritize Operations, Ban
PowerPoint: Ash Carter Is of to a
Good Start
agents."
The authors write that the Obama administration faces two broad policy decisions: frst, to
determine the criteria and principles that would guide exports of drones; and second, to
cultivate a set of norms and practices to govern their use.
"As the lead user of drones, the United States has the unique opportunity to determine which
countries acquire these systems and hold them accountable for how they use those drones,"

security debate.
Zenko and Kreps assert. U.S. drone exports should require commitment to the following
principles: Peacefully resolving all outstanding border or maritime disputes; peacefully
brokering domestic political disputes; protecting civilians from harm caused by other
weapons platforms; and protecting human rights.
A set of norms to govern the use of drones would require increased transparency on U.S.
drone strike practices and targeting decisions. "A guiding principle for how the United States
describes and clarifes its drone operations should be based on type and specifcity of

Reality
Synthetic Biology
Ordinary Mortals
information it wants to see used by other armed drone states."

The report outlines other policy recommendations for the Obama administration, including:
Tasking the intelligence community to publish an unclassifed survey of the current and
future trends of unmanned military technologiesincluding ground, sea, and autonomous
systemsas they do for ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction.
New Books
Intimate Rivals
by Sheila A. Smith
Commissioning an unclassifed study by a federally funded research institution to assess

how unmanned aerial systems have been employed in destabilizing settings and identify the
most likely potential future missions of drones that run counter to U.S. interests.
Directing administration ofcials to testifyfor the frst timebefore Senate and House
Foreign Relations Committees hearings on the principles and criteria that should guide
armed and unarmed drone exports.
Appointing a high-level panel of outside experts to review U.S. government policies on
targeting decisions and their transparency and potential efect on emerging proliferators,

Market Madness
by Blake C. Clayton

and propose reforms based on the President's Review Group on Intelligence and
Communication Technologies.
Maximalist
Professors: To request an exam copy, contact Ashley Bregman at abregman@cfr.org.

Please include your university and course name.

View Complete List

More on... Global, Drones, Nonproliferation, Arms Control, and
Disarmament
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More About This Publication

In the Press
The Authors
Article
Obama administration to allow sales of armed drones to allies

Feb 17, 2015
Micah Zenko, a scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations, said the new guidelines fll a gap in U.S.
policy, given the growing global reliance on drones for military, surveillance and law enforcement
purposes.The important thing to know with armed drones is that based on Americas record, they lower
the threshold for when countries use armed force, Zenko said. And when you have that lower threshold, it
can change the calculus of countries.

Reports
The Emerging Global
Health Crisis:
Noncommunicable
diabetes, and other
epidemic.
Article
The Unblinking Stare

Nov 24, 2014
In a research paper published this summer, Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps, two scholars at the Council on
Foreign Relations, argued that the very precision of drone technology raises the prospect for moral
hazard. The reduction in risks may tempt governments to order drones into action more frequently than
they would conventional bombers or missiles. In other words, drones may spare more innocents but they
may also create more war.

New Focus
world.
Panel
Scholars' Convocation, "Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation"

Sep 10, 2014
Scholars Convocation, Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation, byMicah Zenko, the Douglas Dillon Fellow

in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations and vice chair of the World
Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Terrorism.
Article
New Council Special

Reports
Top CIA and military ofcials warn US drones could create

endless war

Jun 26, 2014
by John Campbell
Zenko himself has expressed concern about drone proliferation, and argues that the US government
should closely study the technology before considering large-scale sales. Others have more optimistic
views.
Article
Russia's Coming Combat Drones

Jun 24, 2014
civil society.
In a report released this month, the Council on Foreign Relations' Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps argue:
"Russia, China, Iran, South Korea, and Taiwan, for example, have begun to develop increasingly
sophisticated indigenous drone capabilities. Other countries, including Pakistan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and
the United Arab Emirates (UAE), have publicized their intent to purchase them."
Article
US Must Regulate Sale And Use Of Armed Drones, Says Report

Jun 20, 2014
In a new report called "Limiting Armed Drone Proliferation," published by the Council on Foreign
Relations, Micah Zenko and Sarah Kreps argue that the time has arrived for the U.S. to set regulatory

Second Nuclear Age

limits on the use of drones. Because drones do not have pilots, they write, the threshold for launching war
is lower -- and the planes cannot avoid sudden danger as easily.
Article
Droning On
Jun 20, 2014
No wonder other countries are eager to develop their own drone programs. According to a new report from
the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), four other countries already possess military drones: Britain,
Israel, China, and Iran. Others are moving forward with programs, including India and Pakistan. And a
stealth drone called Neuron is being jointly developed by Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Greece, and

Proliferation
Kreps

likely to follow.
Sweden.
Article
To Slow Armed Drone Spread, U.S. Should Set an Example,

Report Finds
Jun 20, 2014
2014 Annual Report
The United States is the most prolifc user of armed drones in the world. That puts it in a position prevent
widespread proliferation of them elsewhere, a Council on Foreign Relationsreport announced Friday
concludes.

Richard N. Haass.
Read and download


book. More

Tiananmen and After
Tiananmen and After
hasand hasntchanged
years ago. More
More on This Topic

Foreign Affairs Article
Op-Ed
Op-Ed
The Next Drone Wars
The Drone Invasion Has

Been Greatly Exaggerated
Drone Proliferation: What

We Have to Fear
Authors: Micah Zenko and Sarah E.

Kreps
Author: Sarah E. Kreps
March 10, 2014
The Hill
ForeignPolicy.com
Serious questions about drone

proliferation and the United
States' role must be answered,"
writes Sarah Kreps. She discusses
a recent report...
Authors: Sarah E. Kreps and Micah

Zenko
March/April 2014
Armed drones are starting to rule

the skies, but the United States'
monopoly over their use is fading.
The Obama administration
should...
It is a common misperception
that drones are proliferating
widely throughout the world,
when in reality, this is an over
exaggerated and...
June 25, 2014
Video
Drone Proliferation: Three

Things to Know
Speaker: Sarah E. Kreps
June 19, 2014
The United States should take a

leading role in shaping
international norms for the use of
armed drones, explains CFR's
Sarah Kreps.
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.:Middle East Online::Syria's other war: Rebel-rebel skirmishes highlight ideological divide:.
First Published: 2013-05-01
Syria's other war: Rebel-rebel skirmishes highlight

ideological divide
Rebel groups battling Assad regime are frequently confronting each other, with ideological rifts
emerging in highly fragmented opposition.
Middle East Online
By Anuj CHOPRA - ALEPPO (Syria)
The gash on Abu Ahmed's face has

almost healed but the troubling memory of
Syrian rebels thrashing him with rife butts
evokes fear of another looming war: an
intra-rebel confict.
Rebel groups battling a common enemy -the regime of President Bashar al-Assad -are frequently confronting each other, with
ideological rifts emerging in the highly
fragmented opposition as Syria's civil war
grinds on in its third year.
Ahmed, the commander of a Liwa alCivil war with no end in sight
Tawhid Brigade, came under attack last
month when angry Free Syrian Army
rebels seeking to free a comrade detained
by another brigade raided a primary school run by his wife.
Ahmed, mistaken for the head of the other brigade, was knocked unconscious in front of
students and staff, and dragged off to their base before the rebels realised they had beaten up
the wrong man.
"They apologised and went on to hunt for the FSA man they were after," said Ahmed, a burlyframed commander fanked by Kalashnikov-wielding men from his brigade who now guard the
school round the clock.
"The kids were so terrifed some of them did not come to school for days. Possessing lethal
weapons does not give you the right to behave like warlords," he said at the school, surrounded
by shell-ravaged buildings.
Growing incidents like these of intra-rebel skirmishes -- some of them fatal -- highlight an intense
contest for power in rebel-controlled areas, with many like Ahmed bracing for what they fear will
be another war in post-Assad Syria.
Last month, Abdullah, another Liwa al-Tawhid rebel, was killed while driving to the brigade
headquarters. He was shot in the neck. His brother Diaa accuses FSA's Sawt al-Haq Brigade of
Qatar emir in US amid

accusations of backing
Islamist groups
Russia voices confdence of
Iran nuclear deal
US defence chief discusses
anti-IS war with US
commanders in Kuwait
More Egyptians feeing
Libya
Saudi rolls out red carpet

for second flm festival
Turkey revives Istanbul
canal plan
Egypt to host Arab League

summit end of March
Madrid breaks up online
network recruiting young
women for IS
Jordan delivers military
equipment to Lebanon
Britain 'too late' to inform

Turkey on missing girls
Palestinians ordered to pay
over $218 million over
Jerusalem attacks
French president vows
tougher penalties for hate
speech
Kerry, Zarif hold talks again
on Iran nuclear programme
file:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Middle%20East%20Online%20Syria's%20other%20war%20%20Rebel-rebel%20skirmishes%20highlight%20ideological%20divide.htm[4/25/2015 2:15:58 PM]
having orchestrated the killing over a petty personal dispute.

Libya parliament suspends
participation in UN talks
A sharia Islamic court in Aleppo is currently investigating the case.

"This is not a good time for rivalry. This is a time to unite against Assad's regime," Diaa said.
1,000 Egyptians evacuated

from Libya
Even more ominous is the growing friction between Islamist fghters and the ostensibly secularleaning FSA brigades.
What started as an uprising against four decades of Assad family rule has mutated into a fullscale civil war with no end in sight.
Egypt jails 2011 prodemocracy activist for 5

years
Sunni fghters from neighbouring countries have poured into the country, including veterans of
the revolution in Libya and jihadists linked to Al-Qaeda in Iraq, out to create an Islamic state.
Russia offers Iran missiles

despite sanctions
That has created unease with indigenous FSA brigades which espouse a more moderate
interpretation of Islam.
"As the situation in Syria continues to deteriorate, clear fault lines marking the battle for postAssad Syria are emerging. In particular, rivalries among different rebel groups are taking shape
along ideological lines," said Mona Yacoubian, a senior adviser for the Middle East at the
Washington-based Stimson Center.
Egypt embassy in Sanaa

shut over 'bad' security
Palestinian leader accused

of exploiting justice
"Groups with a more moderate, inclusive vision of post-Assad Syria are pitted against more
radical extremists with an ultra-conservative interpretation of Islam. Already these groups have
engaged in limited skirmishes with each other."
Egypt leader promises to

free wrongly jailed 'youths'
Clashes erupted last month between the moderate-leaning Faruq Brigade and the Al-Qaedaaffliated Al-Nusra Front in Tal Abiyad, on the border with Turkey, in a sign of festering tensions
over ideology, with up to four people reportedly killed.
Yemen President rules from

Aden after feeing Sanaa
It was one of the bloodiest skirmishes highlighting the ideological divide.

"The Al-Nusra group and its allies have an agenda that other opposition groups don't share -creating an Islamic emirate and fghting the global jihad, which makes confict all but inevitable,"
said Bruce Riedel, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.
"A confict between rival opposition groups is all but certain in Syria once Assad falls and perhaps
even sooner."
Some FSA groups face an internal dilemma over Al-Nusra, unable to ignore their battlefeld
prowess as the group emerges as one of the strongest in the fght against Assad's forces.
But they are equally uneasy over Al-Nusra's capture of key infrastructure in the country's north
and east, including oil and gas plants, a hydroelectric dam and grain silos.
"They (Al-Nusra fghters and allies) have left their homes, their countries to come fght our war,"
said Abu Basir, an FSA brigade commander in Latakia on the Mediterranean coast, who regularly
collaborates with Al-Nusra on the battlefront against Assad.
"But this is our country and we don't want outsiders to come and rule over it. They must realise
that they have to leave once the war ends," he said, warning that tensions could spiral otherwise.
France deploys aircraft

carrier in Gulf for IS fght
IS claims deadly suicide car

bombings in Libya
Appeal launched to fnd
Syria-bound UK schoolgirls
Yemen parties edging
closer to a deal to resolve
crisis
Mali, six armed groups
agree to cease hostilities
Can solution to Libya crisis

be found?
US summit to combat
extremism short on
concrete steps
US wants Mosul offensive
on jihadists in April-May
British FM rules out lifting

arms embargo on Libya
Israel legal offcial not
concerned over ICC probe
Christians, Jews, Muslims

make pilgrimage in London
Saudi talks seek to bolster

Iraq army against IS
British FM rejects
international military action
in Libya
Qatar to introduce major
law reform
GCC throws support behind

Qatar in row with Egypt
Zarif, Kerry to meet in

Geneva for nuclear talks
Obama: Terrorists do not

speak for a billion Muslims
Palestinian Christians urge
stronger international
action against IS
Libya urges UN to lift arms
embargo to fght extremists
Qatar-Egypt political ties hit
new low
Moroccan king says Swiss
HSBC bank account in
accordance with countrys
law
Obama: fght against
extremism if battle for
hearts and minds
Khamenei criticises
American Sniper without
seeing it
Fighting erupts into chaos
in Turkish parliament
Middle East Updates / Turkish ofcial says Iraqi Kurdish ghters free to cross to Kobani - Middle East Updates - Israel News | Haaretz
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9:47 P.M.Turkish ofcial says Iraqi Kurdish fghters free to

cross to Kobani
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A Turkish ofcial said on Monday Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga fghters were

free to move through Turkey to Syria "as soon as they are ready" after a
Syrian Kurdish leader accused Ankara of stalling on an agreement to allow
them passage to the besieged Syrian border town of Kobani.
The Turkish ofcial, speaking on condition of anonymity, denied Ankara was blocking
Middle East
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the peshmerga, saying Turkey had given its consent in principle and talks were
continuing.
Later on Monday the same ofcial said the peshmerga had the
green light to proceed.
Giuliani yearns for a love like Netanyahus

By Chemi Shalev | West of Eden
"As soon as the peshmerga are ready they can go. Turkey has
given its consent," he said, adding he was unsure when the
transfer would take place.(Reuters)
8:24 P.M. U.S. unveils coalition to fght Islamic

state in cyberspace
Nusra Front rebels waving their fag as they step on

top of a Syrian air force helicopter, Idlib province,
northern Syria, Jan. 11, 2013. Photo by AP
The United States on Monday unveiled what it called

an information coalition with Muslim and Western
nations to combat eforts by Islamic State to recruit
online and stoke sectarian hatred through a "cult of
violence."
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U.S. ofcials told delegates from European and Arab

countries at a meeting in Kuwait that this should
complement parallel campaigns against the armed
group on the battlefeld and in the world of fnance.
"There is a military coalition that is on the battlefeld
with Daesh (Islamic State) every day and from the very
beginning the partners in the coalition ... felt that there
should be an information coalition that complements
the military coalition," U.S. Undersecretary of State for
Public Afairs Richard Stengeltold a news conference
after the talks. (Reuters)
7:52 P.M. UN rights investigator 'shocked' by
latest Iran execution
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A UN human rights investigator on Monday expressed

shock at Iran's weekend execution of a 26-year-old woman convicted of
murdering a man she accused of trying to rape her as a teenager, saying he
had repeatedly voiced concerns to Tehran about her trial.
Reyhaneh Jabbari walked to the gallows at dawn on Saturday in Tehran's
Evin prison after failing to secure a reprieve from the dead man's relatives
within the 10-day deadline set by sharia law in force since the 1979 Islamic
Revolution.
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"I was shocked over the weekend by the execution of Ms. Reyhaneh
Jabbari," the UN special rapporteur on Iran, Ahmed Shaheed, told
reporters.
"I have raised issues about her conviction on several occasions with the
government of Iran and have not received a satisfactory reply with regard
to the points raised, essentially about the fairness of the trial that she was
given," he added.
The death sentence sparked U.S. and European Union condemnation and
the government of President Hassan Rohani, who won election last year on
promises of liberal reform at home and easing Iran's isolation abroad, to
intervene to get it commuted. (Reuters)
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7:57 P.M. Car bombings in Iraq kill at least 34 people

Two car bombings in Iraq, including one where a suicide attacker drove a
Humvee into a checkpoint manned by Iraqi troops and pro-government
Shiite militiamen, killed at least 34 people Monday, authorities said.
The deadliest attack struck the outskirts of the Sunni town of Jurf alSkhar, where the suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden Humvee
into the checkpoint, killing at least 24 people and wounding 25, a police
ofcer said. Most of those killed were members of the Shiite militia, he
added.
Another car bomb blast near a line of shops and restaurants in downtown
Baghdad killed 10 people and wounded 18, police said.
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No one immediately claimed responsibility for the attacks. Jurf al-Sakhar

is 50 kilometers (30 miles) south of Baghdad, but the bombing bore all the
hallmarks of an attack by the Islamic State group. (AP)
7:31 P.M. Egypt's birth rate dramatically rises
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A study released to The Associated Press shows that Egypt's fertility rate,
which has been falling since at least 1980, has risen dramatically in the last
six years.
The news raises serious economic concerns for the Arab world's most
populous country, whose economy has been staggering since its 2011
revolt.
The survey, conducted jointly with Egypt's Ministry of Health and
Population and a U.S. Agency for International Development-funded
organization, says the number of births per woman has increased from 3
to 3.5 since 2008. Egypt's fertility rate had been steadily decreasing since
at least 1980, when this survey began. Researchers say the reasons behind
the striking uptick are unclear. (AP)
7:25 P.M. Secular party set to win Tunisia elections
Tunisia's main secular opposition party was claiming victory on Monday
over once-dominant Islamists in the country's historic parliamentary
elections.
Partial results from the ofcial election commission were expected to be
released throughout the day Monday, but the Nida Tunis (Tunis Calls)
party cited exit polls to say it has won more seats than any other party in
the 217-member parliament.
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The election, in which 60 percent of Tunisia's 5.2 million registered voters

participated, will produce the nation's frst fve-year parliament following
the country's 2011 Arab Spring revolt and has already been widely praised
around the world. (AP)
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7:18 P.M. The death toll in the clashes between Syrian rebels and soldiers
in the northwestern city of Idlib rises to 35. (AP)
6:55 P.M. London court: British surgeon killed unlawfully in
Syrian jail
A British surgeon who died in a Syrian prison last year days before his
planned release was unlawfully killed, a London jury investigating the case
ruled on Monday.
Abbas Khan, a 32-year-old orthopedic surgeon from London, was detained
in Syria almost two years ago and found dead in a prison cell last
December. His family said Khan had been arrested in the northern city of
Aleppo within 48 hours of arriving in Syria to volunteer as an emergency
doctor and had not hanged himself days before his scheduled release, as
the Syrian authorities had said. (Reuters)
5:26 P.M. Jordan arrests infuential Al-Qaida scholar for
'incitement'
Jordanian security forces arrested infuential Al-Qaida spiritual guide Abu
Mohammad al Maqdisi on Monday on suspicion of fomenting terrorism on
the Internet, security sources said.
They said Maqdisi was ordered to be held for 15 days after he was called in
for questioning by the state security prosecutor. He was initially charged
with "using the Internet to promote and incite views of jihadi terrorist
organizations."
The self-taught intellectual was seen as the spiritual guide of the slain AlQaida leader in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and the think tank of the U.S.
West Point military academy has called him the most infuential living
Islamist mentor. (Reuters)
5:22 P.M. Libya's internationally recognized government said on Monday
it would launch a new state news agency to replace the one seized by
armed factions that have set up a parallel government. (Reuters)
5:05 P.M. Monitor: Islamic State beheads four tribesmen in
eastern Syria
Islamic State militants have beheaded four tribesmen in eastern Syria after
accusing them of fghting against them and receiving military training
from pro-government forces, a monitoring organization said.
The British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the men
belonged to the Sunni Muslim Sheitaat tribe, which has been battling
Islamic State in the eastern Deir al-Zor province bordering Iraq. (Reuters)
4:49 P.M. U.K. chemistry teacher admits Syria terror charges
A British chemistry teacher accused of supporting the Islamic State group
faced jail after he pleaded guilty Monday to terrorism charges.
Jamshed Javeed admitted two counts of engaging in conduct in
preparation of terrorist acts. He accepted that he intended to travel to

