Plasma TVs are basically an array of light emitting gas cells sandwiched between two glass

sheets. The fact that they do not rely on an external light source to power the display, they can give
amazing true black effect.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
The basic idea of a plasma display is to illuminate tiny colored fluorescent lights to form an image.
Each pixel is made up of three fluorescent lights -- a red light, a green light and a blue light. Just like a
CRT television, the plasma display varies the intensities of the different lights to produce a full range of
colors.
The central element in a fluorescent light is a plasma, a gas made up of free-flowing ions (electrically
charged atoms) and electrons (negatively charged particles). Under normal conditions, a gas is mainly
made up of uncharged particles. That is, the individual gas atoms include equal numbers of protons
(positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus) and
electrons. The negatively charged electrons perfectly balance the positively charged
protons, so the atom has a net charge of zero.
If many free electrons are introduced into the gas by establishing an electrical voltage across
it, the situation changes very quickly. The free electrons collide with the atoms, knocking
loose other electrons. With a missing electron, an atom loses its balance. It has a net
positive charge, making it an ion.

In a plasma with an electrical current running through it, negatively charged particles are
rushing toward the positively charged area of the plasma, and positively charged particles are rushing
toward the negatively charged area.
Xenon and neon atoms, the atoms used in plasma screens, release light photons when they are excited.
Mostly, these atoms release ultraviolet light photons, which are invisible to the human eye. But
ultraviolet photons can be used to excite visible light photons

OPERATION
The xenon and neon gas in a plasma television is contained in hundreds of thousands of tiny cells
positioned between two plates of glass. Long electrodes are also sandwiched between the glass plates,
on both sides of the cells. The address electrodes sit behind the cells, along the rear glass plate. The
transparent display electrodes, which are surrounded by an
insulating dielectric material and covered by a magnesium oxide protective layer, are mounted
above the cell, along the front glass plate.

Both sets of electrodes extend across the entire screen. The display electrodes are arranged in
horizontal rows along the screen and the address electrodes are arranged in vertical columns. the
vertical and horizontal electrodes form a basic grid.
To ionize the gas in a particular cell, the plasma display's computer charges the electrodes that intersect
at that cell. It does this thousands of times in a small fraction of a second, charging each cell in turn.
When the intersecting electrodes are charged (with a voltage difference between them), an electric
current flows through the gas in the cell. As we saw in the last section, the current creates a rapid flow
of charged particles, which stimulates the gas atoms to release ultraviolet photons.
The released ultraviolet photons interact with phosphor material coated on the inside wall of the cell.
Phosphors are substances that give off light when they are exposed to other light.
When an ultraviolet photon hits a phosphor atom in the cell, one of the phosphor's electrons jumps to a
higher energy level and the atom heats up. When the electron falls back to its normal level, it releases
energy in the form of a visible light photon.

The phosphors in a plasma display give off colored light when they are excited. Every pixel is made up
of three separate subpixel cells, each with different colored phosphors, i.e. red, green and blue light
phosphor. These colors blend together to create the overall color of the pixel.

By varying the pulses of current flowing through the different cells, the control system can increase or
decrease the intensity of each subpixel color to create hundreds of different combinations of red, green
and blue. In this way, the control system can produce colors across the entire spectrum.

Plasma panels use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to control brightness: by varying the pulses of
current flowing through the different cells thousands of times per second, the control system can
increase or decrease the intensity of each subpixel color to create billions of different combinations of
red, green and blue.

