CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project entitled ADAPTIVE HEAD LIGHT submitted

by Abhash Anand, Himanshu Pratap Singh, Kuldeep Singh, Anruddh
Kumar Yadav in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Mechanical Engineering) of U.P.
Technical University, is a record of students own work carried under our
supervision and guidance. The project report embodies results of original
work and studies carried out by students and the contents do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

ER.VINAY SHUKLA

ER.RIZWAN ALI

(Head of Department)

(Project Guide)

(Mechanical Engineering)

(Mechanical Engineering)

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled ADAPTIVE HEAD LIGHT
submitted by us in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of

the

Degree

of

Bachelor

of

Technology

(MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING) from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, is record of our

own work carried under the supervision and guidance of ER. RIZWAN
ALI (LECTURER) (PROJECT GUIDE).
To the best of our knowledge this project has not been submitted to
Uttar Pradesh Technical University or other University or Institute for
the award of any degree.

Abhash Anand (1135840002)

Himanshu Pratap Singh (1132840043)
Kuldeep Singh (1135840045)
Anruddh Kumar Yadav (1135840022)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is clear that result of all engineering efforts whatever form they take is a
direct outcome of not just an individuals thinking but represents the
organization. The same view holds good for this project report and we will
try our best to emphasize this point at the very outset.
The project couldnt be finished without the help of experienced and
versatile personality. First of all we pay heartfelt regards to our Project
Guide ER.RIZWAN ALI (LECTURER) for his invaluable guidance, help
and support at each stage of our project.
We take this opportunity to thanks to ER.VINAY SHUKLA(Head of
Department) for their sincere cooperation. We are extremely grateful to our
teachers and friends for their incessant and perpetual cooperation and
encouragement.
We give heartfelt respect to our parents for making us capable of whatever
we are today.

PREFACE
The project is designed to demonstrate the working principle of jcb
(backhoe). The working of the model is basically,by applying force on the
syringe which converts the energy into useful pressure energy.When force
is applied on the hydraulic piston it transfers its force onto the fluid which
in turn transfers force on to the other hydraulic thus causing the motion of
the arm.
The first chapter of this report includes the introduction and related works
regarding the project.
The second chapter in this report gives the insight about the previous
works done in this field and the changes that can be brought.
The third chapter of the report gives the detailed explanation of the
methodology and concept behind the project. It includes the detailed
description of the mechanism and material required in the process. It also
defines the Pascal law, Hydraulics & its application, how the fluid tranfer
force to pressure energy for lifting heavier loads with mechanical
advantage.
The fourth chapter of the report gives the construction details for the
project.
The fifth chapter gives the advantages and disadvantages of the project.
The sixth chapter gives conclusion for the project.
The seventh chapter shed light on the future scope of the project

ABSTRACT

Construction industry is undoubtedly the backbone and propelling force

behind our progress, in response to booming construction industry,
utilization of earth moving equipment has increased considerably. The
basic concept used behind the operation is PASCALs LAW. This law
states that when a pressure is applied at one point of a fluid contained in a
constrained volume, then the pressure due to that force is equally
transmitted to all the points of the fluid, which are acted upon by the same
pressure.
The Backhoe(JCB) is essentially, soil digging machine. The working tools
off the Backhoe are actuated by the Hydraulic Cylinders. The required
motion for digging operation is controlled by controlling the hydraulic
cylinders where each component is actuated by a working fliud.
A combination of extensions and retractions of the hydraulic cylinders
generates the required motion of the components for digging. The hydraulic
cylinder simultaneously provides the digging forces to be generated at the
bucket tip.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC

PAGE NO

CERTIFICATE

DECLARATION

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

PREFACE

iv

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

vi-viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-2

1.1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

3-10

2.1 JCB (BACKHOE)

2.2 BACKGROUND STUDY

2.3 HISTORY

2.4 RAW MATERIALS

2.5 DESIGN
7
2.6 THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
7

2.7 QUALITY CONTROL

10

CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

11-

26
3.1 CONCEPT

11

3.2 THE BASIC IDEA

11

3.3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

14

3.4 MATERIALS USED

14

3.4.1 ALUMINIUM

14

3.5 DC MOTORS

16

3.6 FOAM BOARD OR FOAM CORE:

18

3.7 HISTORY

18

3.8 USES

19

3.9 NUTS AND BOLTS

20

3.10 THREAD TERMS

21

3.11 THREAD SPECIFICATIONS

22

3.12 SCREW

22

3.13 SYRINGE

24

3.14.1SCREW THREAD

25

3.14.2 APPLICATION

26

CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION
4.1 MAKING UP THE PARTS

27-40
30

4.2 FILLING THE CYLINDERS

39

4.3 MATERIAL USED WITH DIMENSIONS

41

CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 42

5.1 ADVANTAGES

42

5.2 DISADVANTAGES

42

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

43

CHAPTER 7: FUTURE SCOPE

44

APPENDIX
REFERENCES

45