Syria to join rebels fghting against President Bashar Assad's government.
The 30-year-old was arrested in December by counterterror police, who
said Javeed had been "an otherwise law-abiding man" who began to
support the Islamic State group last summer. (AP)
4:47 P.M. Palestinian premier visits Jerusalem holy site
The Palestinian prime minister has paid a rare visit to a key Jerusalem
holy site in a bid to bolster Palestinian claims to the area.
Rami Hamdallah's visit to the Dome of the Rock on Monday came at a time
of rising tensions between Israelis and Palestinians in East Jerusalem.
(AP)
4:27 P.M. Pentagon: Islamic State fght now costing U.S. $8.3
million per day
The Pentagon said in updated fgures on Monday the average daily cost of
the fght against Islamic State militants has risen to $8.3 million, or a total
of $580 million between Aug. 8 and Oct. 16.
The new average refects an increase in the intensity of U.S. operations
against the group in Syria and Iraq. The Pentagon said a week ago the
average daily cost was $7.6 million, or a total of $424 million since Aug. 8.
(Reuters)
3:20 P.M.U.S., partners conduct 11 more strikes in Syria, Iraq against
Islamic State
United States led nearly a dozen air strikes against Islamic State militants
in Syria and Iraq on Sunday and Monday, according to the U.S. military.
U.S. forces conducted four strikes in Syria near the town of Kobani near
the border with Turkey, hitting fve vehicles and one occupied building
used by the militant group, U.S. Central Command said in a statement on
Monday.
In Iraq, the United States and other partner countries led seven air strikes,
including three strikes near the Mosul Dam area that hit a small unit of
Islamic State fghters, the statement said.
Other strikes in Iraq hit areas near Fallujah, Bayji and Zumar, Centcom
said.
"One air strike southeast of Fallujah struck a large ISIL unit" as well as a
building and vehicle, Centcom said, using another name for Islamic State.
Near Bayji, the strikes hit Islamic State fghters, including one small unit,
as well as an improvised explosive device, or IED. Near Zumar, the strikes
hit a small Islamic State unit and destroyed two occupied buildings,
according to the statement.(Reuters)
3:17 P.M.Ofcials: Clashes in Yemen town kill 250 in three days
Fighting in central Yemen between Shi'ite Houthi rebels and an infuential
tribe in the town of Radda killed at least 250 people over three days of
clashes, security ofcials said Monday.
The violence in Yemen's central Bayda province saw fghters from the
strong Qifa tribe force the Houthis out of the Manasih area in Radda, said
the ofcials, who spoke on condition of anonymity as they weren't
authorized to speak to journalists. (AP)
3:11 P.M. 19 dead in clashes between Syrian troops, rebels
Clashes between Syrian troops and rebel factions left 19 soldiers and
militants dead on Monday.
Al-Qaida -linked Nusra Front and other rebel groups launched
simultaneous attacks on army checkpoints and the governor's ofce in the
city of Idlib, in northwestern Syria, triggering the clashes. (AP)
2:48 P.M. Syrian Kurdish leader says Turkey delays peshmerga
fghters from moving on Kobani
A Syrian Kurdish ofcial accused Turkey on Monday of stalling on an
agreement to allow Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga fghters to cross into Syria to
help end the siege of the border town of Kobani.
Saleh Moslem, co-chair of the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), told
Reuters that the peshmerga have been ready to go into Kurdish-defended
Kobani for three days.
"But we don't know what is going on between them and Turkey. The delay
is because of Turkey," said Moslem, whose party's armed wing, the YPG,
has been battling Islamic State militants in Kobani for a month. (Reuters)
2:17 P.M.U.S. ofcial urges allies to combat ISIS ideology
The retired American general in charge of coordinating the U.S.-led
coalition's fght against Islamic State militants is urging allies to do more
to combat the group's extremist ideology.
Gen. John Allen's appeal came during a meeting of Western and Arab
partners in Kuwait on Monday.
According to a transcript of his remarks, Allen says the IS group can only
be defeated if coalition partners challenge its online presence and "deny
the legitimacy of the message it sends."
Allen urged coalition members to lay out concrete plans to counter the
militants' message online and in the press.
The IS group has seized large portions of Iraq and Syria and declared a
self-styled caliphate, or Islamic state. It produces polished propaganda
videos and promotes its activities aggressively on social media. (AP)
2:13 P.M.Egypt court orders arrest of leading activist Abdel
Fattah
An Egyptian court detained leading activist Alaa Abdel Fattah and 20
others on Monday pending a retrial on charges of breaking a law that seeks
to curb protests, judicial sources said.
Abdel Fattah, a well-known secular fgure in the 2011 revolt that ended
Hosni Mubarak's rule, and 24 fellow activists had been freed on bail last
month pending a retrial after the presiding judge in their case stepped
aside.
The frst hearing in their retrial was held on Monday and the 21 activists
who were attended were all detained. The remaining four were absent, but
the court also ordered that they be detained.
The judge set Nov. 11 as the date of the next hearing. (Reuters)
1:29 P.M. Egypt army to join police to guard key facilities
Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi on Monday ordered the military
to join police forces in guarding vital state facilities against terror attacks.
The decree follows a surge in attacks by Islamic militants against troops
and police.
Thirty Egyptian soldiers were killed on Friday by suspected militants in
the troubled northern part of the Sinai Peninsula. It was deadliest attack
against the army in decades.
The decree stipulated that army troops will join police in guarding state
facilities for two years during which they will be treated as military
installations.
Perpetrators of any attacks against the facilities will be tried before
military tribunals.
The decree will further raise the public profle of the military since it
toppled Egypt's Islamist President Mohammed Morsi last year. (AP)
1:42 P.M.Rise in MERS cases prompts Saudi warning to
residents
Saudi Arabia's Health Ministry on Monday urged residents of the world's
top oil exporter to renew precautions against Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) after a rise in new cases of the disease since early
September.
The Health Ministry has announced a total of 23 confrmed new cases this
month of the virus, which causes coughing, fever and sometimes fatal
pneumonia. In addition to the 12 cases detected in September, this brings
the total number in the kingdom to 777 since it was identifed in 2012, of
which 331 died.
Other cases have been found elsewhere in the Middle East, in European
countries, the Far East and in the United States, but many of those were
found in people who had travelled in Saudi Arabia.
Scientists are not sure of the origin of the virus, but several studies have
linked it to camels and some experts think it is being passed to humans
through close physical contact or through the consumption of camel meat
or camel milk. (Reuters)
1:20 P.M.Suicide bomber kills 27 Shi'ite militiamen in town
near Baghdad
A suicide bomber killed at least 27 Shi'ite militiamen on the outskirts of the
Iraqi town of Jurf al-Sakhar on Monday, a day after security forces pushed
Islamic State militants out the area, army and police sources said.
The attacker, driving an army vehicle packed with explosives, also
wounded 60 Shi'ite militiamen, who had helped government forces retake
the town just south of the capital. (Reuters)
12:20 P.M.Al-Qaida-linked Syrian Islamists attack government-
held Idlib
Islamist militants linked to Al-Qaida stormed the government building in
Idlib, northern Syria, on Monday and opened up a new front in a city that
has been controlled by President Bashar Assad's forces for more than a
year, both sides said.
State television said the Nusra Front militants infltrated Idlib at dawn and
were confronted by troops and pro-government militias. The Nusra Front
said its fghters killed dozens, including ofcers, in the attack.
Assad, fghting an array of insurgent groups, has lost much of north and
east Syria but has secured a stretch of land from the capital Damascus in
the southwest up toward Aleppo in the northwest.
In the past three months, the Nusra Front has made gains in these areas,
in the southern provinces of Deraa and Quneitra, and now in northwest
Idlib province.
Referring to Monday's fghting, the front said on its social media account
that its forces cut the supply route to Idlib city as well as seizing the
governorate building. They also seized two tanks and captured 12 soldiers.
(Reuters)
10:25 A.M. Iranian nationals arrested in Malaysia for alleged
drug trafcking
Seven Iranian nationals, including two women, were arrested in the
Malaysian capital for allegedly trafcking drugs, a senior police ofcial said
Monday.
Police also arrested a Malaysian woman believed to be an accomplice, antinarcotics chief Noor Rashid Ibrahim said in a press briefng.
Police seized from the suspects seven luxury cars as well as 7 kilograms of
methamphetamine estimated to be worth 1.1 million ringgit ($336,000),
he added.
Police are preparing a case of drug trafcking against the suspects, a crime
punishable by death in Malaysia, Noor Rashid said. (DPA)
10:20 A.M.Report: Boko Haram kills 17 people, abducts 30
youths
Islamist terrorist group Boko Haram killed 17 people and abducted 30
young men and women in north-eastern Nigeria despite a ceasefre
agreement with the government, local newspaper Premium Times
reported Monday.
The militants have been attacking villages in the Mafa local government
area in volatile Borno State since Wednesday last week, according to the
area's chairman, Shettima Maina.
"We have received reports of series of attacks in communities near Mafa
since last week, and during the attacks, Boko Haram used [the
opportunity] to pick younger ladies and boys and forcefully take them
away," an unnamed State Security Department ofcial was quoted as
saying.
Boko Haram looted the villages after the attacks, residents said.
"After killing our people, the insurgents also stole about 300 cows and
foodstuf," said Ashiekh Mustapha, a community leader from Ndongo in
the Mafa local government area.
The Borno police spokesperson Gideon Jubrin told journalists by phone
that the police had not been informed about the abductions.
President Goodluck Jonathan's government said it agreed on a truce with
Boko Haram on October 17 to negotiate the release of more than 200
schools girls the insurgents abducted from their dormitory in Borno State
six months ago.
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Modern Slavery - Free the Slaves
SLAVERY TODAY
Yes, we mean real slavery. People held against their will, forced to work and
paid nothing.
Sometimes the slave holder pays a few grains of rice to keep the slaves alive,
or uses a bogus payment that the slave holder reclaims at the end of the
month. But the end result is what slavery is today and has always beenone
person controlling another and then forcing them to work.
Researchers estimate is that there are 21-36 million people in slavery today.
This means that there are more people in slavery today than at any other time
in human history. Slavery has existed for thousands of years, but changes in
the worlds economy and societies over the past 50 years have enabled a
resurgence of slavery.
Three trends have contributed most to the rise of modern-slavery.
The frst, a recent population explosion has tripled the number of people in the world, with most growth taking place in the
developing world.
The second, rapid social and economic change, have displaced many to urban centers and their outskirts, where people have
no safety net and no job security.
The third, government corruption around the world, allows slavery to go unpunished, even though it is illegal everywhere.
In this way millions have become vulnerable to slave holders and human traffckers looking to proft through the theft of peoples
lives. This new slavery has two prime characteristics: slaves today are cheap and they are disposable.
Cheap, Disposable People

An average slave in the American South in 1850 cost the equivalent of $40,000 in todays money; today a slave costs an
average of $90.
In 1850 it was diffcult to capture a slave and then transport them to the US. Today, millions of economically and socially
vulnerable people around the world are potential slaves.
This supply makes slaves today cheaper than they have ever been. Since they are so cheap, slaves are today are not
considered a major investment worth maintaining. If slaves get sick, are injured, outlive their usefulness, or become troublesome
to the slaveholder, they are dumped or killed. For most slave holders, actually legally owning the slave is an inconvenience
since they already exert total control over the individuals labor and profts. Who needs a legal document that could at some point
be used against the slave holder? Today the slave holder cares more about these high profts than whether the holder and slave
are of different ethnic backgrounds; in New Slavery, proft trumps skin color. Finally, new slavery is directly connected to the
global economy. As in the past, most slaves are forced to work in agriculture, mining, and prostitution. From these sectors, their
exploited labor fows into the global economy, and into our lives.
How does slavery affect us?

Since slavery feeds directly into the global economy, it makes sense that we would be concerned by the ways in which
slavery fows into our homes through the products we buy and the investments we make. Slaves harvest cocoa in the Ivory
Coast, make charcoal used to produce steel in Brazil, weave carpets in Indiathe list goes on. These products reach our
stores and our homes. Click here to learn about what businesses and consumers can do to fght slavery in our products and
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Modern%20Slavery%20-%20Free%20the%20Slaves.htm[4/25/2015 2:16:34 PM]
Modern Slavery - Free the Slaves

investments.
In addition, there may be people held in slavery in your community. Slavery happens in nearly every country in the world, and
the US and Europe are not immune. Research that Free the Slaves conducted with the University of California, Berkeley found
documented cases of slavery and human traffcking in more than 90 cities across the United States. To learn about the warning
signs of slavery and what you can do to combat slavery in your community, click here.
Free the Slaves
1320 19th St NW, Ste 600

Washington, DC 20036, USA
tel: 202.775.7480
fax: 202.775.7485
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The Free the Slaves name and logo are registered trademarks of Free the Slaves.
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MOFA: Japan-China Relations (Basic Data)
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Top > Regional Afairs > Asia > China > Basic Data
Japan-China Relations (Basic Data)

October 2012
Basic Data
Diplomatic Relations:
Established in September 29, 1972
Number of Chinese residing in Japan :
519,561 (December 2006 Ministry of Justice Statistics)
Japanese Nationals (long-term residents):
114,899 persons (as of 2005; includes Hong Kong)
Trade with Japan (2006):
Exports: $118.4 billion
Imports: $92.9 billion
Direct Investment from Japan (realized value):
$58.2 billion (Cumulative Total until 2006)
Japan's Economic Cooperation:
Overview of Japan's ODA to China (June 2005)
List of Exchange of Notes
Review on Japan's ODA to China
Economic Cooperation Program for China (October 2001)
(a) Loans: 3,133.1 billion yen (Cumulative Total until FY 2004)
(b) Grants: 145.7 billion yen (Cumulative Total until FY 2004)
(c)Technical Cooperation: 144.6 billion yen (Cumulative Total until FY 2003)
VIP Visits
From Japan to the People's Republic of China
Year
Name
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/MOFA%20%20Japan-China%20Relations%20(Basic%20Data).htm[4/25/2015 2:16:38 PM]
1994 Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa

1995 Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama
1997 Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto
1999 Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi
2001 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
2002 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi
2002 Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi
2005 Foreign Minister Nobutaka Machimura
2006 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
From the People's Republic of China to Japan
Year
Name
1994 Vice President Rong Yiren

1995 Qiao Shi, Chairman of National People's Congress
1997 Premier Li Peng
1998 Vice President Hu Jintao
President Jiang Zemin
1999 Li Ruihuan, Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultive Conference
2000 Premier Zhu Rongji
2001 Tung Chee Hwa, Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region
2003 Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the National People's Congress
2007 Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council
Japan's Basic Policy Toward the People's Republic of China

In order to ensure the stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacifc region, it is important to encourage China to become an
even more constructive partner in the international community. In particular, the following points are stressed:
(a) Support for China's open and reform policy (implementation of economic cooperation, support for China's early
accession to the WTO, etc.)
(b) Promotion of bilateral and multilateral dialogue and cooperative relations (high-level exchanges, Japan-China
security dialogue, ASEAN Regional Forum, APEC, etc.)
Japan Window
Latest update on Japan-China Relations including latest news, opinions, Look Japan (Chinese Edition), Study Abroad /
Visa Information.
Cultural Exchanges
Japan and China signed the Japan-China Cultural Exchange Agreement in 1979, and the two countries have been
conducting various cultural exchanges, both at governmental and private levels.
In 1999, in order to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Japan-China Cultural Exchange Agreement
and the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, various cultural activities took place in both
countries throughout the year, including serial performance of the musical "The Beauty and the Beast" in Beijing assisted
by the Shiki Theatrical Company, performances by the Takarazuka Revue Company in Beijing and Shanghai, and
"Chinese Film Week 1999" in Tokyo, organized by the Japan Foundation.
Cultural Grant (cumulative total fscal 1975-2004)

1,977.1 million yen (Cultural Grant Aid)
280.0 million yen (Grant Aid for Cultural Heritage)
40.5 million yen (Grant Assistance for Cultural Grassroots Projects)
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Republic of China
Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and

the Government of the People's Republic of China
September 29, 1972
Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka of Japan visited the People's Republic of China at the invitation of Premier of the State
Council Chou En-lai of the People's Republic of China from September 25 to September 30, 1972. Accompanying Prime
Minister Tanaka were Minister for Foreign Afairs Masayoshi Ohira, Chief Cabinet Secretary Susumu Nikaido and other
government ofcials.
Chairman Mao Tse-tung met Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka on September 27. They had an earnest and friendly
conversation.
Prime Minister Tanaka and Minister for Foreign Afairs Ohira had an earnest and frank exchange of views with Premier
Chou En-lai and Minister for Foreign Afairs Chi Peng-fei in a friendly atmosphere throughout on the question of the
normalization of relations between Japan and China and other problems between the two countries as well as on other
matters of interest to both sides, and agreed to issue the following Joint Communique of the two Governments:
Japan and China are neighbouring countries, separated only by a strip of water with a long history of traditional
friendship. The peoples of the two countries earnestly desire to put an end to the abnormal state of afairs that has
hitherto existed between the two countries. The realization of the aspiration of the two peoples for the termination of
the state of war and the normalization of relations between Japan and China will add a new page to the annals of
relations between the two countries.
The Japanese side is keenly conscious of the responsibility for the serious damage that Japan caused in the past to the
Chinese people through war, and deeply reproaches itself. Further, the Japanese side reafrms its position that it intends
to realize the normalization of relations between the two countries from the stand of fully understanding "the three
principles for the restoration of relations" put forward by the Government of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese
side expresses its welcome for this.
In spite of the diferences in their social systems existing between the two countries, the two countries should, and can,
establish relations of peace and friendship. The normalization of relations and development of good-neighborly and
friendly relations between the two countries are in the interests of the two peoples and will contribute to the relaxation
of tension in Asia and peace in the world.
1. The abnormal state of afairs that has hitherto existed between Japan and the People's Republic of China is terminated
on the date on which this Joint Communique is issued.
2. The Government of Japan recognizes that Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government
of China.
le:///C|/U...%20Government%20of%20Japan%20and%20the%20Government%20of%20the%20People's%20Republic%20of%20China.htm[4/25/2015 2:16:40 PM]
MOFA: Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China
3. The Government of the People's Republic of China reiterates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the
People's Republic of China. The Government of Japan fully understands and respects this stand of the Government of
the People's Republic of China, and it frmly maintains its stand under Article 8 of the Postsdam Proclamation.
4. The Government of Japan and the Government of People's Republic of China have decided to establish diplomatic
relations as from September 29, 1972. The two Governments have decided to take all necessary measures for the
establishment and the performance of the functions of each other's embassy in their respective capitals in accordance
with international law and practice, and to exchange ambassadors as speedily as possible.
5. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that in the interest of the friendship between the Chinese
and the Japanese peoples, it renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan.
6. The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China agree to establish relations of
perpetual peace and friendship between the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty
and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal afairs, equality and mutual
beneft and peaceful co-existence.
The two Governments confrm that, in conformity with the foregoing principles and the principles of the Charter of the
United Nations, Japan and China shall in their mutual relations settle all disputes by peaceful means and shall refrain
from the use or threat of force.
7. The normalization of relations between Japan and China is not directed against any third country. Neither of the two
countries should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacifc region and each is opposed to eforts by any other country or group
of countries to establish such hegemony.
8. The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed that, with a view to
solidifying and developing the relations of peace and friendship between the two countries, the two Governments will
enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace and friendship.
9. The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China have agreed that, with a view to
further promoting relations between the two countries and to expanding interchanges of people, the two Governments
will, as necessary and taking account of the existing non-governmental arrangements, enter into negotiations for the
purpose of concluding agreements concerning such matters as trade, shipping, aviation, and fsheries.
Done at Peking, September 29, 1972
Prime Minister of Japan
Minister for Foreign Afairs of Japan
Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
Minister for Foreign Afairs of the People's Republic of China
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MORE PROOF THAT ISIS IS CIA-MOSSAD
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63
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NY Times: ISIS Displaying a Deft Command of

Varied Media
By SCOTT SHANE and BEN HUBBARD
ISIS, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, is using every

contemporary mode of messaging to recruit fghters, intimidate
enemies and promote its claim to have established a caliphate.
REBUTTAL BY
.
Where exactly is this ISIS (Israeli Secret Intelligence Service?)
based? Where do they sleep? Where do they do their banking? How
did they pay for their feet of pick-up trucks and sophisticated
weaponry? How are they feeding and re-equipping their fghters?
Where do their injured fghters get medical treatment?
A bunch of 'good-ole-boys' could not have assembled and

trained such an advanced force while going unnoticed
What Internet Provider Service is allowing them to post videos and

issue 'recruitment' tweets? How did the all-intrusive NSA miss the
creation of this group? Why can't the CIA. MI6 and Mossad infltrate
them and smash them from within? Why can't we pinpoint them via
satellite and smash them in their tents or barracks? How did such a
formidable force like ISIS just seem to materialize out of nowhere and
overnight? Why don't they attack or even threaten to attack Israel?
Does the following quote from the Slimes piece make any sense to
you?
"But Western intelligence services are also worried about their

extraordinary command of seemingly less lethal weapons: state-ofthe-art videos, ground images shot from drones and multilingual
Twitter messages."
If ISIS is indeed "using every contemporary mode of messaging to

recruit fghters", as the article says, then why not answer their want
ads and infest their ranks with undercover Arab agents? Then simply
follow them to their lair, and destroy them. What is so diffcult here?
How exactly does ISIS's 'social media recruitment' campaign work

anyway? Are they placing ads on Craigslist? CareerBuilder?
******************************************
Sons of the Caliphate! Join the ISIS brigades! See the

world! Rape women! Kill infdels! Death to America! For
immediate consideration, attach resume with cover letter
and salary requirements.
Or call us at 1-800-LAN-GLEY / Follow us on Twitter
#KilltheInfdels
******************************************
A spy show on the Fx network (FOX Group) - a network which

openly admits to having a CIA producer for its hit series, The
Americans (here) - solves these mysteries for us. The name of the spy
series is 'Archer'. Here is the description from the Fx website:
"Archer is an animated, half-hour comedy that revolves around the

International Secret Intelligence Service (ISIS) and the lives of its
employees. Although their work of espionage, reconnaissance
missions, wiretapping and undercover surveillance is daunting and
dangerous, every covert operation and global crisis is actually just

another excuse for the ISIS staff to undermine, sabotage and betray
each other for personal gain."
The fakery doesn't get anymore 'in-your-face' than this!
These sicko and psycho elites love doing this type of stuff. They must
derive some perverted thrill from deceiving the brain-dead public and
in plain sight no less. These types of hints were also dropped in TV
shows during the years preceding the 9/11 attacks and also the months
before the Sandy Hook non-shooting.
Sulzberger's scribblers at the Slimes are all part of this sick murderous
Global 'great game' that has been going on since at least the days of
the French Revolution. The same NWO Mafa that spawned ISIS, also
controls The Slimes.
Case closed!
"Arab" ISIS fghters hide their faces and hands because they
don't want you to see that so many of them are Caucasian
(CIA-Mossad). Why else wear gloves in the hot dessert?
63
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Myth #4: ISIS is a Syrian rebel group - The 9 biggest myths about ISIS - Vox
SHARE CARD STACK
The 9 biggest myths

about ISIS
BY ZACK BEAUCHAMP
OCT 1, 2014, 2:29P
1. Myth #1: ISIS is crazy and irrational

2. Myth #2: People support ISIS because
they like its radical form of Islam
3. Myth #3: ISIS is part of al-Qaeda
<
facebook
twitter
google plus
print
CARD 4 OF 11
EXIT
>
Myth #4: ISIS is a Syrian

rebel group
It is true that ISIS opposes Bashar
al-Assad's government in Syria, and
the two constantly fght one another
in Syria.But calling ISIS a "Syrian
rebel group" misses two critical
facts about ISIS. First, it's a
transnational organization, not
4. Myth #4: ISIS is a Syrian rebel group
rooted in any one country, with lots

of fghters who come from outside
5. Myth #5: ISIS is only strong because of

Iraqi Prime Minister Maliki
6. Myth #6: ISIS is afraid of female
soldiers
the country and are motivated by

global jihadist aims as well as the
Syrian war specifcally. Second,
Assad and ISIS are not-so-secretly
helping each other out in some
crucial ways, even as they fght.
ISIS and Assad are frenemies, not
full-on opponents.
For one thing, ISIS predated the
Syrian civil war. It started as alQaeda in Iraq in the mid-2000s and,
after that group was defeated by
Iraqis and American forces around
2008, reformed in the same country.
Between 2008 and 2011, ISIS
rebuilt itself out of former prisoners
Ahmad al-Rubaye/AFP/Getty
Images
and ex-Saddam era Iraqi army
le:///C|/U...20ISIS%20is%20a%20Syrian%20rebel%20group%20-%20The%209%20biggest%20myths%20about%20ISIS%20-%20Vox.htm[4/25/2015 2:16:54 PM]
Nigeria Security Tracker - Council on Foreign Relations
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Nigeria Security Tracker

Mapping Violence in Nigeria
The Nigeria Security Tracker (NST), a project of the Council on Foreign Relations' Africa program, documents and maps violence in Nigeria that is
motivated by political, economic, or social grievances. Diferent groups in Nigeria resort to violence. The militant Islamist movement Boko Haram
is active in northern Nigeria. Violence among ethnic groups, farmers, and herdsmen sometimes acquires religious overtones. A new generation of
Niger Delta militants threatens war against the state. Government soldiers kill civilians indiscriminately. Police are notorious for extrajudicial
murder.
Figures
Map: Deaths by State

The
Unexpected
map depicts deaths by state. Nigerias northeastern
states Error
have been
hi h h d
i h
i
f k
l d i l
An unexpected error occurred. If you continue to

receive this error please contact your Tableau
Server Administrator.
[object Event] [object Event]
[object Event]
Date
May 2011
February 2015
Deaths
7
18,881
Notes
Hover over a particular state
to view additional
information.
Specifc dates can be viewed
using the slider above.
Darker coloring represents a
greater number of deaths in
that state.
OpenStreetMap
contributors
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Nigeria%20Security%20Tracker%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.htm[4/25/2015 2:17:28 PM]
Graph 1: Deaths Over Time

The
line graph depicts deaths over time. The red line shows the number of
deaths by month, and the orange shows the cumulative total. The number
fd h i
i
i
b d
b
db h
Key
Cumulative Deaths
Deaths Per Month
Notes
Hover over a point in the
graph to view the number of
deaths on that date.
Specifc dates can be viewed
using the slider above.
Nigeria Security Tracker produced by the Africa Program at the Council on Foreign Relations (www.cfr.org/africa)
Undo
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Reset
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11,487 views | more by this author

Learn About Tableau
Graph 2: Deaths by Perpetrator

These
Unexpected
Error These
graphs depict countrywide deaths broken down
by perpetrator.
include Boko Haram, state security services, and sectarian groups
An unexpected
errorNST
occurred. If you continue to
(excluding Boko Haram). To avoid double counting
deaths, the
receive this error
please contact
distinguishes between incidents in which one perpetrator
is involved
and your Tableau
Server Administrator.
in which more than one perpetrator is involved. As a result, deaths of
[object Event] [object Event]
Boko Haram and State Actors are combined for the category "Boko Haram,
[object Event]
State Actor," which corresponds to incidents where there was a clash.
Th
f
h
j i
fd h d
db h
Date
May 2011
February 2015
Notes
Hover over the graph to
view the number of
deaths.
Specifc dates can be
viewed using the slider
above.
Graph 3: Total Deaths by Perpetrator

This
graph refects the cumulative deaths over time attributed to a
particular perpetrator. These fve perpetrators represent the vast
j i
fd h d
db h
h
d h i l d di
Perpetrators
State Actor
Boko Haram
Boko Haram, State Actor
Sectarian Actor
Other Armed Actor
Notes
Hover over a point in the
graph to view the total
number of deaths by that
date.
Specifc dates can be
viewed using the slider
above.
Undo
Redo
Reset
Share
Download
12,869 views | more by this author

Learn About Tableau
Methodology
The Nigeria Security Tracker (NST) tracks violence that is both causal and symptomatic of Nigerias political instability and citizen alienation. The
data are based on weekly surveys of Nigerian and international media.
The data start with May 29, 2011, the date of Goodluck Jonathans inauguration as president. It was an event that highlighted the increasing
bifurcation of the country on regional and religious lines. The NST is updated weekly.
Relying on press reports of violence presents methodological limitations. There is a dearth of accurate reporting across certain regions, death tolls
are imprecise, and accounts of incidents vary. There is the potential for political manipulation of media. Given these limitations, the NST makes
every efort to collect information from multiple sources. Nevertheless, NST statistics should be viewed as indicative rather than defnitive.
The Nigeria Security Tracker is edited by Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Studies John Campbell.
More on This Topic

Article
Backgrounder
Nigeria's Battle for Stability
Security in Nigeria
Author: Mary Crane
March-April 2012
Updated: March 22, 2007
National Interest
Backgrounder: Ongoing sectarian

troubles and corruption threaten
Nigeria's future security.
John Campbell says that as oilrich Nigeria continues to sufer

from decades-long dysfunctional
governance and tensions between
the Christian...
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Nigeria's Boko Haram and Ansaru - Council on Foreign Relations