SPECIFICATION
Average Viewing angle
Average Black Luminance
Average White Luminance
Power Supply
Average thickness
Channel capability
Resolution
Operating Conditions

70
0.05 cd/m2
100 cd/m2
AC 120 V / 60 Hz
2.5
VHF/ UHF: 2 - 69, CATV: 1 - 135
1920 x 1080
Temperature: 32 F - 104 F (0 C - 40 C)
Humidity: 20 % - 80 % RH (non-condensing)

ADVANTAGES
1) Capable of producing deeper blacks allowing for superior contrast ratio
2) Wider viewing angles than those of LCD; images do not suffer from degradation at less than
straight ahead angles like LCDs. LCDs using IPS technology have the widest angles, but they do
not equal the range of plasma primarily due to "IPS glow", a generally whitish haze that appears
due to the nature of the IPS pixel design.
3) Less visible motion blur, thanks in large part to very high refresh rates and a faster response time,
contributing to superior performance when displaying content with significant amounts of rapid
motion.
4) Superior uniformity. LCD panel backlights nearly always produce uneven brightness levels,
although this is not always noticeable. High-end computer monitors have technologies to try to
compensate for the uniformity problem.
5) Unaffected by clouding from the polishing process. Some LCD panel types, like IPS, require a
polishing process that can introduce a haze usually referred to as "clouding".
6) Less expensive for the buyer per square inch than LCD, particularly when equivalent performance
is considered.

DISADVANTAGES
1) Earlier generation displays were more susceptible to screen burn-in and image retention. Recent
models have a pixel orbiter that moves the entire picture slower than is noticeable to the human
eye, which reduces the effect of burn-in but does not prevent it.
2) Due to the bistable nature of the colour and intensity generating method, some people will

notice that plasma displays have a shimmering or flickering effect with a number of hues,
intensities and dither patterns.
3) Earlier generation displays (circa 2006 and prior) had phosphors that lost luminosity over time,
resulting in gradual decline of absolute image brightness. Newer models have advertised life
spans exceeding 100 000 hours, far longer than older CRTs
4) Screen-door effects (black lines between rows of pixels) become noticeable on screen sizes
larger than 127 cm (50 in); the effect is more visible at shorter viewing distances.
5) Uses more electrical power, on average, than an LCD TV using an LED backlight. Older CCFL
backlights for LCD panels used quite a bit more power, and older plasma TVs used quite a bit
more power than recent models.
6) Does not work as well at high altitudes above 2 km due to pressure differential between the
gases inside the screen and the air pressure at altitude. It may cause a buzzing noise.
Manufacturers rate their screens to indicate the altitude parameters.
7) Plasma displays are generally heavier than LCD, and may require more careful handling such as
being kept upright.

LCD TV
Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TV) are televis ion sets that use LCD display technology to
produce images. LCD televisions are thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube (CRTs) of similar
display size, and are available in much larger sizes. When manufacturing costs fell, this combination of
features made LCDs practical for television receivers In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of
CRT-based televis ions worldwide for the first time,and their sales figures relative to other technologies
are accelerating. LCD TVs are quickly displacing the only major competitors in the large-screen
market, the plasma display panel and rear-projection television. LCDs are, by far, the most widely
produced and sold televis ion display type.
LCDs also have a variety of disadvantages. Other technologies address these weaknesses, including
organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), FED and SED, but as of 2014 none of these have entered
widespread production for TV displays.
LCD televisions produce a black and colored image by selectively filtering a white light. The light was
provided by a series of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) at the back of the screen. Today, most
LCD-TV displays use white or colored LEDsas backlighting instead. Millions of individual LCD
shutters, arranged in a grid, open and close to allow a metered amount of the white light through. Each
shutter is paired with a colored filter to remove all but the red, green or blue (RGB) portion of the light
from the original white source. Each shutterfilter pair forms a single sub-pixel. The sub-pixels are so
small that when the display is viewed from even a short distance, the individual colors blend together to
produce a single spot of color, apixel. The shade of color is controlled by changing the relative intensity
of the light passing through the sub-pixels.