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Introduction
Boko Haram, a difuse Islamist sect, has attacked Nigeria's police and military, politicians, schools, religious buildings, public
institutions, and civilians with increasing regularity since 2009. More than fve thousand people have been killed in Boko Haramrelated violence, and three hundred thousand have been displaced. Some experts view the group as an armed revolt against
government corruption, abusive security forces, and widening regional economic disparity. They argue that Abuja should do more to
address the strife between the disafected Muslim north and the Christian south.
The U.S. Department of State designated Boko Haram a foreign terrorist organization in 2013. Boko Haram's brutal campaign
includes a suicide attack on a United Nations building in Abuja in 2011, repeated attacks that have killed dozens of students, the
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Nigeria's%20Boko%20Haram%20and%20Ansaru%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.htm[4/25/2015 2:18:23 PM]
burning of villages, ties to regional terror groups, and the abduction of more than two hundred girls in April 2014. The Nigerian
government hasn't been able to quell the insurgency, and in May 2014 the United States deployed a small group of military advisers to
help fnd the kidnapped girls.
The Road to Radicalization
Rising Against the State
The North-South Divide
Terror Ties and Policy Prescriptions
Additional Resources:
The Congressional Research Service explains the various conficts in Nigeria and U.S. policy in the country, and this CRS
report answers some frequently asked questions about Boko Haram.
International Crisis Groups explains the Boko Haram insurgency in this April 2014 report.
This 2012 State Department report examines human rights issues in Nigeria, and Human Rights Watch explores Boko
Haram attacks and security force abuses in Nigeria.
Jacob Zenn, an analyst on African afairs at the Jamestown Foundation, examines the leadership of Boko Haram and its
connections to al-Qaeda and other militant groups in West Point's CTC Sentinel.
More on this topic from CFR

U.S. Policy to Counter Nigeria's Boko Haram
Boko Haram: Origins, Challenges and Responses

To Battle Nigeria's Boko Haram, Put Down Your Guns

View more from Nigeria, Radicalization and
Extremism
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President Obamas decision to arm Syrian rebels divides Massachusetts delegation - Nation - The Boston Globe
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Nation
Acrimony over arms for Syrian rebels

Some call Obama move overdue; others wary of a wider war
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By Bryan Bender and Noah Bierman

GLOBE STAFF JUNE 15, 2013
WASHINGTON President Obamas decision to supply arms to

rebel forces in Syria has deeply divided members of Congress,
including those from Massachusetts, igniting a debate Friday
The 93,000 civilians estimated killed, the use of

chemical weapons, is certainly, I think, a game
changer. Representative Joseph P. Kennedy III
over whether the administration is narrowly responding to a

humanitarian crisis or embroiling the United States in another protracted Middle East confict.
Following US involvement in the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, the prospect of even limited engagement in
Syria has created divisions within the Democrat and Republican parties.
The all-Democratic Massachusetts delegation, which often speaks

with one voice, included members who favor tougher action, but
also warnings against yet another Middle East imbroglio and
anguish over the difcult choice.
I dont think theres any doubt that we need to step up our

engagement, said freshman Representative Joseph P. Kennedy
III, a Brookline Democrat, one of the most hawkish voices in the
delegation on the issue. Kennedy, for example, said he was open
to going further, including imposing a no-fy zone, though with
le:///C|/U...CKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/President Obamas decision to arm Syrian rebels divides Massachusetts delegation - Nation - The Boston Globe.htm[4/25/2015 2:18:45 PM]
certain conditions. The 93,000 civilians estimated killed, the use

of chemical weapons, is certainly, I think, a game changer.
The civil war has lasted more than two years. The Obama administration estimates that up to 150 people have
been killed by chemical weapons.
Weve got a history of this. Im concerned with us

getting entangled in a confict that is likely to spread
beyond Syria. Representative Stephen F. Lynch
N.E. expatriates hail plans

for intervention
Reaction to the news that the US would provide
arms to rebel forces was mixed among New England
Syrian-Americans as some felt help should have
come sooner.
Syrian rebels want big weapons
But others in the states delegation had a decidedly diferent reaction to the White House announcement that the
United States would supply arms to the rebels. The announcement late Thursday came after the United States
determined that the Syrian government forces used sarin gas, crossing a line that Obama has long warned would
have signifcant consequences for the regime.
Representative Stephen F. Lynch, a South Boston Democrat, said Friday he worried about inching toward further
involvement, noting that the confict seems to be pitting Sunni and Shiite Muslims in the region against each
other, much like the sectarian warfare that engulfed Iraq and the US military earlier in the decade.
Weve got a history of this, Lynch said. Im concerned with us getting entangled in a confict that is likely to
spread beyond Syria.
The representatives two reactions refected the broader debate in Congress. Some said Obamas decision to
provide arms to the rebels in Syria is too little, too late. Others said the humanitarian situation requires more
direct US military intervention, in the form of air strikes or a no-fy zone.
Imposing a no-fy zone in Syria would be more difcult than in Libya, analysts said. Libya had an outdated air
defense system when a no-fy zone was imposed by the United States and its allies in 2011. The allies also bombed
Libyan government forces and facilities to assist antigovernment forces, and there were no US military losses.
Syria could be a tougher challenge. Earlier this year, Air Force Magazine said Syria has 450 combat aircraft,
sophisticated
capability, and as many as 50 mobile surface-to-air missile systems. Syrias army is also
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Another worry is the size of Syrias chemical weapons arsenal, which the Pentagon has estimated would require up
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to 75,000 troops to secure under some circumstances.

Some in Congress also worry that even the limited step of providing small arms and ammunition to the Free
Syrian Army and other groups locked in a civil war with the regime of President Bashar Assad could result in USsupplied weapons ending up in the hands of Al Qaeda-linked terrorists or other American enemies. Or they
caution that such steps could drag the United States into a wider war with Iran and the Hezbollah militia in
Lebanon.
Still others acknowledged they are not sure what position to take. Among those was Representative William R.
Keating, a Bourne Democrat.
Theres a reason the administration has been going so slowly because its a series of no-win situations, Keating
said.
The two candidates seeking John F. Kerrys former Senate seat Representative Edward J. Markey, a Malden
Democrat, and Gabriel Gomez, a Republican and former Navy SEAL issued statements applauding Obamas
announcement, though Gomez called for a stronger intervention.
Markey called Assads use of chemical weapons a crime against humanity and said he supported providing
arms to carefully vetted elements of the resistance. Markey was also open to evaluating a no-fy zone, but
cautioned that it could bring America more directly into the confict.
Gomez said stability in the Middle East requires removing Assad from power. He said he supported Obamas
actions and repeated an earlier call for a no-fy zone. He also said he was open to committing ground troops as a
very last resort.
Obama has been under growing pressure for months to help the opposition in Syria including from within his
own circle. Hillary Rodham Clinton, then secretary of state, and her replacement, Kerry, lobbied for a more active
role. Some voices in Congress, including Senator John McCain, a Republican from Arizona who supports a no-fy
zone, have criticized Obama for being too cautious.
The United States has been providing nonlethal support for the rebels, including communications equipment,
and has also provided millions of dollars in humanitarian aid for some of the nearly 1 million Syrian refugees in
Jordan and Turkey.
Some analysts said the United States will have to do more than provide arms to make a diference, given that rebel
forces have lost momentum against the Syrian regime and its Hezbollah and Iranian allies.
Retired Army General Jack Keane, a member of the Pentagons Defense Policy Advisory Board, said the United
States must send heavier weapons to the rebels, such as antitank and antiaircraft missiles.
Keane said the United States could diminish Assads air power by destroying planes, airfelds, and other
infrastructure built by Iran and Russia. What would need to be done is you would have to take away the use of
his air power, Keane said.
But such a potential escalation worries some members of Congress. I understand the political impulse for
wanting to do something, said Representative James McGovern, a Worcester Democrat. I just want to make
sure whatever we do is constructive. I dont want to get sucked into another war.
McGovern said that while Assad has violated international law by using chemical weapons, thats an
international responsibility, not just a US responsibility, he said.
Representative Michael E. Capuano, a Somerville Democrat, said, I dont know what the right limit of
involvement is. But he had many questions. Anytime you escalate an endeavor, of course it brings risks of
broader confict. But thats already there. The question is: Can we help it? Can we limit it? And is it worth it in the
long run?
Bryan Bender can be reached at bender@globe.com.
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Pusanweb- Foreign Workers' Rights Handbook
The
Foreign Workers' Handbook

Updated February 2000
I. Preface
II. Korea's Labor Law and Worker Protection
III. Your rights can be protected even in the following cases.
IV. The situation of foreign workers in Korea and measures to ensure their protection
V. Introduction of Korea
I. Preface
This handbook is designed to assist foreign workers in asserting their
rights as workers in Korea. Korea's standard labor law does not discriminate
workers based on nationality. For this reason, foreign workers are protected
under the existing labor law.
But, in reality many foreign workers are being discriminated in
workplaces. In these cases, knowing the contents and provisions of labor
law is an essential part of exercising one's rights as a worker. Prior to
your employment in Korea, please read this handbook to comprehend
Korea's labor laws.
Also, please refer to this handbook in case a problem emerges.
This handbook consists of two main parts: one dealing with main
aspects of Korea's labor provisions that might be of help to foreign
workers; the other focusing on specifc ways foreign workers can solve
problems. In addition, there is a section on basic information about
Korea which might be important resource guide while your stay in
Korea. The latter part of this handbook also provides a list of various
medical and social service centers. These centers can provide services
for free of charge or for nominal fees. If you are experiencing diffculties
and problems, please contact the numbers listed on this booklet to solve
your specifc needs. Finally, there is a map of subway routes in the
back for your convenience. When you encounter serious problems in
Korea, it is very important that you contact counseling centers for
foreign workers and discuss your problems with them as soon as
possible. Coming up with specifc plans to deal with your problems
early on is probably the best way of reducing damages
II. Korea's Labor Law and Worker Protection
2-1 Outline of the Labor Standard Law
Regardless of your nationality, every worker in Korea is subject to its
labor laws and has the right to be protected. Also, these laws apply to
trainees and illegal workers. The Labor Standards Law is particularly
important, and you should know it in detail.
Particularly, the Labor Standard Law is designed to protect workers by
setting the minimum wage standard. While it is fortnate to contract
with employers above the standard set by the Labor Standard Law, the
contract signed below this minimum condition is considered invalid. In
the case of violations, only those conditions that were violated become
invalid and must be replaced by minimum conditions stipulated by the
fle:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Pusanweb-%20Foreign%20Workers'%20Rights%20Handbook.htm[4/25/2015 2:18:54 PM]
Labor Standard Law. Therefore, you should not worry about the
contract itself, since the fact that you signed a contract does not become
invalid.
Since Labor Standard Law is an important guide for protection of
foreign workers, you should be familiar with it.
1) Outline of the Labor Standard Law
The Labor Standards Law applies to workers in all workplaces with
fve (5) or more employees (article 10). Taking aside the employer of
a company, this law applies in workplace where the total number of
foreign and native workers exceeds fve people. When you are about to
get employed, it might be of disadvantage in many ways to be employed
in a workplace with less than four employees since the Labor Standard
Law will not be applied in those cases.
But, if you had been working in a place with less than four
employees and either did not get paid or experienced industrial accident
on the job, there might be several ways to deal with such problems.
In this case, please contact counseling centers listed in this booklet.
2) Prohibition of Discrimination
Employers cannot discriminate against you on the basis of sex,
national origin, religion, or social estate or caste (article 5). Again,
based on this clause, no foreign worker, including industrial trainees and
illegal foreign workers, should be discriminated in workplace.
Also, the ILO's 111th clause stipulates that one can not be
discriminated against in terms of employment based on one race, color,
sex, religion, political orientation, and ethnicity and social background.
3) Prohibition of forced labor and physical abuse
All kinds of forced labor performed against your will are strictly
prohibited (article 6). In no case can employers physically abuse you in
any way (article 7).
Even if a worker commits a wrongdoing, this can not be a basis for
forced labor, overtime work, night shift work,and work on holidays or
days off.
The Standard Labor Law applies to all aspects of labor, provided that
more than fve people are employed in a workplace (article 10, Labor
Standard Law). If you have been raped or beaten at workplace, escape
as quickly as possible and contact your nearest foreign worker counseling
center. Since there are usually emergency shelters available in counseling
centers, you should escape at once and ask for help in those centers.
If you incurred an injury, you should get treatment from medical
centers listed in the booklet and receive doctor's assessment of your
injury. Then, counselors can help you report these rape and physical
abuse cases to either police or prosecutor's offce and assist you in
getting compensation for your injuries. Even if you are an illegal worker,
you will not be forcibly returned to your country in these cases. So, do
not worry about your status.
4) Brokers and/or agents cannot embezzle your salary or wages
Unauthorized brokers or agents should not introduce you to companies

or workplaces (article 8). Those who do so and receive a brokerage fee
or commission for their informal labor introduction, or those who
regularly take a part of your salary or wages, face a maximum fne of
30 million won and/or maximum imprisonment of fve (5) years.
2-2 Labor contracts and Worker protection
1)Labor conditions
At the time of making your employment contract, the employer should
explain your wages, working hours, and other conditions (article 22). If
you fnd differences between your actual working conditions and your
employment contract, you can cancel your contract at any time and
demand compensation (article 23). Also, while maintaining basic labor
contract relations with your employer, specifc contents of contracts must
change as required by law (article 21). Moreover, you have the right
to ask for wage increase each year and can ask for better working
conditions as well.
2) Prohibition of conditional labor contracts
A worker is not liable to pay fnes or penalties for not fulflling his
contract to work a specifc length of time. This kind of labor contract
is considered invalid. Because this penalty inhibits workers from moving
to different worksite, it is prohibited by law (article 24).
Though it would be wise not to make such contracts to begin with,
you do not need to worry about this even if you had already signed a
contract.
3)Protection of workers under labor contracts
The employer cannot force you to save or deposit a part of your
salary or wage (artcile 26). Even if you borrow some money from your
employer, your employer cannot take off that amount from your salary
or wages without your consent (article 25). In the case of your
resignation or death, your employer should pay your due wages or
salary, compensation, and other remaining liabilities within 14 days to
either you or your family (article 30). In the case that you quit your
job, your employer cannot attempt to blacklist you in order to stop you
from getting another job (article 31-2).
4) Punishment of violators
As mentioned above, violators of labor contracts will be punished
according to the labor standard law.
2-3 Things to remember before employment
1) Should choose workplace wisely
It is of paramount importance to choose workplace with caution. You
should do a background check of your potential workplace. You should
fnd out if it has a history of following matters: delayed or unpaid
wages; industrial accidents; working and living conditions.
2) Must agree on labor terms and conditions

Verify following conditions:
(1) what is the nature of your work? Is it dangerous? What kind of
safety system is in your workplace?
(2) what are your working hours?
(3) whether or not you have to work overtime, night shifts, and
holidays and/or days off. If so, you should fnd out how long you have
to work and whether or not your consent is necessary.
(4) when is your break?
(5) what is your wage based on 8 hour working day?
(6) whether or not you will get paid for working overtime, night
shifts and holidays.
(7) Find out the date of wage payment, the time of wage increase,
and the method of wage increase. Also, whether or not you must set
aside a portion of your wage.
(8) How much is your pension?
(9) Find out about your housing conditions
(10) How is eating arranged?
(11) Whether or not meals are provided by the workplace
(12) Whether or not you are allowed to go outside on your days off
(13) Other points of interests
3) You must obtain original or copies of written contracts
The contract based on above mentioned labor conditions should be
obtained in written form. There are many cases involving labor contract
violations. In these cases, a written contract can facilitate the process
of solving problems. If possible, complete the labor contract in English.
If the contract is written in Korean, you should verify the contents of
your contract with counselors in the centers listed in this booklet.
It is very important to write down the following information: your
company's name, address, telephone number, name of your employer,
name of person with whom you signed the contract, etc. It would also
help to receive at least the business card of your employer.
4) Points you should remember - very important!
It is very important not to sign anything or fnger print on any
document. If you sign a paper without knowing its exact content, it
may work against you later on. Also, do not surrender your passport or
plane tickets to your employer. Even if your employer insists on
holding them, it would be best to keep them with you at all times.
You can give a photocopy of your passport and/or plane tickets to your
employers.
2-4. IF you want to receive your wages...
1) Payment of wages
The employer must pay your full salary or wages in cash on a
specifed date every month (article 36). This money must be given to
you directly. In no cases should your wages be given to other persons
including your brokers or agents who introduced you. The employer

should not take off a part of your wages. even if you had to stop
working due to machine troubles or any other reasons.
Because wage is workers' necessary means of living, the law
stipulates following conditions:
(1) Direct payment: Wage must be given to the worker directly.
This is to prevent other people from receiving your wages.
(2) Payment of total wages: This is to prevent problems arising
from forced savings of your wages. Many employers in the past have
not paid total wages in order to hold workers in their workplaces.
(3) Payment by cash: Your wage should be in the form of cash or
check that can be exchanged for money. You should not receive things
or objects in lieu of cash.
(4) Payment of wages on the specifed day of month: This is to
prevent delayed wages which can bring severe discomfort to the
workers.
2) Minimum wage
The Korean government has set the minimum wage for the period of
Sept. 1, 1996Aug. 31, 1997 at 1,400 won per hour, 11,200 won per
day, 316,400 won per month, for those who work 8 hours a day or 44
hours a week. If your employment contract sets a wage lower than the
minimum wage, it is null and void, and the minimum wage is effective
in its place (Minimum Wages Law; article 6).
3) Discharge allowance (severance pay)
All workers who were employed for over a year are entitled to
severance or discharge allowance. This is required by the Labor
Standard Law.
If your workplace has at least 5 workers, and you are discharged,
you must be paid a discharge allowance, which should be at least one
month's average wages for every year you have worked at the company
(ibid. article 28). Your average wages are calculated by dividing the
total amount of your wages during the last three (3) months by the
number of days (8992 days) in that period (ibid. article 19).
Particularly, you should remember that discharge payment is based on
not only your regular salary, but also overtime, night work, holiday
work and bonus payments. It, then, includes all payments you received
from your employer.
4) Payment in cases of emergency and factory closure
In cases of medical emergency, such as childbirth, illness, or
accident, your employer should pay you before the designated payday
your wages for the days you have worked (ibid. article 37). In case
your company's operations are temporarily shut down due to things such
as disorder or electrical or water shortages, and the employer is
responsible for the shut down, the employer should pay you
compensation equal to at least 70% of your average wages during the
shut down period (ibid. article 38).
2-5. Working hours and allowance payment

1) Working hours
Working hours is defned as the time you spend doing company work
at workplace, excluding break time. Also, meeting, preparation for
work, cleaning and other company related hours are included in the
working hours.
The working hours for one work day should normally be no more
than eight (8) hours, or 44 hours a week. If you agree, you can work
overtime totalling not more than twelve (12) hours a week (article 42).
If you work four (4) hours continuously, you should be allowed at least
a 30 minute break, and if you work for eight (8) continuous hours, you
should be allowed at least an hour-long break which you can take at
your convenience (article 44).
2) Regular pay - Standard wage of calculating allowance payment
If you happen to work overtime, nightshifts and on holidays, you are
entitled to extra (premium) wages. Because this extra wage is based
on your regular pay, you should know exactly how much your regular
pay is. Also, your extra wage is based on service allowance, long
service allowance, and danger allowance. Because people sometimes
neglect to add other allowances, you should take a note of this.
3) Allowance for working overtime, nightshifts and on holidays
You should receive wages equivalent to 150% of your ordinary wages,
when you work more than 8 hours a day or 44 hours a week. This also
applies if you work the nightshift or work on holidays or your days off.
The nightshift means the shift between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.(article 46).
In order to receive these allowances properly, you should maintain a
record of hours you worked each time. It would be quite useful to
keep all your receipt of payment, including the envelop that comes with
your wages.
2-6. Holidays and Vacations
1) Paid day-off
Your employer should give you a paid day-off per week (article 45).
Paid day-off means literally you should get paid for a day without
working. If you did not take any day off in a week for personal
reasons, then you have worked a full week. Also, even if you do not
work overtime or on holidays, it has no bearing on this clause. If you
work on days you are supposed to be off, then you are entitled to 150%
of your regular wage.
2) Monthly and annual paid leave
Your employer should give your one (1) day's paid leave per month
if you have not been absent for work (monthly paid leave, article 47).
Your employer should also give you ten (10) days' paid leave if you
have a perfect attendance record throughout the year, or eight (8) days'
paid leave if you have attended more than 90% of the working days that
year. For each full year that you have worked at your company, you
should get one (1) day extra of paid leave in addition to the basic
annual paid leave (article 48). For instance, a person, who worked for
more than three years and has not missed work for one year, is entitled
to ten paid leave plus two additional paid leave days, totalling 12 paid
leave days.
3) Method of using vacation days
A worker is entitled to use vacation days any way he wishes within
one year. A worker can use monthly and annual leave days together or
separately. Also, you are entitled to use them anytime you desire and
by any means. If you worked continuously through leave days, then
you are entitled to 100% of additional allowance rate.
2-7. Protection of women workers
If you are a woman worker, your employer must give you one (1)
day's paid menstruation leave every month (Labor Standards Law. article
59). If you are pregnant, you can request that you be given lighter
tasks, and your employer must provide this. Also, your employer should
not let you work overtime if you are pregnant. Finally, you are entitled
to a total of 60 day's paid leave before and after your delivery, and you
should be allowed at least 30 days rest after delivery (ibid. article 60).
2-8. Safety and health
Based on industrial safety and health law, employers are required to
provide all the necessary conditions for safe working environment. In
order to prevent industrial accidents, establishing safety devices and
safety measures should be the frst precautionary step to be made. If
you feel accidents could occur in your workplace, you should request
your employer to install safety devices.
Also, employers are required to brief on safety measures when new
workers are employed or a worker performs different tasks in the same
job. In addition, all companies are required to provide safety education
for at least two hours per every month. Foreign workers, especially,
should not jump into new jobs immediately, but should ask their
employers to provide safety tips and education.
Moreover, employers are required to conduct medical exams on their
employees at least once a year. Especially in high risk jobs, employers
must perform special medical exams on their employess at least once in
six months. The medical examination fees, of course, must be paid for
by employers.
Needless to say, maintaining one's health and life is of paramount
importance. Even if you are entitled to compensations for your injuries,
you can not change the fact that lost health or life will not ever return.
One must pay special attention in maintaining health and should
request precautionary measures from one's employers.
2-9. Labor unions and communal action
1) Foreign workers can also become labor union members
In order to improve working conditions of laborers, they have rights
to form organizations, exercise collective bargaining and conduct

collective strikes. In turn, they mean the following:
right to form organizations - since an individual alone can not
effectively deal with his/her employer, workers themselves have the right
to form an organization to defend their rights.
right to exercise collective bargaining - this implies workers rights to
bargain or negotiate their working conditions with their employers on a
collective basis. This right is given to workers so that no single
individual has to deal one on one with his/her employer.
right to conduct collective strikes - every worker also has the right to
strike and/or fght for working conditions suitable for his/her needs.
However, due to the limitation placed on industrial trainees and illegal
foreign workers, they are in fact denied access to labor unions.
However, whether foreign or domestic workers, they should make an
effort to create or join labor unions to improve their working conditions
and to assure their rights as workers. Only in this way workers can
defend their rights and lead more humane lives.
Thus far Korean labor unions not only failed to pay attention to the
problems of foreign workers, but also neglected to carry on activities to
protect foreign workers and to provide necessary means to form labor
unions for foreign workers. Recently, however, Korean labor unions
obtained interest on such issues and will, in due course, provide those
means for foreign workers.
In view of examples provided by Germany and Japan, I believe that
foreign workers in Korea will be able to join its labor unions. In
Germany, for instance, all foreign workers are entitled to join labor
unions and constitute about 8% of entire union members in the country.
In Japan, illegal foreign workers are defending their rights by joining
Japan's labor unions.
Ultimately, foreign workers themselves should maintain interest in
forming labor unions and participate in domestic labor unions' efforts to
improve working conditions of workers.
2) Situation of Korean labor unions
Currently, there are about 7,000 company based unions Korea and
roughly 1.7 million workers are their members. Among big size
unions, the membership ranges from 20,000 to 50,000. These are
usually in such large industries as shipbuilding, automobile production,
and communication services. At the same time, there are relatively
small labor unions in small and middle sized industries whose labor
union membership is no more than one hundred.
Also, while the most common form of labor unions is company based,
there are regionally based labor unions as well. For foreign workers
employed in small to middle sized companies, it would be much more
effective to join regionally based labor unions. Furthermore, while there
are unions for workers employed in factories, such non-factory related
workers as writers/reporters/journalists, hospital, research, bank, and
transportation workers have created unions of their own and have formed
solidarity with unions in different industries to struggle for common
cause.
The company based unions have formed industry wide unions and
this, in turn, got together and formed even larger national union called
the National Center. In this way, they are forging a unifed effort to
strengthen their collective power.

As a side note, currently the National Center is divided into two
camps: one is called the FKTU (Federation of Korean Trade Union) and
the other, KCTU (Korean Congress of Trade Unions). The latter was
created recently on November 11, 1995.
Usually Korean labor unions engage in a struggle to increase wages in
Spring (March to July). In these times, strikes sometimes last for an
extended period of time.
3) The relationship with Korean labor unions
It's true that workers can relate to other workers. The common
bond that ties workers together stems from the fact that they get paid to
work for others. Workers of all nations are one. If you happen to
come across a worker who engages labor union activities, I hope that
you can feel free to tell your stories and show interest in labor unions.
And let's discuss ways to organize foreign workers through labor
unions, together.
III. Your rights can be protected even in the following

cases.
3-1. Unpaid wages
1) If your employer doesn't pay you your wages on the promised
payday or doesn't give you the full amount, you should go to your local
government labor offce and appeal your grievances. The Korean Ministry
of Labor will make your employer pay the remaining amount owed to
you. In addition, the Korean government announced that the Ministry of
Labor will start handling such cases for all foreigners, whether they are
legal or illegal.
2) If your employer continuously delays the payment of your wages,
you can appeal to a court, asking for a court order to collect your
overdue wages. If the unpaid wages owed to you is not more than 10
million won, your case is called a "proceeding for a small sum," and
such cases can be decided in a relatively short period of one or two
months. If your employer does not pay you your wages, you should
seek legal help within three (3) years (ibid, article 41).
3) If your employer is a subcontractor and goes bankrupt and cannot
pay your wages, you can demand that the orderer of the contracted
services pay your wages.
4) Before going to a labor offce or seeking legal help, you should
consult with volunteers and counsellors helping foreign workers.
3-2 Injuries in the Workplace
1) In workplaces employing fve or more workers the industrial
accident compensation insurance policy of the Ministry of Labor pays the
medical costs and compensation in cases of injury and illness in the
workplace, without asking who is at fault.
2) The entire cost of treatment should be covered by the Ministry of

Labor. During the period of recovery, the worker should be paid 70%
of the average wages. In addition, those who are permanently disabled
or handicapped after treatment can receive compensation based on the
degree of their disability in a lumpsum or in the form of a pension. In
the case of a death, the amount of compensation paid to the worker's
family is equal to 1,300 days' average wages. Funeral expenses are
calcuulated as 120 days' average wages. Also, cases of recurrent injuries
or relapse are to be covered by the industrial accident compensation
insurance.
3) In addition to the compensation covered by the insurance system
run by the government, you can fle a civil suit to collect damages
against the company. If you win the case, the court will calculate the
amount of the damages depending on the degree of responsibility of your
employer and the seriousness of the injury or illness. You can receive
the money equivalent to the difference between damages calculated by
the court and the money alreadly paid by the industrial accident
compensation insurance. In such civil court cases, witnesses are
needed. So, you should write down the telephone numbers and
addresses of the Koreans and foreigners in your workplace, so you can
contact them if necessary. You should also keep photographs of the
machine and the location of the incident, and get written or recorded
testimony from witnesses.
4) If your employer doesn't ask the local labor offce to pay you
damages from the industrial accident compensation insurance system,
you or your family can appeal to the local labor offce directly. Please
note, however, that the industrial accident compensation insurance
system does not apply to small workplaces employing less than 5
persons. You should seek legal help in order to collect damages for
injuries in small workplaces.
5) Industrial accidents includes industrial disease and industrial injuries
occurring at the workplace. Both can be covered by the industrial
accident compensation insurance. Industrial injuries are those incurred
during working hours and even during ceremonies or festivals organized
by the company. Industrial disease includes all illnesses caused by the
working environments, such as backache or muscular pain caused by
handling heavy weights or working in uncomfortable positions, and other
physical problems brought about by the use of organic solvent (thinner)
and chemicals.
6) If you are injured, the emergency medical care you frst receive is
very important. If possible, you should try to seek doctors specializing
in your type of injury. If your fnger is cut off at work, for example,
you must ask to be taken to a large hospital within 24 hour so that
doctors can perform microscopic surgery to reconnect your fngers.
7) If you happened to be injured and deported, or in the case of your
death, you and your family members might not be able to collect full
damages due to the lack of knowledge about Korean law. So, you
should seek the help of volunteers or counsellors whenever you have had
an industrial accident. During the period of treatment, you should refuse
to work and must take care not to be deported.

3-3. Violence or confnement
Your employer should never physically harm you or confne you.
Otherwise, he might face a maximum fne of 30 million won or
maximum imprisonment of fve (5) years. In the cases of physical abuse
or confnement, you should fee and seek the help of volunteers and
counsellors who can help you appeal to the police, the public
prosecutor, and the local labor offce. Even if you were only slightly
injured, you should show the offcials your medical certifcate signed by
your doctor ascertaining your injury (See the list of hospitals in
appendix)
3-4. Discharge
You should not be discharged or inficted penalty without fair reasons
that can be justifed. Your employer who violates this can face a
maximum fne of 30 million won or maximum imprisonment of 5 years
(Labor Standards Law. 27). In the case of unfair discharge, you should
frst make a protest against your employer. Then, you should appeal to
volunteers or counsellors for help.
Even if you were justifably discharged, you have the legal right to
receive full backpay and discharge allowance. If you were discharged
without having received at least 30 days' notice, your employer should
pay you an amount totally at least 30 days' normal wages (ibid. 27-2).
3-5. Passport, search and arrest, and fne
1) In Korea, the entry, departure, and stay of all foreigners are
managed according to the Immigration Control Law. In many cases,
employers confscate and hold the passports of workers in order to
prevent and control their movement.
2) If a warrant of protection is issued by the court, Korean
immigration offcials may keep you under their custody at the
'Foreigners Protection Facility' at Whikyoungdong, Seoul. In such
cases, immigration offcials should give written notice of the period,
place and reason of custody to your husband or wife, family members,
relatives, or other persons indicated by you, within 3 days(Immigration
Control Law. 54). During the period of custody, you may be
investigated. Also, they may punish you based on the answers you give
at this time. You have the right to remain silent and not make
self-incriminating statements. You should assert your right to call for a
translator and a lawyer, who can help you get treated fairly.
3) You have the right to demand unpaid wages, even if you worked
illegally. Ask assertively that the Immigration Bureau get you your back
wages. You also have the right to receive visitors at the 'Foreigners
Protection Facility.' So, even while in custody, you can arrange matters
related to unpaid wages and other affairs. If the Immigration Bureau
tries to deport you before you get your back wages or before you have
fully recovered from an industrial accident, protest strongly.
4) If you are arrested by the police, you should demand a translator
and try to contact volunteers, counsellors, or the local association of

lawyers. You have the legal right to reamin silent while being questioned
by the police. In some cases, the police might write incorrect facts on
the papers recording the questions and your answers. You should not
sign any document which you cannot understand, even if they stongly
urge you to do so. In general, you should not answer questions of
police until your lawyer arrives. After your lawyer gives you advice, you
may wish to cooperate with the police investigating your case.
5) If you want to return to home and your passport is still in the
hands of your former employer, you should visit your country's embassy
to receive a certifcate of your nationality. Then, you may go to the
immigration offce.
6) If you want to return to home but you have overstayed your visa,
you may be questioned by the immigration offcials about your behavior
violating Immigration Control Law. Afterwards, you may be punished or
fned according to the Immigration Control Law. So, you should consult
with counsellors or lawyers before going to immigration offce. You
should realize, however, that the Korean government does not pay the
travel costs for you. If you are unable to pay for your travel costs, you
may have to stay in the 'Foreigners Protection Facility' or 'Immigration
Offce,' until your friends or relatives can send you money. You can
save some money if you buy your air or passage ticket at a the travel
agency before appearing in front of immigration offcials.
3-6. Banking and Remittance
Foreign workers, particularly illegal foreign workers, experience a
number of problems trying to send money to their families. In their
attempt to send their hard earned money to their countries, foreign
workers often rely on their friends and/or companies for which they
work. In many situations, these intermediary persons take the money
and run. Also, there have been cases where foreign workers lost all
their savings to a robber.
Currently, foreign workers can open an account in most banks in
Korea simply by presenting their passports. This is possible even for
industrial and illegal foreign workers. If you do not have a passport,
you can still open an account with a photocopied version of your
passport. In this way, you can protect your money from robbers or
prevent losing them accidentally. Also, when you open an accont with a
bank, ask for a cash card which will allow you to draw money from
virtually anywhere in Korea. If you do not have a cash card, then you
can simply use your bankbook to draw and deposit money at your bank
or its branches. In case you are still worried, you can request one of
the counselors to go with you to a bank. Also, since it is crucial to
punch in a secret code, you must not allow other people to know your
secret code. You should not even reveal the secret code to a Korean
person who might go with you to the bank. In case you lose your
bankbook, you can always obtain a copy of it by presenting your secret
code and account number. Inversely, if you happen to fnd or steal
another person's bankbook, you will not be able to draw money given
that you do not have its secret code.
If you wish to send money to your families, you can send upto
(U.S.)$10,000. As you may already know, you should go to a bank

with someone you can trust. In this case, it might be a good idea to
go with one of the counselors from the counseling centers listed in this
booklet.
IV. The situation of foreign workers in Korea and

measures to ensure their protection
4-1. Reforming measures for foreign industrial trainees
The Ministry of Labor instituted some changes in the law which will
affect foreign industrial trainees in Korea. Any provisions in your
employment contract which confict with these changes must be revised
by February 28, 1995. These changes will be in effect starting March
1, 1995.
1. Korea's labor laws provide protection for foreign technical trainees
in several ways, beginning March 1, 1995.
a. The employer must pay your full salary in cash on a specifed day
every month. This money must be given to you directly. In no case
can your employer give your wages to other persons, including your
sending company, sending agency, or brokers who introduced you to
the company.
b. For working 8 hours a day, or 44 hours a week, you must be
given at least the minimum wage of 1,400 won/hour, 11,200 won/day,
or 316,400 won/month. Of course, your company may pay you a wage
higher than the minimum wage. If your employment contract sets a
wage that is lower than this minimum wage, then, that wage in the
contract is null and void, and your contract must be revised by February
28, 1995, so that you can receive either the minimum wage or a higher
wage.
c. If you work more than 8 hours a day or 44 hours a week, you
must receive 150% of your wages for your overtime work. The same
applies for if you work the nightshift, on holidays or on your days off.
d. The industrial accident compensation policy of the Ministry of
Labor pays for the medical costs and compensation for your injury or
sickness due to work. It does not matter who is at fault. You can still
receive compensation. Also, even if you have a non-work related injury
or accident, the Medical Insurance Law states that your illness or
sickness will be covered by insurance so that most of your medical
treatment costs will be paid for.
e. Your employer should never physically harm you or lock you in
the company or factory against your will. In such cases, you should
fee and seek the help of volunteers and counsellors who can help you
get medical treatment and appeal to the police, the public prosecutor,
and the local labor offce. Even if you were only slightly injured, you
should show the offcials your certifcate of medical treatment signed by
your doctor which will serve as proof of your injury.
f. Your employer must institute practices in the workplace to provide

for occupational safety and industrial hygiene, for example, safety
mechanisms on machines and harmful substances control. Also, your
company must provide you with free medical check-ups at least once a
year.
2. In order to protect the trainees, the law will be revised so that the
government can increase its supervision of companies to enforce their
new guidelines.
a. Companies which do not obey these guidelines will be subject to
inspection. An inspector from the Ministry of Labor can punish your
company if they do not follow the guidelines according to the law.
b. In case your company does not follow the guidelines, and you feel
that your rights have been violated, you should report the misconducts
to the Ministry of Labor and other organizations which can help you.
c. You have the right to keep your passport in your own possession,
and no one, including your employer, should violate this right. Also,
on holidays or your days off, while you are not working, you should be
free to go in and out of the factory as you like.
3. Education of the trainees will be reinforced. The education period
before you enter Korea will be extended to 2 weeks (before, it was 6
days). The education period after you enter Korea will be extended to
1 week (before, it was 2 days).
4. In addition to these changes, the laws concerning your transfer to
another company and the hiring of illegal workers, including trainees
who have escaped from their original factories will be made more strict.
4-2. Our Suggestion to Solve the Migrant Workers' Problem in
Korea
The foreign industrial trainees' cry for help in Myoung dong
Cathedral this past January is still ringing in our ears. "Don't Beat Us
Up!" "Pay Our Salaries." "We Are Not Slaves!" "We Are Human "...
Korean citizens who heard their desperate outcries realized that we must
stop these brutal persecutions. The press reported the horried situation
of foreign workers, and the government fnally promised to make
changes in the existing system of employing migrant workers from
overseas.
Unfortunately, a little has changed since their public plea. In fact.,
the situation has worsened. It appeared that the government attempted to
revise the existing law by introducing an amendment which would permit
employment for foreign workers. As the public opinion quieted down,
the talk of reform simply died without any concerted effort to solve the
preblems. Today, an increasing number of foreign trainees are coming
into our country under the same condition.
By the end of August this year, 9,371(33.4%) out of 27,981 foreign
trainees left their assigned factories. espite this fact, the government
planned to bring in at least 20,000 additional trainees with some
discussion of increasing the number to anther 30,000 without making
attempt to improve the current technical trainee system.

Even though a considerable number of foreign trainees escaped from
the factories with which they signed contracts. The government has only
increased measures to apprehend and repatriate foreign workers. In the
mean time foreign workers have been deprived of their human rights and
have been subject to a number of maltreatments such as low wage
(300,000 won or less a month), forced overtime and holiday work,
industrial accidents, exploitation by employmint recruting agencies,
surrendering passports to employers and/ or agencies, physical
confnement and abuses.
At the same time, illegal foreign workers are not in any favourable
condition than the trainees. Those who entered through the contact of
companies overseas, in fact, are in much worse situation. They receive
some where between 80,000 to 120,000 won per month and have no
medical/accidental insurance coverage in case of injuries on the job.
To solve these problems, we need to intrduce much more fexible and
coopereative system of employing foreign workers in Korea. We must at
once do away with the current system of importing foreign workers
under the guise of "traineeship" and the sustaining violation of human
rights of workers. Bringing in foreign workers without concrete plans
can only upset the labour market situation and contribute to the decline
of moral fabric of our society. We can not simply allow this to happen
and, therefore, need to establish public opinion which would help us
constrct much more democratic means to deal with impact of foreign
workeres in Korea.
If we come to an agreement that our society can beneft from foreign
labour force, then we must not only their human rights, but also
establish cooperative and effective system of employing foreign workers.
Such steps will ensure better ties with foreign nations and contribute to
a smooth globalization process already in the making.
We frmly proclain again that no human being should be deprived of
his inalienable rights. Even the illegal migrant workers must be assured
of their rights as workers and be given fair and proper treatments. They
must not be discriminated nor harrassed in work places.
We must come to grips with the reality that over 100,000 migrant
workers are present in Korea. They are not simply laborers but human
beings with feelings and emotions. They have become our neighbers
whether we like it or not and must be treatred with respect. As such
,we must fnd ways to live together harmoniously and overcome the
existing system that unfairly persecutes and oppresses migrant workers.
The following list is what we consider to be appropriate measure to
improve policies pertaining to foreign workers in Korea.
1. We need to establish cooperateve policies regarding foreign workers
by making possible public forums and discussions and through a
democratic decisions making process.
2. We need to abolish the contradictory company trainee system and
develop ways to treat foreign workers equally and fairly.
3. In order to secure human rights of foreign workers, the so called
"Foreign worker protection law" must be implemented. The substance of
this law is as follows:
a.As a third party to management and workers a public entity must

be in charge of managing and introducing foreign workers.
b.While admitting foreign workers through inter governmental ties,
the sending countries must establish public entities which would
elimimate private recruiting centers that squeeze hard earned wages from
the workers.
c.We need to recognize the trainees as labourers and provide the
same labour rights as the natives by insuring the third labour code and
applying domestic labour laws equally to foreign trainees.
d.The social welfare provisions must apply indiscriminately to foreign
workers.
e.Prior to their embarkation, foreign workers should be given
opportunities to be educated on Korean language, on the job skills and
adapting to Korean society.
f.For those companies employing foreign workers, they must learn
about sending
countries' culture through educational programs.
g.In order to solve the reality of "forced labor"situation, foreign
workers must be given the freedom to move from one company to the
other.
h.A system of bestowing rights to foreign workers must be established
through the government channel which acts as the third party.
i. Upon arrival, placing foreign workers must be systemized.
4. In addition to the implementation of the new system illegally
employed foreign workers must be pardoned and must be given lawful
identity. Furthermore, the system of penalizing those who voluntarily
identify themselves as "Chinese" must be abolished.
5. Those trainees who came through the overseas company
sponsorship must be treated equally as other trainees.
V. Introduction of Korea
5-1. Location and Population
The Korea peninsula is located between Japan and China. Due to
foreign infuences and ideological differences, Korea was divided into
two, North and South, since 1945. In the South, approximately 45
million people reside in tight geographical spce. For this reason, the
population density is considered to be quite high as well. The capital
city of South Korea is Seoul in which 10 million people live. There is a
number of cities surrounding Seoul, including Songnam, Anyang,
Puchon, Uijongbu, Kwangmyung, Siheung, Uiwang, Kunpo, Kuri,
Mikeum, Kwangju, Koyang, Hanam. These cities combined are called
the Capital Region where 1/3 of entire Korean population reside. The
name of the city, "Kwangju," may cause some confusion for some
people, since there exists another city called "Kwangju" in Chonra
province. The latter city is a large city with population over 1 million.
When occasions arise, it would be helpful to distinguish between these
two cities.
5-2. Climate and Weather
Korea is considered as having relatively warm climate. But it has
four distinctive seasons. Based on the climate, Korea can be divided
into Central and Southern regions, where the former includes both the
Capital Region and the Choong-Chung Region. In terms of location,
the lower part is included in the Southern Region, but there is little
difference in climate.
In Spring (from March to May), a number of skin or eye related
illnesses occur as a result of "sandy dust wind" coming from mainland
China. For this reason, there is a need to take precautions during this
time. Also, during the Summer (from June to August), rainy season
begins starting from mid-July.
The winter weather usually consists of three days of biting-cold and
four days of relatively warm climate. This condition repeats itself from
one week to next. Because the temperature may drop to minus 15-20
degrees in some harsh winters, one may need to prepare for these
conditions. For people who come from warm climate, winter in Korea
may be hard to bear. In preparation, one might fnd extra layer of
clothing and electric blanckets quite useful.
Because common colds spreads widely during a change of seasons,
one need to take extra care when temperature changes rapidly. Also,
due to diffculties at work or changes in diet and conditions, common
colds can last longer than usual. A Filipino worker, who could not
withstand harsh cold weather, fell asleep with the heater turned on
high. The room caught fre in his sleep and died from it.
If you experience pain or abrupt changes in your health, do not try to
overcome the pain by not doing anything. This handbook contains
various medical centers where you can visit to take care of most of your
health problems. If you miss the opportunity to fx your health
problems early on, then it will be several times more diffcult to treat
them later on. It would be wise to examine early and treat it as soon
as possible. These medical centers treat health related problems of
foreign workers at a reduced price, so you will be able to treat your
illnesses quite cheaply and easily. If you happen to develop serious
illnesses needing in-depth or extended treatment, please do not hesitate
to discuss the matter with any of the medical centers indicated in this
booklet. Particularly, the hospital in the labor welfare center treats its
patients at a very low cost, but one's application must be accepted and
approved by the center. In some cases, hospitals affliated with religion
centers treat foreign workers, who can not afford to pay for their
hospital costs, for free.
5-3. Cultural Background
Traditionally, Korea has been deeply infuenced by Confucianism.
Confucian ideas continue to guide the relationships between parents and
children, elders and the young, teachers and pupils.
Consequently, Koreans regard highly of basic etiquette and norm in

human relations. As Korea's industrialization and urbanization are
developing rapidly, such Confucian ideas have declined in importance.
Though young Koreans are becoming more individualistic like in the
Western countries, still fundamental ideals and doctrines of Confucianism
remain.
The Korean society traditionally has been centered on agriculture.
For this reason, they consider rice farming based on family and blood
relations to be of paramount importance. Due to rapid industrialization
beginning in 1960s, only small number of farmers remain in the rural
areas and the majority of the population are either self-employed or are
laborers.
Historically, Koreans have not only utilized isolationist policies towards
foreign countries, but also viewed foreigners with suspect. The primary
reason being that Korea was repeatedly invaded by neighboring countries
and was under colonial rule for many years.
Moreover, Koreans seldom express their feelings, whether happiness
or sadness, to others. In this way, Koreans are expressionless as
compared to people from other countries. In general, Koreans also do
not show their inner thoughts and feelings to foreigners who tend to
smile or laugh a lot. But, unlike their outer expressions, they may
have kind and warm hearts.
Though Korea's traditional religion has been Buddhism, Christianity is
now being widely accepted. Regardless of one religious background,
everyone has the right to be treated equally in Korea.
5-4. Korea's industrial and manufacturing complex
Korea is an export oriented nation.
Having developed agricultural, mining and forestry industries in the
1960s, Korea is presently undergoing rapid developments in chemical and
services industries.
The industrial complex of Korea have distinct regional personalities.
The industrial complex simply refers to a area where same or related
industries are concentrated. This comprehensive design was developed
in an effort to increase productivity and effciency.
These industries are divided into several key regions, including the
Capital Region, Choongchung, Chonra and Yungnam areas.
The Capital Region consists of small to mid-range light industries as
well as electronic, textile and machinery complex. In Seoul, small
factories are concentrated in the cities of Kuro, Onsu, and Sungsu.
In the Inchon area, machinery, automobile, chemical, and plastic
factories are concentrated in the following export processing zones: 3rd
and 4th export processing zone in Bupyong, 5th and 6th zone in Jooan,
and 1st and 2nd zone in Namdong complex.
Centering on oceansides, Ansan's Banwol and Sihwa complexes have
chemical factories and dye works. In Siheung, Sungnam, Uijongbu,
Kuri, Anyang, Kwangju (Kyunggi), and other cities have numerous
factories that manufacture diverse goods.
In Choonchung province, cities such as Taejon and Chungju are
developed in textile and electronic industries, while nonferrous metal
refnishing factories are located in Onsan.
The southern coastal areas of Kyungnam are commonly known as the
center of Korea's heavy chemical industries. They include: the steel
industris of Pohang, petro-chemical and heavy chemical complexes in

Ulsan, machine industry in Changwon, free trade zone in Masan,
shipbuilding capital of Koje island, chemical industry in Yuchon.
Aside from this, a number of small size factories are located in the
following areas: textile factories and dye works in Taegu; electronics and
textile industries in Kumi; textile, rubber, footwear and machine
industries in the leading harbor city of Pusan.
Korea is not only undergoing rapid industrialization and global market
expansion, but also experiencing multinational industrialization through
technological advancements and investments abroad.
5-5. Employment situations of Koreans
Koreans are employed in the following industries: 16% in the
primary industry as in agriculture; 34.5% in secondary industries in
mining, construction, and gas & electricity; 49.5% in tertiary service
sectors.
The current trend shows an increasing employment opportunities in
service jobs, while employment in manufacturing sectors have declined.
Since there is a tremendous shortage of Korean workers in jobs that pay
low wages, the government and small to middle sized companies are
supporting the plan to import foreign workers to fll this gap.
South Korea: Balancing Labor Demand with Strict Controls | migrationpolicy.org
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South Korea: Balancing Labor Demand with Strict Controls