Making of LCD
Though the making of LCD is rather simple there are certain facts that should be noted while making it.
The basic structure of an LCD should be controllably changed with respect to the applied electric
current.
The light that is used on the LCD can be polarized.
Liquid crystals should be able to both transmit and change polarized light.
There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity.
To make an LCD, you need to take two polarized glass pieces. The glass which does not have a
polarized film on it must be rubbed with a special polymer which creates microscopic grooves in the
surface. It must also be noted that the grooves are on the same direction as the polarizing film. Then, all
you need to do is to add a coating of nematic liquid crystals to one of the filters. The grooves will cause
the first layer of molecules to align with the filters orientation. At right angle to the first piece, you
must then add a second piece of glass along with the polarizing film. Till the uppermost layer is at a
90-degree angle to the bottom, each successive layer of TN molecules will keep on twisting. The first
filter will naturally be polarized as the light strikes it at the beginning. Thus the light passes through
each layer and is guided on to the next with the help of molecules. When this happens, the molecules
tend to change the plane of vibration of the light to match their own angle. When the light reaches the
far side of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same ang le as the final layer of molecules. The
light is only allowed an entrance if the second polarized glass filter is same as the final layer. Take a
look at the figure below.

simple facts that should be considered while making an LCD:

1. The basic structure of LCD should be controlled by changing the applied current.
2. We must use a polarized light.
3. Liquid crystal should able be to control both of the operation to transmit or can also able to change
the polarized light.
As mentioned above that we need to take two polarized glass pieces filter in the making of the liquid
crystal. The glass which does not have a polarized film on the surface of it must be rubbed with a
special polymer which will create microscopic grooves on the surface of the polarized glass filter. The
grooves must be in the same direction of the polarized film. Now we have to add a coating of
pneumatic liquid phase crystal on one of the polarized filter of the polarized glass. The microscopic
channel cause the first layer molecule to align with filter orientation. When the right angle appears at
the first layer piece, we should add a second piece of glass with the polarized film. The first filter will
be naturally polarized as the light strikes it at the starting stage. Thus the light travels through each
layer and guided on the next with the help of molecule. The molecule tends to change its plane of
vibration of the light in order to match their angle.
When the light reaches to the far end of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same angle as that
of the final layer of the molecule vibrates. The light is allowed to enter into the device only if the
second layer of the polarized glass matches with the final layer of the molecule.
PRINCIPLE:
When electric voltage is applied to a liquid crystal, it ALTERS THE POLARIZATION OF
LIGHT passing through it. Thus if we put two polarization filters between the liquid crystal such that
light will pass only if the crystal fully rotates the light, we can even block the passing light.
LIQUID CRYSTALS:

liquid crystal displays use organic liquid crystal The molecules,whose

macroscopic behaviour resembles that of a liquid. But these crystals also show properties only
found in crystals. They are rodlike and somewhat elongated in structure.

How LCDs Work?

The principle behind the LCDs is that when an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal
molecule, the molecule tends to untwist. This causes the angle of light which is passing through the
molecule of the polarized glass and also cause a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter. As a

result a little light is allowed to pass the polarized glass through a particular area of the LCD. Thus that
particular area will become dark compared to other.
The LCD works on the principle of blocking light. While constructing the LCDs, a reflected mirror is
arranged at the back. An electrode plane is made of indium-tin oxide which is kept on top and a
polarized glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom of the device. The complete region of
the LCD has to be enclosed by a common electrode and above it should be the liquid crystal matter.
Next comes to the second piece of glass with an electrode in the form of the rectangle on the bottom
and, on top, another polarizing film. It must be considered that both the pieces are kept at right angles.
When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the LCD it will be reflected by the mirror
and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to a battery the current from it will cause the liquid
crystals between the common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus
the light is blocked from passing through. That particular rectangular area appears blank.

Operation of LCD
1. The liquid crystals adjust themselves parallel or perpendicular to the electric field
applied to them.
2. The electric field thus applied to an LCD cell twists the molecules.
3. The twist is (can be made LINEARLY) proportional to the applied voltage.
4. The electric field is applied at right angles to the axes of liquid crystals.
5. When the voltage is applied to the plates, the polarization of light passing through the
crystal can vary from 0 to 90 degree.