DECEMBER 1, 2004 PROFILE
ByYoung-bum Park
Over the last four decades, the Republic of Korea (hereafter South Korea) has
transformed from a struggling, developing nation to a prosperous,
industrialized country thanks to its export-oriented strategy. GNP per capita
increased from US$142 in 1967 to US$12,646 in 2003. The unemployment
rate dropped from 8.2 percent in 1963 to 4.4 percent in 1970 and to 2.5
percent in 1989.
Due to its low unemployment rate, by the early 1990s South Korea realized it
needed temporary labor to fll unskilled jobs that natives were becoming less
and less willing to do. In fact, without foreign labor, it would have been nearly
impossible to keep the "tiger" economy growing.
As a country that places a high value on its homogeneity, this also marked the
beginning of a tension that continues today: the need for foreign labor versus
the desire to remain a purely Korean nation with strict immigration policies.
One result of this tension has been a dramatic rise in the number of
undocumented workers even as the number of temporary workers has increased. In addition, the number of refugees from North
Korea has grown due to the troubled North Korean economy, a trend that has also attracted much national attention.
Historical Background
South Korea, because of its geostrategic importance, has a long history of conficts, invasions, and occupations. Its peninsula
location is critical, with China and Russia along the northern border and Japan across the Korea Strait.
During the Japanese colonial period in the early 20th century, millions of Koreans left the country for a new life abroad, leading to
large Korean communities in China, Japan, and Russia that still exist today. Hawaii, where Koreans worked on sugarcane
plantations, was also a major destination in this period.
le:///C|/U...NK/Desktop/Backupan/South%20Korea%20%20Balancing%20Labor%20Demand%20with%20Strict%20Controls%20_%20migrationpolicy.org.htm[4/25/2015 2:19:02 PM]
After receiving its independence from Japan in the wake of World War II, the country was divided into north and south. The
Korean War of 1950-1953, a central battle in the fght against communism, caused a population upheaval, most signifcantly the
movement of 10 million people from the north to the south.
Once the war was over, and particularly after the U.S. opened the door to non-European immigration in 1965, South Koreans began
migrating to the United States to study or to fnd a higher quality of life.
In the 1970s and 1980s, millions of construction workers went to the Middle East as employees of South Korean contractors. Most
of these workers returned home after a few years with substantial savings.
The Transition from "One-Blood" to Immigration
Despite recent increases in its foreign population, South Korea is still a very homogeneous country. Since foreigners who legally
stay in South Korea for 90 days or more are required to register with the authorities, their numbers are easy to track. At the end of
2003, there were 438,000 registered foreigners, just under one percent of South Korea's 45 million people.
But this fgure does not include the number of undocumented foreign workers, which rose from 100,000 in 1998 to 289,000 in
2002. By 2002, undocumented workers represented 70 percent of South Korea's total foreign labor force.
Strict migration controls made it increasingly difcult for South Korean businesses to fll low-level jobs with legal, temporary
workers, and by the mid 1990s, more and more people from other Asian countries China, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand,
Vietnam, and Mongolia were overstaying their tourist visas and joining the workforce.
They were able to fnd jobs in small manufacturing companies, construction and restaurants (the latter were usually Chinese of
Korean ancestry). Most of them paid large fees to job agencies at home and/or in South Korea.
In the early debates concerning the use of unskilled foreign labor, one of the critical issues was whether the need for labor was a
passing or structural phenomenon. After the Asian fnancial crisis, which hit South Korea in December 1997, it became apparent
that without temporary workers, some sectors of the South Korean economy would not be viable.
The unemployment rate jumped from 2.1 percent in October 1997 to 8.6 percent in 1999, leaving two million people jobless.
However, few native workers wanted to have so-called "three-D" jobs - difcult, dangerous, and demanding.
Temporary Labor Programs
Skilled workers, including entertainers, researchers and language teachers, are welcome to temporarily work and live in Korea. The
main labor migration issue has been and continues to be temporary workers in lower levels of the economy.
Until 2003, South Korea had no ofcial provisions for allowing unskilled labor temporary access to the labor market. Today, South
Korea has three ways of handling the need for unskilled foreign workers: an expanded industrial trainee scheme, the employment
management scheme, and the employment permit system. In the near future, the employment management scheme will be folded
into the employment permit scheme.
Temporary workers from any of these schemes can take jobs mainly in small manufacturing industries, such as cast iron, forging,
heat treatment and painting, and dyeing and fnishing.
Industrial Trainee Scheme
The industrial trainee scheme was originally intended to upgrade the skills of foreign workers employed by overseas South Korean
frms. It was modifed in 1993 to ease labor shortages for small frms, particularly in the manufacturing sector.
This trainee scheme was considered to be temporary since the trainees were to return to their home countries after one year. But
the number of trainees has increased for two reasons.
First, the trainee working period was extended to three years (one year of training and two years of employment). Second, the
sectors eligible for using trainees expanded to include other areas, such as fshery and construction.
In 2002, the government increased the number of industrial trainees under the foreign trainee scheme by 20,000 to 145,000.
Employment Management Scheme
The undeniable presence of undocumented foreign workers caught the government's attention, and, in June 2002, it recognized
the need to give worker status to unskilled foreign labor for the frst time.
The government calls this work permit initiative the employment management scheme. Although it was implemented at the same
time as the increase in industrial trainees, this scheme is limited to foreign workers in the service sector who have Korean ancestors
(these are mainly Chinese Koreans).
Due to its limited scope, the employment management scheme did not signifcantly decrease the number of undocumented
workers. Finally, in July 2003, the government introduced a new employment permit system for guest workers.
Employment Permit Scheme
Under the employment permit scheme, qualifed Korean employers (those with less than 300 employees in the areas of
manufacturing, construction, and service are given priority) can enter into employment contracts with foreign workers who should
be in good health and under the age of 40.
Employers who wish to employ unskilled foreign labor must frst demonstrate that they have spent at least one month attempting
to fnd Korean workers by requesting help from public employment centers.
These workers come to South Korea through government-to-government agreements. The government has signed Memorandums
of Understanding (MOUs) with the governments of eight countries, including the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, and
Indonesia.
After the maximum three-year employment period, foreign workers have to leave South Korea and stay outside the country for a
one-year period before they are allowed to return for another three-year period. Family members of foreign workers are not allowed
to enter, a restriction purposely designed to dissuade foreign workers from permanently settling in South Korea.
When the employment permit scheme was introduced, it gave many undocumented foreign workers the opportunity to apply for a
permit, depending on how long they had been in the country illegally. At the same time, undocumented workers who did not
qualify for a permit were given a chance to leave the country without paying any fnes. This amnesty boosted the registered foreign
population 73.4 percent between 2002 and 2003.
Not surprisingly, some undocumented workers who did not qualify for a permit have decided to stay, though it will be difcult for
them to continue working and to avoid deportation. The government has publicized its intentions to enforce the scheme's
deportation provision and to use the police to catch undocumented workers.
As of 2004, the proportion of undocumented workers in the total foreign workforce is still around 40 percent.
Refugees from North Korea
The majority of Korea's "refugees" come from North Korea, and their numbers have been increasing: 148 in 1999, 312 in 2000, 583
in 2001, 1,139 in 2002, and 1,281 in 2003. Ofcially, North Koreans are not considered refugees under South Korean law. They are
citizens of the Republic of Korea since North Korea is still considered part of the Republic's territory.
Because the border between north and south is heavily guarded, most North Koreans frst escape via the Chinese border, then try to
defect to South Korea by traveling through countries in the region, including Thailand, Burma, and Mongolia. Some North Koreans
enter or attempt to enter diplomatic compounds in China, a tactic China has sought to discourage by increasing border security and
forcing North Koreans to return home.
Estimates vary widely, but about 100,000 to 300,000 North Koreans are living in or hiding in China. For many years, the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has been concerned about the fate of North Koreans in China, which is a
signatory of the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, the Chinese government considers North Koreans illegal migrants and not
refugees. In addition, the government has repeatedly denied UNHCR access to the China-North Korea border region.
After North Koreans enter South Korea, the government asks them their reasons for defecting. Economic well-being has become
increasingly important, with 40.7 percent of North Koreans in 2000 and 60.2 percent in 2003 citing it as their reason for leaving.
In 2003, other reasons for defecting included accompanying others (15.0 percent), discontent with the communist regime (9.6
percent), and worrying about being disciplined (6.2 percent); the latter is the same as persecution.
The North Koreans who successfully reach South Korea receive special assistance to help them settle and adjust to life in the south.
This assistance includes an "adjustment program," which lasts two months, as well as adjustment capital.
The adjustment program is mainly an introduction to South Korea's economic and social systems. The adjustment capital varies by
the number of household members. For example, a four-person household receives a lump sum of between US$30,000 and
US$57,000. In addition, North Koreans receive support for renting a home, called "key money." Currently, key money assistance
totals US$6,000.
Since the government's eforts to help North Koreans fnd jobs are not always successful, many have started their own businesses.
Although this may seem generous, the amount of fnancial support has, in fact, decreased due to a 1997 law. Many North Koreans
believe they do not receive enough money from the South Korean government to adequately help them.
Attitudes towards North Koreans are shifting as well. When there were fewer North Korean refugees, those who entered South
Korea were treated like heroes by the government and the people. As their numbers have increased, however, the public has
become less enthusiastic and increasingly concerned.
Naturalization Policy
The easiest way for a person to acquire Korean citizenship is by having a Korean spouse or having at least one parent who is a
Korean citizen. The number of people naturalizing each year has been rapidly increasing, from 232 in 2000, to 661 in 2001, to
2,785 in 2002, and to 5,985 in 2003.
This increase is largely due to foreign women marrying South Korean men. These women mainly come from Asian countries,
particularly China and Vietnam. For example, in 2003, 8,434 foreigners, or 94 percent of the year's total, were granted citizenship
because they had South Korean spouses.
In addition, the number of people acquiring South Korean nationality because they have a Korean parent is also increasing, from
432 in 2000, to 800 in 2001, and to 1,555 in 2003. These are the children of Koreans who migrated to China, Russia, and Japan
during the Japanese colonial period. They are entitled to citizenship only if they can show proper documents proving one of their
parents was a Korean citizen.
For people with no family ties to Korea, it is still possible to become a citizen, but the path is difcult and few foreigners have
chosen to pursue it. Foreigners must prove to the authorities that they have a serious desire to become South Korean citizens. Only
291 such foreigners received Korean citizenship in 2003.

The authorities may require fve years of residence, profciency in the Korean language, and understanding of Korean culture and
history. Foreigners must pass an interview that tests their language profciency as well as a written test on culture, history, and
customs.
Koreans Abroad
Although prosperity has brought higher living standards to South Korea, a number of middle-class South Koreans continue to
emigrate to Asian and Anglophone countries.
In 2003, some 8,300 Koreans went abroad to permanently settle in a foreign country. According to government surveys of
emigrants, the most popular destination countries are the U.S. (28.4 percent), followed by China (16.8 percent), Japan (12.6
percent), Canada (10.0 percent), and Australia (5.1 percent). Family reunifcation provisions are the main reason for the fow to the
U.S., where the Korean foreign born population was over 860,000 in 2000 according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
The number of South Koreans who went abroad in 2003 for education reasons largely to the U.S. and China numbered around
500,000.
Most of these South Koreans are searching for a better quality of life for themselves and their children. Among countries belonging
to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Koreans work the longest hours. In 2000, South
Koreans worked an average of 47.5 hours per week, compared to 35.7 hours in Japan and 34.5 in the U.S..
Also, competition for places at good universities is very ferce. Normally, South Korean high school students leave for school very
early in the morning, returning home at midnight. By living in an English-speaking country and attending a university abroad,
many South Korean parents believe their children will gain a mastery of English that will lead to high-paying jobs abroad or at
home.
Looking Ahead
Future policy on unskilled foreign workers will very much depend on the success of the present employment permit scheme, which
has already reduced the number of undocumented workers. However, the high proportion of undocumented workers in the total
foreign labor force is still signifcant, likely jeopardizing the employment permit scheme's efectiveness if the proportion does not
decrease.
So far, South Korea has not seriously considered integration issues, mainly because the foreign-born population is very small. But
integration is likely to receive national attention because of the growing number of foreign spouses and the continued presence of
temporary workers, whose numbers are also expected to increase due to the new employment permit scheme.
Another factor in future migration fows is the evolution of the relationship between South and North Korea. If the two Koreas are
united in the near future without much preparation, a united Korea may have serious problems integrating the two regions with
populations accustomed to very diferent political and social systems.
The problems and challenges facing a united Korea will be greater than those Germany encountered because the cultural and
political exchanges between the two Koreas are still at a premature stage.
Sources
Ministry of Justice, Republic of Korea, 2004. "2003 Statistical Yearbook of Immigration Management."
Park, Young-bum, 2004. Country Report: the Republic of Korea, Workshop on International Migration and Labor Market in Asia,
held from 5 6, February, 2004. in Tokyo, Japan, Organized by the Japan Institute for Labor and Training
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2003. "UNHCR Global Report 2003: East Asia and the Pacifc."Available
online.
U.S. Committee for Refugees. "World Refugee Survey 2004: South Korea."Available online.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ABOUT THIS ARTICLE, CONTACT US AT Source@MigrationPolicy.org
NEWSLETTER SIGNUP
AUTHOR
Young-bumPark is a Professor at Hansung University and President of the Korea Research Institute for
Vocational Education and Training.
RELATED ARTICLES
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Asian Women Migrants: Going the Distance, But Not Far Enough
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South Korea struggles to welcome growing

number of foreign workers
May 11, 2013
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By YOSHIHIRO MAKINO/ Correspondent

ANSAN, South Korea--In the ethnic restaurant district here, signs written in Vietnamese, Russian, Chinese
and Indonesian line the streets, and banks post exchange rates for various currencies on their external walls.
The multicultural atmosphere refects Ansan's large foreign-born population. Located in Gyeonggi province,
the city boasts an industrial complex and is home to about 44,000 foreigners, 6 percent of the citys
population.
The complex is one of the country's largest in terms of immigrant workers, and Ansan itself is on the cutting
edge of a multicultural society, a slogan adopted by the central government as it aims to create a
congenial society for foreigners and Koreans.
At a factory belonging to electronic parts manufacturer Solueta Co., 29 of its 90 employees are immigrant
workers.
Bangladeshi Md Shahid has been working for the company for three years and earns about 2 million won
(about 180,000 yen or $1,810) a month.
About 600,000 won should be more than enough for me to send home, he said. I want to work as long as
possible.
He works making cellphone parts, a process that involves handling strange-smelling chemicals.
South Korean employees fresh out of university or high school do not like the job, but Shahid said he doesnt
mind it.
Shahid entered South Korea through the employment permit system the government introduced in August
2004. Under the system, low-skilled workers from 15 countries in Southeast and Central Asia are granted
working visas. The number of visas issued is decided by country and job type. Once accepted, immigrant
workers are allotted to companies that want to hire them.
According to Statistics Korea, a government agency, about 245,000 immigrants worked in South Korea with
the visa in June 2012.
Including ethnic Koreans coming from China and Russia and other immigrants, there are about 1.46 million
foreigners living in South Korea, making up roughly 2.8 percent of the population. Of those, 790,000 are
employed.
Like Japan, there were originally few foreigners in South Korea. In 1990, there were less than 50,000 foreign
residents, accounting for just 0.1 percent of the nations population.
But that changed drastically in a little over two decades, thanks to economic growth, a low birthrate and the
aging of the population.
The start of the change was the normalization of diplomatic ties with China, which led to an infux of ethnic
Koreans living in China. As of June 2012, 32 percent of the foreigners living in South Korea were ethnic
Koreans, according to government statistics.
But what nudged the government to accept other countries workers were the worlds lowest level birthrate
and a rapidly aging society.
According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the total fertility rate--the number of children a woman
would give birth to in her lifetime--in 2012 was 1.3. The country's working-age population, those aged
between 15 and 64, will likely begin to dwindle in 2017. The elderly population, which now accounts for over
11 percent of the total, is expected to increase to 25 percent in 2035 and 40 percent in 2060. That rate is
much faster than in Japan.
A ministry offcial said the government had been recommending a lower birthrate until 1980 or so because
the total fertility rate was around 6.0 in 1960.
However, the tremendous success in economic growth--dubbed the miracle of the Han River--contributed
to an increase in the number of nuclear families, which eventually caused a rapid decline in the number of
births and the rapid aging of the population.
It is ironic that economic success has caused such a situation, a government offcial lamented.
In a country where more than 70 percent of the population advance to university, there is a particular
shortage of blue-collar workers, and many companies are still seeking foreign laborers.
The Ministry of Employment and Labor amended the employment permit system in July last year, enabling
competent immigrant workers to re-enter the country and continue to work after the maximum employment
period of four years and 10 months.

The amendment allows immigrant workers who have worked with integrity for that period to re-enter and
continue to work for up to another four years and 10 months.
But the government is struggling to cope with the growing pains that have come with the infux of immigrant
workers.
Garibong-dong, in southern Seoul, is known for its large population of ethnic Koreans from China. Here,
there are as many signs written in Chinese characters as there are in Hangul.
A shelter run by nongovernmental organization Global Sarang supports foreign residents in the area. A
recent visit revealed the diffcult conditions facing those staying there.
Opening the large iron door of the shelter, which is located on the fourth foor of a building, visitors are
greeted with a sour, unpleasant smell.
It was around 10 p.m., and about 50 foreigners, all men, were sleeping there wrapped in blankets.
Nearly 4,000 workers a year stay there, according to the shelter.
They are served three meals a day at the dining hall on the frst foor. More than 200 people eat at the hall
at a time, offcials said.
Kim Hae-sung, a Christian pastor who heads the NGO, says about 20 percent of the foreigners staying in the
shelter are illegal immigrants--part of about 180,000 throughout the country.
Prejudice against foreigners still exists among the people, Kim, 53, said.
Both Japan and South Korea are closed to foreigners, Kim said. They should aim at a multiracial,
multicultural and multiethnic society.
Many legal immigrant workers are not in favorable positions, either.
According to Statistic Korea, about 570,000 of all 790,000 immigrant workers in the country earn less than 2
million won a year. A large number of workers is excluded from receiving welfare benefts.
An offcial at Ansan citys foreign advisory center said it receives calls from workers who have problems with
their employers.
The employment permit system was established by the government to strengthen its authority to prevent
human rights violation by employers from taking place and to curb the number of illegal immigrant workers.
In reality, however, the government is not suffciently responding to the increase in immigrant workers.
As the number of immigrant workers increases, so are problems such as illegal overstays, an offcial at the
employment ministry said.
Facing such circumstances, the government has embarked on a series of policies for realizing a multicultural
society, setting up a foreigner policy committee and a multicultural family policy committee.
In 2007, the government revised the law concerning the national fag. The expression the race and the
homeland was removed from the original a pledge to the race and the homeland in the passage read
when pledging allegiance to the fag.
South Koreas challenge for making a multicultural society is moving forward slowly but steadily.
By YOSHIHIRO MAKINO/ Correspondent
South Korea
immigrant workers
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People from different countries walk through the ethnic restaurant district in Ansan, South Korea. (Yoshihiro
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South Koreas Immigrant Problem | The Diplomat
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South Korea still has
a long way to go before it solves its growing multicultural problem.
ASIA LIFE
OCEANIA
By Tae-jun Kang
November 12, 2014
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It is increasingly difcult to characterize South Korea as a single-race nation anymore given its growing
racial and cultural diversity. South Korea has about 1.58 million foreign residents as of September, and
there are 49 cities in South Korea with over 10,000 foreign residents. Furthermore, many of South
Koreas farm villages are now dependent on foreign workers.
As a result, multiculturalism has become a buzzword in South Korea, with countless commentators
urging South Koreans to embrace people with diferent skin colors, cultures or religions.
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/South Koreas Immigrant Problem _ The Diplomat.htm[4/25/2015 2:19:31 PM]
However, a recent study revealed that South Korean people tend to be less open to immigrants or migrant
workers than other countries, underscoring that South Korea still has a long way to go before it solves its
growing multicultural problem.
According to a recent survey by the Hyundai Research Institute, 44.2 percent of South Koreans do not
think of immigrants or migrant workers as their neighbors. This fgure was signifcantly higher than in
many other nations. For example, only 21 percent of Germans, 10 percent of Australians and just over 3
percent of Swedes say the same thing. In addition, in the survey quoted above, 31.3 percent of South
Koreans said they do not accept diferent religions while only 3.4 percent of people answered the same in
the United States.
South Koreans views of immigrants were refected in an October UN report delivered by Mutuma
Ruteere, the UNs Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination,
xenophobia and related intolerance. He said during his visit to Seoul that South Koreas multicultural
policy is not efective enough because it is only applied to women who marry South Korean men, and it
even bans marriages between migrant workers. He also pointed out that the South Korean government
has not done enough research on migrant workers poor labor conditions.
Amnesty International also published a report last month that claimed that the South Korean government
must end the exploitation and widespread use of forced migrant labor in the agricultural sector.
The exploitation of migrant farm workers in South Korea is a stain on the country. The authorities have
created a shameful system that allows trafcking for exploitation and forced labor to fourish, said Norma
Kang Muico, Asia-Pacifc Migrant Rights Researcher at Amnesty International.
The report pointed out immigrant workers in South Korea often sufer intimidation, violence, squalid
accommodation, excessive working hours, no weekly rest days and unpaid overtime.
In 2006, the South Korean government ofcially declared that it would embrace a multicultural and
multiracial society. Two years later, it enacted the Multicultural Families Support Act to support
immigrants and children born between Koreans and migrants. Since then, 217 Multicultural Family
Support Centers have been established throughout the country, providing necessary services for
multicultural families.
However, Hong Ki-won, a professor at Sookmyung Womens Universitys graduate school of industry,
thinks the governments policy is only focusing on making immigrants adjust themselves to the Korean
society rather encouraging South Korea to embrace diferences and coexist.
We should carefully review the multicultural policy stressing how it is important for immigrants to adopt
themselves to the Korean society, Hong said in her latest column. That kind of approach might degrade a
harmony among members of society with diferent background and lifestyle, she added.
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ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
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fle:///C|/U...s%20call%20on%20Israel%20to%20bomb%20Hezbollah-Iran-Syria%20positions%20-%20Arab-Israeli%20Confict%20-%20Jerusalem%20Post.htm[4/25/2015 2:19:51 PM]
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Israeli Druse in touch with Rebels tells Post: The Syrian

opposition asked for me to relay a message to the Israeli
Prime Minister that Israel should give Hezbollah and Iran
another hard hit.
Amid row over Israel and I

sidestepping AIPAC summ
A pair of US Air Force F-15E Strike Eagles fy over northern Iraq after conducting airstrikes in
Syria. (photo credit:REUTERS)
Election give spotlight to i

Israeli Christian communit
Syrian rebels, whose forces

are fghting against a new
offensive in the South by the
axis of the Syrian Army,
Hezbollah, and Iran, is
calling on Israel to attack
their positions.
An Israeli Druse who is in
frequent contact with the
Syrian opposition said that the warning came to alert the IDF, before
Soccer: Hapoel Tel Aviv, M

Bloomfeld
the axis is able to take the Syrian Golan that borders Israel.
A Syrian rebel commander in the South vowed to wage guerrilla war
against the Lebanese group Hezbollah and Syrian government
forces, which have launched a major offensive against insurgents in
the sensitive border region near Israel and Jordan.
The offensive that got under way this week is focused in an area
south of Damascus that is the last notable foothold of the mainstream
armed opposition to President Bashar Assad, who has consolidated
control over much of western Syria.
New UN report suggests IS

of minorities in Iraq
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, which tracks the war,
says the push is being spearheaded by Hezbollah, and that
government forces and allied militia have made signifcant progress.
Mendi Safadi, who served as former Likud deputy minister Ayoub
Karas chief of staff, has independently met with members of the
liberal and democratic Syrian opposition who oppose the Islamists
and want friendly relations with Israel.
Safadi met a week and a half ago with Syrian rebel leaders in
Bulgaria and has traveled in the region, met with activists, and
relayed messages from them to the Prime Ministers Offce.
He was responsible for relaying the congratulatory letters from the
Syrian opposition to then President-elect Reuven Rivlin.
Over the past few days there has been a heavy battle going on
between the forces aided by Iran, Syria, and Hezbollah against the
Syrian opposition, Safadi told The Jerusalem Post in an interview on
Thursday.
The Syrian axis is using all means to achieve their objective of
taking the area in southern Syria that borders Israel, he said.
The rebels have succeeded in some areas, but have been hit hard.
The rebels have suffered many wounded over the past few days,
which means that more are crossing into Israel for medical
treatment.
Around 2,000 Syrians have been treated in Israel, according to
Safadi.
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Gen.
Muhammad Allahdadi was killed with a Hezbollah commander and
the son of the groups late military leader, Imad Mughniyeh, in an
alleged Israeli attack last month on a Hezbollah convoy near the
Israeli Golan Heights.
Hezbollah, which is backed by Iran and fought a 34-day war with
Israel in 2006, said six of its members died in the strike.
After receiving this hard hit, Hezbollah and Iran want to show that
they can withstand it and still have motivation to fght, argued
Safadi.
The Syrian opposition contacted me yesterday [Wednesday] in a
Whatsapp message and asked for me to relay a message to the
[Israeli] prime minister that Israel should give Hezbollah and Iran
another hard hit to stop their progress, reported Safadi.
The Free Syrian Army commander of a large unit in southern Syria,
who did not want to be identifed, claimed to Safadi that the Syrian
allied forces intend to reach the Israeli border and use it to carry out
terrorist attacks against the Jewish state.
The commander relayed to me coordinates where Syrian and
Hezbollah forces are located, said Safadi, adding that he cannot

reveal this information.
The Syrian government is getting a tremendous amount of support
from Hezbollah, Iran, and Russia, and the rebels in the South are
simple people without a proper army or weapons.
The Syrian Army said on Wednesday that territory including four
hills and three towns had been secured from insurgents it identifed
as members of the al-Qaida-linked Nusra Front.
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hezbollah casualti
syria
hezbollah iran
Mendi Safadi meeting with Syrian opposition leader Dr. Kamal AlLabwani
The mainstream rebels, known collectively as the Southern Front,

are dismissive of Nusras role in the area.
The battle the most serious effort to date by the state to take back
the South was mostly brought to a halt on Thursday by snow.
The battle could be lengthy. It will be hit and run this is the
system we are going to use in battle, said Abu Osama al-Jolani, a

senior commander in the southern rebel alliance.
We are not a state army defending borders... we operate a system of
guerrilla warfare. As far as we are concerned, land is not important,
he added, speaking to Reuters via the Internet from an area near the
Syrian- Jordanian border.
Jolani, who held the rank of major when he defected from the Syrian
Army in 2011, said the attacking forces had sustained heavy losses
and their gains were insignifcant. He is now deputy commander of
the First Army, formed from three smaller rebel groups in
January.
Rami Abdulrahman, who runs the Observatory, said four days of
fghting had killed 19 combatants on the government side and 48 on
the opposition side. He said the advances by Hezbollah and the
government should not be underestimated.
The Syrian defense minister visited the front line on Thursday,
Hezbollahs al-Manar TV station reported.
The Southern Front rebel alliance includes groups that have received
support from foreign states opposed to Assad. The support has
included what the rebels describe as small amounts of military aid,
including some US-made anti-tank missiles.
With much of the North and East held by jihadist groups, including
the powerful Islamic State, the southern rebels see themselves as the
last bastion of the revolt against Assad that erupted in 2011 before
descending into civil war.
The opposition complains that while the Syrian government has
received vital military support from Assads allies, including
Hezbollah and Iran, Arab and Western states that want to see Assad
gone have failed to do the same.

A Lebanese columnist close to Hezbollah wrote on Wednesday that
the decision to launch the southern offensive had been taken several
weeks ago at the highest levels of the Resistance Axis a
reference to Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah.
An Israeli offcial briefed on intelligence said the current offensive
involves Hezbollah more heavily than in previous operations.
There are hundreds of their fghters involved, said the offcial,
speaking on condition of anonymity.
Jolani said the Syrian Army is playing no role in the battle. This is a
very important test for the Southern Front, he said. We ask all the
states of the world to help the Syrian people and to help us the way
Iran and Russia help the regime.
Safadi said that Nusra Front has a small presence in the South and
that Israelis are prohibited from contacting them since it is a terrorist
organization.
Israel is only in contact with the Free Syrian Army, as it is in the
countrys security interest to weaken the Islamists, he said.
The Iranian, Syrian, and Hezbollah press identify all of the Syrian
opposition as Islamists affliated with al-Qaida and Islamic State.
In Safadis opinion, Islamic State is getting all of the media attention
because they are burning people, but their numbers are less than
other Western-backed groups.
If FSA could receive more weapons and military support such as the
Kurds did in Kobani, where they were able to fght off Islamic State,
then they could advance against the group in other locations as well,
he argued.
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743 Comments
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10 days
ago
Go go go Bibi hit them now. Israel is gooooood...
Share
10 days
ago
Enemy of my enemy is my friend!!!
Share
10 days
Jim Prendergast ago
If I mention "Peace" will it get deleted?

1
Share
10 days
John Doe ago
A quick look at the number of deleted comments on this article will show how
open JPost or the author is to opposing arguments. I leave it at that!!! Keep chit
chatting with terrorists on whatsapp Israel.
5
Share
10 days
Heywood J. > John Doe ago
Racist Canuck POS, GFYS!
Share
10 days
John Doe > Heywood J. ago
Racist? Really, is that the best you can do? Is that how you defend
your weak position when you know you have nothing intelligent to
say?
1
Share
10 days
No, it's the best you can do, Adolf. Go sit on a hockey stick.
Share
9 days
PTon > Heywood J. ago
" Adolf. "

Ah the old ones are the best. I bet you were fun at
the debating club at school .
"Now Heywood Minor is speaking for the motion
which is " Critics of Israel are all Nazis "
..Heywood...over to you .."
"Thank you Headmaster. They are all a bunch of
Nazis " ....:)
1
Share
9 days
Heywood J. > PTon ago
You know what they say about a little knowledge

being a dangerous thing, Pee-Ton...
FYI, Tartan Boy, I caught this schmuck out there
repeatedly spewing his vile bile as well as upvoting
the disgusting anti-Semitic troll and bot user know
as xkeyscore. So, if you don't mind, why don't you
direct your Ewe Kay humanitarianism where it is
actually needed. Got that, Boyo?
Share
9 days
" Tartan Boy"

Is that what you know about Scotland ? Not "
Penicillin Boy " ? Or " Logarithm Boy "? Not "
Telephone Boy ? Not " Television Boy ? Not "Steam
Engine Boy" ?
" the disgusting anti-Semitic troll and bot user "
Lord a " bot user " ...how completely disgusting
although most people actually use one .
Share
9 days
You haven't the froggiest what I'm talking about, do

you? Google 'disqus liker bot', and then call Pat
Sajak and see if you can buy a clue.
Share
9 days
"You haven't the froggiest what I'm talking about, do

you? "
Im not Jewish no I dont know . Some code I
presume ?
Share
9 days
Did you forget to do your homework, PTon? Google

is your friend, Old Chap.
Share
9 days
There must be a spelling mistake. Either that or I

am getting to old to follow simple instructions.
I studied computers at uni but when you switched
them on the lights in the local town went dim. The
main computer was as big as my present house
honestly.
Got it ...its from robot ! He he I feel as if my fnger is
on the pulse !
Share
9 days
I'd post you the link if I could, but Jpost doesn't allow
them. So I'll just tell you: There are a number of
troll-like anti-Israel zealots who have multiple

sockpuppet accounts, and they use this software
that allows them to automatically upvote their own
posts and fag other users' posts en masse. The
program is a script called V-Tech Disqus Liker, and
it was coded by the group called Anonymous. It is a
scourge infesting Disqus on various sites, including
Jpost (and ESPECIALLY Al Jazeera!). Many of us
have complained to Disqus mgmt., and they fnally
said they're "working on it". That was a few months
ago... Doesn't seem to be a high priority for them.
Share
9 days
Thank you I sense a fair spirit.

I found out how to painstakingly recommend myself
in the Guardian but you can " seed " them and
others notice and they hit the button as well. I have
not posted there for some years but I will still have
more recommends than anybody probably as many
the next two or three together.
I fell out badly over Syria and was banned. Funny
cause I was right and I knew it . :)
Share
9 days
O? Fell out over Syria how? Do explain!
Share
9 days
I told them they were hypocritical tossers attacking

Israeli violence but blessing an attack on frstly
Libya then Syria. I kind of lost it if the truth be told . I
was so popular I thought I was invulnerable but I
wasnt . :)
Share
9 days
Hmmm, not sure I understand what your point was...

Anyway, The Guardian sure sounds like quite the
gauntlet. Haven't dipped my toes in those waters
yet, but one of those days I'll put on my big boy
knickers and give it the old college try.
How'd ya suppose a Doodle Dandy like meself
would fare in those shark-infested waters?? :D
Share
9 days
I loved it. I posted 22k posts is that sad or what ? I

was unemployed for a while . You are clearly a
moderate and would be fne but there is more
honesty here. You cannot use hate speech or
Islamophobia there . Anti semitism is interesting.
There is a web site that specifcally exists to point
out the anti semitism there and I have a page to
myself.
I swear to you I am not . :)
Share
9 days
Believe me PTon, I have bigger fsh to fry... If I

came out swinging this last round, it's because
there were some real prizes I was dealing with on
another forum that had me fred up. Full-on
holocaust denying, white pride kind of slime.
Share
9 days
John Doe > Heywood J. ago
For your information - Defnition of Antisemitism:

"hatred toward Jewsindividually and as a group
that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and/or
ethnicity".
Questioning the policies of Israel cannot by any
logic be considered as antisemitism. So keep
calling people Adolf, that tactic has been used so
much you and people like you have actually
managed to desensitize your audience.
1
Share
9 days
Here's another one from your boy xkeyscore, hot off

the presses:
These rappers should make one such video and
put hatikva in it. It should have naz parades gas
chambers and ovens and other stuff from naz
era. jewess walking nude to gas chambers ...and
anne frank.
(referring to a Jordanian anti-Israel rap group)
Now hit the books up in Hogtown, Little Johnny.
Share
9 days
Right you are about the distinction between

antisemitism and critique of Israel. I have no issue
with cogent critiques that are leveled in a respectful
manner. But what you fail to grasp, my foppyheaded friend, is that that slime you upvoted is not
capable of making said distinction. See, xkeyscore
is the latest in a string of nasty trolls that come and
pollute these pages with their bigoted incendiary
rhetoric, and use devious tactics such as the use of
liker bots to upvote themselves.
Here are a few choice examples of his comments
that, IMHO, cross the line from critique of Israel into
Jew-hatred writ large:

"You must be referring to those Pedo rabbis in
synagogues ..."
"Keep jewing up ...with out any facts."
"He did make good money out of holocaust stories
...." (referring to Elie Weisel)
So, forgive me if I snapped at you, Johnny. But
seeing as we've just had the latest Synagogue
shooting in as many weeks, my patience is running
thin for snide jibes at Jews cloaked in concern for
the Palestinian cause. And I'm getting damn tired of
the people who upvote turds like xkeyscore, and
then feign innocence.
Share
9 days
PTon > John Doe ago
" Questioning the policies of Israel cannot by any

logic be considered as antisemitism "
Thats just what an anti Semite would say. Keep on
talking Mr Goose Stepper..your own words convict
you ! :)
Share
9 days
John Doe > PTon ago
Race, religion or the color of ones skin plays no part

in how I interact with the world around me. I was
brought up having no affliation with any religion. If I
asked a question it was because I saw a faw in the
arguments presented by the author. If questioning
the policies of Israel is considered antisemitism, I
am indeed an Anti-Semite my good sir.
Share
9 days
PTon > John Doe ago
You are most defnitely NOT an anti Semite, Im

sorry I was not clearer.
Share
11 days
watsa46 ago
Soon or later Iran fanatics will pay for their criminal activities.
Why does the JP use occupied and not contested territories?
1
Share
11 days
montbrun ago
If as determined, IRAN is opening several fronts against Israel, it is just a matter

of time for Israel to be forced to preempt as it did at the Six Days War, only this
time it won't take the enemy sleeping....
These are the consequences of not taking timely action and waiting for the
smoking gun's smoke to be seen or
smelled....
Share
10 days
Gabriel Martin > montbrun ago
Several fronts? Syria is not Israel's territory, but as Israel keep helping Al
Qaeda & ISIS, be sure of one thing: nothing last forever. Be iranian for
one day...wake up, and watch in the morning news taking your breakfast
that insane racist PM and MPs of Israel menace every day to nuke Iran...,
and Israel is bombing scientist in Tehran streets....(tell me what could
happen if Iran kill a few guys in Dimona). Be serious. Pls
Share
11 days
PTon > montbrun ago
" , it is just a matter of time for Israel to be forced to preempt as it did at

the Six Days War"
Did you think Pearl Harbour was OK?
Share
10 days
feetwoodray . > PTon ago
Ha!Ha! Your ignorance is truly "Bliss." Japan signed an agreement

with Nazi Germany. Germany was to take over all Europe and
Russia which was backed by Islam. Japan was to take control of
all far east. No, this isn't the same as Japan's attack on Pearl
Harbor. Semper Fi
Share
11 days
Joel > PTon ago
You obviously know nothing of history, you antisemitic, jew hating ,

Israel bashing moron. Japan had imperialistic ambitions, wanted
to rule the Pacifc and they felt the USA were in the way. At no
time did the US threaten Japan before Pearl Harbour the way Iran
has threatened and promised to wipe Israel off the map.
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The Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention - Council on Foreign Relations
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The Dilemma of
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Jayshree Bajoria, and Robert McMahon, Editor
Updated: June 12, 2013
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2015

Crisis
By Elliott Abrams
Introduction
Responsibility vs. Sovereignty
Early Momentum
Intervention and Regime Change
An Uncertain Future


Thornberry
Introduction
Syria's widening civil war and the growing toll on civilians have raised new debate about the

By Robert E. Rubin
international community's responsibility to mount a humanitarian intervention by outside

forces. But any such eforts seem overshadowed by the Libya experience. In 2011 the UN
Security Council invoked the "responsibility to protect" doctrine and adopted Resolution
1973, endorsing a no-fy zone over Libya and authorizing member states to "take all
necessary measures" to protect civilians under attack from Muammar al-Qaddaf's
government. Western-led air strikes ultimately ousted Qaddaf from power and prompted
criticism from Security Council members like Russia that the R2P doctrine was cover for a
regime change strategy. Experts say such sentiments, combined with concern about the way
Libya's upheaval spilled over into the region, have given pause to humanitarian interventions
backed by regional or global bodies.
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Reality
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Graves of people killed in clashes between rebels and the Syrian government in Qusayr, Syria. (Photo: Courtesy
Reuters)
The United Nations, formed in the aftermath of World War II to promote peace and stability,
recognizes the importance of sovereignty, especially for newly independent nations or those
seeking independence from colonizers. The UN Charter says: "Nothing contained in the
present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are
essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state." The principle does not rule out the
application of enforcement measures in case of a threat to peace, a breach of peace, or acts of
aggression on the part of the state. The Genocide Convention of 1948 also overrode the
nonintervention principle to lay down the commitment of the world community to prevent
and punish. Yet inaction in response to the Rwanda genocide in 1994 and failure to halt the
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1995 Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia highlight the complexities of international responses to

crimes against humanity.

In 2000, the Canadian government and several other actors announced the establishment of
the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) to address the
challenge of the international community's responsibility to act in the face of the gravest of
New Books
human rights violations while respecting the sovereignty of states. It sought to bridge these
Intimate Rivals
two concepts with the 2001 Responsibility to Protect (R2P) report (PDF). A year later, the
by Sheila A. Smith
co-chairs of the commission, Gareth Evans of the International Crisis Group and Algerian
diplomat Mohamed Sahnoun, wrote in Foreign Afairs: "If the international community is to
respond to this challenge, the whole debate must be turned on its head. The issue must be
reframed not as an argument about the 'right to intervene' but about the 'responsibility to
protect.'"

Market Madness
by Blake C. Clayton
The commission included environmental or natural disasters as possible events after which
the international community could intervene if the state failed in its responsibility to protect
its population. But in 2005, when the responsibility to protect doctrine was incorporated into
a UN outcome document, environmental disasters had been dropped as a reason for

intervention. The document did say it was every state's responsibility to protect its citizens
from "genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity." If a state fails to
do so, the document says, it then becomes the responsibility of the international community
to protect that state's population in accordance with Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Chapter VII includes use of military force by the international community if peaceful
measures prove inadequate. The UN outcome document was unanimously adopted by all
Maximalist

member states but is not legally binding.

View Complete List
The doctrine was hailed by international afairs specialists as a new dawn for peace and
security. In a 2007 Council Special Report, former CFR senior fellow Lee Feinstein wrote that
the adoption of R2P was a watershed moment, "marking the end of a 350-year period in
which the inviolability of borders and the monopoly of force within one's own borders were
sovereignty's formal hallmarks."
Early Momentum
Initially, the doctrine was most notably applied to mediate Kenya's post-election violence in
2008, which political scientist Ramesh Thakur refers to as the "only successful R2P
marker to date" (TOI). Following the mass atrocity crimes spawned by the highly
disputed election in Kenya, other nations swiftly applied political and diplomatic pressure to
stop violence and encourage a political solution that resulted in a coalition government.
Before being cited explicitly in 2011 in reference to the situation in Libya, the Security

Reports
The Emerging Global
Health Crisis:
Noncommunicable
diabetes, and other
epidemic.
Council invoked the R2P doctrine for the frst time in its 2006 resolution expanding the
UN mission in Darfur.
Some instances in the recent past have also suggested countries in Asia might be warming to
humanitarian aid intervention. In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, one of the worst-hit areas
was Indonesia's Aceh Province, where the government had been fghting a secessionist
movement for more than four decades. The province, under martial law, was of-limits for
most international human rights groups, aid organizations, and reporters. But after initial
hesitation, the Indonesian government allowed international aid in what Elizabeth Ferris
and Lex Riefel of the Brookings Institution call "one of the largest disaster recovery

New Focus
world.

and reconstruction eforts in modern times," and also resulted in a "peace agreement, which
led to the election of a former secessionist leader as governor of the province."
Similarly, after a powerful 2005 earthquake rocked the long-disputed Kashmir region
dividing India and Pakistan, the Pakistani government decided to give access to international
relief agencies. In addition, an earthquake in China's Sichuan Province in May 2008 led
Beijing to make unprecedented moves to open up. The Chinese government, which in the
past has spurned foreign aid, accepted international aid publicly, opened a hotline for the
U.S. military to have increased communication with its Chinese counterparts, and eased
media restrictions.
New Council Special

Reports
by John Campbell

Intervention and Regime Change
civil society.
Those who helped write the 2001 R2P report emphasized that it embraced not just the

Second Nuclear Age
"responsibility to react" but the "responsibility to prevent" and the "responsibility to rebuild"
as well. Evans and Sahnoun argued in Foreign Afairs: "Both of these dimensions have been
much neglected in the traditional humanitarian-intervention debate. Bringing them back to
center stage should help make the concept of reaction itself more palatable."
The 2005 UN document also emphasized prevention: "We also intend to commit ourselves,

as necessary and appropriate, to helping States build capacity to protect their populations,"
the document said, "and to assisting those which are under stress before crises and conficts
break out."
But some rights activists and journalists who focus on humanitarian afairs have said regime
change should sometimes be part of the process of protecting populations. David Rief, a
journalist who specializes in humanitarian issues, wrote in the New York Times Magazine in
June 2008: "Use any euphemism you wish, but in the end these interventions have to be
about regime change if they are to have any chance of accomplishing their stated goal." In

Proliferation
Kreps

likely to follow.
the wake of the 2011 crisis in Libya, following calls for regime change, Thakur also argued:
"R2P is not solely about military intervention but, if it is to have any meaning at all, must
include that option as a last resort."

Russian ofcials have vowed to block further eforts at Security Council-endorsed
2014 Annual Report
interventions even amid humanitarian sufering. "The international community

unfortunately did take sides in Libya and we would never allow the Security Council to
authorize anything similar to what happened in Libya," Russian foreign minister Sergei
Lavrov told Australian TV in January 2012.
Increasingly the intervention in Libya is becoming regarded as unique, and there appears to
be less of an appetite for destroying the baseline order in states, regardless of how odious a
state may be, says Stewart M. Patrick, CFR senior fellow and director of the program on
international institutions and global governance.
"Libya has exposed fssures within the international community and brought to the fore
confict not only in the Security Council permanent members but also among many
developing countries that have long been lukewarm about the concept" of R2P, Patrick says.
An Uncertain Future

Richard N. Haass.
Read and download
Beyond operational and political questions, military intervention also involves legal issues,
says CFR's Matthew Waxman. "Humanitarian/military intervention outside of a UN Security
Council mandate remains a very highly contested area of international law," he says.
And Russia and China have historically been reluctant to support any form of intervention.

Besides their long-standing noninterference policy in the internal afairs of other countries,
they are "particularly worried that it could create a precedent for the international
community to have a say in how they treat their own, sometimes restive, minority
populations," says CFR's Patrick.

book. More
The willingness to use armed force is also inevitably infuenced not only by the desperation of
the afected population but also by geopolitical factors, including the relevance of the country
to the world community, regional stability, and the attitudes of other major players, say
experts.
The U.S. role as standard bearer for the R2P concept remains a question. It has been
reluctant to commit to a forceful intervention in Syria, limiting itself to announced plans
to arm the opposition and working with Russia to try to convene a peace conference bringing
together the Assad regime and rebels. CFR's Waxman says the U.S. nation-building

Tiananmen and After
Tiananmen and After
hasand hasntchanged
years ago. More
experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan have demonstrated the on-the-ground challenges

faced after U.S.-led interventions. "The United States has limited power to help put these
countries back together after regimes collapse in ways that ensure that rights and safety of
the local populations are maintained," he says.
President Obama's appointment in June 2013 of two top ofcials who have been outspoken in
the past on humanitarian intervention--Susan Rice as national security adviser and
Samantha Power as UN ambassador--prompted discussions about whether he might be

signaling willingness to intervene in humanitarian crises. But a number of analysts have
cautioned against taking too simplistic a view about the roles Rice and Power will play. "Both
Rice and Power have moderated their views on U.S. military intervention abroad over
the years, in large part because of the backlash from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,
preferring to resort to diplomatic pressure, 'moral suasion,' and other tools," writes the
National Journal's Michael Hirsh.
At present, the world community has limited options for responding to humanitarian crises.
UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182 formed guiding principles for states' response to
humanitarian disasters and was central to the establishment of the ofce of the UN
emergency relief coordinator and the development of the Inter-Agency Standing
Committee.
But the General Assembly resolution reiterates that "the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and
national unity of States must be fully respected in accordance with the Charter of the United
Nations," which makes it difcult to operate in situations where the afected country denies
access. In such cases, the role of regional actors and neighbors becomes critical.
More on... Global, Humanitarian Intervention
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A Military Perspective on
The Evolution of
Humanitarian Intervention,
Session 1: The State of
Speakers: John P. Abizaid and F.J.

Bing West
Presider: Kathleen Troia McFarland
October 24, 2014, New York
John P. Abizaid, retired U.S.

Army General, and F.J. "Bing"
West, former assistant secretary
of defense for international
security afairs at...
Speakers: Gary Bass, Ed Luck, and

Robert A. Pape
Presider: Nancy E. Soderberg
October 24, 2014, New York
Experts discuss the evolution of

humanitarian intervention at a
symposium hosted by the Council
on Foreign Relations. The
symposium is also...