LCD BLOCK DIAGRAM LCD is divided into following primary sections :

1.Power Supply: TFT LCD uses triple output power supply.The input to the power supply is AC
and output voltages are 5V,12V and 24V. Each of the three voltages are used for powering
different circuits in LCD. 5V is used for powering power management unit,12V is used for
powering backlight driver circuit and 24V is used for signal conditioning circuits (as the require
more power).
2.Backlight

Driver

LCD.Traditional

Circuit:

LCDs

This

used

circuit

cold

used

cathode

to drive
fluorescent

the backlight generator

lamp(CFL)s

for

for

the

generating

backlights.Modern LCDs use light emitting diode(LED)s for generating backlight.Backlight driving
circuit consists of three power converters.Backlight LEDs are connected in series and parallel in
the RGB LED backlight modules. LED current/voltage characteristic variations cause brightness
difference. Therefore, dimming control is an important design consideration for LED backlight
applications.Three dimming methods used for the current
regulation of parallel connected LED arrays are 1)Transconductance amplifier dimming
2)Burst Mode dimming and 3)Current Mirror dimming.The transconductance amplifier and
current mirror dimming methods are unsuitable to be used in the highpower LED

backlight design of LCD panels due to the significant conduction losses of the dimming
transistors under dimming operations.
3.LED array: LCD display consists of array of pixels. Each pixel consists of 3 cells
corresponding to 1 of the RGB LEDs. These LEDs are used for backlighting the display.
4.Signal Conditioning board: This block is used for signal processing of video signals given to
the input of the display. The output signal of this block is given to the DRAM flash memory.
5.Power Management Circuit: This circuit is used to power various signal processing circuits in
Signal conditioning Board.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Compact in size
2. Low in weight
3. Low power consumption
4. Suitable for Large displays
5. Suitable for Portable applications
6. Reliability
7. LCD TVs with LED backlight are smaller than plasma TVs
8. No problem at higher altitudes
9. Environmentally friendlyno greenhouse gases emitted unlike Plasma TVs
1. Sharpness
Image is perfectly sharp at the native resolution of the panel. LCDs using an analog input require
careful adjustment of pixel tracking/phase (see Interference, below).
2. Geometric Distortion
Zero geometric distortion at the native resolution of the panel. Minor distortion for other resolutions
because the images must be rescaled.
3. Brightness
High peak intensity produces very bright images. Best for brightly lit environments.
4. Screen Shape
Screens are perfectly flat.
5. Physical
Thin, with a small footprint. Consume little electricity and produce little heat.

Disadvantages
1. More expensive to CRT displays
2. Brightness, contrast and colour resolution of LCDs is poor
3. Additional requirement of light source
4. a limited temperature range of operation (between 0 and 60 C)
5. short operating life
6. slow speed
1. Resolution
Each panel has a fixed pixel resolution format determined at the time of manufacture that can not be
changed. All other image resolutions require rescaling, which generally results in significant image
degradation, particularly for fine text and graphics. For most
applications should only be used at the native resolution of the panel. If you need fine text and graphics
at more than one resolution do not get an LCD display.
2. Inte rference
LCDs using an analog input require careful adjustment of pixel tracking/phase in order to reduce or
eliminate digital noise in the image. Automatic pixel tracking/phase controls seldom produce the
optimum setting. Timing drift and jitter may require frequent readjustments during the day. For some
displays and video boards you may not be able to entirely eliminate the digital noise.
3. Viewing Angle
Limited viewing angle. Brightness, contrast, gamma and color mixtures vary with the viewing angle.
Can lead to contrast and color reversal at large angles. Need to be viewed as close to straight ahead as
possible.
4. Black-Level, Contrast and Color Saturation
LCDs have difficulty producing black and very dark grays. As a result they generally have lower
contrast than CRTs and the color saturation for low intensity colors is also reduced.
Not suitable for use in dimly lit and dark environments.
5. White Saturation
The bright-end of the LCD intensity scale is easily overloaded, which leads to saturation and
compression. When this happens the maximum brightness occurs before reaching the peak of the
gray-scale or the brightness increases slowly near the maximum. Requires careful adjustment of the
Contrast control.
6. Color and Gray-Scale Accuracy

The internal Gamma and gray-scale of an LCD is very irregular. Special circuitry attempts to fix it,
often with only limited success. LCDs typically produce fewer than 256 discrete intensity levels. For
some LCDs portions of the gray-scale may be dithered. Images are pleasing but not accurate because of
problems with black- level, gray-scale and Gamma, which affects the accuracy of the gray-scale and
color mixtures. Generally not suitable for professional image color balancing.
7. Bad Pixels and Screen Uniformity
LCDs can have many weak or stuck pixels, which are permanently on or off. Some pixels may be
improperly connected to adjoining pixels, rows or columns. Also, the panel may not be uniformly
illuminated by the backlight resulting in uneven intensity and shading over the screen.
8. Motion Artifacts
Slow response times and scan rate conversion result in severe motion artifacts and image
degradation for moving or rapidly changing images.
9. Aspect Ratio
LCDs have a fixed resolution and aspect ratio. For panels with a resolution of 1280x1024 the aspect
ratio is 5:4=1.25, which is noticeably smaller than the 4:3=1.33 aspect ratio for almost all other
standard display modes. For some applications may require switching to a letterboxed 1280x960,
which has a 4:3 aspect ratio.
10. Cost
Considerably more expensive than comparable CRTs.

USES
1. Pocket TV receivers and TV picture tube
2. Electronic toys
3. Laptops
4. Digital clocks and watches
5. Microwave ovens
6. CD players
7. Video cameras

LED TV
Working
The LED TV is a more advanced version of the LCD TV. While both types of TV rely on LCD
technology and have flat-panel designs, the online review resource, TopTenReviews notes, "LED TVs
are slimmer, brighter, and more detailed than your traditional LCD TV." LED TVs function by
illuminating LCD panels with LED backlighting. However, not all LED TVs utilize the same type of
LED backlighting.
LCD Technology
Liquid crystal display is a form of visual display technology that functions by sandwiching a layer of
liquid crystals between two transparent electrodes -- or conductive surfaces. Liquid crystals are
specialized molecules that flow like liquids but polarize light like solid, crystalline structures. An LED
TV can alter the alignment of these liquid crystals by applying an electric current to small, specific
areas of the liquid crystal layer. By altering the arrangement of the liquid crystals, an LED can control
how the layer transmits the light that flows from the TV's backlighting. In this way, an LED TV can
generate on-screen imagery. While a traditional LCD TV relies on the same technology, an LED TV
utilizes a more advanced form of backlighting. LED Lighting An LED TV illuminates its LCD panel
with light-emitting diodes. LEDs consist of small semiconductors, which glow during exposure to
electric current. Specifically, this current flows between LED anodes, which are positively charged
electrodes, and LED cathodes, which are negatively charged electrodes. In contrast, a traditional LCD
TV utilizes fluorescent lamps for acklighting. These lamps function by using mercury vapory to create
ultraviolet rays, which in turn cause the phosphor coating of the lamps to glow. LEDs have several
advantages over fluorescent lamps, including requiring less energy and being able to produce brighter
on-screen colors.