Bing West
October 24, 2014

Army general, and F.J. Bing West,
former assistant secretary of
defense for international security
afairs at...
Audio
Bing West
October 24, 2014

Army general, and F.J. Bing West,
former assistant secretary of
defense for international security
afairs at...
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The New York Times > Washington > U.S. Panel Sees Iraq as Terror Training Area
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U.S. Panel Sees Iraq as Terror Training

Area
By DOUGLAS JEHL
Published: January 14, 2005
ARTICLE TOOLS
ASHINGTON, Jan. 13 - The

war in Iraq could provide an
important training ground for terrorists,
according to a government forecast that
also says the key factors behind
terrorism show no signs of abating
over the next 15 years.
The forecast, issued Thursday by the
National Intelligence Council,
describes a world in 2020 in which the
United States remains the world's
foremost power and political Islam
remains a potent force. It describes the
prospect of a terrorist attack using
biological agents or, less likely, a
nuclear device, as the greatest danger
facing the United States.
"A counterterrorism strategy that
approaches the problem on multiple
fronts offers the greatest chance of
containing - and ultimately reducing the terrorist threat," the report says.
Beyond military force, the report
advocates the promotion of education
and political and economic
development across the Muslim world.
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The report, a consensus of American

intelligence agencies, says that the rise
of China and India will transform the geopolitical landscape and that
forces including globalization will increase economic, political and
cultural insecurity.
In the former Soviet Union and in Southeast Asia, the report says,
democratization may be partly reversed, but democracy could gain
ground in the Middle East.
fle:///C|/U...%20York%20Times%20)%20Washington%20)%20U.S.%20Panel%20Sees%20Iraq%20as%20Terror%20Training%20Area.htm[4/25/2015 2:21:34 PM]
The report also sketches alternative outcomes, including the prospect

that a new Islamic religious leader could emerge in the Middle East
with broad, transnational political authority, and the prospect that
security measures intended to combat terrorism and weapons
proliferation could lead to an assault on civil liberties, possibly
introducing an Orwellian world.
The discussion of the war in Iraq is limited to two paragraphs in the
119-page report, and its potential impact on terrorism is described
only in general terms. But the report says that the war, as well as
other possible conficts, "could provide recruitment, training grounds,
technical skills and language profciency for a new class of terrorists
who are 'professionalized' and for whom political violence becomes
an end in itself."
"Even in the best of scenarios, there is a likelihood that jihadists not
killed in Iraq will dissipate to various countries or sanctuaries," David
Low, the National Intelligence Offce for Transnational Threats, said
in response to a question during a briefng on Thursday at Central
Intelligence Agency headquarters.
President Bush has described the war in Iraq as the central front in
the campaign against terrorism, and he has said its role in attracting
foreign fghters has had the benefcial effect of luring Islamic
militants who might otherwise have plotted attacks against the United
States.
The report says "experienced survivors of the war in Iraq" may
supersede current leaders of Al Qaeda to become major players in
international terrorism, a possibility neither Mr. Bush nor his top
advisers have given prominence to.
More broadly, the report says, "we expect that by 2020 Al Qaeda will
have been superseded by similarly inspired but more diffuse Islamic
extremist groups, all of which will oppose the spread of many aspects
of globalization into traditional Islamic societies."
The report says the danger of a confict between great powers that
could develop into total war is now less likely than at any time since
1900.
The United States "will retain enormous advantages, playing a pivotal
role across the broad range of issues - economic, technological,
political, and military - that no other state will match by 2020."
But it says the likelihood that Iran, North Korea and possibly others
may possess chemical, biological or nuclear weapons increased the
threats to the United States.
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The rebels divide: Is this the new front in Syria's civil war? - Comment - Voices - The Independent
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The rebels divide: Is this the new front in Syria's civil

war?
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Many were keen to make a distinction between the 'real' Free Syrian Army and those
claiming the mantle. Now divisions will be made clearer within the rebel movement
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41
The coalition of rebel groups fghting to remove Bashar al-Assad

from power has always been a loose one; held together by the
hatred of a common enemy.
interviews ever witnessed
The rag-tag army is made up of brigades and battalions each with

diferent ideologies and visions for what a futureSyriawill look like
from radical Islamists fghting a global Jihad to secular
nationalists seeking a democratic system.
With such unassailable visions it was perhaps inevitable that these
groups would eventually come to blows. That moment appears to
have arrived. A tacit agreement to settle their diferences only after
they had dealt with Assad appears to have fallen apart, and the
rebels have now turned their guns on each other.
fle:///C|/U...KERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/The%20rebels%20divide%20%20Is%20this%20the%20new%20front%20in%20Syria's%20civil%20war%20%20-%20Comment%20-%20Voices%20-%20The%20Independent.htm[4/25/2015 2:22:24 PM]
68
With the Syrian army holding frm across much of the countryand
the capital Damascus, the rebels have entered into a premature
battle over the form of a post-Assad Syria.
On Wednesday afternoon, in the border city of Azaz, heavy clashes
broke out between fghters with the Islamic State of Iraq and asSham (ISIS) an of-shoot of al-Qa'ida and the Northern Storm
Brigades of the Western-backed Free Syrian Army. By nightfall there
were several dead on each side and ISIS gained control of all
entrances to the city. The outbreak of violence followed weeks of
growing tension between ISIS and more moderate elements
operating under the nominal command of General Salim Idriss, the
head of the Supreme Military Council and leader of the coalition of
brigades operating under the Free Syrian Army banner.
Last week, ISIS announced the beginning of a new campaign dubbed
"Expunging Filth" the target of which was not Assads army, but
the FSA-afliated Farouk Brigades, a force of around 14,000
fghters.
In north east Syria too, ISIS and its ideological ally Jabhat al-Nusra
have been attacking Kurdish areas in a bid to gain control of key oil
production.Fighting has also taken place in Deir ez-Zour, where the
FSA accuse ISIS of attacking their headquarters.
As the recipient of a healthy fow of weapons and funding from its
patrons in Iraq and donors in the Gulf, ISIS has earned a reputation
for ferocity on the battlefeld. ISIS is known to have attracted the
most foreign fghters of all the groups fghting in Syria. Its 7,00010,000 share a global outlook, and see the fght in Syria as one part
of a greater battle.
They have often taken the lead on the front lines and played a
decisive role in key battles, such as the conquest of the Menagh air
base north of Aleppo, which had held out for over a year before a
concerted campaign led by ISIS that involved the use of suicide
bombers.
Using its superior frepower, ISIS has sought to consolidate its
power in the north. In some areas, the order and security brought by
ISIS has been welcomed at least temporarily by civilians who had
long complained that FSA fghters were corrupt and unruly.
This consolidation has extended beyond fexing its military might.
ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra have in recent months been engaged in a
campaign to win the hearts and minds of the civilians in areas under
their control. One particularly memorable example of this was a
family fun day of sorts held in Aleppo by the two groups used to
operating from the shadows complete with an ice cream eating
competition. They have also set up Sharia courts and doled out
punishments to locals and fghters for breaking their newly
introduced laws.
But the increasing dominance of ISIS has also caused resentment.
Stories of civiliansangry over the growing imposition of al-Qaida
ideology on what was previously (for all its faults) an inclusive state,
are becoming more commonplace.
Last month in the provincial capital of al-Raqqa, residents held
protests against the growing infuence of ISIS in the city. The
NEW HOT
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abduction and execution of 14-year-old Mohammad Qattam in

Aleppo in June, punishment for making an of-hand remark about
the Prophet, provoked revulsion among residents in a city already
battered by war.
Among the more moderate rebel brigades and activists, that
resentment has existed for some time. Last year in Aleppo province,
activists spoke with unease of their extremist bedfellows. Many were
keen to make a distinction between the "real" Free Syrian Army and
people who claimed the mantle.There was discomfort too, of being
aligned with a group that was carrying out atrocities such as
executions and suicide bombings in civilian areas.
Yesterday, as the fghting erupted into the open, there was a sense
that this was expected.
"We knew this would happen from day one," said Abu Admad, an
activist with an FSA-afliated media centre in Aleppo. "From the
moment foreign fghters came fooding into the country saying they
were fghting for Jihad and for Sharia we knew it would end like
this."
The battle lines being drawn in Azaz could have a dramatic impact
on the course of thewar in Syria. The most immediate efect will be a
weakening of the front-lines where rebels are battling against
Assad's army, as protagonists on both sides call reinforcements to
fght it out in the north.
Although there have been skirmishes among the rebels before, Aron
Lund, a researcher and expert on the Syrian opposition, said this
round of fghting appear to be more serious.
Promoted stories from the web
The new thing is that you've had an uptick in battles between the
Islamic State and others in several areas at the same time, and
there's an impression spreading that they're knifng the rebellion in
the back, he said.
The fght will make clearer the divisions within the rebel movement
as each group is forced to pick a side. And while it is not instructive
to divide Syrias rebels simply into moderate and extremist, the
alliances that may form in a battle between al-Qaida and the more
palatable (to the West at least) Free Syrian Army would present a
clearer picture where each group stands than exists currently.
The implications stretch beyond the borders of Syria. The United
States has been forthcoming in expressing its desire to support
moderate elements in Syria, but is has been constrained by fears that
any weapons they send might easily fall into the hands of rebel
groups who would just as sooner use them against the US as they
would against the Syrian army. The outbreak of open confict
between Idriss' Free Syrian Army and ISIS may go some way to
allying those fears. If the FSA is being shot at by al-Qa'ida, they are
hardly likely to give them the weapons to do it.
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Even as the fght was still ongoing on Thursday, the Free Syrian
army called for support from the West.
We are asking for the Wests help, said FSA spokesman Louay alMiqdad. We cannot fght on two fronts. Dont leave us between
Assad, Hezbollah and al-Qaida.
Mr Miqdad said that FSA leaders were holding meetings to decide

on a response to the attack on Azaz.
45 Extremely Rare Photos From The Past

ViralNova
I dont think there is a chance of a solution [with ISIS], he said.

They are fghting for diferent goals. They are fghting for their own
agenda.
We are short in resources and we need help, but they shouldnt
forget we have been here for 7,000 years, living together. We will not
allow them to hijack our revolution.
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The Islamic State of Iraq and as-Sham (ISIS) is an of-shoot of al-Qa'ida. It is controlled by
Iran, iraq and Assad intelligence. They pretend to be fghting against Assas but they are
actually fghting against the rebels. it is part of Assad's plan to show that his war is against
extremists rather than millions of moderate Syrians.
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523 days ago
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Evidence? Or is this just another new hasbara campaign?
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Sorry that no one addressed your anti-semitic obsession yet
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The Sunni Divide: The Ideological Rift between Turkey and Saudi Arabia
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THE SUNNI DIVIDE: THE IDEOLOGICAL RIFT

BETWEEN TURKEY AND SAUDI ARABIA
Jan 08, 2015
Written by Reza Akhlaghi, Guest Contributor
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In the ongoing regional Sunni revolt against the Shia and Alawite dominated governments of Iraq and Syria
respectively, Turkey and Saudi Arabia are separately becoming involved in what amounts to a war within a war, but
with an ideological tone to it. Riyadh and Ankara are engaged in an ideological version of a proxy war that shares some
common strategic objectives such as curtailing Iranian infuence and undermining the latters regional interests. However, in a
separate theatre, the two Sunni heavyweightsto use a phrase refective of the regions increasingly sectarian dynamics
have grown far apart over some key regional developments such as containment of ISIS/ISIL, support for anti-Assad rebel
forces, developing a policy to address the Muslim Brotherhood, and the future of a post-Assad Syria.
Ideological Rift
The rise of AKP under Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogans leadership, along with Turkeys successful economic
reforms, led to the emergence of a new foreign policy doctrine known as zero-problem. This policyengineered by former
Foreign Minister and current Prime Minister Ahmet Davutogluwas predicated on Turkeys newfound self-confdence.
Turkeys emergence as an economic powerhouse was welcomed by the Arab world as a much-needed counterweight to Iran
and what they see as Tehrans deeply ideological and hegemonic foreign policy. Turkish investment rose dramatically in the
region, including in Saudi Arabia, with the Turkish private sector making its presence known in nearly the entire Arab world.
But the ideological rift between two of the largest regional economies began to surface as the Arab Spring turned into a cold
winter and the violence in Syria spiraled out of control.
Saudi Arabia, which views the Muslim Brotherhood with utter contempt, was disenchanted with Erdogans tilt toward the
Brotherhood and his support for the group both during and after the Arab Spring revolts. The Saudi leadership considers the
Brotherhoods pluralistic and civilian values as a threat to the tribal and ethnic values of Wahabism. They believe the
Brotherhood is revolutionary in nature, aspiring to bring about social change in Muslim societies that counters Saudi views.
Whereas the Saudis believe that socio-cultural development should be based on familial loyalties, the Brotherhoods views
are based on the inclusion of nearly all segments of society. Therefore, the Brotherhoods ideology suits those who are not
related to ruling families and seek change to ameliorate their socio-political status in their respective societies.
Turkeys ideological kinship with the Muslim Brotherhood goes back to AKPs infancy in the 1960s, then called the National
Outlook Movement, which morphed into the Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) in the 1980s. At the time, the Welfare Party had
supporters and advisors in the Brotherhood from Egypt and Tunisia. The Welfare Party governed Turkey from 1996 to 1997
until Turkeys secular establishment overthrew it because its policies were too Islamic and too distant from the secular values
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/The%20Sunni%20Divide%20%20The%20Ideological%20Rift%20between%20Turkey%20and%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm[4/25/2015 2:22:35 PM]
of the Turkish Republic.
Syria and Iraq
While events in North Africa undoubtedly exposed the fragility of Turkeys new foreign policy doctrine, it was the civil war in
Syria that dealt the policys largest blow. From the outset, Ankara supported the Syrian opposition. In doing so, Turkey hoped
that Sunnis keen to strengthen ties with Ankara would dominate the post-Assad government. This helps explain why Ankara
has given refuge to key anti-Assad opposition fgures, including leadership of the Free Syrian Army (FSA), and has allowed
foreign fghters from all over the world to cross from Turkish territory into Syria.
As the Syrian civil war plunged the country deeper into cycles of violence andthanks to Iran and RussiaAssad proved his
resilience, Turkey stepped up its support for various Syrian rebels. Turkeys determination to negotiate the outcome of the civil
war in Syria and ensure the establishment of a Sunni and Turkish-friendly regime in Damascus ran counter to Saudi strategic
objectives.
Cognizant of President Erdogans and his AKP partys ideological roots in the Muslim Brotherhood, the Saudi royals grew
uneasy with Turkish foreign policy in Syria. Today their differences have grown over the leadership and shape of Syrian
armed rebels. Both Turkey and Saudi Arabia have proposed to train Syrian rebels in their respective territories, but the forces
under their tutelage would be subservient to them ideologically. This is an area of great contention based on differences on
each countrys state ideology. This is while both are members of U.S.-led coalition against ISIS but with questionable
contribution to the coalition and harboring doubts about American resolve in defeating ISIS.
Both Saudi Arabia and Turkey view the ouster of Assad as the key and fundamental prerequisite for ISISs defeat. Separately,
however, Riyadh and Ankara view ISIS through different prisms. Saudi Arabia has come to view ISIS as a threat to the future
of Saudi monarchy and the Islamic discourse in the Sunni world, while Turkey views and uses ISIS as a useful geopolitical
tool.
Turkeys geographic proximity to developments in Syria compels it to develop its own strategic imperatives, including those
involving ISIS and the rebel forces fghting the Assad regime.
Turkeys well-publicized reticence on the radical Sunni group (ISIS) has raised the ire of many Western analysts and policy
makers. From a strategic perspective, so far ISIS has not posed an immediate threat to Turkish national interests. In fact, ISIS
has served Turkey well in dividing the Kurds and disrupting the emergence of a sovereign Kurdish region in Turkeys
backyard.
The Turkish-Saudi ideological and geopolitical clash will be particularly impactful in Iraq as Prime Minister Haider Al-Abadis
government mends ties with the Sunni Arab world and tries to execute on its policies of inclusion. Such policies are part of a
campaign to undo the disastrously sectarian policies of his predecessor, Nuri Al-Maliki. For Turkey under Erdogans
presidency, a partitioned Iraq would enable Ankara to exert infuence more conveniently over the Sunnis and an independent
Kurdish region in the north of the country would be able to develop its own energy policy free of Baghdad supervision and
infuence. This would enable Turkey to add to its desired portfolio of energy transport routes. Moreover, for Turkey, a
partitioned Iraq would deal a strategic blow to Iranian ability to project power in politically Shia-led countries and exert
infuence in Syria and the greater Levant.
But for the Saudis, a partitioned Iraq would not bode well, as it would create a Shia state (southern Iraq) in Saudis backyard
with no access to Iraqi Sunni heartland. This would leave the Sunni part of Iraq to Turkish infuence. The continuation of ISIS
rule in parts of Iraq and Syria, from the Saudi perspective, could turn into a launch pad against the Saudi monarchy. The
ideological differences between Saudi Arabia and Turkey will undermine the U.S-led anti-ISIS coalition, weakening future
efforts for a post-Assad Syria.
Reza Akhlaghi is an editor and senior blogger with the Foreign Policy Association. He is also an independent political risk
consultant. His personal website is www.foreignpolicyconcepts.com.
This article was originally published in the Diplomatic Courier's January/February 2015 print edition.
Tagged under Turkey Saudi Arabia ISIS Assad Muslim Brotherhood Iraq Syria Sunni Shia Wahhabi
Iran Russia ISIL
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U.S. intervention in Sudan and Somalia: Sowing wars

whirlwind for Americans
By MIKE | Published: DECEMBER 29, 2010
How many non-elite Americans do you think can fnd Darfur on a map? How many of the same tax-paying folks do
you think want the U.S. government to spend money on the poor, hungry, unemployed, and illiterate in Darfur, when
there are tens of thousands of Americans living in the same conditions at home? And how many non-elite Americans
want to worsen Americas war with Islam?
My own hunch is that: (a) not many could fnd Darfur on a map; (b) few would want to send their taxes abroad when so
many Americans need assistance; and (c) even fewer would want more war with Islam abroad and at home.
Well guess what, all of these non-elite Americans are fresh out of luck. With the U.S. government and such scintillating
strategic thinkers as George Clooney, Don Cheadle, Angelina Jolie, and Mia Farrow in the lead, the West is about to
help rip Darfur and the rest of Muslim Sudans oil-rich southern territories out of the country and create an
independent, largely Christian state.
Under the guise of a referendum (set for 9 January 2011) that will be observed by a 110-person European Union team
of imperial busybodies, Sudans primarily Christian south will be severed from the Sudanese nation-state, setting the
stage for a continuation of the decades old Muslim-Christian Sudanese civil war. The diference will be that henceforth
as is occurring in Somalia the U.S. and the West will be obliged to protect the new nation they created by theft and
oil lust with diplomacy, funding, arms, military training, and eventually troops.
And what is Americas interest in becoming involved to the hilt and inextricably in Sudan? What is so vital to the United
States in Sudan that President Obama is pressing the leaders of Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South
Africa, and the other states of the African Union to support our intense interest in having a successful referendum
read that as our intense interest in carving up Sudan to suit our imperial purposes and corner access to Sudanese oil.
(As an aside, one must admit Rudyard Obama is nothing if not an aggressive proponent of improving that is,
Westernizing the lives of our little brown brothers, although the blatant theft of Islamic land is a rather odd
component for the kinder and more gentle Muslim outreach program Obama announced in Cairo and Jakarta.)
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/U.S. intervention in Sudan and Somalia Sowing wars whirlwind for Americans _ Non-Intervention.com.htm[4/25/2015 2:22:47 PM]
The answer is that Obama, our bipartisan political elite, the mainstream media, and the rich, immature, libertine, and
anti-U.S. Hollywood set lead by Clooney, et al, want to feel good about themselves by doing good for foreigners. For
these elite U.S. citizens-of-the-world, ordinary Americans and their kids can starve, freeze, live on the streets, fail to
fnd work, and remain illiterate forever. In essence, they can rot while Washington spends their taxes on Darfur a
place where absolutely no genuine U.S. interest is at stake.
Now, thats a bit harsh and in one aspect even wrong. The Democrats and Republicans must ensure that ordinary
Americans are kept well-of enough to keep having children who will join the U.S. military that will be used to fght the
wars their interventionism start. And there can be no doubt that Washingtons leading role in championing Darfurs
secession from Sudan will intensify Americas war with Islam and the evolving Islam-vs-Christianity war in Africa. And,
not surprisingly, the ever-adept Osama bin Laden began setting this trap for the United States over the course of the
last decade.
Bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and Abu Yaha al-Libi, one of al-Qaedas leading theologians, have spoken publicly and
on multiple occasions about Washingtons intention to intervene in Somalia and Sudan to halt the spread of Sunni
Islam in the Horn of Africa; to eliminate the Islamic regime in Sudan; to champion the spread of Christianity in Africa;
and to ensure Sudans massive oil reserves are in pro-U.S. hands. Obamas administration, with full Republican
support, is about to make these three al-Qaeda leaders appear omniscient to the Muslim world.
When more non-Muslim troops arrive in Somalia and the 9 January referendum divides Sudan, three things will be
clear to Muslims worldwide.
1.) Under the Bush administration, Washington supported the destruction of Somalias Islamic Courts regime via an
invasion by the army of Christian Ethiopia. Under Bush and now under Obama, Washington supports a non-Islamic,
UN-mandated government which is seen by Somalis as illegitimate and holds a small portion of the capital of
Mogadishu only because it is supported by a non-Muslim, UN-backed intervention force from Uganda and Burundi.
Obama and other Western leaders support the expansion of that force from 8,000 men to 12,000. Needless to say, the
size of anti-UN, Somali Islamist forces is growing; al-Qaedas footprint in Somalia is spreading and solidifying; and
Islamist militancy on Africas east coast is intensifying.
2.) As Obama and other Western leaders join together to carve out a new Christian state from Sudanese territory, they
are simultaneously taking from Muslim Sudan most of its southern oil-producing region. Today, Sudan is Sub-Saharan
Africas third largest oil producer, and the sale of that oil produces much of the countrys income ($4.4 billion in 2010).
Thus the West is not only intent on depriving Sudan of about half of its territory, but it intends to punish the Islamic
regime in Khartoum by giving control over Sudans oil reserves to a new Christian state. Confronted by this threat in the
south and the growing Western-backed, anti-Islamist military presence to the east in Somalia, it is not surprising that
Sudans President Bashir has promised to further Islamicize the remaining rump of his country. This act is certain to
create more not less Muslim-Christian fghting in Sudan, and to bring in more aid from al-Qaeda and like-minded
groups, as well as from countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuawit, and the UAE.
3.) The creation of new largely Christian state in southern Sudan also will be seen by Muslims as yet another example of
the theft by other faiths of historically Muslim land. Whether it is Kashmir, now held by India 60 years after the UN
promised a plebiscite to see if Muslim Kashmiris want to be part of that Hindu state; the extraction of East Timor from
Muslim Indonesia by a UN-led military force to create a new Christian state; the growing presence of Christian forces in
Muslim Somalia; or the occupation of Muslim Palestine by Christian-backed Jews to create a Jewish state, coming
events in Sudan will again underline the Muslim worlds perception that its lands are always ripe for picking by other
the politicians and military forces of other faiths.
Thus, the Western-led secession of southern Sudan will again validate much of what bin Laden and other Islamist
leaders have told Muslims to expect from their Christian, Jewish, and Hindu enemies: invasion, occupation,
annexation, and loss of natural resources, especially oil. And given that perception is always reality, this assessment by
much of the Muslim world will lead directly to enhancing the popular appeal of a jihad that has as one of its key
missions the recovery of stolen Muslim lands.
At days end, Washingtons sponsorship of or participation in Western and/or UN-led interventionism in Africa drains
the U.S. treasury; gives the needs of foreigners priority over those of Americans; causes more warfare; and negates what
has been called the proper infuence of our republican example.
And in the case of the Obama administrations support for expanding the UN-led occupation of Muslim Somalia and
the carving up of Muslim Sudan, U.S. interventionism will lead to more Islamist attacks in the United States. It is well
known that U.S.-citizen Muslim Somalis are increasingly involved in planning and participating in such actions in
America and abroad because of their anger over the Western-backed UN intervention in Somalia. Now Washington, by
championing the theft of half the territory and most of the energy resources of Muslim Sudan under a referendum
designed to create a new Christian state, will provide the impetus and justifcation for similar actions by U.S.-citizen
Muslim Sudanese.
This seems a high price for ordinary Americans to pay just so Obama, McCain, the Clintons, and the spoiled Hollywood
libertines can feel good about themselves. After thanking Allah for their folly, I hope Osama has the good manners to
send all of them a nice thank-you note.
Share and Enjoy:
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Why is a dead Islamist bomber smarter than three U.S.

presidents?
Is there an acceptable kind of U.S. intervention?
Comments (15)
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Dan 217 weeks ago
+2
Lord Clooney: Jane Fonda in reverse. Not get out but get in. Another Hell Hole. Another bear trap for our Marines and Soldiers. As
CENTCOM recedes in the news, guess we will see AFRICOM more and more in the headlines. Sudan: Another place for the Left to cry
"Blood for Oil" as they were for it before they were/became against it.
Reply
Bill 217 weeks ago
-4
The author of this piece is an idiot and a fool.
Reply
1 reply active less than 1 minute ago
Mike Scheuer 57p 217 weeks ago
+8
Clever counter argument, Bill.
Reply
@mr_cyberquill 217 weeks ago
-1
This is the frst piece on Darfur I ever read that doesn't mention the genocide in progress.
Reply
1 reply active less than 1 minute ago
+6
What has that got to do with U.S. national security? We must get use to watching foreigners kill each other with equanimity or we
will bankrupt ourselves and bring other peoples' wars to our country.
Reply
MM9211953 217 weeks ago
-1
Mike
every sentence in this piece is on the mark! What is missing from the article is the role of the Israel frsters in this country who spared
no chance to lobby for the cessation of both the southern part of Sudan and Darfur. Why? because that's how Israel's ffth column
insures its expansion through misery of Arab and Muslim countries. Of course the coward politician dare say nothing but go along with
creating more enemies for this country and bankrupting it
In an case thank you for the education
Reply
Jake Bantug 216 weeks ago
+3
Mr. Michael Scheurer, American foreign policy to you is controlled and hijacked by the American Jews and Zionists. Apparently, it is
deeper than that. The liberal left and neocon-Zionist right of America, for whatever administration sits in the White House is
controlled by globalist NWO elitist like CFR, Trilateral Commission and the Rothschilds. They have controlled American foreign policy
since the turn of the 20th century when McKinley decided to annex the Philippines in the guise of Christianizing the natives. These old
Elitists agents are the puppet masters, and they are destroying your country from within. Carving up Sudan into Kosovo-like state is to
deny China oil. China has oil ventures in Sudan. A newly independent pro Western State may not honor Beijing's oil contracts.
Deploying more naval forces in Gulf of Aden is to disrupt China's oil trade with Africa! Destabilizing Pakistan and maybe carving it up
into 4 states, denies China access to the Arabian Sea port of Gwadar, which is one of China's alternative to the American-controlled
Straits of Malacca. And fnally, encouraging tensions between North and South Korea distracts Beijing from focusing on the Eurasia and
Africa, into its own troubled Northeast Asian backyard where an American aircraft carrier has been deployed within striking range of
China's capital. US elites using gullible libertines like Mia Farrow are setting you up for a grand confict with China. Your politicians are
playing a very dangerous game. Many of Obama's advisers believed that war will be a great stimulus to the bankrupt American
economy. Maybe your politicians believed all these actions they can get away to level the playing feld with , America's biggest creditor.
But China I suspect already knows this. Then the worst outcome is full scale world war with China, that will make war with Muslims
look like a Sunday picnic. Happy New Year 2011!
Reply
Sudan watcher 216 weeks ago
+1
Wow. First of all, Darfur is NOT planning to secede. Southern Sudan is trying to secede - an entirely separate region of the country.
Second, the southern Sudanese Christians fought for decades - and over 2 million died - at the hands of a tyrant while being forced to
live under a government they never voted for, so they have a genuine right to want to be independent and don't need any Western
government to tell them to break away. You can agree with the US decision to be involved in Sudan or not, but at least get your facts
straight frst.
Reply
+3
You are right. I started out writing a Darfur-specifc piece and moved to the secession issue and how Darfur played into for Americans
and then did not fx the text accordingly. And, to be honest, I am also almost fully colorblind. The map I found and checked
(http://mapsof.net/sudan/static-maps/png/political-map-of-sudan) seemed to use the same color for southern Sudan and Darfur, and
so I thought -- erroneously -- that at least the southern part of Darfur was in the seceding sector. My apologies to all for this careless
mistake.
I would still say, however, that Darfur and oil are the main reasons for our involvement in Sudan: Darfur is used by interventionists
and movie stars to tug at the heart strings of sympathetic, generous, and gullible Americans and to vilify the legitimate if odorous
Sudanese regime. Further, access to Sudanese oil is the goal of politicians who use "sufering" in Darfur and -- as you noted -- southern
Sudan as an excuse for creating an oil-rich, pro-U.S., Christian state.
And I of course agree that all peoples have the right to try to free themselves from oppression. That's not the question. The question is
why in the world should the United States be helping them? If they can free themselves, by themselves, fne. If not, those who are not
killed will remain in Sudan. Either way, the future of the south Sudanese is irrelevant to U.S. interests.
The point here is that the Sudanese issue -- whether Darfur or southern Sudan -- is absolutely none of our business, and that our
involvement in it will worsen our war with Islam, at home and overseas.
Reply
Oropher 216 weeks ago
+1
People never learn from history! American foreign policy has slid in the slippery slope of interventionism 94 years ago when Woodrow
Wilson announced that it is America's sacred duty to make the word safe for democracy. Many conficts today whether Sudan, or AfPak
or former Yugoslavia are driven by ethnoreligious extremism similar to the ones seen in Europe at the dawn of the 20th century. World
War 1 is not the fault of the Germans only, the dangerous brinksmanship and the duplicity of the AngloAmericans led to the most
horrifying outcome known as the dreaded Treaty of Versailles! Maybe I am of topic here, but people should read Ralph Raico's Great
Wars and Great Leaders: A Libertarian Rebuttal. (http://mises.org/books/great_wars_great_leaders_raico.pdf). It will explain to you
thoroughly what is wrong with American foreign policy since 1900, and give all of you a sense of perspective in applying this to the
Sudan secession problem!
Reply
MikeT 216 weeks ago
Mike, Interesting paper and should cause some deeper thought than what is currently being discussed in Hollywood. If we (USG) are
going to insist upon cessation for a slice of Sudan, then we need to amend or publish new US Policy from USEMB Khartoum. Do we
have a Amb at large for Southern Sudan as we do for Somalia working from Nairobi?
I have a great amount of time in the Horn. USEMB Khartoum turned down every efort by DoD to pursue AQ in Sudan. I have yet to see
ofcial US policy or a position paper from Amb Johnny Carson, AF Bureau Chief. Now Amb Carson has a great amount of time in
Africa also and previously served this nation well as US Amb in Nairobi. So one would think that there would be some policy statement
coming out from Jendai the Hutt (Frazier) but none have come out. So where are we?
Really the last thing we need is the do-gooder patrol injecting itself in Sub-Saharan Africa. What is AFRICOM's policy or political
position? IIRC, several PMC's were engaged by DoS for a plan for exactly this. When they produced plans and a cost estimate, it was
rather reasonable and would not involve overt US boots on the ground. And the PMC's were willing to work with USEMB Khartoum
and an UN mandate to prevent "genocide". But the outright howling and clamor from the Left Coast enclaves prevented this from
happening by some clever maneuvering in the media.
I then asked my peers, what other entity can pull of this mission? DoD obviously can't, they are spread too thin. And the political will
from USEMB Khartoum is not there.
I don't really see where your analogy that our involvement in Sudan is going to make our war worse here at home. It may marginally
efect our eforts in HOA, but there is minor foreign fghter infuence from Sudan where we are currently engaged. This is a very
desolate area and every body that can fee already has fown the coop. Has USG presented any FF in either IZ or AFG? I seriously doubt
it.
IMO we could spend this capital and human efort ISO Yemen where there is a valid threat.
Just my $.02.
V/r
Mike
Reply
Bob 215 weeks ago
-2
"What has that got to do with U.S. national security? We must get use to watching foreigners kill each other with equanimity or we will
bankrupt ourselves and bring other peoples' wars to our country. "
While I do understand and respect almost all your views Mr Scheuer, one aspect I absolutely cannot take is your view that if
unspeakable atrocities are happening in the world, America should not be concerned with them if they do not concern America. Yes, I
believe there are many aspects of America's foreign policy that is absolute bollocks and that in many cases America needs to keep her
hands to herself. But as the strongest nation in the world, doesn't great power bring even a tiny amount of responsibility?
Are you of the opinion that America did the wrong thing waging war on the Holocaust committing Axis, or on the genocide conducting
Serbs in Bosnia?
Reply
+3
You know, I use to feel exactly like you regarding such things. But the murder-for-proft of nearly 50 million unborn Americans by
the AMA since 1973 has coarsened me thoroughly. If we are happy to murder our own children for the proft of AMA members and
in the name of a made-up legal right, why should we be bothered by the slaughter of people abroad, much less go to the fnancial and
human costs of going to their rescue. Roe-vs-Wade simply did what the Dred Scott Case and the Nuremburg laws did; all legally
excluded a specifc kind of human -- Blacks, Jews, and unborn Americans -- from the protection of their nation-state and in essence
defned each as non-human. It has always been shameful to me that we Americans have been responsible for two of these three
dehumanizing instances, and so far the one that has been most murderous.
Reply
S. Strauch 215 weeks ago
+2
Good article; the point the above critics who harp on about human rights in Darfur are missing is that the US NEVER gets involved in
foreign countries with the intention of protecting human rights. They ALWAYS do so in order to further US interests, albeit sometimes
in the guise of protecting human rights, as a fg-leaf to cover their naked self-interest. Can anyone imagine them supporting the
legitimate right of a Muslim minority living on oil-rich land to secede from a Christian majority?
Reply
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Don't patronize the enemy. They mean business. They mean

every word they say. They're killing us now. Their will is not
broken, They mean it. ... If they're there, your job is to kill them all.
I did not want to have them just retreat and have to fght them all
over again.
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Unskilled migrant workers: South Koreas invisible minority? | Asia | DW.DE | 20.10.2014
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SOCIETY
Unskilled migrant workers: South Korea's

invisible minority?
Amnesty International has found that migrant farm workers in South Korea are being
exploited. It's a situation which can only change with a strong call for action from the
Korean public, says analyst Daniel Corks.
Author Interview: Gabriel Domnguez

Related Subjects Asia-Pacifc
Economic Cooperation (APEC), Asia
Keywords Asia, South Korea,
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Titled "Bitter Harvest" and based on interviews with 28 migrant workers in South Korea's farming
industry, the Amnesty International report examines a range of issues including incidents of
contractual deception, intimidation, trafcking, violence, squalid accommodation, excessive working
hours with no weekly rest days and unpaid overtime.
The document, released on October 20, found that on average the interviewees worked more than 10
hours a day, 28 days a month, which was usually 50 hours more per month than stated in their
contracts. The rights group argues that South Korea's 10-year-old Employment Permit System (EPS) a government-run work scheme designed to provide migrant labor to small and medium-sized
enterprises - "directly contributes to human and labor rights violations by severely restricting migrant
workers' ability to change jobs and challenge abusive practices by employers."
In a DW interview, Daniel Corks, research fellow at the Korea
le:///C|/Users/HACKER~1/Desktop/Backupan/UNSKIL~1.HTM[4/25/2015 2:22:58 PM]
TWITTER
Human Rights Foundation, explains that this issue still doesn't

seem register in the Korean social consciousness, and says that
considering general labor conditions in South Korea, combined
with the power that employers have over migrant laborers under
the law and the fact that there are very strong racial prejudices
against South and Southeast Asians, a situation in which even
more severe abuse and mistreatment are commonplace is all but
guaranteed.
DW: There are approximately 20,000 migrant agricultural
workers in South Korea, with many arriving from Cambodia,
Nepal and Vietnam under the EPS. What attracts these workers
Corks: 'This issue does not register at
to the South Korea job market?
all in the Korean social consciousness

or in Korean politics'
Illegitimate newborns
murdered and discarded
Daniel Corks: Korea's foreign population stands at roughly 1.5

million - around three percent of the total population. Ever since
Korea emerged on the world stage as a rich, developed country, immigration to Korea has rapidly
increased. The majority of those immigrating to Korea are coming from developing or undeveloped
countries in Asia, primarily Southeast Asia, in search of a higher quality of life and better economic
opportunities than those in their home countries.
At the same time, Koreans entering the job market are very reluctant to take unskilled labor positions,
preferring white collar jobs, and leaving rural areas in huge numbers in favor of large cities. The
'Journalism should become

everyones business'
manufacturing and agriculture industries in the country are large, and the absence of a local labor
force is what has led the government to encourage immigration to fll these positions.
The AI report states that some migrant workers in the farming sector have to deal with intimidation,
contractual deception, squalid accommodations, and sometimes even violence. What is your view on
this?
DW RECOMMENDS
AI published two other reports about this same issue, one in 2006
and one in 2009, and the UN has repeatedly issued
AI decries exploitation of
migrant workers in South
Korea
Intimidation, deception, forced
labor - a new report by Amnesty
International fnds that South
Korea's Employment Permit
System is contributing to the abuse
of migrant agricultural workers.
(20.10.2014)
Report spotlights modernday slavery in Thailand
The 'necessary' price of

freedom
recommendations for revisions to the country's labor laws to

improve working conditions. This tells us much about the current
situation, but there has been very little internal reporting about
this by the government or local NGOs and solid information such
as statistics is hard to come by.
The report also states that the Employment Permit System (EPS)
is heavily loaded in favor of employers, leaving migrants
trapped and vulnerable to abuse. What exactly is the role of the
Stir over vandalized copies

of Anne Frank's diary
EPS?
The EPS was created in 2004 with the purpose of dealing with the
increasing number of unskilled laborers coming to South Korea.
The system had many goals, one of which was to create a
China: Yes to reforms - but

only in the economy
standardized system through which job seekers could apply to

work in Korea, with the EPS acting as an intermediary of sorts
between South Korean companies and potential workers.
Prior to the establishment of this system, communication between
Corruption fears loom over

Indonesian elections
employers and employees was very difcult, and smaller

employers did not have the resources to deal with the bureaucracy of hiring foreign workers, let alone
recruit them. There were also many instances of brokers taking advantage of this situation to charge
unreasonable fees to set people up with work in Korea.
In that regard, the EPS would have to be seen as a success as it handles nearly all of the unskilled
labour migrants coming to Korea, including running ofces overseas to feld applications and do
Korean language profciency testing in the applicant's home countries. The system is now very
Tortured, beaten, starved:

life in a North Korean gulag
standardized and streamlined.

But why is the system so controversial?
In terms of problems with the EPS system itself, the AI report appears to be completely accurate. The
EPS ties employees to their employers, restricts the number of time workers can change jobs and
disallows agricultural workers from seeking jobs in other sectors in the of-season. In addition to this,
there is the fact that under the Labor Standards Act the agriculture industry is exempt from providing
basic benefts such as paid holidays.
What sort of exploitation do these workers undergo in South Korea?
Personal stories of verbal or physical abuse are harder to come by. However, similar, but less extreme
versions of most of the examples cited in the AI report can be found across South Korean society,
regardless of whether or not the employees are migrants.
Become a fan!
For instance, excessive working hours, including

evening overtime, weekend overtime and even
work on holidays are common in the Korean labor
market - from convenience store employees to
Asia in German
well-paid white-collar workers. It's often

complained about by South Koreans, but the
culture of being "married to one's work" is still
deeply entrenched.
Also, verbal abuse is a common way for a superior
to express dissatisfaction with a subordinate, even
for minor issues. This is found in all sectors, and
Koreans entering the job market are very reluctant to take

unskilled labor positions, preferring white collar jobs, says
Corks
even in the education system. Corporal punishment bordering on abuse is not hard to fnd in schools
and in the military.
Even some foreign professionals, such as language teachers on E-2 visas, have their visa tied to one
employer, meaning that quitting that job results in the visa being immediately canceled, though this
almost never results in arrests.
However, I do not doubt the AI report's claim that arrests are common with those on the EPS system.
Considering this background of general labor conditions in South Korea, combined with the power that
employers have over migrant laborers under Korean law and the fact that there are very strong racial
prejudices against South and Southeast Asians, a situation in which even more severe abuse and
mistreatment are commonplace is all but guaranteed.
What is the South Korean government doing about this situation?
From what I can tell, nothing. This issue does not register at all in the Korean social consciousness or
in Korean politics, and in my six years in the country I've seen it mentioned in newspapers only a
handful of times.
This population of unskilled laborers are very much an invisible
minority here. The only time this population is mentioned is when
a crime is committed by someone in this community, or to say that
areas where large numbers of South Asians or Southeast Asians
live are dangerous and should be avoided.
South Korea's foreign population was only around 630,000 around 1 percent of the total population back in 2002 - and
Korean society is still adjusting to the fact that the racial make-up
of the country is changing. It will likely be a long time before
Korean society at large accepts that modern South Korea is racially
diferent from the past and that the plight of non-Koreans can no
longer be ignored.
Corks: 'The government has been
reluctant to make changes to its
Politically, the government has been reluctant to make the
policies'
changes to its policies that were suggested by the UN and the

government has been ignoring this issue for years, as the report
details. Without a strong call for action from the Korean public, I can't imagine there being any
signifcant changes.
Daniel Corks is research fellow at the Seoul-based Korea Human Rights Foundation (KHRF). He is
also managing editor of the South Korean Human Rights Monitor, a human rights portal supported
by the KHRF.
Date 20.10.2014
Author Interview: Gabriel Domnguez
Related Subjects Asia-Pacifc Economic Cooperation (APEC) , Asia
Keywords Asia, South Korea, migrant workers, farming, Amnesty International, agriculture
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AI decries exploitation of
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2015 Deutsche Welle | Legal notice | Contact
Wanted: moderate, reliable rebels for ght against IS
English
Home
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Search
Outside intervention in Syria
Wanted: moderate, reliable rebels for fght against IS

The US wants to bolster the Syrian rebels in the fght against IS. But which of the groups is it supposed to
support? Kristin Helberg examines three reasons why the search for suitable allies on the ground is not as
straightforward as it seems
It all sounds so simple. The US bombards IS from the air while local rebels fght it on the ground. This strategy is currently working to
a certain extent with the Kurdish Peshmerga in northern Iraq, and Obama now wants to try it in Syria. But who is the West supposed
to co-operate with? Who are these "moderate rebels" we keep hearing so much about?
The search for partners in Syria is diffcult for three reasons. Firstly, the armed opposition in the country is extremely fragmented, and
changing alliances make it diffcult to determine with whom each individual brigade is allied. Secondly, after a battle for survival lasting
three years, the resistance against the Assad regime has been Islamised across the board, among other things because it was
largely fnanced by Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey. And thirdly, the US and their key allies in the region (the very three countries
mentioned above) cannot agree on which groups to support because they have very different ideas about how the Syria of the future
le:///C|/Users/HACKERLINK/Desktop/Backupan/Wanted%20%20moderate,%20reliable%20rebels%20for%20ght%20against%20IS.htm[4/25/2015 2:23:04 PM]
should look.
Huge numbers of rebel groups

To the frst problem: the CIA says there are 1,500 militia groups in Syria. To categorise them even roughly requires considerable
simplifcation. Most of the brigades consist of a few hundred or a few thousand fghters and are led by local fgures who attach
importance to their independence and their local support. It is often the case that when groups merge under a new fag (whether
geographical or concept-based), the alliance often only lasts a few months or gets no further than online declarations of intent.
The ideological spectrum of rebel groups ranges from secular-nationalistic through conservative-Islamic to Salaf-jihadist, with blurred
dividing lines between the groups. Groups that are nationally disposed and that employ non-religious arguments include the loosely
affliated FSA and the Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), the military wing of the Syrian PKK sister party the Democratic Union
Party (PYD). FSA units dominate the fght in the north-western province of Idlib, where supplies come in via Turkey. They are fghting
in and around Aleppo, in the south of the country near Daraa and in Greater Damascus. The YPG controls the Kurdish north-eastern
part of the country.
The Islamic midfeld is led by the Islamic Front (IF), the most powerful rebel alliance in Syria with an estimated 50,000 fghters
nationwide. Their members all use religious rhetoric, but while some of them represent more radical Salafst positions, some uphold
democratic principles and the rights of women and minorities. Originally, there were seven founding groups of IF in November 2013
including Ahrar al-Sham (northern Syria), Liwa al-Tawhid (Aleppo), Suqour al-Sham (Idlib) and Jaish al-Islam (Damascus).
Who can stop the Islamic state? Following swift and considerable territorial gains in recent months, Islamic State now controls large parts of Syria and Iraq. Pictured
here: a street in the Syrian city of Raqqa after it was taken by IS units. It is considered unlikely that IS can be stopped by the Iraqi army and parts of the armed Syrian
resistance alone
Fragmented opposition
The attack in early September on the leadership of Ahrar al-Sham, one of the most important groups, which killed not only the IF's
political mastermind Hassan Aboud but also the entire leadership cadre of Ahrar al-Sham, could weaken the Islamic Front. Decisive
for development in the coming months will be whether fghters from Ahrar al-Sham (of whom there are about 20,000) will defect to the
FSA or to the radicals, perhaps even to Islamic State.

The latter obviously belongs to the jihadist end of the spectrum, as does the Nusra Front, the offcial al-Qaida offshoot in Syria, as
well as various foreign groups. These consist of non-Syrian jihadis, who are just making a stopover in Syria on their way to
establishing a global caliphate andwho often organise themselves according to their nationalities, among them Tunisians, Egyptians,
Libyans, Moroccans, Lebanese, Saudis, Uzbeks, Chechens and a number of former Guantanamo detainees.
While the foreign groups of jihadis all support Islamic State at least ideologically, the Nusra Front is bitterly opposed to it. The reason
being that when IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi tried to establish himself as the only al-Qaida representative for Iraq and Syria and
the Nusra Front refused to play ball, Baghdadi and his followers broke with al-Qaida. Since then, Baghdadi has been implementing
his own plan for a caliphate and is being fought in Syria by all other rebels, i.e. the FSA, the Kurdish YPG, the Islamic Front, and the
Nusra Front.
Shifting alliances
Because the many brigades can achieve little alone, they join forces for larger-scale campaigns, whether it be to capture a military
airfeld belonging to the regime or to drive IS out of a particular region. New local alliances pop up all the time. FSA and Islamic Front
units regularly work together in these endeavours, and in the past, the well-equipped Nusra Front often joined in. As a consequence,
fears that weapons might end up with al-Qaida are entirely plausible.
So who should get the US$500 million proposed by Obama? Up to now, the Americans have primarily worked together with the FSA.
The attempt to bring some structure to the battle against Assad, via the Supreme Military Council founded in 2012 (the military partner
of the political opposition abroad, the National Coalition), is considered to have failed, primarily because the US has promised a great
deal and fulflled very few of these pledges. This is why most of the brigades have started selecting their foreign supporters
themselves.
In the meantime, it is thought that the CIA fnances 12 to 14 militias in the north and some 60 smaller groups in the south of the
country, but can the US win the battle against IS with the FSA alone? Must the West not consider involving the nation's most
powerful brigades, which include many Islamic Front fghters?
Syrian opposition leader Ahmad al-Jarba (left) and US President Barack Obama during talks in Washington in May 2014. Is the US already involved behind the scenes?
"It is thought that the CIA fnances 12 to 14 militias in the north and some 60 smaller groups in the south of the country, but can the US win the battle against IS with the
FSA alone? Must the West not consider involving the nation's most powerful brigades, which include many Islamic Front fghters?" asks Kristin Helberg
The islamisation of the rebellion

This brings us to problem number two, the Islamisation of the rebellion. Of course, the pamphlets and websites of many IF
organisations sound radical to our ears, but we must be cautious with ideological categorisations, particularly within the broad midfeld
of the Syrian resistance. The ideology put on show is currently aimed at fnancing the struggle and is less an expression of steadfast
political conviction. Because the most important donors have for years been located in the Gulf, black-and-white headbands bearing
an avowal to the Islamic faith are worth more than camoufage gear.
In actual fact, Syria's rebels are very open to ideological infuences. Depending on who is sitting opposite them a Western secret
service agent or an envoy of the Saudi King they profess to wanting democracy and freedom for all, or say they are striving to
establish a Sunni theocracy. They are also correspondingly fexible in the daily battle for survival.
Anyone who doesn't get as much as a Kalashnikov from the FSA prefers to go to the Islamists of Ahrar al-Sham, who are much better
equipped. If a young man needs to support his extended family, he will quickly defect to IS, which pays a good wage. But that doesn't
necessarily mean he has become a die-hard jihadi overnight. In short, there is a huge pool of volunteer Syrian fghters that the West
can draw on using fnancial incentives.
But caution is needed: anyone demanding an immediate renunciation of Islamist positions as a prerequisite for arms shipments risks
leaving rebel leaders looking like corrupted stooges of the Westand losing fghters to more radical groups. The Americans and
Europeans can prevent this own goal by initially making individual brigades powerful and independent of jihadi support. Anyone who
earns more money with the FSA than with IS, will remain loyal to the former. And anyone who can capture one of Assad's military
bases with their own resources does not need to fall back on the Nusra Front. Loyalty must be worthwhile.
In the case of the Nusra Front in particular, a group that almost all Syrian rebel organisations have fought with at one time or another,
the following applies: it would be better not to confront it directly (or else it will soon seal allegiances with IS again), but rather to
slowly pull the rug out from under its feet. Last July, eight brigades all of them recipients of Western military aid announced they
would no longer be working with the Nusra Front. However, at least one of them then fought alongside Nusra to defend Aleppo,
because they did not have access to the modern weapons required.
"In its search for allies in Syria, the West should draw a clear line at the jihadis, but not overrate the Islamist professions of Syrian brigades," writes Kristin Helberg.
Pictured here: FSA fghters in the Salaheddin quarter of Aleppo
Drawing the line at jihadis

And so we're left with problem number three, the differing ideas about how Syria will look in the future. While the West dreams of a
preferably secular, democratic state based on the rule of law, Saudi Arabia would prefer to see a Sunni theocracy, while Qatar would
like to see a victory by the Muslim Brotherhood.
But because the Gulf States, unlike the US, are not prepared to deploy their armies, which are highly modern thanks to German arms
exports, in Syria, Washington must be allowed to select its allies on the ground. The Saudis and Qataris can pay, and the Jordanians
and Turks and provide logistical support, but the last word on who receives Western help must lie with those who are taking the
greatest risk, and so far this would appear to be the US.
In its search for allies in Syria, the West should draw the line at co-operating with the jihadis, but not overrate the Islamist professions
of Syrian brigades. It should reward the new co-operation between the FSA and the YPG and standardise structures by supplying
modern weaponry to the FSA, the Kurds and as many units of the Islamic Front as possible, thereby binding these groups to the US
and isolating and weakening radical groups like the Nusra Front. And most importantly: it should stop making promises it cannot
keep.
Kristin Helberg
Qantara.de 2014
Translated from the German by Nina Coon and Aingeal Flanagan
More on this topic

British fatwa against IS: Breaking the spell of a poisonous ideology
Assad and Islamic State: The two faces of terror in Syria
Shifting alliances in the Middle East: My enemy's enemy is my friend
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