OPERATION
The LED TV is a more advanced version of the LCD TV. While both types of TV rely on LCD
technology and have flat-panel designs, the online review resource, TopTenReviews notes, "LED TVs
are slimmer, brighter, and more detailed than your traditional LCD TV." LED TVs function by
illuminating LCD panels with LED backlighting. However, not all LED TVs utilize the same type of
LED backlighting.
LED Lighting
An LED TV illuminates its LCD panel with light-emitting diodes. LEDs consist of small
semiconductors, which glow during exposure to electric current. Specifically, this current flows
between LED anodes, which are positively charged electrodes, and LED cathodes, which are
negatively charged electrodes. In contrast, a traditional LCD TV utilizes fluorescent lamps for
backlighting. These lamps function by using mercury vapory to create ultraviolet rays, which in turn
cause the phosphor coating of the lamps to glow. LEDs have several advantages over fluorescent
lamps, including requiring less energy and being able to produce brighter on-screen colors.
Full-Array vs Edge-Lit
Not all LED TVs utilize LEDs in the same way. As of 2011, there are two primary forms of LED
lighting technology that LED TVs can utilize: full-array LED backlighting and edge-lit LED
backlighting. Also known as local-dimming technology, full-array technology employs arrays or banks
of LEDs that cover the entire back surfaces of LED TV screens. In contrast, edge-lit technology
employs LEDs only around the edges of LED TV screens. Unlike an edge-lit LED TV, an LED TV
with full-array technology can selectively dim specific groups of LEDs, allowing for superior contrast
ratio and superior overall picture quality.
Energy Consumption
As with any TV, an LED TV needs energy in order for its components to function. Specifically, an LED
TV needs electric current for stimulating the liquid crystals in its LCD panel and for activating its LED
backlighting. In comparison to standard LCD TVs, LED TVs consume less energy, qualifying many of
them for the EPA's Energy Star energy-efficiency standard. As the online TV resource LED TV notes,
an LED TV will typically consume between 20 and 30 percent less energy than an LCD TV with the
same screen size.

Basic Principle of LED Back lighting :

Figure 1(b) shows the hollow type structure in which an LGP is used to reduce the thickness of the
light-mixed zone. The good qualities of this type pertain to its compact shape, high luminance and good
thermal dissipation. Figure 1(c) shows the edge-light structure commonly used in a small-scale LCD
panel. This type is of compact shape and low power consumption, so it is suitable for notebook PCs
and personal digital assistant (PDA) products. There are two types of LEDs for backlight sources, the
white-light LEDs and RGB LEDs. The white-light LED is composed of a blue LED coated with yellow
phosphor. Simple driving feature make it as a popular choice for new generation of LCD backlight
sources in portable display products. Its color filter divides the emitted white light into RGB sub-pixels
to present color pictures. Thicknesses of RGB sub-pixels must be adjusted according to the
corresponding wavelengths to correct the white balance on LCD panel. This results in the difficulty of
manufacturing process. The white-color point may vary after a long working time. Thus, the RGB
LEDs mixing three-color lights to white light are more suitable for medium-scale, or even large-size
screens. White balance of the LCD panel with RGB LED backlight can be easily corrected by
regulating the emission luminance of the RGB LEDs individually.

APPLICATIONS OF LED
Some applications of our LED Display Systems
To electronically display Real Time Clock & Temperature for your daily visitors.
LED Display Boards at Railways Stations & Airports.
Display Board to display daily gold, interest and foreign exchange rates.
To display promotional schemes for FMCG / Corporate.
LED Display systems at Shopping malls & retail stores.
Display Boards at Clubs & multiplexes.
Display Board at Trade Fairs & Exhibitions.
Display Board to display information at Hotels, Hospitals, Institutions, Schools and Banks
ATMs etc.
Display Board to display traffic information.
Pedestrian countdown display system for maximum pedestrian safety.
Amusement Parks & Zoo's Display Systems.

Applications of LED TVs :

Outdoor dynamic advertisement

Crowded areas, concert halls, holiday resorts
Presentations
Exhibitions
Meetings
Train stations, airports
Metro stations
Sport arenas and halls
Congested city streets and squares
TV studios
Modern dynamic video signs and banners

Major advantages of LED TVs :

Dynamic full color video advertisement of high quality

Possibility of live video broadcast
High quality and high resolution of screens (up to 1280x960 pixels)
Modular construction of screens
Extra bright LEDs
High brightness and contrast of displayed image
High reliability and durability
Possibility to increase screen size at a later stage
Possibility to link screens into network and control them from unified center

Disadvantages of LED TVs :

 LED TVs currently cost as much as twice as much as the standard LCD or plasma sets.
Specification :